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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Адміністративний устрій Великобагачанського району
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Адміністративний устрій Великобагачанського району&action=history
|
Ukrainian
|
Spoken
| 565 | 1,932 |
Адміністративний устрій Великобагачанського району — адміністративно-територіальний устрій Великобагачанського району, шляхом підпорядкування території району 2 селищним громадам, 2 сільським громадам, та 6 сільським радам, які об'єднують 74 населені пункти.
Адміністративний устрій
Список громад Великобагачанського району
Список сільських рад Великобагачанського району
* Примітки: с. — село
Список рад (до 2015 року)
Великобагачанський район поділявся на 2 селищним радам та 16 сільським радам, які об'єднують 74 населені пункти.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!№!!Назва!!Центр!!Населені пункти!!Площа<small>км²!!Місце<small>за площею!!Населення<small>(2001), чол.!!Місце<small>за населенням
|-
|<center>1 || Великобагачанська селищна рада || смт Велика Багачка || смт Велика Багачкас. Байракс. Буряківщинас. Бутова Долинас. Гарнокутс. Довгалівкас. Затонс. Мала Решетилівкас. Пилипенкис. Шепелі || align="right"| 5 ||<center> || align="right"| 7496 ||<center>1
|-
|<center>2 || Гоголівська селищна рада || смт Гоголеве || смт Гоголеве || ||<center> || align="right"| 2686 ||<center>2
|-
|<center>3 || Багачанська Перша сільська рада || с. Багачка Перша || с. Багачка Першас. Пушкаревес. Семенівкас. Широке || ||<center> || align="right"| 1096 ||<center>10
|-
|<center>4 || Балакліївська сільська рада || с. Балаклія || с. Балакліяс. Колосівкас. Писарівщинас. Шипоші || ||<center> || align="right"| 715 ||<center>16
|-
|<center>5 || Білоцерківська сільська рада || с. Білоцерківка || с. Білоцерківкас. Герусівкас. Дзюбівщинас. Коноплянкас. Красногорівкас. Луговес. Морозівщинас. Сидорівщина || ||<center> || align="right"| 2479 ||<center>3
|-
|<center>6 || Бірківська сільська рада || с. Бірки || с. Біркис. Баландис. Вишняківкас. Стінки || ||<center> || align="right"| 675 ||<center>17
|-
|<center>7 || Корнієнківська сільська рада || с. Корнієнки || с. Корнієнки с. Вишарі с. Мостовівщина с. Попове с. Трудолюбиве с. Цикали с. Шпирни || ||<center> || align="right"| 1338 ||<center>7
|-
|<center>8 || Кротівщинська сільська рада || с. Кротівщина || с. Кротівщина с. Лукаші с. Скибівщина || ||<center> || align="right"| 945 ||<center>14
|-
|<center>9 || Матяшівська сільська рада || с. Матяшівка || с. Матяшівка || ||<center> || align="right"| 965 ||<center>12
|-
|<center>10 || Михайлівська сільська рада || с. Михайлівка || с. Михайлівка с. Кульбашне с. Мар'янське || ||<center> ||align="right"| 904 ||<center>15
|-
|<center>11 || Остап'ївська сільська рада || с. Остап'є || с. Остап'є с. Запсілля с. Нове Остапове с. Олефіри с. Підгір'я с. Уханівка || align="right"| 4,512 ||<center> || align="right"| 1785 ||<center>5
|-
|<center>12 || Подільська сільська рада || с. Поділ || с. Поділ с. Огирівка || ||<center> || align="right"| 1052 ||<center>11
|-
|<center>13 || Радивонівська сільська рада || с. Радивонівка || с. Радивонівка с. Володимирівка с. Іванівка с. Мар'янівка с. Перекопівка || ||<center> || align="right"| 1621 ||<center>6
|-
|<center>14 || Рокитянська сільська рада || с. Рокита || с. Рокита с. Андрущине с. Говори с. Кравченки || ||<center> || align="right"| 1263 ||<center>8
|-
|<center>15 || Степанівська сільська рада || с. Степанівка || с. Степанівка с. Стефанівщина || ||<center> || align="right"| 645 ||<center>18
|-
|<center>16 || Устивицька сільська рада || с. Устивиця || с. Устивиця с. Грянчиха с. Дакалівка с. Підлуки с. Псільське || ||<center> || align="right"| 2246 ||<center>4
|-
|<center>17 || Широкодолинська сільська рада || с. Широка Долина || с. Широка Долина с. Бехтерщина с. Суржки || ||<center> || align="right"| 951 ||<center>13
|-
|<center>18 || Якимівська сільська рада || с. Якимове || с. Якимове с. Балюки || ||<center> || align="right"| 1220 ||<center>9
|}
* Примітки: с. — село
Колишні населені пункти
Бути
Гнідаші
Городничі
Даценки
Деркачі
Дігтярі
Довженки
Коломийці
Кравецьке
Кучері
Ляхів
Новоселівка
Павелківщина
Підгірці
Рудка-Степ
Саї
Середнє
Скелі
Солонці
Трудове
Чугуї
Зайців († 1986)
Киричаї († 1990)
Лейків († 1990)
Багачка († 1999)
Бондусі († 2009)
Малинщина († 2009)
Див. також
Список населених пунктів Великобагачанського району
Великобагачанський район
Примітки
Посилання
Адміністративно-територіальний устрій Великобагачанського району на сайті Верховної Ради України
| 39,348 |
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norroy%20%28Vosgeak%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Norroy (Vosgeak)
|
https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norroy (Vosgeak)&action=history
|
Basque
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Spoken
| 329 | 909 |
Norroy Frantziako udalerria da, Vosgeak departamenduan dagoena, Ekialde Handia eskualdean. 2013an biztanle zituen.
Demografia
Biztanleria
2007an Norroy udalerrian erroldatutako biztanleak 234 ziren. Familiak 90 ziren, horien artean 16 pertsona bakarrekoak ziren (4 bakarrik bizi ziren gizonak eta 12 bakarrik bizi ziren emakumeak), 27 seme-alabarik gabeko familiak ziren, 27 seme-alabak dituzten bikoteak ziren eta 20 seme-alabak dituzten guraso-bakarreko familiak ziren.
Biztanleriak, denboran, ondorengo grafikoan ageri den bilakaera izan du:
Erroldatutako biztanleak
<noinclude>
Etxebizitza
2007an 119 etxebizitza zeuden, 95 familiaren etxebizitza nagusia ziren, 4 bigarren erresidentzia ziren eta 19 hutsik zeuden. 112 etxeak ziren eta 2 apartamentuak ziren. 95 etxebizitza nagusietatik 84 bere jabearen bizilekua ziren, 8 alokairuan okupaturik zeuden eta 3 doan lagata zeuden; 6 etxek bi gela zituzten, 15 etxek hiru zituzten, 27 etxek lau zituzten eta 47 etxek bost zituzten. 78 etxek euren parking plaza propioa zuten azpian. 37 etxetan ibilgailu bat zegoen eta 49 etxetan bat baino gehiago zituzten.
Biztanleria-piramidea
2009an sexu eta adinaren araberako biztanleria-piramidea hau zen:
Ekonomia
2007an lan egiteko adina zuten pertsonak 161 ziren, horien artean 103 aktiboak ziren eta 58 inaktiboak ziren. 103 pertsona aktiboetatik 97 lanean zeuden (51 gizon eta 46 emakume) eta 6 langabezian zeuden (4 gizon eta 2 emakume). 58 pertsona inaktiboetatik 30 erretiraturik zeuden, 17 ikasten zeuden eta 11 "bestelako inaktibo" gisa sailkaturik zeuden.
Diru sarrerak
2009an Norroy udalerrian 98 unitate fiskal zeuden, 243 pertsonek osaturik. Pertsona bakoitzeko diru-sarrera fiskalaren mediana urteko 21.252 euro zen.
Ekonomia jarduerak
2007an zeuden 10 komertzioetatik, 2 eraikuntza enpresak ziren, 2 ostalaritza eta jatetxe enpresak ziren, 2 finantziazio enpresak ziren, 1 higiezinen enpresa zen eta 3 zerbitzu enpresak ziren.
2009an zeuden norbanakoentzako 3 zerbitzu publikoetatik, 1 argiketaria zen, 1 jatetxe eta 1 higiezinen agentzia.
2000. urtean Norroy udalerrian 8 nekazaritza-ustiategi zeuden.
Gertuen dauden herriak
Diagrama honek gertuen dauden herriak erakusten ditu.
Erreferentziak
Kanpo estekak
Résumé statistique INSEEren udalerriko estatistiken laburpena.
Évolution et structure de la population INSEEren udalerriko datuen fitxa.
France par comune Frantziako udalerri guztietako datu zehatzak mapa baten bitartez eskuragarri.
Vosgeetako udalerriak
| 34,811 |
https://github.com/armanatory/admin4b-rtl-persian/blob/master/src/js/camera.js
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,019 |
admin4b-rtl-persian
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armanatory
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JavaScript
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Code
| 31 | 112 |
(function ($) {
$.fn.camera = function (event) {
return this.each(function () {
switch (event) {
case 'play': $.fn.camera.play.apply(this); break;
case 'stop': $.fn.camera.stop.apply(this); break;
case 'snapshot': $.fn.camera.snapshot.apply(this); break;
}
});
};
})(jQuery);
| 45,860 |
hansardsparliam220hansgoog_100
|
English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,112 | 9,164 |
Take Schedule D, and then see how you are interfering with trade. In Schedule D, according to the last return, there were 258,000 persons who contributed to this tax. How many of these persons, think you, are assessed under £800 a year? More than 200,000 out of the whole 258,000 ! These are the persons on whom this tax is weighing so heavily. It is not your landed proprietor — it is not your rich manufacturer — ^it is not your opulent and powerful merchant. No ; it is your hard-worn tradesman, the poorer shop- keeper, the struggling clerk. And yet you tell me that, as compared with the paper duty, this is a tax which ought to be retained 1 [Cheers, followed hy some laughter on the Minieteridl sideJ] I hope hon. Gentlemen opposite who are smiling at the cheer which has accompanied that stetemcnt will allow that it is one deserving their attention. I am dealing Mr. WalpoU i with the question fairly. I have taken every objection that the ChancoUor of the Exchequer has urged so powerfully in respect to the paper duty, and I am con- trasting those objections, and showing that there is a weight of disadvantage operating quite as strongly against the income tax as can be found against the paper duty. B«« member, that is the argument. What was the third point on which the right hon. Gentleman relied? He said, the paper duty is daily becoming more untenable. What is the criterion of the untenableness of a tax ? That it is falling off. [The Chancellor of the ExcuEauER dissented.] My right hon. Friend shakes his head; but, if that is not the only test, it is surely one test. I will make another comparison, which I think will startle you quite ai much as the stetement I have already adduced. Since the year 1842 the quan- tity of paper manufactured, notwithstand- ing the duty upon it, has increased from 96,000,000 lbs. to 1 87,000,000 lbs. in the year 1858; and within the same period the duty has increased from £634,000 to £1,281,000. This shows how the manu- facture of paper has flourished in spite of every hindrance. Now for your income tax. I hold in my hand the Returns of the income tax from the year 1843 to 1853. I take those years for my comparison be- cause the tax then remained at Id, in the pound continuously, and we have not the same facilities for comparisou afterwards. Was there an equal increase of revenue from the income tax? There ought to have been, if the prosperity of the country was as great as you say it was, and as I believe it to have been. The whole amount of the income tax levied in 1843 was £5,336,000. In 1853 it was £5,598,000; so that ten years of prosperity only pro- duced you between £200, 000 and £300,000 increase in this impost. My right hon. Friend paraded the figures before us to show the immense amount of income tax derived under Schedules A and D. Now, it is true that the gross amount of the in- comes assessed under Schedule D was in England in the year 1857, £69,110,922, and in 1 858 the amount rose to £73, 106,000. But in those years incomes between £100 and £150 a year were brought imder charge. The gross amount of the incomes assessed between £100 and £150 in 1857 was £11,880,000, and in 1858 £12,843,000. If, therefore, you deduct the £11,880,000 assessed on the lower class of incomes under Schedule D in 1777 (hmwrdal Treaty with { February 24. 1860} France^ The Budget 1778 1857, you will find the total amount of income subjected to charge under that schedule was about £57/230,000. But the income charged under Schedule D in 1843 was £63,000,000, showing that there was less income under charge in 1857 as compared with 1843. In 1858, again, the incomes charged under Sche- dule D amounted only to £33,106,832, as against £63,000,000 in 1843. But you must deduct from this sum the incomes charged upon £100 and £152 a year, ue. £12,843,000. Thus, while your exports have increased threefold and your manufac- tures have been prospering, your incomes assessed under Schedule D, being incomes derived from trades and professions, were less in 1857 and 1858 than in 1843. Do I say that you have not had, in reality, any increase in those incomes ? Ear from it. I only give these statistics to show the enormous frauds that are being practised on the revenue ; and, that being so, I say it well becomes the Chancellor of the Exchequer to see whether a tax leading to such results had not much better be tsdken off. But then my right hon. Friend refers to the inequality and the pressure of the paper duty, as between the rich and poor. I think I have shown you by the enor- mous number of claims for exemption under the income tax, that there are ten — aye, twenty times more inequality in the pressure of that tax. These are reasons which strongly induce me to vote for the Motion of the hon. Member (Mr. Du Cane). If, however, I wanted another reason, it would be that urged by my hon. Friend the Member for Stamford (Sir Stafford Korthcote), in a speech which proves that ho is likely te aid us with his financial ability and knowledge as much, perhaps, as anytnan in this House. He showed you that, while you are teking off the paper duty and at the same time raising the income tax, you will in another year, having forfeited that ordinary revenue, be in a deficiency at least as great, if not greater, than now. My right hon. Friend is only postponing, he is not satisfying his obligsdbions. But I ask the House whether it is wise to postpone your obligations for anotiier twelve months, and te throw either upon yourselves or your successors the difficulty of determining that which ought te be determined now — namely, whether any and how much of the income and property tex shall continue as a per- manent part of your fiscal system ? I for one am opposed te this. If you want to deal with the deficiency which yawns before you, you can only do so by reducing expenditure, by loans, or by a reimposition of the income tax at a still higher rate. A reduction of expenditure it would be diffi- cult te accomplish, though I think much may be done in that direction, not that I wi^ our armaments te be made inefficient, but because I believe you do not get money's worth for money spent. You cannot have recourse te loans. That is only the improvident scheme which a gambler would have recourse te; it is discounting the future at a price which, in the end, will only increase your em- barrassments. Then, if a loan is not te be thought of, and if any consi- derable reduction of expenditure is im- practicable, Parliament will next year see the same question before it awaiting discussion and unsettled. You will have the hon. Member (Mr. Bright) coming down te the House, and saying you ought to increase rather than dimmish direct taxation, at the same time altering the mode in which it is levied. 1783 Bwinueand {COMMONS I Expenditure^ ResoUaian. 1784 when I opened the Dewspapers next morn- ing, for I found there that a right hon. Gentleman had committed himself in the manner I am now going to describe. That right hon. Gentleman attended a meeting of an alarmed and timorous interest, which, fearful of the withdrawal of the protection they enjoyed, might be acted upon, it was hoped, to oppose a great national measure on account of their own narrow interests. There is one valuable principle of free trade which appears to be well understood by the hon. Gentlemen opposite, and that is the division of labour. While the right hon. Member for Buckinghamshire was announcing in sounding periods the high ground on which he took his stand, another right hon. Gentleman was hold- ing different language in a different place — 1 mean the right hon. Baronet the Mem- ber for Droitwich (Sir J. Pakington). The light hon. Baronet attended a meeting of a set of gentlemen who are well known, almost every man of them, to every suc- cessive Chancellor of the Exchequer — namely, those who are called the growers of hops. The county to which the right hon. Baronet is an ornament is not a great hop-growing county; it produces Ijper cent of the total consumption, and conse- quently—I believe I am correct in the statement — until the eventful week in which we now are the right hon. Baronet had never thought it worth his while to attend a meeting of hop-growers. But on this particular occasion, when the financial scheme and a chance of intercepting the Treaty with France were in question, my light hon. Friend the Member for Droit- witohi his bowels with mercy and sym- pathy moved towards the hop -growers, appeared for the first time at a meeting among the champions of that suffering interest. And what was the advice given by my right hon. Friend within twenty-four hours of the time when the right hon. Member for Buckinghamshire had — ^if I may thus express myself— so surreptitiously excited our admiration and almost enthusiasm by the enunciation of lofty principles. I have made inquiry about the accuracy of the report, and therefore I have less hesitation in quoting a few words from it. My right hon. Friend spoke among hop-growers, and said that he was not connected with a great hop-grow- ing county. I suppose his audience knew that as well as he; but he went on to ob- serve that his county had a good deal of land planted with hops, and he thought it. The Ohmcelhr of the JS»chequer right to attend the meeting. My right hon. Baronet's duty to oppose it, but he never thought it at all necessary to understand whether the hop-growers he was address- ing partook of his opinion. He did not go to them and ask, '* Do you think the Bud- get bad?" but he said ''Your particular interests are attacked, and therefore turn against the whole Budget." The right hon. Gentleman went on : — " And if all the interests injuriously affected by it could combine together, giving up their imme- diate Tiews with regard to their own individual interests, the result would very soon be to get rid of it altogether. He therefore counselled them to unite with other interests and bring such a pres- sure to bear upon Parliament as would put an end to the Budget at a blow.'* That is the disappointment which I for one have undergone in comparing a decla- ration in full of the highest mediseval spirit made by the right hon* Member for Buck- inghamshire with the more practical pro* ceedings of the right hon. Member for Droitwich as a matter of business. But, however that may be, and whatever may be the proceedings that may be taken by those who sit on the same bench with the right hon. Baronet at the meeting of hop- growers or others, whether reported or not reported, having availed myself of the little light that was thrown on them through the medium of the daily journals, let mo 1781 Comweroial Tr^aijf vnth {February 1?4, 1860} PratM-^Tke Budget. 1782 tax that wo shall have to discuss. It is at the outside only a question between the paper duty and one tenth portion of the income tax. But I pass on from that Bubject) because I think we have an issue before us in a far broader form, and I shall endeayour to come as soon as I can to that issue. I will not, therefore, follow the right hon. and learned Gentleman who spoke on a former night (Mr. White- side) into the discussion on the alcoholic test on wines, or the hon. Member for Buckingham (Mr. Hubbard) into the ques- tion of contract notes and dock war- rants. The contract note stamp is "id., and that moves his indignation, because it is so small, and he says, ''Will you obstruct trade by this paltiy tax ?" But the dock warrant is Sd,, and that moves his indignation because it is so great, and he says, "Will you overwhelm trade by this great duty ?" The hon. Member has the direst views for the future in consequence of these painful measures, but we shall have ample opportunities of discussing them also. Friend the Member for Huntingdon (Mr. T. Baring) in a state of feverish apprehen- sion and foretelling the direst results from the measures proposed, I naturally seek for consolation under circumstances so dis- oooraging, and if I find that those hon. Gen- tlemen viewed on former occasions with the same and even more painful anxiety public measures which afterwards were adopted, approved, and vindicated to the satisfaction of the whole country, then I confess that I live in hopes that that which has happened before may happen again, and that, their gloomy views of the fu- ture turning out incorrect, I may count on their admitting hereafter, and at no distant period, the merits of the measures they now denounce. The^hon. Member for Bucking- ham (Mr. Hubbard) has certainly not had the same opportunities as the hon. Member for Huntingdon (Mr. T. Baring) has had, but on great occasions we have found the hon. Member for Huntingdon among the most resolute and distingui^ed opponents of those great measures which have fdn- damentally reformed your commercial sys- tem. Nevertheless, while I listened to the vaticinations of the hon. Member for Buck- ingham (Mr. Hubbard) my memory ran back to the time where I heard him — not in ikjB House, for we then had not the pleasure of enjoying his company h^'e— uttering the same dismal prophecies on an occasion when it was proposed to do jus- tice to British trade as compared with foreign trade by imposing a stamp on foreign bills of exchange. Upon that oc- casion the hon. GtenUeman was a distin- guished member of a deputation from the port of London, and he assured me that if we ventured to impose a stamp duty on foreign bills we should drive the trade from the market of London, and London would no longer be the centre of money operations. That gave me uncomfortable sensations at the time, I must confess; but we persevered with the plan, the House adopted it, the stamp was imposed, it has contributed for six years to the revenue of the country, and London is still the centre of the money operations of the world. But I have now doi^e, as I promised, with ques- tions of this kind, which, however impor- tant, will be more convenientiy discussed on another opportunity, and I come to the general issue before us. On Monday night I heard the right hon. 1783 Bwenue and {COMMONS} EaprndUure-^ReiohaUm. 1784 when I opened the newspapers next morn- ing, for I found there that a right hon. (Gentleman had committed himself in the manner I am now going to describe. That right hon. Gentleman attended a meeting of an alarmed and timorous interest, which, fearful of the withdrawal of the protection they enjoyed, might be acted upon, it was hoped, to oppose a great national measure on account of their own narrow interests. There is one valuable principle of free trade which appears to be well understood by the hon. Gentlemen opposite, and that is the division of labour. While the right hon. Member for Buckinghamshire was announcing in sounding periods the high ground on which he took his stand, another right hon. Gentleman was hold- ing different language in a different place — ^I mean the right hon. Baronet the Mem- ber for Droitwich (Sir J. Pakington). The right hon. Baronet attended a meeting of a set of gentlemen who are well known, almost every man of them, to every suc- cessive Chancellor of the Exchequer — namely, those who are called the growers of hops. The county to which the right hon. Baronet is an ornament is not a great hop-growing county; it produces Ijper cent of the total consumption, and conse- quently—I believe I am correct in the statement — until the eventf^ week in which we now are the right hon. Baronet had never thought it worth his while to attend a meeting of hop-growers. But on this particular occasion, when the financial scheme and a chance of intercepting the Treaty with France were in question, my right hon. Friend the Member for Droit- witch, his bowels with mercy and sym- pathy moved towards the hop -growers, app^ed for the first time at a meeting among the champions of that sufiering interest. And what was the advice given by my right hon. Friend within twenty-four hours of the time when tibe right hon. Member for Buckinghamshire had — ^if I may thus express myself— so surreptitiously excited our admiration and almost enthusiasm by the enunciation of lofty principles. I have made inquiry about the accuracy of the report, and therefore I have less hesitation in quoting a fBW words from it. My right hon. Friend spoke among hop-growers, and said that he was not connected with a great hop-grow- ing county. I suppose his audience knew that as well as he; but he went on to ob- serve that his county had a good deal of land planted with hops, and he thought it. 27^ Okmcellor of the Sxcheguer right to attend the meeting. My right hon. Baronet's duty to oppose it, but he never thought it at all necessary to understand whether the hop-growers he was address- ing partook of his opinion. He did not go to them and ask, " Do you think the Bud- get bad?" but he said "Your particular interests are attacked, and therefore turn against the whole Budget." The right hon. Gentleman went on : — ** And if all the interests injuriously afleoted by it could combine together, giving up their imme- diate Tiews with regard to their own indiyidutl interests, the result would very soon be to get rid of it altogether. He therefore counselled them to unite with other interests and bring such a pres- sure to bear upon Parliament as woidd put an end to the Budget at a blow.*' That is the disappointment which I for one have undergone in comparing a decla- ration in full of the highest medisaval spirit made by the right hon* Member for Buck- inghamshire with the more practical pro- ceedings of the right hon. Member for Droitwich as a matter of business. Bat, however that may be, and whatever may be the proceedings that may be taken l^ those who sit on the same b^ch with the right hon. Baronet at the meeting of 1k^ growers or others, whether reported or itoi reported, having availed mysdf of the little light that was thrown on them thzongk the medium of the daily joiimai% lai ma 17S5 CommeroialTreatjf with jFisBBnABT24, 1860} Frcmce-^-Ths Budget. 1786 uowendeayour to deal with the Motion as it stands on our books, and apart altogether from the question of what interests can be got to support it. But this I am bound to say, after the challenge given by the right hon. Gentleman — the invitation given by him to those parties — that I am deeply convinoed that all such invitations in a country like England will miserably fail. Those who think that this Budget does them injustice will use their best exer- tions to defend themselves upon their own ground and with their own legitimate wea- pons, but they will not, from fear of losing their own legal privilege, be deluded and seduced into an error so grave as that of absorbing the greatest national interests in thoir own individual and particular conve- nience as a class, and they will give, I am convinced, an impartial judgment upon the main issue which is brought before tiiem. The right hon. and learned Gen- tleman (Mr. Whiteside), who spoke last night, described the Budget, and referred to the descriptions that had been given of it. He said my right hon. Friend the Member for Coventry (Mr. Ellice) had characterized it as an ambitious Budget. I know the position of my right hon. Friend, and I cannot in the slightest degree quarrel with him for the use of that epithet, but I am sure he will admit to me that if it shall be found that the people of England receive these financial plans with approval it is not because they are fond of ambitious Budgets, but because they wish for measures which they think will contribute to the extension of trade and the prosperity of the nation. Some one else went far beyond my right hon. Friend, and said it was an audacious Budget. The right hon. and learned Gen- tleman himself would not go as far as that, but said it was a bold experiment upon the country. I am desirous that the House should come to a clear and conclusive view of the question who it is that is treading the safe paths of experience, and who it is that is chargeable to-night with objections and propositions that are ambitious, that are audacious, or that are bold experiments upon the country. My hon. Friend the Mem- ber for Birmingham (Mr. Bright) gave a different description of the financial scheme. He gave a description which was not the most complimentary to the author of an cmbitious Budget. He said, looking at it from a directly opposite point of view, ** the Chancellor of the Exchequer can lay no claim to the merit of originality, he is simply walking in the footsteps of those who have gone before him, and because those footsteps have led us to safety in other times therefore he walks in tiiem now/' I affirm that that is the true description of the Budget. It does not lay claim to the merit of originality — if originality be a merit — ^but, at any rate, such have been the providence and sagacity of those who have gone before us that there is no need of originality. They have laid down the pattern of wise and prudent conduct in respect of public finance, and all we have to do is to follow in the course they have indicated. I must be permitted to say that I really pass by the proposition of the right hon. Gentleman who last addressed us, who conceives that this Mo« tion, which was born at the meeting of a great party, and lias been adopted in con- sequence of the determination of a distin- guished nobleman to come forth from almost monastic seclusion to which he had retired, in order to rescue his country fi^m danger — I cannot conceive that such a Ittotion is to be regarded in such a Hght. [Crtes of " Who!"l I mean the Earl of berby. I speak from what I have seen reported, distinctly and without contradic- tion, as having been the language of the noble Earl. That noble Earl said that he had determined not to become a candidate for the resumption of his office as Prime Minister, after having twice held and lost it in a manner not satisfactory to himself, unless under circumstances of some rash and dangerous scheme vitally assailing the best interests of the country. Under these circumstances he would come forth fr^m his retirement and again be at the com- mand of his Sovereign. [**No, no 1"J I apprehend I am right in supposing that Lord Derby is at the command of his Sovereign. I do not wish to detain the House by a verbal contest, but I imagine the right hon. Gentleman who last spoke treated this as a Motion which did not dis- turb the Treaty, and was not intended, if carried, to disturb the Government. As to disturbing the Treaty, it is well known the Treaty parts with £1,200,000 of the ordinary revenue of the year, and the Mo- tion declares that it is not expedient to add to the existing deficiency by diminishing the ordinary revenue, and that I understand to be a plain and flat contradiction of our scheme. In the same manner I am right in supposing there is no hon. Gentleman who sits opposite, or at least upon the bench inmiediately before me, who does not frankly regard this Motion as one. [ ThM migU. 1787 Bwennetrnd i COMMONS! ExpenaOweSetoluHm. 178^ wMdi, if carried, would render it impos- able for any GoTemment to continue to hold office. I have no doubt my right hon. Friend who spoke last is the only hon. Member here who holds that peculiar form of opinion he has expressed. ["No, no !"] Let us, then, understand what the Motion is. Is it aimed at the Treaty with France or is it not ? Is it possible to hold that a Motion which denounces any addition to on existing deficiency by parting with reyenue can be thought compatible with a Treaty which does add to the deficiency by parting with considerable revenue ? It is a Motion aimed in terms — and I inter- pret its spirit solely from its terms — ^it is aimed in its terms and spirit at the life and substance of the Treaty. But more than that, I will endeavour to point out why I also say the Motion repudiates and condemns in the mass the commercial legislation of the last eighteen years. [''No!"] Hon. Gentlemen say "no." Permit me respectfcdly to suggest that I am to be followed in the debate by theic leader, and he will have an opportunity of conveying the "No" to which they wish to give utterance in a manner quite as effective for their pmpose, and much more agreeable to the House generally. The doctrine laid down is that it is not expedient to add to existing deficiencies by diminishing the ordinary revenue. That is the dociarine laid down in the Motion, and that doctrine, I say, is fatal to every great and beneficial change that has been made in this country in connection with the revenue for the last eighteen years. ["No, no!"] I understand hon. Gentle- men to dissent. Let us go to the proof. I will endeavour to prove that in a short and simple manner, and, without referring to all operations during a number of years, will refer only to three great crises. Put- ting aside the greatest of those events — the com law and the navigation laws, which had no perceptible connnoction with finance — I will refer to those great occa- mons when we dealt largely with the finances of the country in the sense of propositions of conunercial reform — 1842, 1845, and 1853. I was glad to hear, when, the hon. Member for Birmingham (Mr. Bright) last night said we were treading in the footsteps of Sir Robert Peel, that some hon. Members opposite cried " No." It showed that we have arrived at last at a time when it is admitted that those prin- (»ples and that policy constitute not the mere decoration of a name or of a party, Th$ CkmeeU<n'o/ the Exchequer but a great national inheritance for which contending parties may honourably strive. That is a great mark of progress, when we recollect what has taken place within the memory of us all, when we remember that the changes of 1842 and those which fol- lowed led the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Bucks to denounce a Conser- vative Government as an " organized hypocrisy." Take that as a starting point, and then realize the fact that the two sides of the House are now contesting who shall be the exponents, who shall be the cham- pions, of those principles. It is a proof of the great progress that has been made, and the only question remaining now is which of the two sides of this House is endeavouring to continue that progress, and which to resist it. I will refer to each of those three years — 1842, 1845, and 1858 — in order to show that in every substantial and important financial change you will find the principles to be precisely the same as those upon which the present Government has founded the scheme which is now before the House and the country. I shall place them in the sharpest contrast with the Motion which you are invited to adopt to- night, which my right hon. Friend who spoke last is about to support by his vote, and which declares that it is " not expe- dient to add to the existing deficiency, by diminishing the ordinary revenue." In 1842 there was, as there is now, an exist- ing deficiency. It amounted to £2,570,000. Sir Bobert Peel added to that existbg deficiency by diminishing the ordinary re- venue. Ho took from the ordinary reve- nue, by the remissions he made, a sum of £1,210,000. He thereby swelled the de- ficiency to £3,780,000, and he then laid on new taxes, of which the income tax was nine-tenths, to the amount of £4,380,000; thus obtaining a surplus of £600,000. I think that is rather like the operation which you are now asked to sanction. In 1845 there was one point of difference, and you will yourselves judge whether it is vital, or whether, as I think, it is compa- ratively unimportant, if it does not make out a stronger case. In that year Sir Bo- bert Peel did not add to an existing defi- ciency, but he created a deficiency, by con- verting a surplus into a deficit. He had, in 1845, a surplus of £1,420,000. He con- verted it into a deficit by large remissions, which involved a loss to the revenue of more than £3,502,000. In that way he created a deficiency of £2,082,000. By re- newing the income tax, he obtained Ways 1789 Gommercial Treaty wUh { Fbbboaet 24, 1860 { France— The Budget. 1790 and Means to the extent of £2,600,000, and 80 secared a surplus of £518,000. I think that, again, was rather like the ope- ration of 1842. In 1853, when substan- tially, though in less arduous circum- stances, most of us who are here present heard all these dismal prophecies, there was again an existing deficiency of £1,968,000. We agam added to the existing deficiency, by diminishing the ordioory sources of re- venue to the extent of £1,656,000. In that way we increased the deficiency to no less a sum than £3,624,000. We sup- plied that deficiency by new charges, that were estimated to yield — but, in point of foct, they yielded more— £4,090,000., and 80 obtained a surplus within a few thou- sands, the same as that which is now pro- posed-—a surplus of £466,000. In each and all of these cases you pursued precisely for every substantial and practical purpose the same course. Tou eiUier found or you ereated a deficiency ; you aggravated when yon did not create it ; you had it to deal with in each case ; you dealt with it after diminishing the ordinary revenue, by the imposition of new taxes ; and that is the essence and foundation of the scheme now before you, as compared and contrasted with those rival schemes, of which some £unt glimmerings have been obtained from one or two of the less cautious of the speeches which have been delivered in the course of the present debate. I may ob- serve that 1853 was so far distinguished from the other oases, that in that year not only did we add to an existing deficiency, and impose new taxes, but t^^e House of Commons, by so strong and so prevalent a feeling, both in the House and in the country, that no one ventured to raise a general issue, effected the operation by means of some indirect taxes laid upon ^irits, but mainly by direct taxation, and in no inconsiderable d^ree by an exten- sion of the income tax itself. I contend, therefore, that by demonstration, and not merely by loose assertion, it is clear beyond all doubt or argument, and in the rigid logic of figures themselves, that the plan we are now proposing, not as we describe it, but as described in a hostile Motion, corresponds in every point with the mea- sures of 1842, 1845, and 1853. One of them is the falling in of £2,000,000, and more of annuities, with respect to which I think it will be admitted that some question at least arises whether they are merely to be added to the means of meeting an enormous and constantly grow- ing expenditure, or whether they mark aa epoch at which we ought to endeavour to apply afresh the principles which we ap- plied with such good effect before. The other relates to the extraordinary resouroes which we shall derive during the present year from what may be called casoal reoeiptSy that cannot recur. Take the single case of the sums we are going to obtion from the malt and hop credits. I have no diffi- culty in justifying the application of those sums under the circumstances to the services of the year, partly because they may in some sense be set against the really extraordinary expenditure to which we are liable on account of the military ex- pedition to China, but mainly because we intend to make a reproductive use of the money. And though we begin by remit- ting taxes we are going to create funds, which as time goes on, will from year to year be constantly adding to your resources. Just look how the case stands. We are going to apply from extraordinary sources to iSio services of the year a sum of £1,400,000. That is only £700,000 less [Third Niikt. 1791 Betenue and I COMMONS! Expenditure^ Betolwiim. 1792 than the whole amount ^e are to lose by remissions of taxation; in other words, £700,000 is the whole extent for the ser- yices of the present year to which the ordinary revenue is really to be a loser on account of the remissions we are making, and that £700,000 represents three-fourths of a penny, or the difference between 9d. and lOd, in the income tax. But I must object altogether to the assumptions of these who exclaim against the reduction of indirect taxes as on irretrievable loss to the revenue. The receipts from indirect taxes constantly increase, and they increase the faster, and mainly, because we reduce. The receipts from indirect taxes will be larger in the present year, apart from the operation of the Treaty with France, than they have been, I believe, in any past year within our recollection, — certainly in any year since the imposition of the in- come tax. The difference is enormous be- tween the amount at which they stood when the income tax was first imposed and the amount to which they have been raised by judicious remissions. But it does not foUow that because we propose an operation of this kind in the present year it is therefore to be repeated every year. You commenced these reforms prac- tically in 1842. Yon went on in 1842, in 1845, in 1846, which was, perhaps, the greatest year of the whole. In 1849 you- repealed the navigation laws. In 1850 and 1851 you returned to the repeal of taxation, chiefly indirect. In 1853 you made another large remission of taxation. Between 1842 and 1853 there were not^ less than seven or eight years in which you made these operations ; and what has happened since ? For seven years, owing to the circumstances, we will suppose, of the time, the application of the principle has been intermitted altogether; and then comes a year when you have an extra- ordinary relief from the public debt, and when you are going to apply extraordinary means to the services of the year. With an interval of seven yeara since you have done anything for the further application of your principle, is it strange that you should be asked to recur to a beneficial practice ? You may tell me that this is a year of great expenditure, and that there- fore it is an unfit year; but do you who say that promise me that there will be great relief from that expenditure next year? If it were in a year of great ex- penditure, with the prospect of immediate relief, I grant you it might be better to. The Chancellor of the Exchequer undergo the inconvenience and forego the benefit, and wait for a year or a couple of years before proposing what we propose to do now. But what is the spirit shown on the other side, not by all hon. Gentle- men opposite, but by the Mover of this Motion, whom I take as an excellent spe» cimen of the distinguished class to which he belongs ? "What is the spirit whiqh he shows, and what is the spirit of the Mo- tion with regard to expenditure? Does this Motion condemn our great expendi- ture ? Does this recognize it, as I believe it is generally recognized on this side of the House — as far as it is approved — as a necessity, but a painful necessity, to which we submit because we think high interests require it, but from which we are desirous to escape — from which we hope to escape, and from which we are determined to keep in our own hands the means of escaping r That is the spirit in which the expendi- ture is supported on this side of the House ; but is that the spirit of the hon. The Duke of Wellington — than whose Administration none did more, according to its time and circumstances, for economy — ^Lord Grey, Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel. Those are the men under whom, by whose countenance, and by whose labour rules of thrift were applied to the expenditure of the State; and those are the men upon whom the Mover of this Motion, partly by its terms, and partly by the language by which he expounds them, thinks fit to throw a slur as cheeseparing economists. Sir, I have admitted that it is impossible to expect a rapid return for this benefit; that we have entered — ^though I trust the Estimates for the present year are exceptional — on a high level of ex- penditure. But, being on that high level of expenditure, and having heavy burdens to bear, can we not strengthen ourselves for tho task by means which in former years were found so efficacious, and again apply the principles which were applied in 1842, in 1845, and in 1863? Sir, 1 793 Commercial Treaty with { Fbbeuary 24, 1 860 ) France-^ The Budget. 1 794 there is another view of this case, to which no allusion has been made by hon. Gentle- men who have spoken on the other side of the House, but which I must confess impresses itself very forcibly upon my mind, and it is this : — I heard with pain the speech of my right hon. Friend the Member for Portsmoutti (Sir F. Baring) which gave the weight of his authority, not so far, as I could understand, in sup- port of the Motion, but, at any rate, in disapproval of the financial proposals of the Government. My right hon. Friend referred, and my hon. Friend the Member for Stamford (Sir StaflEbrd Northcote) re- ferred, to a political reason for the recom- mendation of schemes different from those of the Government. My hon. Friend the Member for Stamford gave us a glimpse of finance to which he would gladly have been a party, and he said that, instead of an income t»x of lOd, in the pound, we ought to have an income tax of 7d. in the pound. Friend proposed to restore to the revenue what we take away. He proposed to tuke away d-lOths of tiio income tax, or about £3,550,000, and the difference between those sums swallowed up the modest sur- plus which I have asked. That is my first objection to the suggestion of my hon. Friend. " Aye, but," says my hon. Friend, "you have always an increase from indirect taxes." Yes, Sir, but it happens that we have reckoned that in- crease already; we have taken it at as high an amount as the opinion of the official persons who are entitled to the greatest consideration warrants us in taking it, and I need not tell my hon. Friend we cannot eat the cake and have it too— -we cannot reckon a sum twice on the same side of the account. But then my hon. Friend said he would provide a surplus by new taxes. By what new taxes? By taxes on the trade and industry of the country. Depend upon it if ever you adopt a stationary finance — stationary in fact, but retrogressive in spirit — ^you will not simply stand still; you will lose those con- tinual supplies welling forth year by year from the fountains which prudent legisla- tion has opened, and you will be obliged to make provision by new taxes, to which VOL. CLYI. [thibd SEBiia.] my hon. Friend so very mildly glanced. My hon. Friend said, and my right hon. Friend also (Sir F. Baring) also said, we do not make proper provision for 1861. Supposing hon. Gentlemen opposite had attained a Spartan heroism, and were as rigid financiers as they are Puritanical Free-traders when it suits them, and they had said, " It is intolerable that this £1,400,000 should be applied to the pur- poses you propose ; take £1,000,000 of it and apply it to the payment of Exchequer bonds;" I am not sure that they would have made a good party Motion or that they would have had the hop-growers to assist them ; Jbut they would have acted on those high principles of finance which I must say have for many years been the peculiar characteristic of the party which they claim to represent. But it is not so.
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By Judge Melvin R. Hughes, Jr.
These two cases are before the court on plaintiffs motion to permit the testimony of an attending physician to be read into evidence.
These cases were tried together to a jury in 1999. The jury returned verdicts for both defendants for “specials” only. After the court granted additur, the defendant refused the increase and demanded a new trial, which motion was granted. Now, after taking nonsuits and refiling, plaintiffs seek to have the testimony of their attending physician who testified at the first trial read without the doctor being present.
Defendant argues that the exception to hearsay allowed for prior recorded testimony applies only after certain conditions are met. Defendant cites The Law of Evidence in Virginia (5 th ed. 1999) by Professor Charles Friend as *228authority for the point. Prior recorded testimony is recognized as an exception to the hearsay rule provided certain conditions are met. Defendant argues that plaintiff can meet all the conditions save one, unavailability of the witness, and therefore plaintiff should be precluded from offering the recorded testimony.
Plaintiffs argue that this should be allowed despite defendant’s objection because the prior recorded testimony is not hearsay in the sense that the doctor has already testified “in court” and has been subject to cross examination and indeed was extensively questioned by defense counsel at the first trial. While conceding that the doctor is not unavailable, plaintiff cites expense as a reason to permit the testimony. Moreover, plaintiff continues, the policy considerations behind the hearsay rule have been satisfied, namely, the right of cross examination has been preserved.
The court has not found nor been cited to any authority to allow the admission of the doctor’s testimony under the circumstances of this case. The “in court” requirement means testimony of the witness in the instant proceeding so that the fact finder can assess the witness’ testimony. Here, there will be a new trial which means a different jury, different fact finders.
The court realizes that litigation carries expenses including, perhaps in this instance, the need to compensate the doctor for his time. On the other hand, the defendant has a right to have the witness present to examine him before the fact finder for evaluation. To the extent it can, the court is desirous of controlling unreasonable costs in litigation. But this has to be consistent with law and fairness. Here, the court is not in a position to dispense with a well-recognized evidentiary requirement for reasons of expenses. So, in light of the objection, plaintiff’s motion to permit the doctor’s testimony to be read into evidence in lieu of a live appearance is denied.
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|5« Année. — N° 1652.Ë !.<!lîSh Lundi 25 el Mardi U Février 1857^abonnements :Saint-Etienne, le département de la ^rnire et !c, départements limitrophes. .. pjur les antres départements DÎT AN 40 f. 486 MOIS 21 f. 253 MOIS 11 f. 13ltt abonnements partent du 1er el du 16 de chaque mois. m mmm ET LES INSERTION SOST PAYABLES D’AVANCE.IPÜlÜÜIISaün'ïf ÎTD'JS ILJS8 (Excepté le dimanche). Oh s'abîme à l’Imprimerie «la Journal, A SAINT-ÉTIENNE, places de l’Ilètcl-dc-Villc et du Marché. A IVtpiralioD Je leur abflnnemeut, les persmes qui n'ont pasA'iBle*tion.le le continner Joirent refuse le Journal àia poste.ANNONCES 2 A Paris, MM. Iîavas, 3, rue J.-J. Rousseau: Laffitb, Eimr.fi el I 20,rue de la Barujue; J. Fontaine, rue de Trévise,22, sent teulâ chargés de recevoir les annonces de la capitale. LES ANNONCES JUDICIAIRES: 20 C. LA LIGNE. Ltt annoncesdoiveitêtre remîtes Iti veille de l’imj rcssion avant tt id LFS mW.RlTS DÉPOi,Bs NE SERONT PAS RENDES5,^ 3I3É.7IOK8AIj 5>E W,A I.OIHE ET ME LA 58Al TE-Ï,mUE e*t dv»tyrné pour VSAIST-ÈTIERKF, 25 FÉVRIER.Résumé (les nouvelles «lu jour. L'onposition manifestée au sein du Parlement an* j j8 contre lord Palmerston donne aux débats des Chambres une gronde irritation dont se préoccupe vi vement l'opinion publique. M. Disraeli appuyé par les neelistes est le champion le plus acharné au renverse ment du premier ministre. La discussion du budget esi le terrain choisi par les adversaires de lord Palmerslonpour attaquer sa gestion el ébranler son crédit. Nos lecteurs savent déjà, par la dépêche télégraphique insérée dans notre dernier numéro, que dans la nuit du 22 la discussion n avait pu être terminée et avait été renroréeau lendemain. Le Times, il est vrai, se pro nonce hautement contre la conduite de I mposition dans cette circonstance et espère que le gouvernement triomphera. Nos correspondants particuliers pensent comme le Times que la motion de M. Disraeli sera re jetée; mais plusieurs autres doivent encore être préseniees, entr autres une sur les droits du sucre et du thé par M Gladstone, el une autre par lord Derby à la Chambre des lords, blâmant 1 attaque de Canton et l’on craint que l une ou l’autre de ces motions, si ce n’est toutes les deux, ne soit adoptée par le Parlement. On assure que même dans ce vas lord Palmerston ne quittera pas le ministère et qu’il est bien décidé à dis soudre le Parlement et à faire un appel au pays. Il a été aussi question dans la Chambre des Commu nes d un prétendu traité entre la Russie et la Perse par lequel celle dernière puissance se serait engagée à céder une portion de son territoire à I empire russe en échange de son appui dans la guerre contre I An gleterre. Lord Palmerston sans démentir le fait com plètement a déclaré qu il n’en avait pas eu connaissance Kelalivement au traité secret par lequel la France aurait garanti à l'Autriche ses passessions italiennes, le Constilulionnel vient de publier un article dû à la plu me de son rédacteur politique, M. Amédée limée qui altirme, comme lord Palmerston, que ce traité n a jamais été mis en vigueur et est devenu une lettre morte. Nos lecteurs liront plus loin cet article dont il est inutile de Inire ressortir i importance. Quelques pessimistes. prenant l’impatience des journaux suisses pour de I irritation , présentent affaire de Neuchâtel comme hérissée «le difficul tés et douteraient volontiers d’une solution pacifi ée. Nous sommes d'autant moins disposés a par tager leur inquiétude que nous nous rappelons les proies de I Empereur qui a déclaré dans son dis cours à l'ouverture du Corps législatif que le conflit helvético-prussien avait perdu tout caractère belliqueux flqu il éttill permis d espérer une solution favorable. Aujourd hui même, les journaux suisses nous appor tât la nouvelle du départ de Paris de MM. Piaget et Aimé Humbert qui, comme on le sait, avaient été «nvoyés dans celle capitale pour prêter aux délégués suisses leur coopération. 11 nous semble que l'on peut conclure de ce fait que les difficultés qui existaient ont disparu,puisque le concours des envoyés du gouverne ment lederal n'est plus nécessaire. L Indépendant qui nous apporte cette nouvelle partage notre manière de 'ouet croit pouvoir affirmer que les deux conseillers dElat, tout en faisant de leur mieux pour défendre les intérêts neuebâtelois et pour donner sur les affaires ta éclaircissements de nature à amener la solution désirée, ont quitté Paris sous l'empire de preoccupa-lions satisfaisantes. Quand on lit les journaux suisses | il faut tenir compte du caractère national des descenj dants de Guillaume Tell. Les événements du différend anglo-chinois sont tou! jours le sujet d'assertions contradictoires et souvent er‘ rouées C est la faute îles journaux anglais. S'il faut eu croire le Morning Advertiser, le gouvernement anglais a reçu une dépêche télégraphique « portant (pie la flotte britannique avait rasé Canton jusqu au sol. » On comprend que les correspondances, apportées par les dernières malles, ne peuvent ni confirmer ni infirmer celle nouvelle. Files ne la lotit pas même pressentir. Au contraire, une lettre adressée de Hambourg à I Indé pendance belge et (pii est donnée comme le résumé des informations les plus récentes, autorise à dire quel amiral Seymour n avait pas des forces suffisantes p«ur poursuivre »es premiers succès lien résulterait même que le bombardement de Canton a causé beaucoup de dommages aux négociants européens et fort peu aux Chinois. Une nouvelle importante nous est parvenue par une dépêche de la télégraphie privée. File annonce que le Sénat a refusé d approuver le traité conclu avec I An gleterre pour le règlement de la question de I Amérique centrale. Pour qui lle raison ? Nous ne le savons pas encore. Il ne paraissait pas que la discussion dût ame ner un tel r ésultat. Quoi qu il en soit, I œuvre du comte de Clarendon et de M. Dallas est à recommencer. Le cabinet de Londres aura à voir s il lui an v eut d aug menter la somme «le ses concessions el de ses sa cri lices. Les journaux des Fiais Unis nous apportent aussi des details intéressants concernant les faits el gestes des 11 bustiers. Ils serviront a faire comprendre les bruits opposes qui circulent mit NValker. I) après le ew-York Herald, une enquête a été commencée à pro pos des personnes arrêtée* lors du départ du steamer Tennessee sous inculpation <1 avoir enrôle «les reeme^ pour le service de alker. i.es «h fenseurs des accusés ont prétendu que M. le général Pierre était iuleress* pour un douzième dans une concession «le terres de trente millions d acres ; ils ont egalement offert «le liie , à I audhuice une lettre émanant «iu président ; mais le ministère public s y est opposé. Une dépêché «le Washington nous informe que le président et son secrétaire , M. Sidney Webster , ont et«* assignés pour comparaître comme témoins Nous ignorons le degré de confiance que I ou doit accorder à I assertion du journal américain. Ge que l on peut dire e est que si lu connivence de W alker el du prési dent Pierre était établie par les débats, ce serait la un événement grave et susceptible «I éclairer bien des faits obscurs. Félix Kibeïre.Le Constitutionnel donne les explications suivantes sur le traité secret entre la France et l’Autriche, dont il a été question dans les débats du Parlement an glais : Un débat assez vif a eu lieu , ces jours derniers , dans la chambre.des communes sur un fait qui intéresse particuliè rement le gouvernement français. Un célèbre orateur, chef de l'opposition, M. D.sracli, a avancé q Vil existait entre la France et l'Autriche, depuis l’époque de la guerre d Orient, un traité secret qui garantissait à coite dernière puissance la sécurité de ses provinces italiennes ; il a ajouté quë « te traité avait été pleinement exécuté, et qu il no renfermait extérieurement aucune limite dans sa dur«*e. » (Séance «lu 13 février). Lord Palmerston, répondant à M. Disraëii, a n.outré ce qu’il y avait de fautif dans ses allégations. Voici, croyons-nous, ce qui a eu lieu, en réalité, dansInsertion «le toutes Ire Anhomrrw léjcelre de l’arrondlseement de M» lut «Étienne.celte circonstance : Le traité du 2 décembre 185k stipulait éventuellement, comme on le sait, le concours des armées autrichiennes dans la lutte engagée contre la Russie. Le cabinet do Vieniu1, toutefois, représentait alors qu'il ne pourrait s'engager avec sécurité dans la guerre dont l'Orient était le théâtre, tant que ses possessions italiennes se trouveraient menacées par I agitation que les partis entretenaient dans la péninsule ; il demandait en conséquence, avant d’entrer en ligue avec nous, que ses derrières se trouvassent i réalablement assu rés. Les circonstances prêtaient un grand appui à celte de mande de l’Autriche. Il importait, en effet, de calmer ses appiéhensions et d'aplanir tout obstacle à l’exécution du traité. La France entra donc en négociation sur ce point avec le cabinet de Vienne, et s'engagea, par la convention dont il a été parlé plus haut, à employer ses efforts pour main tenir l’ordre en Italie, pendant la durée «le la campagne'; il s’agissait simplement d'assurer à l'Autriche la liberté d’ac tion nécessaire pour concourir elficaceuient aux opérations collectives «les alliés. Tels furent les motifs el la portée de cet arrangement, dicté par un si haut intérêt, mais obligatoire seulement au c.ts où l’Autriche se joindrait directement à nous et décla re! ut la guerre à la Russie La convention était donc es sentiellement éventuelle et transitoire ; c'était un acte com mandé par la guerre, une mesure de circonstance analogue, jusqu’à certain point, a celles qui furent adoptées par les alliés envers la Grèce, lor.-qu’eile cherchait à insurger la Fhenalie »*t l Epire, dans l'intérêt de la Russie. ommo on le sait, du reste, les éventualités prévues ne s' réalisèrent pas ; I Autriche ne «léclara point la guerre; elle ne tira point IVpée. Ce qui était l'objet de la convention n’a donc point existé; cet acte n’a pi avoir, quoi qu’ait pu «lire M. Disraeli , ni mis » en vigueur, ni «Jurée; «*t b* rôt ib! ssom mt île la a x n a fai u i1 h tira moi le. — Am. R néeMONITEUR DU 21 FEVRIER. Le Moniteur du *21 février contient, à sa partie offi cielle, un décret inquiial portant promulgation «lu traité d’amitié et «le commerce conclu entre la France et la Verse. Voici ce decret et le texte du traité : Decret impérial jmrtant promulgation du Traité d'amitie et de commerce vont lu, le 1? juillet 1835, entre li France et la Vers*. NArotKON, Par la grâce de Dieu et la volonté nationale, Empereur des Français, A tous présents et à venir, salut : Sur le rapport «le notre ministre secrétaire d’Etat au dé partement «les affaires étrangères, Avons décrété et décrétons ce qui suit ; Article 1rr. Un Traité d’amitié et de commerce ayant été signé, le 12 juillet 1855, entre la France et la Perse, et les ratifications de cet acte ayant été échangées à Téhéran, le ti «lu même mms, ledit Traité, dont la teneur suit, recevra sa pleine et entière exécution. Au nom «le Dieu clément et miséricordieux. Sa Haute Majesté l’Empereur Sapoleon, dont I élévation u«t pareille a celle de la planète Saturne, à qui, le soleil sert d’étendard, l'autre lumineux du firmament des têtes couron né, s, le soleil du ciel de la royauté,l’ornement du diadème, la splendeur des étendards insignes impériaux, le monarque illustre et libéral ; Et Sa Majesté élevée comme la planète de Saturne, le Souverain à qui le soleil sert d’étendard, dont la splendeur et la magnificence sont parodies à celles «tes vieux, le Sou verain sublime, le Monarque dont les armées sont nom breuses comme les étoiles, .lotit la grandeur rappelle celle «le Djemichid, dont la mugmficence éga'e celle de Darius, l'héritier «le la couronne et du trône «les Keyaniens, l’Empe reur sublime et absolu «1e toute la P«*rso ; L’un et l'autre, également et sincèrement désireux d'éta blir «l«s rapports d'amitié entre les deux Etals, ont voulu les consolider par un Traité d’amitié et de commerce récipro quement avantageux et utile aux sujets des deux Hautes Puissances contractantes ; A cet effet, ont désigné pour leurs plénipotentiaires : Sa Majesté l'Empereur «le France, le sieur NicolasProsj Per Bu urée, son Envoyé extraordinaire et Ministre plénipo tentiaire, Commandeur de l’Ordre impérial de la Légiond’Honneur, Grand-Croix de l’Ordre de Saint.Grégoire-leGrand, Grand-Officier de l’Ordre Ottoman du Medjidiô, Et Sa Majesté l’Empereur de toute la Perse, Son Excel lence Mirza-Aga-Khan, son premier Ministre. EetemadelDowlet (confiance du Gouvernement), désoré de l’Etoile de l’Ordre du Lion et du Soleil, en diamants, de la classe d’Amir-Touman, avec grand-cordon vert et rouge, du portrait de Sa Majesté le Schah, première classe, et de la croix d’Amir Nouyan, avec le Grand-Cordon vert, insigne distinctif du premier personnage du Royaume, et porteur du sabre, du bâton en pierreries et de la cointere en perles fines ; Et les deux Plénipotentiaires s’étant réunis à Téhéran, ayant échangé leurs pleins pouvoirs et les ayant trouvés en bonne et due forme, ont arrêté les articles suivants : Art. ter. A dater de ce jour et à perpétuité, il y aura ami tié sincère el une constante bonne intelligence entre l’Em pire de France et tous les sujets français, et l’empire de Perse et tous les sujets persans. Art. 2 Les ambassadeurs ou ministres plénipotentiaires, qu’il plairait i chacune des deux Hautes Puissances contrac tantes d'envoyer et d’entretenir auprès do l’autre, seront reçus et traités, eux et tout le personnel de leur mission , comme sont reçus et traités, dans les deux pays respectifs , le* ambassadeurs ou ministres plénipotentiaires des nations les plus favorisées, et ils y jouiront, de tout point, des mê mes prérogatives et immunités. Art. 3. Les sujets des «leux Hautes Parties contractantes, voyageurs, négociants, industriels et autres, soit qu’ils se dé: placent, soit qu’ils résident sur le territoire de l’un ou «le l’autre Empire, seron. respectés et efficacement protégés par les autorités du pays et leurs propres agents, et t« ailés, à tous égards, c.) nmd o sont les sujets de la nation la plus favorisée I s * ;rront réciproquement apporter,par terre et par m r, < 1 «n-* I un et I autre Eupne, t en exporter t<> t « r-spè.m le marchindiS'1 et «la produits, les vendre, le-, é hanger, ios acheter, le» transmuter en t «us lieux sur le territoire de l'un et «le l'autre Eut. Ait. Les marchand s’s importées ou exportées par les. sujets respectifs «les deux Hiut«>s Parties contractantes no payeront dans l’un et l'autie Etat, soit à l’eutœe, soit à ia sortie, que l«*s mêmes droits que payent à l’entrée et à la soi ti , d ois l’un et l’autre Etat, le* m «rchandises et produits importés et exiortés par les marchands et <uj >!» de la nat u a p.us favonsée ; et nulle taxe exceptionnelle ne pourra, s. ms aucun nom et sons aucun prétexte, être réclamée dans l’un comme dans l’autre Etat. Ait 5. Lt^s procès, contestations et disputes qui, da.vs l'Empire le Perse, viendraient à -'élever entre sujets-frar.çais, seront référés, en totalité, à l’arrêt et à la décision de l’agent ou consul français qui résidera dans la province où ces procès, contestations et disputes auraient été soulevés, ou dans la province la plus voisine. Il en décidera d'après les lois françaises. Les procès, conteslaVons et disputes soulevées en Perse entre deAsujets fiançais et des sujets persans seront portés ! devant le tribunal persan, juge ordinaire de cas matières, au j lieu où résidera un agent ou un consul français, et discu tés et jugés selon l’équité, en présence d'un employé de l’ai gt nt ou du consul français. Les procès, contestations et disputes soulevés en Perso t ntre des sujets français el des sujets appartenant à d’autres puissances également étrangères seront jugés et terminés par l'intermédiaire de leurs agents ou consuls respectifs. En France, les sujets persans seront également, dans toutes leurs contestations, soit entre eux, soit avec des suj 'ts fran çais ou etrangers, jin’és suivant l«' mode adopté dans cet Empire envers les sujets de la nation la plus favorisée. Quant aux affaires de la juridiction criminelle dans les quelles seraient compromis des sujets français en p; rse, «les sujets persans en France, elles seront jugées en France et en Perse suivant le mode adopté dans les deux pays envers les sujets de ia nation la plus favorisée. Art. 6 En cas de décès de l'un de leurs sujets respectifs sur le territoire «le l’un ou de l’autre Etat, sa succession sera i« mise intégralement à la famille ou aux associés du défunt, s’il en a. Si le défunt n’avait ni parents ni associés, sa suc cession, dans l'un comme dans l’autre pajs. serait remise à la gaule de l’agent ou du consul de la nation du sujet décédé, pour quu celui-ci en fasse l’usage convenable, conformément aux lois et coutumes de son pays.FEUILLETON DU MEMORIAL.t-7)BLANCHE D’ORBE.Zoé de Lignerolles,— c’était cette chimère aux griffes agi les, s’informa aussitôt s’il n’y avait pas dans la maison une jeune fille d’une rare beauté... Elle fit ici le portrait de Mlle a Orbe. Seriez-vous parente de celle infortunée, madame ? s’éla fermière. ^ Le ciel m’épargne une pareille honte 1 répliqua-t-elle, •as ! je vois que vous ne savez pas quoi monstre vous avez cueilli sous votre toit 1... mais ce n’est pas de cela qu’il s’a£ toamtenam, ajouta-t-elle envoyant la stupéfaction et F» n [.j *1. Ilé de la bonne femme. Avant tout, veuillez excuser “discrétion do ma demande. Ah 1 madame, j’ai un frère L.. celle langue subtile ébaucha en quatre mots le por tée Saint-Ange. JT .Eh quoi 1 se pourrait-il? s’écria la fermière. Ce joli famWeUr Sera‘l vo,re frère ? je vous trouve en effet un air de Riô~l v°avcz vu mon frère 1 Dieu du ciel, ayez pitié de D’a! *°l!a co que j® redoutais 1 il sait qu’elle est ici. Elle 80n/.a f)as manqué, la perfide do le lui faire connaître. Tels re es ru,se8 de ce démon déguisé s«»us de modestes appafrèreCS tromPe les yeux les plus clairvoyants Mon Elle'Un l)0,nme perdu. Elle en fera çe qu’elle voudra, l’art ‘i301 p ra à quelque honteux mariage qu’elle aura même taricpsY iSer pour feindre de ne céder qu’aux iris es plus vives. Concevez-vous, mon frère, le comted’Entragucs, marié à une fille dont la vie n’est qu’un tissu de scandales et qui, dans un âge si tendre, a déjà conquis la plus inlàinante célébrité ? Mais ce qu’il a de plus odieux, c’est qu’elle prend maintenant le ma que do la piété ; c’est ainsi quelle s’était introduite à la Nom Ile... car vous croyez peutêtre qu’elle vient de loin? Elle ne vient que do ce château, dont elle est sortie furtivement après avoir, pour prix de la généreuse hospitalité de madame de Beauvilliers, fait man quer le mariage d’une doses filles avec monsieur le prince de Vonlhis. — Notre maitre 1 s’écria la fermière. — Lui-même, et je ne sais jusqu’à quel point il serait sa tisfait s’il savait que vous donnez asile à... — Ah I mon Dieu 1 monsieur le prince qui arrive aujour d'hui de Paris et qui vient visiter la forme 1 — Ceci vous regarde. Vous agirez comme bon vous sem blera, répond Zoé dû Lignerolles ; je vous conjure seulement de ne jamais recevoir mon frère. La bonne femme fit tous les serments qu’on lui demandait, mais sa conscience n’était pas en repos. Les objections reve naient sans cosse sur ses lèvres. Elle ne pouvait en croire ses oreilles. Tant de naïveté 1 tant de pudeur et de modestie 1 II était en effet bien difficile de croire que tout cela mentait. L’imagination fertile de l’impitoyable intrigante répondait à tout. Elle entassait événement sur événement, circonstance sur circonstance. En un quart d'heure elle construisait une existence entière. Et tout cela était clair, palpable, sans contradiction, de telle sorte qu’un cerveau moins épais que celui do la bonne paysanne n’y aurait point rés sté. Le dernier coup donné. — et c’était bien le coup da ha che du bourreau 1 — elle sa leva comme une dame de cha rité qui a fini sa petite exhortation. Elle promit do revenir quelquefois et de s’inlé essor aux enfants. En traversant la salle d’entrée, suivie de la bonne femme qui la recondui sait, elle daigna remarquer Colombe et ses soeurs. — Voilà d'aimables entants, dit-elle. L’innocence éclate sur leur front. Ce sont de tendres fleurs qu'il faut tenir à l’abii du vent... Gardcz-les surtout du moindre contact avec celle fille, elle les perdrait !En parlant, elle laissa quelques pièces d’or pour acheter des colifichets aux trois sœurs. Le moyen do suspecter les propos d’une personne qui en agissait si noblement 1 La fer mière eut aussi un entretien avec son mari. Celui-ci fut épouvanté surtout des conséquences que pouvait avoir la présence de l’étrangère. M. de Ponlhis, attendu depuis plu sieurs jours, devait arriver d’u moment à l’autre â la ferme. Il conclut donc au renvoi de Blanche et chargea sa femme de lui faire entendre, le plus doucement possible, qu’elle eût à chercher immédiatement un gîte ailleurs. Malgré les calom nies de Mme de Lignerolles, la bonne femme combattit ce projet. Elle éprouvait une invincible répugnance à se char ger d’une pareille mission. Elle se demandait comment elle soutiendrait l’étonnement de ce regard limpide. Sans sus pecter la bonne foi de Mme de Lignerolles, elle ne pouvait croire à la complète perversité de Blanche. Elle aura commis quelq re faute, disait-elle ; le malheur et les apparences auront achevé de la perdre dans l opinion du monde. — Nous n'avons pas, répondait le mari, à entrer dans ue pareilles considérations. Au milieu de cet entretien, Blanche ouvrit la porto do sa chambre et se dirigea vers la cour. Il y avait plusieurs jours qu elle m* sortait plus. En passant, elle salua ses hôtes. Elle fut stupéfaite de la froideur qu’ils mirent à lui répondre. Lo fut bien pis lorsque la petite Blandine ayant laissé sou rouet pour venir l’embrasser, le père lui enjoignit durement «lo ne pas quitter sa chaise. L’enfant, non moins stupéfaite, obéit, Blanchi se retourna vivement vers le fermier ; il baissa les yeux. Elle éprouva alors un tremblement dans toute sa personne el un bourdonnement d’oreilles qui la tinrent un moment immobile. Elle alla ensuite jusqu au seuil, jeta un regard sans objet dans la cour et rentra dans sa chambre ou elle se laissa tomber sur un siège. La fermière entra quel ques instants après. Le cœur de Blanche battit avec force. Art. 7 Pour la protection de leurs sujets et de leur com merce respectifs, et pour faciliter rie bonnes et équitables relations entre les sujets des deux Etats, .es deux Hautes Parties contractantes se réservent la facuité de nommer, chan no trois consuls. Les consu's rie Fiance résideront à Téhéran à Benrier Bouchir, à Tauris. Les consuls de Perse résideront à Paris, Marseille, et à Pile de la Réunion (Bourbon). Os consuls des Hautes Puissances contractantes jouiront récipmquêment sur le territoire de l’un et de l'autre Empire où sera établie leur résidence, du respect, des privilèges et des immunités accordées dans l’un et dans l’autre empire aux consuls do la nation la plus favorisée. Art. 8. Le présent traité de commerce et d’amitié, ci menté par la sincère amitié et la confiance qui régnent entre les d. ux empiles bien conservés de France et de Perse, sera. Dieu aidant, fidèlement observé et maintenu, do part et d’autre, à perpétuité, et les plénipotentiaires des deux Hau tes Parties contractantes s’engagent à échanger les ratifica tions impériales de leurs augustes souverains, soit à Téhéran, soit à Paris, dans l’espace de six mois, ou plus tôt, si taire se peut. En foi de quoi, les plénipotentiaires respectifs des deux Hautes-Pat lies contractantes ont signé le présent traité et y oui apposé leurs si eaux. F.ti‘ double, en fianç ;is et en persan, le 12 du mois de jui lot de l’an du Christ 1835, et le 27 du mois de chawal de l’Hégire, l’année 1271, à Téhéran. (L. S ) Signé F. PoüRÉE. [L S.) Signé Mirza agha-Khan. Article 2. Notre ministre et secrétaire d’Etat au département des afiiii, s étranger s est chargé de l’exécution du présent dé cret. Fait à Paris, le 14 février 1857. NAPOLEON. Par l'Empereur : Le garde des sceaux, mi • Le ministre secrétaire d Etat nistre de la Justice. au département des affaires AbatüCCI. étrangères, A. Walewski.On lil dans U nion ; On évahie à cinquante le nombre des feuilles départe nt niai s qvi, depuis le 2 décembre 1851, se sont étein tes, s«ut par suite du retrait des annonces judiciaires, j soit par la foie-* «les eirronslances. Le nombre n’est pas coin rusé par celui «les publications nées de la situation nou velle Sans ia ressource «les annonces judiciaires, cent jour naux de provinces auraient encore disparu. — Mac Shoehy. Après avoir cité ces lignes, le Messager du Midi lait les réflexions suivantes : i a situation faite à la presse de province et que révèle j VUnion nous a1 ali bien digne de ia sollicitude «lu gouverne; phiI II n’y a mi France qu’un 1res petit nombre de feuilles provinciales qui puissent vivre en faisant les sacrifices nécessan< < pour la rédac’ion. Les corn spmvlanres. I<>» dépêches téié raphiques et h s feuilletons, le Messager du Midi a versé Pan «leinier, à l'administration ri i télegi aph« 2I.UÜÜ francs pour le seul >0' vice de ses dépêchés éledriqu s; ajoutez à cela p u» rie 1()0,0UU francs pavés à l’Etal pour timbre, af franchissement, etc. : voila nu impôt «le plus rie 120.000 tr. pi élevé sur les ressources d'un seul journal. Il ot via que cet impôt est proportionnel au succès et au chiffre lu tirage ; mais, comme I s seuls fais de timbre, I poste et papier, s'élevant à 28 fr. au moins par abonnement, i san» compter les frais généraux d’impressi<>n, dépêches, emi ployés, lovers et autres, qui pour un journal bien fait , ne ! montent pas à moins d<» 75 a 80,000 fr. par an, il en résulte qu’il faut avoir un chiffre très con»idérable d’abonnés pour i subvenir à «le te les dépenses. Les journaux de Paris orV bien les mêmes charges, mais ils ont Uouvé le moyen «je i faire croire au p«ibtic que h urs annonces valent beaucoup ; plus que celle» des journaux de province, et ils en tirent un rev< nu de 5 à ÜOO.vOO fi. ; et comme leur prix d'abonnement i e»l en outre de 12 a 18 fr. plus cher que celui des feuilles j départemental! s, on conçoit qus le gouvernement n’ait pas à s’apitoyer sur leur sort. Mais, pour i« s journaux de province, l’impôt dont les frappe la loi e>t hors de toute profottion avec leurs ressources, et c'v»t ce qui explique comnuuit tant «le feuilles uti'« s dispa rais ut, tant d’autres végètent misérablement, et pourquoi l’on ne pe .1 * tor pour toute la France que trois ou quatre feuilles de province qui soient dans une situation vraiment prospère et complètement indépendante. Le gouvernement ne peut pas vouloir que la presse de province périsse, et il peut aisément lui apporter un grand soulagement en réduisant au moins d’un centime l'impôt «lu timbre. On ne diminuera pas beaucoup par là les ressources du Trésor, parce que si cei laines feuilles départementales avaient un peu plus de revenus, elles pourraient réaliser des améliorations qui augmenteraient le nombre de leurs lec teurs. En tout cas, la réduction que nous réclamons, dût-elle être sentie parle Trésor, il ho sciait pas moins de toute jus tice de l’octroy; r aux journaux de département, dont on ne peut OHitestor ni les services passés, ni l’utilité présente. li n’esl ni de l’intérêt du pouvoir, ni de celui de h société, que Paris seulement ait la parole en France, et c’est dépen dant ce qui arriverait un jour si le gouvernement ne n;o«lifiait pas la législation fiscale qui pèse sur la presse de pro vince. — Danjou.CHRONIQUE LOCALE Une ordonnance de M. le Garde des sceaux, ministre de la justice, a nommé pour présider les assista «in 1er trimestre de 1857, dans le département «le la Loire, M. de Bernard , conseiller à la Cour impériale de Lyon. La session desdites assises s’ouvrira à Montbrison, le lundi 16 mars prochain, à 8 heures du matin. MM. Bronae, de Vazelhes et Mondon. juges au Tri fumai de Montbrison, ont clé désignés pour assister M. le président. On ht dans e Journal des Chemins de (er : l es Compagnies des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et de Lyon à la Méditerranée ont nommé de» délégués qui sont chargés d’arrêter les bases d’un arrangement qui ne sera pas encon1 la fusion, mais qui en préparera les bases pour l’a venir, li paraît que ces deux compagnies, tout en conser vant leur administration distincte, auront une exploitation commune quant aux revenus, c’esl-à-diro que les produits totaux «les deux lignes formeront une masse commune qui se répartira dans une proportion «iéterminée; par exemple, on attribuera aux actions de chaque Compagnie une valeur déterminée, telle que 1,500 fr. pour le chemin de Lyon, et 1,800 fr. pour celui do la Méditerranée. Nous donnons ces chiffres comme exe mple, et nous n’entendons pas les indi quer comme ayant etc adoptés par les parties. Par suite des arrangements à intervenir entre les Com pagnies de Lyon cl de la Méditerranée, l’affaire du Grand Central va m. relier vers une solution. Il est probable que le système d’absorption complète sera abandonné, et que plu sieurs Compagnies prenant quelques sections, chacune d’elle aura à fourmi l’équivalent en obligations qui seront échan gées contre les actions actuelles du Grand Central. — C. Devina. Le Journal de Montbrison publie l’avis que voici : Le Maire de Montbrison prévient le public que M. de Séréviile a bien veulu se charger de faire un cours pratique de Taille des Arbres, dans te jardin de M. du Plessis, et au be soin dans celui «le Mme de Meaux. Ce cours aura lieu les jeudi et dimanche , à deux heures prvcisi s La première leçon est fixée au dimanche 1er mars. Montbrison, le 20 février 1857. U Maire, L. ns Saint-Pulgent.L Echo roannais dit qu'un bal paré el masqué donné à Roanne celle semaine au profit des pauvres, a rap porté tous frais prélevés, une somme de 40 fr. On lit dans le môme journal : Le 19 de ce mois, à 6 heures et demie du matin, le sieur Vincent Laurent, gai rie rie nuit a la gare du chemin rie Itu au Coteau, a surpris le nommé L... volant ries marchan dises dans un wagon ; il l’a an été et mis entre les mains rie la justice. Nous lisons dans le Salut public : Il y a un demi-siècle, Fulton fut traité do fou par l’Acadé mie des sciences lorsqu’il lui proposa d’employer la vapeur d’eau comme force motrice, et cependant son invention, qu’on traitait alors de chimère, est maintenant l«> plus grand élément de notre richesse et «io notre prospérité. L’électricité est venue ensuite d’abord comme agent phy sique sans application utile, puis comme élément do la trans mission do la pensée. Aujourd hui, deux de nos compatriotes, MM. Bouvery et Crestin, annoncent qu’ils sont en mesure de l’appliquer comme moteur d’une machine de leur inven tion destinée à remplacer les machines à vapeur. Ces «leux inventeurs affirme t que le prix de revient «lé leur machine procurera à l’industrie une économie de 8# 0j0, sans comp ter l’économie complète à fane sur le combustible, etc. Si ce qu'annoncent MN. Bouvery et Creslin se réalise,— ce que, du reste, nous ne sommes point en mesure d affir mer et de garantir, — il s’agirait «l’une révolution radicale en matière d'industrie. Nous no croyons pas devoir entrer dans d’autres explica tions a ce sujet, laissant aux expériences publiques que ces deux inventeurs se proposent «le faire prochainement, le soin de fixer l’opinion des hommes compétents sur a valeur do leur système. Le Courrier de Lyon rapporte le fait que voici : Un épicier de Lyon avait mis son enfant en nourrice chez un cultivateur «le Francheville. Ce» jours derniers la femme c'ant sortie pour aller à la messe, eut l’imprudence de laisser le nomrisson seul dans son berceau placé sur le | lan< h r. Pendant son absence un porc pénétra «lans la pièce oui la port-i éta t «> s eu ouv'rt-», el dévora le malheureux enf l it dont a nom riee, à son retour, ne trouva que les res tes sanglants el mutilés. On écrit de Riom, à la date du 48, au Moniteur du Puy-oeDôme : Aujourd’hui, vers une heure, les habitants de notre ville ont été grandement étonnés «l’entendre le tonnerre r«>ul**r à plusieurs reprises et avec force, cominau cœur de l’été. Les promeneurs ont pu s’apercevoir qu’au véritable orage avait éclaté à quatre ou «'inq kilomètres nord-ouest «le la ville. Sera.t ce déjd l’anmme • d’un précoce pri itemps ? Pour toute la chromijue locale * Félix Uibevre.CaluHe il>*r«milite «lu dé|iui-iemrnt «le lit l.olre. Pour répoudre à beaucoup de demandes qui leur sont a«lressée<, MM. B»raud, Blanc. Chava lard, ont l'honneur «le pré venir l«* public, que es souscriptions aux actions de la So ciété Anonyme-Royale G«and-Ducale «lechemins «le fer G U l I.LA l'M E-LU XEM BOCRG. seront reçues j us jtiTu 25 cour mt. A Itouiiii *. au bur* au «lu Comptoir, place du Collège n® 8; A Saint Chamond et a Rive «le Gi«*r, au bureau des succur» a ! « s «h* la C n»»«? «i escompte. MM. les souscripteurs «les localités ci-dessus déspjnees pourront faire leurs demandes et leurs versements «lans les bur 'aux indiqués sans avoir besoin «le les a Iress *r au siégé social à Saini-Etienne.NOUVELLES DIVERSES. Le Monitour annonce que les ministres se sont réunis, le 2t février, en conseil aux Tuileries sous la présidence do l’Empereur. — La lameuse comète de Charles Quint qui. d’après une prédiction allemande, doit être si funeste à notre monde sublunaire, devance les temps prédits pour faire son apptri lion. Remarquée d abord a Panama, voici «ju • I * Phare de Cherbourg la signale. Elle e»t fort brillante el se montre dans l’ouest. Elle n’a pas d appendice caudal, mats elle a une che velure. J h ion.) — Un décret du 23 février 1852 a institué un prix de 50.000 fr en faveur de l’auteur «fe !a découverte qui rendra la pile «le Voila applicable avec économie, soit à l’industrie comme source «le cha eur, soit à l’éclairage, soit a la chimie, goit à la mécanique, sou à a méilecine pratique. Aux termes de ce décret, le concours «levait demeurer ouvert pendant cinq ans, et une commission «le ait être chargée «i examiner la découverte do chacun «les concurrents, et do reconnaître si elle remplit les conditions requises. M. le ministre, par un arrêté du 7 février 1857, a nommé cette commission, qui est composée ainsi qu’il suit : MM. Dumas, sénateur, membre «le l’Institut, président ; Chcvreul, membre «le l’Institut; Pelouze, membre de I Institut ; Begnault, membre «le l'Institut; Desprclz, membre de l’Institut ; Rayer, membre de l'ln»titut ; Serres, memb; e «le ITns'itut ; Le baron Charles Dupin, membre de l'Institut ; Le baron Séguier, membre de l’Institut ; Le général P«mcelet, membre de I Institut ; Le général Morin, membre de l’Institut ; Reynaud, inspecteur général des ponti-et-chaussées, chef «tu s rvico des phares ; Sainte-Clair-De vil le, maître de conlérences à l'Ecole normale, t-ecrétaire. — On écrit de Paris : « L’égli?e de Reuil, q«ii i en ferme les restes de l’impéra trice Joséphine et de la reine Ilortense, vient d’être entière ment ri'staurée. Un tombeau monumental va y être élevé à h reine Hortense, et l’Empereur, qui en a lui-même surveillé les plans, a exprimé l’intention d’en poser la première pierre. — Mgr le cardinal-archevêque de Besançon vient d’adres ser une lettre circulaire à son clergé pour I informer do l’a doption de la liturgie romaine dan-s son diocèse. — Un journal anglais annonce que. le siège épiscopal de l’église catholique romaine de Galway, qui était va.ant de puis «leux années, a été enfin conféré au très-révérend doc leur M'Evily, président du collège du l)r M’Hale de SaintJer.alh, à 1 uans. — On place en ce moment au portail de Notre-D.ime de Paris les statues en pierre des vingt huit rois de France de puis Clovis jusqu’à Philippe-Anguste. Quatrs statues sont déjà placées. La galerie à jour où se trouvent ces statues gothiques leprendra le nom, comme autrefois, de galerie des Rois. — La succursale de la Banque de l’Algérie, à Conslanlinc, a commencé ses opérations le 2 février courant. — Par le paquebot itagdalena, arrivé hier à Southamptoq, on apprend que, le 20 décembre, on avait rcs.»euli un léger trombltunenl de terre à Mexico. Le môme jour, une tempête effroyable avait lieu à la Vera-Cruz ; sept navires s’étaient perdus et ,80 personnes avaient péri. Le 27 décembre, on avait éprouvé un violent tremblement de terre à Lima. — M. Io marquis d’Andignô do la Planchaye, ancien dé puté, ancien pair de France, est mort hier soir à Paris, à i’âgo de 93 ans. Né à Angers, Io o mai 1763, le marquis d’Andigné avait été page du roi, puis officier de cavalerie avant la révolution do 1789 ; il se fit remarquer en plusieurs occasions par u e va*eur intrépide. Il prit part à l’émigration, et rentra en France en 1801. M. le baron Desnoyers, graveur en taille douce, metnbre de l’Institut depuis 1816, vient de succomber, dans un âge trt's avancé, à la suite de longues souffrances. — On écrit do Genève que, le 11 février, est mort en celle ville le généiai russe Ostermu:.: -T >Utoy, célèbre par la ba taille de Kuirn, en 1813, où avec 6,000 hommes de troupes d’élite, il arrêta pendant un jour le corps d’armee du gé iéral Vandammo. — La question ries paquebots transatlantiques, dit VUnion, qui intéresse à nn si haut degré nos principaux ports mar chands n’est pas encore décidé ; mais tout semble présager qu’elle ne tard<ira pas à recevoir une prompte solution. Aussi les dcmarchi's ries localités que ce projet préoccupe, devien nent-elles plus actives et plus pressantes. Nous apprenons que la ville de Bordeaux vient de députer à Paris une commis sion prise dans son conseil municipal et sa chambre de commer«’e, à l’rff.-t d’obtenir qu’il soit fait droit à la demande «lu commerce bordelais. M. le maire do Bordeaux est à la tête do cette commission. — Le tribunal correctionnel «le Saint-Claude vient de con damner un individu de celle ville, pour délit d’usure, à trente mille francs de dommages intérêts, à trois mois de prison et aux frais. — Le gros lot do 100,000 fr. du dernier tirage du 2 fé vrier, do l’emprunt do 60 millions contracté par la ville do Paris en 1855, a été, dit-on, gagné par un ouvrier vidangeur du quartier «lu Temple, qui fait vivre son père, sa mere et «leux sœurs. L’avcugie fortune accorderait donc quelquefois ses faveurs à qui les mérite. — On lit dans le Journal de Toulouse : « Dos pièces fausses imitant celles de 2 fr. circulent en ce moment a Toulouse. Nous avons vu une de ces pièces ; c'est un ancien sou de Louis XVI, recouvert d’une légère couche «l’argent. La face «lu roi est seule visible, le revers complètement faux. » Pour les nouvelles diverses : Félix Ribfvre. Le directeur-gérant de la Compagnie française de naviga' tîon A vapeur (bureaux principaux du s«iuscripti«m au siège social, 26, rue de l'Echiquier, a Pari») prévient les personnes qui ont tait retenir «les actions «le 500 francs, que la c'ôtuiv de l’émission aura lieu sous p*uj de jours et que toute demami" n m a compaguéc «lu premier versement, 100 francs par chaque action souscrite , sera considérée comme non avenue. L : Compagnie française de navigation a vapeur, c’est l<’ rou régénéré et nus u ia hauteur «L s progrès de locomo tion. L“s grandes maisons «le roulage dont la fusion a inothé sa fondation eu apportant à la Société nouvelle leur clientèle, leur expéiience, leurs relations contribuent puissammeel à son succès « l font «les actions de la Compagnie française de navigation a vapeur le plus sûr, le plus stable et le plus fructueux. Le capital social est de 20 millions divisés en 40,000 I actions de 500 francs. On souscrit, à Paris, dans les trois maisons principales de | la Société, savoir ; Liiez MM E Bonjour, ru«* de l’Echiquier, 27. triiez MM Faure, Meaux et Bnffaux, rue «lu Temple, 190. •riiez MM. E. Mustel, Q iesn.it et Galland, rue des Vinai griers, 44. Dans toutes les villes les d«'p.irtemenls où la Banque «le France a des succursales, on peut verger au crédit du direc teur-gérant, M. |). (j i an I, 27. rue «le l'Echiquier. O i peut aussi xpédier le montant des actions demandées (Î00 francs par chaque action en espèces par les messageI riei t chemins «le Or, ou en billets de banque par lettres c iargées à la posl. l. b 283(Mltlil Kit lll! IIATIX.10 RECRES. Le Moniteur du 22 février contient à sa partie offi cielle la iKuiiinali >ti «I tin commandant «1 aviso à va peur, el des nominations de présidents et le vice pre sidents de pru«l hommes, à Thizv (Rhône) et à Piliers (Puv de-Dôme). Il n y a rien à extraire de la partie non officielle.On lit dans le Courrier de Lyon : Une lettre de Marseille, en riale d’hier au soir, nous an i nonce que dans cette dernière journée, les arrivages rie b'és. ! favorisés par le vent du midi, se sont élevés à un chiffre i énorme. quatre-vingts navires sont arrivés avec un total de , 323,000 hectolitres. On saura aujourd'hui ou demain î’m| fluence q m ce fuit pourra exercer sur les prix qui dans la ! journée d j 20 u "avaient pas encore varié. Pour le Courrier du matin : eu. u armer.DEPECHES TELEGRAPHIQUES (Strvice spècial du Mémorial.) Paris, lundi, 23 février, 8 heures du matin. Le Moniteur de ce matin annonce que l'Empereur a reçu hier plusieurs étrangers de distinction. On mande «le Londres que la discus»ion sera reprise aujourd hui dans le Parlement anglais sur la motion de M. Disraeli el la question budgétaire. L ambassade impériale de France, en Suisse, vient de remettre au Conseil le«f ral, par ordre de son Gou vernement, une superbe collection de documents statistique sur les voies ferrées.Chaque jour , nous publions , dans noire Edition du soir paraissant à 7 heures, ta cote de la Bourse de Paris, qui nous arriva par dépêche télégraphique. Cet le dépêche contient le cours de la rente et des principales valeurs in dustrielles. Les nouvelles qui offrent quelque intérêt el qui nous parviennent dans la journée soit par te télégraphe, soit par nos correspondances, trouvent leur place dans ce second tirage. Ceux de nos abonnés qui préféreraient recevoir / Edi tion du soir voudront bien nous (aire prévenir : elle leur sera portée à domicile. On peut aussi se la procurer des 7 heures du soir , au bureau de tabac de la place du Marché, , au prix de 15 centimes f exemplaire.Corps législatif. Sommaire de la séance du vendredi 20 février. Présidence de M. Scrxeiiieb. Les membres du Corps législatif se sont réunis aujourd’hui dans leurs bureaux et ont nommé différentes commissions chargées de l’examen de projets «le loi d’intérêt local. * Ils ont, en outre, procédé à la nomination d’une commissio » de 7 membres pour l’examen du projet rie loi ten dant a accorder au maréchal Pélissier, duc de Malakoff, une dotation de 100,000 fr. On été nommés commissaires : MM. Vernier; général Meslin ; Latour-Dumoulin ; vicomte Ctary ; Lelut; Rigaud cl de Romeuf. -r ~iiüT — ~ -jjr *» ' ■ lSiillelln tlmiiieler. Paris, 21 février. Les fonds publics se sont aujourd’hui assez convenable ment maintenus : le 3 040 qui était d’abord descendu à 69 60 s’est relevé au dernier coup do cloche à 69 90 en hausse do 10 centimes. Le Crédit foncier, le Crédit mobilier et la Com pagnie parisienne du gaz ont été également l’objet d’achatsqui ont déterminé une légère hausse relativement aux « de clôture de la veiile ; mais le marché aux chemins a élé^ gmssant ; la plupart ries lignes inclinaient à la baisse mai^ la bonne situation des recettes. Lis consolidés sont v. 9i sms variation. Félix Germain. ' 'US a P. S. Les bruits relatifs à un nouvel emprunt nulrieh commencent à s’accréditer ; il est question de 150 null','? de florins remboursables par annuités, en 50 ans. Bien n'* ! encore arrêté à ce sujet. fslBulletin FINANCIER, AGR1COL, INDUSTRIEL ET COMMERCIAL FORGES.— Saint-Dizier. Jeudi, 19 février. L’amélioration constatée sur certains articles seulement se remarque sur la généralité. Il su présente toujours j,,. acheteuis «le fontes et la demande des fers prend une allnr’ plus décidée. 6 La fonte à puddler est tenue, par continuation do 155 a 170 fi. Depuis la publication de notre dernier bulletin, { a été fait plusieurs transactions à 165 fr. et il y a encore a'che leurs a ce cours, mais nous ne pensons pas qu’il ait été trait d’affaire importante au prix de 170 fr. La fonte pour deuxième fusion a suivi le cours de la font? affinage. On tient de 185 à 190 fr. le r.° 1, rendu à St I)iziCrl selon l’importance des marchés. Les articles de moulage dont les prix se règlent d’après le cours de la fonte en saumons sont généralement fermesquelques fourneaux font une augmentation du 3 à 10 fr. La fabrication des gros articles, plaques, tuyaux, poids, boites «le roues, etc., est entreprise par un grand nombre d’usinés; une concirrence effrénée s’on suivra, le résultat n’est pas doe.teux. L«is fers ont été sensiblement mieux demandés. Les mar chands ont plus de confiance dans les prix et commencent leurs achats. Que veut le marchand de fer pour acheter »n cette saison, époque principale «le ses approvisionnements? la certitude qu’il n’y aura pas de baisse. Eh bien elle parait impossible avec le prix actuel des fontes. De plus, les nou velles «les marchi‘9 étrangers serti de nature à rassurer les producteurs français. Il y a pour les fers battus principa'emeot une grande nbor.. dance d’ordres, nous avons pu nous convaincre que U p|ü. part des usines étaient engagées pour quelque temps. Ü’après ce qu’on nous dit, il serait qu< stion «1 établir entre 1rs producteurs de fers martelés une espèce d’association, qui auiait pour but d’amener à une vc-nle communeLes prix des fers Vont pa« été modifiés, F'ers martelés (tous échantillons) 36# 370 en gare voisine de l’usine. Essieux d° 380 3Qo FYrs laminés (Ire classe) 3M) » en gare de Paris, Strasbourg et Mulhouse. Bonds de iréfi erie, n° 21 et au-dessus, iOO V20 1F> d° n* 20 430 450 suivant les usines. O. Saupique. — L'Ancre.MERCURIALE DE ROANNE. DkRItlKR MARCHÉ. — PRIX MOYENS. Froment, Ire qualité, (k double décalitre 6 f 65. — Id. 2e qualité 30. — Seigle, Ire qualité, 4 70. — Id. 2e qualité, t 30. Orge, 3 30.— Avoine, 1 85. — Colza, » »». — Farine, Ire qualité, 70 «u. — ld. 2e qualité, 67)-». — Id. 3e qualité, 60 #».BULLETIN FINANCIER DE LA SEMAINE.La Bourse «le Paris a été soumise cette semaine à deux 11 finances favorables qui ont encouragé les acheteurs, sou t« nu les o>urs, ranimé les affaire®, et, sans arracher com plètement la spéculation à ses habitudes de timidité, l’ont cependant fait entrer dans une voie d’amélioration et de progrès. Parmi ces influences favorables, il faut compter la publi cation «tu bilan mensuel, ainsi que «lu compte-rendu annuel «1 ï la Banque, le tableau des rec«*Ues des chemins de fer, et l'augmentation du produit des impôts et revenus indirects. Le discours d’ouverture de la session législative a produit une bonne impression «lans son ensemble ; un seul passage de ce discours a pu justifier les alarmes de la spéculation: c’est celui qui annonce la mise à l’étude d’un projet d’impb s ir les valeurs mobilières. Mais à la Bourse il n’est pire mal que l iuceiiilude, et il vaut mieux savoir que l'impôt en question est vraiment résolu en principe, que de prêter l’o:eill«‘ a tous les bruits contradictoires répandus a ce sujet. Depuis huit jours, la rente a m >nté de plus d'un franc, et dtyt quelques spéculateurs pronostiquent pour la fin du mois le cours de' 70. Le» chemins de fer ont de grands obstacles à vaincre pour s’élever au-dessus d«'s prix actuels. Mais ils vont entrer «fans la période la plus brillante et la plus fructueuse de l«*ur ex ploitation, et les actionnaires, convoqués bientôt en assemble'i s générales, seront mis en mesure d’apprécier h situation prospère «I s compagnies. Du 1 e>te, la reprise énergique dont ils viennent d être l’objet, la facilité avec laquelle -les litres offerts ont été classés de nouveau, indique que les capitaux ne sont pas disposés à se retirer «le ces placements. La caisse générale ries chemins de fer est toujours trèsdemandée au pair, et ses titres sont foi t rares. L’emprunt espagnol a 011 marché très actif. Il en est ainsi des ports de Marseille, qui restent sans vendeurs à 160 fr. L'Union finan cière était demandée à 525 fr. ; l'Emprunt «le la Ville, qui lui est adjuge, attrait de nombreux souscripteurs. La caisse centrale d * 1 Industrie est recherchée «le 152-50 à 155 ; son magnifique «livi Ion le et ses bénéfices sur [es reports lui assurent un avenir exceptionnel ; l’Union des gaz, de 195 a 200. La souscription aux chemins rie fer Guillaume Luxem bourg, ouverte chez M. A. Prost et Cie, est fermée le *0 courant à Paris, et le 25 dans les départements. 0«i deman dait en dehors «lu parquet les actions de cette société à o fr, do prime sans vendeurs. Les actions «le la X ruvolîe-Tannerie française se placent facilement dans le public, qui comprend l’avenir «l'une en treprise qui a pour objet de livrer a un commerce do grau.le consommation des matières premières de qualité supérieure, préparées par des procédés nouveaux et économiques. Nous sommes heureux d’avoir à constater le succès qu’ob tient la souscription «le la compagnie marbrière du Maine, ainsi que la compaguie de Navigation à vapeur, de Roulage et de Messagerie, dont la souscription va bientôt être close. J. Paradis. u. 322 (1Correspondance générale d« l'IndustrieCondition detf saie» dr $S»eiiX«Etleiiiir. Samedi 21 février, 20 ouvrées 5 grèges. Dernier numéro placé : 537. CuMStiiliosi tir# Sot ett»«* *<>oia — 20 février. Organsin?. 39 balles pesant 3,354 kilTrame? 2V — -*,552 ’ Grège? 33 — 2,2) « Soies diverses 9 ' Bobines » 8 110 Dernier numéro placé, 2011.Pâle? de Kegnnuld oàné, pharmacien, rue Caumartin , 45, à Paris. L’efficacité de celte pâte contre les rhumes, eatarrn grippe, enrouements et irritations de poitrine, est PryuL jar 38 années de succès. Un rapport officiel, en ria‘° Jl janvier 1841, constate qu’il n’entre pas d’opium dan ^imposition. Sa vogue, que l’on peut appeler universelle, a tau « les contrefaçons et des imitations qui ont été coudant aar les tribunaux de Paris et de Lyon. t(). Pour n’ètro pas trompé sur l’origine de cette pâte P ale, il faut s’assurer que l’étiquette de la botte Por,t mature REGNAULD aîué, inventeur. Une 'n8t;uc^”eS. ointe à chaque boite. — Dépôt dans toutes les phar Prix : 1 fr. 50 c. la boite ; 75 c. la 1|2 boîte.* ■. v:r df*:Si-Etienne,r u de H* P*TÉ, avoué* a;t,ode rae do h Loire, n° 18. VENTE Par expropriation forcée, m rauJience des criées du Tribunal civil de Saint-Etienne, En un seid lut, d'une tSIIWE fA6RlOVBR DES pièces de forges, v!:)lf jA«?aillv, communcdc Lorette. i ndication aura lieu le dix-huit mars J mil huit cent cinquante-sept. thiequitedeHenry Grand, propriétaire f,ïùitnnv-dem0ur:wt à Dive-ue-CiVr. avant " ^«de-Flêurv! pour avoue(institué Me Jean Claude-Flcurv r". jellieufiint à Saint-Etienne, rue de là lûFt'pirpr^-'ycrh!]l de l’huissier Font, en. ,^ vingt-deux et vingt-trois décembre J'jjuîf tant cinquante-six, dûment visé H a éie procède. _ AlJ préjudice du sieur Antoine Reynaud .. propriétaire e! maître de forges, demeuC: ^süiüv, cümmune de Curette; r“i la saisie réelle des immeubles dont la .inflation suit :lo Un terrain clos de murs au nord, au ma tin, au soir et au midi parles talus du chemin de fer ; il est confiné au midi par le talus du chemin de fer, au couchant par le pré de la dame Girard née Teillard, au nord par l’an cienne route de Lyon à Toulouse, et au matin parles prés des sieurs Bertholon et des héri tiers Neyrand. Au nord, il existe un portail pour desservir la maison d’habitation ainsi que l’atelier de forge qui se trouvent dans ledit terrain et dont il sera ci-après parlé. Ce terrain est situé au lieu d’Assailly, commune de Lorette, et il est de la conte nance de quarante-quatre ares vingt centia res environ. A l’angle nord-est dudit terrain il existe un bâtiment servant d’habitation, construit en pierres, chaux et sable et couvert en tuiles creuses ; ce bâtiment se compose d’uu rez-de-chaussée, premier et second étages ; il existe au rez-de-chaussée six ouvertures ou fenêtres au nord donnant sur l’ancienne route, trois croisées au soir donnant sur le terrain avec une porte au milieu pour éclai rer les escaliers des appartements supérieurs, et au midi une croisée prenant jour du côté du chemin de fer. Au premier étage, il existe également unecroisée au nord, trois du côté de soir pour éclairer les appartements et les escaliers, et une croisée au midi. Au second étage, il est également éclairé par le même nombre de croisées qu’au pre mier. 11 existe une petite construction en bois et briques contenant écurie et remise. Les immeubles ci-dessus désignés et con finés appartiennent au sieur Antoine Rey naud et sont situés au lieu d’Assailly, com mune de Lurette, canton de Rivc-de-Gicr, arrondissement de Saint-Etienne, départe ment dç la Loire. 2oUnhàtimentconstruitcn briques,couvert eu tuiles creuses, servant d’atelier de forge, ouvert par deux courbes au midi et au matin pour le desservir ; il est situé dans le terrain désigné et confiné ci-dessus et longe le mur ouest dans toute la largeur du nord au midi. Dans cet atelier, il existe : 1° Dix feux de forge ; 2" Deux marteaux pilons, l’un de cinq mille kilogrammes et l’autre de douze cents kilogrammes; 3“ Un four à souder les paquets de dix â douze mille kilogrammes ; 4° Une chaudière pour une production devingt-cinq chevaux, avec la maçonnerie et cheminée, grille auxiliaire et tous les appa reils de sûreté ; 5° Une machine à vapeur de*la force de quatre chevaux ; 0° Un ventilateur ; 7° Cinq grues à engrenage ; 8° Une potence â golets en fer; 9° Plusieurs tranche-chasses pour le pilon de cinq mille et plusieurs autres pour le pilon de douze cents ; 10° Soixante-cinq marteaux de forge ; 11° Deuxcentquarante-un tranche-chasses de forge ; 12° Cinquante petites tenailles de forge ; 13° Seize grosses tenailles de forge ; 1 Ve Divers boutons et mandrins ; 15° Plusieurs compas de différentes di mensions ; 16° l'nc machine â percer ou villebrequin; 17° Une litière, onze tarauds et trois cous sinets ; 18° Deux alésbirs; 19° Deux tourne-à-gauche ; 20° Cinq grosses limes ; 21° Douze limes ordinaires ; 22° Huit mèches ; 23° Douze repoussoirs en acier fondu ;21° Dix matoirs ; 25° Douze clés servant à la machine ; 26° Un étau ou établi de deux mètres; 27° Une bascule romaine de mille kilo grammes. Tous le? objets ci-dessus décrits et détaillés sont immeubles par destination comme ac cessoires et dépendances de la forge, le tout compris dans la vente dudit immeuble. Le bâtiment d’habitation est occupé par le sieur Antoine Reynaud, partie saisie, et la forge est exploitée par la Société anonyme de l’usine de GrafTensladen, près Strasbourg, à qui ledit sieur Reynaud l’a louée. La saisie réelle ci-dessus a été dénoncée audit sieur Reynaud, suivant exploit de l’huissier Font en date du vingt-sept dudit mois de décembre. Le procès-verbal de saisie et l’exploit de dénonciation ont été transcrits au bureau des hypothèques de Saint-Etienne le trente-un du même mois, volume 65, numéros 35 et 36, par M. Lobinlies, conservateur, qui a perçu les droits. Le cahier des charges, clauses et condi tions dressé pour parvenir à ladite adjudica tion a été déposé au greffe le dix janvier mil huit cent cinquante-sept; et lecture et publication en ont été faites à l’audience du onze février suivant. En conséquence, le public est prévenu que "adjudication des immeubles sus-désignes sera tranchée en un seul lot. au prolit du plus offrant et dernier enchérisseur, outre l’exécution des clauses et conditions du cahier des charges, le mercrkdi dix-iii rr mars mil huit cent cinquante-sept, à deux heures de relevée, en l’audience des criées du Tribunal civil de Saint-Etienne, séant en ladite ville, au Palais-de-Justice, place du môme nom, sur la mise à prix de quarante mille francs, tixée par le poursuivant, ci 40,000 fr. Pour extrait : L’avoué poursuivant, (Signé) PÉTÉ. ' Nota. — Pour de plus amples renseigne ments, s’adresser a Mc Pété, avoué, demeu rant à Saint-Etienne, rue de la Loire, n° 18, ou prendre au greffe du Tribunal civil de Saint-Etienne communication du cahier des charges qui y est déposé. 29 iCHEMIN DE FER GRAND-CENTRAL DE FRANCE. Ligne du Puy• — Section de Saint-Etienne à l'irminy. .1(111 D’EXP ICOPHIAIIOX.OFFRES|>E LA COMPAGNIE ensuite du jugement <1 expropriation pour cause «l'utilité publique, en date du 12 décembre 1033. Département de la Loire. — Arrondissement de Saint-Etienne. C’oiimninv tic Saiiil-Ktlviinc. — ftcctiofi <rOii<i*c-Fiirrn*.j Di pu>. SectionsCADASTRE.NUMEROS.NOMS DES PROPRIETAIRES TELS QU'ILS SONT 1XCRITS A LA MATRICE CADASTRALENOMS DES PROPRIETAIRES OU FERMIERS ACTUELS PRESUMES.CANTONS OU LIEUX DITS.NATURE DES IMMEUBLES.CONHUMb OU.l Id. Id ld Le Id ld Id I ld ld ld ld Id Serpoy-Pïnatf.l, fermier ( Cré-de Roc et Treuil. Martin, d’Aurec, â Saint-Etienne, rue Gérentet Le Treuil. Bodot Alexandre, locataire, au Treuil. ... Jd Rayere Antoine, locataire, id ld Bayère Hippolyte, locataire, id Id Breyat (veuve), locataire, id | ld Olagnon, locataire, id I ld Chéri aîné, à Outre-Furens ld Perrin Claude, au Treuil ld Neret dit Bonaparte, passementier, rue de f Eter nité I ld Champ Id ld Hangar Remise et écurie. Cour Maison Cour Jardin Champ, cour, maisve, jardin. Jardin id ld Id ld Id ld Id Id 300 300fr. c.| 3,600 3,24318 000fr. c.21.81310 6308 195009,0955 » 9,095 »:! 7418,000 »8.000 >10'5001,050 »1,050 »21500 *1.105 »1.105 »La Compagnie ne fait pas d'offres, attendu qu’il n'y a pas de baux.320d’un d’euxAVIS. Les actionnaires de la conq>agme Ihiuillere dv> Gramles-Flaches sont convoqué* eo semblée générale pour le 16 mars prochain, à 2 heures, au siège de la Société, iRive-de-Gier. Pour être admis, il faut posséder 10 actions au moins. Les possesseur ooiibremoindre, pourront réunir leurs actions et donner pouvoir à l’un pour les représenter. Lassemblée aura à délibérer sur : 1° L'tppmbalion de l’inventaire de 1836 ; Ma fixation du2e dividende des bénéfices; 3e L'acquisition de la concession de Tremolin ; Via nomination d’un syndic. 32k2e, oA IOUER et 4e Kl;àges de la maison n 11, rue de la Ville (Ilia que éta ;•* formera V pièces qui s run agencées convenablement. S’adresser â M. A. (iranger, Palais-de-Justice, u° 10.rue dutek houillère du Grand-Recou. VU. .'es actionnaires sont prévenus çn«ne assemblée générale aura lieu le dimanche8 mars prochain, à onze heures pws, rue de Bourbon, 1k, au 1er. MM. les actionnaires sont prévenus, en oatre,que, d’après l’article 2k desstatuts, pour faire partie de l’assemblée, ils dé font être porteurs au moins de dix ac‘ons, et que les cotisations afférentes à chaque action devront être acquittées jus que fin décembre. 227 EtudedeM'SïMAND, notaire àSt-Etienne, place Royale, 5. A VENDRE Ine petite Maison lomposée de caves, rez-de-chaussée, premier étage et grenier, située à StUUennc,angle de la place du Jardin-dos ‘‘butes, n° 1, et rue Villebœuf, n* 23 kde maison, nouvellement et très-bien instruite est louée à un seul locataire a É500 francs par an. Us renseignements fl pour Irai w^s’adres^er à Simar.d, notaire. 2k8 .. e A VENDRE ‘i Piano en Palissandre. ^adresser rue du Grand-Moulin, n° au 1er. ose1 A VENDRE Une superbe Auberge, ayant grande remise, écuiies et vaste cour, pouvant servir d’entrepôt de vins, bois et autres, située à uno des portes de là ville de Saint Etienne. — S’adresser a M. Fine, rue Neuve, 22, chargé de la vente de diverses atitns maisons, loi* à bâtir cl propriétés rurales. I klAvis aux Propriétaires On désirerait louer un local pour un lumnvree d’orfèvrerie et hijoutfi ic dans n quartier de la place de ITlôtcl-dc’ille, rue de Foy, rue de l'an*-, plan R iyale et p ace du Marché. MM. les pro priétaires qui posséderaient un rez-.ie haussée à cet usage auront l'obligeaikn en prévenir M Roche, libraire, grand nie du Marché, n° 2, qui s’mténese a cette location. 198A LOUER, Pour entrer eu jouissance de suite, UN K USINE dite la Papeterie de la Malandière, pou vant t'èe bien se convertir en un autre genre de manufacture. — S’adresser au sieur Denis, propriétaire. 321RENDRE en totalité ou en parties, Dopriété d’ag émeut c... É( île Produits. resscr â M. Alloüès, rue Royale, lk 308l’nc Coni posée situéeVENDRE à l’amiable, petite Propriété de bâtiments, prés et terreslvvi£ç qi1r i ' « ttp u n a n°Dvelle route du Puy, en e rertilicM in : 11 c»,il poui Ies notaire : fcc,,*eignemcntsCornillon. S’adresser a Me Lagier 323OFFRE SÉRIEUSE. Six imite francs de lente 11 sou capital Opération â l’étranger. — Résultat immédiat. — Quelques milliers de francs cillement sont nécessaires. Ecrire de suite et franco u M. X. I) , poste restante, à StEtrenne ; réponse sera faite k à 3 jours après. 257Martinet à louer, à Cotatay, commune du Chambon-Fou gerolles — S’adres-<or sur les lieux à M Bréron. 191MAISON NEUVE A LOUER rue Notre-Dame, ne 5, Ce in posée d’un rez-de-chaussée, 1er, 2e et 3e eiage. S’adresser quai de l’Ecluse,n* 7,en face le ihéâthe.MAISON NEUVE A louer de suite,en totalité ou en partie, rue Grenelle, n° 12, propice pour une boutique d’épicerie S’adresser à M. Jaray. 250A LOUER rue de la Croix, n® 1, mai son Leclerc, Un Rez-de-Chaussée à 2 ouvertures. S’adresser au droguiste. 239A VENDRE de suite, l" Ponds de Charcuterie J.n .achalandé, situé au centre de la l^e* — S’adresser à Me Buhct, place 6, 325 A ENbRE pour cause de départ, un de Café-Restaurant Clientèle passable. •sadrewci à Ruche, libraire, grande ruedu Marché, 2. 2k3A I OUER Premier ETAGE de k pièces, rue du Pa ais-de Justice, 12. S’y adresser. 29UA LOUER l«r et 2e ETAGES entièrement neufs, rue do la Paix, 29 S’y adresser. Jchez M.Chocolat de santé pharmacien, rue de Lvol, 10#PA SSE A A U I> neveu Trintu»ici, grand*' rue Saint Jacques, 5, prévient le pub te qu’il se charge de la teinture et du degrai-sige de tou tes sortes de tissus. 2k5ON DEMANDEE,™ la plaine, un jardinier actif, connaissant la taille des arbres et te jardin potager. S’adresser au buieau du journal 261Machine a coudre. PRIX : 350 FR. Dépôt rue d’Knghivn, 25, aux Brolteanx 1365 (Lyon).Ecole de F t brique, Mise en carte et basse-lisse ou fonc tionnont un Jacquard, un basse-lisse el un lisage. Ch ‘i M. RERARDIF, rue du Chambon, n" 6, aukc, dans la cour. Fait la mise en carte aux prix les plus modérés 3919Etablissement thermal de Sul-lcs-llnins, par St Martin d'Est r aux [Loire) AFFERMER pour la sa.sua entrante, Divers HOTELS ME III.ES OU M) lll'.VHI ÉS. le co: suulion rvwn:e o i fraîchement iécorés. L’elfica ilé de ces eaux, déjà avanta ïeusemeiil c>*nnne*, l'agrément du site l la proximité du ch min de fer k kilo mètres, gare de Château-Morand), assu rent à cet établissement un excellent ave nir. S’adresser, pour la visite des lieux, tu gar lien de l Etablissement, et pour railer, à Moulins (Aliter), à M* Dourdeii r, notaire, ou à MM. Chomont et Bon nichon, propriétaires. 202 LE UOVirilI H IMVEHSEL Sealiourost ofüciel de 'Empire frsnçâis, 4 O fr. par an.—RO fr. pour six mois 4 0 fr. pour trois mois, Pour Paris elles départements.Quinze miM de succès. ALCOOL DE MENTHE DE RICQLÈS PERFECTIONNÉ. Autorisé par deux Brevets Accordes [s. g ) pir le i.ourernement l.’immen>e popul.inlè que celle prépa ration acquiert de jour en jour, tant rn France qu’à l’étranger, l’.i mise au rang de celles dont personne ne veut plus se passer. Cet élixir, le p!u> étonnant et le salutaire dont on puisse m* servit, doit se ecomiuamler pi inc.paiement poui fortifier l’estomac#favoriser la digestion, purifier e sang, el, en général, pour faite passer i l’instant tout malaise, fatigue ou mdis position subite. Se trouve en (1 irons rachetés à 2 el 3 fr., cours d’IIerbouulle, 9, à Lyon, ainsi que dans les principales pliai maries et maisons do drogueries de Lyon el des départements. Dépôts à St Etienne, chez Didier, phar macien, 5, rue Royale; Faute, pharma cien, rue de la Comédie ; Jean-Pierre Cuml, droguiste, 3, rue Sl-Jean ; Jacob, pharmacien, rue de la Loire ; à Bour Argentai, chez M. Verrier, pharm. 2013TRAITEMENT ElectroGalvanique. Ce li alternent est spécialement con sacré aux affections nerveuses el aux ma ladies chroniques. Le cabinet de consul tation des docteurs Gerbaud et Jobin, médecins de Paris, est ouvert do midi à k heures, petite ruo Saint Jacques, près l’hôtel de la Poste. 298MALADIES SECRÈTES. TRAITEMENT facile à simre, meme en >oyage, pour ta guérison radicale de louïes les affections provenant d'un vice du sang, nouvelles ou ancien nes, acquises ou héréditaires; syphilis, ulcères, gouorrhéc, dartre, etc. S’adresser à Lyon, â la phar macie de Ph. QliET, rue de la Préfecture, n° 5. 2012M/ISON SPECIALE DE IUSIQÜI M. ZOEGGER# de Paris, r archand do musique, établi depuis 20 an* au Puv. avant une -uccursaîe à St Etienne. RUE DE i A COMEDIE, 8. A t'honueur d'informer le public qu’il vient de recevoir un grand assortiment de MUSKjUF. NOVVFI.I.! , en tous gi-nres ,>t pour tous le* instruieents, Albums pour etrennes. Musique de danse, Romances grand et I>etit format. Musiquecla—iqueet religieuse, « hauts populaires. Partitions d’Operas, Musique militaire, etc., sigm-s des meilleurs auteurs, le tout a de* prix excessivement modérés. Vente et réparation il*liislrui»enf!» à eonles et à vent. ABOSNLMFNT a LA LECTURE MUSICALE au mois et à l'annee, aux conditions les plus avantageuses (musique vocale et instrnmenta’e). M. /.oegger se charge de taire venir, en 48 heures et sans augmentation de prix, tous les articles qui lui eront demandes et qui ne sa trouveraient pas dans son magasin. 2313CHÛC0LÂTfBLEDUSINE A VAPEUR FARM. rue du Temple. 4.USINE A VAPEUR KM 911'. H MH. smr le *kln,pr4sClires (Alltr.afneUSINE HVDRH LIQUE MOAUII OA RT. prfee Fas en Artois Vas-de-Calsiet. Les tlifférvntcs Médailles obtenues à tontes les Expositions, par MM. IBLED frères et C% -t notamment deux Médailles à l’Exposition universelle de 1855, prouvent suffisamment la supériorité de leurs produits. Ils sont seuls fabricants du Chocolat digestif aux sels de Viehy. CHOCOiAT-IBLED »e vend chez les principaux Conflseurs, Pharmaciens et Épiciers. L. B. lÛC'OLeJerAraikaii-df Médecine.CAPSULES M0THESUÙBIAII.I.I: «lBoaneur.tluérison mire, prompte et radicale de* maladie* contagieuse*, ancienne* ou récentes, Traitement facile n suivre en secret, même en voyage.L’ancienne réputation des C’APSI LEN NUIT 11 ES»., dont le succès vn grandissant tous les j«)urs, a fait surgir, sous le nom de Capsules au Uopaiiü, ! me foule d'imitations grossières, dont quelques-unes, même, ont éié l'objet de condamnations pour fraude dans le médicament. Le public ne saurait trop s’en 'garantir. Les Boites véritables sont signées Viol lie*. Lumoiiroii* el C’,e. S’adresser à Paris, rue S,e-.%nne. 99, au premier, et dans 'outes les bonnes Pharmacies d'Europe. L B 1356SIROP DE CLBd/iffiBOURG CONTRE LA TOUX. Au Bourdon d'Or, rue St-Honoré, 95, à Paris. Ce sirop est un exeellent incisif employé a vit su' rès depuis 17ÛS ‘contre lacoqueluehe,les riiumes,calari lies,bronchiies.iisllmnx, 4 el contre toules lesaffeclions chroniques «le poitrine. Prix : 1 fr.Jj et 2 fr. 75 c. I«> fi ic<m. La Pâte faite avec ce sirop, 1 fr. 25 c.
| 40,784 |
https://github.com/omadoyeabraham/csp-research-portal/blob/master/public/assets/css/0-tools/buttons.sass
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,021 |
csp-research-portal
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omadoyeabraham
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Sass
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Code
| 26 | 117 |
.button
color: #FFFFFF
padding: 8px
min-width: 300px
&:hover
color: #FFFFFF
.btn-facebook
background: rgb(26,33,85)
border-radius: 100%
&:hover
.btn-google
background: #cf4332
border-radius: 100%
.btn-twitter
background: #4099FF
border-radius: 100%
| 42,720 |
https://github.com/junk87/NKUST-AP-Flutter/blob/master/lib/pages/info/shcool_info_page.dart
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| null |
NKUST-AP-Flutter
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junk87
|
Dart
|
Code
| 140 | 599 |
import 'package:ap_common/resources/ap_icon.dart';
import 'package:ap_common/resources/ap_theme.dart';
import 'package:ap_common/utils/ap_localizations.dart';
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:nkust_ap/utils/global.dart';
class SchoolInfoPage extends StatefulWidget {
static const String routerName = "/ShcoolInfo";
@override
SchoolInfoPageState createState() => SchoolInfoPageState();
}
class SchoolInfoPageState extends State<SchoolInfoPage>
with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
final List<Widget> _children = [
NotificationPage(),
PhonePage(),
SchedulePage()
];
ApLocalizations ap;
TabController controller;
int _currentIndex = 0;
@override
void initState() {
FirebaseAnalyticsUtils.instance.setCurrentScreen("SchoolInfoPage", "school_info_page.dart");
controller = TabController(length: 3, vsync: this);
super.initState();
}
@override
void dispose() {
controller.dispose();
super.dispose();
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
ap = ApLocalizations.of(context);
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
title: Text(ap.schoolInfo),
backgroundColor: ApTheme.of(context).blue,
),
body: TabBarView(
children: _children,
controller: controller,
physics: NeverScrollableScrollPhysics(),
),
bottomNavigationBar: BottomNavigationBar(
currentIndex: _currentIndex,
onTap: (index) {
setState(() {
_currentIndex = index;
controller.animateTo(_currentIndex);
});
},
fixedColor: ApTheme.of(context).yellow,
items: [
BottomNavigationBarItem(
icon: Icon(ApIcon.fiberNew),
title: Text(ap.notifications),
),
BottomNavigationBarItem(
icon: Icon(ApIcon.phone),
title: Text(ap.phones),
),
BottomNavigationBarItem(
icon: Icon(ApIcon.dateRange),
title: Text(ap.events),
),
],
),
);
}
}
| 46,751 |
https://github.com/bjerkio/tripletex-go/blob/master/client/next_of_kin/next_of_kin_client.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
tripletex-go
|
bjerkio
|
Go
|
Code
| 675 | 2,066 |
// Code generated by go-swagger; DO NOT EDIT.
package next_of_kin
// This file was generated by the swagger tool.
// Editing this file might prove futile when you re-run the swagger generate command
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/go-openapi/runtime"
"github.com/go-openapi/strfmt"
)
// New creates a new next of kin API client.
func New(transport runtime.ClientTransport, formats strfmt.Registry) ClientService {
return &Client{transport: transport, formats: formats}
}
/*
Client for next of kin API
*/
type Client struct {
transport runtime.ClientTransport
formats strfmt.Registry
}
// ClientService is the interface for Client methods
type ClientService interface {
EmployeeNextOfKinGet(params *EmployeeNextOfKinGetParams, authInfo runtime.ClientAuthInfoWriter) (*EmployeeNextOfKinGetOK, error)
EmployeeNextOfKinPost(params *EmployeeNextOfKinPostParams, authInfo runtime.ClientAuthInfoWriter) (*EmployeeNextOfKinPostCreated, error)
EmployeeNextOfKinPut(params *EmployeeNextOfKinPutParams, authInfo runtime.ClientAuthInfoWriter) (*EmployeeNextOfKinPutOK, error)
EmployeeNextOfKinSearch(params *EmployeeNextOfKinSearchParams, authInfo runtime.ClientAuthInfoWriter) (*EmployeeNextOfKinSearchOK, error)
SetTransport(transport runtime.ClientTransport)
}
/*
EmployeeNextOfKinGet bs e t a find next of kin by ID
*/
func (a *Client) EmployeeNextOfKinGet(params *EmployeeNextOfKinGetParams, authInfo runtime.ClientAuthInfoWriter) (*EmployeeNextOfKinGetOK, error) {
// TODO: Validate the params before sending
if params == nil {
params = NewEmployeeNextOfKinGetParams()
}
result, err := a.transport.Submit(&runtime.ClientOperation{
ID: "EmployeeNextOfKin_get",
Method: "GET",
PathPattern: "/employee/nextOfKin/{id}",
ProducesMediaTypes: []string{"application/json"},
ConsumesMediaTypes: []string{"application/json"},
Schemes: []string{"https"},
Params: params,
Reader: &EmployeeNextOfKinGetReader{formats: a.formats},
AuthInfo: authInfo,
Context: params.Context,
Client: params.HTTPClient,
})
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
success, ok := result.(*EmployeeNextOfKinGetOK)
if ok {
return success, nil
}
// unexpected success response
// safeguard: normally, absent a default response, unknown success responses return an error above: so this is a codegen issue
msg := fmt.Sprintf("unexpected success response for EmployeeNextOfKin_get: API contract not enforced by server. Client expected to get an error, but got: %T", result)
panic(msg)
}
/*
EmployeeNextOfKinPost bs e t a create next of kin
*/
func (a *Client) EmployeeNextOfKinPost(params *EmployeeNextOfKinPostParams, authInfo runtime.ClientAuthInfoWriter) (*EmployeeNextOfKinPostCreated, error) {
// TODO: Validate the params before sending
if params == nil {
params = NewEmployeeNextOfKinPostParams()
}
result, err := a.transport.Submit(&runtime.ClientOperation{
ID: "EmployeeNextOfKin_post",
Method: "POST",
PathPattern: "/employee/nextOfKin",
ProducesMediaTypes: []string{"application/json"},
ConsumesMediaTypes: []string{"application/json; charset=utf-8"},
Schemes: []string{"https"},
Params: params,
Reader: &EmployeeNextOfKinPostReader{formats: a.formats},
AuthInfo: authInfo,
Context: params.Context,
Client: params.HTTPClient,
})
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
success, ok := result.(*EmployeeNextOfKinPostCreated)
if ok {
return success, nil
}
// unexpected success response
// safeguard: normally, absent a default response, unknown success responses return an error above: so this is a codegen issue
msg := fmt.Sprintf("unexpected success response for EmployeeNextOfKin_post: API contract not enforced by server. Client expected to get an error, but got: %T", result)
panic(msg)
}
/*
EmployeeNextOfKinPut bs e t a update next of kin
*/
func (a *Client) EmployeeNextOfKinPut(params *EmployeeNextOfKinPutParams, authInfo runtime.ClientAuthInfoWriter) (*EmployeeNextOfKinPutOK, error) {
// TODO: Validate the params before sending
if params == nil {
params = NewEmployeeNextOfKinPutParams()
}
result, err := a.transport.Submit(&runtime.ClientOperation{
ID: "EmployeeNextOfKin_put",
Method: "PUT",
PathPattern: "/employee/nextOfKin/{id}",
ProducesMediaTypes: []string{"application/json"},
ConsumesMediaTypes: []string{"application/json; charset=utf-8"},
Schemes: []string{"https"},
Params: params,
Reader: &EmployeeNextOfKinPutReader{formats: a.formats},
AuthInfo: authInfo,
Context: params.Context,
Client: params.HTTPClient,
})
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
success, ok := result.(*EmployeeNextOfKinPutOK)
if ok {
return success, nil
}
// unexpected success response
// safeguard: normally, absent a default response, unknown success responses return an error above: so this is a codegen issue
msg := fmt.Sprintf("unexpected success response for EmployeeNextOfKin_put: API contract not enforced by server. Client expected to get an error, but got: %T", result)
panic(msg)
}
/*
EmployeeNextOfKinSearch finds all next of kin for employee
*/
func (a *Client) EmployeeNextOfKinSearch(params *EmployeeNextOfKinSearchParams, authInfo runtime.ClientAuthInfoWriter) (*EmployeeNextOfKinSearchOK, error) {
// TODO: Validate the params before sending
if params == nil {
params = NewEmployeeNextOfKinSearchParams()
}
result, err := a.transport.Submit(&runtime.ClientOperation{
ID: "EmployeeNextOfKin_search",
Method: "GET",
PathPattern: "/employee/nextOfKin",
ProducesMediaTypes: []string{"application/json"},
ConsumesMediaTypes: []string{"application/json"},
Schemes: []string{"https"},
Params: params,
Reader: &EmployeeNextOfKinSearchReader{formats: a.formats},
AuthInfo: authInfo,
Context: params.Context,
Client: params.HTTPClient,
})
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
success, ok := result.(*EmployeeNextOfKinSearchOK)
if ok {
return success, nil
}
// unexpected success response
// safeguard: normally, absent a default response, unknown success responses return an error above: so this is a codegen issue
msg := fmt.Sprintf("unexpected success response for EmployeeNextOfKin_search: API contract not enforced by server. Client expected to get an error, but got: %T", result)
panic(msg)
}
// SetTransport changes the transport on the client
func (a *Client) SetTransport(transport runtime.ClientTransport) {
a.transport = transport
}
| 44,231 |
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Herod%20Peterson
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Donald Herod Peterson
|
https://nds.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald Herod Peterson&action=history
|
Low German
|
Spoken
| 255 | 550 |
Donald Herod Peterson (* 22. Oktober 1933 in Winona, Bundsstaat Mississippi, USA; † 27. Mai 2018) weer en ehmalger US-amerikaansch Astronaut.
Peterson kreeg 1955 sien Bachelor vun de Militärakademie West Point un 1962 en Master in Nukleartechnik vun dat Air Force Institute of Technology. Nah West Point weer Peterson as Pilotenutbiller, Karnwappenspezialist un Kamppilot bi de United States Air Force tätig.
Astronautentätigkeit
MOL
1967 wurr Peterson för dat MOL-Programm vun de US Air Force utwählt. He weer as Besatten vun der militärisch Ruumstatschoon vörsehn, bit dat Programm 1969 insellt wurr.
1969 wurr Peterson in dat NASA-Astronautenteam upnommen. För de Mission Apollo 16 weer he Liddmaat vun de Ünnerstüttensmannschap.
STS-6
STS-6 weer de Jumfernfloog vun den Orbiter Challenger un funn an‘ 4. April 1983 statt. Paul Joseph Weitz weer Kommandant vun de Mission, Karol Joseph Bobko de Pilot. Dorto keemen de beid Missionsspezialisten Donald Herod Peterson un Franklin Story Musgrave. Mit Utnahm vun Weitz hemm all anner Astronauten ehrn eersten Floog maakt un för Peterson bleev dat ok de eenzige Insatz. Hööftupgaav vun dit Ünnernehmen weer dat Utsetten vun TDRS-1, en NASA-eegen Nahrichtensatelliten, un de Erprooven vun de nee Ruumantüüch bi den eersten amerikaanschen Weltruumutstieg siet Skylab. Dat hemm Peterson und Musgrave maakt.
Enn‘ 1984 is Peterson ut de NASA utscheeden un hett dornah as Berader in den Beriek vun de bemannt Ruumfohrt arbeit.
Privates
Peterson un sien Fru Bonnie harrn tosommen 3 Kinner.
Weblenken
NASA: Biografie (engelsch)
spacefacts.de: Körtbiografie
Nahricht över sien Dood
Mann
Börger von de USA
NASA
Ruumfohrer
Offizier
Boren 1933
Storven 2018
| 17,817 |
9759614_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,023 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 586 | 883 |
OPINION ON THE STATE’S SECOND MOTION FOR REHEARING
Following the issuance of our withdrawn opinion of September 10, 1992, the State filed its second motion for rehearing. In that motion, the . State contends that the *715issue of the amendment of the indictment is moot because of the decision of the court of criminal appeals in Ward v. State. See Ward, 829 S.W.2d at 787.
A.The State’s Contention
The State contends that under the record in this case there was no amendment to the indictment and, therefore, no violation of article 28.10.
The State points out that although the trial court overruled appellant’s objection and granted the State’s motion to strike the word “Yolander” from the indictment, the record does not contain a written order. Neither does the indictment contain an in-terlineation or marking that deletes the word “Yolander.” However, in the application paragraph of the jury charge, the complainant’s name appears as “Evette Weeks.”
Under Ward, an amendment means the actual alteration of the charging instrument. See Ward, 829 S.W.2d at 798. As the State correctly points out, the indictment itself must be physically altered. See Ward, 829 S.W.2d at 798. The State concludes that because of Ward, this Court cannot sustain appellant’s first point of error. We disagree.
B.What Ward Says
In Ward, on the day of trial, the State moved to amend the indictment to change the name of the complaining witness from “Seth Haller” to “Steve Scott.” Ward objected to the State’s motion, contending that to allow the amendment would charge him with a new, different, or additional offense.3 The trial court overruled Ward’s objection. The trial court’s order stated, “The foregoing motion is hereby granted and the indictment is hereby amended.” Despite this language, the new complainant’s name was not interlined on the grand jury’s indictment.
In Ward, the court of criminal appeals held that the amendment of an indictment involves the interpretation of both articles 28.10 and 28.11. See Tex.Code Crim.Proc. Ann. arts. 28.10, 28.11 (Vernon 1989); Ward, 829 S.W.2d at 790. In essence, the court of criminal appeals held amending an indictment is a two-step process. The State must make a timely motion under article 28.10. If the trial court determines the proposed amendment is proper under article 28.10, the court may grant the motion to amend. The actual amendment is accomplished by following article 28.11. See Ward, 829 S.W.2d at 794.
C.Application of Ward to the Facts of this Case
It is true that under the facts of this case, there was not an effective amendment of appellant’s indictment. Ward, 829 S.W.2d at 794. However, Ward does not render appellant’s first point of error moot. His point complains the trial court’s grant of the State’s motion to amend was erroneous. His objection was good under article 28.10(b). See Tex.Code CRIM.Proc.Ann. art. 28.10(b) (Vernon 1989); Brown, 828 S.W.2d at 764. Brown teaches us that whether it be of form or substance, any attempt by the State to amend after the trial begins over a timely objection by a defendant is prohibited. The error appellant complains of is the trial court’s grant of the State’s motion to amend over his objection. That objection was timely and valid. It is reversible error not subject to a harm analysis. Brown, 828 S.W.2d at 764. We conclude Ward does not render this point moot.
. Ward did not object that article 28.10 does not permit the State to amend on the day of trial. See State v. Murk, 815 S.W.2d 556, 558 (Tex.Crim.App.1991).
| 45,581 |
sn83045462_1946-09-03_1_32_2
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,279 | 11,533 |
Oil heat; income $309 a month; business and furniture included; owner leaving city: priced $17,500. Call R. J. HORNER REALTY CO. 1401 Monroe st. nw, MI. 8949: eves., DU. 0059. —6 LEO M. BERNSTEIN & CO. offers for your inspection: N.w—10th st—Corner semidet, brick with 6 rms. 2 baths, stove and refrig. built-in garage, possession: near schools, shopping, transit line. Cleveland Park—Det brick, vacant: living rm, dining rm., 3½ baths, kitchen, 6 bedrooms, full basement, oil heat, double garage; exclusive section, close to all conveniences, finest construction. N.w.—Locust rd.—Det brick, close to 10th st., located in lovely Shepherd Park, truly a distinguished home that should be seen today: living rm. with fireplace, dining rm. large kit with breakfast nook, side porch, 4 bedrooms, 2 baths, 2 finished rms. in attic, full basement; 2-car garage; vacant. Silver Spring, Md—New det. brick homes now ready for occupancy: the finest offering in Silver Spring, construction personally supervised by builder to meet with every need and want; six rooms, bath, 1st floor powder room, modern kit, with stove and refrig, slate roof, full basement, oil heat, all conveniences close at hand. N.w.—7th and Underwood sts.—Beautiful new homes, ideally situated near shopping, schools, trans. p, etc., consist of 6 spacious rooms, 2 baths, fully equipped kitchen, full basement, gas heat; for comfort and future security, select yours today. N.w.—Delafield place—Semidet brick, located in convenient Brightwood: 5 rooms, bath, 2 enclosed porches, det. garage; priced low on today's market. N.w.—8th st., near Hamilton st—Substantial row brick, just right for the family, consists of 5 rooms, 2 enclosed porches, gas heat; priced low with good terms. N.w.—Crittenden st., near 14th st—Semidet brick, consisting of 8 large rms. bath, 2-car garage; delightfully close to all conveniences: one of the best offerings for your consideration today. Chevy Chase, Md.—Charming detached brick, often admired, located in most desirable section, consists of 5 large rooms, modern bath, full bath, oil heat; house in excellent condition; beautifully landscaped; can be seen at any time. N.e.—L st—Corner Brick, 4 rooms, bath, lovely front porch; priced at only $7,450 with easy terms. Call now for an early inspection appointment: near everything. N.e.—19th st—Corner brick, only 7 years old, consisting of 6 spacious rooms, bath, gas heat; small down payment required with easy terms. S.e.—15th st.—Vacant, row brick, completely redecorated, has 6 large rooms, bath, h.-w.h; immediate possession; priced low. rms. bath, front and back yard front porch, h.-w.h.; priced at only $50,500 with terms; in convenient location. N.w.—Columbia rd.—Substantially row brick, consisting of 7 large rooms, 2 baths, oil heat; ideally close to 14th st, shopping, transp. schools, etc.; ideal for rooming house, in excellent renting location. S.e. — Xenia st. — New semi-detached homes ready for your occupancy now; priced quite low for your inspection today; large living rm., dining rm., modern kitchen, tile bath and shower. 3 bed rms, full bath, lovely lge, back yard, conveniently located near all. Facing facilities, call until 9 pm. 1416 K St. NW, ME. 540(1. Washington's Complete Real Estate Institution, —3 C. D. MURPHY, 1401 25th St. SE, offers: (1) Well-kept brick apt. house in size; 3 stories, 6 apts.; oil heat, corner property; One investment; $21,500. (2) Beautiful brick, semi-detached, near Minn, ave.: 6 rooms, bath, finished recreation room. 2-car garage; completely furnished; $13,500. (3) Beautiful 7-room brick house on Highwood drive, overlooking city; modern in every way; fine buy; $22,000; Lot for garage or storage purposes; room for fl cars; $1,600. (5) Building lots in Md and District. Ask for McDonnell, AT. 2239 or AT. 2299. COLORED. 1019 6th ST. N.W.—Beautiful 6-rm. semi-det. home h.-w.h, bath, spacious yard; Income $90 per mo. Price $6,960. Call MR. WILLS. DI. 01.34 till 9 p.m. —3 COLORED. NEARBY N.E.—Beautiful 6-rm. tapestry brick; auto, heat; 1 1/2 baths; hardwood floors; inch porches; excellent condition throughout. Call MR. WILLS. DI. 01.34 till 9 p.m. —3 COLORED — ARLINGTON, VA. — Price, $6,000; 9-rm. frame, garage; lot 100x100. IL. 1255. —3 COLORED—*$850 DOWN—Desirable ne section: 5 lovely rooms and bath. 2-story brick h.-w.h. (coal); Colonial front porch; A-l condition. Yes. only $8,450, with payments like rent. Call till 9 p.m. weekdays, Sunday 10 to 3, WM. CALOMIRIS PROPERTIES. 1012 17th st. n.w. DI. 1855. —3 COLORED—NORTH CAPITOL near New York ave. First commercial. Presents 36 ft. front. Now rented as two 2-story brick. Family flats. Priced to sell. Mr. Peruzzi, evening PR. 1708. URCIOLO REALTY CO., COLORED—520 F ST. N.E.—This is a 6 room house with finished basement. 2 complete baths on a nice lot, house is in excellent condition, can be easily financed. Call AD. 4454 until 9 pm. COLUMBIA REALTY CO. 3* COLORED — VACANT — Commercial corner. North Capitol st. 10 rooms. 3 baths. $24,500. Mr. Sterling, evenings GE. 1210. URCIOLO REALTY CO. ME. 1971. —3 COLORED—SOLDIERS HOME—6 rooms, semi-detached brick, h.-w.h., Colonial front porch. Substantial cash. Mr. Carpenter. RA. 8566. URCIOLO REALTY CO., ME. COLORED — 221 R ST. N.E. — Colonial front porch, 6 rooms, h.-w.h., full basement, front and rear yards. Mr. J. Sterling. OE. 1210. URCIOLO REALTY CO., ME. 1971 —3 COLORED — 200 BLOCK 11th ST. S.E. — 6 rm. row brick, full basement, h.-wh.; house can be easily financed. Call AD. 4454 until 9 P.m. COLUMBIA REALTY CO. 3* COLORED — VACANT — First commercial. Near 16th and U. 3-story brick, h.-w.h., basement. $19,500. Mr. Le Cesne. UR CIOLO REALTY CO., ME, 1971. —3 COLORED — $1,250 DOWN — Near 3rd and D sts. n.e. — 6 large rooms and bath, semi-detached brick; h.-w.h.; front and rear yards; convenient to stores and transportation. Yes, only $8,950 with reasonable terms. For details call till 9 p.m. weekdays: Sunday 10 till 3. WM CALOMIRIS PROPERTIES, 1012 17th st. n.w. DI. 1655. —3 COLORED — $1,250 DOWN — Convenient n.e. section: 2-family apt.; 6 large rooms and 2 baths; brick, h.-w.h. coal; yards; A-l condition; convenient to stores, transportation; very reasonable terms. Call till 9 p.m. weekdays: Sunday 10 to 3. WM. CALOMIRIS PROPERTIES. 1012 17th It. nw, DI 1655. —3 COLORED—2500 BLK. 13th *T. n.w.— Brick and stone semi-detached. 8-rm., 2½ baths, hardwood floors, 4 bedrooms, 11 rm., din. rm., reception rm. and lge. kit.; 2-car brick garage; oil heat; excellent location for doctor or professional man. For further information call R. J. HORNER REALTY CO. 1401 Monroe St. n.w., MI. 8949- eves., DU. 6059? —6 COLORED—A HOME with Income; convenient location; 8 rooms, 2 baths, arranged for 2 families; oil heat, good condition; sacrifice at reduced price of $912,500. Call Mr. Peek, OE. 9341. PECK CO., 9408 18th St. n.e. CO. 9333. HOUSES FOR SALE! COLORED—A HOME and Income—2-family apt. side. near Pa. and Va. aves. Two complete apts. separate entrance to each; consists of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32nd, 33rd, 34th, 35th, 36th, 37th, and bath, h. h. brick garage; now being redecorated. Price! $8,500; $1,000 down. Call J. L. BRITT. RE. 5087. Rg 3827. COLORED—CHOICE N.E. location; completely furnished; 7 rms.: occupancy and POM. In 2 weeks; $9,250; $2,000 down. 3543 13th st. n.w—10 rms., 2 baths. 2-car garage: $14,950; $3,000 down. ARTHUR E. BOWLES, 2005 12th st n w HOUSES WANTED TO BUY. PRIVATE PARTY wants to buy direct from owner 3 or 4 bedrooms, home; all cash, no agents. Box 384-D, Star. —9 PRIVATE PARTY wants to buy small or large houses, regardless of condition. Will pay all cash. Box 203-D, Star. —8 WILL EXCHANGE 2 beautifully situated corner lots overlooking lake in restricted residential area in Orlando, Fla., as down payment on 3-bedroom house with adequate yard; prefer Arlington, Alex or vicinity. Call Owens 6534 Sundays, holidays and daily after 6 p.m. _7 HOUSES WANTED in all sections of DC and nearby Md. We have a buyer for your prop. Call or see B J. CRIVELLA, INC. 3418 14th st. n.w, AD. 0600: open daily until 9. _3 WE CAN SELL YOUR HOUSE at its full value today. Our opinion entails no obligation. WM. H. SAUNDERS CO, INC. Realtors (Est. 1887), 1519 K st. n.w. DI 1016. DO YOU WANT SPEEDY ACTION?—List your house with us. Have cash buyers who will pay top price. ENTERPRISE REALTY CO., 1224 Eye st. n.w., EX. 3400. 3 to 12 ROOMS, D.C. or Md., all cash, no daily-dallying. I mean business. E A GARVEY, DI. 4508, evenings and Sunday write No 1 Thomas Circle. PARTY WILL PAY CASH for houses, white or colored, in any condition, in any section. Box 02-D, Star. Top dollars: New and Maryland specialist—Please call for a free and honest appraisal, with no obligation. We have clients with cash, or will buy outright. You will be amazed with our quick and efficient service. T. D BURGESS, 2524 Penn, ave. s.e. FR 2802. till 9 am. IF PROMPT ATTENTION to the sale of your home, business or investment property is what you desire, call R A. HUMPHRIES Realtor 808 North Capitol. NA 67.30 Results sure 1919 MANNAS REALTY CO. can sell your house at today's value. Our estimate without obligation. 2918 Wilson Blvd., OL. or ON. 2 i 84. CASH RYERS for D C and Md property, no delay. Call us before you sell. WOODRIDGE REALTY CO. 238! Rhode Island ave n e VO 7208 CHARLES S. GUNN has clients waiting to purchase homes in any section of Washington and nearby Maryland. FR. 1206. S.E. AND N.E. PROPERTY—We will pay all cash or will sell for you. We get results, quick action. GUNN & MILLER. 500 11th st. s.e., FR 2100 HOUSE in or near Hillcrest, s.e, 6 or more rooms; all cash if necessary. MR. OLDDEN, after 6 pm, DE 0054; days. DI.’1347. WILL PAY ALL CASH for semi-detached or row house, in good neighborhood. GE. 9341. —3 HAVE CLIENT FOR 12 to 18 room house in D.C., suitable for convalescent home at approximate $32,500. Call MR. THORNTON WA. 8625. —3 WILL BUY HOUSE in any condition. Call MR. HAY. RA. 7761. —7 PRIVATE PARTY WANTS TO BUY 2 or 3 bedroom house in Arlington, in $8,000 to $9,000 range. Call after 6. GL. 7062. —-5 ANXIOUSLY SEARCHING for 2 to 4 bedroom house; have substantial cash; no agents, please. Box 458-Z, Star. 3* THREE-BEDROOM, prewar house. N Arlington near primary school and transportation: immediate possession; not over $18,000, with $4,000 cash. Phone Republican 5600. Ext. 3350 or Boyce (Va.) 16-J. 4* PROPERTY OWNERS — Petworth and Brightwood areas. We need your house to sell to cash buyers. Get our appraisal without cost. Call until 9 pm, KAY REALTY CO. RA. 2200 EX-GOLD DESPERATELY IN NEED of 5-rm. brick bungalow with large liv. rm., In n.w. section. Will pay all cash. No brokers, please. Call TR 3207. —5 IMMEDIATE CASH for your property, me. or s.e, white or colored. Maryland or Virginia. COX & CO. DI. 4254. RE 1633. I WILL PAY all cash for a 6 or 6 room house. In or near D.C. MR. LIVINGSTON. TA. 5051. —6 I WILL PAY YOU CASH TODAY for your house. I will pay you more than your best offer. Please call Republic 2736. IF YOU ARE ONE OF THE unfortunates who has to sell your home immediately or one of those designed to take advantage of the present favorable market price: for prompt and surprising results list with J. P. JIM) ROGERS, 732 9th st. ne. LU 3452. —9 DETACHED HOME, vicinity of 14th and Irving sts, n.e. for colored prospect able to pay cash. Mr. Menish, c o ROBERT W. SAVAGE, Realtor. Union Trust Bldg., NA 3630. SMALL HOME or two-family building. In good Northwest neighborhood for cash prospect. Mr. Menish, c o ROBERT W. SAVAGE, Realtor. Union Trust Bldg., NA 3630. HOME, ROOMING HOUSE, or small apartment in D. C. or suburban: will pay cash and reasonable price. Call EM. 2527. —6 NEED 3-BEDROOM DET. HOUSE, occupancy by Oct. 15; prefer n w. D. C., Takoma Pk. or Silver Spring: near transp.: $2,500 down, plus substantial monthly Payments; perm. Fed. employee; veteran. Box 43-E. Star SUBURBAN SALE—MARYLAND. UNIT APT. BLDG., located within 2 blocks of bank and all stores, large corner lot. selling for approximately $1 times annual income Exclusive with MORRISON AGENCY. Citizens-Bank Bldg. SH., 1444. TAKOMA PARK. 718 Vine st.— Open Sunday. 1 to 5—7-rm. and bath frame house, in excellent condition; large living rm., dining rm., kitchen and summer kitchen on 1st floor 3 bedrms. and bath on 2nd floor, slate Roof, front and rear porches, full basement, coal hot-water heat. Large shady lot, corner Maple ave. and Vine st. Just one block from stores and transportation; price, $12,500, on terms. Possession at settlement. Exclusive with E. S. PRICE & CO. For information, call Mr. Tarver, $1,800. —ft AVAILABLE NOW, prefabricated homes: the fastest way to home ownership. PREFERABLE HOME CO. Marlboro 238-J. —5 SLINNYBROOKS, furnished or unfurnished. 3 bedrooms, full basement, nice lot, near shopping center, schools and bus. CLYDE R. ADAMS, UN 1143. —3 HYNESBORO PARK. Lanham, Md —Furnished 8-rm. stone construction, fireplace, large elec kitchen, 2 baths, full basement, garage: lot 160x1511: excellent condition. CLYDE R. ADAMS. UN. 1143. ROGERS HEIGHTS — Brick, 6 rooms, screened porch, fireplace, 1 bedroom and tile bath 1st floor, 2 bedrooms and tile bath 2nd floor: full basement; oil heat. CLYDE R. ADAMS. UN. 1143. —3 ENJOY THE COUNTRY on these 1814 acres near Norwood, Md. Relatively new home of modern design with first-floor bedroom and bath. 3 bedrooms and bath up; cozy fireplace; oil heat; several outbuildings, ample for cows, hens, etc. A secluded spot yet direct motor route to downtown in relatively short time. 500. R. P. RIPLEY. SH. 7539 (Sun., Labor day and eve., WI. 3500. Mr. Abbei. —3 MAYBE IT'S YOU who have looked for just this sort of country home. Real spacious, light, airy and comfortable home with 5 very good bedrooms and modern bath on 2nd floor, and a 1st floor of equivalent area: full basement with h.w h., lavatory and shower: good spacious porch: somewhere around an acre of land, garage. hen house and a view that's hard to duplicate. Located only H or 7 miles from Silver Spring on main hwy with rural bus service. $29,950. Couple of extra acres including durable bldg easily converted into stable can also be purchased. Can be seen today. R. P. RIPLEY. SH 7539 (Sun. Labor Day and eve., SH 091R. Mr. Romer). —4 SPACIOUS H-ROOM HOME, with new roof, stove and refrigerator. 2 fireplaces, coal heat. 5321 Chesapeake st. HY. 0093, OWNER —3 NEAR BELTS VILLE—$15,000 furn. 4 bedrooms, bungalow, fireplace, full basement, lots, 200-ft. frontage: $4 cash to handle. JOHN BURDOFT. Colesville, Md. Call Ashton (Md.) 3840. —8 MT. RAINIER, MD., Perry st., near R I ave.—Det, 4 complete apts., 2 furn.: det. garage. 3 lots, 25x100: Income. $180 a month: bargain at $15. 600; owner leaving city. Call R. J. HORNER REALTY CO., 1401 Monroe st. n.w., MI. 8949. Eves. RAMBLING EARLY AMERICAN stucco bungalow, 7 rms., with additional glassed in sun porch, large living rm. with fireplace, 3 bedrooms, tiled bath, oil heat, large lot, approx. 3 acres, wooded; located on Wheeler rd. s.e., Md.; immediate possession; substantial cash payment needed. Call Mr. Markey. O B. ZANTZINGER CO, 945 K st. n.w., NA. 9593, 5371; eves., DU. 0858. —3 SILVER SPRING—Open Sunday 1 to 5 p.m —A beautiful 8-rm. stone and masonry house of excellent construction, to be completed in about 30 days; large modern kitchen, dining rm, living rm. (fireplace), 2 bedrms. and bath on 1st floor; 3 bedrms., bath and utility nook on 2nd floor; ample closet space, full basement with bath, insulated fireplaces, furnished walls, gas hot-water heat; large landscaped lot, excellent neighborhood, convenient to transportation, stores, schools and churches; located at 502 Silver Spring ave; price, $21,000; terms. Exclusive with E. S. PRICE & CO. Call Mr Ingraham. PL. 1231 or SL. 4350. —3 NORTH BEACH, MD. — Frame 2-story home; owner anxious to sell: 5 rms., bath, garage, extra shower in garage. Reasonable offer accepted. See A. M. DRAISNER, 1404 L st. n.w. NA. 8036 or GE. 0297. HYATTSVILLE—6-room brick-type, bath, h.w.-h.: nice lot. Substantial cash. ACME REALTY CO., UN. 3211. • 1 ACRE—2 blocks off Marlboro pike, close In. A quaint, secluded Spanish-type house of 7 rooms, 1st floor, living room 11x30 with fireplace, bedroom or den, t Filled bath, dining room, kitchen, 2nd floor. 3 bedrooms. Galvanized iron roof. Vi basement. 2-car garage. Dog kennel, chicken house Plenty of trees, grape arbor. WM. J. MARTIN. NO 2141 till 9 p.m. —5 BALTIMORE PIKE. In University Park— Large rambling tapestry brick bungalow, 6 rooms, bath, fireplace, front and rear porch on first floor; 4 rooms on second floor; full basement; large lot, garage; price $19,950. T. D. BURGESS, 2524 Pa. ave. s.e. FR. 2802 until 9. -—4 HYATTSVILLE—By owner: 6-story, 6 room, insulated home, full basement, gas hewn; large shaded lot; $13,750; also desirable bldg.; lots 50¢.60, $1,500. WA. SUBURBAN SALE—MD. (Cent.), NORTH BEACH, MD.—33-rm. hotel; in best location; a good real estate and business Investment See A. M. DRAISNER, 1404 L at. n w. GE. 0279 or NA. 1 8036. —4 11 SILLER SPRING AREA—First offering of a beautiful Georgian brick with 7 rms 1 2½ baths, ideal for a bath; on 1st floor; lav. In full basement; slate roof; immaculate condition throughout; garage, chicken house and many other fine features: immediate possession; well situated on 4 lovelv acres with stream; priced to sell quickly. Shown by appointment only. WORTHINGTON REALTY, exclusive agent. 8427 Georgia ave., 8L. t>541 till 9 p.m. If no answer, call 8H. 1918. —5 WEST LANHAM HILLS—$7,950 buys this 2-bedroom asbestos shingle bungalow, reasonable down payment, balance like rent. PRINCE GEORGE REALTY CO. WA. 6655 Eves., phone WA. 1601. —5 AVAILABLE for quick settlement and immediate occupancy, must be sold this week; Just off MacArthur Blvd. near schools, shopping: beautifully landscaped lot 100x180. det. garage; 30-ft. living rm. open stairway, large graystone fireplace: 2 bed rms. and bath on 2nd; study on 1st fl which can be used as extra bed rm; large kit. new washing machine. Westinghouse stove, refgr.: recently redecorated inside and out: offered by owner. WI. 9463. HYATTSVILLE—Immaculate 5-room and bath bungalow, oil heat; large, well-kept lawn; 5 years old; excellent neighborhood, with all conveniences: vacant. $7,850, $3,000 cash. J HARRIS ROGERS. UN. 0493. —5 VACANT 4912 49th Ave Riverdale Park—A fine home moderately priced, 2 large rms. and bath, sleeping porch with screened side porch below: remodeled throughout; lovely kit., gas refg.; ideal yard for children. 190x175. Moderate cash, terms. Mr. Bartlett, FR. 8300. Ext. 115. BROWN REALTY CORP., DU. 8558, BUNGALOW, on nearly 5 acres; Just what you have been looking for, 5 big rms. and breakfast nook, screened front porch, oil heat, garage, toolhouse, poultry house, garden, an abundance of shade, shrubs. ubs and fruit: a real home for $310,950; immediate possession; see it today. Hyattsville—Large, tile brick, 2-bath home, 5 rms. and bath, fireplace on 1st floor, 3 rms. and bath on 2nd; h.w.h. screened porch, excellent condition; corner lot; possession with settlement; see today. WOODRIDGE REALTY CO. 2381 Rhode Island ave. n e NO. 7203 SUBURBAN SALE—VIRGINIA. ARLINGTON FOREST—6 rms excellent condition, choice corner lot, conv. to bus, school and stores; large living rm. and din. rm. equipped kit., 3 bdrms., tile bath, ample closets, full basement. Heat insulation, storm windows and doors. Venetian blinds; substantial cash. Shown by appointment OWNER. GL. 1392. 5* SELLING? TELL US. Deal with confidence with an active organization that can and will produce results. HARRINGTON & ROBINSON. Owens 6077. OX. 1450. —7 FOR GENTLEMAN’S ESTATE. 10 acres, near Chain Bridge, improved by small house: ever-flowing spring: fine site for a master home or development: large grove in rear: owner asking $1,500; see it and make offer. O'HARE ESTATES. NA. 05K6. OD*n Sunday. Monday —3 ALEXANDRIA, VA.—Immediate possession Attractive detached brick, in fine residential neighborhood, built in 1941: 3 large bedrooms, 2 baths, automatic oil heat: built-in garage. H. G. SMITHY CO. NA. 5903. -—3 SOUTH ARLINGTON—Attractive, modern; 5-rm asbestos shingle bungalow on large lot, hardwood floors, full basement, concealed heating, convenient to trans., shopping and recreation substantial cash: priced to sell. Call Mr. Hogan. COX & CO., DI. 4254. —3 OWNER TRANSFERRED—Immediate possession. 2-story semi-detached, all-brick home, Conv. located near a highly desirable section. Close to the District line. House consists of 5 rms., liv. rm., dinette and full equipped kit, downstairs; 2 bedrooms, and de luxe bath upstairs. Also contains a 3rd-fl. attic half finished. Full dry basement with large laundry tubs. Call for heat. Nice fenced-in lot near schools, shopping and trans. Only $11,500. Substantial cash. Call OWNER. Owens 6566. LYON VILLAGE—Large brick Colonial. In this much-in-demand section, we offer this lovely Colonial home. There is a large living room with fireplace, dining room, kitchen on first floor, 3 bedrooms and 2 baths on second floor; 2 finished rooms in attic; full basement with oil heater and attached garage. This property is in excellent condition and almost immediate possession is available. Showing by appointment only MANNAS REALTY, 2116 Wilson Blvd. GL. or OX 2784. —3 INCOME PROPERTY—Large brick Colonial in an ideal location near Clarendon, we have this 2-family home for sale. It has living room with fireplace, dining room, kitchen, 1 bedroom and bath on first floor; living room, kitchen, 2 bedrooms and bath on second. Substantial cash needed. If interested, call MANNAS REALTY CO., 12116 Wilson Blvd. GL. or OX. 2784. —3 5-ROOM BRICK—Knotty pine recreation room. In a comparatively new section, we have this de luxe small house for sale. It is on a corner lot and has living room, dining room, kitchen, 2 bedrooms and bath, full basement, oil heat, etc. There are also a few exclusive features which will appeal to the ladies if interested. Call MANNAS REALTY CO., 2116 Wilson Blvd. GL or OX. 2784 —3 ACT QUICKLY, this stone and brick has liv. rm. din. rm. equipped kit., 2 bedrooms. Tiled bath, full base, outside entrance, knotty pine recreation room, copper plumbing, etc.; $19,950. with $13,000 cash; immediate possession. CH. J. 162. OX 3120. —2 LAST CHANCE for you to purchase one of the beautiful new 5-room, 2-story brick houses in Columbia Forest, Va., only 2 left. Immediate occupancy. All conveniences. Full basement, oil-air-conditioned heat. Priced $11,960; $12,200 cash. MONCURE AGENCY, Falls Church 12200; after 5 p.m. phone Roberts, Falls Church 2087-M. —6 BUNGALOW, near Vienna, on business—2 bedrooms, and bath asbestos shingle bungalow, low; stairway to attic with space for 2 additional rms.; full dry basement, hot-air heat; excel, well with auto, elec. pump, houses and runs for 300 chickens; priced to sell and conveniently financed. W. C. & A N. MILLER DEVELOPMENT CORP of VA. Wash office. 4830 Mass. ave. nw. OR. 4464. Eves., tel. GL. 4400, Ext 3. YOUR HOUSE IS HERE—Attached brick 8 rms., tile bath, cedar-lined closets, basement with asphalt tile floor and large laundry rm. oil heat, recessed radiation; convenient to schools and shopping; possession at settlement; $12,000; attractively financed. Call Mr. Pratt, CH. 0258, with MALCOLM, NA. 5963 ALEXANDRIA VA.—6-rm. brick, 1 blk. from 10-cent busline; large living rm., dining rm. and equipped kit., 3 bedrms., tile bath and shower, full basement, with recreation rm., oil h.-w. heat, this house is 5 vrs. old and is well constructed; price, $10,500. R. L. KANE, INC. ALex 3013: eves., GT., 3159. —5 PAUSE. READ. REFLECT. INQUIRE—Yes. Sir, you most certainly will ask about this one! Quiet neighborhood, good transportation. Brick Colonial, living room, dining room and kitchen on 1st floor; 2 bedrooms and bath on 2nd. Priced for immediate sale. HARRINGTON & ROBINSON. OW. 6i)77. OX 1450. HESITATE AND MISS this unusual 5-room brick, built on 2 levels; living room with fireplace, 2 bedrooms and bath up; dining room, kitchen, utility room on lower level, with terraced rear yard; a block from transportation; excellent buy HARRINGTON & ROBINSON. OW. 8077. OX. 145<>. DISTINCTIVE AND SPACIOUS 6-rm. white brick in excellent suburban environment; 2 baths on 1st floor; 11 baths on 2nd; large bedrooms, walk-in closets, oil heat; attached garage, good grounds; 20 min. downtown; unusually desirable; priced $23,000. BUCKLEY & BUCKLEY. 4817 Lee hwy. CH. 4112. —4 DOCTOR'S HOME—Colonial, on 1 acre. Living room, dining room, equipped kitchen and offices on first floor. 4 bedrooms, dressing room and bath on 2nd. HARRINGTON & ROBINSON. OW. 6077, OX 1450. OWNER LEAVING CITY, will give immediate poss. to his modern 6-room brick house in West Rosemont. Full basement, h.-w.h., Ige. lot with fruit trees, garage. Close to transp. and chain stores, schools. and churches—a lovely location. Call J. L. PRICE. Jackson 1504. 2303 S. Arlington Ridge rd. Arlington, Va —6 ARLINGTON INVESTMENT CO.—5 rms. det., close to Washington Blvd. Oil alr cond. heat, garage. Mr. Maynard. AX. 4620. —6 ARLINGTON INVESTMENT CO.—6 rm and bath, lovely row brick, oil a -c. heat. 10 min. D. C. by bus. Mr. Maynard. AX. 4620. —6 ARLINGTON INVESTMENT CO.—Excellently value; 2-bedroom bungalow, recently redecorated: 250-ft. lot, nicely shrubbed; front and rear porches, full attic, basement. On heat, Mr. Salkeld, Axminster 4B20. —6 ARLINGTON INVESTMENT CO.—Modern brick, semi-detached, in excellent neighborhood. So. Arlington. Call Mr. Hagan. Axminster 4630. —6 ARLINGTON INVESTMENT CO.—New 5-rm. bungalow, price $12,500; only $2,760 down. Immediate possession. Vacant. Mr. Hagan. Axminster 4620 —6 ARLINGTON INVESTMENT CO.—Very attractive 5-rm. bungalow, close to all conveniences, priced for quick sale. Immediate possession. Mr. Berry. Axminster 4620 —6 ARLINGTON INVESTMENT CO.—5-rm bungalow, unfinished attic for 2 rooms; excel, condition: $8,500, only $1,950 down. Call immediately, Mr. Berry, Axminster 4620. —6 ARLINGTON INVESTMENT CO.—$500 down, this home will probably go $6 for this small down payment; 5-rm. row brick; on heat, full basement. Mr. Vincur. AX 4620. —6 5-BEDROOM HOUSE on an acre, pleasantly situated amid trees and shrubbery. This family-sized house has a large living room with fireplace, dining room, kitchen, study, bedroom and bath on the 1st floor, and 4 bedrooms and bath on the 2nd floor. There is a large basement. Dart of which is a 2-car garage. The house is in good condition and has hot-water heat. Because of the long road frontage, there is room for 3 more houses: 7 miles from Washington. Price: $22,000; $12,500 down. Balance $100 per month. See MASON HIRST, Annandale, Va., at the end of Columbia pike. Phone Alexandria 6812. Closed Sundays. FALLS CHURCH—7-room modern brick; 1st floor, large living room, fireplace, enclosed porch, dining room, equipped kitchen; 2nd floor, master bedroom, bath. 2 other bedrooms and bath; finished 3rd floor; full basement, oil heat, maid's room, bath; in one of the best sections of Falls Church; price $22,500, J. L. C. WEST & J. E. TAYLOR, Falls Church 2135. HOLIDAY SPECIAL—2-story brick. 3 bed- ! rooms, hardwood floors, o.a.-c. heat Rea-; sonable down payment. LONGACRk Owens 5313. NEW HOME under construction—*1,000 down. $55 monthly. LONGACRES REAL TY Owens 5313. COZY BRICK BUNGALOW—5 rooms: con veniently located, reasonably priced. LONG ACRES. Owens 5313. IDEAL WAREHOUSE SITE, 40.000 sq. ft. of commercial ground. Has a 2-story, as bestos-shtnglr house. Located at 2630 Duke st., Alexandria, Va. Faces main railroad tracks, with future siding. Has detached garage in good condition. Price. $1 sq. ft. TALMAQE WILCHER. Realtor Builder. 1738 Wilson blvd., Arlington. GL. 8017. GL. 6020 —5 CAN WE HELP TOUT 2-story brlek and asbestos-shingle house: lot 50xi;rt; full basement; conveniently located: substan tial cash TALMAQE WILCHER. Realtor Builder. 1738 Wilson blvd.. Arlington. GL. 8017. GL. 6020. —4 SUBURBAN SALE—VA. (Cont.) ITUS IS A MOST INTERESTING HOlrf ind If you have a large family It certainly hould fill your requirement*. The first loor consists of studio living room with (replace, dining room, bedroom, den. full ■ath and electrically equipped kitchen, lecond floor consists of 4 bedrooms and iath. The house is built on a corner lot ,nd has a 2-car detached garage Price. 122.000. COLONIAL REALTY CO . 2024 Wilson blvd,. Arl . Va. CH. 6654. OX. 1575, QL. 3115 —4 f-BEDRM. BRICK — Liv. rm . din. rm , quipped kit. 2 bedrooms, tiled bath, full iasement. oil heat, etc : mile from Key Sridge. $5.00(1 cash needed. CH 4434. :H 1182. OX 3120, —4 WALK To PENTAGON—This brick home las lge. liv rm with firepl. lge din. rm , quipped kit , front and rear porches. 3 sedrms , tiled beth. cedar closets, full jasement, recreation rm copper plumb ng. oil heat, etc Priced at *12.000, with M.000 cash. CH. 4434. Cll 1162. OX. BRICK COLONIAL — Large living room with fireplace, dinette equipped with 3 bed rooms, tiled bath, full basement, with oil seat, outside entrance. Bendix washer, etc.; large level lot with nice shade trees. Priced at $15,500, with $4,000 cash. CH 4434, CH. 1162, OX. 3120. —4 KRAME BUNGALOW—Liv. rm, dinette, equipped with kitchen, 2 bed rooms, beth, full basement; oil heat, det. garage, large lot. Priced at $9,500, with $3,500 cash. CH 4434, CH. 1 162, OX 3120. —4 COMPLETELY FURNISHED — Six-room, 1-story Colonial brick: Dominion Hills; beautifully furnished; immaculate condition; living room, 3-piece sectional sofa, lounge chair, barrel-back chair with slippers, 12-tube Grunewall all-wave radio, all-wooled curtains, limed-oak dining room suite, china service for 8, kitchen, gas stove, Crosley Shelvador, vacuum cleaner, complete outfit of cooking utensils, limed-oak suite in master bedroom, maple suite in 2nd bedroom; 3rd bedroom used as sewing or sitting room; all air-conditioning heat, automatic gas lot-water heater, outside entrance from basement. Price, $19,000. Substantial $10,000. Shown by appointment. J DANIEL KOLAR, exclusive. Glebe 6805, Chestnut 7285. 5» HILLS — Attractive 2-bedroom, some in this select community within 10 minutes of Pentagon; owner transferred: Fill Sell completely furnished; priced for quick sale and well financed; possession with settlement. Inspection by appointment only W C & A N MILLER DEVELOPMENT CORP OF VA; Washington office, 4830 Mass ave. n w, OR 4464; eve OL. 4400. Ext. 3. _4 JEREY HILLS—Spacious 6-room, bath brick; large living room with fireplace, din. rm and completely equipped kit. 1st fl: 3 bedrooms and bath on 2nd fl, built-in garage, full basement with rec. rm with oil heat, and a OLD DOMINION REALTY. CH. OX -_4 LIGHT HOUSE, YACANT, a large, close to center-hall entrance. 2 bedrooms, 2 bedrooms and 2 tiled baths, closets; 2 bedrooms on 2nd floor; full basement, large pine floors, closets; 2 bedrooms on 2nd floor; full basement, oil heat, copper kitchen, and all modern conveniences. FRED J. GEORGE. Realtor. 2173 N Glebe rd. OL. VACANT; IN ALEXANDRIA -S.rm to new house condition. 1 block from shopping and FRED J GEORGE. Realtor, 1 N Glebe rd. GL 677? APPRANHANHEY CO. - Prince st. Alexandria, VA offers these properties for your inspection—Groveton 3 lots. 254x Levy *:V,0,0; Fairhaven, 5 rms, bath, asbestos shingle, $8,500; Alexandria, near King st., 6-rm. bath brick, $8,950; 6-rm. bath brick, four years old, $10,000; Lynnhaven, 5-rm. and bath brick, semidet, $10,600; Mount Ida, Alexandria, 7-rm. and bath stucco, $11,250; Alexandria, 4-yr-old, 5-rm. and bath brick, $11,600; Mount Ida, Alexandria, 5-rm. and bath brick, $11,650; Del Ray, 2 stories, 2 ants, 5 rms. and bath each, $12,650; Alexandria, close to King st., 6-rm. and bath brick, $14,500; Alexandria, 7-rm. and bath brick, $14,500; Alexandria, 7-rm. and bath brick, corner lot, $15,950; Wilton Woods, 6 rms. and bath, stone front. Acre. $18,600; near Belle Haven Country Club, h-rm. and bath brick, det. brick garage. $19,500, Del Ray. 10 rms. and 2 baths, commercial. $20,500; Del Ray. 3 apt. brick, 8 yrs. old. $20,500; No. 1 Highway home and business. 11 rms., 2 baths, $23,000; West Rosemont. 9-rm and 2 bath brick. $26,350; Wilton Woods. 3 barns, 2 baths, stone. 2½-bath stone. Va-acre lot $27,850; Alexandria, mansion. 11 rms. 6 baths. 2-car brick garage. $68,500; No 1 Highway, service station, cabins, radio store, garage, apartment. $55,000. For full information, call TE. 8426. eves, ALEX. 0911 or TE. 4168. VACANT. FURNISHED—2-bedroom brick, 5 minutes from Washington: full basement, oil a -c. heat, splendid condition. COMMONWEALTH REALTY. 2606 Wilson blvd. Owens 5500. OX. 2341 BUNGALOW, 4 years old: 5 rooms with stairway to attic; full basement, oil h.-w.h, storm windows; lot 50x125; convenient to everything COMMONWEALTH REALTY. 2606 Wilson blvd, Owens 5500. OX 2341 BUNGALOW' HOME, in Arlington—7-rm frame house, 1½-acre lot, study in knotty pine, front porch, partial basement, coal hot-air; quick possession. TALMAGE WTL CHER. Realtor, Builder, 173 Wilson Blvd., Arlington. GL. 8017, GL. 6020. —5 IS THIS YOUR ANSWER? 5-rm brick bungalow, 2 bedrooms down, with unfinished attic for possibly 2 more: full basement, outside entrance; lot 60x120; 30 day possession terms conveniently arranged. TALMAGE WILCHER. Realtor, Builder, 1738 Wilson Blvd., Arlington. GL. KOI 7. GL. 6020. —5 IMMEDIATE POSSESSION — 4-bedroom brick house, on a large lot, 5 miles from Washington. This substantially constructed house has living room with fireplace, dining room, kitchen, bedroom, and lavatory on the 1st floor, and 3 bedrooms and tiled bath on the 2nd floor. The attic is reached by a pull-down stairway, and there is a full basement with a warm-air heating plant with forced circulation. Price, $16,500; $7,000 down, balance $80 per month. MASON HIRST, exclusive agent. Annandale, Va., at the end of Columbia pike. Phone Alex. 6812. Closed Sundays. SPACIOUS BRICK HOME, possession 30 days, built by prominent builder for his own home. Basement, recreation room with fireplace, washroom, and shower, tool room or study, oil heat; first floor, spacious living rm., dining rm., large kitchen with refrigerator and stove and side porch; 2nd floor, master bedroom with fireplace, bath with shower. 2 other bedrooms and large bath, sun deck over porch; sufficient closet space, with attic for storage and disappearing stairway; detached garage; lot is exceptionally wide, well landscaped and shaded; substantial cash; terms arranged. TALMAGE WILCHER. Realtor, Builder, 1738 Wilson Blvd. Arlington. GL. 8017, GL. 6020 —5 A MOST MAGNIFICENT, better-class small estate, within easy reach of Washington, in an excellent suburban Virginia neighborhood. The English-type brick home consists of entrance foyer, den, library or bedroom with full bath; a most intriguing living room with interesting fireplace and beautiful picture window affording excellent wooded view of grounds in the rear; lovely dining room that will take full-size dining room suite, electrically equipped kitchen; beautiful random-width floors throughout the entire house. 2nd floor consists of 3 very nice-size bedrooms and bath, which are conveniently reached through a well-planned hallway, entrance from hallway to floored storage attic. The house is well insulated and the basement consists of semifinished recreation room with huge fireplace, outside entrance from recreation room, laundry room, furnace room, pump room and built-in garage with overhead door. There is also a flagstone terrace and the grounds are exquisite, comprising more than 2 acres, with 400-ft. frontage. Priced at $31,956. Immediate possession. COLONIAL REALTY CO. 2024 Wilson Blvd. Arlington. Va. CH. 5554, OX. 0575. GL. 3115 —4 SUBURBAN RENT—VIRGINIA. LOVELY HOME, nicely furnished. 4 bedrooms, 2 baths, maid's room and bath, sunroom, spacious landscaped grounds. Desired $250. CH. 3259 1 OFFICES FOR RENT. 1115 8th ST. N.W.—5 rooms on first floor of apartment building; rent $100 month. ME 5700 —3 226 G ST. N.W.—Complete building: 6 rooms, running water on each floor; $100; also smaller unit. CO. 2675. —3 CONV. RIVERDALE location: will sell office furniture to renter; telephone available: low rent. WA. 2521. WA. 5892. —3 IDEAL DOCTOR and dentist combination office, large reception room and 3 other spacious rooms, corner suite with direct street entrance at sidewalk level in new apt. bldg, on main thoroughfare adjoining shopping center. Illuminated doctor's sign will attract attention in comparatively new section of 10,000 people. Reasonable rent. WAVERLY TAYLOR, INC., RE 1366. WIS. AVE.—Desirable offices, suitable for any profession, such as doctor, dentist, chiropodist, accountant, etc. A D CRUMBAUGH, Realtor. 4908 Wis. ave. WO 1364. COMPLETELY FURNISHED OFFICE, with all equipment, reasonable; immediate occupancy DU 1565. 5’ DOWNTOWN OFFICE BUILDING, excellent location for accountant, real estate broker, manufacturer representative, etc. 1 room. RE. 3026. 4* UP TO 200 SQ. FT. OF SPACE available in beautiful a.-c. office, located 1535 New York ave. n.e: parking, warehouse, railroad siding facilities; very reasonable. Phone LU. 7672. —3 1921 EYE ST. N.W.—Office rooms available for immediate occupancy. ROBERT W. SAVAGE. 813 Union Trust Bldg., NA. 3630 —3 THREE LARGE ROOMS for rent. Apply 410 6th st. n.w. Ask for MRS. MARTIN. OFFICES WANTED, DISCH. VET. wants to rent or buy dental office in n.w. HO. 3220. 3* WANTED IMMEDIATELY, about 1,000 SO. ft., 1st floor, office space: downtown section; until Dec. 1. Box 187-D. Star, DESK SPACE FOR RENT. 18th AND COLUMBIA RD. N.W. — Desk space, phone, mail, etc., service in pleasant office, third floor. PE, 3238. INDUSTRIAL PROP. FOR SALE. SILVER SPRING, MD.—28,000 sq. ft. of land, zoiled industrial: located at end of Bonifant st., back of Silver Spring Suburban Bank: bound on north by Green st.: must be sold; price, $2 per sq. ft. Exclusive listing with E. S. PRICE & CO. ME. 3650, or call Mr. Ingram, Pleasant SECOND COMMERCIAL: Georgetown, near M st.—Vacant lot, 60x120; splendid value, Can Mr. Thornton, WA. 8626, with FRANCES S. PHILLIPS, DI. 1411. SPECIAL BARGAIN. Speculators or inventors, attention! Buy for your own business. Save a long haul. 80,000 sq. ft., 150 ft. on r.r. Price, $2 sq. ft. This is a real bargain for the close-in-town Industrial EJ28.e.E.E. Act today. RE. 5216. —5 WAREHOUSE for sale Rhode Island ave., Brentwood, Md. 60x200 ft., 1 story brick warehouse with gas blower heat, with 80x20 parking lot on Rhode Island av. will consider leasing JEROME MURRAY, 1331 Q st. n.V. RE. 2460.
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Encyclopædia Americana; a popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics, and biography, brought down to the present time; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the seventh edition of the German conversations-lexicon
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Lieber, Francis, 1800-1872, ed | Wigglesworth, E. (Edward), 1804-1876, joint ed | Bradford, T. G. (Thomas Gamaliel), 1802-1887
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when the king was appriEed of this haz* aidous underttiking, wbkh had been be- gun without his knowled^ a slop was put to any fbrther proceedmgs by Cano- sa's dismissal and banishment ; but the as- sociation was not then abolished. This account has been contradicted finom other quarters. Canosa was turned out of his office, which he had h^ but six niondis, June 27, 1816 ; and, three months after his banishment, a royal decree ¥ras issued, renewing the prohibitions and penalties against all secret societies, not excepting the Calderari, and commanding their prosecution, although they had lately manifested their attachment to the king and to good order. Canosa himself in an anonymous woric (/ Pifferi di MoitdagtuL, Dubhn, 1820), has contradicted the state- ments of count Orioff with regard to him and the Calderari. According to his ac- count, they sprang up, not in Naples, but in Palermo, when lord Bentinck abolish- ed the companies of tradesmen. This measure excited great dissatisfoction. The * coppersmiths' or Calderwrij in partic- ular, declared to the queen their readiness to take up arms against the British, and disturbances ensu^ in which the Nea- politan fugitives took a consfHCuous part. Lord Bentinck had them sent to Nafrfes, where they became active in the secret associations against Murat; and, on this occasion, one of the old societies, which had hitherto borne the name of 2Vcmbi- rian«, assumed that of CodienvT. When it was proposed, in the ministry of 1816^ to take strong measures against them, as the remains of the party of 1799, prince Canosa was for upholding the psirnr, not for any selfish reason, but fiiom the belief that they were a necessary counterpoise to the more numerous and mrmidable Car- bonari. The society, however, has never adopted the name of Caldaun of ffte counterpoite ; and the story of the dism- bution of muskets is contradicted by prince Canosa, in the pubUcation above- mentioned. The Calderari, who, accord- ing to the above accounts, appear to be a continuation of the body got together by cardinal Rufib, in 17^, are composed, al- most entirely, of the lower classes, and, hence, not so much has been published by them, as by the Carbonari. A single nn- unportant publication, bv the jnnatPaaqu. Tonelli ( J3reoe Mea deUa CaHHmariOy wua Origine nel R^no di JfapoHy mo Scopo^ 8ua Peraeeuxione e Catiua ektfe^ natctrtla SeUa dt^ Ccdderariy ^vf^ 1820),-ha8 a notice of them. Calpeboh. Don Pedro Caldeion de Digitized by Google CALDERON. ao^ te Barea Honao ▼ Riano^ descended from an aiicient ftmu^, was bom at Madrid, Jan. 1, 1601, received his early education in the Jesuhs' college of his native city, and studied at Saliunanca, where he de- voted himself chiefly to history, philoso- phy and jurisprudence. His poetical ceniuB early discovered itself Before lus i4di year, he had written his first play, El Cam dd Cido (voL 9 of his works^ His talent for this species of poetiy, which has brought his name down to posterity, and, peri^ps, his powers of invention m the preparation of entertainments for fes- tivals, soon gained him fnendsand pat- rons. When he left Salamanca, in 1625, tQ seek employment at the court of Ma- drid,many noblemen interested themselves in bringing forward the young poet But, having an inclination for the military pro- ftflsion,he entered the service in 1625, and bore arms with distinction for 10 years in Milan and the Netheriands. In 1636, he was recalled by Philip IV, who gave him the direction of the court enter- tainments, and, in particular, the prepara- ti<m of plays for the court theatre. The next year, he was made knight of the or- der of San Jago, and served in the cam- paign in Catalonia. The unexpected ter- mination of the war restored him again to his peacefiil occupation. The kinjf now oonreired on him a monthly pension of 30 eiciMbs deoro; but he snll employed his talents with unintermitted indusdy in composing for the theatre and the church. The king spared no cost in the represent- ation ofhis theatrical pieces. Ten years after, in 1651, he procured permission from the order of San Jago to enter the clerical profossion, and, in 1653, obtained a chaplain^ office in the archiepiscopal church at Toledo, without quitting, how- ever, his former occupation. But, as this situation removed him too far fiom court, he received, in 1663, another at the king's court-chapel (being still allowed to hold the former); and, at the same time, a pen- sion was asngned him from the Sicilian revenue. His &me Ci^eatly increased his inc(«ne, as he was solicited by the princi- pal cities of Spain to compose their autas saeramentaUsj for which he was tiberally paid. He bestowed particular pains on Uie composition of these pieces, and, in fiict, ectipeed all that the Spanish litera- ture, so rich in this department of fimcy, had hitherto produced. These subjects were particululy suited to lus religious turn ei mhid ; and he set a peculiar value on his performances of this kind, so as even to disparage his other works, which deserve no mean reputation. Religion is the rulinff idea, the central point, of his poems. Whatever subject he handles, he exhibits true poetical genius. Even al- lowin{[ that he is inferior in richness of invention to Lope de Vega, he certainly excels him in fineness of execution, ele- vation of feeling, and apmess of expres- sion. If we find in him much that is foreign to our modes of thinking and feeling, to our accustomed views and manner of expression, we shall have oc- casion much oftener to admire his unri- valled genius. The Spanish nation esteem C. among the greatest poetical geniuses. Many faults in his writm^ are to be at- tributed to the age and circumstances of the author. Amon^ his dramatic worics are many pieces of mtrigue, full of com- Slicated plots, and rich in interesting inci- ents. There are, besides, heroic come- dies and historical plays, some of vrhida merit the name of tragedies. To this class belongs the Constant Prince, which deserves an honorable place among ro- mantic tragedies of the first ruik. Be- sides these, C. has left d5 awtoi saeramm- tak9^ 200 Iwu (preludes) and 100 9ayneU9 (frroes). He wrote his last play in the 81st year of his age. The smaller poems of C, his songs, sonnets, ballads, &C., notwithstanding the applause which they received fipom his contemporaries, are now forgotten ; but his plays have main- tained their place on the stage even more than those of Lope de Vega. Tbe num- ber ofhis collected plays amounts to 12B. He wrote, however, manv more, some of which were never published. The most complete edition or his works is that pub- lished by D. Juan de Vera Tassis y Vil- lanoei (Madrid, 1685, 9 vols.). A. W. Schlegel and Gries have given masteriy translations of his pieces into German. The former has published 5 plays in 2 vols. (Beriin, 1803—1806) ; the latter, 10 plays in 5 vols. (Berlin, 1815—1822). These were followed by the translations of baron Malsburv, of which 6 vols. (Leipsic, 1819—1^) have appeuajned. G6the and Schlegel nave the merit of having opened the German stace to the flenius or C, as Scfar6der, before tnem, had done to that of Sbakspeare. The Con- stant Prince shows, periiaps, in the high- est degree, tbe skill of C. as a tragic poet. It turns on one of the most perplexing of all subjects, viz. the idea of destiny, man- aged in a truly poetical way, in a tragedy terminating happily. The neat fortill^ of C.'s invention has heaped up an abun- dance of materials, fix)m which foreign Digitized by Google 400 CALDERON--CALEDONIANS. theatres might be much enriched. It is to be regretted that his works have not been chronologicaUy arranged. We might then have traced the growth of mysticism in tiis mind, and seen it strik- ing root more deeply as he advanced in life. At the age of 62, he was admitted into the fraternity of San Pedro. In 1687, he was elected their etxpdan mayor. He left them all his property, for which they erected a splendid monument to his memory. He died May 25, 1687, aged 87. Among his imitators, Tirso de Moli- na is worthy of mention, as the author of the Inflexible Stranger, which has been of.en imitated, and is the groundworic of the celebrated opera of Don Juan. Caleb, of the tribe of Juda, bom B. C. 1530, was sent with Joshua and 10 oth- ers to examine the Land of Canaan. When Joshua had conquered the coun- try, C. reminded the Jews of the promise, which had been made by Grod, that they should eniov this country. He obtained the city of Hebron for his share of the hpoil, besieged and captured it, and drove out three giants, or Anakim. He then marched against Kiijath-Sepher, and of- fered his daughter Achsah to the first who should enter iL Othniel, his nephew, was the successful aspirant for the fair Jewess. Caledonia ; the ancient name of Scot- land, (q. V.) Caledonia ; a town in New York, on the west side of the Genesee, 20 miles south-west of Rochester, 235 west of Al- bany. The village is situated on the great road fcom Albany to Bufialo, pro- duces wheat in great quantities, and has several beds of gypsum ; also limestone, iron ore, salt and sulphur springs. Great or Big springs, situated on the north side of the village, are regarded as a curiosity. The waters, which are impregnated with sulphur and lime, boil up in great quanti- ties from the earth in a pond or reservoir of five acres. In this pond, except at the places where the water boils up, grows a singular weed, five or six feet nigh, and so thick as to be almost impenetrable. The surface of the water is covered with a frothy substance, which, when dried, has a very offensive smell. The temper- ature of the water is always nearly the same, extremely cold, but never fi:«ezes. A fine mill-stream issues fix>m this pond ; and the quantity of water is little anected by rain or drought Caledonia, New ; a country of North America, west of the Rocky mountcuns, extending about 500 miles from north to south, and nearly 400 fit>m east to west It is mountainous ; abounds in lakes, the largest of which are Stuart^s lake and Natteotain lake. The largest riven aie Eraser's and Natteotain rivers. The thermometer sometimes falls 32 d^;ree6 below zero ; but the seasons are ffenmlly milder than in the same parallel east of the Rocky mountains. The summer is never very hot. The natives call them- selves Td'CuUiea, The whites call them Carriers. They are estimeaed at 5000. Caledonia, New ; a large island in the Pacific ocean, firom 220 to 250 miles long, and 50 broad. It is rendered dangerous of approach by formidable reefs, extend- ing 270 miles beyond the island. The danger is increased by the current setting directly on the breakers. Lon. 163° to 167° E. ; lat 20° to 22° 26^ S. It was discovered by Cook, in his second voy- age (1771), who remained on the coast a week. D'Entrecasteaux was the fiist who sailed completely round it (1792 and 1793). A chain of mountains, 2500 feet high, extends through the island, fit>m the summits of which the sea is visible on both sides. The island produces the bread-fiiiit-tree, banana, sugar-cane, arum and cocoa, although the soil is by no means fertile. The animals are very few. A spider called nooktt forms threads so large as to ofifer a sensible resistance be- fore breaking. They are eaten by the people. Their other articles of food are not more choice. Like the Ottomacs of South America, described by Hiunboldt, they eat steatite — a soft, friable, greenish earth, containing magnesia, silex and iron. Cook and Forster described them as gen- tle, simple, kind and honest D'Entre- casteaux represents them as cruel, perfid- ious and thievish. The wpmen were hired for a nail. Recent observation has shown them to be cannibals. They are armed with darts and clubs, but do not use the bow. Their huts are small, axni filled vrith smoke, to defend them tnm insects. Their language is different from that of Polynema, and is described as harsh and croaking. Tlieir dress is a girdle of fibrous bark. They also wear ornaments of bone or coral, and paint their breasts vnth wide black streaks. Their hair is nearly woolly, the surface of their bodies shiny and black. Some have the thick lips of the Afirican Negro. Caledonl^ns ; the name of a confed- eracy of tribes in what is now Scotland {Briiamnia Barbara), Tacitus supposes them to be Germans; others, with more reason, Celts. They are the ancestors of the modem Highlanders, Digitized by Google CAL£MBOURG-€AL£NDAR. 401 Caz-skbouro ; a kind of pun, in which a word is employed in an unusual sense, or by which, without regard to granunar or orthography, some letters are changed, added or left out, without changing the pronux!ciation. Thus a eakmbourg is dis- tinguished from the proper jeu de mot A Westj^alian count Cfalember^, who lived in raris under Louis XV, is said to have amused the circles there by his blunders in the French language, and oc- casioned the marquis Bi^rre to introduce this new kind of witticism. As an in- stance, we adduce the following: — A robber demanded from a tmyeller his purse, puttinff a pistol to his breast, with the words ** La bcunej ou la vie.** ** Pour VaviB (la vie)," the traveller answered, diyly, " U mtuUwr queje puUae vous don- ner, tst de quitter voire nMer, sana qwn V0U8 Bertz penduj d pour la bourae (hair- baff ) je tCen ai pas^pareequeje porte un caaogan (hair-knot)." The French lan- guage is rich in such puns, because it is poor in words, and these, consequently, may be taken in different significations. (See Pun.) CALsmiBao ; a principality in the king- dom of Hanover, which denves its name fit>m an ancient castle, now in ruins, situ- ated 11 or 12 miles south of Hanover. Its extent is 1050 square miles. It has about 139^232 inhabitants, chiefly Lutherans. (See JEbnover.) CALEifDAR; the division of time into years, months, weeks and days; also a register of these divisions. Among the old Romans, for want of such a register, ^ was the custom for the ponHfex maxi- mu9t on the first day of the month, to proclaim (eakare\ the month, with the fes- tivals occurring m it, and the time of new moon. Hence ealenda and calendar. The periodical occurrence of certain nat- ural phenomena gave rise to the first di* vision of time. The apparent daily revo- lution of the stany heavens and the sun about the earth occasioned the division into days. But, as the number of days beoime too great for convenience, some larger measure of time was found neces- sary. The changes of the moon, which were observed to recur eveiy 29 or 30 days, suggested the division of time into months. After a considerable period, these abo were found to multiplv too much, and a sdll larger measure of time was wanted. Such a one was found in the apparent yearly revolution of the sun round the eaith in the ecliptic The time of this revolution, after several erroneous calcuktiops hereafter to be meotianed, 34* was finally determined to be a littte-more than 365 days. This was caUed a solar year J or, simply, tLveary which was divid- ed, according to the former measures of time, into months and days. Now, on ac- count of the great influence of the sun's course in the ecliptic, and its consequent variations of distance fi:om us upon the earth, and the afliairs of its inhabitants in aU countries, the attention of men would naturally be drawn to this phenomenon. Hence it has happened that all nations, in any degree civilized, have adopted the jear as the largest measure of tune. It IS probable that the Phcenicians first, then the Egyptians, and afterwards the Greeks, made use of this mode of reckoning, finom whom it was communicated to other na- tions. The division of the year, however, into months and days, could not have been very accurate at first, because it can be settled only by long and attentive ob- servation. The calendar of the oldest nations was quite imperfect Thev were satisfied with one which enabled them to manage the common business of hus- bandly. The Greeks were the first who attempted to adjust the couises of the sun and the moon to each other. For this purpose, they reckoned 121 revolutions of the moon round the earth for one solar year; and, to avoid the fiactions of a month, they made the year consist of 13 and 12 months alternately. Solon, per- ceiving the defects of this arrangement, fixed the number of days in a month at 29i, and made the month consist of 29 and 30 days alternately. Still the length of the month and that of the year were not brought into exact adjustment, and new disorders soon followed. Various plans for the reformation of the calendaif were proposed fix)m time to time; but all proved insufficient, till Meton and Encte- mon finally succeeded in bringing it to a much greater degree of accuracy, by fix- ing on the period of 19 years, in which time the new moons return upon the same days of the year as before (as 19 solar years are very neariyequal to 235 lunations^ (See Cude,) This mode of computation, first aoopted by the Greeks [433 B. C), was so much approved o^ that it was engraven with golden letters on a tablet at Athens. Hence the number, showing what year of the moon'b cycle any given year is, is caUed the goldm mmber. This period of 19 years was found, however, to be about six hours too long. This defect Calippus, about 102 yean later, endeavored to remedy, but stiU feikd to make the beginning of the Digitized by Googk 403 CALENDAR. seasoiifl return on the same fixed day of the year. — Among the Romans, their first king, Romulus, introduced a year of 10 divisions or months, of which 4 (namely, March, May, July and October) contained 31 days; the rest (April, June, August, September, November and December), only 30. When he discovered that this mode of reckoning was imperfect, he in- serted as many days as were necessary to complete the year, and bring it up to the beginning of the following one. His suc- cessor, Numa Pompilius, abolished this. methcMl, added 50 days more, took 1 day from each of the 6 months containing 30 days, because even numbers were sup- posed to be unlucky, and out of the whole 56 days formed 2 new months of 28 days each, which he called January and Feb- ruary. Thus the year consisted of 12 months, and 350 days ; and, to make it agi-ee with the course of the sun, interca- lations were made use of, afler the man- ner of the Greeks. These intercalations, however, were left to tlie discretion of the priests ; and, as they made them very arbi- trarily, according to the exigences of the state, or their own private views, com- plaints and irregularities soon arose. Notwithstanding Uiis defect, the arrange- ment continued to the end of the republi- can constitution. The calendar of tbe Romans had a very peculiar arrange- ment They gave particular names to 3 days of the month. The first day was called the cakndB. In the 4 months of March, May, July and October, the 7th, in the others, the 5th day, was called tlie nones ; and, in the 4 former, the 15th, in the rest, the 13th day, was called the ides. The other days tl^ey distinguished in the following manner: — they counted from the above-mentioned days backwards, observine to reckon also the one fit>m which they began. Thus the 3d of March, according to the Roman reckon- ing, would be the 5th day before the nones^ which, in that month, iall U{)on the 7th. The 8th of January, in which month the nones happen on the 5th, and the ides on the 13th, was called the 6th before the ides of January. Finally, to express any of the days after the idesj they reckoned in a similar manner from the calends of the following month. From the inaccuracy of the Roman method of reckoning, it appears that, in Cicero's time, the (^endar brought the vernal equinox almost two months later than it ought to be. According to the last letter of the 10th book of Cicero's Epistles to Atticus, this equinox was tiot ^. 'et past, although it was near the end of day, by their calendar. To check this irregularity, Julius Ceesar, on being un- pointed dictator and pontiff (A. U. C. 707), mvited the Greek astronomer Sosigenes to Rome, who, with the assistance of Marcus Fabius, invented that mode of reckonin|^, which, after him who intro- duced it mto use, has been called the Ju- lian calendar. The chief improvement consisted in restoring the equinox to its proper place in March. For this pur- pose, two months were inserted between November and December, so that the year 707, called, from this circumstance, the year of confusion, contained 14 months. In the number of days, the Greek com- putation was adopted, which made it 365|. The number and names of the months were kept unaltered, with the exception of Quintilis, which was henceforth called, in honor of the author of the improve- ment, Julius, To dispose of the quarter of a day, it was determined to intercalate a day every fourth year, between the 23d and 24th of February. This was called an intercalary day, and the year in which it took place was called an intercalanf year, or, as we term it, a hc^ year. This calendar continued in use among the Ro- mans until the ML of the empire, and throughout Christendom till 1582. The festivals of the Christian church were de- termined by it With regard to Easter, however, it was necessary to Have ref- erence to the course of the mooiL The Jews celebrated Blaster (i. e., the Passover) on the 14th of the month Nisan (or March) ; the Christians in the same month, but aJ- ways on a Sunday. Now, as the Easter of the Christians sometimes coincided with the Passover of the Jews, and it was thought unchristian to celebrate so im- portant a festival at the same time as the Jews did, it was resolved, at the council of Nice, 325 A. D., that, from that time, Easter should be solemnized on the Sun- day following the first full-moon after the vernal equinox, which was then suppos- ed to take place on the 2lBt of March. As the course of the moon was thus made the foundation for determining the time of Easter, the lunar cycle of Meton was taken for this purpose; according to which the year contains 365^ davs, and the new moons, after a period of 19 years, return on the same days as before. The inaccuracy of the Julian year, thus com- bined vrith the lunar cycle, must have soon discovered itself on a comparison: with the true time of the commencemmit of the equinoxes, since the received kngth Digitized by Google CALENDAR. of 965^ days exceeds the true by about 11 minutes; bo that, for every such Julian year, the equinox receded 11 minutes, or a day in about 130 years. In consequence of this, in the loth century, the vernal equinox had changed its place in the cal- endar from the 21st to the 10th ; i. e^ it really took place on the 10th instead of the 21st, on .which it was placed in the calendar. Aloysius Lilius, a physician of Verona, projected a plan for amending the calendar, which, after his deaths was presented by his brother to pope Gregory All I. To carry it into execution, the pope assembled a number of prelates and learned men. In 1577, the proposed change was adopted by all the Catholic princes ; and, in 1582, Gregory* issued a brief abolishing the Julian oilendar in all Catholic countries, and introducing in its stead the one now in use, under the name of the Gr^orian or reformed calendar^ or the new stdej as the other was now called the old style. The amendment consisted in this : — 10 days were dropped after the 4th of Oct, 1582, and the 15th was reckon- ed immediately after the 4th. Every 100th year, which, by the old style, was to have been a leap year, was now to be a com- mon year, the 4th excepted ; L e., 1600 was to remain a leap year, but 1700, 1800, 1900, to be of the common length, and 2000 a leap year again. In this calendar, the length of the solar year was taken to be 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconda Later observations of Zach, Lalande and Delambre fix the average length of the tropical year at about 27 seconds less; but it is unnecessary to di- rect the attention of the reader to the er- ror arising fiom this difference, as it will amount to a day only in the space of 3000 years. Notwithstanding the above im- Jrovement, the Protestants retained the ulian calendar till 1700, when tliey also adopted the new style, with this differ- ence, that they assigned the feast of Easter to the day of tlie first fuU moon after the agtnmomieal eqmnox. But this arrangement produced new variations. In 1724 and 1744, the Easter of the Cath- olics was eight days later than that of the Protestants. On this account, the C^i^^jzo- rian calendar was finally adopted, 1777, in Germany, under the name of the geti- oral calendar of (he empire, or, as it is now called, the reformed calendar, in order that the Catholics and Protestants might cele- brate Ekister, and, consequently, all the movable jfeasts, at the same time. Ens- land introduced the new style in 17^ and Sweden in 1753^ Ru«da only re- tains the old style, which now differs 12 days from the new. — In France, during the revolution, a new calendar was intro- duced by a decree of the national conven- tion, Nov. 24, 1793. The time firom which the new reckoning was to com- mence was the autumnal equinox of 1792, which fell upon the 22d of Sept, at 18 minutes and 30 seconds after 9 A. M., Paris time. This day was select- ed as that on which the first decree of the new republic had been promulgated. The year was made to connst of 12 months of 30 days each, and, to complete the full number of days, 5 jours comple' menUdres were added to the end of it, in common years, and 6 in leap years. Each period of 4 years, terminating with a leap year, was called a franciade. Instead of weeks, each month was divided into 3 parts, called decades, consisting of 10 days each ; the other divisions bemg also ac- commodated to the decimal system. The names of the months were so chosen as to indicate, by their etymology, the time of year to which they belonged. They were as follows: — ^Autumn, m>m the 22d Sept. to the 22d Dec. ; Vendindaire, vint- age month (Oct) ; Brumaiire, fogey montli (Nov.); Fhmaire, sleet month (Dec.): — Winter, from 22d Dec to 22d March ; Modse, snowy month (Jan.); Ventdse, windy month (Feb.); Pluii&se, rainy ' month (March) :---Spnng,fit)m 22d March to 22d June; Ckrmmal, bud month (April); Florial, flower month (May); jPrairud, meadow month (June) :--Sum- mer, from 22d June to 22a Sept ; Messi- dor, harvest month (July); Thernwdor, hot month (Auff.) ; FrucHdar, firuit month (Sept). — ^Tne 10 days of each decade were called, 1. Prinndi, 2. Duodi, S. Tridi, 4. Quartidi, 5. qumiidi, 6. SexUdi, 7. Sep- H(H, 8. Octidi, 9. J^Tonidi, 10. Decadi (the Sabbathl Besides this, each day in tlic year ban its particular name, appropriate to the time when it occurred ; e. g., the 7th of vintage month, Fendimiaire, was named caroUes (carrots). This calendar was abolished, at the command of Napo- leon, by a decree of the senate, 9th Sept, 1805, and the common Christian or Gre- gorian calendar introduced throughout the French empire. (For a pretty fiill historical account of this subject, see BCisch*8 Handbuch der Erfindun^en, vol. vii. p. 152 et seq. ; also Gebehn's JEfi»- ioire du Calendrier. There are also astro- nomical calendars, to which the Astro- nomical Year-Book of jprofessor Bode belongs, and of which 50 vok. had ^- peared in 1822: It is still ecmtinued. Of Digitized by Googk 404 CALENDAR-CALICO. tibe nme cImb are tbe Paris CbnnoiMance iu SHraipt, and the London Nautical Al- manac See Mmtmac and CSwmdogy,) Calerdbe. Diflferent ftbrica, i^fbre they leave the handaof the manu&cturer, aie subjected to certain processes, the object of which is to make them smooth and i^oe^, to glaze them, to water them, or gire them a wayy appearance. This is done, in general, by pressing the &bric between wooden or metallic cylinders, whence the machine is called a calender^ and the workman a eaknder or calen- dtrtr. Calenders ; a sect of deryises in Tur- key and Persia. They are not very strict in their morals, nor in very high esteem among the Mohammedans. They preach in the maxket-placcs, and live upon alms. Their nanie is derived from their founder, (see MJ€fvi9tmf CALEims, with the Romans, the firet days of the month ; so called because the p&nHfexmaxmuiihen proclaimed (eakmt) whether the nones would be on the 5th or the 7th. This was the custom until the year 450 U. C, when thefasH calendetreg, or calendar (q. v.), were affixed to the wall of public places. The Greeks did not make use of calends ; whence the proveiinal expression ad GnECOB caUndas Ion the Ghre^ calends), meaning never. The calends of January were more sol- emn than the others, and were consecrated to Janus and Juno. On this day, the magistrates entered on their offices, and friends interchanged presents. On the calends, debtors were obliged to pay the interest of their debts ; hence trigUs ca- lenda (Hor. Serm. 1 Sat 3. v. 87). The book of accounts was called Calendariwn, — Calends, in ecdesiastical history, de- notes conferences, anciently held by the clergy of each deanery on the first of each month, concerning their duty and conduct (Du Cange, m voce.) Calent|7R£ ; a violent fever, incident to persons in hot climates, especially to such as are natives of cooler climates. It is attended with delirium ; and the patient imagines the sea to be a sreen field, in which he is tempted to walk by the cool- ness and fivslmess of its appearance. This is, at least, the poetical explanation of the matter. The &ct seems to be, that the intense inflammation of the fever prompts the patient to plunge into cold water to relieve his sufierings. Calepiii (IVwmX) ; a lexicon. The name is derived firom Calepino, a fionous grammarian and lexicographer of the 15th century, fi^o was the author of a poly- glot dictionai^, which has passed throucfa numerous editions, and been enlaiged by different editors. The most complete edition is that of BUe, 1590, fol., in 11 languages. This work was usually called the Cafepnt, and such was its celebrity, that the name became a common appella- tion fbr a learned lexicon. Caliber ; the interior diameter of the bore of any piece of ordnance, or the di- ameter of a shot or shell.^ — CaMber or calliper compasses are a sort of compasses with arched legs, used in the anilleiy practice, to take the diameter of any round body, particularly of shot or shells, the bore of ordnance, &c The instru- ment consists of two thin pieces of brass, joined by a rivet, so as to move quite round each other. It contains a number of tables, rules, &C., connected with the artillery practice. Calico ; a cotton cloth, which derives its name fit>m Calicut, a city of India, firom which it was first brought In Eng- land, white or unprinted cotton cloth is called adico. In the U. States, printed cloth only is called by that name. Calico printing is a combination of the aits of engraymg and dyeing, and is used to pro- duce, upon woven fiwrics, chiefly of cot- ton, a variety of ornamental combinations, both of figure and color. In this process, the whole fabric is immersed in tne dve- ing Uquid ; but it is previously prepared in such a manner, that the dve adheres only to the parts intended fbr the figinne, while it leaves the reiflainin^ parts unaltered. In calico-printing, adjective colors are most fiequently employed. The cloth is prepared by bleaching, and other process- es, which dispose it to receive the color. It is then printed with die mordant, in a manner similar to that of copperplate- printing, except that the figure is en- ^nved upon a cylinder instead of a plate, he cylinder, in one part of its revolution, becomes charged wiUi the mordant, mix- ed to a proper consistence with starch. The superfluous part of the mordant is then scraped off by a straight steel edge, in contact with which the cylinder re- volves, leaving only that part which re- mams in the lines of the figure. The cloth then passes in forcible contact with the other side of the cylinder, and receives fh>m it a complete impresaion of the figure in the pale color of the mordant llie cloth is then passed through the coloring-bath, in which the parts previ- oushr printed become djred with the in- tended color. When it is aAerwards exposed and washed, the color disappeara Digitized by Google CAUCO— CALIGULA. 405 fifom those pans which are not impreg- nated with the mordant, but remains per- manently fixed to the rest When addi- tional colors are required, they are printed over the rest, with different mordants, suited to the color intended to be pro- duced. This secondary printing is gen- erally performed with blocks, engraved in the manner of wood-cuts, and applied by hand to the successive parts or the piece. Calicot ; a city of Hindostan, formerly capital of the kingdom of C, which was ceded to the British in 1792. From this port the first vessel was fireighted with Indian commodities for Europe, by Vasco da Gama, in 1498. The ancient city, however, is now buried beneath the sea ; and, at low tides, the tops of temples and minarets are discernible. The present town stands on a low shore, and has con- siderable trade. It was taken and de- stroyed by Tippoo Saib, but was rebuilt when the coun^ fell into the hands of the English. Cardamoms, teak, sandal- wood, pepper and wax are the princi|>al exports. It contains 5000 houses. Lat IP i& N. ; Ion. 75« SO' E. The rajah of the C. di^rict, or the Tamuri rajah, called Zamorin by the Europeans, is a Bramin, who pretends to be superior to the other Bramms, and inferior only to the gods. The males of the fiimily are called T^am- hurans, and the females Tamburdties, These ladies are married at the age of 10, but it would be scandalous for them to have any intercourse with their hus- bands. The Narnburi Bramias, or the Nairs, are the fiithers of their children, who are all, of* course, in the dilemma described by Telemachus. Calip and Califate. (See Caliph,) California, Gulf of; a gulf on the west coast of North America, in Mexico, lying on the east side of the peninsula of California, extending from S. S. E. to N. N. W., between lat 22° 40' and 34° N. It is about 800 miles long, and, through most of its length, is less than 100 miles wide. It receives the river Colorado at its northern extremity. It contains nu- merous islands and shoals, and is of difii- cult navigation. California, New ; a province of Mex- ico, on the coast of the N. Pacific ocean, called, by captain Vancouver, JVew .^tbion. It lies north of the peninsula, which is called (Hd Califomia, and is 600 miles long, and only 90 broad. Square leagues, 2,135. Montery is the capital. There is not any countrv in the world which more abounds in fish and game of every de* Bcription. Hares, nbbits and stags are Tery conunon here ; seals and otters are also found in prodigious numbeis. To the northward, and cuiring the winter, the inhabitants kill a very sreat number of foxes, bears, wolves and wildcats. The land possesses, also, great fertility ; fiuina- ceous roots and seeds of all kinds abun- dandy prosper here. The crops of maize, bariey, com and peas cannot ue equalled but by those of ChilL European cultiva- tors can have no conception of a similar fertility. The medium produce of corn is from 70 to 80 for 1 ; the extremes, 60 and 100. The population, in 1802, including Indians who nad setded and begun to culuvate fields, was 15,562. California, Old ; a province of Mex- ico, comprising a peninsula in the Pacific ocean, united, on the north, to the conti- nent of North America, fit)m which the other part is separated by a narrow sea, called the fptlfof CaiUbmta^ and bounded S. and W. by the Pacific ocean ; near 900 miles in length, and, in different places, 30, 60, 90, and 120 miles wide. A chain of mountains extends through the penin- sula, of which the greatest height is fit>m 4500 to 4900 feet above the sea. This Ceninsula is said to have been discovered y sir Francis Drake, and by him called JSTew Mbion; and the ffulf of California has been sometimes called the VenmUon secLj or Ptarple <ea, or Bed sea. In a pen- insula of so great an extent, which reaches nearly fi-om 23° to 34"^ N. lat, the soil and climate must naturally be found to vary. Some parts are continually covered with flowers, but the greater part* is wild, rug- ged and barren, overrun with rocks and sand, and destitute of water. From ctm St Lucas to the Colorado, nearly 200 leagues, only two streams run into the gulf of California. Population, in 1803, 9000. The principal places are Santa Maria, St Ignatio, St Isidore, Loreto, St Estevan, St Xavier, St Yago, Roea- lio, St Juan Guadalupe and St Joseph. Caligula, Caius Csesar Augustus Ger- manicus, son of Germanicus ahd Agrip- pina, was bom, A. D. 12, in the camp, prolxEibly in Germany, and brought up among the legions. Here he received, from Uie soldieis, the surname of C, on account of his wearing the co/ufos, a kind of little boots in use among them. He understood so well how to insinuate him- self into the good graces of Tiberius, that he not only escaped the cruel fate of his parents and brothers and sisters, but was even loaded with honors. Whether, as some writers inform us, he removed Ti« Digitized by Google 4M CAUGULA. beriw out of the way by alow poiiOD, is iiooertaiik When the hitter was about to die, he appointecLacooidiiiffto Suetoniusi C. and the aon of DruBua, Tiberius Nero, heirs of the empire. But C^ uniTersally beloved for the sake of his fiither, Ger- manicus, was able, without difficulty, to obtain sole possession of the throne. Rome received him joyfiiUy, and the dis* tant provinces echoed his welcome. His first actions, also, were just and noble. He inteired, in the most honorable man- ner, the remains of his mother and of his brother Nero, set fiee all state-prisoners, recalled the banished, and fbrtiade all proeecutiotts for tresson. He conferred on the magistrates firee and independent power. Although the will of Tiberius nad been declaied, bv the senate, to be null and void, he fulfilled eveiy article of it, with the exception only of that above- mentioned. When he was chosen con- sul, he took bis uncle Claudius ss his colleague. Thus he distinguished the first eight mootbs of his reiffn by many magnanimous aotioDs, when he fell sick. Aner his rsooreiT, by a most unex- pected alteration, he suddenly showed Aimself the most cruel and unnatural of CyianttL The most exquisite tortures served him for enjoymenttk During his meals, he caused criminals, and even in- nocent peiaons, to be stretched on the rack ana beheaded : the most respectable peiBons were daily executed. In the madness of his arrogance, he even con- sidered himself a ^>d, and caused the honors to be paid to h&m which were paid to Apollo, to Mars, and even to Ju- piter. He also showed himself in public with die attributes of Venus and of^ other goddesses. He buih a temple to his own divinitir* At one time, he wished that the whole Roman people had but one head, that he might be able to cut it off at one btow. He fiequently repeated the words of an old poet, Oderint dum medi- ant One of his greatest follies was the building of a bridge between Baias and Puteoli (Puzzuoli). He himself conse- crated this struige structure with great splendor; and, aner he had passed the night following in a revel with nis fiiends, in order to do something extraordinary before his departure, he caused a crowd of persons, without distinction of age, rank and character, to be seized, and thrown into the sea. On his return, he emered Rome in triumph, because, ss he said, he had conouered nature herself Afiar this, he made preparations for an expedition against the Gennans, passed. with more than 900,000 men, ofer the Rhine, but returned after he had travdled a few miles, and that without having seen an enemy. Such was his terror, that, when he came to the river, and found the bridge obstructed bv the crowd upon it, he caused himself to be passed over the heads of the soldiers. He then vrent to Gaul, which he plundered with unex- ampled rapacity. Not content with the considerable booty thus obtained, he sold all the property of both his asters, Agrip- pina and Livilla, whom he banished. He also sold the fUrnituro of die old court, the clothes of Marous Antoninus, of Au- gustus, Amppma, &c Before he left Uaul, he declared his intention of gtiing to Britain. He collected his army on the coast, embarked in a magnificent galley, but returned when he had hardlv left the land, drew up his forces, ordered the sig- nal for battle to be sounded, and com- manded the soldiers to fill their pockets and helmets with shells, while he cried out, **This body, ravished fiom the sea^ is fit for my palace and the. capitol !** When he retumed to Rome, he was de- sirous of a triumph on account of his achievements, but contented himself with an ovation. Discontented with the sen- ate, he resolved to destroy the greater part of the members, and the most dis- tinguished men of Rome. This is proved by two books, which were found after his death, wherein the names of the no- scribeid were noted down, and of wnieb one was entitled €Hadki» (Sword), and the other Pvgittw (Dagger). He became reconciled to the senate aniin when he found it worthy of him. He supported public brothels and gaming-houses, and received himself the entrance-money of the visitors. His horse, named Jhcttalus, was his fovorite. This animal had a house and a servant, and was fod fiom marble and ^Id. C. had caused him to be admitted mto the coUejge of his priests, and was desirous of making him a consul also. 407 whom -were Ohflsrea and CorneliuB Sa* binuB, both tribunes of the raratoriaii co* AoitBy murdered him in the 29th year of Ilia life, and the fourth of his tynumicid xeigi (from A. D. 37 to 41). CAI.IPH (L e., vieegentU) is the name assumed by the successors of Mohammed, m the goverament of the &ithiul and in the hiffh priestbciod. Cal^fhaU is, there- fore, the name given, by historians, to the empire of these princes which the Arabs founded m Asia, and, impelled by religious enthusiasm, enlarged, within a few centu- ries, to a dominion &r superior in extent io the Roman empire. Mohammed (q. Y,i in the character of the prephet of Goo. made himself the spiritual and temporal ruler of his people. After the death of the prophet, the election of & successor occasioned considerable excitement Ab- dallah £bn Abu Koalas, called Mubeker^ L e., faUier of the tfirgm (because his daughter Ayesfaa was the only one of the wives of Mohanmied, whom he had mar- ried when a virgin! obtained the victory over Ali, the cousm and son-in-law of Mohammed, and became the first cahph, A. D. 633 (year of the Hegira 11). Victo- rious over all enemies, by the aid of his general, the brave Caled, he began, as the Koran directs, to spread the doctrines of Mohammed by arms among the neighbor- ing nations. With the watch-wora con- venuM or tribute^ a numerous army, con- sistinff entirely of volunteers, inspired with zeal ror the holy war, penetrated first into Syria. Conquerors in the first battle, they were subsequently several times defeated by the Grreeks ; but, having once acquired a strong footing in the country by the treacherous surrender of Bosra, they un- dertook, under Caled, the siege of Damas- cus, and, having repulsed two larj^ ar- mies, sent by the emperor Herackus to the relief of the city, they obtained pos- session of it Iw a capitulation (A. D. 633, of the Hegira £2), the terms of which were perfidiously broken, Caled pursuing and dlauffhtering the retreating Christians. Abuneker (Sed after he had filled the place of the prophet two yean and four months.
| 46,355 |
https://github.com/broadinstitute/ddp-study-server/blob/master/pepper-apis/dss-core/src/main/java/org/broadinstitute/ddp/db/dao/JdbiComparisonValidation.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,023 |
ddp-study-server
|
broadinstitute
|
Java
|
Code
| 31 | 135 |
package org.broadinstitute.ddp.db.dao;
import org.broadinstitute.ddp.model.activity.types.ComparisonType;
import org.jdbi.v3.sqlobject.statement.SqlUpdate;
public interface JdbiComparisonValidation {
@SqlUpdate("insert into comparison_validation (validation_id, reference_question_id, comparison_validation_type) "
+ " values (:validationId, :referenceQuestionId, :comparisonType)")
int insert(long validationId, long referenceQuestionId, ComparisonType comparisonType);
}
| 3,251 |
fe9e7e767aeeeb5252a9e30ccd507b22
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,020 |
Infotel: Un excellent niveau d'activité pour l'ensemble de l'exercice. Chiffre d'affaires 2019 : + 7,2 % à 248,4 M€. Chiffre d'affaires T4 2019 : + 8,0 % à 65,7 M€.
|
AMF
|
French
|
Spoken
| 696 | 1,345 |
www.infotel.com 1/2
Euronext B – ISIN : FR0000071797
Reuters : ETO F.PA – Bloomberg : INF FP
Communiqué de presse
Bagnolet, le 22 janvier 2020
Un exc ellent niveau d’activité pour l’ensemble de l’exercice
Chiffre d’affaires 201 9 : + 7,2 % à 248,4 M€
Chiffre d’affaires T4 2019 : + 8,0 % à 65,7 M€
Chiffre d’affaires
(en M€) 2019 2018 % var.
2019 / 201 8
1er trimestre 62,9 58,8 + 6,9 %
2e trimestre 59,5 56,4 + 5,5 %
3e trimestre 60,3 55,7 + 8,3 %
4e trimestre 65,7 60,9 + 8,0 %
dont Services 64,0 59,3 + 7,8 %
dont Logiciels 1,8 1,6 + 14,7 %
Total chiffre d’affaires annuel 248,4 231,7 + 7,2 %
dont Services 239,9 223,3 + 7,4 %
dont Logiciels 8,5 8,4 + 1,4 %
Infotel publie pour l’ensemble de l’exercice 201 9 un chiffre d’affaires en progression de 7,2 % à
248,4 M€, sur un marché en progression de 4,2 % selon Syntec Numérique .
Une forte croissance des Services sur toute l’année
Les Services ont enregistré au 4e trimestre 2019 une croissance de 7,8 %, malgré un jour de moins .
Sur l’année pleine, la progression ressort à 7,2 %, toujours tirée par les nombreux projets de
transformation digitale dans tous les domaines d’activité.
Le secteur bancaire , qui progresse en valeur, constitue toujours le premier contributeur en termes de
chiffre d’affaires avec une part de 35,9 %, suivi par l’Industrie (28,3 %), les Services (21,2 %), et
l’Assurance -Retraite (12,5 %). Les implantations à l’international ont par ailleurs enregistré de solides
performances avec un e croissance de 47 % pour Infotel UK (3,6 M€) et de 63 % pour Infotel Monaco
(4,8 M€).
Plusieurs nouveaux contrats de taille significative ont été signés au cours de ces derniers mois avec
notamment Air France, BNP Paribas, BPCE, Airbus, ATR, Banque de France ou encore COVEA. Ils
contribuent d’ores et déjà à la forte dynamique constaté e en ce début d’année.
Sur un marché du recrutement toujours sous tension, le Groupe a réalisé l’intégration de 425 nouveaux
collaborateurs et comptait à fin décembre un total de 2 589 personnes . Le taux d’intercontrat est resté
très faible à 1,9 % sur l’année .
www.infotel.com 2/2
L’activité Logiciels enregistr e une hausse du chiffre d’affaires de 1,4 % avec un montant de 4,4 M€ de
royalties IBM pour l’ensemble de l’année .
De nouveaux contrats ont été remportés pour la suite Orlando avec Allegiant (première référence aux
États-Unis), et les compagnies aériennes espagnoles Fly Level et Wamos Air.
Les campagnes de prospection sont toujours très actives pour Orlando et des disc ussions avec des
compagnies aériennes de premier plan sont en cours .
En parallèle, une prospection active est menée en Allemagne et aux États-Unis pour la suite d’archivage
Arcsys.
Dans le cadre de la démarche d’innovation initiée en 2019 , les équipes d’Infotel travaillent actuellement
à la création et au lancement de nouveaux logiciels qui répondront aux besoins identifiés chez ses
grands clients.
2020 : optimisme et nouvelles ambitions
Compte tenu des gains récents de contrats , du niveau d’ac tivité constaté et de la confiance renouvelée
des clients pour élargir l’intervention d’Infotel sur de nouvelles prestations ou pour se diriger vers de
nouvelles technologies, le Groupe est confiant pour poursuivre en 2020 sur une nouvelle trajectoire de
croissance .
Prochain s rendez -vous
Publication des résultats annuels 201 9 : 4 mars 20 20 après Bourse
Réunion d’analystes : 5 mars 20 20 - 11h30
À propos d’Infotel
Coté sur le Compartiment B d’Euronext Paris depuis janvier 1999 (code Isin FR0000071797), Infotel
est le spécialiste des systèmes de gestion des grands comptes, du mobile aux bases de données de très
gros volume ( Big Data ). À la pointe des innovations tech nologiques, Infotel développe son expertise
autour de deux pôles de compétence complémentaires : les services informatiques et l’édition de
logiciels. Avec 2 48,4 M€ de chiffre d’affaires en 201 9, Infotel emploie plus de 2 500 personnes.
Vos contacts
Infotel Actifin
Michel KOUTCHOUK Communication financière
Directeur général Ghislaine GASPARETTO
Tél. : 01 48 97 38 38 Tél. : 01 56 88 11 11
michel.koutchouk@infotel.com ggasparetto@actifin.fr
| 1,872 |
https://github.com/matheus-camara/exemplo/blob/master/src/Api/Configuration/Json.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
exemplo
|
matheus-camara
|
C#
|
Code
| 28 | 91 |
using Core.Policies;
namespace Api.Configuration;
public static class Json
{
public static IMvcBuilder AddJsonConfiguration(this IMvcBuilder builder)
{
builder.AddJsonOptions(config =>
{
config.JsonSerializerOptions.PropertyNamingPolicy = new SnakeCaseNamingPolicy();
});
return builder;
}
}
| 23,528 |
405223_2
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 6,614 | 9,458 |
As previously noted, reasonable investors often rely on estimates of a firm's future earnings in deciding whether to invest in a firm's securities. See Glassman, 90 F.3d at 626. A reduction in discounts received on merchandise purchases would be material if it affected total costs and therefore earnings. In evaluating the materiality of the allegedly undisclosed lower discounts, therefore, the district court correctly looked to the effect of these allegedly lower discounts on total costs. The impact was negligible; total costs between 1993 and 1994 increased only 0.2%, and many factors other than merchandise discounts go into total costs. Where the data alleged to have been omitted would have had no more than a negligible impact on a reasonable investor's prediction of the firm's future earnings, the data can be ruled immaterial as a matter of law. Cf. Westinghouse, 90 F.3d at 714-15 (where plaintiffs alleged misstatements regarding loan loss reserves, but the claim was based on a failure to do a single write down that would have produced no more than a 0.54% change in the firm's net income, claim could be ruled immaterial as a matter of law); Glassman, 90 F.3d at 633 (where allegedly undisclosed information as to quarter-to-quarter changes in backlog was no more than a few percent, the claim of nondisclosure could be ruled immaterial as a matter of law). Hence, we affirm the district court's dismissal of this claim.
(U) & (5) Forward-Looking Statements
Plaintiffs allege that BCF misrepresented its future prospects to the public by making two forward-looking statements that lacked a reasonable basis. The federal securities laws do not obligate companies to disclose their internal forecasts. See In re Lyondell Petrochemical Co. Sec. Litig., 984 F.2d 1050, 1052 (9th Cir.1993); see also Glassman, 90 F.3d at 631; Shaw, 82 F.3d at 1209. However, if a company voluntarily chooses to disclose a forecast or projection, that disclosure is susceptible to attack on the ground that it was issued without a reasonable basis. See In re Craftmatic Sec. Litig., 890 F.2d 628, 645-46 (3rd Cir.1990); Herskowitz v. Nutri/System, Inc., 857 F.2d 179, 184 (3rd Cir.1988); Searls v. Glasser, 64 F.3d 1061, 1067 (7th Cir.1995) ("Before management releases estimates to the public, it must ensure that the information is reasonably certain. If it discloses the information before it is convinced of its certainty, management faces the prospect of liability.") (citations omitted). The two forward-looking statements that plaintiffs attack are (1) a representation that BCF "believe[d] [it could] continue to grow net earnings at a faster rate than sales," and (2) a BCF officer's expression of "comfort" with analyst projections of $1.20 to $1.30 as a mid-range for earnings per share for fiscal year 1994. Complaint, ¶ 36. We examine the statements in turn, concluding that while the claims as to both were properly dismissed, plaintiffs should be given leave to amend their claims as to one.
Statement of Belief
BCF's Chief Accounting Officer's statement on November 1,1993, that the company "believe[d] [it could] continue to grow net earnings at a faster rate than sales" can be broken down into two component parts. First, that as of November 1, 1993, the company's earnings had grown at a faster rate than sales, and second, that the company believed that this trend would continue. As to the first part of the statement, plaintiffs have not alleged that as of November 1, 1993,earnings had not been growing faster than sales. Instead, plaintiffs' claim focuses on the second portion of the statement — the forward-looking portion.
The forward-looking portion of the statement here is a general, non-specific statement of optimism or hope that a trend will continue. Claims that these kinds of vague expressions of hope by corporate managers could dupe the market have been almost uniformly rejected by the courts. See San Leandro, 75 F.3d at 811 (subdued, generally optimistic statements constituted nothing more than puffery and were not actionable); see also Shapiro v. UJB Fin. Corp., 964 F.2d 272, 283 n. 12 (3rd Cir.1992); Glassman, 90 F.3d at 636; Searls, 64 F.3d at 1066; Hillson Partners Ltd. Partnership v. Adage, Inc., 42 F.3d 204, 212 (4th Cir.1994) (deeming prediction of "significant sales gains . as the year progresses" too vague to be material). We agree, and thus hold that the statement at issue is too vague to be actionable. Moreover, to the extent plaintiffs a reasserting that there was either a duty to correct or update the forward-looking portion of the statement, those claims fail on account of the original statement's vagueness and resultant immateriality. See Gross v. Summa Four, Inc., 93 F.3d 987, 994-95 (1st Cir.1996); Shaw, 82 F.3d at 1219 n.33 (cautiously optimistic statements, expressing at most a hope for a positive future, do not trigger a duty to update); In re Time Warner, Inc. Sec. Litig., 9 F.3d 259, 267 (2nd Cir.1993) (statements at issue lacked "definite positive projections" of the sort that might require later correction), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1017, 114 S.Ct. 1397, 128 L.Ed.2d 70 (1994).
Expression of Comfort
The second forward-looking statement at issue is BCF's Chief Accounting Officer's statement during a securities analysts' conference that he was "comfortable" with analysts' estimates of $1.20 to $1.30 as a mid-range for fiscal 1994 earnings per share. This statement was reported by Reuters on November 1, 1993. Plaintiffs assert (1) that this statement was actionable because it was not made with a reasonable basis, and (2) that BCF failed to fulfill its duty to correct this unreasonable forecast in the period following November 1,1993. The district court, however, ruled that a corporate officer's expression of comfort with an analyst's projection of earnings cannot be the basis for a Section 10(b), Rule 10b-5 claim.
The Supreme Court has held that statements of opinion by top corporate officials may be actionable if they are made without a reasonable basis. See Virginia Bankshares, Inc. v. Sandberg, 501 U.S. 1083, 1098, 111 S.Ct. 2749, 2761, 115 L.Ed.2d 929 (1991); see also Trump, 7 F.3d at 372 n. 14 (applying the rationale of Virginia Bank-shares, a Section 14(a) proxy solicitation case, to the Section 10(b) context); Glassman, 90 F.3d at 627. In particular, in Virginia Bankshares, the Court held actionable a board of directors' expression of opinion concerning a specific merger price. Id. at 2758-59 (board of directors expressed the opinion that merger price was "fair"); see also Glassman, 90 F.3d at 627 (holding actionable representations by the company and its underwriters that the prices for a public offering were fair and estimated based on the most current information available at the time of the offering). As explained by the Court in Virginia Bankshares, statements of opinion by corporate officials can be materially significant to investors because investors know that these top officials have knowledge and expertise far exceeding that of the ordinary investor. 501 U.S. at 1090-91, 111 S.Ct. at 2756-57; see also Glassman, 90 F.3d at 631. The rationale of Virginia Bankshares is applicable here, where BCF's Chief Accounting Officer expressed his agreement with certain projections by analysts.
The district court rejected plaintiffs' claim on the ground that a company is not liable for an analyst's projection unless the company expressly "adopted or endorsed" the analyst's report. (Dist.Ct.Op. at 10, citing Weisburgh v. St. Jude Medical, Inc., 158 F.R.D. 638, 644 (D.Minn.1994) ("This Court will not hold defendants responsible for the projections of market analysts absent an indication that defendants were responsible for the projections or in a position to influence or control them"), aff'd, 62 F.3d 1422 (8th Cir.1995) and Raab v. General Physics Corp., 4 F.3d 286, 288 (4th Cir.1993) ("The securities laws require General Physics to speak truthfully to investors; they do not require the company to police statements made by third parties for inaccuracies, even if the third party attributes the statement to General Physics)). Although we have no problem with the "adopt or endorse" test, we disagree with its application here.
To say that one is "comfortable" with an analyst's projection is to say that one adopts and endorses it as reasonable. When a high-ranking corporate officer explicitly expresses agreement with an outside forecast, that is close, if not the same, to the officer's making the forecast. We see no reason why adopting an analyst's forecast by reference should insulate an officer from liability where making the same forecast would not.
The cases the district court cites in support of its conclusion concern attacks on statements by analysts and claims that those statements should be attributed to the defendant company because the company allegedly provided the analysts with information. See Raab, 4 F.3d at 288; Weisburgh, 158 F.R.D. at 643. Plaintiffs' claim here, however, is not an indirect attempt to attribute an analyst's prediction to the company where the company itself has made no explicit statement (for example, because the company provided the analyst with all the relevant data or somehow controlled what the analyst was doing). Instead, plaintiffs directly attack BCF's CAO's own statement, as it was reported by Reuters. The attribution issue does not arise because at this stage we take as true the allegation that BCF's CAO did express comfort with the analyst projections at issue. Cf. Elkind v. Liggett & Myers, Inc., 635 F.2d 156, 163 (2nd Cir.1980) ("attribution" question is answered by asking whether company officials have, expressly or impliedly, made a representation that the analyst projections are in accordance with their views); In re Adobe Systems, Inc. Sec. Litig., 767 F.Supp. 1023, 1027-28(N.D.Cal.1991) (denying motion to dismiss where corporate officer stated he "preferred" certain analyst estimates to others). Put differently, it is a statement by a BCF officer itself that is being attacked, not an analyst's statement.
The next question for us is whether there are sufficient factual allegations supporting plaintiffs' theory for the claim to survive the Rule 9(b) hurdle. To adequately state a claim under the federal securities laws, it is not enough merely to identify a forward-looking statement and assert as a general matter that the statement was made without a reasonable basis. Instead, plaintiffs bear the burden of "plead[ing] factual allegations, not hypothetieals, sufficient to reasonably allow the inference" that the forecast was made with either (1) an inadequate consideration of the available data or (2) the use of unsound forecasting methodology. Glassman, 90 F.3d at 628-29 (rejecting plaintiffs' earnings projection claim on Rule 12(b)(6) grounds alone, albeit in the context of the plaintiffs having had the benefit of full discovery); cf. Virginia Bankshares, 501 U.S. at 1092-94 (describing the type of hard contemporaneous facts that could show an opinion as to the fairness of a suggested price to have been unreasonable when made); cf. also Shapiro, 964 F.2d at 284-85 (in attacking a firm's accounting practices with a claim that those practices resulted in the disclosure of misleading data, plaintiffs must (a) identify what those practices are and (b) specify how they were departed from). In deciding a motion to dismiss, a court must take well-pleaded facts as true but need not credit a complaint's "bald assertions" or "legal conclu sions." Glassman, 90 F.3d at 628. In this case, plaintiffs identified the offending forecasts and then alleged:
The foregoing statements were materially false and misleading when made since, at the time they were made, defendants knew, or recklessly disregarded, that their public statements and statements to analysts promoting BCF and its stock would artificially maintain and inflate the market price of BCF's common stock due to the false and misleading positive assurances contained therein. In particular, defendants had no reasonable basis to state publicly on November 1, 1993, and not to correct the November 1,1993 statement in subsequent forward-looking projections, that Burlington. Coat Factory would earn between $1.20 to $1.30 per share in fiscal year 1994____
Complaint, ¶ 37.
Plaintiffs' allegations do not suffice. In asserting that there was "no reasonable basis" for the November 1, 1993, earnings projection, plaintiffs simply mouth the required conclusion of law. See Glassman, 90 F.3d at 629-30. Plaintiffs' Complaint contains a number of vague factual assertions regarding the period prior to November 1, 1993, but plaintiffs have failed to link any of these allegations to their claim that the November 1 forecast was actionably unsound when made. The earnings projection claim therefore fails Rule 9(b)'s heightened pleading requirements.
The existence of these unlinked factual allegations, however, precludes us from holding that the Complaint is so bereft of facts, as the Glassman complaint was held to be, see id., that granting plaintiffs the opportunity to replead would be futile. On remand, therefore, plaintiffs should be given the opportunity to attempt to recast this claim in terms that satisfy Rule 9(b).
We turn next to the duties to correct and update an earnings projection.
Duties to Update and Correct
Plaintiffs also assert that BCF had a duty to correct the November 1, 1993, expression of comfort with the analysts' projections. In particular, plaintiffs point to the refusal of BCF's CEO, Monroe Milstein, in an interview given to Reuters — reported on March 22, 1994 — to comment on analysts' earnings projections for both the third quarter of 1994 and the full year. Plaintiffs assert that on March 22,1994, and at other unspecified points in time after November 1,1993, defendants had had a duty to correct the November 1 earnings projection. Although plaintiffs characterize their claim as a "duty to correct" claim, they appear to be asserting both a duty to correct and a duty to update.
The Seventh Circuit explained in Stransky v. Cummins Engine Co., Inc., 51 F.3d 1329 (7th Cir.1995), that the duty to correct is analytically different from the duty to update, although litigants, as appears to be the case here, often fail to distinguish between the two. Id. at 1331. As the Stransky court pointed out, a Section 10(b) plaintiff ordinarily is required to identify a specific statement made by the company and then explain either (1) how the statement was materially misleading or (2) how it omitted a fact that made the statement materially misleading. Id. The duties to update and correct are two other avenues of finding a duty to disclose that "have been kicked around by courts, litigants and academics alike." Id.; cf. William B. Gwyn, Jr. and W. Christopher Matton, The Duty to Update the Forecasts, Predictions, and Projections of Public Companies, 24 Sec.Reg.L.J. 366 (1997); Robert H. Rosenblum, An Issuer's Duty Under Rule lOb-B to Correct and Update Materially Misleading Statements, 40 Cath. U.L.Rev. 289 (1991).
(a) Duty to Correct
The Stransky court articulated the duty to correct as applying:
when a company makes a historical statement that, at the time made, the company believed to be true, but as revealed by subsequently discovered information actually was not. The company then must correct the prior statement within a reasonable time.
51 F.3d at 1331-32 (emphasis added); see also Bachman v. Polaroid Corp., 910 F.2d 10, 16-17 (1st Cir.1990) (m banc) ("Obviously, if a disclosure is in fact misleading when made, and the speaker thereafter learns of this, there is a duty to correct it.") (emphasis added). We have no quarrel with the Stransky articulation, except to note that we think the duty to correct can also apply to a certain narrow set of forward-looking statements. We will attempt to illustrate the kinds of circumstances we have in mind with an example.
Imagine the following situation. A public company in Manhattan makes a forecast that appears to it to be reasonable at the time made. Subsequently, the company discovers that it misread a vital piece of data that went into its forecast. Perhaps a fax sent by the company's factory manager in some remote location was blurry and was reasonably misread by management in Manhattan as representing sales for the past quarter as 100,000 units as opposed 10,000 units. Manhattan management then makes an erroneous forecast based on the information it has at the time. A few weeks later, management receives the correct sales figures by mail. So long as the correction in the sales figures was material to the forecast that was disclosed earlier, we think there would likely be a duty on the part of the company to disclose either the corrected figures or a corrected forecast. In other words, there is an implicit representation in any forecast (or statement of historical fact) that errors of the type we have identified will be corrected. This duty derives from the implicit factual representation that a public company makes whenever it makes a forecast, ie., that the forecast was reasonable at the time made. What is crucial to recognize is that the error, albeit an honest one, was one that had to do with information available at the time the forecast was made and that the error in the information was subsequently discovered. Cf. Rudolph v. Arthur Andersen & Co., 800 F.2d 1040, 1043-44 (11th Cir.1986) (distinguishing between information that is subsequently discovered that shows a report to have been erroneous at the time made (where a duty to correct might exist) and ordinary subsequently developing information that might reflect on the report, but does not show it to have been inaccurate at the time made (where there is no duty to correct)).
Plaintiffs phrase their claim as based on a "duty to correct." Earlier in the opinion, we explained that plaintiffs' attack on the reasonableness of the earnings forecast failed because plaintiffs had not met their duty of pleading an adequate set of specific factual allegations from which one could reasonably infer that the November 1,1993, forecast was made unreasonably. Similarly, as to the "duty to correct" claim, plaintiffs have failed to allege how and what the specific error or set of errors might have been that went into the November 1, 1993, forecast. Nor have the plaintiffs identified the specific times at which those errors were discovered, so as to allow correction and trigger defendants' alleged duty. Therefore, the "duty to correct" claim (to the extent one is being made) fails Rule 9(b)'s pleading standards. In any event, we think plaintiffs' claim is better characterized as a "duty to update" claim.
(b) Duty to Update
The duty to update, in contrast to the duty to correct, concerns statements that, although reasonable at the time made, become misleading when viewed in the context of subsequent events. See Greenfield v. Heublein, Inc., 742 F.2d 751, 758 (3rd Cir.1984); Backman, 910 F.2d at 17. In Greenfield, we explained that updating might be required if a prior disclosure "[had] become materially misleading in light of subsequent events." 742 F.2d at 758; cf. Time Warner, 9 F.3d at 267. However, although we have generally recognized that a duty to update might exist under certain circumstances, we have not clarified when such circumstances might exist. Cf. Phillips, 881 F.2d at 1245; Greenfield, 742 F.2d at 758-60; Backman, 910 F.2d at 17 (the duty arises only under "spe eial circumstances"). Specifically, we have not addressed the question of whether a duty to update might exist for ordinary, run-of-the-mill forecasts, such as the earnings projection in this case.
At issue here is the statement of BCF's CAO on November 1, 1993, that he was comfortable with analyst projections of $1.20 to $1.30 as a mid-range for earnings per share in fiscal 1994. Plaintiffs' argument appears to be that, as BCF obtained information in the period subsequent to November 1, 1993, that would have produced a material change in the earnings projection for fiscal 1994, there was an ongoing duty to disclose this information. In essence then, the claim is that the disclosure of a single specific forecast produced a continuous duty to update the public with either forecasts or hard information that would in anyway change a reasonable investor's perception of the originally forecasted range. We decline to hold that the disclosure of a single, ordinary earnings forecast can produce such an expansive set of disclosure obligations.
For a plaintiff to allege that a duty to update a forward-looking statement arose on account of an earlier-made projection, the argument has to be that the projection contained an implicit factual representation that remained "alive" in the minds of investors as a continuing representation. Cf. Stransky, 51 F.3d at 1333 (in determining the scope of liability that a forward-looking statement can produce, one looks to the implicit factual representations therein); Kowal v. MCI Communications Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1277 (D.C.Cir.1994). Determining whether such a representation is implicit in an ordinary forecast is a function of what a reasonable investor expects as a result of the background regulatory structure. In particular, we note three features of the existing federal securities disclosure apparatus:
1.Except for specific periodic reporting requirements (primarily the requirements to file quarterly and annual reports), there is no general duty on the part of a company to provide the public with all material information. See Time Warner, 9 F.3d at 267 ("a corporation is not required to disclose a fact merely because a reasonable investor would very much like to know that fact"). Thus, possession of material nonpublic information alone does not create a duty to disclose it. See Shaw, 82 F.3d at 1202; Roeder v. Alpha Indus., Inc., 814 F.2d 22, 26 (1st Cir.1987) (citing Chiarella v. United States, 445 U.S. 222, 235 [100 S.Ct. 1108, 1118, 63 L.Ed.2d 348] (1980)).
2. Equally well settled is the principle that an accurate report of past successes does not contain an implicit representation that the trend is going to continue, and hence does not, in and of itself, obligate the company to update the public as to the state of the quarter in progress. See Shaw, 82 F.3d at 1202; Raab v. General Physics Corp., 4 F.3d 286, 289 (4th Cir.1993); In re Convergent Technologies Sec. Litig., 948 F.2d 507, 513-14 (9th Cir.1991) (rejecting plaintiffs' contention that accurate reporting of past results "misled investors by implying that [the company] expected the upward first quarter trend to continue throughout the year"); Zucker v. Quasha, 891 F.Supp. 1010, 1015 (D.N.J.), aff'd, 82 F.3d 408 (3rd Cir.1996).
3. Finally, the existing regulatory structure is aimed at encouraging companies to make and disclose internal forecasts by protecting them from liability for disclosing internal forecasts that, although reasonable when made, turn out to be wrong in hindsight. See Stransky, 51 F.3d at 1333. Companies are not obligated either to produce or disclose internal forecasts, and if they do, they are protected from liability, except to the extent that the forecasts were unreasonable when made. See Glassman, 90 F.3d at 631. The regulatory structure seeks to encourage companies to disclose forecasts by providing companies with some protection from liability. However, where it comes to affirmative disclosure requirements, the current regulatory scheme focuses on backward-looking "hard" information, not forecasts. See id. (citing Frank H. Easterbrook and Daniel R. Fischel, The Economic Structure of Corporate Law, 305-06 (1991)). Increasing the obligations associated with disclosing reasonably made internal forecasts is likely to deter companies from providing this information — a result contrary to the SEC's goal of encouraging the voluntary disclosure of company forecasts. Cf. Stransky, 51 F.3d at 1333; Raab, 4 F.3d at 290.
Based on features one and two, we do not think it can be said that an ordinary earnings projection contains an implicit representation on the part of the company that it will update the investing public with all material information that relates to that forecast. Under existing law, the market knows that companies have neither a specific obligation to disclose internal forecasts nor a general obligation to disclose all material information. Shaw, 82 F.3d at 1202 & 1209. We conclude that ordinary, run-of-the-mill forecasts contain no more than the implicit representation that the forecasts were made reasonably and in good faith. Cf. Stransky, 51 F.3d at 1333; Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1277. Just as the accurate disclosure of a line of past successes has been ruled not to contain the implication that the current period is going just as well, see Gross, 93 F.3d at 994, disclosure of a specific earnings forecast does not contain the implication that the forecast will continue to hold good even as circumstances change.
Finally, the federal securities laws, as they stand today, aim at encouraging companies to disclose their forecasts. A judicially created rule that triggers a duty of continuous disclosure of all material information every time a single specific earnings forecast is disclosed would likely result in a drastic reduction in the number of such projections made by companies. It is these specific earnings projections that are the most useful to investors in deciding whether to invest in a firm's securities. Cf. Marx v. Computer Sciences Corp., 507 F.2d 485, 489 (noting the importance of earnings projections to investors who are assessing the value of a stock); John S. Poole, Improving the Reliability of Management Forecasts, 14 J. Corp. L. 547, 548 & 558 (1989) (noting both the importance to investors of projections of future financial performance and the problem of using these forecasts where companies make them vague). The only types of projections that would be exempt from the duty of continuous disclosure advocated by plaintiffs, and hence the only types of projections that would likely be disclosed under the rule proposed by plaintiffs, would be vague expressions of hope and optimism that are of little use to investors. See, e.g., Lewis v. Chrysler Corp., 949 F.2d 644, 652-53 (3rd Cir.1991); Raab, 4 F.3d at 289. Therefore, apart from the fact that plaintiffs' disclosure theory has no support in the existing regulatory structure, adopting it would severely undermine the goal of encouraging the maximal disclosure of information useful to investors. Cf. Hill-son, 42 F.3d at 219 (increasing the level of liability for projections would produce a result contrary to the goals of full disclosure that underlie the federal securities laws). In sum, under the existing disclosure apparatus, the voluntary disclosure of an ordinary earnings forecast does not trigger any duty to update.
We pause to reemphasize that the circumstances in Greenfield and Phillips, two eases in which we recognized that a duty to update might exist, were vastly different from the situation at hand: the disclosure of an ordinary earnings projection. In both Greenfield and Phillips, the initial disclosures that were argued to have triggered the duty to update involved information about events that could fundamentally change the natures of the companies involved. Specifically, both cases involved takeover attempts, and the plaintiffs were claiming that they should have been updated with information as to these attempts. See Greenfield, 742 F.2d at 758-59; Phillips, 881 F.2d at 1239 & 1245. Where the initial disclosure relates to the announcement of a fundamental change in the course the company is likely to take, there may be room to read in an implicit representation by the company that it will update the public with news of any radical change in the company's plans — e.g., news that the merger is no longer likely to take place. Cf. Phillips, 881 F.2d at 1246 (noting that "[f]ew markets shift as quickly and dramatically as the securities market, especially where a publicly traded company has been 'put in play' by a hostile suitor. The . statements were broad and unequivocal, providing no contingency for changing circumstances . [and could] fairly be read as a statement by the Partnership that, no matter what happened, it would not change its intentions."). But finding a duty to update a disclosure of a takeover threat is a far cry from finding a duty to update as simple earnings forecast which, if anything, contains a clear implication that circumstances underlying it are likely to change.
B. Leave to Amend
Plaintiffs' final contention is that the district court erred in denying them leave to replead. The district court granted defendants' motion to dismiss on both Rule 12(b)(6) and Rule 9(b) grounds. Plaintiffs had requested that, in the event their Complaint was dismissed, they be given leave to replead. The court, however, dismissed the action in its entirety.
As a general matter, we review the district court's denial of leave to amend for abuse of discretion. See Lorenz v. CSX Corp., 1 F.3d 1406, 1413 (3rd Cir.1993); De Jesus v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 87 F.3d 65, 71 (2nd Cir.1996). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides that "leave [to amend] shall be freely given when justice so requires." Glassman, 90 F.3d at 622. The Supreme Court has cautioned that although "the grant or denial of an opportunity to amend is within the discretion of the District Court, . outright refusal to grant the leave without any justifying reason appearing for the denial is not an exercise of that discretion; it is merely an abuse of that discretion and inconsistent with the spirit of the Federal Rules." Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 S.Ct. 227, 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962). Among the grounds that could justify a denial of leave to amend are undue delay, bad faith, dilatory motive, prejudice, and futility. Id.; Lorenz, 1 F.3d at 1414; Glassman, 90 F.3d at 622.
The district court made no finding that plaintiffs acted in bad faith or in an effort to prolong litigation; nor did the court find that defendants would have been unduly prejudiced by the amendment. Cf. Glassman, 90 F.3d at 622. We are left to conclude, therefore, that the denial of leave to amend was based on the court's belief that amendment would be futile. In fact, in discussing this issue, defendants' brief starts out by urging us to affirm the district court's denial of leave to amend because "any attempted additional amendment of that pleading would be futile." (Appellees' Br. at 43) (citation and internal quotation omitted). "Futility" means that the complaint, as amended, would fail to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Glassman, 90 F.3d at 623 (citing 3 Moore's Federal Practice ¶15.08[4], at 15-80 (2d ed.1993)). In assessing "futility," the district court applies the same standard of legal sufficiency as applies under Rule 12(b)(6). Id. (citing 3 Moore's at ¶ 15.08[4], at 15-81). The district court here rejected plaintiffs' claims on both Rule 12(b)(6) and Rule 9(b) grounds.
Ordinarily where a complaint is dismissed on Rule 9(b) "failure to plead with particularity" grounds alone, leave to amend is granted. See Shapiro, 964 F.2d at 278; Luce v. Edelstein, 802 F.2d 49, 56-57 (2nd Cir.1986); Yoder v. Orthomolecular Nutrition Institute, Inc., 751 F.2d 555, 561-62 & n.6 (2nd Cir.1985) (citation omitted). However, the Complaint in this case was plaintiffs' second. Further, plaintiffs not only had approximately four months between the initially filed complaints and the revised, consolidated complaint that is at issue here, but the Complaint appears to have represented the efforts of not one, but four different, law firms. Hence, it is conceivable that the district court could have found undue delay or prejudice to the defendants. But the court made no such determination, and we cannot make that determination on the record before us. Therefore, to the extent we can affirm the district court's determinations on Rule 12(b)(b) grounds alone (i.e., for futility, see Glassman, 90 F.3d at 623), we shall affirm the denial of leave to replead. These claims would not survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion even if pled with more particularity. See Luce, 802 F.2d at 56-57. But, where the district court's dismissals can be justified only on Rule 9(b) particularity grounds we reverse the denial of leave to replead. See id. On the latter set of claims, we borrow the words of the Second Circuit that "because we are hesitant to preclude the prosecution of a possibly meritorious claim because of defects in the pleadings, we believe that the plaintiffs should be afforded an additional, albeit final opportunity, to conform the pleadings to Rule 9(b)." Ross v. A.H. Robins Co., 607 F.2d 545, 547 (2nd Cir.1979).
IV.
We conclude that the Complaint survives scrutiny under Rule 12(b)(6) to the extent that it alleges: (1) that the defendants overstated BCF's quarterly income by 2-3 cents per share in each quarter of fiscal year 1994; (2) that management's expression of "comfort" with analysts' projections of a mid-range of earnings of $1.20 to $1.30 per share for fiscal 1994 was unreasonable when made. Neither of these claims, however, survives Rule 9(b)'s particularity requirements. Ordinarily, complaints dismissed under Rule 9(b) are dismissed with leave to amend. See Luce, 802 F.2d at 56. As best we can tell from the district court's opinion, the reason for the denial of leave to amend here appears to be that the court thought plaintiffs had failed the threshold burden of stating claims that could survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. However, since we hold that the above-mentioned claims did pass Rule 12(b)(6) we reverse the court's denial of leave to amend on these claims. In all other respects, we affirm the district court.
.Asserting that the market in BCF's stock was "efficient" is relevant to plaintiffs, such as those here, who are attempting to use the "fraud on the market" theory to satisfy the reliance requirement in a Section 10(b) claim. See, e.g., Daniel R. Fischel, Efficient Capital Markets, The Crash, and the Fraud on the Market Theory, 74 Cornell L.Rev. 907, 908-12 (1989) (describing both the "fraud on the market" theory and its link to the efficient market hypothesis); Jonathan Macey, et al., Lessons From Financial Economics: Materiality, Reliance, and Extending the Reach of Basic v. Levinson, 77 Va.L.Rev. 1017 (1991); see also n. 8, infra.
. As of May 11, 1994, there were 41,119,463 shares of BCF's common stock outstanding. The stock ownership figures and percentages are those alleged in the Complaint.
. Excluded from the class are defendants, their immediate families, the officers, directors, and affiliates of BCF, members of their immediate families, and any trusts or entities which they control.
. The claims abandoned on appeal are (1) that BCF, by stating that the company " '[c]ontinue[s] to anticipate funding most of [its] growth through internal profits!,]' " misrepresented "that BCF's store expansion program would be internally funded, when in truth BCF was borrowing heavily to fund that expansion" and (2) that "defendants, in promoting the store expansion program, [misrepresented] . that 95% of all new stores were profitable within six months, and that the new stores were opened efficiently and without great expense."
. Section 10(b) prohibits the "use or employ[ment], in connection with the purchase or sale of any security, . [of] any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in contravention of such rules and regulations as the Commission may prescribe." 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b). Rule lob-5, in turn, makes it illegal "[t]o make any untrue . statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made in die light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading . in connection with the purchase or sale of any security." 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5(b).
. The parties do not contend that the recently enacted Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the "Reform Act") applies to this case. Cf. Hockey v. Medhekar, 1997 WL 203704, *3-4 (N.D.Cal.1997) (holding that the Reform Act applies only to class actions filed after December 22, 1995). We note, however, that Section 21(D)(b)(2) of the Reform Act requires that complaints brought under Rule 10b-5 "state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the requisite state of mind." 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2); see also Friedberg v. Discreet Logic, Inc., 959 F.Supp. 42, 46 (D.Mass.1997); John C. Coffee, Jr.,The Future of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act: Or, Why the Fat Lady Has Not Yet Sung, 51 Bus.Law. 975, 978-79 (1996).
. Under existing law, where purchasers or sellers of stock have been able to identify a specific false representation of material fact or omission that makes a disclosed statement materially misleading, a private right of action lies under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5. See Hayes v. Gross, 982 F.2d 104, 106 (3rd Cir.1992). Plaintiffs, however, did not merely assert that defendants made affirmative misstatements in and omissions from disclosed statements. They also alleged that defendants had failed to comply with affirmative disclosure requirements under "Item 303 of Regulation S-K." Complaint, ¶ 12. Plaintiffs tell us that under Item 303 defendants had a duty to "report all trends, demands or uncertainties that were reasonably likely to (i) impact BCF's liquidity; (ii) impact BCF's net sales, revenue and/or income; and/or (iii) cause previously reported financial information not to be indicative of future operating results." Complaint, ¶ 12; see also 17 C.F.R. § 229.303.
It is an open issue whether violations of Item 303 create an independent cause of action for private plaintiffs. See Shaw, 82 F.3d at 1222 (declining to reach the issue); In re Wells Fargo Sec. Litig., 12 F.3d 922, 930 n. 6 (9th Cir.1993) (same); In re Canandaigua Sec. Litig., 944 F. Supp. 1202, 1209 n. 4 (S.D.N.Y.1996) ("far from certain that the requirement that there be a duty to disclose under Rule 10b-5 may be satisfied by importing the disclosure duties from S-K 303").
We do not need to reach this issue, however, because it has not been raised on appeal.
. The "fraud on the market" theory accords plaintiffs in Rule 10b-5 class actions a rebuttable presumption of reliance if plaintiffs bought or sold their securities in an "efficient" market. See Donald C. Langevoort, Theories, Assumptions and Securities Regulation: Market Efficiency Revisited, 140 U.Pa.L.Rev. 851, 889-91 (1992); see also Shaw, 82 F.3d at 1218. Plaintiffs using this theory need not show that they actually knew of the communication that contained the misrepresentation or omission. Instead, plaintiffs are accorded the presumption of reliance based on the theory that, in an efficient market the misinformation directly affects the stock prices at which the investor trades and thus, through the inflated or deflated price, causes injury even in the absence of direct reliance. See Basic, Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 241-42, 108 S.Ct. 978, 988-89, 99 L.Ed.2d 194 (1988) (theory presumes that the plaintiffs relied on market integrity to accurately and adequately incorporate the company's value into the price of the security); see also Langevoort, Market Efficiency at 890-91. Therefore, in order to avail themselves of the fraud on the market theory and the benefit of not having to plead specific reliance on the alleged misstatement or omission, plaintiffs have to allege that the stock in question traded on an open and efficient market. See Hayes v. Gross, 982 F.2d 104, 107 (3rd Cir.1992); Peil v. Speiser, 806 F.2d 1154, 1161 (3rd Cir.1986). It is undisputed that plaintiffs have met this burden.
. Defendants do not attempt to suggest that the alleged earnings per share overstatements of 2-3 cents themselves should be ruled immaterial. Indeed, earnings reports are among the pieces of data that investors find most relevant to their investment decisions. In deciding whether to buy or sell a security, reasonable investors often rely on estimates or projections of the underlying firm's future earnings. Sec Wielgos v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 892 F.2d 509, 514 (7th Cir.1989). Information concerning the firm's current and past earnings is likely to be relevant in predicting what future earnings might be. See Glassman v. Computervision Corp., 90 F.3d 617, 626 (1st Cir.1996). Thus, information about a company's past and current earnings is likely to be highly "material." Cf. Louis Lowenstein, Financial Transparency and Corporate Governance: You Manage What You Measure, 96 Colum.L.Rev. 1335, 1355 (marketplaces an "enormous emphasis" on earnings reports); Victor Brudney and William W. Bratton, Corporate Finance A-l (1993) ("The issuance of an income statement is often preceded or followed by increased market activity in the company's shares.").
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Security EDA Extension through P1687.1 and 1687 Callbacks. IEEE International Test Conference (ITC 2021), Oct 2021, Anaheim (CA), United States. pp.344-353, ⟨10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00050⟩. ⟨hal-03629319⟩
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Security EDA Extension through P1687.1 and 1687 Callbacks Michele Portolan, V. Reynaud, Paolo Maistri Régis Leveugle,
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Leveugle Giorgio Di Natale Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP 1, TIMA, 38000 Grenoble, France {name.surname}@univ-grenoble-alpes.fr
Abstract— In recent years, the world of VLSI testing has been living a huge transformation pushed by constraints and requirements coming from a large variety of sources and applications. The traditional need for higher accessibility and controllability led to solutions such as IEEE 1687, while the need for reuse is pushing for innovations like P1687.1. All the while, these same features are raising security concerns for malicious attacks or reverse engineering. Standards usual approach of relying on Domain-Specific Languages to convey information to the EDA tools has difficulty in handling such disparate and often conflicting needs, with the risk of a dangerous proliferation of custom and incompatible solutions. In this paper, we show how the usage of Callbacks, defined in P1687.1, can help solve this issue. Keywords— Automated Test Environments, Domain-Specific Languages, Callbacks, Reconfigurable Scan Networks, Secure Access, Authentication INTRODUCTION
Today’s System-on-Chips (SoCs) are subject to extremely different and often contradictory requirements. On the one hand, their usage in critical applications such as automotive pushes for functional safety and high reliability, both in terms of screening for fabrication defaults and in life-time error detection and handling. During the years, several standards for Design for Test (DfT) have been developed to help achieve high testing quality and ease access to embedded resources, the most important and widespread being the derivation of the IEEE 1149.1 (JTAG) [1], such as IEEE 1500 [2] and more recently IEEE 1687 [3] and P1687.1 [4]. These standards propose both common hardware constructs to allow plug-andplay composition of resources developed by different actors and software automation thanks to Domain-Specific Languages. On the other hand, SoCs are increasingly carrying confidential or sensitive information: DfT can easily become an Achilles’ heel for malicious attackers trying to tamper with the system. While solutions have been proposed to secure parts of the DfT infrastructure, they often require important modifications to both the hardware and, more importantly, the automation flow: the incorporation of non-standard features requires a huge amount of workaround and/or custom software patches, considerably slowing down widespread adoption and time-to-market. The problem of Security, from a Standard’s point of view, is its evolution speed: Fault Models depend on physical and fabrication characteristics of a given technology. Once they 1 Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes have been specified, they will of course be refined by new research and characterization, but the basis will remain the same and therefore the same standard will be able to treat them with minimal modification. For instance, IEEE 1149.1 [1] did not change much from its first issue in 1991. On the other hand, new Attacks are developed at an alarming speed and they purposefully aim the weakest points of a system. Updating a Standard is a long and fastidious process and it unfeasible to do it for each new threat. It is therefore fundamental to provide easy ways of extending it while maintaining a stable base, so that custom solutions can be added in a timely fashion : ideally, the best one will eventually be included in future Revisions. In our previous works, we showed how the Automated Test Flow itself can be extended thanks to P1687.1 Callbacks [5], and how a dynamic challenge/response authentication mechanism can be included inside an IEEE 1687 flow [4]. In this paper, we will leverage these approaches to propose a fully unified solution that allows plug-and-play deployment of integrated Security features inside a Standard Automated Test Flow. The paper is organized as follows: first we will provide a State of the Art of the current solutions, both in terms of Security and Automated Flow. Section 2 will introduce our approach, which in Section 3 will be applied to the security field, most notably by leveraging the Encrypted SIB. Lastly, Section 4 will draw conclusions and point out future evolutions. 1 STATE OF THE ART 1.1 Scan Securization methods
The security of the test infrastructure can be addressed according to two main issues: access control and confidentiality. In this section, we summarize the latest state of the art with respect to these two problems. Access control to the test infrastructure aims at allowing only authorized users to access the internal state of the scan chain. This addresses the major issue of using the test port as a backdoor to the system, without resorting to definitive techniques such as physically removing the connection (e.g., fuse blowing, removing the connector, etc.). Such definitive techniques are useless facing some categories of attackers and are not acceptable when the test port is also used for in-field monitoring or updates. The basic principle of access control is that only users with an authentication token (usually, a secret key) can access the scan chain. Such mechanism should have minimal impact on the cost and performance of the test controller, while at the same time being secure and with adjustable granularity. Several different users (or categories of users) might require different access privileges to the system. The opportunity of changing the secret key discourages hardwiring the access condition into the circuit, as in [6]: their solution, named Locking SIB, uses a Boolean condition on the content of additional scan flip-flops, added to the existing scan chain, to open a Segment Insertion Bit (SIB), but it is vulnerable to replay attacks as well. This vulnerability is addressed in solutions based on challenge-response protocols, such as Fine-Grained Access (FGA) [7] or Segment-Set Authorization Keys (SSAK) [8]. These solutions exploit a secret previously shared and generate a session-dependent access key starting from a random value, generated in the circuit, and exchanged through the scan chain. The above solutions, based on a robust protocol, ensure that the internal state of the circuit is accessible only to authorized users. In these circumstances, hence, an attacker is not able to tamper with the circuit but may still be able to eavesdrop and monitor the exchanges over the scan chain. This can be addressed by encrypting the scan data transiting over an insecure channel, such as the test port. Test vectors are encrypted on the server before sending the values to the test port, and need to be correctly decrypted in the chip before being used. Likely, the test results are encrypted before leaving the sensitive region in the chip, and will be decrypted off-chip by the tester with the proper key. The choice of the most suitable cryptographic primitive depends on the targeted tradeoff between security, flexibility, and cost. Block ciphers are well-known and robust [9], but their fixed block size is not suited to encrypt sequences of varying length, such as Reconfigurable Scan Chains (RSNs)RSNs, and padding is nonetheless required if the total length does not correspond to an integer number of blocks. In this respect, stream ciphers are more flexible [10], as they are able to provide an endless stream to mask the test vectors, independent of the length or structure of the scan network. Stream ciphers produce an encrypted output, bit by bit, starting from a secret key and an Initialization Vector (IV): while the former is usually chosen by the user (or the designer), the latter has to be provided by the circuit in order to avoid potential attacks by a malicious user. Hardwiring the IV into the circuit is a possibility [11], but in this case the stream cipher can be broken by analyzing the stream output. The circuit should hence be able to generate itself a random IV value, which can be shared to the user by extending the Instruction Set of the Test Controller [12]. Security is still preserved, as the user can read such value, but not able to control it. In general, the encryption process has been proposed on the full test vector: once inside the SoC, considered as a trusted region, the data is decrypted and used, and responses are reencrypted before reaching the scan-out port. If several blocks (IPs) are in the same scan chain, each of them can intercept the decrypted flow. In order to allow testing both secure and insecure IPs on the same scan path, cryptographic primitives should be placed at the interface of each protected segment: by doing so, insecure IPs would not be able to read the protected parts of the test vector. A first solution has been proposed in [13], where an Encryption SIB (eSIB) extends the Secure SIB (SSIB) [7], [8] to include encryption capabilities at negligible cost, but with an additional dynamic constraint. The cost is very low due to the reuse of authentication circuitry. In global approaches, the generation of the key stream is straightforward, as the encryption process is synchronous with the test vector; if confidentiality is used at IP-level, then the encrypted stream has to be properly aligned at the input and the output of the protected instrument. Moreover, the process is made even more complex if the structure of the scan chain is reconfigurable, which requires the tester to have a dynamic model representative of the internal state of the system. The approach and tool presented in this paper provide an efficient solution to this problem. 1.2 Automated Test Flow and Domain-Specific Languages
The term « Automated Test Flow » resumes all the steps that allow to generate and execute test operations on a given System Under Test. The principle, depicted in Figure 1, is pretty simple: a Test Generation Tool (TGT) is given a set of files containing information about the Design and its Designfor-Test (DfT) features, combines them with a set of Targets (typically, the Fault Models) and obtains a set of output files: these might be both Pattern files and other types of DfT files. This process can be iterated several times with different TGTs, and the final set of Output files is sent to the Execution backend to be applied to the Design Under Test.
Generation Execution
Test Target
s
DfT Information Test Generation Tool(s) Output Files To DUT Figure 1 Traditional Test Generation Flow
As an example, this could be a typical sequence: 1) Input: Synthethised Verilog Netlist Targets: ATPG Insertion Output: Verilog with Inserted Scan Chains 2) Input: Verilog with Inserted Scan Chains Targets: ATPG Generation Output: STIL pattern file 3) Input: Verilog with Inserted Scan Chains + STIL pattern file Targets: Scan Compression Output: Verilog with Test Compression + Compressed STIL pattern file 4) Input: Verilog with Test Compression + Compressed STIL pattern file Targets: JTAG Wrapping Output: BSDL + SVF pattern file The exact sequence depends of course on the DfT/Design strategies, the EDA Toolchain and the Execution backend, but there is a common basis: information exchange through files. For this, the Test Flow provides a multitude of DomainSpecific Languages (DSL), i.e. languages able to provide information about a particular step. While each EDA provider has his own set of DSLs, the necessity of simplification and inter-operability quickly pushed for a development of a common set of DSLs. Each standard has at least one: 1149.1 [1] has BSDL, 1500 CTL[2], 1687 ICL and PDL [2], etc. While Hardware Description Languages like Verilog and VHDL focus on the hardware itself (“What is the Design”) with synthesis in mind, Test DSLs rather focus on describing which DfT features described in a given Standard are implemented (“What is inside the design?”) and TGT tools aim at using them. This is possible because Test Standards usually prescribe a set of DfT constructs in their Hardware parts, so the DSL does not need to explain their functioning. For instance, 1149.1 dictates that a compliant system must have a standardized TAP controller connected to one Instruction Register (IR) and one or more Test Data Registers (TDR), as depicted in Figure 2. It also specifies the expected behavior of the System when a set of Instructions is loaded in the IR. "HIGHZ(1110),"& "CLAMP(1111),"& "PROBE(0000),"& "BYPASS(1111)" This allows DSL files to be simple to generate and parse, effectively streamlining the EDA flow. Unfortunately, this comes with a major limitation: true to their name, DSLs can only describe what it in their Domain, i.e. what is in the original scope of the Standard. This puts a serious strain on evolution. To keep on the 1149.1 example, BSDL is only able to describe daisy-chain or star topologies, so when designers started to devise more creative connections they were forced to make custom modifications to both BSDL and EDA tools. A famous example is the BSCAN2 Scan Linker [15]: it is pretty much a “TAP of TAPs”, that can connect up to 8 TAPs to a single JTAG port, and whose selection follows the same principles of a normal TAP. Regardless of its apparent simplicity, to the authors’ best knowledge there is no Standard support yet for this component, and each EDA company needs to implement custom code to use it. This is because the “intent” of BSCAN2 is impossible to express not only in BSDL, but in all existing DSLs. Even 1687’s Instrument Connection Language (ICL) cannot be used, because its application domain is behind a TAP, not before. Up to now the solution has been to exploit new standards to add the desired features in new DSLs, but this cat-and-mouse game is reaching its limits because of fast evolution pace of DfT solutions. For instance, the upcoming P2654 and P1687.1 Standard Working groups [4] realized that the variability of Test Interfaces at the system level is so huge that it is impossible to propose a DSL able to support all possible solutions, and are moving toward solutions involving Callbacks, whose principles are described in the following sub-sections. 1.3 Figure 2 Schematic of an 1149.1 System, from [1]
As
a result
, the Boundary Scan Description Language (BSDL
),
simply
has to
enumerate the exist
ing
IRs
and
TDR
s and their
decoding
,
without
needing to detail either their connections, or the Finite State Machine implemented inside the TAP or the effect of the Instructions, as in the following snippet: attribute INSTRUCTION_LENGTH of Top: entity is 4 attribute INSTRUCTION_OPCODE of Top: entity is "EXTEST(0000),"& "SAMPLE(0001),"& "INTEST(0010),"& "ijtag_en(0001),"& "IDCODE(00100),"& System Verilog PI: Callbacks for Simulation In Computer Science, the problem of supporting evolutions in algorithms without a significant impact on source code base is a classical and well-known issue. It is in fact one of the main strengths of Object-Oriented programming: Templates and Software Design Patterns [16] can be used to make the source code modular and make it easy to write and add new modules. Anyway, the addition of a new element (class) requires the recompilation of the whole software. The concept of Callback takes the process a step further: a placeholder is put into the executable code, and at run-time it can be resolved by “calling” a piece of external software, which will process the input data and give “back” the result, as depicted in Figure 3. It is what is called “load linking”, to distinguish it from compilation-time linking. Callbacks are pretty straightforward when both the Main and the Library have been compiled from the same Programming Language, but can become pretty tricky when this is not the case. The key for the successful implementation of a Callback scheme is therefore a clear specification of the input and output data formats. SystemVerilog
S
imulator
DPI Library #include "svdpi.h" [...] extern void exported_sv_func(int, int *); void f1(const int i1, const pair *i2, svLogicVecVal* o3) { [...]} SV Testbench export "DPI-C" function exported_sv_func; import "DPI-C" function void f1(input int i1, pair i2, output logic [63:0] o3);
Figure 3
Callback
Scheme
, from Wikipedia
A famous example in the EDA world is the System Verilog Programming Interface [17], that allows RTL (Register Transfer Level) simulators to execute external code for testbench purposes. Its simplest expression, the Direct Programming Interface (DPI), is composed of two layers: - A SystemVerilog (SV) layer, that defines the data types and functions calls from the Simulator point of view. Functions can either be “imported” (external functions executed in the simulator) or “exported” (SV functions which can be called from the external code). This takes the form of import and export pragmas to be used in the SV testbench file. - A DPI Foreign Language Layer, that defines the Application Programming Interface (API) for a given language to specify argument passing and data type conversion. This takes the form of a normative svdpi.h header that must be provided by all simulators In the standard, only a C layer is given, with the possibility for users to add their own. This is a choice both of simplicity to avoid over-cluttering the standard document and efficiency: most languages provide interfaces to C, which can be used to access the DPI layer. The final setup is depicted in Figure 4: the User source code (left-hand side of the picture) is compiled and linked against SV DPI libraries (not depicted) to obtain an Object Code (in the middle), that is then loaded at run-time by the Simulator into the final SV application (righthand side of the picture). Figure 4 Inclusion of object code into a SystemVerilog application, from [17]
The two layers allow easy symbolic referencing, as depicted in Figure 5 (based on a code example from [17]): on the righthand side, the SystemVerilog layer defines an import and an export point thanks to the related pragmas. On the left-hand side, the C DPI Layer does the same: the import of the svdpi.h layer ensures the usage of compatible types and references.
Figure 5 Symbolic referencing in SV DPI
While the DPI object Library final itself is not directly interoperable, all EDA Tools provide examples and compilation Makefiles and the Standard mandates specific command-line options for the SV compilers, making porting between simulators trivial. Of particular interest in this context is one evolution of the PI concept: the Verification Programming Interface (VPI) [17]. While applying the DPI principle to allow bidirectional communication between the Simulator and the External Code, VPI also proposes a series of data constructs and functions that allow the user to directly interact with the Simulation Model by accessing a common abstraction (the “Model Diagram”) and extracting and modifying internal values from individual RTL elements. 1.4 P1687.1 and P2654: Callbacks for test
The P1687.1 and P2654 Working Groups have both been investigating the issue of Access to the Test infrastructure, even if from different points of view: as an extension of chiplevel DfT for the former, and as a system-level Test Access Management for the latter. Both came to the same conclusions: current DSLs are insufficient for the task, and the high variability of solutions makes it close to impossible to define a “one-solution-fits-all” new language. Even though neither standard is yet complete, the general consensus is to move to a callback-based solution [4], where each Interface implements one or more “Transformations” on the stream of data and commands. The WGs are converging over the definition of the exchange format for these transformations as a derivation of the Relocatable Vector Format introduced in [5], but no decision has been made yet on the exact form the Callbacks method will look like.
EDA EXTENSIONS THROUGH CALLBACKS
In this section, we show how by embracing the Callback model and applying it extensively to the Test Flow it is possible to obtain a complete and flexible support for any arbitrary DfT solution. The solution has been implemented and validated on the MAST tool [18], which is capable of supporting both 1687 and P1687.1. The starting point is an extension of the abstraction of the System Under Test as a set of configurable resources presented in [18] and it is depicted in Figure 6. Tool Kernel EDA TOOL Callback Layer System Model Linker Register Register Chain Register Register Linker Linker A Interface Translator Register Register Register Translator Interface Interface Linker Linker Linker
Figure 6 SUT Functional Abstraction
In the upper half of Figure 6, the Tool Kernel interacts with the System Model, obtained from the DSL files, to perform its operation. Traditionally, this interaction is completely Toolspecific, and it is the reason why any non-standard-compliant solution needs custom code modifications. This modeling must be seen as the first step towards standardization: it is the basis of the DSL that will actually be used by P1687.1 tools. In this paper, we propose to introduce a Callback Layer, on the model of SystemVerilog DPI, allowing users to provide custom code (in the bottom half of the Figure) to extend the support of the EDA tool to any custom elements. This is done in two steps: first, a unified Functional Abstraction Model is provided to represent the system, and then a standardized set of callbacks is associated with the relevant nodes. This can be seen as a novel application of Model Diagram VPI concept to the domain of testing.
2.1 Functional Abstraction Model
We define a “Functional Abstraction Model” as the Minimal Information Set needed by the Tool Kernel to access the SUT, configure its topology and generate Operations on the interface. For this, we need 5 types of nodes: The first two nodes are passive, i.e. they are the target of read/write operations but do not modify the state of the system. For this reason, they do not have any callback associated with them. - A REGISTER (in green): it is the base element of any topology. It can be, for instance, a 1687 Scan register connected to an Instrument. It is the final destination of all write operations and the source of all read operations. - A CHAIN (in yellow): it represents a set of registers connected in sequence (daisy-chain) and that are therefore always accessed together. The other nodes are active, i.e., they can directly modify the state of the SUT either by changing its topology or by issuing operations. They each have a standardized set of callbacks associated with them, which will be detailed in the next section. - A LINKER (in red): it is a hierarchy-enabling element, which allows to select one or more of its child nodes by changing its configuration. It can be, for instance, a 1687 ScanMux. An INTERFACE (in blue): while the previous three nodes are used for retargeting, an Interface role is to translate the chain-level vectors into one or more operations. It could be, for instance, an 1149.1 TAP. In P1687.1 terms, it is often called a DPIC (Device Port Interface Controller) and its role is to generate a flow of RVF packets [5]. - A TRANSLATOR (in brown): its role is to translate operations from one Interface to another. An example could be an I2C-to-JTAG converter. 2.2 Standardized Callback Sets
As introduced earlier, each of the 3 active nodes have a set of callbacks associated with them for interaction with the Tool Kernel. The set depends on their functionality in the System
Model 2.2.1 Linkers: the Path Selector
A topology-enabling element has the role to modify the active path of the circuit depending on its internal status. For instance, a 1687 ScanMux will be connected to another Register Retargeting Domain IR Vectors
SIR
/
SDR
Operations Instruction Register Data Register DR Vectors Linker PathSelector Select(path i) DeSelect(path i) isActive(path
i
) Transaction
Domain 1149.1 TAP element depending on the value of the register identified by the “SelectedBy” statement and the truth table associated with it. Our Linker abstraction depicted in Figure 7, is an extension of this behavior.
Data Register Figure 8 Functional Representation of an 1149.1 TAP Control Linker Path 1 Path n Register Register
We therefore propose as Model an extension of this behavior, depicted in Figure 9: an Interface node can have one or more Endpoints, each one connected to a retargeting domain. Vectors can be delivered to endpoint ‘i’ by calling the related callback with its cardinal number as input parameter. Figure 7 Linker
Abstract Model 2.2.2 Interfaces: the Access Protocol
The role of an Interface, or DPIC in P1687.1 terms, is to provide an interface between two domains: on one side there are one or more retargeting domains, i.e. a series of chains for which it is possible to define input and output vectors, and a Transaction domain, where operations are performed on the Interface itself to deliver the afore-mentioned vectors. The most famous example is the 1149.1 TAP, depicted in Figure 8: a Retargeter can compute vectors to its right-hand side border, which can be applied on the left-hand side by issuing SIR or SDR Operation to deliver them either to the Instruction or Data branch respectively. Please note that the selection of the target Data Register is done inside the retargeting domain thanks to the Linker node defined previously: the TAP itself has no direct mean of choosing it.
Callback(endpoint i) Reset()... RVF Operations Transaction Domain Interface
The Linker commands one ore mode Paths (in this example, connected to a Register each), numbered from 1 to n. The Control Register is saved as a reference, while instead of using a Truth Table like in ICL, we propose a set of 3 standardized callbacks, called a “Path Selector”. - Select(path i): changes the value of the Control Register so that path “i” is selected. When i=0, the Linker is considered to be closed, like for a SIB; - DeSelect(path i): changes the value of the Control Register so that path “i” is no longer selected. If no path is selected anymore, it is equivalent to Select(0); isActive (path i): returns 1 if path i is already selected by Control. It allows the Tool Kernel to query the state of the Linker without needing internal knowledge of it. InterfaceProtocol Endpoint 1 Enpoint n Retargeting Domain
Figure 9 Interface
Abstract
Model A Callback will have as effect to generate one or more Operations in the Transaction domain, each one represented by a RVF packet [5]. The synchronization of this RVF stream with the retargeting domain is left to the Tool. An example of this process can be found in [4].
2.2.3 Translators: the Translator Protocol
In the context of a complete system, being it a board with discrete components or an integrated System-on-Chip, it is often not possible to directly access the first Interface. This can be because of the need to reduce the pin count and therefore share the same resources [15] or because the system requires a completely different access infrastructure [4]. In these cases, the internal Interface is therefore connected with one or more adapters that effectively transform the Operations issued (i.e., the stream of RVF packets) into a different stream. For instance, it could be possible to operate a JTAG interface through an I2C adapter. In all cases, the procedure is always the same: the RVF operations need to be transformed, either by changing their internal data or by altering the stream itself. We therefore propose the model of Figure 10 : conceptually, it is almost the same as an Interface, with the only important difference that the Translator already works on RVF operations, and is not on the boundaries of a Retargeting domain. Translator Protocol Callback(endpoint i) Reset()... RVF Operations Translator Endpoint 1 RVF Operations Enpoint n
Figure 10 Translator Abstract Model 2.3 Optional Callbacks and Nodes
Up to now, we only considered vector-related Operations. In reality, both Interfaces and Translators will have also other types of operations, like Reset or configuration (e.g., setting clock frequency). These operations will of course need to be part of the two protocols, but at this moment in time no clear consensus has been reached in the Working Groups about the nature and number of them. Anyway, another advantage of the Callback method is that it is extremely easy to add new methods that will simply be ignored by older Tools, therefore guaranteeing backward compatibility. Similarly, it is possible to define generic callback-bearing nodes for special behaviors, which will simply be ignored by Tools not supporting them. These solutions would be of course non-standard compliant, but they would still be supported by a P1687.1 Tool with minimal modification. This extensibility capability can be extremely useful to adapt the Flow to sudden changes in the application environment (e.g., the discovery of a new security threat) without waiting for a full Standard Revision, which could take years. We will present an example of this usage in Section 3. 2.4 Simplified ICL Tree: Callbacks-based DSL
As previously stated, the abstraction presented in this Section will ultimately be used as the basis of the P1687.1 DSL, which could be a revision of ICL or a completely new language. For experimentation, we developed a “Simplified ICL Tree” (SIT) language that is in fact a direct representation of this model, and that has already been used for instance in [4]. Without going into the details of a language that is in fact just a sandbox, we will present and comment some examples of its usage in the rest of the paper.
3 SECURITY EXTENSIONS
The domain of Security is an ideal candidate for our Abstraction: the solutions are often based on complex algorithms and precise sequences, which are difficult to express in traditional DSL because their “intent” is purposefully obfuscated and hidden. For this reason, while hardware solutions are relatively widespread, their support by the standard EDA flow is almost non-existent, and they all rely on either heavy pre- and post-processing steps or custom modules inside EDA tools. We will show here how thanks to our abstraction it is possible to have a P1687.1-capable tool handle a completely custom solution, by using our MAST tool [18] as an example platform. All the following examples were validated against RTL simulations.
3.1 Dynamic Authentication through Callbacks
The problem of Authentication-based access like [7], is that the handling of keys is not part of the IEEE 1687 standard, and must therefore be added by the user through custom pre and/or post-processing of the vectors. The solution proposed in [8], and depicted in Figure 11 is radically different: the authentication is part of the configuration algorithm itself thanks to an “SSAK Protocol” that is added to the Tool Kernel. SIB SSAK Controller S2IB RegHI Figure 11: Fully Automated Authentication
[8]
The SSAK protocol is actually divided in two parts: the SSAK Controller that is responsible for the challenge/response itself, and one or more S2IB muxes associated to critical elements (RegHI), identified by a cardinal number, that can be opened only when the
authentication
has been successful [7]. This type of complex inter-
dependency
is extremely difficult, if not close to impossible, to express in
traditional DSL
. In our
modeling
, we followed exactly the SSAK protocol: we defined two PathSelectors, one responsible for the Controller, and the other for the S2IB. For the Controller, Select/Deselect will trigger an Authentication sequence. The S2IB PathSelector will query the status of the Controller and either trigger a Challenge/Response or directly open the Mux. The SIT representation of the system of Figure 11is a direct mirror of this scheme, as shown below.
1. 2. 3. SIB SSAK_S
IB
POST HIGH ( LINKER SSAK_Controller SSAK SSAK_CONTROL_REG 1 "0x72c4358f5a8a07af3d0f7d560a872a2b 13" 4. ( 5. REGISTER SSAK_CONTROL_REG 128 ) 6. ) 7. REGISTER S2IB_1_ctrl 1 8. LINKER S2IB_1 S2IB SSAK_Controller,S2IB_1_ctrl
1
"1"
9.
(
10.
REGISTER regHI
12 11.
) 12. )
Line 3 defines the “SSAK_Controller” Path Selector, notably providing the SSAK key and the maximal number of supported S2IBs. Line 8 instantiates a S2IB, providing both the link to the SSAK_Controller to which it depends on and its cardinal position in the secure chain. The MAST tool exploits the two identifiers in line 3 and 8 to look for the right callbacks following the same principles of SystemVerilog DPI introduced in Section 1.3. 3.2 Scan Encryption Through Callbacks
The other typical solution to provide security is to encrypt the stream of data being exchanged over the TAP. Even though conceptually simple, this solution is quite complex to implement in terms of software: the coding/encoding operation depends on the length of the scan chains and therefore requires some important pre and post processing steps to correctly adapt the bitstream [19]. In P1687.1 terms, on the other hand, the solution is quite simple: a stream cypher is in fact a Translator node whose callback modifies the data content of each RVF packet. The setup is depicted in Figure 12, using the Trivium stream cypher. The XOR gates are controlled by the encryption stream provided by the Trivium coprocessor (or another encryption processor) used for the global securisation scheme. The overhead is therefore negligible, but in case of malicious IP inserted in the circuit, the flow of data is protected as illustrated in Figure 14. A Challenge/Response protocol, as introduced in Section 3.1, is used to initialize the Encryption module positioned behind the S2IB. As previously explained, this local encryption requires a dynamic adaptation of the authorization streams, for each IP, depending on the scan chain configuration and the user rights. Since the chain configuration can be changed at any time for e.g., better coverage of a given IP, it is not possible to define a standard access configuration for each IP, while scan chain lengths are modified.
TMS TAP External Interface TCK TDI TDO Trivium Is_shifting Figure 12 Trivium Stream Cypher
Its SIT description is straightforward, as in the following snippet: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ) The Protocol is identifi by the symbol “Trivium” and initialized by ing the Key and the Initialization Vector. The Tool will simply have to call the Transformation Callback to provide security: the integration with the standard flow is complete
3.3 Encryption SIB: custom callbacks
The Encryption SIB (eSIB), introduced in [13], is probably the first attempt to combine Authentication and IP-level Encryption. It only requires two more gates with respect to a S2IB, as illustrated in Figure 13.
Figure 13 Scheme of an Encryption SIB Figure 14 Impact of eSIBs in a global SoC
From the software point of view, there are two challenges: - The handling of the Trivium Streamer, which needs to receive the SSAK Challenge as the Initialization Value, and which needs to be used by all the eSIBs as the source of the encryption/Decryption KeyStream; - The phase alignment of the streamer flow, in the middle of the chain. The second point is of particular importance: traditionally, streamers are put at the root of the Scan Chain as in Figure 12. In this position, they are perfectly symmetrical: all bits going into the SUT will be decrypted once with the corresponding keystream bit passing through the TDI port of the streamer, and all bits coming from the SUT will be encrypted once before exiting the TDO port. This is not true anymore when the streamer acts in the middle of the chain: the symmetry is broken, and each bit will be treated differently depending on its position relative to the streaming module. Figure 15 provides a graphical representation of the analytical equations given in [13]. In relation to Figure 15-a), the “Protected” bits are treated as usual: data coming “fromSUT” and going “toSUT” is encrypted/decrypted when passing through the XOR gates at the input/output if the Streamer ‘(in this case, the eSIB). The only notable difference is the synchronization with respect to the Keystream, which is generated for the whole scan chain and not only for the Protected Segment, which will need only a subset of it. In the “fromSUT” direction, data is scanned out just after the Capture stage, so the Mask starts at the first bit of Keystream. On the other hand, in the “toSUT” direction, the bits positioned After the Protected section will be scanned first, and the Mask will start after them. This is depicted in Figure 15-b) and Figure 15-c) respectively, with the Keystream depicted as the grey “XORMASK”, and the Mask as the purple XOR-MASK-PRO. Figure 15-b) and Figure 15-c) also allow for an easy understanding of the impact of the asymmetric positon of the Streamer. In the “fromSUT” direction, data positioned “After” the streamer is of course not impacted by it, but the data positioned “Before” the streamer will actually have to pass through both XORs of the streamer, being effectively encrypted but at different stages of the Keystream. This is expressed in Figure 15-b) by the MASK_IN_BEFORE and MASK_OUT_BEFORE which depict the segments of the Keystream that need to be used to decrypt the data once received. The same principle is applied in the “toSUT” direction, as depicted in Figure 15-c).
1. 2. 3. 4. Decode IN Before Streamer
OUT After Protect
ed Encode a) Inline Streamer setup
0 Before After Protected N XOR MASK XOR MASK PRO MASK_OUT
_
Before
MASK
_
IN
_Before MASK_OUT_Before b) from SUT (Encode) direction 0
Before After
Protected N N XOR MASK MASK_
IN
_After A “Streamer” node, similar to a P1687.1 Translator node put in the middle of the scan chain, but with different Callbacks The Optional Callback does not need any particular modification: as explained previously and in reference to the solution of Section 3.1, it can be simply added to the PathSelector Callback wrapper for the SSAK Linker: it will be ignored by Tools not supporting this feature. As for the Streamer, it just needs four Callbacks: - CurrentMask(), NewMask(MaskBits) and ApplyMask(PlainText, Mask), which can be used by the Tool to implement the masking following the equation of [13] and Figure 12 - ResetProtocol(InitializationVector), that the Tool can use to synchronize its own Cypher with the one inside the SUT. The last step is the position of the Encrypted SIB inside the scan chain. This is easily achieved by instantiating the Streamer node in SIT: - XOR MASK PRO MASK_OUT_After REGISTER Before SIB SSAK_SIB POST HIGH ( LINKER SSAK_Controller SSAK SSAK_CONTROL_REG 1 "0x72c4358f5a8a07af3d0f7d560a872a2b 13" 5. ( 6. REGISTER SSAK_CONTROL_REG 128 ) 7. ) 8. REGISTER S2IB_1_ctrl 1 9. LINKER S2IB_1 S2IB SSAK_Controller,S2IB_1_ctrl 1 "1" 10. ( 11. STREAMER Online Trivium SSAK_Controller "0F62B5085BAE0154A7FA" 12. REGISTER Protected 13. ) 14. ) 15. REGISTER After The “Streamer”, as well as the “Encrypted SIB” are not standard features, so a purely P1687.1 Tool won’t of course be able to support it, but thanks to the Callback abstraction it can be added with limited effort while preserving complete compatibility with standard features, something that is not possible with legacy approaches as in [19].
4 CONCLUSIONS MASK_IN_After
c
) To
SUT (
Decode
)
direction
Figure 15 Asymmetric Masking for an Encryption SIB
This masking can therefore be resolved by knowing the length of the scan the length of the three Before, Protected and After sections. This behavior is outside of the scopes of both 1687 and P1687.1: even though the topology itself is quite simple, it is not directly describable in ICL. On the other hand, the Callback approach of Section 2 can be extended by defining two new modules: - An Optional Callback “get_challenge()” inside the SSAK Controller, that returns the Challenge Value In this paper, we proposed a complete Abstraction Model for DfT based on the Callback paradigm, leveraging the successful experience of EDA solutions such as System Verilog. We then demonstrated its flexibility by applying it to the problem of Scan Security, providing a standardized and coherent flow where legacy solutions relied mostly on adhoc workarounds. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work has been partly funded by the French Government under the framework of the PENTA HADES (“HierarchyAware and secure embedded test infrastructure for Dependability and performance Enhancement of integrated Systems”) European project.
REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] IEEE Std 1149.1-2001, “IEEE Standard Test Access Port and BoundaryScan Architecture”, IEEE, USA, 2001. IEEE std 1500, “Standard for Embedded Core Test”, ”, IEEE, USA, 2005 IEEE Std 1687-2014, “IEEE Standard for Access and Control of Instrumentation Embedded within a Semiconductor Device”, IEEE, USA, 2014 M. Laisne, A. Crouch, M. Portolan,; M. Keim, H.M. Von Staudt, M. Abdalwahab, B. Van Treuren, J. Rearick,, “Modeling Novel Non-JTAG IEEE 1687-Like Architectures”, 2020 International Test Conference (ITC20), November 2020, Washington DC, US M. Portolan, “The Automated Test Flow, the Present and the Future”, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design (TCAD), DOI: 10.1109/TCAD.2019.2961328, December 2019 Jennifer Dworak, Al Crouch, John Potter, Adam Zygmontowicz, Micah Thornton, «Don't Forget to Lock your SIB: Hiding Instruments using P1687», IEEE International Test Conference, 2013. B. Rafal, K. Michael A and H.-J. Wunderlich, “Fine-Grained Access Management in Reconfigurable Scan Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, vol. 34, pp. 934-947, 2015. M. Merandat,, V. Reynaud, E. Valea, J. Quevremont, N. Valette, P. Maistri, R. Leveugle, M.-L. Flottes, S. Dupuis, B. Rouzeyre, G. Di Natale, “A Comprehensive Approach to a Trusted Test Infrastructure,” in Internation Verification and Security Whrokshop, Rhodes 2019. M. Da Silva, M. Flott es, G. Di Natale and B. Rouzeyre, "Preventing Scan Attacks on Secure Circuits Through Scan Chain Encryption," in IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 538-550, March 2019, doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2018.2818722. [10] S. Kan, J. Dworak and J. G. Dunham, "Echeloned IJTAG data protection," 2016 IEEE Asian Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (AsianHOST), Yilan, 2016, pp. 1-6. [11] K. Rosenfeld and R. Karri, "Attacks and Defenses for JTAG," in IEEE Design & Test of Computers, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 36-47, Jan.-Feb. 2010. [12] E. Valea, M. da Silva, M.-L. Flottes, G. Di Natale, B. Rouzeyre. Encryption-Based Secure JTAG. DDECS: Design and Diagnostics of Electronic Circuits Systems, Apr 2019, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. DOI: f10.1109/DDECS.2019.8724654. [13] P. Maistri, V. Reynaud, M. Portolan, R. Leveugle. "Secure Test with RSNs: Seamless Authenticated Extended Confidentiality," Proceedings of the 19TH IEEE Interregional NEWCAS Conference, to appear. [14] Portolan M., Reynaud V., Maistri P., Leveugle R., “Dynamic Authentication-Based Secure Access to Test Infrastructure”, 2020 European Test Symposium (ETS 2020), Tallin, ESTONIA, 2020 [15] Latttice Semiconductors, “Using Multiple Boundary ScanPort Linker (BSCAN2)”, Application note AN8081 [16] Gamma E., Helm R., Johnson R., Vlissides J., “Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software”. Addison-Wesley, 1995 ISBN 978-0-201-63361-0. [17] IEEE std 1800-2012, “SystemVerilog -Unified Hardware Design, Specification, and Verification Language”, IEEE, USA, 2012. [18] M. Portolan, "A Novel Test Generation and Application Flow for Functional Access to IEEE 1687 instruments", Proc European Test Symp. (ETS), pp. 1-6, 2016. [19] Thiemann et al, “On Integrating Lightweight Encryption in Reconfigurable Scan Networks,”, Proc European Test Symp. (ETS 2019).
| 13,326 |
https://github.com/siarhei-luskanau/android-iot-doorbell/blob/master/base_camera/build.gradle.kts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
android-iot-doorbell
|
siarhei-luskanau
|
Kotlin
|
Code
| 17 | 160 |
plugins {
id("android-library-convention")
}
dependencies {
implementation(project(":data:dataDoorbellApi"))
implementation(project(":common:common"))
implementation(Libraries.kotlinStdlibJdk8)
implementation(Libraries.kotlinxCoroutinesCore)
implementation(Libraries.timber)
implementation(Libraries.androidxCameraLifecycle)
implementation(Libraries.androidxCameraView)
implementation(Libraries.androidxCameraExtensions)
implementation(Libraries.androidxCoreKtx)
implementation(Libraries.lifecycleProcess)
}
| 7,558 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49773364
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Wādī al Nuqrah
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 3 | 8 |
Wādī al Nuqrah
| 13,607 |
https://github.com/shibafu528/Yukari/blob/master/Yukari/src/main/java/shibafu/yukari/fragment/tabcontent/TimelineFragment.kt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
Yukari
|
shibafu528
|
Kotlin
|
Code
| 2,924 | 11,425 |
package shibafu.yukari.fragment.tabcontent
import android.content.Context
import android.content.DialogInterface
import android.content.Intent
import android.net.Uri
import android.os.Bundle
import android.os.Handler
import android.os.Looper
import android.os.Message
import android.support.annotation.UiThread
import android.support.annotation.WorkerThread
import android.support.v4.util.LongSparseArray
import android.support.v4.widget.SwipeRefreshLayout
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.view.LayoutInflater
import android.view.View
import android.view.ViewGroup
import android.widget.AbsListView
import android.widget.AdapterView
import android.widget.ListView
import android.widget.TextView
import android.widget.Toast
import org.eclipse.collections.impl.set.mutable.primitive.LongHashSet
import shibafu.yukari.R
import shibafu.yukari.activity.MainActivity
import shibafu.yukari.activity.PreviewActivity
import shibafu.yukari.activity.ProfileActivity
import shibafu.yukari.activity.StatusActivity
import shibafu.yukari.activity.TweetActivity
import shibafu.yukari.common.TabType
import shibafu.yukari.common.TweetAdapter
import shibafu.yukari.common.async.ThrowableAsyncTask
import shibafu.yukari.common.async.ThrowableTwitterAsyncTask
import shibafu.yukari.database.AuthUserRecord
import shibafu.yukari.database.Bookmark
import shibafu.yukari.entity.ExceptionStatus
import shibafu.yukari.entity.LoadMarker
import shibafu.yukari.entity.Mention
import shibafu.yukari.entity.NotifyHistory
import shibafu.yukari.entity.Status
import shibafu.yukari.entity.User
import shibafu.yukari.filter.FilterQuery
import shibafu.yukari.filter.compiler.FilterCompilerException
import shibafu.yukari.filter.compiler.QueryCompiler
import shibafu.yukari.fragment.SimpleAlertDialogFragment
import shibafu.yukari.fragment.SimpleListDialogFragment
import shibafu.yukari.fragment.base.ListYukariBaseFragment
import shibafu.yukari.linkage.RestQuery
import shibafu.yukari.linkage.TimelineEvent
import shibafu.yukari.linkage.TimelineObserver
import shibafu.yukari.mastodon.entity.DonStatus
import shibafu.yukari.media2.Media
import shibafu.yukari.twitter.TwitterUtil
import shibafu.yukari.twitter.entity.TwitterMessage
import shibafu.yukari.twitter.entity.TwitterStatus
import shibafu.yukari.util.AttrUtil
import shibafu.yukari.util.defaultSharedPreferences
import shibafu.yukari.util.putDebugLog
import shibafu.yukari.util.putWarnLog
import twitter4j.DirectMessage
import twitter4j.TwitterException
/**
* 時系列順に要素を並べて表示するタブの基底クラス
*/
open class TimelineFragment : ListYukariBaseFragment(),
TimelineTab,
TimelineObserver,
QueryableTab,
AdapterView.OnItemLongClickListener,
SwipeRefreshLayout.OnRefreshListener,
SimpleListDialogFragment.OnDialogChoseListener,
SimpleAlertDialogFragment.OnDialogChoseListener {
var title: String = ""
var mode: Int = 0
var rawQuery: String = FilterQuery.VOID_QUERY_STRING
var query: FilterQuery = FilterQuery.VOID_QUERY
override val timelineId: String
get() {
val args = arguments
if (args != null && args.containsKey(EXTRA_ID)) {
return args.getLong(EXTRA_ID).toString()
} else {
return this.toString()
}
}
protected val statuses: MutableList<Status> = arrayListOf()
protected val mutedStatuses: MutableList<Status> = arrayListOf()
protected val users: MutableList<AuthUserRecord> = arrayListOf()
protected var statusAdapter: TweetAdapter? = null
// SwipeRefreshLayout
protected var swipeRefreshLayout: SwipeRefreshLayout? = null
private set
// タイムライン容量制限
private var statusCapacity: Int = 256
private val handler: Handler = Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())
private val onScrollListeners: MutableList<AbsListView.OnScrollListener> = arrayListOf()
// リクエスト管理
private val loadingTaskKeys = arrayListOf<Long>()
private val queryingLoadMarkers = LongSparseArray<Long>() // TaskKey, LoadMarker.Id
// ダブルクリック抑止
private var blockingDoubleClick = false
private var enableDoubleClickBlocker = false
// 未読管理
private val unreadSet = LongHashSet()
private val unreadNotifierBehavior = UnreadNotifierBehavior(this, statuses, unreadSet)
// スクロールロック
private var lockedTarget: Status? = null
private var lockedYPosition = 0
private val scrollUnlockHandler = object : Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()) {
override fun handleMessage(msg: Message?) {
lockedTarget = null
}
}
// ListView Xタッチ座標 (画面幅に対する割合)
private var listViewXTouchPercent: Float = 0f
override fun onAttach(context: Context?) {
super.onAttach(context)
if (context is MainActivity) {
statuses.addAll(context.getStatusesList(timelineId))
context.registerTwitterFragment(arguments!!.getLong(EXTRA_ID), this)
}
}
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
val arguments = arguments ?: Bundle()
title = arguments.getString(EXTRA_TITLE) ?: ""
mode = arguments.getInt(EXTRA_MODE, -1)
rawQuery = arguments.getString(EXTRA_FILTER_QUERY) ?: FilterQuery.VOID_QUERY_STRING
arguments.getSerializable(EXTRA_USER)?.let { users += it as AuthUserRecord }
}
override fun onCreateView(inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?, savedInstanceState: Bundle?): View? {
when (mode) {
TabType.TABTYPE_TRACE ->
return super.onCreateView(inflater, container, savedInstanceState)
}
val v = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_swipelist, container, false)
swipeRefreshLayout = v.findViewById(R.id.swipe_refresh_layout) as SwipeRefreshLayout?
swipeRefreshLayout?.setColorSchemeResources(AttrUtil.resolveAttribute(requireContext().theme, R.attr.colorPrimary))
swipeRefreshLayout?.setOnRefreshListener(this)
val swipeActionStatusView = v.findViewById<View>(R.id.swipeActionStatusFrame)
swipeActionStatusView?.visibility = View.INVISIBLE
unreadNotifierBehavior.onCreateView(v)
return v
}
override fun onStart() {
super.onStart()
unreadNotifierBehavior.onStart()
}
override fun onResume() {
super.onResume()
val activity = requireActivity()
if (activity !is MainActivity) {
if (activity is AppCompatActivity) {
activity.supportActionBar?.title = title
} else {
activity.title = title
}
}
enableDoubleClickBlocker = defaultSharedPreferences.getBoolean("pref_block_doubleclock", false)
blockingDoubleClick = false
}
override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState)
statusAdapter = TweetAdapter(context, users, null, statuses)
listAdapter = statusAdapter
listView.setOnTouchListener { v, event ->
listViewXTouchPercent = event.x * 100 / v.width
false
}
listView.setOnScrollListener(object : AbsListView.OnScrollListener {
override fun onScroll(view: AbsListView?, firstVisibleItem: Int, visibleItemCount: Int, totalItemCount: Int) {
onScrollListeners.forEach { it.onScroll(view, firstVisibleItem, visibleItemCount, totalItemCount) }
}
override fun onScrollStateChanged(view: AbsListView?, scrollState: Int) {
onScrollListeners.forEach { it.onScrollStateChanged(view, scrollState) }
}
})
listView.setOnItemLongClickListener(this)
onScrollListeners.add(unreadNotifierBehavior)
onScrollListeners.add(object : AbsListView.OnScrollListener {
override fun onScroll(view: AbsListView?, firstVisibleItem: Int, visibleItemCount: Int, totalItemCount: Int) {
if (USE_INSERT_LOG) putDebugLog("onScroll called, lockedScrollTimestamp = ${lockedTarget?.createdAt?.time ?: -1}, y = $lockedYPosition")
}
override fun onScrollStateChanged(view: AbsListView?, scrollState: Int) {
if (scrollState == AbsListView.OnScrollListener.SCROLL_STATE_FLING) {
lockedTarget = null
}
}
})
unreadNotifierBehavior.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState)
}
override fun onStop() {
super.onStop()
unreadNotifierBehavior.onStop()
}
override fun onDetach() {
super.onDetach()
onScrollListeners.remove(unreadNotifierBehavior)
unreadNotifierBehavior.onDetach()
if (isTwitterServiceBound) {
twitterService?.timelineHub?.removeObserver(this)
}
listAdapter = null
statusAdapter = null
if (activity is MainActivity) {
val statusesList = (activity as MainActivity).getStatusesList(timelineId)
statusesList.clear()
statusesList.addAll(statuses)
(activity as MainActivity).unregisterTwitterFragment(arguments!!.getLong(EXTRA_ID))
}
}
override fun onListItemClick(l: ListView?, v: View?, position: Int, id: Long) {
if (blockingDoubleClick) {
return
}
if (position < statuses.size) {
val result =
when (val clickedElement = statuses[position]) {
is LoadMarker -> {
if (clickedElement.taskKey < 0) {
query.sources.firstOrNull { it.hashCode().toString() == clickedElement.loadMarkerTag }?.let {
// リクエストの発行
val userRecord = it.sourceAccount ?: return@let
val restQuery = it.getRestQuery() ?: return@let
val params = RestQuery.Params(maxId = clickedElement.id,
loadMarkerTag = it.hashCode().toString(),
loadMarkerDate = clickedElement.createdAt,
stringCursor = clickedElement.stringCursor,
longCursor = clickedElement.longCursor)
val taskKey = twitterService.statusLoader.requestRestQuery(timelineId,
userRecord, restQuery, params)
clickedElement.taskKey = taskKey
loadingTaskKeys += taskKey
queryingLoadMarkers.put(taskKey, clickedElement.id)
statusCapacity += 100
// Viewの表示更新
val visiblePosition = position - listView.firstVisiblePosition
if (visiblePosition > -1) {
val view: View? = listView.getChildAt(visiblePosition)
view?.findViewById<View>(R.id.pbLoading)?.visibility = View.VISIBLE
view?.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.tvLoading)?.text = "loading"
}
}
}
false // ダブルクリックブロックの対象外
}
is TwitterStatus, is DonStatus, is Bookmark -> {
val action = when {
listViewXTouchPercent <= 25f -> defaultSharedPreferences.getString("pref_timeline_click_action_left", "open_detail")
listViewXTouchPercent >= 75f -> defaultSharedPreferences.getString("pref_timeline_click_action_right", "open_detail")
else -> defaultSharedPreferences.getString("pref_timeline_click_action_center", "open_detail")
}
onGeneralItemClick(position, clickedElement, action.orEmpty())
}
is TwitterMessage -> {
val links = if (clickedElement.user.id != clickedElement.mentions.first().id) {
clickedElement.mentions.map { "@" + it.screenName } +
clickedElement.media.map { it.browseUrl } +
clickedElement.links +
clickedElement.tags
} else {
clickedElement.media.map { it.browseUrl } +
clickedElement.links +
clickedElement.tags
}
val bundle = Bundle()
bundle.putSerializable(EXTRA_STATUS, clickedElement)
val items = listOf("返信する", "削除する", "@${clickedElement.user.screenName}") + links
val dialog = SimpleListDialogFragment.newInstance(DIALOG_REQUEST_TWITTER_MESSAGE_MENU,
"@${clickedElement.user.screenName}:${clickedElement.text}",
null, null, null,
items, bundle)
dialog.setTargetFragment(this, 0)
dialog.show(fragmentManager, "twitter_message_menu")
true
}
is NotifyHistory -> {
val bundle = Bundle()
bundle.putSerializable(EXTRA_STATUS, clickedElement)
val dialog = SimpleListDialogFragment.newInstance(DIALOG_REQUEST_HISTORY_MENU,
"メニュー", null, null, null,
listOf("@${clickedElement.user.screenName}", "詳細を開く"),
bundle)
dialog.setTargetFragment(this, 0)
dialog.show(fragmentManager, "history_menu")
true
}
else -> false
}
// コマンド実行成功後、次回onResumeまでクリックイベントを無視する
if (result && enableDoubleClickBlocker) {
blockingDoubleClick = true
}
}
}
override fun onItemLongClick(parent: AdapterView<*>?, view: View?, position: Int, id: Long): Boolean {
if (blockingDoubleClick) {
return false
}
if (position < statuses.size) {
val result =
when (val clickedElement = statuses[position]) {
is TwitterStatus, is DonStatus, is Bookmark -> {
val action = when {
listViewXTouchPercent <= 25f -> defaultSharedPreferences.getString("pref_timeline_long_click_action_left", "")
listViewXTouchPercent >= 75f -> defaultSharedPreferences.getString("pref_timeline_long_click_action_right", "")
else -> defaultSharedPreferences.getString("pref_timeline_long_click_action_center", "")
}
onGeneralItemClick(position, clickedElement, action.orEmpty())
}
else -> false
}
// コマンド実行成功後、次回onResumeまでクリックイベントを無視する
if (result && enableDoubleClickBlocker) {
blockingDoubleClick = true
}
return true
}
return false
}
override fun scrollToTop() {
try {
listView?.setSelection(0)
unreadNotifierBehavior.clearUnreadNotifier()
} catch (e: IllegalStateException) {
e.printStackTrace()
val activity = activity
if (activity?.applicationContext != null) {
Toast.makeText(activity.applicationContext, e.localizedMessage, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
}
}
override fun scrollToBottom() {
try {
val count = listAdapter?.count ?: 1
listView?.setSelection(count - 1)
} catch (e: IllegalStateException) {
e.printStackTrace()
val activity = activity
if (activity?.applicationContext != null) {
Toast.makeText(activity.applicationContext, e.localizedMessage, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
}
}
override fun scrollToOldestUnread() {
try {
if (unreadSet.isEmpty) {
listView.setSelection(0)
} else {
val lastUnreadId = unreadSet.min()
for (position in 0 until statuses.size) {
if (statuses[position].id == lastUnreadId) {
listView.setSelection(position)
break
}
}
}
} catch (e: IllegalStateException) {
e.printStackTrace()
val activity = activity
if (activity?.applicationContext != null) {
Toast.makeText(activity.applicationContext, e.localizedMessage, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
}
}
override fun scrollToPrevPage() {
try {
listView?.let {
it.smoothScrollBy(-it.height, 100)
it.setSelection(it.firstVisiblePosition)
}
} catch (e: IllegalStateException) {
e.printStackTrace()
val activity = activity
if (activity?.applicationContext != null) {
Toast.makeText(activity.applicationContext, e.localizedMessage, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
}
}
override fun scrollToNextPage() {
try {
listView?.let {
it.smoothScrollBy(it.height, 100)
it.setSelection(it.firstVisiblePosition)
}
} catch (e: IllegalStateException) {
e.printStackTrace()
val activity = activity
if (activity?.applicationContext != null) {
Toast.makeText(activity.applicationContext, e.localizedMessage, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
}
}
override fun onServiceConnected() {
// ユーザ情報のバインド
if (users.isEmpty()) {
users += twitterService.users
}
// TL初期容量の決定
statusCapacity = users.size * CAPACITY_INITIAL_FACTOR
if (statusAdapter != null) {
statusAdapter?.setUserExtras(twitterService.userExtras)
statusAdapter?.setStatusLoader(twitterService.statusLoader)
}
// クエリコンパイル
try {
query = QueryCompiler.compile(users, rawQuery)
} catch (e: FilterCompilerException) {
handler.post {
statuses.add(ExceptionStatus(Long.MAX_VALUE, users.first(),
Exception("クエリのコンパイル中にエラーが発生しました。")))
statuses.add(ExceptionStatus(Long.MAX_VALUE - 1, users.first(), e))
notifyDataSetChanged()
}
query = FilterQuery.VOID_QUERY
}
// コンパイル完了をMainActivityに通知
activity.let { activity ->
if (activity is MainActivity) {
activity.onQueryCompiled(this, query)
}
}
// イベント購読開始
twitterService?.timelineHub?.addObserver(this)
// 初期読み込み
if (statuses.isEmpty()) {
val statusLoader = twitterService?.statusLoader ?: return
query.sources.forEach { source ->
val userRecord = source.sourceAccount ?: return@forEach
val restQuery = source.getRestQuery() ?: return@forEach
val params = RestQuery.Params(loadMarkerTag = source.hashCode().toString())
loadingTaskKeys += statusLoader.requestRestQuery(timelineId, userRecord, restQuery, params)
}
if (loadingTaskKeys.isEmpty()) {
swipeRefreshLayout?.isRefreshing = false
} else {
swipeRefreshLayout?.isRefreshing = true
}
}
}
override fun onServiceDisconnected() {}
override fun onRefresh() {
if (query.sources.isEmpty()) {
swipeRefreshLayout?.isRefreshing = false
return
}
swipeRefreshLayout?.isRefreshing = true
unreadNotifierBehavior.clearUnreadNotifier()
val statusLoader = twitterService?.statusLoader ?: return
query.sources.forEach { source ->
val userRecord = source.sourceAccount ?: return@forEach
val restQuery = source.getRestQuery() ?: return@forEach
val params = RestQuery.Params(loadMarkerTag = source.hashCode().toString())
loadingTaskKeys += statusLoader.requestRestQuery(timelineId, userRecord, restQuery, params)
}
if (loadingTaskKeys.isEmpty()) {
swipeRefreshLayout?.isRefreshing = false
}
}
override fun onDialogChose(requestCode: Int, which: Int, value: String?, extras: Bundle?) {
when (requestCode) {
DIALOG_REQUEST_HISTORY_MENU -> {
blockingDoubleClick = false
if (extras == null) return
val status = extras.getSerializable(EXTRA_STATUS) as NotifyHistory
when (which) {
// プロフィール
0 -> {
val intent = ProfileActivity.newIntent(requireActivity().applicationContext, status.representUser, Uri.parse(status.user.url))
startActivity(intent)
}
// 詳細を開く
1 -> {
val intent = Intent(requireActivity().applicationContext, StatusActivity::class.java)
intent.putExtra(StatusActivity.EXTRA_USER, status.representUser)
intent.putExtra(StatusActivity.EXTRA_STATUS, status.status)
startActivity(intent)
}
}
}
DIALOG_REQUEST_TWITTER_MESSAGE_MENU -> {
blockingDoubleClick = false
if (extras == null || value == null) return
val status = extras.getSerializable(EXTRA_STATUS) as TwitterMessage
when (which) {
// 返信する
0 -> {
val intent = Intent(activity, TweetActivity::class.java)
intent.putExtra(TweetActivity.EXTRA_USER, status.representUser)
intent.putExtra(TweetActivity.EXTRA_MODE, TweetActivity.MODE_DM)
intent.putExtra(TweetActivity.EXTRA_IN_REPLY_TO, TwitterUtil.getUrlFromUserId(status.user.id))
intent.putExtra(TweetActivity.EXTRA_DM_TARGET_SN, status.user.screenName)
startActivity(intent)
}
// 削除する
1 -> {
val dialog = SimpleAlertDialogFragment.Builder(DIALOG_REQUEST_TWITTER_MESSAGE_DELETE)
.setTitle("確認")
.setMessage("メッセージを削除してもよろしいですか？")
.setPositive("OK")
.setNegative("キャンセル")
.setExtras(extras)
.build()
dialog.setTargetFragment(this, 0)
dialog.show(fragmentManager, "twitter_message_delete")
}
// 送信者
2 -> {
val intent = ProfileActivity.newIntent(requireActivity(), status.representUser, Uri.parse(status.user.url))
startActivity(intent)
}
// リンクとか
else -> {
val links = if (status.user.id != status.mentions.first().id) {
status.mentions + status.media + status.links + status.tags
} else {
status.media + status.links + status.tags
}
val chose = links[which - 3]
when (chose) {
is Mention -> {
val intent = ProfileActivity.newIntent(requireActivity(), status.representUser, Uri.parse(chose.url))
startActivity(intent)
}
is Media -> {
val intent = Intent(
Intent.ACTION_VIEW,
Uri.parse(chose.browseUrl),
requireActivity().applicationContext,
PreviewActivity::class.java)
intent.putExtra(PreviewActivity.EXTRA_USER, status.representUser)
startActivity(intent)
}
is String -> {
if (chose.startsWith("http://") || chose.startsWith("https://")) {
val intent = Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, Uri.parse(chose))
intent.flags = Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK
startActivity(intent)
} else {
val intent = Intent(activity, MainActivity::class.java)
intent.putExtra(MainActivity.EXTRA_SEARCH_WORD, chose)
startActivity(intent)
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
override fun onDialogChose(requestCode: Int, which: Int, extras: Bundle?) {
when (requestCode) {
DIALOG_REQUEST_TWITTER_MESSAGE_DELETE -> {
blockingDoubleClick = false
if (extras == null) return
val status = extras.getSerializable(EXTRA_STATUS) as TwitterMessage
if (which == DialogInterface.BUTTON_POSITIVE) {
object : ThrowableTwitterAsyncTask<DirectMessage, Boolean>() {
override fun doInBackground(vararg params: DirectMessage): ThrowableAsyncTask.ThrowableResult<Boolean> {
var user: AuthUserRecord? = null
for (userRecord in twitterService.users) {
if (params[0].recipientId == userRecord.NumericId || params[0].senderId == userRecord.NumericId) {
user = userRecord
}
}
if (user == null) {
return ThrowableAsyncTask.ThrowableResult(IllegalArgumentException("操作対象のユーザが見つかりません."))
}
try {
val t = twitterService.getTwitterOrThrow(user)
t.destroyDirectMessage(status.id)
} catch (e: TwitterException) {
e.printStackTrace()
return ThrowableAsyncTask.ThrowableResult(e)
}
return ThrowableAsyncTask.ThrowableResult(true)
}
override fun onPostExecute(result: ThrowableAsyncTask.ThrowableResult<Boolean>) {
super.onPostExecute(result)
if (!isErrored && result.result) {
showToast("削除しました")
}
}
override fun showToast(message: String) {
Toast.makeText(activity, message, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}
}.execute(status.message)
}
}
}
// 要素クリックイベントでダイアログを使用した場合のコールバック処理
ITEM_CLICK_ACTIONS.forEach { (_, instance) ->
instance.onDialogChose().invoke(this, requestCode, which, extras)
}
}
override fun getQueryableElements(): MutableCollection<Status> = ArrayList(statuses)
@WorkerThread
override fun onTimelineEvent(event: TimelineEvent) {
if (isDetached || activity == null) {
// デタッチ状態か親Activityが無い場合はだいたい何もできないので捨てる
putWarnLog("[EVENT DROPPED!] Fragment is detached or parent actiivty is null.")
return
}
when (event) {
is TimelineEvent.Received -> {
val status = event.status
val queryVariables = mapOf<String, Any?>(
"passive" to event.passive,
"timelineId" to event.timelineId
)
if (status !is LoadMarker && !query.evaluate(status, users, queryVariables)) return
if (event.muted) {
if (USE_INSERT_LOG) putDebugLog("TimelineFragment", "[$rawQuery] onStatus : Muted ... $status")
mutedStatuses += status.clone()
} else {
if (USE_INSERT_LOG) putDebugLog("[$rawQuery] onStatus : Insert ... $status")
val useScrollLock = defaultSharedPreferences.getBoolean("pref_lock_scroll_after_reload", false)
handler.post { insertElement(status.clone(), !event.passive && useScrollLock && status !is LoadMarker) }
}
}
is TimelineEvent.RestRequestCompleted -> {
if (event.timelineId == timelineId) {
if (USE_INSERT_LOG) putDebugLog("onUpdatedStatus : Rest Completed ... taskKey=${event.taskKey} , left loadingTaskKeys.size=${loadingTaskKeys.size}")
handler.post {
finishRestRequest(event.taskKey)
}
}
}
is TimelineEvent.RestRequestCancelled -> {
if (event.timelineId == timelineId) {
handler.post {
finishRestRequest(event.taskKey)
}
}
}
is TimelineEvent.Notify -> {
if (mode == TabType.TABTYPE_HISTORY) {
handler.post { insertElement(event.notify, false) }
}
}
is TimelineEvent.Favorite -> {
handler.post {
setFavoriteState(event.from, event.status, true)
}
}
is TimelineEvent.Unfavorite -> {
handler.post {
setFavoriteState(event.from, event.status, false)
}
}
is TimelineEvent.Delete -> {
handler.post { deleteElement(event.providerHost, event.id) }
mutedStatuses.removeAll { it.providerHost == event.providerHost && it.id == event.id }
}
is TimelineEvent.Wipe -> {
handler.post {
statuses.clear()
notifyDataSetChanged()
}
mutedStatuses.clear()
}
is TimelineEvent.ForceUpdateUI -> {
handler.post {
notifyDataSetChanged()
}
}
}
}
private fun onGeneralItemClick(position: Int, clickedElement: Status, action: String): Boolean {
return ITEM_CLICK_ACTIONS[action]?.onItemClick()?.invoke(this, clickedElement) ?: false
}
/**
* TL要素挿入の前処理として、挿入位置の判定とマージを実施します。
* @param status Status
* @return 挿入位置、負数の場合は実際にリストに挿入する必要はないが別の処理が必要。(PRE_INSERT_から始まる定数を参照)
*/
private fun preInsertElement(status: Status): Int {
// 代表操作アカウントの書き換えが必要か確認する
// 自身の所有するStatusの場合、書き換えてはいけない
if (!status.isOwnedStatus()) {
// 優先アカウント設定が存在するか？
val userExtras = twitterService.userExtras.firstOrNull { it.id == status.originStatus.user.identicalUrl }
if (userExtras != null && userExtras.priorityAccount != null) {
status.representUser = userExtras.priorityAccount
status.representOverrode = true
if (!status.receivedUsers.contains(userExtras.priorityAccount)) {
status.receivedUsers.add(userExtras.priorityAccount)
}
}
}
if (status is LoadMarker) {
for (i in 0 until statuses.size) {
if (statuses[i] is LoadMarker) {
val compareTo = statuses[i] as LoadMarker
if (status.providerApiType == compareTo.providerApiType && status.anchorStatusId == compareTo.anchorStatusId && status.user.id == compareTo.user.id) {
// 同じ情報を持つLoadMarkerなので、挿入しない
return PRE_INSERT_DUPLICATED
}
} else if (status > statuses[i]) {
return i
}
}
} else {
for (i in 0 until statuses.size) {
if (status == statuses[i]) {
if (status.providerApiType == statuses[i].providerApiType) {
statuses[i] = statuses[i].merge(status)
return PRE_INSERT_MERGED
} else if (status.providerApiType < statuses[i].providerApiType) {
return i
}
} else if (status > statuses[i]) {
return i
}
}
}
return statuses.size
}
/**
* TLに要素を挿入します。既に存在する場合はマージします。
* @param status Status
* @param useScrollLock スクロールロックを使うかどうか
*/
protected fun insertElement(status: Status, useScrollLock: Boolean) {
val position = preInsertElement(status)
when (position) {
PRE_INSERT_DUPLICATED -> return
PRE_INSERT_MERGED -> {
notifyDataSetChanged()
return
}
else -> if (!statuses.contains(status)) {
if (position < statuses.size && statuses[position].id == status.id) {
return
}
statuses.add(position, status)
notifyDataSetChanged()
if (statusCapacity < statuses.size) {
val iterator = statuses.listIterator(statusCapacity)
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
val s = iterator.next()
if (s !is LoadMarker) {
unreadSet.remove(s.id)
iterator.remove()
notifyDataSetChanged()
}
}
}
}
}
val listView = try {
listView
} catch (ignored: IllegalStateException) {
putWarnLog("Insert: ListView is null. DROPPED! ($status, $position)")
return
}
// ここからスクロール制御回りの処理
val firstPos = listView.firstVisiblePosition
val firstView = listView.getChildAt(0)
val y = firstView?.top ?: 0
val locked = lockedTarget
if (!useScrollLock && (statuses.size == 1 || firstPos == 0 && y > -1)) {
listView.setSelection(0)
if (USE_INSERT_LOG) putDebugLog("Scroll Position = 0 (Top) ... $status")
} else if (locked != null) {
for (i in statuses.indices) {
// 同一の投稿が見つからなければ、記憶されているロック対象のタイムスタンプより古い投稿を代わりとする。
if (statuses[i] == locked || statuses[i].createdAt.time < locked.createdAt.time) {
listView.setSelectionFromTop(i, y)
if (position < i && status !is LoadMarker) {
unreadSet.add(status.id)
}
scrollUnlockHandler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(null)
scrollUnlockHandler.sendMessageDelayed(scrollUnlockHandler.obtainMessage(0, i, y), 200)
if (USE_INSERT_LOG) putDebugLog("Scroll Position = $i, ${locked.createdAt.time}, ${locked.url} (Locked strict) ... $status")
break
}
}
} else if (position <= firstPos) {
if (statuses.size <= 1 && status is LoadMarker) {
// 要素数1の時にマーカーを掴むとずっと下にスクロールされてしまうので回避する
} else {
var lockedPosition = firstPos + 1
if (lockedPosition < statuses.size) {
if (statuses[lockedPosition] is LoadMarker) {
lockedPosition = firstPos
}
} else {
lockedPosition = statuses.size - 1
}
if (status !is LoadMarker) {
unreadSet.add(status.id)
}
listView.setSelectionFromTop(lockedPosition, y)
lockedTarget = statuses[lockedPosition]
lockedYPosition = y
scrollUnlockHandler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(null)
scrollUnlockHandler.sendMessageDelayed(scrollUnlockHandler.obtainMessage(0, firstPos + 1, y), 200)
if (USE_INSERT_LOG) putDebugLog("Scroll Position = ${statuses[lockedPosition].createdAt.time}, ${statuses[lockedPosition].url} (Locked) ... $status")
}
} else {
if (USE_INSERT_LOG) putDebugLog("Scroll Position = $firstPos (Not changed) ... $status")
}
unreadNotifierBehavior.updateUnreadNotifier()
}
/**
* TLから要素を削除します。
* @param providerHost 削除対象の [Provider] ホスト名
* @param id 削除対象のID
*/
protected fun deleteElement(providerHost: String, id: Long) {
val listView = try {
listView
} catch (e: IllegalStateException) {
putWarnLog("Delete: ListView is null. DROPPED! ($providerHost, $id)")
return
}
val iterator = statuses.listIterator()
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
val index = iterator.nextIndex()
val status = iterator.next()
if (status.providerHost == providerHost && status.id == id) {
iterator.remove()
notifyDataSetChanged()
if (unreadSet.contains(id)) {
unreadSet.remove(id)
unreadNotifierBehavior.updateUnreadNotifier()
}
val firstPos = listView.firstVisiblePosition
val firstView = listView.getChildAt(0)
val y = firstView?.top ?: 0
val locked = lockedTarget
if (statuses.size == 1 || firstPos == 0) {
listView.setSelection(0)
} else if (locked != null) {
for (i in statuses.indices) {
if (statuses[i] == locked || statuses[i].createdAt.time < locked.createdAt.time) {
listView.setSelectionFromTop(i, y)
break
}
}
} else {
if (index < firstPos) {
listView.setSelectionFromTop(firstPos - 1, y)
} else {
listView.setSelectionFromTop(firstPos, y)
}
}
break
}
}
}
/**
* RESTリクエストのロードマーカーを削除し、リクエスト中状態を解除します。
* @param taskKey 非同期処理キー
*/
@UiThread
private fun finishRestRequest(taskKey: Long) {
loadingTaskKeys.remove(taskKey)
if (queryingLoadMarkers.indexOfKey(taskKey) > -1) {
statuses.firstOrNull { it is LoadMarker && it.taskKey == taskKey }?.let {
deleteElement(it.providerHost, it.id)
}
queryingLoadMarkers.remove(taskKey)
}
if (loadingTaskKeys.isEmpty()) {
swipeRefreshLayout?.isRefreshing = false
}
}
/**
* TL上の要素のお気に入り状態を更新します。
* @param eventFrom お気に入り登録・解除を実行したユーザ
* @param eventStatus 対象の [Status]
* @param isFavorited お気に入り状態
*/
@UiThread
private fun setFavoriteState(eventFrom: User, eventStatus: Status, isFavorited: Boolean) {
// ユーザー操作によるお気に入り状態更新以外は無視
if (eventFrom.identicalUrl != eventStatus.representUser.IdenticalUrl) {
return
}
val eventUser = eventStatus.representUser
statuses.forEach { status ->
if (status == eventStatus) {
status.metadata.favoritedUsers.put(eventUser.InternalId, isFavorited)
if (!status.receivedUsers.contains(eventUser)) {
status.receivedUsers.add(eventUser)
}
notifyDataSetChanged()
return
}
}
mutedStatuses.forEach { status ->
if (status == eventStatus) {
status.metadata.favoritedUsers.put(eventUser.InternalId, isFavorited)
if (!status.receivedUsers.contains(eventUser)) {
status.receivedUsers.add(eventUser)
}
return
}
}
}
private fun notifyDataSetChanged() {
statusAdapter?.notifyDataSetChanged()
}
companion object {
const val EXTRA_ID = "id"
const val EXTRA_TITLE = "title"
const val EXTRA_MODE = "mode"
const val EXTRA_USER = "user"
const val EXTRA_SHOW_USER = "show_user"
const val EXTRA_FILTER_QUERY = "filterQuery"
private const val USE_INSERT_LOG = false
/** TL容量の初期化係数 */
private const val CAPACITY_INITIAL_FACTOR = 256
/** [preInsertElement] : 既に同一の要素が存在している(挿入禁止) */
private const val PRE_INSERT_DUPLICATED = -1
/** [preInsertElement] : 同一要素があったためマージを行った(Viewの制御のみ必要) */
private const val PRE_INSERT_MERGED = -2
/** Extra/Bundle Key : Status */
private const val EXTRA_STATUS = "status"
/** ダイアログID : NotifyHistory クリックメニュー */
private const val DIALOG_REQUEST_HISTORY_MENU = 1
/** ダイアログID : TwitterMessage クリックメニュー */
private const val DIALOG_REQUEST_TWITTER_MESSAGE_MENU = 2
/** ダイアログID : TwitterMessage 削除確認 */
private const val DIALOG_REQUEST_TWITTER_MESSAGE_DELETE = 3
/** ダイアログID : Action Favorite 確認 */
internal const val DIALOG_REQUEST_ACTION_FAVORITE = 10
/** ダイアログID : Action Repost 確認 */
internal const val DIALOG_REQUEST_ACTION_REPOST = 11
/** ダイアログID : Action Fav&Repost 確認 */
internal const val DIALOG_REQUEST_ACTION_FAV_AND_REPOST = 12
private val ITEM_CLICK_ACTIONS = mapOf(
"open_detail" to TimelineItemClickAction.OPEN_DETAIL,
"open_profile" to TimelineItemClickAction.OPEN_PROFILE,
"open_thread" to TimelineItemClickAction.OPEN_THREAD,
"reply" to TimelineItemClickAction.REPLY,
"reply_all" to TimelineItemClickAction.REPLY_ALL,
"favorite" to TimelineItemClickAction.FAVORITE,
"repost" to TimelineItemClickAction.REPOST,
"fav_and_repost" to TimelineItemClickAction.FAV_AND_REPOST
)
}
}
| 1,779 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18430349
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 3,134 | 6,847 |
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap państwo Polska
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap część Tour de Pologne 2014
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap data 2014
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap liczba porządkowa 5
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap jest to etap górski
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap miejsce rozpoczęcia Zakopane
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap cel podróży Szczyrbskie Jezioro
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap dystans wyścigu
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap zwycięzca Rafał Majka, dotyczy zwycięzca etapu
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap zwycięzca Petr Vakoč
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap zwycięzca Maciej Paterski, dotyczy lider klasyfikacji górskiej
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap zwycięzca Matthias Krizek, dotyczy lider klasyfikacji sprinterskiej
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap zwycięzca Jauhien Hutarowicz, dotyczy lider klasyfikacji punktowej
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap wynik etapu Rafał Majka, czas wyścigu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap wynik etapu Beñat Intxausti, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap wynik etapu Ion Izagirre, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap wynik etapu Gianluca Brambilla, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap wynik etapu Warren Barguil, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap wynik etapu Samuel Sánchez, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap wynik etapu Davide Formolo, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap wynik etapu Lars Petter Nordhaug, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap wynik etapu Andrey Amador, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap wynik etapu Przemysław Niemiec, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap klasyfikacja generalna Petr Vakoč, czas wyścigu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap klasyfikacja generalna Rafał Majka, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap klasyfikacja generalna Beñat Intxausti, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap klasyfikacja generalna Ion Izagirre, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap klasyfikacja generalna Davide Formolo, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap klasyfikacja generalna Giampaolo Caruso, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap klasyfikacja generalna Marek Rutkiewicz, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap klasyfikacja generalna Peter Velits, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap klasyfikacja generalna Andrey Amador, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap klasyfikacja generalna Robert Gesink, różnica czasu , ranking
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap poprzednik Tour de Pologne 2014 – 4. etap
Tour de Pologne 2014 – 5. etap następca Tour de Pologne 2014 – 6. etap
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 государство Польша
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 является частью Тур Польши 2014
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 момент времени 2014
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 порядковый номер 5
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 это частный случай понятия горный этап
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 начало пути Закопане
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 дистанция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 победитель Рафал Майка, относится к победитель этапа, относится к лидер национальной классификации
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 победитель Петр Вакоч, относится к лидер генеральной классификации
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 победитель Мацей Патерский, относится к лидер горной классификации
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 победитель Movistar 2014, относится к лидер командной классификации по времени
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 победитель Матиас Крицек, относится к лидер спринтерской классификации
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 победитель Евгений Гутарович, относится к лидер очковой классификации
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 результат этапа гонки Рафал Майка, время на гонке , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 результат этапа гонки Беньят Инчаусти, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 результат этапа гонки Ион Исагирре, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 результат этапа гонки Джанлука Брамбилла, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 результат этапа гонки Уоррен Баргиль, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 результат этапа гонки Самуэль Санчес, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 результат этапа гонки Давиде Формоло, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 результат этапа гонки Нордхауг, Ларс Петер, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 результат этапа гонки Андрей Амадор, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 результат этапа гонки Пшемыслав Немец, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 генеральная классификация Петр Вакоч, время на гонке , позиция , отличительный знак лидера жёлтая майка (генеральная классификация)
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 генеральная классификация Рафал Майка, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 генеральная классификация Беньят Инчаусти, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 генеральная классификация Ион Исагирре, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 генеральная классификация Давиде Формоло, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 генеральная классификация Джампаоло Карузо, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 генеральная классификация Марек Руткевич, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 генеральная классификация Петер Велиц, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 генеральная классификация Андрей Амадор, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 генеральная классификация Роберт Гесинк, отставание по времени , позиция
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 предыдущее по порядку Тур Польши 2014, Этап 4
Тур Польши 2014, Этап 5 следующее по порядку Тур Польши 2014, Этап 6
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 البلد بولندا
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 جزء من طواف بولندا 2014
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 بتاريخ 2014
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 الترتيب في التسلسل 5
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 نموذج من المرحلة الجبلية
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 نقطة البداية زكوبن
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 مسافة السباق
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 الفائز رافال مايكا, عن فائز المرحلة, عن قائد تصنيف الجنسيات
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 الفائز ماسيج باتيرسكي, عن متصدر ترتيب التسلق
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 الفائز موسم موفيستار 2014, عن متصدر ترتيب الفرق
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 الفائز يوهيني هوتاروفيتش, عن المتصدر وفقاً لترتيب النقاط
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 تصنيف المرحلة رافال مايكا, وقت السباق , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 تصنيف المرحلة بنات انساوستي, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 تصنيف المرحلة جون ازقيراي, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 تصنيف المرحلة جيانلوكا برامبيلا, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 تصنيف المرحلة وارن بارجويل, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 تصنيف المرحلة صمويل سانتشيث, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 تصنيف المرحلة دافيد فورمولو, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 تصنيف المرحلة لارس بيتر نوردهاوق, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 تصنيف المرحلة أندريه أمادور, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 التصنيف العام رافال مايكا, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 التصنيف العام بنات انساوستي, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 التصنيف العام جون ازقيراي, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 التصنيف العام دافيد فورمولو, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 التصنيف العام جيامباولو كاروسو, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 التصنيف العام ماريك روتكيفيتش, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 التصنيف العام بيتر فيليس, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 التصنيف العام أندريه أمادور, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 التصنيف العام روبرت جاسنك, الفارق الزمني , التصنيف
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 سبقه طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 4
طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 5 تبعه طواف بولندا 2014، المرحلة 6
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 country Poland
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 part of 2014 Tour de Pologne
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 point in time 2014
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 series ordinal 5
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 instance of mountain stage
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 start point Zakopane
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 destination point Štrbské Pleso
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 event distance
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 winner Rafał Majka, of stage winner, of leader of the nationality classification
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 winner Petr Vakoč, of overall leader at the end of the stage
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 winner Maciej Paterski, of leader of the mountain classification
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 winner 2014 Movistar Team season, of leader of the teams classification by time
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 winner Matthias Krizek, of leader of the sprint classification
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 winner Yauheni Hutarovich, of leader of the points classification
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 stage classification Rafał Majka, race time , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 stage classification Beñat Intxausti, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 stage classification Ion Izagirre, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 stage classification Gianluca Brambilla, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 stage classification Warren Barguil, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 stage classification Samuel Sánchez, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 stage classification Davide Formolo, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 stage classification Lars Petter Nordhaug, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 stage classification Andrey Amador, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 stage classification Przemysław Niemiec, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 general classification of race participants Petr Vakoč, race time , ranking , distinctive jersey yellow jersey, general classification
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 general classification of race participants Rafał Majka, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 general classification of race participants Beñat Intxausti, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 general classification of race participants Ion Izagirre, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 general classification of race participants Davide Formolo, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 general classification of race participants Giampaolo Caruso, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 general classification of race participants Marek Rutkiewicz, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 general classification of race participants Peter Velits, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 general classification of race participants Andrey Amador, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 general classification of race participants Robert Gesink, time gap , ranking
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 follows 2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 4
2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 5 followed by 2014 Tour de Pologne, Stage 6
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 国 ポーランド
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 以下の一部分 ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 時点 2014
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 系列内での順序 5
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 分類 山岳ステージ
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 出発地 ザコパネ
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 目的地 シトゥルブスケー・プレソ
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ イベントの距離
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 勝者 ラファウ・マイカ
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 勝者 ペトル・ヴァコッチ
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 勝者 マツィエイ・パテルスキ
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 勝者 マティアス・クリチェク
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 勝者 ヤウヘン・フタロヴィチュ
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 出場選手の総合成績 ペトル・ヴァコッチ, レース時間 , ランキング
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 出場選手の総合成績 ラファウ・マイカ, 時間差 , ランキング
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 出場選手の総合成績 ベニャト・インチャウスティ, 時間差 , ランキング
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 出場選手の総合成績 ホン・イサヒレ, 時間差 , ランキング
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 出場選手の総合成績 ダヴィデ・フォルモーロ, 時間差 , ランキング
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 出場選手の総合成績 ジャンパオロ・カルーゾ, 時間差 , ランキング
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 出場選手の総合成績 ペーター・ヴェリトス, 時間差 , ランキング
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 出場選手の総合成績 アンドレイ・アマドール, 時間差 , ランキング
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 出場選手の総合成績 ロベルト・ヘシンク, 時間差 , ランキング
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 前 ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第4ステージ
ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第5ステージ 次 ツール・ド・ポローニュ2014 第6ステージ
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 país Polonia
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 forma parte de Tour de Polonia 2014
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 fecha 2014
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 orden dentro de la serie 5
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 instancia de etapa de montaña
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 lugar de inicio Zakopane
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 distancia del evento
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 ganador Rafał Majka, de ganador de etapa, de líder de la clasificación de mejor nacional
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 ganador Petr Vakoč, de líder de la clasificación general al final de la etapa
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 ganador Maciej Paterski, de líder de la clasificación de la montaña
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 ganador Movistar 2014, de líder de la clasificación por equipos
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 ganador Matthias Krizek, de Líder de la clasificación de las metas volantes
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 ganador Yauheni Hutarovich, de líder de la clasificación por puntos
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación de etapa Rafał Majka, tiempo de carrera , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación de etapa Beñat Intxausti, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación de etapa Ion Izagirre, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación de etapa Gianluca Brambilla, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación de etapa Warren Barguil, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación de etapa Samuel Sánchez, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación de etapa Davide Formolo, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación de etapa Lars Petter Nordhaug, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación de etapa Andrey Amador, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación de etapa Przemysław Niemiec, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación general Petr Vakoč, tiempo de carrera , ranking , maillot distintivo Maillot amarillo de líder de la clasificación general
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación general Rafał Majka, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación general Beñat Intxausti, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación general Ion Izagirre, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación general Davide Formolo, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación general Giampaolo Caruso, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación general Marek Rutkiewicz, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación general Peter Velits, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación general Andrey Amador, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 clasificación general Robert Gesink, intervalo de tiempo , ranking
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 precedido por 4.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014
5.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014 sucedido por 6.ª etapa del Tour de Polonia 2014
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014
Etape du Tour de Pologne 2014
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 pays Pologne
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 partie de Tour de Pologne 2014
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 date 2014
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 rang dans la série 5
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 nature de l’élément étape de montagne
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 point de départ Zakopane
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 destination du parcours Štrbské Pleso
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 distance de l'événement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 vainqueur Rafał Majka, de vainqueur d'étape, de leader du classement par nationalité
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 vainqueur Petr Vakoč, de leader du classement général à l'issue de l'étape
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 vainqueur Maciej Paterski, de leader du classement de la montagne
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 vainqueur Movistar 2014, de leader du classement de la meilleure équipe
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 vainqueur Matthias Krizek, de leader du classement des sprints
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 vainqueur Yauheni Hutarovitch, de leader du classement par points
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement de l'étape Rafał Majka, temps de course , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement de l'étape Beñat Intxausti, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement de l'étape Ion Izagirre, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement de l'étape Gianluca Brambilla, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement de l'étape Warren Barguil, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement de l'étape Samuel Sánchez, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement de l'étape Davide Formolo, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement de l'étape Lars Petter Nordhaug, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement de l'étape Andrey Amador, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement de l'étape Przemysław Niemiec, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement général Petr Vakoč, temps de course , rang/classement , maillot distinctif maillot jaune de leader du classement général
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement général Rafał Majka, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement général Beñat Intxausti, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement général Ion Izagirre, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement général Davide Formolo, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement général Giampaolo Caruso, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement général Marek Rutkiewicz, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement général Peter Velits, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement général Andrey Amador, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 classement général Robert Gesink, écart de temps , rang/classement
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 précédé par 4e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014
5e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014 suivi par 6e étape du Tour de Pologne 2014
| 9,743 |
https://github.com/spiffe/spire-tutorials/blob/master/k8s/envoy-jwt-auth-helper/go.mod
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
spire-tutorials
|
spiffe
|
Go Module
|
Code
| 76 | 448 |
module github.com/spiffe/envoy-jwt-auth-helper
go 1.20
require (
github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.11.0
github.com/gogo/googleapis v1.4.1
github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.3
github.com/hashicorp/hcl v1.0.0
github.com/spiffe/go-spiffe/v2 v2.1.3
google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230327215041-6ac7f18bb9d5
google.golang.org/grpc v1.54.0
)
require (
github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.0 // indirect
github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20230310173818-32f1caf87195 // indirect
github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v0.10.1 // indirect
github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v3 v3.0.0 // indirect
github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
github.com/zeebo/errs v1.3.0 // indirect
golang.org/x/crypto v0.7.0 // indirect
golang.org/x/mod v0.9.0 // indirect
golang.org/x/net v0.8.0 // indirect
golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0 // indirect
golang.org/x/text v0.8.0 // indirect
golang.org/x/tools v0.7.0 // indirect
google.golang.org/protobuf v1.30.0 // indirect
)
| 13,280 |
https://github.com/dimitry12/human-lambdas/blob/master/src/human_lambdas/user_handler/migrations/0012_auto_20200624_1449.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
human-lambdas
|
dimitry12
|
Python
|
Code
| 54 | 275 |
# Generated by Django 2.2.10 on 2020-06-24 14:49
import django.db.models.deletion
from django.db import migrations, models
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
("user_handler", "0011_auto_20200527_1448"),
]
operations = [
migrations.CreateModel(
name="Notification",
fields=[
(
"id",
models.AutoField(
auto_created=True,
primary_key=True,
serialize=False,
verbose_name="ID",
),
),
("enabled", models.BooleanField(default=True)),
("last_notified", models.DateTimeField(null=True)),
],
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name="user",
name="notifications",
field=models.OneToOneField(
null=True,
on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE,
to="user_handler.Notification",
),
),
]
| 9,471 |
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre%20Ged%C5%91v%C3%A1ri
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Imre Gedővári
|
https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imre Gedővári&action=history
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 148 | 302 |
Imre Gedővári (Budapest, 1 de julio de 1951-Budapest, 22 de mayo de 2014) fue un deportista húngaro que compitió en esgrima, especialista en la modalidad de sable.
Participó en tres Juegos Olímpicos de Verano, obteniendo tres medallas, dos bronces en Moscú 1980 y oro en Seúl 1988. Ganó nueve medallas en el Campeonato Mundial de Esgrima entre los años 1975 y 1985, y una medalla en el Campeonato Europeo de Esgrima de 1981.
Palmarés internacional
Referencias
Esgrimidores de Hungría
Esgrimidores en los Juegos Olímpicos de Montreal 1976
Esgrimidores en los Juegos Olímpicos de Moscú 1980
Esgrimidores en los Juegos Olímpicos de Seúl 1988
Medallistas olímpicos de oro de esgrima
Medallistas olímpicos de bronce de esgrima
Medallistas olímpicos de oro de Hungría
Medallistas olímpicos de bronce de Hungría
Medallistas olímpicos de bronce de Moscú 1980
Medallistas olímpicos de oro de Seúl 1988
Campeones mundiales de esgrima
Nacidos en Budapest
| 37,452 |
bpt6k96121045_4
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
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Techniques et sciences municipales
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L'Etat a confie, par concession, a SOMIVAL le soin de realiser cet amenagement. Le financement en est assure par I'Etat (Ministeres de I'Environnement et de I'Agriculture) et par I'Agence Financiere de Bassin Loire-Bretagne. 2 — Le reservoir de Naussac a) Situation Le barrage de Naussac est situe sur le Donozau, affluent en rive gauche de I'Allier, a quelques kilometres au nord-ouest de la ville de Langogne. La retenue se trouve dans le departement de la Lozere, mais certaines des installations prevues en deuxieme phase seront construites dans le departement de la Haute-Loire, tout proche. Son volume est de 190 millions de metres cubes et la superficie couverte de 1 080 hectares. b) Le barrage C'est un barrage dont le corps est constitue d'enrochements fortement compactes (photo 1). L'etancheite est assuree par un masque en beton arme coule sur la face amont des enrochements. Une conduite sous digue, 0 3,20 m evacuera les eaux lâchées. La temperature de I'eau peut etre choisie a I'aide de 4 prises etagees regroupees dans une tour (photos 2 et 3). L'eau est relâchée grace a une vanne a jet creux qui assure une bonne oxygenation (photo 4). Les caracteristiques principales du barrage sont les suivantes : Photo 1 : La retenue et la digue de Naussac. (Doc. SOMIVAL). Photo 2 : La retenue de Naussac et la tour de prise. (Doc. SOMIVAL). Photo 3 : La tour de prise et le masque d'etancheite du barrage. (Doc. SOMIVAL). Photo 4 : Realisation de lachures par la vanne de restitution. (Doc. SOMIVAL). — hauteur au-dessus du terrain naturel . 50 metres ; — longeur en crete 240 metres ; — largeur de la crete ................ 9 metres ; — volume des enrochements 400 000 metres cubes. c) L'alimentation de la retenue L'alimentation est assuree en premiere phase par le Donozau et ses affluents, ainsi que par les eaux derivees du Chapeauroux grace au barrage d'Auroux et a une galerie. Ces travaux de premiere phase se sont déroulés de 1977 a 1980. Le Reservoir a ete rempli fin 1982 et a pu etre opérationnel en 1983. L'alimentation actuelle ne peut apporter en moyenne que 85 Mm3 par annee, aussi, en deuxieme phase le systeme d'alimentation sera complete par le barrage de La Valette sur I'AIlier qui permettra le fonctionnement d'une usine de pompage de 15 MW situee au pied du barrage de Naussac. Cette usine Photo 5 : La vall6e de I'Allier d I'aval de Naussac. (Doc. SOMIVAL). produira de !'e!ectricite en turbinant les eaux lâchées. Les travaux correspondant vont débuter prochainement. d) Operations annexes La realisation du Reservoir a necessite un certain nombre d'operations annexes dont les principales sont : 9 La reconstruction du village de Naussac pour accueillir les habitants vivant dans le bourg de Naussac et dans les hameaux de la Commune de Langogne ; o La creation d'un plan d'eau à niveau constant d'environ 14 hectares de superficie pour la baignade et le canotage. 3 — Le soutien des etiages Les etiages actuels de I'Allier sont particulièrement sev&res. Ainsi, le debit minimum journalier de frequence quinquennale est de 1,1 m3/s à Vieille-Brioude, 3,7 m3/s à Vic-le-Comte (au droit de t'agg)omeration clermontoise) et 15 m3/s au confluent de la Loire. Les basses eaux peuvent se rencontrer pratiquement de juillet a novembre inclus (photo 5). Le Reservoir de Naussac se remplit pendant la periode des hautes eaux, généralement novembre a mai. Les lachures pour soutien d'etiage sont réalisées en vue de satisfaire plusieurs objectifs : — Un debit minimum de 6 m3/s a Vieille-Brioude toute I' année ; — Un debit garanti à Vic-le-Comte, dont la valeur est fixee par le Comite de Gestion Technique des Barrages de Villerest et Naussac. En 1983, cet objectif a été de 18 m3/s de juin à septembre et 15 m3/s en octobre, novembre. — Un objectif de 60 m3/s a Gien sur la Loire à assurer conjointement avec le reservoir de Villerest. Les lachures permettront donc de quadrupler le debit natural minimum en amont de !'agg)omeration clermontoise en année seche et de doubler pratiquement le debit au niveau de Moulins. En 1983, année relativement seche dans la region, 73 Mm3 ont ete taches de mi-juillet à fin novembre, soit 6 m3/s en moyenne, ce qui a provoque des debits moyens de 12 m3/s k Vieille-Brioude et 18 m3/s a Vic-le-Comte. Sur le Val d'Allier les effets benefiques du soutien des etiages se manifestent principalement : — Au niveau des prelevements : • Pour I'alimentation en eau potable le debit total prélevé dans le Bassin representait 3 m3/s en 1979, dont 80 % sur les nappes d'accompagnement de I'Allier. Le realimentation des nappes par la riviere est particulierement necessaire, car le lit est en cours d'approfondissement sur une bonne partie du cours à partir de Brioude. L'accroissement des besoins (2 % par an) pourra donc etre satisfait k long terme sans prob)eme. o Pour I'eau industrielle, les besoins actuels (1 m3/s sur I'Allier) semblent relativement stables. • Pour /'/rf/gaf/on (cf. paragraphe 4). — Au niveau de la qualité des eaux : Les lachures d'eau dans le Haut Bassin am6liorent par dilution la quality des eaux. Cette amelioration, ainsi que I'augmentation des debits d'etiage sont particulièrement favorables au développement de la faune aquatique. —Au niveau des loisirs : Les debits soutenus de I'Allier permettent maintenant la pratique du canoe-kayak dans de bonnes conditions pendant tout rete. 4 — Le développement de I'irrigation Dans la perspective de I'amenagement de Naussac, le Ministère de I'Agriculture a charge SOMIVAL de promouvoir des 1968, et surtout a partir de 1976 un programme ambitieux de développement de I'irrigation dans le Val d'Allier. L'irrigation est en effet une technique qui consomme beaucoup d'eau et cela au moment même ou les ressources hydrauliques des rivières sont les plus basses. Photo 6 : Station de pompage pour t'irrigation dans le Val d'Allier. (Doc. SOMIVAL). Photo 7 : Borne d'irrigation. (Doc. SOMIVAL). Photo 8 : Irrigation de maïs par appareil enrouleur en Limagne. (Doc. SOMIVAL). Photo 9 : Mais irrigue par canon. (Doc. SOMIVAL). Ainsi, pour les principales cultures irriguees : maïs, betteraves sucrieres, fourrages, les besoins en eau moyens sont de 1 000 a 1 500 m3/ha et atteignent 2 000 m3/ha en annee seche, repartis pour I'essentiel sur les mois de juillet et aout. Le debit necessaire en periode seche est de 0,6 I/s/ha en valeur instantanee et 0,4 I/s/ha en moyenne journalière. En 1983, etaient arroses 2 000 ha environ par des equipements individuels, ainsi que 3 400 ha dans le cadre de perimetres collectifs. La mise en place des perimetres collectifs se fait dans le cadre d'Associations Syndicales Autorisees (15 a ce jour) échelonnés le long des cours d'eau, Allier et Sioule principalement. Chaque perimetre comporte une ou plusieurs stations de pompage (photo 6) et un reseau de canalisations enterrees. L'arrosage est assure par aspersion principalement grace a des appareils de type enrouleur (Photos 7, 8, 9). L'objectif poursuivi est d'irriguer 6 000 ha supplémentaires en perimetres collectifs d'ici 1995. Les besoins en eau correspondant sont les suivants : 1983 1995 Superficie equipee 10 000 ha 22 000 ha Superficie irriguee annuellement 5 400 ha 11 500 ha Debit de pointe prélevé (moyenne journaliere) 2,16 m3/s 4,6 m3/s Volume necessaire en annee seche ........... 11 Mm3 23 Mm3 Si Ton considere que ces besoins sont satisfaits a 90 % par des prélèvements directs dans I'Allier ou pour une plus faible part par ses affluents, les debits actuellement necessaires a I'irrigation sont de 2 m3/s et doubleront d'ici 1995. Ainsi donc, le programme realise pour le soutien des etiages, en ecartant les risques de penurie d'eau a moyen terme apporte un nouveau potentiel de développement urbain, industriel, agricole et touristique du Val d'Allier, qui est le noyau dynamique de la region Auvergne. Resume P. COULBOIS : Le soutien des etiages de I'Allier. Le soutien des etiages de I'Allier doit etre assure pour faire face aux besoins en eau des regions traversees par cette riviere. C'est I'objet de t'amenagement de Naussac realise par la SOMI VAL au titre d'une concession d'Etat. Les ouvrages actuels permettent de disposer d'une retenue de 190 Mm3 et 1 080 ha mobilisant 85 Mm3 d'apports annuels. Les installations de deuxieme phase completeront I'alimentation du Reservoir. Les lachures doivent assurer un debit de 6 m3/s a Vieille-Brioude et satisfaire aux objectifs fixes a Vic-le-Comte et Gien par le Comite de Gestion Technique de Villerest-Naussac 18 m3/s et 60 m3/s en 1983. Cette rea)imentation permet le développement actuel de I'irrigation dans le Val d'Allier, la SOMIVAL assurant la realisation des perimetres collectifs : 10 000 ha équipés en 1983, 22 000 ha prevus en 1995. Summary P. COULBOIS : Securing Allier low-water. It is necessary to secure low-water of the Allier in order to cover the drinking water requirements of the regions crossed by this river. This is the objective of the Naussac installations, realized by SOMI VAL within the limits of a State concession. The present equipments allow to dispose of an impoundage with a capacity of 190 million cu.m. and an area of 1,080 ha, mobilizing 85 million cu.m. yearly inflows. The second step of works shall complete the supply of the reservoir. The washouts will secure a flow of 6 cu.m/s to the town of Vieille Brioude and conform to the objectives fixed at Vic-le-Comte and Gien by the Villerest-Naussac Technical Management Committee, i.e. 18 cu.m/s and 60 cu.m/s by 1983. This recharge allows the present spreading of irrigation in Val d'Allier. SOMIVAL secures the realization of collective intake areas : 10,000 ha equipped 1983, and 22,000 ha planned 1995. 3 — Apercu sur le saumon Loire-Allier R. CUINAT Délégué Regional du Conseil Superieur de la Peche pour « Auvergne-Limousin )) Au milieu du XIXe siècle, le saumon se reproduisait dans la partie superieure de la Loire et dans la quasi-tota!ite des affluents ou sous-affluents rive gauche de ce fleuve, notamment : Vienne, Cher, Allier... Aujourd'hui le « Saumon de Loire » est devenu entierement tributaire de I'Allier pour sa reproduction et sa vie juvenile. Le cheptel saumon Loire-Allier On peut chiffrer les captures entre 500 et 2 500 poissons par an dans la periode actuelle. Le saumon peut encore se reproduire et vivre dans le haut bassin de I'Allier car on y trouve des alternances de profonds et de rapides, une eau non polluée et les frayeres s'installent alors dans les courants vifs. II faut donc un regime torrentiel et ces conditions sont reunies a I'amont de VIEILLE-BRIOUDE. A I'aval, les possibility sont plus limitées a cause du remodelage du lit de la riviere en fonction des nombreuses extractions de granulats et du fait des pollutions qui apparaissent. Les juveniles (ou saumoneaux) compris entre 13 et 25 cm descendent I'Allier puis migrent vers les cotes canadiennes et le Groenland (4 000 km en mer) oil ils vivent de 2 a 4 ans avant de reprendre le chemin de I'estuaire de la Loire. Saumon adulte capture par les gardes-peche, pour la reproduction artificielle en pisciculture. lis mesurent alors entre 65 et 120 cm et pesent de 3 a 20 kg avec une moyenne de 7 kg environ. La remontee de la Loire et de I'Allier va durer de 6 a 14 mois selon les sujets. Reperage des frayeres de saumons sur le Haut-Allier, en kayak. Les obstacles a la migration et leur amenagement Entre I'estuaire et le barrage infranchissable de Poutes (860 km) on trouve actuellement 19 obstacles : 5 sur la Loire et 14 sur I'Allier. Sur la Loire L'obstacle majeur sur la Loire est le barrage de Blois. II est escamotable et est maintenant en position basse toute I'annee sauf en periode estivale. Les autres obstacles sont essentiellement constitues par les seuils de prise d'eau des centrales nucléaires mais E.D.F. y a prevu des « passes a poissons ». On peut donc penser que la situation s'améliorera dans les prochaines annees sur la Loire et que petit a petit les obstacles diminueront ; mais il restera a contrôler les peches sauvages au filet dans I'estuaire du fleuve. Sur I'Allier Certains aménagements prevus par le « Plan Saumon » ont deja ete realises, mais des problemes subsistent qu'il faut regler et notamment a : — VICHY (03) — Le franchissement de ce barrage mobile pose encore des problemes, dont certains sont complexes. II serait necessaire d'améliorer a la fois les dispositifs de franchissement et la gestion hydraulique du plan d'eau, qui ne saurait etre considéré comme un « lac », puisqu'il est établi sur une riviere. VIEILLE-BRIOUDE (43) Bien que de faible hauteur, cette microcentrale pose des problemes du fait de I'insuffisance du debit laisse au pied du barrage par rapport au debit derive. POUTES-MONISTROL (E.D.F.) (43) Le Barrage de Poutes a une hauteur de 15 metres ; il comporte une passe a poissons inutilisable. Les saumons ne parviennent d'ailleurs qu'exceptionnellement au pied du barrage, car le debit reserve (500 l/s). est insuffisant pour les attirer dans le « Vieil-Allier », troncon de 10 km court-circuite, entre barrage et usine de restitution (Monistrol). Cette usine, equipee pour turbiner jusqu'a 44 m3/s, provoque des variations de debit prejudiciables aux frayeres et aux juveniles sur 50 a 100 km en aval. Ces problemes de variation de debit n'ont malheurement pas ete reg!es lors de la mise en service de Naussac. Les responsables de la Peche escomptent qu'ils le seront a I' occasion du projet de concession de Naussac II. Le Conseil Superieur de la Peche considere que le debit minimal a laisser a I'Allier en aval de Monistrol est de 5 m3/s toute )'annee (dont environ la moitie dans le Vieil-Allier, I'autre moitie pouvant etre turbinee a Monistrol) ; faute de quoi, le projet de Naussac II n'apporte aucune amelioration a I'environnement aquatique et piscicole. Les moyens techniques pour rendre franchissable le barrage lui-même (a la descente comme a la montee) sont etudies actuellement par E.D.F., C.E.M.A.G.R.E.F. et C.S.P. La reconquete d'environ 30 km d'excellentes frayeres (jusqu'a Saint-Etienne-du-Vigan) pourrait largement doubler le potentiel Saumon de I'axe Loire-Allier. Les problemes relatifs a ces ouvrages sont en cours d'examen par le Ministere de I'Environnement, les services competents et les differents organismes concernes. En ce qui concerne les affluents principaux de I'Allier : — Pour la SIOULE, on se heurte a un probleme de variation de debits importante due au barrage E.D.F. des Fades ainsi qu'a un grand nombre de petits barrages qui ont ete restaures pour des microcentrales. II existe actuellement d'autres projets hydrauliques importants sur cette riviere et il faudra choisir entre les saumons et les barrages. — Pour la DORE, le gros probleme reste la mauvaise qualite physico-chimique des eaux. — Pour I'ALLAGNON, pas de difficulty majeure. II suffirait de creer des échelles aux deux barrages situes a Lempdes (Grand-Pont et Chambezon). La reouverture des frayeres de I'Allier a I'amont de Poutes, et de I'Allagnon, permettrait de doubler approximativement le recrutement en saumoneaux. Si, d'autre part, une réglementation de peche plus raisonnee et protectrice etait mise en place, on pourrait capturer chaque annee une quinzaine de milliers de saumons en Loire-Allier. Si cette peche etait pratiquee principalement a la ligne, ce sont pres de trente mille pecheurs sportifs qui pourraient exercer ce loisir sur I'Allier, au lieu d'aller pour cela en Scandinavie, en GrandeBretagne ou au Canada. Peche électrique d'inventaire des saumons juveniles dans une partie courante du Haut-Allier. Conclusions Les caracteristiques genetiques du Saumon .Loire-Allier, adaptees a un systeme fluvial de grande longueur, paraissent assez exceptionnelles : forte proportion de grands sujets (les plus capables de franchir des obstacles), arrivant tres precocement en estuaire. Le faible pourcentage d'adultes parvenant jusqu'aux zones de frayeres est partiellement compense par I' étendue et la haute qualitede ces zones ; la croissance des tacons y est exceptionnellement rapide, la majorite d'entre eux etant prete a dévaler des !'age de 15 mois. La productivity en saumoneaux d'un contingent d'oeufs donne est particulièrement e!evee (probablement entre 25 et 50 saumoneaux par milliers d'oeufs pondus). Si on laissait disparaître une telle souche, il serait impossible d'en retrouver !'equiva)ent ailleurs, au cas ou I'on voudrait ultérieurement réimplanter )'espece saumon sur ce bassin. Toutes les dispositions doivent-etre prevues, dans !'etab)issement des differents projets d'aménagement de I'Allier, pour permettre la migration du saumon et le développement de sa reproduction. Resume R. CUINAT : Apercu sur le saumon Loire-Allier. Aujourd'hui le « Saumon de Loire » est devenu entierement tributaire de I'Allier pour sa reproduction et sa vie juvenile. Apres une presentation de i'espece, I'auteur decrit les principaux obstacles a la migration du Saumon et les amenagements possibles pour faciliter leur passage. Summary R. CUINAT : A view upon to the salmon Loire-Allier river. The « Salmon of Loire » has presently become totally dependent of the Allier river for its reproduction and its juvenile life. Having presented the species, the author describes the principal hindrances to the migration of salmon, and the possible equipments for facilitating their passage. I.S.W.A. Congrès de Philadelphie 15 au 20 septembre 1984 Le Congrès de l'I.S.W.A. International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association a débuté le samedi 15 septembre par une journée consacrée « Aux déchets spéciaux ». C'est le Président Teipel qui a ouvert cette journée, suivi du Docteur Benett, Président de l'Académie des Sciences Naturelles de Philadelphie et du Sénateur Stafford, Président de la Commission Sénatoriale des Etats-Unis de l'Environnement et des Travaux Publics. Le congrès proprement dit s'est tenu pendant quatre jours. Lundi 17 septembre Huit conférences ont été consacrées à une revue du traitement des ordures ménagères dans les différentes parties du monde. Le Japon, M. Katsumi Yamamura a mis l'accent sur la réglementation actuelle au Japon, sur le fait que 292 millions de tonnes de déchets provenant des industries sont traités ou recyclés et sur la difficulté croissante qu'il y a à trouver des terrains pour de nouvelles décharges. La Suède, M. Rylander a également fait le point de la législation dans son pays, sur l'aide de l'état pour la construction d'usines de traitement et de récupération et sur le récent décret sur les déchets dangereux. L'Afrique du Sud, M. Bicheno a mis l'accent sur les contrastes qui, dans son pays, font avoisiner les installations rustiques avec les usines à haute technologie. La Nouvelle Zélande, selon Mme Bailley, n'a guère de problèmes importants avec ses 2 millions annuels de tonnes d'ordures et ses . 23 000 tonnes de déchets dangereux, tous mis en décharge. La France, Mme Aloisi de Larderel a fait état de ses expériences de récupératon et de l'évolution de la législation sur l'ensemble du territoire français. Au Canada, selon M. Cornwall, il y a de grands espaces qui sont source de problèmes car les collectivités sont parfois trop éloignées les unes des autres pour mettre sur pied un traitement commun. Les déchets dangereux sont traités à une échelle régionale. En Grande-Bretagne, d'après M. Patrick, la dernière décennie a été surtout consacrée à la législation. On a dressé une liste des déchets dangereux. La destination la plus fréquente est la décharge, notamment dans d'anciennes mines ; la récupération est surtout envisagée sous forme de C.R.O.M. (Combustible de Récupération à partir des Ordures Ménagères). Aux Etats-Unis, enfin, dit M. Hamm, ce sont surtout les déchets dangereux qui tiennent la vedette car beaucoup commencent à douter que la décharge puisse être une solution universelle. La récupération n'est envisagée que sous forme d'énergie. La formation du personnel doit aussi être améliorée. Mardi 18 septembre Décharges — Sélection des paramètres pour le contrôle des eaux profondes à l'emplacement des décharges contrôlées (T.H. Christensen et P. Kjeldsen Danemark). Etude en laboratoire de certaines eaux et des lixiviats. Cette conférence fait le point sur une partie importante de la recherche fondamentale. — Essais de laboratoire pour l'étude de la dégradation anaérobie des ordures ménagères (H.J. Ehrig Allemagne Fédérale). Etude de la production de méthane sur pilotes de 120 litres maintenus à 30 °C. La dégradation la plus rapide a lieu lorsque l'humidité est de l'odre de 65 %. La production de méthane est comprise entre 92 et 133 m3 par tonne de matière sèche. — Biogaz des ordures ménagères (Misiti, Cavasci et Rolle — Italie). Production de biogaz à partir d'un mélange d'ordures ménagères et des boues de station d'épuration, à partir de mesures faites à la station de ROME-Est (400 000 habitants). La meilleure production de biogaz a été observée pour une température de 33°C, un taux de matières en suspension de 4,5 % et un rapport compost/boues de 5/1 (pH 6 à 8). Récupération d'énergie — Utilisation efficace de l'énergie récupérée de l'usine d'incinération de SAPPORO (Keiji Kaneko Japon). Trois usines brûlent 1 500 t/j. La vapeur est utilisée d'abord dans un turbo-alternateur dont la production atteint 36 millions de kWh, 13 millions sont vendus, le reste est utilisé par l'usine. La chaleur vendue représente 140 000 G cal. — Utilisation toute l'année de la chaleur provenant d'une usine d'incinération (Boris L. Levin U.R.S.S.). L'ensemble des usines d'incinération permet de fournir en U.R.S.S. entre 5,3 et 7,3 % de la chaleur nécessaire totale. — Récupération d'énergie dans un incinérateur classique (R. Cenerini Italie) 25 % des ordures italiennes sont incinérées dans 100 usines. Le rapport compare la solution incinération directe à la solution C.R.O.M., du moins en Italie où la variété des combustibles utilisés est grande. — Récupération à Baltimore L'incinération remplace une pyrolyse défaillante (Klaus S. Feindler Etats-Unis). Une usine de pyrolyse économiquement désastreuse a été remplacée sur le même site par une usine d'incinération dont un modèle avait donné satisfaction en un autre lieu du territoire. Emissions de fumées — Emissions des usines d'incinération municipales (B. Fürmaier Allemagne Fédérale). Résultats d'analyses de 13 usines d'incinération bavaroises. Analyses très complètes portant également sur la teneur en métaux lourds et la granulométrie des suies. — Evolution de l'usine de Pérouse dans les années 70 et 80 (V. Mastrandrea, C. Noto la Diega Italie). L'usine de Pérouse produit du compost et du C.R.O.M. La communication a eu pour objet l'influence de la variation de la composition des ordures sur la composition des deux produits ci-dessus. — Dade County en Floride Histoire du succès d'une récupération d'énergie (G.E. Boyhan Etats-Unis). Description d'une « usine » de 4 000 t/j dont plus de 1 000 pneus, qui traite les déchets suivant plusieurs méthodes dont l'incinération... Mercredi 19 septembre Collecte — Incertitude quant au traitement des déchets solides (S. Naito Japon). Considérations générales sur les difficultés que l'on rencontre dans le traitement des ordures dès que l'on sort de l'aire théorique. — Collecte et traitement des déchets solides, perspectives du secteur public (Lambert C. Mims Etats-Unis). Exemple de la ville de Mobile en Alabama 28 % du budget est consacré aux déchets solides. Un projet d'incinération avec récupération de vapeur est à l'étude mais la décharge donne actuellement toute satisfaction. — Le modèle de traitement des déchets « HARWELL » et son application à Hong-Kong. (David C. Wilson, Michaël, P. Pugh, Victor H. Bradley et Richard W. Hoare Grande-Bretagne). Adaptation d'un système de choix de décision au cas très particulier de Hong-Kong où les tailleurs sont réputés pour faire de l'excellent « sur-mesure ». — Respect des contraintes d'environnement lors de la reconstruction de l'usine d'incinération de Saint-Ouen (J. Gounon France). Application des règles actuelles de protection des sites et de l'environnement au cas de Saint-Ouen. Cette conférence avait pour but de montrer la complexité, mais aussi la raison d'être de notre actuelle législation. — Choix et caractéristiques des équipements de collecte des ordures (Marion H. Johnson Etats-Unis). Exposé sur les équipements de Dallas (Texas) dont les problèmes sont ceux d'une ville très étendue dans une région plate au climat parfois très chaud. — Mécanisation de la collecte des déchets ménagers (C. Monterrat et J. Burelle France). Présentation de l'ensemble du matériel dont certains éléments ont permis l'automatisation de la collecte dans la ville de Paris et dans plusieurs villes de France. La gamme offerte est maintenant très complète. — Collecte séparée des déchets domestiques (G. Van Bezooijen Pays-Bas). Intérêt de la collecte séparée du point de vue des traitements ultérieurs. Cas de quatre villes néerlandaises ; nécessité de l'accord de la population. Jeudi 20 septembre Déchets dangereux — Perspectives historiques au sujet des déchets dangereux (Joël Tarr Etats-Unis). A partir d'un historique du traitement et de l'élimination des déchets dangereux aux Etats-Unis, l'auteur insiste sur le fait que ce n'est pas toujours la faute du producteur si des atteintes sévères à l'environnement ont été faites ces derniers temps. — Incinération des déchets dangereux : philosophie, stratégie et solution technique adoptées par une usine chimique importante (C. Capek, HW Fabian et H. Fuhr Allemagne Fédérale). Présentation de l'usine Bayer de Leverkusen avec les installations de traitement des déchets de cette grande usine installée dans une île du Rhin. — Le traitement des déchets spéciaux en France, l'exemple de la Basse-Seine (J.-B. Leroy France). Les industries de cette région ont à leur disposition un ensemble complet de réalisation décharge (SERAF à la Fosse Marmitaine près d'Elbeuf), incinération (SEDIBEX à Sandouville) et traitements physico-chimiques (SARP Industries à Limay). — Normes 1984 de traitement des déchets en Angleterre (Richard B.G., Hawkins Grande-Bretagne). Point de vue anglais sur la gestion des déchets dangereux et la législation qui la régit. La décharge tient une grande place dans l'ensemble des dispositifs actuels. — Industries chimiques en Suisse, traitement des déchets spéciaux (G. Eigenmann Suisse). Cas particulier de la chimie fine où les productions sont souvent discontinues et la variété des déchets très grande. — Elimination et directives pour les déchets dangereux à Yokohama (Yoshio Obata Japon). Rappel de la législation japonaise et exemple des solutions choisies à Yokohama. Là encore la décharge semble très utilisée. — Expérience du traitement des boues et des déchets dangereux à Vienne (F. Hübl et W. Lutz Autriche). Les boues de la station d'épuration représentent 1 400 000 m3 par an pour les 2 500 000 habitants de la ville, avec une teneur en matière sèche de 5,5 %. Elles sont incinérées dans deux unités à lit fluidisé. Sur les 160 000 tonnes annuelles de déchets dangereux, 105 000 tonnes sont incinérées dans des fours rotatifs, le reste subit un traitement physico-chimique. — Résumé des communications techniques de ces quatre dernières années (la majorité de ces communications comporte une abondante bibliographie). — Décharges contrôlées (L. Bonomo et R. Cossu Italie). Les discussions ont porté principalement sur — Le choix des emplacements — ainsi que la protection des eaux. Imperméabilisation artificielle et dessication préalable des déchets. — Evolution des déchets avec production de biogaz. — Traitement des lixiviats et pollution éventuelle des nappes souterraines. — Production de gaz, collecte et élimination ou utilisation de ce sous-produit. Recyclage (P. Lechner Autriche et J.A. Den Dulk Pays-Bas). Les techniques de tri et de séparation ont évolué dans trois directions. — Séparation mécanique, par broyage et tri physique. — Séparation à la source par collecte sélective. — Collecte dans des bennes à compartiments multiples. Les marchés de revente des matériaux récupérés ou recylés sont très capricieux ce qui contrarie ce genre d'opération. — Récupération d'énergie (Janos Banhidy Hongrie et J. B. Leroy France). Les travaux de ces quatre dernières années ont été importants dans cinq directions. Biogaz. Outre la prodùction dans les décharges, des essais ont été faits d'utilisation de déchets végétaux, voire d'ordures, en enceinte fermée. Plusieurs usages du biogaz sont possibles en dehors du simple chauffage. C.R.O.M. Les recherches se poursuivent, plusieurs installations sont en route. Pyrolyse. Cette technique a du mal à trouver son équilibre ; on cherche à l'appliquer à des déchets relativement homogènes comme les pneus. Incinération. Le point est fait régulièrement sur cette technique maintenant bien au point. Traitement des fumées. Il est essentiellement dépendant de la législation, les investissements correspondants pourraient devenir très lourds en cas de renforcement sérieux de ces lois. — Recyclage et récupération. L'aspect économique est le plus important, mais la première récupération commence à l'intérieur des usines. — Utilisation des boues résiduaires en agriculture (Jens Aage Hansen Danemark et P.A. Vesilind Etats-Unis). Les boues sont intéressantes quant à leur composition en azote et en phosphore, mais leur teneur en métaux lourds, notamment en Cadmium, peut être gênante à long terme. — Traitement des déchets dangereux Perspectives pour 1984-1988 (W. Schenkel Allemagne Fédérale et John H. Skinner Etats-Unis). Rappel du rôle de l'I.S.W.A. en général et de son Comité Scientifique et Technique en particulier. Les projets pour 1984-1985 sont les suivants : 1. Action pour l'homogénéisation, au niveau international, du classement des déchets dangereux. 2. Information sur les documents de voyage en cas de transport des déchets dangereux. 3. Harmonisation des règles d'élimination entre pays voisins. 4. Information sur les formalités en cas de construction d'une nouvelle installation. 5. Devenir des sites de traitement abandonnés. 6. Transport international des déchets dangereux. 7. Echange d'information sur les techniques de stockage, de traitement et d'élimination des déchets dangereux. Evolution des chloroisocyanurates en solution aqueuse et comportement des formes chlorées vis-à-vis de la diéthylparaphénylènediamine (D.P.D.) R. SEUX M. BATTO M. CLÉMENT B. BEAUDUCEL (*) Introduction Pour limiter au maximum les risques de contamination des baigneurs, les eaux de piscines doivent être désinfectées et désinfectantes. Mais il ne faut pas que les produits de traitement présentent un quelconque danger pour le public. C'est la raison pour laquelle ne peuvent être utilisés que des produits autorisés par le Ministère chargé de la Santé. Ainsi, le décret n° 81-324 du 7 avril 1981 fixant les normes d'hygiène et de sécurité applicables aux piscines et baignades aménagées a prévu l'utilisation de l'eau de Javel, de l'hypochlorite de calcium, du chlore gazeux, du brome, de l'ozone et des chloroisocyanurates. L'arrêté du même jour donne, entre autres, des indications sur les teneurs minimales et maximales en désinfectant. Par exemple, le taux de chlore libre actif doit être au moins de 0,4 mg/l, mais rester inférieur à 1,4 mg/I. De son côté, le chlore combiné ne doit pas dépasser 0,6 mg/I. En cas d'utilisation de chloroisocyanurates, le taux d'acide cyanurique doit rester inférieur à 75 mg/I. Actuellement on sait bien mesurer les différentes formes du chlore et les dosages en eaux de piscines sont le plus souvent effectués par colorimétrie après réaction avec la diéthylparaphénylènediamine (D.P.D.). Mais en présence d'acide cyanurique, que dose-t-on par ces méthodes ? Comment réagissent les différentes formes chlorées de l'acide isocyanurique ? Pour répondre, une expérimentation était nécessaire, car la littérature ne donne pas d'information précise sur ces questions. En utilisant les réactions développées par l'acide chloroisocyanurique dans l'eau, nous avons vérifié que les constantes thermodynamiques données par différents auteurs permettaient d'obtenir, par le calcul, une teneur en chlore libre proche des valeurs expérimentales. Nous avons ensuite examiné le comportement des chlorocyanuriques en présence de D.P.D. en eau pure tamponnée et dans une eau de piscine traitée selon le procédé cuivre argent pour étudier l'influence de la matière organique. Enfin, nous avons examiné la stabilité chimique du motif cyanurique et vérifié qu'il n'est pas pris en compte lors de l'évaluation de la teneur des eaux en matières organiques par les méthodes habituelles. L'acide cyanurique peut être dosé séparément par une méthode néphélométrique appropriée. 1 — Comportement des chloroisocyanurates en solution aqueuse Les chloroisocyanurates subissent des réactions d'hydrolyse qui conduisent à une série de composés dont les concentrations sont réglées par des équilibres chimiques. La structure de l'acide isocyanurique est la suivante : formes : cétonique énolique Par substitution des trois atome d'hydrogène par le chlore on obtient l'acide trichloroisocyanurique correspondant CI3 Cy, le motif cyanurique étant désigné par le symbole Cy. 1.1 — Réaction d'hydrolyse et de dissociation CI3Cy + H,0 -1 HCI2Cy + HOCI , pK, L'acide dichloroisocyanurique formé peut se dissocier et s'hydrolyser : ( CI2Cy + H30+ , pK2 HCI2Cy + H,O ;-, j f H2CICy + HOCI , pK3 de même, ( HCICy + H30' , pK4 H2CICy + H,0 --> l { H,Cy + HOCI , pK5 L'acide isocyanurique ainsi obtenu présente trois acidités faibles qui sont susceptibles de conduire aux formes. H,Cy , HCy' et Cy3 On a également les réactions CI2Cy + H,0 f=! HCICy + HOCI et Enfin C!Cy' + H20 +* HCy' + HOCI Plusieurs auteurs ont étudié ces équilibres et déterminé les constantes correspondantes. O'BRIEN en particulier a produit un document très complet [1] dont nous avons extrait le tableau 1. (*) Laboratoire de Génie Sanitaire Ecole Nationale de la Santé Publique, 35043 Rennes Cedex. Réaction pK n° O'BRIEN (1) MONSANTO (2) S.R.I. (3) C13CY + H20 + -+ 8C12CY + HOC1 1 1,8 ± 0,2 HCl2Cy + 82° ï C12Cy + 83° + 2 3,75 ± 0,03 3,95 4,0 HCl2Cy + H 2 î H2ClCy + 80Cl 3 2,93 ± 0,07 3,0 H2ClCy + H20 + -+ HCICy" + 83° + 4 5,33 ± 0,05 5,31 5,7 82C1Cy + H20 î 83Cy + HOCl 5 4,07 ± 0,08 4,1 H3Cy + H20 + -+ 82CY + 83° + 6 6,88 ± 0,04 6,93 7,0 C12CY + H20 -+ + HCICy' + 80Cl 7 4,51 ± 0,09 HCICy' + H20 t ClCy2" + H30+ 8 10,12 ± 0,02 10,09 9,4 HCICy' + H20 + 82Cy + 80Cl 9 5,62 ± 0,05 H Cy' + 82° + 8Cy 2+ 83° + 10 11,40 ± 0,10 11,0 10,6 2-+ 2 C1Cy + H20 HCy + 80Cl 11 6,90 ± 0,11 —— 2-y 3+ HCy + H20 «Cy + H30 12 13,5 —— —— Tableau 1 Valeurs des pK (à 25°C) des réactions d'hydrolyse et de dissociation des différents composés issus de CI3Cy. Un peu plus tard, PINSKY [4] a également déterminé les valeurs des constantes d'équilibre des réactions développées par les formes qui dominent aux pH voisins de 7,5. Alors que O'BRIEN utilisait la spectrophotométrie d'absorption moléculaire pour déterminer les concentrations des différentes espèces, PINSKY dose le chlore libre par polarographie et obtient pour les deux équilibres ci-dessous des constantes un peu plus élevées que les auteurs précédents O.Cy' + OH+=! HCtCy' + ClO; pKa = 2,37 HCICy+ OH+=! H,Cy' + CIO ; pK0 = 1,53 C'est-à-dire K. = 102'37 et K. = 101'53 Pour ces mêmes réactions, les valeurs publiées par O'BRIEN conduisent à K = 10 1,99 K, = 98 et K, ¡) = 10°" K, = 7,7 1.2 — Répartition des différentes formes La connaissance de toutes les constantes d'hydrolyse et d'équilibre permet de calculer la concentration de chaque espèce en fonction du pH, pour des valeurs données de chlore total (Clr) et d'acide cyanurique total (CYr). C'est ainsi que O'BRIEN a pu tracer les courbes de répartition rappelées sur la figure 7. On constate qu'aux pH habituels des eaux de piscine (pH = [7-8]) les formes dominantes sont Cl2 Cy et HCI Cyd'une part ; H3Cy et H2Cy d'autre part. Le pourcentage de chlore sous la forme HCIO et CIO est élevé lorsque le rapport est voisin de 1, il décroît régulièrement lorsque ce rapport augmente. Pour le calcul, la concentration de chaque espèce est exprimée en fonction de (H,O + ), (Cy3 ) et (HOCI) Fig. 1 : Répartition du chlore et des formes isocyanuriques en fonction du pH pour CYT/CIT = 10 (1). Ainsi, la concentration de chaque espèce peut être exprimée par HnClmCyP= (H,O')" + m (HOCI)m (C/-) /3nm avec n + m + p = 3 et log 0nm = EpK; n. Espèce n m log 8 nm 1 cl0 0 0 2 2 HCy 1 0 pK12 3 H2CY 2 0 pK12 + pK10 4 H3CY 3 0 pK12 + pK10 + 2 5 CICy 0 1 pK12 + pK 6 HCICy" 1 1 pK12 + pK11 + pK0 7 H2ClCy 2 1 pK12 + pK11 + pKg + pK4 8 Cl2CY0 2 pK12 + pK11 + pKg + pK7 9 HCl2CY 1 2 pK12 + pK11 + pKg + pK7 + pK2 10 Cl3CY 0 3 pK12 + pKll + pK0 + pK 7 + pK2 + pK1 1.3 — Calcul du chlore libre Le titre d'une solution oxydante de chlore peut s'exprimer en normalité ou en mg/! de C12. On tient compte alors des réactions : CI, + 2 H20 +Z HOCI + H30+ + Cl et HOCI + H30+ + 2e +Z CI+ 2H20 Une solution molaire en HOCI est 2N et son titre en chlore sera de 35,5 x 2 = 71 g/1. T (mg/! de C12) = 35,5 10-3 . N ou T (mg/I de Cl2) = 71 10 3 . M Chaque atome de chlore de la molécule d'acide chloroisocyanurique donnant une molécule d'acide hypochloreux, nous aurons : T (mg/! de C12) = 71 10 3 . M Les concentrations molaires des différentes espèces permettront donc d'établir le titre en chlore total : CIT = (HOCI) + (CIO-) + (H2CICy) + (HCICy-) + (CICy2 ) + 2 (HCI2Cy) + 2 (CI2C/-) + 3 (CI3Cy). Par ailleurs, l'acide isocyanurique total est donné par : CYT = (H3Cy) + (H2Cy ) + (H Cy'-) + (Cy3 ) + (H2CICy) + (HClCy ) + (CIC/-) + (HCI2Cy) + (CI2Cy-) + (CI3Cy) Ce qui, sous forme condensée, donne CIT = [E E m/3nm (HOCI)' (H,O + )" 'I m] + (HOCI) + (CIO ) Cy, = [E L I3nm (HOCI)m (H,O + r + m] On peut donc exprimer le CIT en fonction de CyT Connaissant le chlore total et CyT, on peut déterminer le pourcentage des différentes formes, notamment du chlore libre. Pour vérifier la validité des résultats obtenus par ce modèle à partir des différentes valeurs proposées pour les constantes d'hydrolyse et d'équilibre, nous avons cherché à mesurer le chlore libre par des méthodes qui n'altèrent pas les différentes formes chlorées. 1.4 — Détermination analytique du chlore libre par spectrophotométrie U.V. Le rayonnement ultra-violet favorise la décomposition de l'acide hypochloreux, mais la cinétique est suffisamment lente pour permettre un dosage par cette méthode. La figure 2 représente les spectres d'absorption des formes HOCI et CtO' réalisés à des pH très différenciés. Fig. 2 : Absorption moléculaire des formes HOCI et CIO Nous avons obtenu un Âmax égal à 237 nm pour HCIO 293 nm pour CIO et pour les coefficients d'extinction molaire les valeurs suivantes : ÉHOCI = 97 mole-1 cm 1 ECIO = 350 mole 1 cm-1 Ces résultats sont en bon accord avec ceux rapportés par SOULARD (5). O'BRIEN a étudié l'absorption moléculaire de l'acide isocyanurique et des différentes formes des acides mono et dichloroisocyanurique. Les max se situent vers 215-220 nm pour les formes ionisées et ils sont inférieurs à 205 nm pour les formes non ionisées. Lors de nos essais, nous avons également constaté que le pic de HOCI est complètement masqué par l'absorption de l'acide cyanurique et des chloroisocyanurates alors que celui de ClOà 293 nm ne subit pas de modification sensible (cf. figure 4). On peut donc, à cette longueur d'onde, déterminer la teneur en chlore libre des solutions d'acide chloroisocyanurique, soit en travaillant à pH = 11 pour n'avoir que la forme CIO , soit en calculant la teneur en chlore libre à partir de la mesure de CIOet du pH quand celui-ci est inférieur à 11. Mais l'absorption moléculaire étant peu élevée, on a intérêt à travailler à pH basique pour obtenir une meilleure sensibilité qui, malgré tout, reste faible. La courbe d'étalonnage donnée à la figure 3 montre que cette technique n'est pas utilisable pour des teneurs inférieures à 5 mg/I de chlore libre (sous la forme CIO). Fig. 3 : Absorption moléculaire à 293 nm de CIOà pH 12 et sous 1 cm de trajet optique. Elle permet cependant de vérifier expérimentalement les teneurs en chlore libre calculées à partir du modèle, pour des solutions calibrées en dichlorocyanurate de sodium. Ces dernières ont été préparées avec une eau de demande en chlore nulle (eau osmosée désionisée et filtrée sur charbon actif). Le tableau II rassemble les résultats expérimentaux et les valeurs de chlore libre calculées pour des solutions de NaCI2Cy dont la teneur en chlore total varie de 10 à 50 mg/I. On constate que, pour des pH élevés, les valeurs calculées sont très proches des valeurs expérimentales et la concordance apparaît meilleure lorsque le calcul est effectué avec l'ensemble des constantes publiées par O'BRIEN. Par contre au pH voisin de la neutralité, on observe des écarts impor Fig. 4 : Spectre d'absorption moléculaire des différentes espèces issues des chloroisocyanurates. CI libre calculé (mg/l de C12) CI mg/l pH Titre en chlore libre , T mesuré Ctes O'BRIEN Ctea PINSKY de C'2 mg/l de C'2 50 11,75 26,7 30,3 31,7 40 11,75 23,8 24,4 25,4 30 11,65 18,4 18,4 19,1 20 11,65 11,5 12,5 12,8 10 12,05 6,1 6,4 6,4 50 8,00 17,2 12,0 15,5 40 8,00 14,5 10,4 13,2 30 8,15 12,2 9,6 11,7 20 8,15 9,3 7,4 8,6 Tableau Il : Valeurs expérimentales (UV) et calculées de chlore libre de solutions de dichloroisocyanurate de Na. tants avec ces constantes et une amélioration sensible est obtenue en utilisant pour le calcul les valeurs de pK7 et pK9 (Kaet K0) publiées par PINSKY. Ces différences sont masquées aux pH plus basiques car on favorise alors les dernières réactions d'hydrolyse et de dissociation. Pour effectuer les calculs de la répartition des différentes formes de chlore dans les conditions habituelles de travail, nous avons introduit dans notre programme les valeurs déterminées par O'BRIEN à l'exception de celles de pK7 et pKg pour lesquelles nous avons retenu les valeurs publiées par PINSKY. Ainsi, les différences entre les valeurs calculées et les valeurs réelles des concentrations en chlore resteront inférieures à 10 %. 1.5 — Dénomination des différentes formes de chlore Avec l'utilisation des chloroisocyanurates, on voit apparaître une nouvelle forme de chlore ; celle liée au motif isocyanurique et en équilibre chimique avec l'acide hypochloreux. En cas de consommation de ce dernier, l'équilibre sera déplacé et conduira à la libération de HOCI. Dans ces conditions, se pose le problème de la dénomination de cette forme. Sachant que l'appellation « chlore libre » désigne exclusivement la somme (HCIO) + (CIO ) et que le « chlore combiné » est, par définition le chlore engagé dans les chloramines ou dans des structures organiques et capable d'oxyder l'iodure à pH fixé. Il convient de désigner sous un autre vocable le chlore des chloroisocyanurates pour ne pas créer de confusion. Deux appellations peuvent être proposées : « chlore disponible » ou « chlore potentiel ». La seconde est peut être préférable car on pourrait logiquement nous opposer que le chlore libre (HOCI) et (CIO -) est aussi disponible. Nous définirons donc le « chlore potentiel » comme étant le chlore engagé dans les différentes formes isocyanuriques et susceptibles de conduire à HOCI par hydrolyse. Le chlore disponible inclurait alors chlore libre et chlore potentiel. Les schéma ci-après symbolise les différentes formes 2 — Etude des réactions des formes chlorées de l'acide isocyanurique avec le N, N-DiéthylParaphénylènediamine (D.P.D.) Nous avons étudié la réaction des chloroisocyanurates avec la D.P.D., car c'est le réactif le plus utilisé pour le dosage du chlore en piscine. En effet, cette méthode est suffisamment simple et fiable, à condition bien sûr de prendre un minimum de précautions pour donner des résultats satisfaisants. 2.1 Rappel des réactions de la D.P.D. avec les halogènes En milieu de pH voisin de la neutralité, les halogènes X2 oxydent la D.P.D. en radical semi-quinonique suivant la réaction : Le radical obtenu, de couleur rouge, présente un spectre à deux maximums d'absorption (510 et 555 nm), ce qui permet une détermination colorimétrique de la concentration en halogène. La quantité D.P.D. doit cependant être suffisante pour éviter l'oxydation de la semi-quinone obtenue en un cation quinone diimine de coloration jaune. En milieu de concentration élevée en halogène, il peut également se former un dimère qui donne une coloration brune. Les dosages colorimétriques à la D.P.D. ne peuvent donc être utilisés que pour des concentrations relativement faibles (de l'ordre de quelques mg/! en X2) et un ratio minimum (D.P.D.)/(Xz) doit être respecté. Tous les dosages que nous avons effectués au cours de ce travail l'ont été dans des conditions identiques à celles de l'établissement de la courbe d'étalonnage donnée ci-après (figure 5) et réalisée dans les conditions suivantes : — A 20 ml de solution à analyser, on ajoute 0,5 ml de tampon phosphate (24 g de NazHP04 + 46 g de KHzP04 en solution dans 1 litre d'eau « nanopure »). On dissout alors une pastille de D.P.D. n° 1. L'absorbance est mesurée après 3 mn de temps de contact. Pour la partie linéaire, jusqu'à 0,45 de D.O., on a : T (mg/I Cl2) = 4,2 D.O. Remarque : Le titre des solutions étalons a été établi par dosage ampérométrique (titrage à l'oxyde de phénylarsine). Fig. 5 : Courbe d'étalonnage du produit d'oxydation de la D.P.D. en fonction du titre en chlore (à X = 553 nm sous 1 cm de trajet optique). 2.2 — Caractéristiques des solutions de chloroisocyanurates Lors de cette étude, nous avons utilisé des solutions : — d'eau de javel, — de dichloroisocyanurate de sodium (NaCI2Cy) — et d'acide trichloroisocyanurique (CI3Cy). Espèce NaCI2Cy CI3Cy Eau de mise en solution Javel (*) 100 mg/I 6,20 3,40 9,90 1 10 mg/I 1 6,50 4,10 8,75 1 (*) pour l'eau de Javel le titre est exprimé en mg/! de C12. Tableau III pH de solutions aqueuses d'acide hypochloreux et d'acides chloroisocyanuriques. Les solutions mères sont conservées en flacons fumés à l'abri de la lumière. Elles se sont avérées stables dans le temps. Par contre, les solutions diluées ne le sont pas et doivent être préparées chaque matin pour la journée. Des précautions doivent être également prises lors des manipulations pour obtenir une bonne reproductibilité des essais et des mesures. La vaisselle doit, en particulier, être traitée à l'eau de Javel, puis rincée avec de l'eau de haute pureté à demande en chlore nulle. 2.3 — Etude de l'action de la D.P.D. sur les chloroisocyanurates Nous avons préparé des solutions titrées en NaCI2Cy, CI3Cy, H3Cy et eau de Javel. Pour chaque dilution, nous avons calculé la concentration théorique en chlore libre et mesuré la réponse à la D.P.D. selon le protocole décrit pour établir la courbe d'étalonnage. Nous avons représenté sur la figure 6 l'évolution du pourcentage de chlore libre par rapport au chlore disponible, en fonction de la concentration en chloroisocyanurates. Il tend vers 100 % lorsque les solutions sont infiniment diluées et il diminue régulièrement avec l'accroissement de la concentration. Pour une même valeur de celle-ci, la différence du % de chlore libre est due à la variation du ratio CI disponible/acide cyanurique lorsqu'on passe de CI3Cy à NaCI2Cy. Fig. 6 Evolution du chlore libre et du chlore dosé par la D.P.D. en fonction du chlore disponible pour des solutions de NaCI2Cy et CI3Cy à pH 6,5. Les résultats des dosages du chlore à la D.P.D. montrent que c'est la totalité du chlore disponible qui est pris en compte avec ce réactif et non le seul chlore libre. On observe cependant un léger déficit lorsque les concentrations en chlore disponible sont supérieures à 1 mg/). Il est probablement dû au fait que l'on n'a pas une oxydation directe de la D.P.D. par les chloroisocyanurates et que le déplacement de tous les équilibres mis en jeu n'est pas instantané. Les résultats des dosages que nous avons effectués sur des solutions d'eau de Javel à 2 mg/I en CI2 dans lesquelles on avait fait des ajouts croissants en acide cyanurique (cf. tableau IV) tendent à confirmer cette hypothèse. On constate en effet une diminution de la réponse à la D.P.D. avec les plus fortes teneurs en H3Cy et pour lesquelles le ratio Cy total/CI disponible est le plus élevé. On observe également à la lecture de ce tableau et du tableau V une décroissance très rapide du chlore libre avec l'augmentation de la concentration en acide cyanurique et dans les conditions habituelles d'utilisation de ces produits, seuls quelques pour-cent du chlore introduit sont libérés sous les formes HCIO et CIO-. Ceci entraînera une diminution de la vitesse de déplacement des équilibres lors de l'introduction de la D.P.D. et le chlore mesuré dans ces conditions peut être inférieur de 10 % (en présence de 200 mg/I de H3Cy) au chlore disponible.
| 24,580 |
US-201715648483-A_2
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,017 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 1,562 | 1,885 |
As used herein, the term “each” does not necessarily equate to the term “all” as the term “all” is used colloquially. For example, the following two phrases have different meanings: “a car having a plurality of tires, each tire of the plurality of tires being fully inflated” and “a car that has all of its tires fully inflated”. The former phrase would encompass a car with three fully-inflated tires (the plurality of tires) and one flat tire (not included in the plurality of tires). The latter phrase would not encompass such a car (because not all of the car's tires are fully inflated). Likewise, the phrase “a computer having a set of files, each file of the set of files being read-only” would encompass a computer having two files, one of which is read-only (and belongs to the set of files) and one of which is not read-only (and does not belong to the set of files).
The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present disclosure have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.
Although the present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments, it is anticipated that alterations and modification thereof will become apparent to the skilled in the art. Therefore, it is intended that the following claims be interpreted as covering all such alterations and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. A method for using a message broker comprising a plurality of message queues, each message queue associated with a different task of a plurality of tasks, the message broker handling messages received from a plurality of client applications, the method comprising: receiving, at a first message queue of the plurality of message queues, a first synchronous message from a first client application of the plurality of client applications, wherein the first synchronous message includes a request to execute a task associated with the first message queue; determining that at a time the first synchronous message is received there is an earlier-received message waiting in the first message queue, wherein the earlier-received message is from a different client application, and wherein the earlier-received message includes a different request to execute the task associated with the first message queue; and coalescing, in response to the determination, the first synchronous message with the earlier-received message such that the task associated with the first message queue is executed only once for both messages and a notice of the execution is returned to the first client application; wherein the earlier-received message is also synchronous such that the notice of the execution is also returned to the different client application.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, at the first message queue and while the earlier-received message is waiting in the first message queue, a second message; determining, based on an indicator in the second message, that the second message is not to be coalesced with the earlier-received message; and placing, in response to the determination based on the indicator, the second message behind with the earlier-received message in the first message queue.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the task is a vital product data (VPD) build function, and wherein returned notice of execution includes VPD information.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein an XML file is used to define each of the plurality of tasks that are to have a separate message queue of the plurality of message queues.
5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: generating, by a producer associated with the first client application, the first synchronous message based on the XML file.
6. The method of claim 4, further comprising: retrieving, by a consumer associated with the first message queue and after the coalescing, the earlier-received message; and calling, by the consumer, a plugin for executing the task, wherein the plugin is identified by the consumer based on the XML file.
7. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium, wherein the computer readable storage medium is not a transitory signal per se, the computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions configured, when executed by at least one computer, to cause the at least one computer to: receive, at a first message queue of a plurality of message queues, a first synchronous message from a first client application of a plurality of client applications; determine that at a time the first synchronous message is received there is an earlier-received message waiting in the first message queue, wherein the earlier-received message is from a different client application; and coalesce, in response to the determination, the first synchronous message with the earlier-received message such that a task associated with the first message queue is executed only once for both messages and a notice of the execution is returned to the first client application; wherein the earlier-received message is also synchronous such that the notice of the execution is also returned to the different client application.
8. The computer program product of claim 7, wherein the program instructions are further configured, when executed by the at least one computer, to cause the at least one computer to: receive, at the first message queue and while the earlier-received message is waiting in the first message queue, a second message; determine, based on an indicator in the second message, that the second message is not to be coalesced with the earlier-received message; and place, in response to the determination based on the indicator, the second message behind with the earlier-received message in the first message queue.
9. The computer program product of claim 7, wherein the task is a vital product data (VPD) build function, and wherein returned notice of execution includes VPD information.
10. The computer program product of claim 7, wherein an XML file is used to define each of a plurality of tasks that are to have a separate message queue of the plurality of message queues.
11. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein the program instructions are further configured, when executed by the at least one computer, to cause the at least one computer to: generate, by a producer associated with the first client application, the first synchronous message based on the XML file.
12. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein the program instructions are further configured, when executed by the at least one computer, to cause the at least one computer to: retrieve, by a consumer associated with the first message queue and after the coalescing, the earlier-received message; and call, by the consumer, a plugin for executing the task, wherein the plugin is identified by the consumer based on the XML file.
13. A system comprising: a memory; and a processor in communication with the memory, the processor configured to obtain instructions from the memory that cause the processor to perform a method comprising: receiving, at a first message queue of a plurality of message queues, a first synchronous message from a first client application of a plurality of client applications; determining that at a time the first synchronous message is received there is an earlier-received message waiting in the first message queue, wherein the earlier-received message is from a different client application; coalescing, in response to the determination, the first synchronous message with the earlier-received message such that a task associated with the first message queue is executed only once for both messages and a notice of the execution is returned to the first client application; receiving, at the first message queue and while the earlier-received message is waiting in the first message queue, a second message; determining, based on an indicator in the second message, that the second message is not to be coalesced with the earlier-received message; and placing, in response to the determination based on the indicator, the second message behind with the earlier-received message in the first message queue.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein the earlier-received message is also synchronous such that the notice of the execution is also returned to the different client application.
15. The system of claim 13, wherein the task is a vital product data (VPD) build function, and wherein returned notice of execution includes VPD information.
16. The system of claim 13, wherein an XML file is used to define each of a plurality of tasks that are to have a separate message queue of the plurality of message queues, and wherein the method further comprises: generating, by a producer associated with the first client application, the first synchronous message based on the XML file.
17. The system of claim 16, wherein the method further comprises: retrieving, by a consumer associated with the first message queue and after the coalescing, the earlier-received message; and calling, by the consumer, a plugin for executing the task, wherein the plugin is identified by the consumer based on the XML file..
| 13,160 |
bpt6k57791653_97
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French-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
Recueil général des lois et des arrêts : en matière civile, criminelle, commerciale et de droit public...
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None
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French
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Spoken
| 7,662 | 12,385 |
Pour que l'on puisse « copier un tableau que je possède, il faut, si ce « tableau existe dans mes seules mains, que je « consente à le laisser voir et copier. — Les droits « d'auteur sont si peu engagés dans cette question « que, quand même il s'agirait de l'ouvrage d'un « peintre mort depuis plusieurs siècles, et sur les « ouvragesdnquel aucun privilège exclusif de copie « n'existe, personne ne pourra en user sans ma per« mission, soit pour le copier, soit pour toute autre « cause, par cela seul que le meuble esta moi. » — La question, malgré son apparence de nouveauté, a dûseproduire. Lorsqu'en 1814 lesdroitsde la sculpture ont été reconnus, sur les conclusions de Merlin (1), une ordonnance du roi, du 10 sept. 1814, a déterminé ces droits. L'abus du surmoulage existait, on ne lui a pas opposé d'obstacle légal ; relisez cette ordonnance du 10 sept. 1814. Mais lors de la présentation de la loi sur les dessins et marques de fabrique, les bronziers ont demandé au législateur ce que demandent aujourd'hui les éditeurs d'estampes, oh lé leur a refusé. Voici en effet ce que nous likms dans l'ouvragé lé plus récemment publié sur la propriété artistique et littéraire : « Lés créations artistiques qui se Sont bro« duites par l'art du dessin oii de la peinturé ne « peuvent être reproduites que par celui qui sait « dessiner' ou peindre (la photographié a modifié « le principe). Pour les arts plastiques il en est « autrement (aussi bien pour les arts du dessin el <■ de la gravure depuis la découverte de l'héliogra« phié). La reproduction peut avoir lieu par le « moulage et le contre-moulage, •c'est-à-dire par « un procédé mécanique qui reproduit l'objet lui« même dans tous ses détails et avec une fidé«' lité parfaite. Ce moyen redoutable entre les « mains du contrefacteur a pour but de déposséder <■ complètement l'artiste du produit de son oeuvre. « Lors de la discussion de la loi sur les modèles et. « dessins de fabrique, les fabricants de bronze « avaient demandé à interdire àjamaislesurniou« lageou contre-moulage des oeuvres dont ils étaient « propriétaires, alors même que ces modèles étaient « tombés dans le domaine public. La photographie excite le mépris et les inquiétudes de l'art : elle est aux arts ce que l'imprimerie a été aux manuscrits. Vous est-il arrivé d'aller dans nos plus anciennes bibliothèques, dans de vieux monastères, et d'y voir d'admirables bibles, fruits de la plus belle et de la plus patiente calligraphie, des livres, des missels ? Tout cela a une grande valeur artistique et de rareté; mais pour qui étaient faites ces merveilles? Pour des rois ou des collections d'hommes ; l'imprimerie a mis des livres de prières qui contiennent le même texte à la portée des plus pauvres. N'est-ce pas là un grand bien intellectuel et moral ? La photographie fait cela pour l'a peinture et tous les produits de l'art, du dessin et dé la statuaire. Non qu'elle donne la peinture ni le burin, ni les mouvements du marbre ou du bronze ; mais elle apporte l'idée, la composition, un reflet du dessin, et comme une image confuse de la couleur ; elle donne un plaisir qui ne ressemble en rien à celui qu'on éprouve devant un chef-d'oeuvre, mais elle répand, croyezle, des idées et vulgarise des jouissances ; puisque la démocratie s'étend à tout, on peut dire que c'est la démocratie des beaux-arts; elle a son public comme la littérature à bon marché, elle a pour elle la foule, et jusque dans le domaine de l'art elle esl féconde, puisqu'elle a refait les planches perdues de Marc-Antoine, le collaborateur de Raphaël. Mais, soyez-en sûrs, il restera toujours un public pour la peinture, la gravure, la sculpture, les oeuvres d'art. Celui-là ne s'arrêtera qu'un instant et par curiosité devant les produits de la photographie, et si sa fortune le lui permet, il ira aux véritables oeuvres d'art, il les payera aussi cher qu'on les ait jamais payées. Enfin il ne faut pas faire de tout une question d'argent ; c'est un peu la tendance de notre époque, résistons-lui, car il n'est pas vrai que la protection de l'argent suffise aux arts plus qu'aux lettres; il faut, pour ces nobles fruits, Une terre qtt'engraisse et que féconde l'amour du beau, s'appliquaHt à tout, et la photographié n'est pas plus faite pour empêcher les chefs-d'oeuvre de la gravure qu'une mauvaise et (1)V. Cass. 17 nov. 1814. COURS IMPÉRIALES, CONSEIL D'ÉTAT, ETC. barbare exécution n'empêche les Mozart et les Gluck de créer des chefs-d'oeuvre d'harmonie.— Nous estimons qu'il y a lieu de confirmer le jugement, en y ajoutant sur cette thèse de droit ; quant aux gravures qui ne sont pas tombées dans le domaine puMc, il est évident que la photographie n'avait pas le droit de les reproduire, et que l'éditeur en justifiant de son droit de propriété doit gagner en cela son procès. » ARRÊT. LA COUR ; — Considérant que la contestation porte sur la reproduction photographique d'épreuves de huit planches gravées, dont l'appelant se prétend propriétaire ; que quatre de ces planches ont été gravées par des artistes dont les droits sont encore protégés par la loi du 19 juill. 1793, tandis que les autres sont dues à des graveurs dont les oeuvres sont tombées dans le domaine public ;— En ce qui louche les qualre planchesde la première catégorie : Daphnis et Chloé, le Zéphir, la Justice el la Vengeance, Neptune et Amphitrite :—Considérant que les épreuves ne peuvent êlre copiées par un procédé quelconque et mises en vente au préjudice des droits du graveur ou de celui qui le représente; que la reproduction photographique , quelle que soit sa valeur ou son infériorité au point de vue de l'art, nuit incontestablement au débit des épreuves tirées sur la planche originale ; que cela , d'ailleurs, n'est pas contesté; qu'il y a donc seulement à rechercher si les droits du graveur ont élé transmis à Bernard, et si ledit appelant a .ainsi qualité pour s'opposer à la reproduction par la photographie ou par tout autre moyen ; — Considérant que les qualre planches ont été commandées et payées à Laugier , Gelée et Richomme, par la société des Amis des arts, laquelle a élé substituée aux droits de ces graveurs; que ladite société, après avoir fait tirer un certain nombre d'exemplaires, a fait rayer au burin trois de ces planches pour empêcher ou rendre à peu près impossible tout tirage ultérieur; qu'en mettant ainsi les planches hors d'état d'être utilisées comme par le passé, la société , loin d'abandonner son droit exclusif, l'affirmait au contraire; qu'en s'interdisant à elle-même la faculté de multiplier les épreuves, elle manifestait la volonté d'empêcher toute reproduction, c'està-dire exactement le contraire de l'intention de laisser ces gravures à la merci de tous ; —Considérant d'ailleurs que la renonciation à un droit ne se présume pas; que la société des Amis des arts, en vendant les planches gravées à ses frais, pouvait conserver son droit exclusif ou le transmettre à son acquéreur; que, dans l'usage, le droit de reproduction est compris dans la vente de la planche, non qu'il soit essentiellement inhérent à la détention du métal gravé , mais parce qu'il resterait sans utilité entre les mains du vendeur;—Considérant que. dans l'espèce, il est établi en fait que la société des Ainis des arts a vendu à Bernard les quatre planches dont il s'agit en même temps qu'un certain nombre d'épreûvès, et qu'elle à compris dans cette vente le droit de reproduction ; que l'intention commune des parties est prouvée, non-seulement par l'importance relative du prix payé par Bernard, mais encore par des documents précis-émanés du -comité d'administration de ladite société ; — Considérant, dès lors, que Bernard est propriétaire des droits d'auteur de la gravure pour ce qui concerne les planches ci-dessus désignées; En ce qui touche les quatre planches de la deuxième catégorie : — Considérant que Bernard justifie les avoir acquises dans des ventes publiques faites suivant procès-verbaux de commissaires-priseurs, enregistrés, le Portrait de Bossuet, le 16 juin 1848, le Jugement de Paris, Angélique et Médor, le 4 déc. 1852, et Léda au bain, le 25 mars 1861 ;—Considérantque, dans les termes du droit commun, le propriétaire d'une planche gravée n'a d'autre droit que celui de s'en servir exclusivement, droit qui n'est pas contesté à l'appelant, et qui résulte des règles générales du droit ; que la prohibition de copier la gravure n'est pas fondée sur la loi générale, mais sur les dispositions spéciales de la loi du 19 juill. 1793, dont l'effet est limité à un temps déterminé ; que l'expiration de cedélailève la défense apportéeau droit de copie ou d'imitation ;—Considérant que l'appelant prétend attribuer au détenteur de la planche un privilège exclusif de reproduction qui survivrait à celui du graveur et qui subsisterait tant que la planche ne serait pas hors de service ; — Considérant que ce système ne peut s'appuyer, ni sur les règles générales du droit ni sur celles de la loi du 19 juill. Du 5 déc. Î864.—C.Paris, lre ch.—MM." Devienne, 1er prés.; Oscar de Vallée, 1er av. gén.; Blanc et deBreuze, av. RENNES Si août 1364. IMMEUBLES PAR DESTINATION, PRIVILÈGE, SAisiE, CRÉANCIER HYPOTHÉCAIRE. Les immeubles par destination, tels que les ustensiles nécessaires à l'exploitation d'une usine, ne peuvent, à Vencontre dès créanciers hypothécaires, être l'objet d'aucun des privilèges établis par la loi sUr lés. meubles, ni êlre saisis, au préjudice de ces créanciers, pour l'une des créances énumérées dans l'art: 593, Cod. proc. (1) (C. Nap., 524, 525). (Mariaunaux C. Synd. Perrier),•— ARRÊT. LA COUR ; — Considérant qu'aux termes de l'art. 524, Cod. Nap., les ustensiles nécessaires à l'exploitation des usines prennent le caractère d'immeubles par le seul effet de leur nature et de leur destination, et sans qu'il y ait lieu de rechercher, en.ce qui les concerne, si, à raison de quelqu'une des circonstances énumérées dans l'art. 525, ils doivent être regardés comme ayant été attachés au fond à perpétuelle demeure; —Considérant que, par suite,et lors surtout que la contradiction est élevée par un créancier hypothécaire, ils ne peuvent être l'objet d'aucun des privilèges établis par la loi sur les meubles; — Considérant que si l'art. 593, Cod. pr. eiv., admet que, pour les créances qu'il énumère, lesdits ustensiles peuvent être saisis comme meubles, ce, serait forcer le sens de cetle disposition de la loi que d'en induire que cette exécution puisse avoir lieu au préjudice du créancier auquel a été conféré un droit d'hypothèque sur l'immeuble dont ces ustensiles sont devenus l'une des parties constitutives ; que si ces objets pouvaient êlre distraits au profit d'un privilège occulte, ce créancier serait souvent exposé à voir s'évanouir l'un des éléments les plus essentiels du gage sur lequel il a dû compter ; — Par ces motifs, confirme, etc. Du 31 août 1864. — C. Rennes, lre ch. — MM. Boucly, 1er prés.; Ramé, subst.; Jouin et Bidard, av. PARIS 9 décembre I8Sfi. JUGE DE PAIX, COMPÉTENCE, VOITURIER, VOYAGEUR, MATIÈRE COMMERCIALE. La disposition de l'art. % § 3, de la loi du 25 mai 1838, qui attribue au jugé de paix la connaissance des contestations entre les voituriers et les voyageurs, pour perte ou avarie d'effets accompagnant ces derniers, est applicable même alors que la contestation a un caractère commercial : par exemple, en cas d'action en responsabilité formée par le voyageur contre le voiturier. Dès lors, le tribunal de commerce est incompétent pour connaître de cette action (2). (C. comm., 631 et 632.) (1) La question s'est présentée particulièrement en ce qui concerne le privilège du vendeur d'effets mobiliers, et elle a été diversement résolue. V. Table gèn. Devill. et Gilb., v° Privilège, n. US et suiv., 157 ; Rép. gén. Pal. et Supp., eod. v", n. 360 et suiv. Adde, dans le sens de l'arrêt que nous rapportons, Aubry et Rau, d'après Zachariee, t. 2, | 284, p. 846, texte et note 4 (3e édit.).—C'est également une question question que celle de savoir si l'action résolutoire continue d'exister après que les meubles vendus ont été incorporés à un immeuble et sont ainsi devenus immeubles par destination, et si, dans ce cas, elle peut être exercée à rencontre des créanciers auxquels l'immeuble a élé hypothéqué. V. Table gén., v° Vente, n. 6S4 et suiv.; Rép. gén. Pal., eod. v°, n. 1330 et suiv. (2) La Cour de Paris s'est déjà -plusieurs fois, prononcée dans le même sens. V. arrêts des 13 fév. 1844 (S.1855.2.331, ad not—P.1844. 1.364); 20 juin 1863 (S.1863.2.163.—P.1864. 39) ; 13 fév. 1864 (S.1864.2.68.—P.1864.542). Mais la Cour de cassation a consacré la doctrine contraire par un arrêt du 4 nov. 1863 (S.1864. 1.132.—P.1864.541). V. la note qui accompagne ce dernier arrêt. 112 COURS IMPÉRIALES, CONSEIL D'ETAT, ETC. (Comp. des voilures de Paris G. Perrot.) , . .-.-. .,;'= .'-:■... ARRÊT;. LAGOUR;; — Considérant que l'action de Perrot tend à la condamnation de la compagnie en une somme de 280 fr. pour la valeur d'une valise .qui l'accompagnait, et qui aurait été perduepar le fait de la compagnie, et en 200 fr. de dommages-intérêts; — Gonsidéranl qu'aux termes de l'art. 2 de la loi du 25 mai 1838, les juges de paix prononcent sans appel jusqu'à la valeur de 100 fr., et à charge d'appel jusqu'au taux de la compétence en dernier ressort des tribunaux de premièreinstance,sur les contestations entre les voyageurs et les voituriers et bateliers pour retards, frais de route, et perle ou avarie d'effets accompagnant les voyageurs; — Considérant que le but évident du législateur, en attribuant aux juges de paix la connaissance des contestations énumérées en l'article susindiqué, à été de les soumettre à une juridiction d'un caractère spécial, qui présente l'avantage d'être prompte, peu coûteuse, et de l'accès le pins facile pour les justiciables ; que ces motifs s'appliquent à toutes les contestations de la même nature, qu'elles soient civiles ou commerciales ; qu'en effet, s'il fallait admettre, comme le soutient l'intimé, que le Iribunal de commerce doit connaître de la réclamation faite par le voyageur, alors qu'elle s'adresse à un défendeur commerçant et qu'elle repose sur un acte de commerce accompli par lui, la loi de 1838 serait le plus souvent sans application, puisque les faits qui motivent les réclamations des voyageurs proviennent d'ordinaire de voituriers ou entrepreneurs de transport,qui sontdes commerçants dont l'industrie consiste dans des transports, c'est-à-dire dans une série d'actes de commerce; — Par ces motifs, annule comme incompétemment rendu le jugement du tribunal de commerce de la Seine du 13 sept. 1862, etc. Du 9 déc. 1864. — C. Paris, 3e ch. — MM. Barbier, prés.; Roussel, av. gén.; Busson-Billault et Huard, av. PARIS 19 mars 1864. LETTRE DE CHANGE, ACCEPTATION, LETTRE MISSIVE. L'acceptation d'une lettre de change ne résulte pas, vis-à-vis du tiers porteur, d'une lettré missive par laquelle le tiré a autorisé le tireur à lui adresser cette lettre de change (1 ). (Cod. comm., 122.) (Scheidig et Bardon C. Einstein.) 29 oct. 1862, jugement du Iribunal de commerce de la Seine, ainsi conçu: —«Attendu que les demandeurs prétendent n'avoir accepté la négociation des trois lettres de change objet du litige que sur le vu de la correspondance d'Einstein, par laquelle ce dernier s'engageait à accepter lesdiles valeurs valeurs —Mais attendu que la lettre du 19 août i 861 n'indiquait que la manière dont Einstein entendait que Cbassang devait se couvrir sur lui ; que la négociation a été effectuée le 26 suivant, antérieurement même à la réception de la lettre dans laquelle Einstein répondait àChassangqu'il acceptaitees lettres de change à son débit; que leur confiance n'a donc été entraînée par aucun fait d'Einstein; d'où il suit qu'il n'existe aucun lien de droit entre eux qui puisse faire accueillir la demande ; — Déclare Scheidig et Bardon mal fondés en leur demande contre Einstein, etc. » Appel parles sieurs Scheidig et Bardon. ARRÊT. LA COUR; — Considérant qu'aux termes des art. 115 et 116, Cod. comm., le tiré n'est obligé au paiement d'une lettre de change qu'autant qu'il l'a acceptée, ou lorsqu'il y a provision entre ses mains à l'échéance; — — Que l'acceptation, aux termes de l'art. 122, même Code, doit êlre exprimée par écrit, sur la lettre de change même, par le mot: Accepté, suivi de la signature du tiré; — Considérant que s'il est admis que ce mode d'acceptation n'exclut pas absolument toute autre manière de s'obliger au paiement des lellres de change, un semblable engagement vis-àvjs d'un tiers porteur ne saurait résulter de lettres missives .écrites par le tiré au tireur, l'autorisant à lui adresser lesdites lettres de change; —Que la promesse, même faite par le tiré au tireur, d'accepter celles qui ont été tirées sur lui, si elle peut donner lieu de la part de cedernier à une action en dommagesintérêts contre le tiré, en cas de refus de paiement sans motifs légitimes, ne peut donner au tiers porteur le droitd'agir contre ce dernier directement et de son chef, à l'effet de l'assujettir à toutes les suites d'une acceptation proprement dite ; — Considérant que, dans l'espèce, la promesse d'accepter les quatre mandats lires par Chassang ne résulte expressément que deslettres adressées par Einstein, le tiré, audit Chassang, postérieurement à l'a négociation desdits mandats faite par celui-ci à Scheidig et Bardon ; que cette promesse ne formait point contrat entre le porteur el le tiré ; — Considérant d'ailleurs que c'est avec justes motifs qu'Einstein a refusé le paiement des lellres de change qui lui ont été présentées; qu'il est constant, en effet, qu'à l'époque de leur échéance, Einstein n'avait pas reçu provision de Chassang, doutrinsolvabilitén'étaitplus douteuse; que des billets à lui, remis en couverture, étaient impayés, et que parle résultat de son compte définitif, arrêté le 31 décembre 1861, Chassang, loin d'être créancier, était son débiteur de 10,929 fr. ; — Adoptant au surplus les motifs qui ont déterminé les premiers juges ; — Confirme, etc. Du 19 mars 1864. — C. Paris, 5e ch. — MM. Filhon, prés.;Daet Caignet, av. OBLEANS 19 octobre ISS4. MINEDR, DÉLIT, PEINE DE SIMPLE POLICE. L'art. 69, C. pén., portant que dans tous les cas où le mineur de seize ans n'aura commis qu'un simple délit, la peine qui sera prononcée contre lui ne pourra s'élever audessus de la moitié de celle à laquelle il aurait pu êlre condamné s'il avait eu seize ans, doit être entendu en ce sens que les juges peuvent appliquer même la moitié du minimum de la peine correctionnelle, et bien que la peine ainsi prononcée ne soit qu'une peine de simple police (2). Il en esl ainsi spécialement en matière de délit de chasse. (Pasquier.) — ARRÊT. LA COUR; — Attendu qu'il résulte,du procès-verbal dressé par la gendarmerie du Grand-Pressigny "que, le 4 sept, dernier, Pasquier fils, âgé de quatorze ans, a été trouve': chassant sans permis de chasse sur le territoire de la commune de Paulmy, ce qui constitue le délit prévu par l'art. 11 de la loi du 3 mai 1844; —Attendu qu'il résulte d'ailleurs des faits de la cause qu'il a agi avec discernement ; qu'il y a lieu de lui faire application des dispositions de l'art69, C. pén.; — Attendu que, les premiers juges n'ayant condamné le prévenu qu'à 8 fr. d'amende, le ministère public londe son appel sur ce que le iribunal de Loches, saisi de la connaissance d'un délil, ne pouvait appliquer à Louis Pasquier une peine de simple police; que, suivant le ministère public, l'art. 69, en ne statuant que sur le maximum de la peine applicable au mineur de seize ans, et en ne s'occupant pas du minimum, s'en esl référé, pour ce minimum, à celui de la peine correctionnelle la plus faible que les tribunaux correctionnels puissent prononcer pour un délit; —Attendu que l'ancien art. 69, revisé depuis par la loi de 1832, imposait au juge, tout en lui laissant le choix de la peine à appliquer au mineur, l'obligation de prononcer une peine correctionnelle; mais que le nouvel article n'a pas reproduit celte disposition ; qu'il ne s'occupe plus en effet que de statuer sur le maximum de la peine sans parler du minimum ; mais que de la suppression de cette limitation apportée à l'atténuation de peine,aussi bien que des termes qu'il emploie, qui sont ceux-ci : la peine qui sera prononcée contre le mineur, il résulte que le juge a le pouvoir discrétionnaire de choisir l'une des peines édictées dans ie Code pénal, même une peine de simple police ; qu'il n'est pas exact de dire que, saisi de la connaissance d'un délit, le tribunal correctionnel ne peut appliquer qu'une peine correctionnelle ; qu'en effet, il est en plusieurs cas compétent pour prononcer une peine de simple police, par exemple contre le Coupable d'un délit en faveur duquel des circonstances atténuantes ont élé reconnues ; que ce qu'il (1) Sur la question de savoir si une lettre de change peut, être acceptée par lettre missive, V. (2) V. en ce sens Cass. 18 juin 1846 (S. 1846.1.655.— P.1846.2i323), dans les motifs ; 3 fév. 1849 (S.1849.1.665.—P.1850.1.360). M. Blanche, Elud. surleCod.pcn., t. 2, n. 331, enseigne toutefois que l'art. 69, C. pén., n'autorise pas le juge à abaisser le minimum de la peine encourue aux proportions des peines dé simple police. V. aussi dans ce dernier sens Colmar, 5 mai 1857 (S.1857.2.453.—P.1858.21), et le renvoi. COURS IMI'lilUALES, CONSEIL D'ÉTAT, ETC. 113 fait dans ce cas en verlu de la disposition expresse contenue dans l'art 463, C. pén., rien ne s'oppose à ce qu'il le fasse également si un pouvoir pareil lui est donné, implicitement au moins, par les termes relevés cidessus de l'art. 69 ; que cet article en réalité considère l'âge du mineur comme une circonstance atténuante d'une nature déterminée par la loi, au lieu d'être laissée au libre arbitre du juge comme dans les autres circonstances atténuantes; que la peine de 8 fr. d'amende prononcée par les premiers juges est proportionnée au délit ; — Par ces motifs, met l'appellation au néant, etc. Du 19 oct. 1864. — C. Orléans, ch. corr. — MM. Renard, pr.; Petit, 1er av. gén. TKIB. DE LA SEINE 18 juin 18S4. ENREGISTREMENT , VENTE , IMMEUBLES PAR DESTINATION , DROIT DE VENTE MOBILIÈRE. Lorsqu'un propriétaire qui a placé dans sa maison des meubles à perpétuelle demeure, vend par adjudication publique la maison et les meubles, en assignant dans le cahier des charges à ces meubles un prix distinct article par article, el en réservant à l'adjudicataire de la maison le droit de prendre le mobilier, il n'y a lieu de percevoir que le prix de vente mobilière sur les meubles en question, alors même que l'adjudicataire les aurait rendus de nouveau immeubles par destination (1). (Basilewski.)—JUGEMENT. • LE TRIBUNAL ;—Sans qu'il soit besoin d'examiner si les meubles dont il s'agit n'auraient pas pu, antérieurement à l'adjudication du 15 mai 1861, être considérés comme immeubles par destination en raison de ce que Vallerstein, qui les aurait achetés pour le service et l'agrément de sa .maison de campagne, les y aurait placés à perpétuelle demeure ;—Attendu qu'une pareille immobilisation est le résultat de la volonté du propriétaire, et qu'elle cesse lors de la manifestation d'une volonté contraire;—Attendu,en fait, que, dans le cahier des charges ayant précédé l'adjudication, les représentants de Vallerstein ont séparé les meubles dont il s'agit de l'immeuble, en leur assignant un prix distinct et en réservant seulement à l'adjudicataire le droit de prendre ou de ne pas prendre le mobilier, dans l'état estimatif duquel figurent les objets donnant aujourd'hui lieu à la contestation ; qu'il suit de là que les vendeurs ont eu l'intention, formellement exprimée, de laisser à ces objets leur caractère de meubles ;—Attendu que l'adjudicataire de l'immeuble, en déclarant les prendre, n'a pas pu cliangcr.ee carac'ère; qu'en admettant qu'en les réunissant de nouveau à la propriété, il les aurait de nouveau rendus immeubles par destination, cetle circonstance ne saurait changer la nature mobilière que lesdits objets avaient au moment de la vente, et par suite la nature même de celte vente ;—Attendu enfin que l'administration de l'enregistrement ne peut pas prétendre, el ne prétend même pas, que la stipulation contenue dans le cahier des charges dont il vient d'être parlé ait élé le résultat d'un accord ayant pour bul de frauder les droits du fisc ; qu'il s'agissait, en effet, d'une vente par adjudication publique, exclusive par conséquent de toule possibilité de concert entre le vendeur et un adjudicataire inconnu;—Par ces motifs, reçoit Basilewski opposant à la contrainte contre lui décernée ; déclare ladite contrainte nulle et do nul effet el condamne l'administration de l'enregistrement aux dépens. Du 18 juin 18(54.—Tri», de la Seine. DELHI. 20-23 mai 1864. ENREGISTREMENT, PROPRE DE LA FEMME, INDIVISION, ACQUISITION PAR LE MARI SEUL, DROIT DE TRANSCRIPTION. Lorsque le mari, agissant seul, déclare acheter pour sa femme et â litre de licitation partie d'un immeuble dont le surplus appartient à celle-ci par indivis avec les vendeurs, la part acquise devient immédiatement propre à la femme, et, dès lors, l'acte ne donne ouverture qu'au droit proportionnel de licitation de i p. 100 : le droit de transcription de 1 fr. 50 cent. p. 100, ne doit pas être perçu (2). (LL. 22 frim. an 7, art. 69, § 7, n. 4; 28 avril 1816, art. 52; C. Nap., 1408.) Suivant acle notarié du 8 fév. 1864, le sieur Jeannot a acquis, moyennant 2,250 fr. des cohéritiers de sa femme, les trois quarts d'une maison indivise entre celle-ci et les vendeurs. Le sieur Jeannot a comparu seul au contrat, mais en déclarant acquérir à tilre de licitation amiable au profit de sa femme et pour servir de parlage entre cohéritiers.—Le receveur d'enregistrement ayant perçu le droit à 5 fr. 50 cent. p. 100 sur le prix, le notaire a demandé la réduction de ce droit à 4 p. 100. Le conseil d'administration a accueilli cetle prétention par les motifs suivants : L'art. 1408, G. Nap., est ainsi conçu : « L'acquisition faite pendant le mariage, à titre de licitation ou autrement, de portion d'immeuble dont l'un des époux était propriétaire par indivis, ne forme point un conquèl, conquèl, à indemniser la communauté de la somme qu'elle a fournie pour cetle acquisition. Dans le cas où le mari deviendrait seul et en son nom personnel acquéreur ou. adjudicataire de portion ou de la totalité d'un immeuble appartenant par indivis à la femme, celle-ci, lors de la dissolution de la communauté, a le choix, ou d'abandonner l'effet à la communauté, laquelle devient alors débitrice envers la femme de la portion appartenant à celle-ci dans le prix,ou de retirer l'immeuble en remboursant à la communauté le prix de l'acquisition. »—En lisant attentivement cel article, on voit que le législateur a prévu deux hypothèses tout à fait distinctes. La première est relative à l'acquisition faite par les deux époux conjointement, pendant le mariage, de portion d'un immeuble dont le surplus est propre à l'un d'eux. LA portion acquise ne forme point un conquêl, donc c'est un accroissement de propre. — La seconde hypothèse concerne l'acquisition faite par le mari, seul et en son nom personnel, de tout ou partie d'un immeuble appartenant par indivis à la femme. C'est une question très-controversée que celle de savoir si, dans cette seconde hypothèse, l'immeuble acquis par le mari devient immédiatement un propre de la femme, ou demeure un conquêt de communauté jusqu'au moment où la femme relire cet immeuble en vertu du droit d'option que lui confère la disposition de l'art. 1048 précité.—M. Troplong soutient que l'immeuble revêt tout d'abord le caractère de propre (n. 648et suiv.). Cette opinion paraît êlre aussi celle de Marçàdé, quoiqu'elle ne soit pas formellement exprimée dans son commentaire sur l'art. 1048. Les tribunaux d'Altkirch et de Bernay se sont prononcés dans ce sens, les 25 août 1857 et 12 août 1858, par deux jugements motivés d'une manière remarquable. Toullier soutient l'opinion contraire (Instr. gén., 1440, § 4). La Cour de cassation elle-même semble disposée à admettre que la portion acquise par le mari appartient provisoirement à la communauté. C'esl ce qui résulle des deux arrêts du 31 mars 1835 (S.1835.1.516.—P. chr.), et 25 juill. 1844 (S.1844.1.614.—P.1845.1.48) (Instr. gén., 1490, § 7). (2) Sur cette intéressante question, V., outre les autorités citées dans le texte de la délibération, MM. Garnier, Rép. gén. de l'enreg., v" Licitation, n. 8251, et surtout ses observations au Rép. pèriod., art. 1964; G. Demante, Princip. de l'enreg., t. 2, n. 632 et suiv.—V. aussi Toullier, t. 12, n. 170 ; Duranton, t. 14, n. 209; Rodière et Pont, Conlr. de mar., t. 1, p. 496 ; Massé et Vergé, sur Zacbarias, t. 4, p. 78, § 640, note 54, et Cass. 30 janv. 1865 (suprà, 1™ part., p. 140). ANNÉE 1865.-4e Cah. IIe Part.—15 1J4 COURS IMPÉRIALES, CONSEIL D'ÉTAT, ETC. partient provisoirement à la communauté, le droit exigible1'est-dé 5 fr.: 50 cent.p. 100 (L. 28 avril 1816,:ar't. 52).—Quoi qu'il en soit à Cet égàrd;Jètlsansriéh préjuger sur le fond de là •question dans l'hypothèse indiquée où le mari acquiertïèul et en son nom personnel, il convient dè.remàrquèr que la même difficulté ne èe présenté pas dans la première hypothèse, c'est-à-dire lorsqu'il s'agit d'une acquisition, faite par les deux époux conjointement, dé portion d'un immeuble appartenant par indivis à .là femme. Dans ce cas, l'immeuble devenant aussitôt propre à la femme, le droit de mutation n'est dû qu'à raison de 4 p. ÎOOi;":!:lv:;s' Il semble qu'il en doit être de même lorsque le'-mari,":sans acquérir conjointement avec sa femme; acquiert cependant pour le Compté exclusif dé Cette dernière.—En effet, d'après le texte même de l'art. 1408, pour que la femme puisse ëxëfëer son droit d'option, ou, en d'autres' termes, pour qu'il puisse arriver, que l'immëUblè n'appartienne pas à la fenime,ril faut que le mari ait acquis seul et ënson rioih joèrsomiel; le 2e alinéa de l'article lé :déclâre formellement. Par conséquent toutes lés fois que le mari n'a pas acquis eh Soh"nom personnel, l'immeuble doit appartenir nécessairement à la femme, en vertu dii' premier alinéa, d'après lequel l'acquisition hé fornië point un conquêt.— « J'inclinerais à penser, dit Pothier, que c'est en qualité de mari plutôt qu'en mon nom propre ôt personnel que j'ai traité dans têt àëlé avec les cohéritiers de ma femme, parce que la qualité de mari doit faire facilement présumer que, d'ans lès actes qui concernent' les affaires de ma femme, C'est en Cette qualité de mari et pour ma femme que j'y procède. Oi 1, l'acte dont il est question COD cerne les affaires de ma femme, puisqu'il tend à faire Cesser la communauté et l'indivision qui'étaient entre elle et son cohéritier ; je dois donc être facilement présumé y avoir traite èrir ma qualité de mari et pour ma femme i> (de la Communauté, n. 151). — M. Troplong, qui examine avec soin la question; conclut de l'examen du texte que l'immeuble acquis pour là femme, quoique à son insu, egt propre pendant le mariage (n. 655, in fine).-. ' Dans le contrat du 8 fév. SOLUT. 26 février 1S64. VENTE, RÉALISATION DEVANT NOTAIRE, DOMMAGES-INTÉRÊTS, ALTERNATIVE, CONDITION SUSPENSIVE, DROIT DE MUTATION. Doit être considérée comme contractée sous une condition suspensive, lavente d'immeuble par acte Sous seing privé qui, tout en stipulant que l'acheteur deviendra propriétaire de l'immeuble par le seul effet de l'acte, ajoute que «dans le cas où cet acte ne serait pas converti en un acte authentique dans le délai d'un mois, le vendeur pourra, si bon lui semble, obliger l'acheteur à l'exécution de la convention, ou, si mieux il aime, lui demander une somme déterminée à titre de dommagesintérêts et considérer la convention comme nulle el de nul effet quant à la vente » (1). (G. Nap., 1181,1589.) En conséquence, si le vendeur préfère s'en tenir aux dommages-intérêts, la vente doit être considérée comme n'ayant jamais existé et ne donne pas ouverture au droit de mutation (2). (L. 22 frim. an 7, art. 69, 87, n° 1; C. Nap. 1589.) Le sieur A.... avait souscrit au profit du sieur X... la vente d'un immeuble, moyennant un prix déterminé, aux termes d'un acte sous seing privé contenant la stipulation suivante: «Par l'effet des présentes, l'acheteur deviendra propriétaire de l'immeuble; mais, dans le cas où ces présentes ne seraient pas converties en un acte authentique dans le délai d'un mois, le vendeur pourra, si bon lui semble, obliger l'acheleur à l'exécution des présentes, ou, si mieux il aime, lui demander une somme de 2,000 fr. à litre de dommages-intérêts, et considérer les présentes comme nulles et de nul effet quant à la vente. »—A l'expiration du mois, le vendeur fit sommer l'acquéreur de se trouver en l'étude d'un notaire pour passer acte authentique de lavente. L'acquéreur n'ayant pas comparu, le tribunal de première instance a, sur la demande du vendeur, condamné l'acquéreur à payer les 2,000 fr. stipulés à titre de dommages-intérêts. L'acte de vente sous seing privé avait d'abord été enregistré au droit fixe. — Depuis on a élevé la question de savoir si cet acte n'était pas passible du droit de b fr. 50 p. 100, comme contenant une promesse de vente affectée seulement d'une condition résolutoire. L'administration de l'enregistrement a décidé la négative par les motifs suivants: — Aux termes de l'art. 1181, C. Nap., la condition suspensive est celle qui fait dépendre l'obligation d'un événement futur el incertain. — Or, la vente sous seing privé dont il s'agit a été contractée sous une condition de cette nature ; car le vendeur s'étant réservé la faculté de poursuivre l'exécution de la vente ou de demander une somme à titre de dommages-intérêts dans le cas où l'acte public né serait point passé dans lé délai d'un mois, il est clair que l'existence de l'obligation était subordonnée à un événement futur et incertain, savoir que le vendeur opterait pour l'exécution de la vente plutôt que pour le paiement de la somme stipulée. Le vendeur ayant préféré s'en tenir aux dommages-intérêts, il s'ensuit que lavente doit être considérée comme n'ayantjamais existé. — D'un autre côté, d'après l'art. 1589, C. Nap., la promesse de vente ne vaut vente que lorsqu'il y a consentement réciproque des parties sur la chose et sur le prix. Or, dans l'espèce, on ne peut pas dire qu'il y ait engagement formel de la part du vendeur, puisque cet engagement était subordonné à sa seule volonté, et qu'il pouvait le détruire entièrement en demandant, àl'expiration du délai d'un mois, le paiement de la sommé de 2,000 fr.— Aussi le iribunal n'a-t-il pas prononcé une résolution de la vente ; il a déclaré la promesse de vente nulle et de nul effet. Cette décision doil être entendue en ce sens qu'il y a eu entre les parties un simple projet de venté non suivi d'exécution. Du 26 fév. 1864. — Solut. de I'admin. de l'enregistr. SOLTJT. 3 avril 1864. ENREGISTREMENT, DÉCLARATION DE SECCESSION, NUMÉRAIRE , BILLETS DE BANQUE, BD«REAU. Le numéraire dépendant d'unsuccessiondoit être déclaré au bureau d'enregistrement dans le ressort duquel il esl trouvé au moment du décès, bien que le défunt ait son domicile dansle ressort d'un autre bureau (3).—Mais il en est autrement des billets de banque trouvés avec ce numéraire: ces billets, ne constituant en réalité que des titres de créance au porteur, doivent êlre déclarés au bureau du domicile du défunt (&). (L. 22 frim. an 7, art. 27.) ^ Les 7,800 fr. trouvés en numéraire au lieu où est décédé le sieur X.... auraient dû êlre compris dans la déclaration souscrite au bureau de cette ville, encore bien que le défunt eût son domicile dans le ressort d'un autre bureau. C'est donc à tort que ces 7,800 fr. ont été déclarés à ce dernier bureau.—Mais c'est avec raison que les héritiers ont compris dans la déclaration souscrite au bureau du domicile le montant des billets de banque trouvés avec le numéraire au lieu du décès. En effet, les billets de cette nature représentent bien du numéraire; mais comme ils n'ont pas cours forcé, ils ne peuvent, en définitive, être assimilés d'une manière absolue à de l'argent comptant, et ne constituent en réalité que des litres de créance, au por(1-2) por(1-2) réalisation de la vente devant notaire dans lé délai déterminé étant une condition essentielle de ià vente, et non pas une simple solennité à ajouter à l'acte, l'existence même de la vente était subordonnée à l'événement de cette condition suspensive. Y. Cass. 6 mai 1863 (S.1863.1.396. -i-P.1863.1iâO)., et la note; Garnier, Rép. de l'enreg., V Vente d'immeubles, n. 14015 et 14160; Éd. 'Clerc, Tr. de l'enreg., t. 1, n. 90 et 1868.—De plus, il en était de la faculté d'option réservée au vendeur, comme de la faculté d'option avec ou sans dédit par l'acquéreur ; elle n'était rien à la condition de son caractère ; et cette condition, pour être potestative, n'en restait pas moins suspensive. Or, la vente faite sous une condition suspensive potestative ne donne point, au moment même de l'acte, ouverture au droit proportionnel de mutation. V. Cass. 19 mars 1839 (S.1839.1. 312.—P.1839.1.455) et 4janv. 1888(8.1858.1. 222.—P.1858.452); trib. de la Seine, 24 janv. 1862 (P. Bull., art. 774), et les renvois ; Championnière et Rigaud, Tr. des dr. d'enreg., t.-3, n. 2041, 2051 et 2353. (3) V. dans le même sens Garnier, R'ep. gèn. de l'enreg., V Succession, n. 12566; Ed. Clerc, Tr. de l'enr'eg.,n. 2816. (4) Y. aussi dans le mêniè sens Garnier, loc cit., n. 12S67 ; Ed. Clerc, loc cit., h. 2818. C0DRS2 IMPÉRIALES, CONSEIL D'ÉTAT, ETC. 115 teur, susceptibles, par suite, d'être déclarés au bureau du domicile du défunt. Du 3 avril 1864.—Solut. de l'admin. de l'enreglstr. SOLDT. 4 avril 1864. ENREGISTREMENT , LIQUIDATION NOTARIÉE , HOMOLOGATION , PRESCRIPTION. Lorsqu'un acte de liquidation dressé par un notaire et non approuvé par les parties a été homologué par le tribunal, on ne peut opposer que la prescription de trente ans à l'action en paiement du droit proportionnel, devenu exigible à raison de l'homologation (i). (C. Nap., 2262.) Il n'y aurait lieu à la prescription de deux ans qu'autant que le iribunal, refusant d'approuver le travail du notaire, aurait, effectué, dans le jugement même, une nouvelle liquidation destinée à servir de titre aux parties (2). (L, 22 frim. an 7, art. 61, n. 1.) L'état de liquidation du 16 août 1857, et le jugement d'homologation du 12 nov. suivant, ont été tous deux enregistrés régulièrement moyennant le droit fixe.—Le premier de ces actes, en effet, n'ayant point été approuvé par les parties, n'a .constitué, tant qu'il n'a pas reçu la sanction du tribunal, qu'un projet de liquidation ne pouvant donner ouverture au droit proportionnel. Quant au jugement, il n'est tarifé qu'au droit fixe par l'art. 68, § 3, n. 7, de la loi du 22 frim. an 7.—Par conséquent, le droit proportionnel, devenu exigible en raison de l'homologation, ne constitue ni un droit non perçu sur une disposition particulière dans un acte soumis à la formalité, ni un supplément de perception insuffisamment faite, et la prescription de deux ans ne saurait être utilement invoquée dans l'espèce au profit des parties. —Ce principe a été reconnu, en ce qui concerne Iedroild'obligation qui devient exigible par suite de la réalisation d'un crédit, par un arrêt de la Cour de cassation, du 15 juillet 1851 (S.1851.1.765. —P.1851.2. 416), dont la doctrine est applicable au cas particulier (Instr. gért., 1900, § 9).—A la vérité, la Cour a reconnu par un arrêt postérieur, postérieur, 18 févr. 18o7 (P. 1857.433; Instr. gén., 2096, § 2), que le droit d'obligation en cette matière peut se prescrire par deux ans. CONS. D'ÉTAT 24 février 1865. TRAVAUX PUBLICS , DOMMAGE INDIRECT, LAC, ABAISSEMENT DE NIVEAU, INDEMNITÉ. Il n'y a pas lieu de considérer comme direct le dommage résultant , pour les riverains d'un lac dépendant du domaine public, de ce que l'abaissement du niveau des eaux de ce lac, opéré .pour cause d'utilité publique, et eu pour résultat l'affaissement de leurs terrains et l'ébranlement de leurs maisons (3). Un tel dommage ne donne, dès lors, pas lieu à indemnité. ( Syndicat du lac de NantuaC. Ricanot et autres.) Un décret du 5 août 1852 a déclaré d'utilité publique l'abaissement du niveau des eaux du lac de Nantua, qui appartient à l'Etat. Les propriétaires riverains de ce lac ont, par suite, formé un syndicat pour les représenter lors de l'exécution , sous la direction des ingénieurs de l'Etat, des travaux prescrits par ce décret. Ces travaux ayant été mis à fin, les sieurs Ricanot el autres, riverains riverains lac, ont formé contre le syndical une demande en dommages-intérêts à raison du préjudice résultant pour eux de ce que l'abaissement des eaux du lac avait eu pour effet de déterminer l'affaissement de parcelles de terrain leur appartenant, et d'ébranler des maisons qu'ils possédaient dans le voisinage de ces parcelles. — Un arrêté du conseil de préfecture de l'Ain, du 28 mai 1862, a condamné le syndicat à payer aux demandeurs diverses indemnités. Le syndicat du lac de Nantua s'est pourvu devant le conseil d'Etat contre cet arrêté. Il a soutenu que l'action des sieurs Ricanot et autres n'était pas recevable, en ce qu'au lieu d'être formée contre l'Etat, elle avait été introduite, à tort, contre l'association syndi^ cale des riverains du lac ; que, d'ailleurs, le préjudice allégué par les demandeurs, en le supposant constant, ne constituait pas un dommage direct et matériel* NAPOLÉON, etc. ; — Vu la loi du 28 pluv. an 8 et celle du 16 sept. 1807; — Vu le décret du 5 août 1852, qui a déclaré d'utilité publique les travaux ayant pour objet l'abaissement du lac de Nantua; —Sans qu'il sbit statué sur les autres moyens du pourvoi ; — Considérant qu'un décret, en date du 5 août 1852, en vue d'assurer la salubrité publique et dans l'intérêt de l'agriculture, â déêlaré d'utilité publique des travaux ayant pour objet d'abaisser le niveau du lac de Nantua ; qu'il résulte de l'instruction que le lac de Nantua, dans le lit duquel ont été exécutés les travaux prescrits par ce décret, n'appartenait pas aux riverains, et qu'aucune atteinte directe n'a été portée à leurs propriétés par l'exécution desdits travaux; que, dans ces circonstances, si des parcelles de terrains riverains du lac, qui reposaient sur un banc de tourbe sans consistance, se sont affaissées par suite de l'abaissement du niveau habituel des eaux, le préjudice résultant pour Jes propriétaires de ces parcelles, soit de là perte de ces terrains, soit de l'ébranlement causé par la dépression du sol à des maisons voisines des terrains submergés, he constitué pas un dommage qui soit de nature à donner droit à une indemnité ;—Art. 1er. L'arrêté du conseil de préfecture du département de (1-2) Les rédacteurs du Contrôleur de l'enregistrement (art. 12705) critiquent cette solution, du moins en ce qui concerne la première proposition : e Le défaut d'approbation, disent-ils, prouve une contestation, ou le mauvais vouloir de l'une des parties, ou un état de minorité ou d'incapacité. Dans tous les cas, il y a nécessité d'un jugement homologuant ou liquidant à nouveau. Si le tribunal homologue, c'est qu'il approuve le travail du notaire et se l'approprie, il repousse les contestations ou le mauvais vouloir, il supplée à l'incapacité. (3) V. sur ce qu'il faut entendre, en matière de travaux publics, par dommage direct et matériel, Table gèn. Devill. et Gilb., v° travaux publics, n. 40 et suiv.; Tablé décenn., eod. v°, n. 24 et suiv., et Rép. gèn, Pal. et Supp., éod. v", n. 1080 et suiv.—V. aussi l'annotation sous Cons. d'Etat, 26 féV. 1863, Auvray (P. âdm.). 15. 116 COUllS IMPERIALES, CONSEIL D'ETAT, ETC. l'Ain,; en date du 28 mai 1862, est annulé. Du 24 février 1865.—Cons. d'Etat.—MM. Leloup de Sancy, rapp.; Faré, comm. du gouv.; Labardère, àv. I! CORS. D'ÉTAT 4 août 1864. ' COMMUNE ,■ BIENS COMMUNAUX, PARTAGE, "ALIÉNATION, COMPÉTENCE. Si les partages de biens communaux à titre gratuit, tels qu'ils avaient été autorisés par la loi du 10 juin 1793, sont actuellement interdits, aucune disposition de loi ou de règlement ne prohibe l'aliénation des biens de cetle nature par voie de concession, à litre onéreux, à ceux qui ont le droit d'en jouir(i). En conséquence, le préfet peut autoriser une commune à aliéner les terres incultes appartenant à elle ou aux sections qui en dépendent, par voie d'attribution, à chacun des ayants droit à la jouissance, d'une parcelle de ces biens moyennant un prix déterminé. Dans tous les cas, les ventes ainsi faites parla commune constituent des actes de droit civil, dont il n'appartient pas à l'autorité administrative d'apprécier la validité. (Béllinet et autres.) Le conseil, municipal delà commune de Treignala élé invité, en exécution de l'ail. 2 de la loi du 28 juill. 1860, à délibérer sur les moyens démettre en valeur les terres incultes appartenant à la commune ou aux sections qui en font partie, et, par plusieurs délibérations, ce conseil a voté l'aliénation des biens communaux par voie d'attribution, moyennant un prix déterminé, à chacun des ayants droit à la jouissance d'une parcelle de ces biens. Le préfet de l'Allier a, par arrêlé du 17 sept. 1862, approuvé les délibérations dont s'agit et décidé que le produit des aliénations à faire par la commune serait déposé dans la caisse municipale pour être employé en achat de rentes sur l'Etat. Conformément à cel arrêlé, la commune a vendu à divers habitants des lots de terres communales. Les sieurs Béllinet et autres habitants de la commune de Treignat se sont pourvus devant le Conseil d'Etat contre l'arrêlé préfectoral susdalé, et ils ont demandé l'annulation, tant de cet arrêté que des ventes faites en exécution de ses dispositions. Ils ont soutenu que ces ventes constituaient, en réalité, un partage, et que le partage des biens communaux entre les habitants est interdit par la législation actuellement en vigueur; que, d'ailleurs, en admettant que les aliénations réalisées constituassent des ventes, les formalités exigées par la loi pour l'aliénation des biens communaux n'avaient pas élé observées.
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Traité de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Tome 1
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Il est une question bien grave en médecine, qui pendant des siècles a été considérée comme résolue, et qui aujourd'hui est à peine discutée par les pathologistes : c'est celle de la spoliation de certaines humeurs dégénérées à l'aide des exutoires. Du temps où l'idée des humeurs dominait la pathologie, on croyait fermement que l'exutoire agissait qu'en enlevant au sang les matières peccantes, que par une action dépurative. Une pareille opinion avait pour elle de frapper par un fait matériel; et le vulgaire, et les médecins, qui souvent ne seraient point être séparés du vulgaire, croyaient d'autant mieux à la lépuration qu'ils la constataient en quelque sorte par les sens. Et aujourd'hui que, depuis plus de soixante ans, les doctrines solidistes ont leur tour dominé l'art médical, c'est tout au plus si les médecins sentent heurter une opinion populaire si profondément enracinée et encore si vivace. Certes, personne ne nous soupçonnera de vouloir réveiller d'absurdes idées humorales et de vouloir remettre en question si, en effet, il est vrai que rend un secret existait préalablement à l'application de la suture; mais il y a pourtant quelque chose de vrai dans cette prétendue dépuration, et nous dirons en quoi. Pour nous bien faire comprendre, nous rappellerons un fait qui certainement s'est présenté mille fois à l'observation des praticiens, et sur lequel Bretonneau a le premier appelé l'attention des pathologistes. Ce fait, le voici : Un homme peut impunément, pendant longues années, se faire de légères blessures, et même des plaies fort profondes, sans que jamais il se manifeste chez lui de suppuration; tout se réunit par première intention avec une grande facilité. Il a ce que dans les campagnes on appelle une peau saine. Que, par hasard, il se fasse une plaie de telle nature que la suppuration en soit la conséquence nécessaire, désormais, et peut-être pendant une longue suite d'années, ce même homme suppurera à la moindre occasion et aura ce que dans les campagnes on appelle une peau venimeuse, c'est-à-dire une peau dont les blessures, même légères, s'enveniment avec une extrême facilité. Chez lui, des éruptions furonculaires, des anthrax, des phlegmasies de mauvais caractère, s'observeront souvent et les inflammations franches, même celles des organes internes, passeront plus facilement à la suppuration que chez les autres malades. On remarque aussi que chez les malades qui portent un cautère ou un séton, les accidents que nous venons de signaler ne s'observent pas tant que la suppuration est entretenue, mais qu'ils surviennent, au contraire, au moment où l'on cesse de solliciter l'écoulement du pus pour disparaître de nouveau quand on rétablit l'exutoire. L'observation démontre encore que, chez les gens qui ont cette disposition suppurative, les cautères et les sétons donnent une suppuration beaucoup plus abondante que chez le commun des malades. Est-il alors si ridicule d'admettre que le sang contient, sinon du pus, du moins des éléments qui se convertiront en pus avec une facilité déplorable ; que l'irritation développée par le pis de cautère ou par la mèche du séton, en appelant vers un point la fluxion inflammatoire, sollicite vers le point irrité les molécules du sang qui ont la tendance à se convertir en pus, et épuise, qu'il nous soit permis de le dire, ce levain purulent qui circule dans l'économie? Sous ce point de vue donc, un exutoire est un véritable moyen de dépuration dans le sens où l'entendaient les médecins humoristes des temps passés. Laissons de côté l'explication; arrivons au résultat pratique. Si, à l'aide d'un exutoire activement entretenu, on fait cesser la disposition à suppurer que nous avons indiquée plus haut, par ce moyen même on éloignera les chances de toutes ces maladies de mauvais caractère, de ces suppurations des parenchymes si funestes et si faciles dans la disposition organique dont il est ici question. Ce sera donc moins comme moyen curatif que comme remède prophylactique que, dans ce cas, les exutoires seront conseillés. Et, d'un autre côté, si la suppression d'un cautère, d'un vésicatoire ou d'un séton devient cause d'une disposition générale à la suppuration, il faudra prononcer cette suppression moins légèrement qu'on ne le fait ordinairement, ou bien prendre des précautions tant recommandées par les praticiens qui nous ont devancés. Il est aisé de concevoir tout ce que peut avoir de gravité la suppression d'un exutoire que l'on porte depuis longtemps. Et d'abord, l'économie s'est habituée à cette servitude secrète et s'y est utilement accommodée. La sécrétion morbide est devenue constitutionnelle, et, à ce titre, ne peut être supprimée sans une grande perturbation générale; et puis, ainsi que nous l'avons dit, l'organisme garde pendant un temps assez long une disposition à suppurer qui n'est pas sans danger s'il survient une phlegmasie intercurrente. De ce que nous nous sommes dit, il ne faudrait pas conclure que nous regardons les exutoires comme indispensables dans le traitement de toutes les phlegmasies chroniques, et à la suite de toutes les suppurations, et que nous ne permettons jamais leur suppression. Ce que nous ne voulons dire seulement, c'est qu'il faut toujours suppléer aux exutoires par d'autres moyens spoliateurs, en tête desquels nous plaçons les purgatifs, les sudorifiques et les diurétiques. L'emploi longtemps répété de ces agents thérapeutiques est un puissant moyen de diversion, et s'ils ont été conseillés par nos devanciers avec exagération, ils ont été proscrits de nos jours avec un acharnement que ne justifie pas l'abus qu'on en avait fait. Le choix de l'exutoire n'est pas indifférent dans la médication spoliative. Nous ferons observer qu'il ne s'agit ici que d'enlever au sang la plupart de ses principes, c'est le seul but que nous nous proposons. L'irritation locale, condition nécessaire de la suppuration, doit être ici aussi minime que possible; or, de tous les moyens, le moins douloureux est à coup sûr le cautère; le séton vient ensuite, qui cause, il est vrai, un peu plus de douleur, mais qui, par l'abondance de la suppuration, produit une évacuation humorale fort abondante. Aussi le séton pourrait-être préféré comme moyen curatif, tandis que le cautère s'emploiera plutôt comme prophylactique. C'est au séton qu'il faut recourir dans les phlegmasies chroniques viscérales, dans les inflammations qui occuperont les membranes muqueuses qui tapissent les grandes cavités splanchniques. Quant au vésicatoire, la vive douleur qu'il cause presque toujours, la difficulté de son pansement, l'inégalité de la suppuration qu'il détermine, doivent le faire rejeter en général comme moyen spoliateur, tandis que c'est un héroïque remède pour remplir les autres indications de la médication irritante. Jusqu'ici nous avons fait abstraction de l'irritation locale et sympathique provoquée par un exutoire, indépendamment de la spoliation; mais il faut nécessairement en tenir compte, attendu qu'ici il y a une double et quelquefois une triple action thérapeutique, savoir, une action transpositive, une action excitante, et enfin une action spoliateuse. Nous avons dit plus haut comment nous entendons la médication transpositive; tout à l'heure, nous essayerons de faire comprendre dans quelle circonstance les irritations, portées sur la peau, deviennent une cause d'excitation générale: nous ne nous y arrêterons donc pas ici. Si nous passons en revue la série des agents spoliateurs, nous verrons que les exutoires sont, de tous, les plus inoffensifs. Sans doute il y a quelques inconvénients à purger, à provoquer la sueur ou la diurèse, mais en voit que c'est toujours par une irritation portée sur une grande surface ou par une modification active exercée sur toute l'économie que l'on arrive à ces résultats; or les organes ne s'accommodent pas toujours de cette continuité de perturbation; ils se fatiguent, s'affament ou perdent leur incitabilité, et l'on est forcé de renoncer à une médication qu'il faudrait trop chèrement acheter. Quant à la saignée répétée chaque jour en petite quantité, il est impossible d'y penser sérieusement, bien que ce moyen ait été conseillé par les partisans exagérés et imprudents de la doctrine physiologique. Mais l'application d'un exutoire, en tant qu'irritation locale, n'a que très rarement un danger même minime, si ce n'est chez des personnes extrêmement irritables qu'elles ne pourraient supporter non plus aucun autre moyen de spoliation. En tant que spoliateur, l'exutoire, par la facilité de leur application et la continuité de son action, et par la facilité de mesurer et de graduer ses effets, tiendra toujours le premier rang parmi les agents de la Médication spoliative. MEDICATION EXCITATIVE. Nous avons vu les topiques irritants appliqués au corps de l'homme, ou dans le but de substituer une phlegmasie thérapeutique à celle qui existait préalablement, ou celui de transporter sur un point quelconque une phlegmasie qui existait ailleurs; ou bien enfin dans celui de solliciter un flux continu des éléments du sang et une sorte de dérivation. Nous avons dit que ces efforts thérapeutiques se confondaient souvent, et qu'il était impossible de les obtenir parfaitement isolés. Il est enfin un quatrième mode d'action qui ne se sépare guère des deux derniers, mais qui acquiert, comme ceux-ci, une prédominance spéciale dans certaines circonstances. Les irritants locaux, par cela même qu'ils donnent naissance à une phlegmasie, amènent les conséquences de toute phlegmasie, savoir : toujours une fièvre locale et quelquefois en même temps une fièvre locale et une fièvre générale. La fièvre, ce mode de réaction de l'économie contre les causes morbifiques, est, dans presque toutes les maladies aiguës, un accident nécessaire et souvent utile. Il peut donc être quelquefois utile d'exciter la fièvre, et il y aura souvent beaucoup d'avantages à préférer les irritants appliqués sur la peau aux excitants, qui agissent par absorption. Nous ne partageons pas les opinions qui avaient trop prévalu dans ces derniers temps, savoir, que ces excitants avaient surtout du danger par les gastrites et les gastro-entérites qu'ils déterminaient. En vérité, il serait difficile de trouver parmi les excitants quelque agent qui puisse être considéré comme un topical irritant aux doses où la prudence et l'usage ordonnent de le prescrire. Ces craintes puériles ne nous arrêtent donc pas; mais l'expérience démontre que ces agents qui pénètrent par voie d'absorption n'ont pas toujours un mode d'action aussi simple que ceux qui ne s'adressent qu'au système nerveux, et cela sans doute parce que, portés dans les voies circulatoires, ils vont stimuler, en même temps que les centres nerveux, tous les autres organes de l'économie où le sang abonde. Or, les irritants cutanés n'agissent bien évidemment que sur le système nerveux, et, sous ce rapport, se rangent immédiatement à côté du calorique, dont nous traiterons ailleurs. Aussi, quand l'incapacité Brownienne semble éteinte, et que, la réaction fébrile diminuant, les autres symptômes s'aggravent, les sinapismes les vésicatoires volants, les applications irritantes diverses, doivent-ils être appelés à notre aide, et est-ce à eux presque exclusivement qu'il faut s'adresser. Nous avons précédemment, en parlant du choléra, fait sentir les inconvénients de l'exagération de cette excitation; on peut établir comme règle que si, par expérience, on présume que l'on aura longtemps besoin d'excitation, les vésicatoires devront être employés de préférence. Lorsqu'au contraire on n'a besoin que d'un excitant passager, comme par exemple dans la période algide du choléra, dans la période de concentration des fièvres intermittentes pernicieuses, l'urtication, la sinapisation, l'application du calorique comme rubéfiant, en un mot, les moyens à action énergique et fugace sont seuls indiqués. S'ils n'agissaient ici que comme excitants, ces moyens auraient déjà une portée assez grande pour devoir être utilisés dans un grand nombre de circonstances; mais ils jouissent, en outre, de propriétés révulsives et spoliatives importantes, et, à ce titre, ils remplissent une triple indication que jamais ne rempliraient les excitants donnés à l'intérieur. Ces propriétés multiples se trouvent également dans les topiques irritants appliqués sur une plus petite surface, et dans le but de déterminer une excitation locale. L'excitation locale ne peut jamais être produite que par les topiques, car il y aurait inconvénient pour l'économie à exciter la fièvre générale pour atteindre un coin du corps, et probablement on ne parviendrait que rarement au but que l'on se serait proposé. Pour bien faire comprendre cette médication, il suffira de quelques mots. Le fait de l'inflammation dans une partie, c'est d'y exciter une fluxion sanguine et d'amener l'épanchement de produits morbides dans les mailles du tissu, ou à la surface des membranes. Quand la phlegmasie a duré quelque temps, l'incitabilité locale finit par diminuer, et l'énergie interstitielle nécessaire à la digestion et à l'assimilation des produits morbides n'est plus telle que cette assimilation puisse se faire. Et de même, dans un estomac débilité par une alimentation trop excitante, les aliments ne peuvent plus désormais être digérés que si l'on augmente encore l'excitation; de même, dans un tissu dont l'incitabilité a été usée par l'excès d'irritation, les produits morbides épanchés ne seront résorbés que si l'on excite les propriétés vitales de la partie. C'est ainsi que s'explique le succès des vésicatoires, des fonticules, du cautère objectif, du moxa, dans les tumeurs indolentes : explication qui ne satisferait pourtant pas complètement si l'on ne tenait compte, ainsi que nous le faisions remarquer tout à l'heure, de l'action transpositive et spoliative que ces agents thérapeutiques exercent en même temps. Dans cette médication comme dans toutes les autres, il faut éviter l'excès; car, s'il est nécessaire d'exciter les propriétés vitales, il ne faut pas que la stimulation soit poussée jusqu'au point de déterminer une phlegmasie trop énergique : non que cela ne puisse quelquefois être suivi d'un bon résultat, et alors on a agi substitutivement ; mais en général, il faut graduer l'action des topiques que l'on emploie, de manière à solliciter tout au plus une inflammation légère que l'on combat incontinent par les antiphlogistiques. CHAPITRE V. MÉDICAMENTS ANTIPHLOGISTIQUES OU ÉMOLLIENTS. MATIÈRE MÉDICALE. On donne en général le nom d’émollients aux médicaments qui possèdent la propriété de relâcher les tissus, de les rendre plus mous, et qui ont aussi pour but de diminuer la tonicité des organes et d’en affaiblir la sensibilité. On peut diviser les émollients en deux sections distinctes : 1° les mucilagineux ; 2° les huileux. Ces substances sont fournies par les règnes végétal et animal. Passons d’abord en revue les substances émollientes végétales, parmi lesquelles nous citerons la gomme arabique, la gomme adragante, le lin, les mauves et la guimauve, la bourrache, la violette, le tussilage, la réglisse, l’orge, le chiendent, le riz, le gruau, le sucre, etc., enfin les différentes fécules et les huiles; puis nous parlerons des substances émollientes animales, telles que les graisses, la gélatine, l’albumine, l’huile d’œufs, le miel, le lait, la glycérine, etc. Gommes. Les Gommes s’écoulent naturellement, ou à l’aide d’incisions, de plusieurs arbres qui presque tous appartiennent à la famille des Légumineuses. Les principales espèces de Gommes qui se trouvent dans le commerce et qui sont usitées en médecine sont les Gommes arabique et du Sénégal et la Gomme adragante. Gomme arabique et du Sénégal. Ces Gommes sont fournies par plusieurs espèces du genre Acacia ou mimosa, et surtout par les Acacia vera, W., senegalensis, W., nilotica, W., arbres de la famille des Légumineuses et qui croissent en Arabie, au Sénégal, etc. On considère maintenant comme à peu près identique la Gomme venant d’Arabie et celle qui est récoltée au Sénégal. Caractères de la Gomme arabique. Elle se présente dans le commerce en larmes ou en morceaux, petits, pelliculés, blancs ou légèrement colorés en jaune ; ils sont opaques lorsqu’ils sont entiers ; leur cassure est luisante et striée en lignes blanches. La Gomme arabique ou du Sénégal est presque entièrement formée d'arabine, matière qui a la même composition que le sucre. Elle renferme en outre quelques sels et en particulier du malate acide de chaux. La Gomme arabique (on lui donne aussi le nom de Gomme turrique) est entièrement et parfaitement soluble dans l'eau ; sa saveur est presque nulle. D'après M. Herberger, elle est moins dense, moins hygrométrique que la Gomme du Sénégal, qui convient mieux pour envelopper et diviser les matières grasses. Il pense qu'on doit préférer la Gomme du Sénégal pour la préparation des combinaisons artificielles et pour celles des pâtes. Afin de donner une apparence plus agréable à la Gomme, on enlève avec un canif toutes les impuretés superficielles, et on la lave en la frottant dans de l'eau froide, puis on la fait sécher sur un tamis. Dans cet état, la Gomme est destinée à l'usage médical, et constitue alors la Gomme mondée et lavée. Quelles sont les formes diverses sous lesquelles on emploie la Gomme arabique ? D'abord en tisane, préparée à froid avec 8 à 32 grammes de Gomme pour 1000 gr. d'eau. On peut aussi faire dissoudre à chaud, mais l'eau de Gomme est moins agréable. Mucilage de Gomme arabique. Pr. : Gomme arabique pulvérisée. 1 part. Eau froide. 1 Mêlez dans un mortier de marbre. Potion pectorale. (Julep béquique.) Pr. : Espèces béquiques. 1 gram. Gomme arabique. 8 Sirop simple. 24 Eau commune. 125 F. S. A. (Hôp. de Paris.) Potion gommeuse. Julep gommeux. (Potion gommosa.) Pr. : Gomme arabique pulvérisée 10 gram. Sirop de Gomme. 30 Eau distillée de fleurs d'oranger. 10 Eau commune. 100 Triturez la Gomme avec le sirop dans un mortier de marbre, et ajoutez les autres substances. Sirop de gomme. (Syrupus cum Gummi.) Pr. : Gomme arabique ou Gomme du Sénégal. 1 000 gram. Eau. 1 500 ml Sirop de sucre. 1000 ml Lavez la gomme à deux reprises dans l'eau froide, mettez ensuite en contact avec la quantité d'eau prescrite, agitez de temps en temps pour faciliter la dissolution. Passez la liqueur sans expression à travers un chiffon blanc. D'autre part, faites un sirop de sucre clarifié, cuisez-le jusqu'à ce qu'il marque bouillant 1,30 au densimètre (33° B.), ajoutez-y la solution de Gomme, et passez au premier bouillon. Gomme de France. (Gummi nostras.) Cette gomme découle naturellement dans nos pays, du tronc de différents arbres de la famille des Rosacées et en particulier du cerisier. La cérasine, qui la constitue, ne diffère de l'arabine qu'en ce qu'elle ne se dissout pas dans l'eau froide ; mais si l'on fait bouillir celle-ci, la cérasine change d'état moléculaire, se transforme en arabine et devient soluble. D'où il suit que la Gummi nostras pourrait à la rigueur être employée comme succédané de la Gomme arabique. Le commerce fournit, sous le nom de Gomme arabique, une gomme artificielle faite avec de la dextrine. On reconnaît cette fraude au moyen de l'acide azotique, qui forme de l'acide mucique avec la Gomme arabique, et de l'acide oxalique avec la dextrine. Gomme adragante. (Gummi tragacanthæ.) C'est un sucre concret qui découle de l'écorce de plusieurs espèces du genre Astragalus, famille des Légumineuses, J., diadelphie décandrie de Linné. Suivant plusieurs auteurs, ce sont les espèces Astragalus gummifer, Labill.; A. verus Olliv. ; A. creticus, Tournef., qui fournissent la Gomme adragante. On en trouve deux sortes dans le commerce : l'une est en filets ou en rubans déliés et vermiculés, plus souvent jaunes que blancs; on la croit due à l'Astragalus creticus. L'autre est en plaques blanches assez larges, marquées d'élévations arquées ou concentriques. M. Th. Martens l'attribue à l'Astragalus verus. Suivant les expériences de M. Bucholz, la Gomme adragante est composée de deux principes gommeux : l'un qui est insoluble dans l'eau froide, c'est l'adragantine; l'autre soluble, et possédant tous les caractères de la Gomme arabique, c'est l'arabine. On l'emploie en thérapeutique sous les mêmes formes que la Gomme arabique : en poudre, en mucilage, en sirop, etc. La préparation du mucilage exige beaucoup de soin. La quantité d'eau nécessaire pour le préparer varie suivant l'usage auquel on le destine : 1 partie de Gomme et 8 parties d'eau donnent un mucilage très-consistant, très-propre à servir de base à des potions mucilagineuses. Le mucilage de Gomme adragante diffère de celui de Gomme arabique par son état constamment gélatineux, dû à la partie insoluble qu'il tient toujours en suspension. (Soubeiran.) Graine de lin. (Lini semina.) Ces Graines, dont tout le monde connaît les caractères physiques, proviennent du Lin usuel, Linum usitatissimum, L., plante annuelle de la famille des Linnées, J. ; de la pentandrie pentagynie, L. Caractères botaniques de la famille. Calice à trois ou cinq folioles, corolle à quatre ou cinq pétales hypogynes ; huit à dix étamines dont la moitié stériles, réunies en anneau à la base ; ovaire libre, quatre ou cinq styles ; capsule globuleuse. Caractères génériques. Calice à 5 folioles, cinq pétales; dix étamines, dont cinq fertiles ; cinq styles ; capsules à dix loges. Caractères spécifiques. Calice et capsule terminés en pointe ; pétales crénelés ; feuilles lancéolées linéaires, alternes ; tige simple ou rameuse seulement au sommet. La Graine de lin est ainsi composée : huile, mucilage, amidon, gluten, albumine, résine, molle, matière colorante extractive, gomme, un peu de sucre. D'après M. Becquerel, l'huile forme les trente-cinq centièmes du poids de la Graine. La matière mucilagineuse forme une sorte de vernis à la surface des Graines de lin, elle absorbe beaucoup d'eau, se gonfle et constitue alors une couche épaisse tremblotante, analogue à celle qui enveloppe les œufs dans le frai de gruillage. La même observation s'applique aux semences de coing et autres graines mucilagineuses. La Graine de lin est un émollient fort usité surtout à l'extérieur. On l'emploie principalement en cataplasmes, à l'état de farine. La graine entière est fréquemment employée pour préparer des lavements. Lavements avec le lin (Hôp. de Paris). Semences de lin. 15 gram. Faites bouillir pendant un quart d'heure dans quantité suffisante pour obtenir un demi-litre de produit, et passez. On fait aussi avec son décocté des lotions et des fomentations. En faisant digérer 32 grammes de Graine de lin dans un demi-litre d'eau pendant douze heures, ou en faisant infuser 2 grammes de cette graine dans la même quantité d'eau, on obtient une tisane mucilagineuse, qui est journellement utilisée dans les affections catarrhales, et surtout dans les phlegmasies des organes génito-urinaires. Guimauve. La Guimauve officinale (Althæa officinalis) est une plante vivace de la famille des Malvacées, de la monadelphie polyandrie de Linné. Caractères génériques. Calice double, l'extérieur offrant de cinq à neuf divisions, un grand nombre de capsules monospermes disposées circulairement. Caractères spécifiques. Feuilles simples, cotonneuses. Parties usitées. Racine, feuilles, fleurs. La racine de Guimauve contient : de la gomme, de l'amidon, une matière colorante jaune, de l'albumine, de l'asparagine, du sucre cristallisable, etc. Les racines et les feuilles de Guimauve servent à l'extérieur, à composer des lotions, des fomentations, des collyres, des lavements, des cataplasmes, etc. Tablettes de Guimauve. Pr. : Poudre de Guimauve. 60 gram. Sucre. 436 Gomme adragante. 6 ,60 Eau de fleurs d'oranger. 56 F. S. A. On prépare aussi un hydrolé et un sirop de Guimauve; la pâte de Guimauve, composée de gomme arabique, 500 grammes ; sucre blanc, 500 grammes ; eau de fleurs d'oranger, 64 grammes; blancs d'œufs, n° 6. F. S. A. Cette pâte, ne contenant pas de Guimauve, serait mieux nommée pâte de Gomme arabique. Il en est de même du sirop de Guimauve, qui très souvent n'est que du sirop de sucre. On y reconnaît la présence de la Guimauve par la potasse caustique, qui lui donne une coloration jaune foncée. Mauve. La Mauve, grande et petite, Malva sylvestris, Malva rotundifolia, L., est un genre de la famille des Malvacées, le nom l'indique. Caractères génériques. Calice double l'extérieur à trois feuilles, l'intérieur cinq divisions ; étamines réunies en un tube adhérent à la corolle ; plus de huit capsules non déhiscentes disposées circonférentiellement. Caractères spécifiques de la grande Mauve, Malva sylvestris, L. Tige herbacée. feuilles à sept lobes pointus, pédonculées, et pétioles velus. Caractères spécifiques de la petite Mauve, Malva rotundifolia, L. Tige couché, feuilles en cœur, orbiculaires, divisées en lobes mal figurés. La grande Mauve est la plus usitée. On emploie les parties de ces deux plantes soit en tisane, soit en lotions, fomentations, lavements, etc. Les fleurs de Rose trémière, Althæa rosea, jouissent des mêmes propriétés. Bourrache, Violette, Tussilage. La Bourreau officinale, Borrago officinalis, L., plante qui a donné son nom à la famille des Borraginées, fournit à la thérapeutique ses feuilles et ses fleurs, dont on fait une tisane assez usitée une à deux pincées pour 1 litre d'eau. Dans la même famille, la cynoglosse, la pulmonaire, la luglosse, sont également employées. Les fleurs de la Violette odorante, Viola odorata, sont fréquemment prescrites en tisane. Cette plante, de la syngénésie monogamie de Linné, famille des Violariées, ne fournit pas exclusivement les fleurs de Violette du commerce ; la plupart nous viennent du Midi et appartiennent aux genres Viola sudetica, calcarata, tricolor. Le Tussilage ou Pas-d'âne, Tussilago farfara, L., est une synanthérée corymbifère; elle croît dans les lieux bas et humides, et fleurit vers la fin de l'hiver. Parties usitées. Fleurs et feuilles en tisane. Orge, Chiendent, Réglisse. L'Orge cultivée, Hordeum vulgare, est une plante de la famille des Graminées de la triandrie digynie de Linné. C'est le fruit que l'on emploie. Caractères génériques. Trois fleurs sur chaque dent du rachis; celle du milieu hermaphrodite sessile ; les latérales ordinairement mâles pédiculées. Les trois glumes réunies simulent un involucre hexaphylle. Balles à deux valves, dont l'extérieure terminée par une arête. Fleurs en épi. Caractères spécifiques. Toutes les fleurs hermaphrodites, disposées sur six rangs dont deux opposés plus proéminents. Arêtes des fleurs latérales plus longues. On trouve l'Orge sous trois états différents : 1° l'Orge entière, pourvue encore de son péricarpe ; 2° l'Orge privée en partie des enveloppes propres de la graine, Orge mondée; 3° l'Orge tout à fait dépouillée de ses pellicules (c'est-à-dire du son), arrondie et polie au moyen de procédés mécaniques, et qu'on appelle Orge perlée, Hordeum perlatum. La décoction d'Orge entière s'emploie souvent pour gargarismes. La tisane se fait ordinairement avec 8 à 15 grammes d'Orge perlée ou mondée pour un kilogramme d'eau. Le Chiendent est la racine ou plutôt la tige du froment rampant (Triticum repens), genre de la famille des Graminées. On en distingue deux sortes: 1° le Chiendent de Paris (Triticum repens) ; 2° le Chiendent d'Allemagne ou pied-de-poule, fourni par le Panicum dactylon, dont les tiges sont bien plus grosses et les nœuds plus répandus. Les enveloppes des fleurs des graminées et les écailles des rhizomes du Chiendent renferment une résine âpre à odeur de vanille que l'on doit séparer avec soin. La Réglisse (Glycyrrhiza glabra), genre de la famille des Légumineuses, est une plante qui croît dans le midi de l'Europe, et dont la racine, brune à l'extérieur, jaune à l'intérieur, est d'une saveur sucrée assez agréable, mêlée cependant d'une certaine âcreté. M. Robiquet l'a trouvée composée de : glycyrrhizine, fécule, asparagine, huile résineuse, albumine, sels. L'huile résineuse, d'après Soubeiran, est le principe auquel la racine de Réglisse doit son âcreté. On l'emploie fréquemment en tisane : 8 grammes de réglisse pour 1000 grammes d'eau bouillante. On prépare aussi un extrait de Réglisse, un suc épuré, enfin des pâtes blanche, brune ou noire. Ces dernières préparations sont devenues des remèdes tout à fait populaires. La boisson connue sous le nom de Coco est préparée avec une macération de Réglisse, dans laquelle on ajoute quelquefois de l'anis ou du citron. Nous n'avons passé en revue qu'une très-petite partie de la longue série des émollients végétaux, nous nous bornerons à dire qu'ils remplissent tous à peu près les mêmes indications thérapeutiques et qu'ils ont souvent les mêmes formes d'administration. N'oublions pas toutefois de parler des propriétés émollientes de divers fruits, les dattes, les jujubes, les figues, les raisins secs, etc. Nous plaçons aussi ces médicaments dans la grande section des Emollients. Les espèces pectorales comprennent les fleurs de bouillon blanc, coquelicot, guimauve, mauve, pied de chat, tussilage, violettes. Les espèces émollientes comprennent les feuilles sèches de bouillon blanc, guimauve, mauve, pariétaire. Disons maintenant quelques mots des fécules. Fécules. On entend, par Fécules, des produits pulvérulents, blancs, inodores, peu sapides, insolubles dans l'eau froide, solubles en partie dans l'eau bouillante, et donnant à ce liquide la consistance gélatiniforme. Elles sont insolubles dans l'alcool, l'éther, les huiles ; se colorent par l'iode, les unes en bleu, les autres en violet, en lilas plus ou moins gris ; donnent de l'acide oxalique par l'acide nitrique, et se saccharifient par l'acte de la fermentation et par la germination (Dubrunfaut). Le produit féculent ou amylacé se trouve dans la plupart des plantes, en particulier dans les graines céréales, les racines des amomées, des euphorbiacées, dans les racines tuberculeuses, etc. M. Raspail avait considéré chaque grain de Fécule comme formé d'une enveloppe (amidon tégumentaire), renfermant dans son intérieur une sorte de gomme, amidine ou dextrine. Il est aujourd'hui bien démontré que les grains de Fécule sont constitués par une série de petites sphères membraneuses emboîtées et de même nature, lesquelles dans des circonstances données subissent un changement moléculaire qui les transforme en dextrine. Toutes les fécules offrent à peu près les mêmes caractères et les mêmes propriétés. Celles qui sont en usage en médecine sont : l'amidon ou Fécule des fruits céréales, la Fécule de pomme de terre, l'arrow-root ou Fécule du Maranta indica (amomées), le tapioca, la moussache, fournies par la racine du Jatropha manioc, le sagou, Fécule de différents palmiers. Nous en décrirons quelques-unes, celles qui sont le plus habituellement employées. Amidon. L'Amidon, que l'on nomme aussi fécule amylacée, se retire des graines céréales. Il est, comme les autres fécules, rude au toucher, insoluble dans l'eau froide, soluble en partie dans l'eau bouillante, avec laquelle il forme, en se refroidissant, une gelée bleuâtre qu'on nomme empois ; insoluble dans l'alcool, il se colore en bleu par l'iode. Extraction. Pour se procurer de l'Amidon dans les laboratoires, on fait une pâte avec une suffisante quantité d'eau et de farine de froment qu'on renferme dans un linge fin, et on la malaxe sous un filet d'eau, au-dessus d'un vase recouvert d'un tamis, jusqu'à ce que ce liquide n'entraîne plus de matière féculente. Celle-ci, séparée par le repos et la décantation, est en suite lavée et desséchée. Elle constitue l'Amidon. Dans les arts, on extrait en grand l'Amidon des recouverts et gruaux de blés gâtés, et surtout de l'orge. On donne fréquemment l'Amidon en lavement, 8 à 16 grammes pour 500 grammes d'eau. Il a été aussi employé avec succès par MM. Seutin et Velpeau pour former un appareil contentif, inamovible, dans les cas de fractures. A cet effet, on imprègne de la colle de pâte, dont l'Amidon est la base, les compresses et les bandes destinées à l'appareil. Fécule de pomme de terre. Cette Fécule, qu'on retire des tubercules de la pomme de terre, Solanum tuberosum, genre de la famille des Solanées, sert plus souvent comme aliment que comme médicament. On l'emploie pour faire les cataplasmes de fécule qui se préparent de la manière suivante : Fécule de pomme de terre. 100 gr. Eau. 1000 Mettez les huit dixièmes de l'eau sur le feu, dans un pot couvert et, aussitôt qu'elle entrera en ébullition, versez-y la fécule que vous aurez fait dissoudre dans le reste de l'eau froide. Faites bouillir pendant quelques instants, et retirez du feu en continuant à remuer la masse. On prépare de même les cataplasmes de poudre de riz ou d'amidon. La fécule sert aussi à faire la dextrine, qu'on obtient soit au moyen de la diastase développée dans l'orge germé, soit par l'ébullition dans l'eau aiguisée d'un peu d'acide sulfurique. La dextrine sert à composer un sirop pouvant remplacer (avantageusement à raison du prix) celui de gomme. Cette substitution, faite autrefois dans tous les hôpitaux de Paris, est aujourd'hui abandonnée. On fait aujourd'hui un grand usage de la dextrine pour la confection des appareils inamovibles destinés à maintenir les membres fracturés. M. Velpeau, qui l'a employée le premier dans ce but, conseille d'humecter d'abord la dextrine avec de l'eau-de-vie camphrée, afin d'éviter les grumeaux. Le brouet dont on imbibe les bandes doit être assez clair et parfaitement homogène. Arrow-root. C'est la fécule retirée du Maranta indica et arundinacea, plante de la famille des Amomées, monandrine monogynie de Linné. Cette fécule est moins blanche que celle du blé, plus lourde et plus compacte, moins rude au toucher: ses grains irréguliers sont plus résistants et plus transparents que ceux de l'amidon. La fécule d'Arrow-root donne à l'eau à peu près autant de consistance que la fécule de pomme de terre et beaucoup moins que l'amidon de blé. On la retire des racines du Maranta, d'après le même procédé que pour l'extraction de l'amidon. Les usages de l'Arrow-root sont les mêmes que ceux de la fécule de pomme de terre. Tapioca, Moussache. On donne le nom de Tapioca à la fécule de manioc, extraite du Jatropha manioc, arbrisseau du Brésil qui appartient à la famille des Euphorbiaceae. Il croît aussi dans la Guyane et aux Antilles. Le Tapioca est en grumeaux très-durs et un peu élastiques ; il se gonfle et se dissout en partie dans l'eau froide. Délayé dans l'eau bouillante, il donne un empois qui offre une transparence et une viscosité particulière. On l'extrait des racines du Jatropha manioc, qu'on râpe et qu'on lave pour en retirer la fécule. On fait alors sécher celle-ci sur des plaques de fer, où elle cuit en partie et s'agglomère en grains irréguliers. Le Tapioca sert aux mêmes usages que les autres fécules. La Moussache ou fécule pure de manioc est aussi une substance alimentaire très estimée surtout des créoles, qui en font la base de leur nourriture : leur pain est formé avec la farine de manioc. On obtient encore de la racine du manioc d'autres produits alimentaires qui portent les noms de couaque, cassave, etc. Le suc frais de cette plante contient de l'acide cyanhydrique et est par conséquent un violent poison. Sagou, Salep. Le Sagou est une fécule que l'on retire de plusieurs espèces de palmiers, surtout du Sagus farinifera; il nous vient des îles Moluques. Cette fécule est sous la forme de petits grains arrondis, blanchâtres ou d'un gris rougeâtre, très-durs, élastiques, demi-transparents, difficiles à broyer sous les doigts, inodores, d'une saveur fade et douceâtre. Ces grains gonflés par l'eau bouillante deviennent transparents et conservent leur forme arrondie. Mêmes usages que les autres fécules. Le saiep ou salileb est fourni par les racines tuberculeuses de plusieurs espèces du genre Orchis, et en particulier par les Orchis mascula, bifolia, morio, etc., plantes de la famille des Orchidées, de la gynandrie monogynie de Linné. Le saiep nous est envoyé de l'Orient. Il est employé comme aliment, surtout en Turquie et en Perse. En France, où tout est exploité, on lui a donné un usage médical : on a fait un chocolat au saiep, qu'on a voulu douer de propriétés merveilleuses. Emollients huileux. Les émollients qui font partie de cette section et qui sont usités en médecine sont les huiles fixes, telles que l'huile d'olive, d'amandes douces, de lin, etc., ainsi que l'huile concrète qu'on retire des graisses du cacaoyer ordinaire (Theobroma cacao), et qu'on nomme en pharmacie, beurre de cacao. Nous parlerons de toutes ces substances en d'autres lieux. Les substances animales émollientes, telles que la cire, le blanc de baleine, les graisses, la gélatine, l'albumine, etc., trouveront aussi leur place, disséminées dans des ordres différents de médicaments. Enfin, n'oublions pas de mentionner ici le lait et ses diverses espèces : lait de vache, lait d'ânesse, lait de chèvre. Le lait de vache, soit pur, soit étendu d'eau (hydrogala) ou coupé avec des infusions mucilagineuses ou des décoctions féculentes, constitue une excellente boisson, à la fois nutritive, émolliente et tempérante, qui rend journellement les plus utiles services dans le cours et surtout dans la convalescence des maladies inflammatoires. Glycérine. Parmi les substances huileuses, il en est une qui, depuis quelques années, tend à jouer un rôle important en thérapeutique, et qui, à ce titre, mérite ici une place à part : nous voulons parler de la Glycérine. On doit à M. Cap d'avoir, conjointement avec M. Garot, appelé plus spécialement l'attention des médecins sur ce nouvel agent, et indiqué les principales applications qui pouvaient en être faites. La Glycérine provient de sources diverses ; on l'obtient le plus communément de la saponification des huiles végétales, ou on la retire des eaux mères des fabriques d'acide stéarique. Mais tous ces produits sont généralement impurs, et exigent des procédés particuliers pour rendre cette substance pure et propre aux usages de la médecine. La Glycérine officinale doit être sans odeur appréciable, incolore ; sa consistance, celle d'un sirop épais, sans action sur la teinture du tournesol et le sirop de violettes. Elle ne doit pas changer de couleur quand on y ajoute du sulfure de soude, ni quand on la fait bouillir avec la potasse caustique. Sa combustion doit être complète et ne laisser aucun résidu. Comme elle est assez fortement hygrométrique, elle demande à être renfermée dans des flacons bien bouchés, sous peine de lui voir perdre sa consistance. La Glycérine est un corps remarquablement onctueux, qui a la propriété de lubrifier et d'assouplir peut-être mieux que tout autre les tissus organiques. Cette propriété dominante la place sous ce rapport à la tête des cosmétiques, et de plus elle la rend éminemment utile dans un grand nombre de maladies cutanées, notamment dans les formes sèches et squammeuses. En pénétrant facilement dans les pores de la peau, elle assouplit cet organe et maintient à sa surface, en vertu de sa propriété hygrométrique, une humidité habituelle, qui la rend très-propre à combattre la sécheresse et l'épaississement du derme. Aussi convient-elle admirablement chez les personnes qui ont la peau habituellement rugueuse, farineuse, fendillée, crevassée, comme cela s'observe d'ordinaire chez les strumeux et les dartreux. A l'exemple de beaucoup d'autres, nous avons obtenu d'excellents effets de la Glycérine dans les affections superficielles de la peau, notamment dans le lichen et le prurigo. Elle nous a encore été utile dans certaines maladies de l'oreille tenant à une irritation cutanée qui se serait propagée de l'extérieur à l'intérieur de l'appareil auditif. Enfin nous l'avons maintes fois employée avec succès dans ces affections prurigineuses, si rebelles et si réfractaires, qui ont pour siège les parties génitales et la marge de l'anus. De leur côté, les médecins de l'hôpital Saint-Louis ont pu instituer des expérimentations en grand sur la valeur de cet agent dans les diverses affections chroniques de la peau, si souvent rebelles à tout traitement. C'est ainsi que MM. Bazin, Gilbert, etc., en ont constaté l'efficacité dans l'eczéma, dans l'acné, dans le zona, dans le psoriasis et même dans l'ichthyose. Sans doute l'action de la Glycérine est purement locale et ne s'étend pas jusqu'au principe diathésique, qui réclame des médicaments internes plus radicaux ; mais il ne faut pas exiger plus à cet égard de la Glycérine que des autres moyens topiques, tels que l'huile de cade, le goudron, etc. Cette propriété lénifiante que possède la Glycérine à un si haut degré en a fait étendre l'usage à un grand nombre de phlegmasies qui siègent à la surface du derme : ainsi les applications de Glycérine dans les érysipèles, les vésicatoires douloureux et enflammés et sur les brûlures étendues sont utiles en mettant les surfaces phlogosées à l'abri du contact de l'air, en calmant la douleur et en amortissant le feu de l'inflammation. Ajoutons que plus d'une fois nous avons vu des petites plaies ou écorchures qui ne cessaient de ramper et de s'étendre, comme cela s'observe si souvent chez les personnes dites à humeurs, se limiter et se cicatriser en peu de temps sous l'influence de simples pansements avec la Glycérine, alors même qu'elles avaient résisté à beaucoup d'autres topiques. En raison de cette action si manifestement utile qu’exerce la Glycérine sur les plaies en général, quelques chirurgiens ont été conduits à l’adopter d’une manière presque exclusive dans les pansements à la suite des amputations, et à lui donner la préférence sur le cérat, dont elle posséderait tous les avantages sans en avoir les inconvénients. Sous ce rapport, on doit à M. Demarquay des expériences très nombreuses qui tendent à établir, sinon la supériorité, au moins l’incontestable utilité de ce nouveau mode de pansement. Rien de plus simple d’ailleurs. Un linge fenêtré, imbibé de Glycérine, est appliqué immédiatement sur la plaie; ce linge est recouvert de charpie et d’une compresse ; le tout est fixé par quelques tours de bande. Dès le lendemain l’appareil peut être levé presque sans douleur, par la raison qu’il n’existe que peu ou point d’adhérence, et il laisse à nu une surface propre et nette, ou à peine recouverte d’une légère couche de pus sans odeur. Ces pansements à la Glycérine auraient, au dire de quelques chirurgiens, l’avantage de tempérer l’inflammation, de tenir la plaie humide, souple, propre et rosée; en outre, de modérer la suppuration et de réprimer le développement exubérant des bourgeons charnus, à ce point qu’on serait rarement obligé de recourir à la pierre infernale. Les expériences faites sur la Glycérine ont encore fait reconnaître une propriété antiseptique : ainsi, des matières organiques plongées dans cette substance ont pu être conservées longtemps sans altération. Une chose n’est pas moins certaine, c’est que la Glycérine exerce une action détersive remarquable sur les plaies de mauvais caractère, auxquelles elle enlève en assez peu de temps leur odeur fétide et dont elle favorise la cicatrisation. M. Demarquay surtout en a montré les bons effets dans les plaies ulcéreuses ou gangréneuses et même dans la pourriture d'hôpital. Disons encore que tout récemment un médecin de province citait un certain nombre de faits de dysenterie où la Glycérine employée en lavements (30 grammes de Glycérine pour 150 grammes de décoction de graine de lin ou d'eau de son, deux fois par jour) lui avait valu des succès dans des cas même où d'autres moyens topiques avaient échoué. Rien n'empêche de croire que, grâce à ces propriétés à la fois émollientes, détersives et antiseptiques, cette substance puisse modifier avantageusement la surface intestinale frappée de phlegmasie ulcéreuse, alors qu'on la voit exercer une action efficace sur les plaies suppurantes, de mauvaise nature, qui ont leur siège à la peau. C'est du reste une question à vérifier. Le derme intact absorbe parfaitement la Glycérine et conséquemment les corps qu'elle tient en dissolution, tandis que l'eau et les solutions médicinales ne sont pas absorbées par la peau, protégée qu'elle est par un vernis imperméable qui la recouvre. Outre les avantages que la Glycérine offre à la thérapeutique, il nous reste à signaler le service notable qu'elle est appelée à rendre à la pharmacologie, en se prêtant à toutes les formes médicamenteuses. « C'est, dit M. Cap, un nouvel et précieux excipient, qui semble tenir le milieu entre l'eau et l'huile, et qui participe aux propriétés de l'une et de l'autre. Elle s'unit en effet aux liquides aqueux et alcooliques, de même qu'elle s'incorpore à l'huile, aux onguents, aux pommades. Elle peut servir de base aux liniments, aux onctions, aux embrocations; elle se mêle aux extraits, aux teintures, etc., elle se prête, en un mot, à la plupart des emplois de la médecine et de la chirurgie, ajoutant à toutes les préparations dont elle fait partie le concours de ses propriétés émollientes et sédatives, assouplissant les tissus et les disposant à l'absorption des substances médicamenteuses auxquelles on l'a associée. Quand la glycérine est pure elle constitue le meilleur véhicule des substances destinées aux injections hypodermiques. Les solutions ne s'emplissent pas de cristaux, et entraînent beaucoup moins la formation de cristaux, ce qui permet d'avoir des solutions faites d'avance et toujours prêtes pour l'usage. (C. Prul. Répertoire de Pharmacie, 1874.) Glycéré d'amidon. (Glycerinum amyli.) Pr. : Amidon pulvérisé. 10 gram. Glycérine. 150 Mélangez les deux substances, faites les chauffer dans une capsule de porcelaine à une chaleur ménagée, en remuant continuellement avec une spatule, jusqu'à ce que la masse soit prise en gelée. Tréhala. Substance originaire de Syrie, aussi employée en Orient, que, chez nous, le Tapioca et le Salep; c'est une coque creuse maçonnée par un coléoptère tétramère du genre Larinus, appartenant à la famille des Ryncophores. Le Tréhala contient 66 pour 100 d'amidon et 28 d'un sucre cristallisable, étudié par M. Berthelot, sous le nom de tréhalose. Le Tréhala forme avec l'eau une bouillie épaisse et mucilagineuse. MÉDICATION ANTIPHLOGISTIQUE SECTION I. IDÉE GÉNÉRALE DE LA MÉDICATION ANTIPHLOGISTIQUE ET DES MALADIES DANS LESQUELLES ELLE EST SPÉCIALEMENT INDIQUÉE. L'usage et une convention imprescriptibles déterminent mieux qu'aucune définition ce qu'il faut entendre par Médication antiphlogistique. Sans s'en être précisément rendu compte, tout médecin attache à ces mots l'idée de la modification qu'on peut produire dans l'organisme par les émissions sanguines, la diète, les boissons, les applications émollientes et tempérantes, dans le but de combattre les maladies caractérisées par la surexcitation morbide de la totalité ou d'une portion de l'appareil des vaisseaux sanguins (fièvre et inflammation). D'autres moyens que ceux que nous venons de nommer sont sans doute capables de cet effet. Qui ne connaît l'action antiphlogistique puissante des antimoniaux, des mercuriaux, des alcalins, des purgatifs, etc.? Mais ces agents jouissent de forces spéciales qui ne se manifestent pas immédiatement sur l'appareil circulatoire et la chaleur animale, ou qui ne les atteignent que par l'intermédiaire de propriétés dont les unes se font sentir primitivement sur la nutrition, primitivement sur les sécrétions, primitivement sur le système nerveux, etc. Les antiphlogistiques proprement dits, exerçant, au contraire, leur action primitivement sur l'appareil vasculaire sanguin, et tous leurs autres effets émanant de cette première action, il est juste qu'on leur applique spécialement la dénomination d'antiphlogistiques. Ils le sont donc, par excellence, et nul ordre d'agents thérapeutiques ne mérite mieux d'être ainsi désigné. Il nous semble tout à fait superflu d'étudier ici les effets des agents de la Médication antiphlogistique sur l'homme sain. Qui ne connaît ces effets? D'ailleurs, nous nous y sommes suffisamment arrêtés lorsque plus haut nous avons fait le tableau des désordres produits dans l'organisme par la diète, les évacuations ou les pertes sanguines, et ces états morbides qu'on nomme anémies ou cachexies.
| 24,055 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/73424421
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,022 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 559 | 3,867 |
Add view to a fragment programmatically in android studio
Hello I am bulding a project which use fragments.
There is a fragment which should has list of items using scroll view and linear layout and there is a button to add new item which navigate to another fragment to get the details of a the new item the problem is that after adding the details there is a button called save to add a view (card).
I used the function add view but when I click on the button nothing happens.
I used view model and live data but I don't know what is the problem.
This is the card xml code
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:id="@+id/Linear_card"
>
<androidx.cardview.widget.CardView
android:id="@+id/card"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:background="@drawable/round_border"
app:cardCornerRadius="10dp"
app:cardElevation="10dp">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:padding="10dp">
<TextView
android:id="@+id/name"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="26dp"
android:fontFamily="@font/glamor"
android:text="Name"
android:textColor="@color/colorPrimary"
android:textFontWeight="1000"
android:textSize="40dp" />
<Space
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="1dp"
android:layout_weight="1"></Space>
<TextView
android:id="@+id/price"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:fontFamily="@font/glamor"
android:lineSpacingExtra="40dp"
android:text="Price"
android:textFontWeight="1000"
android:textSize="20dp" />
</LinearLayout>
<TextView
android:id="@+id/company"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:fontFamily="@font/glamor"
android:lineSpacingExtra="30dp"
android:text="Company"
android:textColor="@color/colorPrimary"
android:textFontWeight="1000"
android:textSize="20dp" />
</androidx.cardview.widget.CardView>
and this is the detail fragment xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<layout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools">
<data>
<variable
name="newItem"
type="com.example.skincareapp.NewItem" />
</data>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
android:id="@+id/FragmentDetail"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".DetailFragment"
>
<View
android:id="@+id/view"
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="188dp"
android:background="@drawable/instruction_wave1"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
<View
android:id="@+id/view2"
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="145dp"
android:background="@drawable/instruction_wave2"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
<View
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="99dp"
android:background="@drawable/instruction_view3"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
<View
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="50dp"
android:background="@drawable/ic_wave4"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.0" />
<EditText
android:id="@+id/name_edit"
android:layout_width="@dimen/input_width"
android:layout_height="@dimen/input_height"
android:layout_marginTop="92dp"
android:background="@drawable/round_border"
android:drawablePadding="@dimen/padding"
android:ems="10"
android:hint="Enter the product name"
android:inputType="textPersonName"
android:padding="@dimen/padding"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.489"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/view"
android:text="@{newItem.item_name}"
/>
<EditText
android:id="@+id/company_edit"
android:layout_width="@dimen/input_width"
android:layout_height="@dimen/input_height"
android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
android:background="@drawable/round_border"
android:drawablePadding="@dimen/padding"
android:ems="10"
android:hint="Enter the product company"
android:inputType="textPersonName"
android:padding="@dimen/padding"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/cancel"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.489"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/price_edit"
app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.0"
android:text="@{newItem.item_company}"
/>
<EditText
android:id="@+id/price_edit"
android:layout_width="@dimen/input_width"
android:layout_height="@dimen/input_height"
android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
android:background="@drawable/round_border"
android:drawablePadding="@dimen/padding"
android:ems="10"
android:hint="Enter the price"
android:inputType="textPersonName"
android:padding="@dimen/padding"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.489"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/name_edit"
android:text="@{newItem.item_price}"
/>
<Button
android:id="@+id/cancel"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginEnd="64dp"
android:layout_marginBottom="144dp"
android:background="@drawable/round_bg"
android:text="cancel"
android:textColor="@android:color/white"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.956"
app:layout_constraintStart_toEndOf="@+id/save" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/save"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginBottom="144dp"
android:background="@drawable/round_bg"
android:text="save"
android:textColor="@android:color/white"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.247"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/add_product_text"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="40dp"
android:fontFamily="@font/my_font"
android:text="Add Product"
android:textColor="@color/colorPrimary"
android:textSize="30dp"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.498"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/view2" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>
</layout>
and this is the fragment xml which I should add the item to it
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<layout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto">
<data>
</data>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".ShopFragmnet"
>
<ScrollView
android:id="@+id/scroll_view_layout"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="658dp"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/add"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
tools:ignore="SpeakableTextPresentCheck">
<LinearLayout
android:id="@+id/container_layout"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical">
</LinearLayout>
</ScrollView>
<Button
android:id="@+id/add"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginBottom="15dp"
android:background="@drawable/round_bg"
android:text="Add"
android:textColor="@color/white"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>
and finally this is the code of the detail fragment
class DetailFragment : Fragment() {
private val newItem:NewItem by activityViewModels()
//private lateinit var newItem:NewItem
private lateinit var cont_layout:LinearLayout
override fun onCreateView(
inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?,
savedInstanceState: Bundle?
): View? {
val binding:FragmentDetailBinding = DataBindingUtil.inflate(inflater,R.layout.fragment_detail,container,false)
val binding2:FragmentShopBinding = DataBindingUtil.inflate(inflater,R.layout.fragment_shop,container,false)
cont_layout = binding2.containerLayout
//newItem = ViewModelProvider(this).get(newItem::class.java)
binding.save.setOnClickListener {
newItem.saveName(binding.nameEdit.text.toString())
newItem.saveCompany(binding.companyEdit.text.toString())
newItem.savePrice(binding.priceEdit.text.toString())
addCard(newItem)
findNavController().navigate(R.id.action_detailFragment_to_shopFragment)
}
binding.cancel.setOnClickListener { view:View ->
view.findNavController().navigate(DetailFragmentDirections.actionDetailFragmentToShopFragment())
}
return binding.root
}
private fun addCard(newItem: NewItem) {
val view:View = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.card,null,false)
val name_t:TextView = view.findViewById(R.id.name)
val company_t:TextView = view.findViewById(R.id.company)
val price_t:TextView = view.findViewById(R.id.price)
name_t.setText(newItem.itemName.value.toString())
company_t.setText(newItem.itemCompany.value.toString())
price_t.setText(newItem.itemPrice.value.toString())
cont_layout.addView(view)
} }
note : this also is the view model class which I used:
class NewItem: ViewModel() {
var item_name = MutableLiveData("")
var item_price = MutableLiveData("")
var item_company = MutableLiveData("")
val itemName:LiveData<String> = item_name
val itemPrice:LiveData<String> = item_price
val itemCompany:LiveData<String> = item_company
fun saveName(newname:String){
item_name.value = newname
}
fun savePrice(newPrice:String){
item_price.value = newPrice
}
fun saveCompany(newCompany:String){
item_company.value = newCompany
}
}
| 29,922 |
|
US-39401989-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,989 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,603 | 4,228 |
Printing with automatic on page text replacement without changing memory
ABSTRACT
A method of printing with an automatic replacement includes the steps of specifying a memory; setting a sheet of paper on which a character group stored in the memory specified has been printed, to a printer having a carrier; inputting a search text and a replacement text and storing them; retrieving the character group from the head of characters to the end one character after another to recognize whether the character group has an element identical with the search text; calculating a position on said printed sheet each time the retrieving is performed; moving the carrier to the position calculated when the character group has an element identical with the search text; erasing a part where the element identical with the search text is printed on the printed sheet; and printing the replacement text in a blank from which the element has been erased without changing the contents of the memory.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method, in a printer of an electronic typewriter, word processor or the like, for replacing a search text of specific words, symbols, sentences and the like in the contents stored in memory to be printed, or the search text printed on a sheet of paper with a replacement text of other words and the like and then printing it.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Conventionally, there are three ways of conducting such replacement in an electronic typewriter; (1) setting a sheet of printed paper, manually moving a carrier to a word to be replaced, erasing the word and printing a correct word in the blank, and performing this procedure for every word to be corrected; (2) marking in advance a part to be replaced in a document, replacing only the part and printing correctly; (3) correcting the contents stored in a memory by conducting the replacement operation, thereafter converting the operation mode to a printing mode and printing the whole of the document.
On the other hand, since a word processor has no correction (erasing) function, replacement for printed sheet can not be conducted. Instead, the contents stored in a memory are displayed with a CRT display, and manual replacement is performed on the CRT display screen (see Japanese Patent Publication No. 147772/1980).
With regard to the way explained in (1), however, when correction of a misspelling or modification of a numeral, word, person's name or the like in a document is required, the carrier must be manually moved to the erroneous parts of the document on a printed sheet one after another to correct or modify the parts by inputting a replacement text each time. If many parts should be corrected in word and the like, the operation is complicated and requires much labor, and additionally there is the possibility that an operator may carelessly leave some part or other unchanged or conduct an erroneous operation. With regard to the way explained in (2), problems similar to those in the above way (1) are caused because each part to be corrected in the document must be marked. Further, with regard to the way (3) and the word processor, the contents stored in the memory themselves are replaced with correct ones, and therefore the corrected contents stored in the memory have to be modified again if the original document must be printed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of printing with automatic replacement, in which a search text to be corrected and a correct replacement text are simply inputted so that a erroneous word or the like on a printed sheet can be automatically erased and printed again, or a printing operation is proceeded with the search text being replaced with the replacement text, keeping the contents stored in a memory unchanged.
A method of printing with an automatic replacement according to the present invention comprises the steps of specifying a memory; setting a sheet of paper on which a character group stored in the memory specified has been printed, to a printer having a carrier; inputting a search text and a replacement text and storing them; retrieving the character group from the head or end of characters one character after another to recognize whether the character group has an element identical with the search text; calculating a position on said printed sheet each time the retrieving is performed; moving the carrier to the position calculated when the character group has an element identical with the search text; erasing a part where the element identical with the search text is printed on the printed sheet; and printing the replacement text in a blank from which the element has been erased.
To perform a replacement operation when the document is printed, a method of printing with an automatic replacement according to the present invention comprises the steps of specifying a memory; setting a sheet of paper for printing a character group stored in the memory specified, to a printer having a carrier; inputting a search text and a replacement text and storing them; retrieving the character group from the head of characters one character after another to recognize whether the character group has an element identical with the search text; calculating a position on said printed sheet each time the retrieving is performed; printing the character group from the head of characters; moving the carrier to the position calculated when the character group has an element identical with the search text while the printing is performed; and printing the replacement text instead of the element identical with the search text in a part for printing the element identical with the search text on the sheet, when the carrier is moved to the position calculated.
In the method of printing with an automatic replacement thus constructed, when replacement is performed with regard to the printed sheet, the sheet is set in position, and a memory in which a document printed in the sheet is stored is specified with an ID number or a title. After a search text of a character or word to be corrected and a correct replacement text are inputted, an execution command is inputted. Because of this operation, a preprogrammed process is performed. The contents stored in the specified memory is retrieved from the head or end of the contents one character after another to recognize whether the contents includes an element identical with the search text. When it includes the identical element, its position on the printed sheet is calculated and the carrier is moved to the position. Also, characters printed in a part corresponding to the position indicated by the carrier are erased, and the replacement text is printed in a blank from which the characters have been erased. A sequence of the operations, that is, retrieving the element identical with the search text, calculating a position of the element on the sheet, moving the carrier to the calculated position, erasing characters on the sheet and printing the replacement text, are repeated to the end or head of the contents stored in the memory, whereby words or the like to be corrected in the document are automatically replaced with correct words or the like. Therefore, rapid replacement can be performed without any complicated operation, and there is no possibility that an operator may carelessly leave some part or other to be corrected unchanged or conduct an erroneous operation.
In the case that replacement is done while a printing operation is performed, a position of a word identical with the search text is calculated with regard to a printed sheet through an operation similar to the above. When printing is proceeded to the calculated position, the replacement text is printed keeping the contents stored in the memory unchanged. Thus, words or the like to be corrected in the whole document are replaced with correct words or the like, and the correct words or the like are printed, keeping the contents stored in the memory unchanged.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an architecture of an embodiment of a printing device concerned with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the replacement operation of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating the processing steps of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In this description, "a character group string" means data such as a sentence including a word or formula consisting of one or more characters. "A carrier" means, for example, a carriage in a typewriter for moving a sheet of paper relatively to a printing head, or an assembling unit in a carriage fixed typewriter for moving a printing head relatively to a sheet of paper. Further, "a printer having a carrier" means a printer in which a printing head can be moved relatively to a sheet of paper as mentioned above. Such a printer is advantageously applied to an electronic typewriter, for example. Furthermore, "a search text" means a character, character string or character strings to be searched, and "a replacement text" means a character, character string or character strings to be replaced.
Now a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in conjunction with accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an architecture of a printing device to which a printing method according to the present invention is applied. An input unit 1, used for interactive input with the printing device, comprises alphabet keys, command keys, ten keys and the like. A control unit 2, including a microcomputer and the like, processes various signals based upon a control program stored in a ROM 3 for character information inputted from the input unit 1, makes a display unit 5 of a CRT or the like display the character information through a driver circuit 4 and controls a printer unit 6 having a carrier K (not shown) to print the character information on a recording paper. A memory unit 7 is formed of a RAM capable of reading and writing and divided into four sections; a main memory 7a for storing document information which is inputted from the input unit 1 and printed or should be printed by the printer unit 6, a search text storing buffer 7b for temporarily storing a word, character and the like to be corrected which is inputted from the input unit 1, a format memory unit 7c for storing various format information about a pitch (a space between characters), line space (a space between lines) and the like and for storing a table containing values by which the carrier K is displaced to print characters and which are available from the format information, and a replacement text storing buffer 7d for temporarily storing a word, character and the like to be corrected.
Then, the operation for replacing words in some part of a printed sheet with desired words in an electronic typewriter will be described in detail in conjunction with FIG. 2(a)-(f) and FIG. 3. In the case that characters "Tokyo" printed on a paper sheet P shown in FIG. 2(a) are to be corrected to "Osaka", the sheet P is first inserted to the printer unit 6 and set in position (Step S1). Then, the main memory 7a which stores the document information printed on the sheet P in the memory unit 7 is specified by inputting an identification (ID) number, a title or the like from the input unit 1 (Step S2). Thereafter, a search text of a character string "Tokyo" to be corrected and a replacement text of a correct character string "Osaka" are inputted and temporarily stored in the buffers 7b, 7d (Step S3). The operation practiced by an operator is completed with input of an execution command.
Based upon the aforementioned input data, first the initial position of the specified main memory 7a is set to a memory data read pointer (Step S4), an address in which the initial character "T" of "Tokyo", the search text in the search text storing buffer 7b, is stored is set to a search text reference pointer (Step S5), and further the value "0" is set to a horizontal carrier position calculating counter HCNT and a vertical sheet feeding amount calculating counter VCNT (Step S6).
Then, the first character (letter) of the contents stored in the specified main memory 7a is read (Step S8). Values by which the carrier K is horizontally and vertically displaced to the character are obtained with reference to the table containing displacement amounts, and the displacement values are added to the aforementioned values set in the carrier position calculating counter HCNT and the sheet feeding amount calculating counter VCNT (Step S9). The read character is judged as to whether it is identical with "T" of the initial character of the search text (Step S10). When nonidentity is proved, the process is skipped to Step S17 and the search text reference pointer is set to the head of the search text. The memory data read pointer is moved to the second character in the main memory 7a (Step S18), and thereafter the process is returned to Step S7. The third character in the main memory 7a and the initial character "T" of the search text are read, and then it is judged whether those characters are identical or not in Step S10. Until an affirmative judgment "YES" is established in Step S10, the contents stored in the main memory 7a are read one character after another in order by repeating the reading cycle which begins with Step S7 followed by Steps S8, S9, S10, S17 and S18 and returns to Step S7. Values of horizontal and vertical displacement of the carrier K are obtained one after another with the reading operation. The values are added to values in the carrier position calculating counter HCNT and the sheet feeding amount calculating counter VCNT.
During the reading operation, when the affirmative judgment "YES" is established in Step S10 because one of the read characters is identical with the initial character "T" of the search text, the search text reference pointer is moved to the next character and an address of the search text storing buffer 7b in which "o" is stored is set thereto (Step S11). The reading cycle which begins with Step S7 followed by Steps S8, S9, S10, S11 and S18 and returns to Step S7 is repeated with regard to all the remaining characters of the search text "k", "y", "o" until at last all of the characters are identical with read characters and an affirmative judgment YES is established in Step S12. In the course of the operation, if a character which is not identical with the character of the search text is read and therefore a negative judgment NO is established in Step S10, the above reading cycle is practiced again.
When five successive affirmative judgments YES's are established in Step S10 because five characters "T", "o", "k", "y" and "o" are successively read and therefore it is judged in Step S12 that the search text is ended, the carrier K is horizontally moved to a position calculated based upon a count value of the carrier position calculating counter HCNT as shown in FIG. 2 (b) with an arrow (Step S13). After that, a sheet of paper is vertically moved by a feeding amount calculated based upon a count value of the sheet feeding amount calculating counter VCNT (Step S14). Thus a first search text is retrieved. The carrier K is moved to the left from the retrieving position by a distance corresponding to five characters, and the specified printed characters "Tokyo" are erased through this movement of the carrier K as shown in FIG. 2 (c) (Step S15). In the blank from which the specified characters have been erased, characters "Osaka" which is the replacement text are printed on respective specified positions through the movement of the carrier K as shown in FIG. 2 (d) (Step S16).
After that, a similar operation is repeated. For example, when a second search text is retrieved as shown in FIG. 2 (e), "Tokyo" of the search text are erased in a manner similar to the above and "Osaka" of the replacement text are printed. In this way, all search texts are erased and the replacement texts are printed in a blank from which each search text has been erased. When it is judged at last in Step S7 that reading of the memory 7a is completed, the resultant printed sheet P shown in FIG. 2 (f) is obtained with desired correction having been done. At this time, the contents stored in the main memory 7a are kept unchanged; that is, "Tokyo" remains in the main memory 7a.
In the case that replacement is done while a printing operation is performed, a position of a word identical with the search text is calculated with regard to a printed sheet through an operation similar to the above. When printing is proceeded to the calculated position, the replacement text is printed instead of the search text stored in the memory.
As has been described in detail, according to the present invention, a specified word on a printed sheet can be automatically replaced with another word and printed or a specified word of the contents stored in a memory can be automatically replaced with another word and printed keeping the contents stored in the memory unchanged, by simply inputting a search text and a replacement text. As a result, rapid correction of a document is attained without a complicated operation, and additionally there is no possibility that an operator may carelessly leave some part or other to be corrected unchanged or conduct an erroneous operation.
What is claimed is:
1. A method of printing with automatic text replacement, comprising the steps of:specifying a memory; setting a sheet of paper, on which a stored character string stored in the memory specified has been printed, into a printer having a carrier; inputting a search text character string into a search text storage buffer and a replacement text character string into a replacement text buffer and storing them; retrieving the stored character string from memory from the beginning or end of the stored character string one character after another, and comparing the retrieved character with the search text so as to recognize whether the stored character string has an element identical with the search text; calculating and storing a position on said printed sheet each time the retrieving is performed; moving the carrier to the stored position calculated when the stored character string has an element identical with the search text; erasing a portion of the printed sheet to create a blank space where the element identical with the search text is printed; and printing the replacement text in the blank space from which the element has been erased, without changing the contents of the memory.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the calculating step includes the step of:obtaining amounts by which the carrier is moved horizontally and vertically each time one character is retrieved; and updating a carrier position calculating counter for the horizontal displacement and a sheet feeding amount calculating counter for the vertical displacement based upon the amounts obtained by the previous step.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the moving step includes the steps of:moving the carrier horizontally to a position calculated based upon a count value in the carrier position calculating counter; and feeding the sheet of paper by an amount based upon a count value in the sheet feeding amount calculating counter.
4. A method of printing with automatic text replacement, comprising the steps of:specifying a memory; setting a sheet of paper for printing a stored character string stored in the memory specified, into a printer having a carrier; inputting a search text character string into a search text storage buffer and a replacement text character string into a replacement text storage buffer and storing them; retrieving the stored character string from memory from the beginning of the stored character group one character after another, and comparing the retrieved characters with the search text so as to recognize whether the stored character string has an element identical with the search text; calculating and storing a position on said sheet each time the retrieving is performed; printing the stored character string from the beginning of the stored character group; moving the carrier while the printing is performed to the stored position calculated when the stored character string has an element identical with the search text; and printing, at the position calculated, the replacement text stored in the replacement text storage buffer instead of the element in the stored character group recognized to be identical with the search text, without changing the contents of the memory.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the calculating step includes the step of:obtaining amounts by which the carrier is moved horizontally and vertically each time one character is retrieved; and updating a carrier position calculating counter for the horizontal displacement and a sheet feeding amount calculating counter for the vertical displacement based upon the amounts obtained by the previous step.
6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the moving step includes the steps of:moving the carrier horizontally to a position calculated based upon a count value in the carrier position calculating counter; and feeding the sheet of paper by an amount based upon a count value in the sheet feeding amount calculating counter..
| 36,185 |
https://drupal.stackexchange.com/questions/109591
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
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English
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Spoken
| 130 | 164 |
Confusing Widget of inline entity form
Inline Entity Form ships with two widgets as Inline entity form - Single value and Inline entity form - Multiple values when I use Inline entity form - Single value, I only get add entity form and when I use Inline entity form - Multiple values I get option to add/edit both.
what I was expecting to see to have both add/edit with Inline entity form - single values with only difference of not allowing to have multivalued field in this case.
Am I missing something?
If you modify your inline entity form by writing a small module, (for this look at README and the ..api.php) you can set your default values by loading them from the entity. So your former entries are available.
| 20,634 |
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https://github.com/spencerng94/spencer-ng/blob/master/node_modules/radium/modules/enhancer.js
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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CC0-1.0
| null |
spencer-ng
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spencerng94
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JavaScript
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Code
| 185 | 628 |
/* @flow */
var resolveStyles = require('./resolve-styles.js');
var printStyles = require('./print-styles.js');
var enhanceWithRadium = function (ComposedComponent: constructor): constructor {
class RadiumEnhancer extends ComposedComponent {
_radiumMediaQueryListenersByQuery: {[query: string]: {remove: () => void}};
_radiumMouseUpListener: {remove: () => void};
constructor () {
super(...arguments);
this.state = this.state || {};
this.state._radiumStyleState = {};
if (RadiumEnhancer.printStyleClass) {
this.printStyleClass = RadiumEnhancer.printStyleClass;
}
}
render () {
var renderedElement = super.render();
return resolveStyles(this, renderedElement);
}
componentWillUnmount () {
if (super.componentWillUnmount) {
super.componentWillUnmount();
}
if (this._radiumMouseUpListener) {
this._radiumMouseUpListener.remove();
}
if (this._radiumMediaQueryListenersByQuery) {
Object.keys(this._radiumMediaQueryListenersByQuery).forEach(
function (query) {
this._radiumMediaQueryListenersByQuery[query].remove();
},
this
);
}
}
}
// Class inheritance uses Object.create and because of __proto__ issues
// with IE <10 any static properties of the superclass aren't inherited and
// so need to be manually populated
// See http://babeljs.io/docs/advanced/caveats/#classes-10-and-below-
// This also fixes React Hot Loader by exposing the original components top level
// prototype methods on the Radium enhanced prototype as discussed in #219.
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(ComposedComponent.prototype).forEach(key => {
if (!RadiumEnhancer.prototype.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
var descriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(ComposedComponent.prototype, key);
Object.defineProperty(RadiumEnhancer.prototype, key, descriptor);
}
});
RadiumEnhancer.displayName =
ComposedComponent.displayName ||
ComposedComponent.name ||
'Component';
RadiumEnhancer.printStyleClass = printStyles.addPrintStyles(RadiumEnhancer);
return RadiumEnhancer;
};
module.exports = enhanceWithRadium;
| 22,807 |
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones%20parlamentarias%20de%20Kirguist%C3%A1n%20de%202020
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Elecciones parlamentarias de Kirguistán de 2020
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https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones parlamentarias de Kirguistán de 2020&action=history
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Spanish
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Spoken
| 1,257 | 2,121 |
Las elecciones parlamentarias de Kirguistán se realizaron el 4 de octubre de 2020, con el fin de renovar los miembros del Consejo Supremo. Luego de protestas masivas en la capital Biskek y otras ciudades del país, la autoridad electoral anunció el 6 de octubre de 2020 que los resultados electorales del 4 de octubre fueron cancelados, por lo que son necesarias nuevas elecciones. El proceso posterior sigue sin estar claro por el momento. El presidente Sooronbay Jeenbekov pidió a los manifestantes que se moderen y pongan fin a las protestas masivas.
Según los resultados preliminares de las elecciones, cuatro partidos entraron al parlamento, el Partido del Socialismo Democrático - Opción Euroasiática "Unidad" (Birimdik) formará el grupo parlamentario más grande. De los siete partidos que estuvieron representados después de las elecciones de 2015, solo el Partido Kirguistán (KP) habría logrado reingresar al parlamento. A pesar de esta gran dinámica, las elecciones en general han sido como un voto de confianza para el gobierno anterior bajo el liderazgo del Partido Socialdemócrata (SDPK), ya que con Birimdik, Mi Patria Kirguistán (MK) y el Partido Kirguistán (KP), principalmente los partidos oficialistas tienen mayoría en el parlamento.
Contexto
Las anteriores elecciones parlamentarias realizadas en 2015 fueron ganadas por el entonces opositor Partido Socialdemócrata de Kirguistán, lideradas por Chynybai Tursunbekov con el 27.56% de los votos y 38 escaños, mientras que el entonces partido de gobierno Respublika–Ata Zhurt, ocupó el segundo lugar con el 20.26% de los votos y 23 escaños.
Los aliados de la coalición del Partido Socialdemócrata resultaron con un baja importante, dado el colapso del partido Ar-Namys, que no obtuvo ninguno escaño y la caída del partido Ata-Meken. Dos nuevos partidos ingresaron al Consejo Supremo: Partido del Desarrollo y el Progreso y el partido Bir Bol.
El Partido Socialdemócrata formó una nueva coalición con Ata-Meken, el Partido Kirguistán y Partido del Desarrollo y el Progreso, lo que le permitió a Temir Sariyev mantenerse como Primer Ministro, sin embargo, renunció por una investigación de corrupción llevada a cabo por una comisión parlamentaria siendo reemplazado por Sooronbay Jeenbekov. Posteriormente Jeenbekov renunció el 21 de agosto de 2017, luego de ser nombrado como candidato oficial en las elecciones presidenciales de 2017, siendo sustituido por el exjefe de gabinete de Atambáyev Sapar Isakov. Finalmente Isakov es destituido del cargo y le remplazó Muhammetkaliy Abulgaziyev.
La generalización del control biométrico de la votación, que en sí mismo es un paso adelante, no ha sido suficientemente informada y ha limitado el ejercicio del derecho al voto en las pasadas elecciones parlamentarias en las zonas remotas del país.
Sistema electoral
Los 120 miembros en el Consejo Supremo son elegidos por representación proporcional por listas en una circunscripción única en todo el país, con un umbral electoral del 7%. No se permite a ningún partido tener más de 65 miembros en el Consejo. Se requiere que las listas del partido tengan al menos un 30% de candidatos de cada sexo, y cada cuarto candidato tenía que ser de un género diferente. También se requiere que un 15% de los candidatos sean de minorías étnicas y por lo mínimo, dos personas con discapacidad.
Partidos
Un total de 16 partidos políticos acudieron a las elecciones, un aumento de dos partidos en comparación con las elecciones de 2015. El Partido Socialdemócrata de Kirguistán (SDPK) y el Partido del Desarrollo y el Progreso (OP), dos de los partidos representados en el parlamento no se presentaron a las elecciones.
Partido Socialdemócrata de Kirguistán
El SDPK fue la facción más grande en el parlamento en la coalición gobernante durante la última legislatura y ha sido fundamental en la configuración de la política en los últimos años, incluyendo al presidente en ejercicio Jeenbekov y su predecesor, Almasbek Atambayev Después de la transición pacífica del poder de Atambayev a Jeenbekov en el curso de las elecciones presidenciales de 2017, una lucha de poder comenzó en 2018 entre el presidente y su predecesor en el cargo, que culminó en la detención de Atambayev después de violentos enfrentamientos entre las fuerzas de seguridad y sus partidarios. Dentro del SDPK, el conflicto entre los dos líderes continuó y finalmente condujo a la división del SDPK. Los partidarios de Atambayev se reunieron en el partido Socialdemócratas de Kirguistán, mientras que muchos de los partidarios del presidente cambiaron al pequeño y testimonial partido Unidad (Birimdik).
Birimdik
Después de la división del SDPK, el Partido del Socialismo Democrático - Elección Euroasiática 'Unidad' (Birimdik) fue considerado un partido gobernante no oficial y nombró a numerosos partidarios prominentes del presidente, incluidos su hermano Asylbek Jeenbekovy la vicepresidenta del parlamento Aida Kasymalijewa. El partido dio la implementación de un socialismo democrático como el objetivo primordial. El partido también representa una mayor cooperación con Rusia, en el marco de la Unión Económica Euroasiática. Durante la campaña electoral, el partido trató tanto de servirse de la nostalgia soviética que estaba generalizada en partes de la población como de enfatizar la importancia de las tradiciones kirguisas.
Mekenim Kirguistán
El segundo favorito en el período previo a las elecciones fue Mi Patria Kirguistán (MK). Esto fue dirigido en gran parte por la poderosa familia Matraimow alrededor de Raimbek Matraimov, quien había hecho una gran fortuna en su función como subjefe de la autoridad aduanera de Kirguistán. En términos de contenido, también se considera que el partido es pro-Rusia y en gran medida leal al gobierno. Una preocupación central del partido también fue la reducción de la burocracia y una mayor responsabilidad para las áreas rurales del país en el contexto de la descentralización. Debido a los grandes recursos financieros del partido a través del apoyo de la familia Matraimov, ya estaba en el centro de acusaciones de manipulación comprando votos durante la campaña electoral. El partido también se benefició del apoyo de Patria (Ata-Zhurt), un partido conservador que se postuló junto con República (Respublika) en las elecciones de 2015.
Partido de Kirguistán
Después de las elecciones de 2015, el partido de Kirguistán, sorprendentemente, logró formar el tercer grupo más grande en el parlamento con 18 escaños. El registro del partido para las elecciones de 2020 fue objeto de una disputa legal luego de que la comisión electoral rechazara inicialmente el registro con referencia a documentos que no se presentaron a tiempo. Sin embargo, la acción contra esta decisión fue exitosa, por lo que posteriormente se registró al partido. Durante la campaña electoral, el partido se presentó como un representante de la economía y un partidario del gobierno, el lema principal de la campaña fue: Kirguistán está en mi corazón.
Butun Kirguistán
El partido Kirguistán Unido (BK) no logró entrar al parlamento en las elecciones de 2015 en alianza con el partido Emgek. El partido pertenece al espectro político de derecha y es considerado nacionalista. El partido goza de un fuerte apoyo, especialmente en la región de Batken en el sur y entre los partidarios del expresidente Kurmanbek Bakíev. El líder del partido del Partido Comunista de Kirguistán, Isják Masalíyev, también estaba en la lista de candidatos.
Respublika
República (Respublika) se postuló en las elecciones anteriores en alianza con el nacionalista Patria (Ata-Zhurt), pero no logró el objetivo de convertirse en la fuerza más poderosa del parlamento. Tras la ruptura de la alianza con Ata-Zhurt en noviembre de 2016 y la retirada del antiguo presidente del partido, Ömürbek Babanov, el partido se vio debilitado, pero reapareció en las elecciones parlamentarias como una alternativa favorable hacia los negocios.
Resultados
Véase también
Protestas en Kirguistán de 2020
Referencias
Fraudes electorales
Elecciones parlamentarias de Kirguistán
Kirguistán en 2020
Elecciones en Asia de 2020
| 14,411 |
https://openalex.org/W4390204307
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OpenAlex
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Open Science
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CC-By
| null |
Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder
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Abdelrahman Elfikky
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English
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Spoken
| 24,122 | 42,057 |
Abdelrahman Elfikky1, Student Member, IEEE, Zouheir Rezki1, Senior Member, IEEE
1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, California, USA
Corresponding author: Abdelrahman Elfikky (email: afikky@ucsc.edu).
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (CAREER) under Grant No. 2114779 Abdelrahman Elfikky1, Student Member, IEEE, Zouheir Rezki1, Senior Member, IEEE
1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, California, USA
Corresponding author: Abdelrahman Elfikky (email: afikky@ucsc.edu). This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (CAREER) under Grant No. 2114779 ABSTRACT Optical wireless communications in space are degraded by atmospheric turbulence, light
attenuation, and detector noise. In this paper, we develop a neural network (NN) channel estimator that
is optimized across a wide range of signal-to-noise ratio levels during the training stage. In addition, we
propose a novel autoencoder (AE) model to develop a complete physical layer communication system
in space optical communications (SOC). The AE is designed to work with both perfect and imperfect
channel state information (CSI), providing a flexible and versatile solution for SOC. Batch normalization
and multiple-decoders are incorporated into the proposed AE, which improves receiver learning capabilities
by allowing the use of more than one path to update encoder and decoder weights. This novel approach
can reduce the error in detection relative to state-of-the-art models. Using the system tool kit simulator, we
examine our system’s performance in a downlink SOC channel that connects a geostationary satellite to
a ground station in Log-normal fading channel. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of our system
in a downlink channel that establishes a connection between a Low Earth Orbit satellite and a ground
station, operating in Gamma-Gamma fading channel. The numerical results show that the proposed channel
estimator NN is superior to state-of-the-art learning-based frameworks and achieves the same level of
performance as the minimum mean square error estimator. Additionally, with no fading and for both
perfect and imperfect CSI with different code rates and fading channels, the proposed AE-based detection
outperforms both benchmark learning frameworks and most popular convolutional codes. INDEX TERMS
Deep learning, channel estimation, symbol detection, space optical communications,
system tool kit This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networkin content may change prior to final publication. Citation Received XX Month, XXXX; revised XX Month, XXXX; accepted XX Month, XXXX; Date of publication XX Month, XXXX; date of
current version XX Month, XXXX. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMLCN.2022.1234567 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMLCN.2022.1234567 I. Introduction communications (SOC) offer several benefits over their RF
counterparts, including lower transmission power, license-
free spectrum, higher throughput, and cost-effective installa-
tion [1]. his work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 1) Channel modeling In [10], the authors integrated a hybrid RF/FSO lunar com-
munications system that employed micro satellites in a Low
Earth Orbit (LEO) constellation. During this implementation,
the channel modeling for the entire system is performed in
the Analytical Graphics System Tool Kit (STK) simulator. Moreover, the STK program allows the accessibility to
the propagation delay, transmission loss, and signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR) measurements. Furthermore, the STK program
is utilized to configure two ground stations and two satellites
for point-to-point communications in order to create an SOC
system [11]. The authors in [12] consider utilizing a Log-
normal distribution for OWC to accurately represent the at-
mospheric modeling in weak turbulence regime. On the other
hand, the Gamma-Gamma distribution is more suitable for
strong turbulence regime [6]. The authors in [13] proved that
double Generalized Gamma distribution is an appropriate
statistical model to represent the irradiance fluctuations in
strong and weak turbulence regimes for OWC. On the con-
trary, laser beam pointing errors arise when the transmitter
and receiver are in motion, an accurate acquisition, tracking,
and pointing system (APT) is necessary for proper reception
of the signal in inter-satellite communication [14]. In the
downlink SOC channel, the pointing error can be easily
mitigated due to the capability and stability of the ground
station [2]. Both SOC and OWC utilize lasers as optical transmitters. Specifically for SOC, the receiving telescope plays a vital
role. It incorporates a PD for direct detection, facilitating
a precise light signal focusing and collection before being
directed to the PD, as observed in applications as SOC
and astronomical observations [5], [6]. Unlike OWC, SOC
signals must travel long distances, requiring innovative laser
transmitters to facilitate long-range OWC connections. These
laser transmitters must exhibit high photon efficiency and
peak power capability to achieve adequate BER performance
for the downlink SOC channel [2], [5]. Additionally, narrow
line-width, high beam quality, and low modulation rates are
essential for SOC’s downlink lasers. Intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) is consid-
ered an appropriate modulation technique for its ease of
use and its ability to eliminate the need for high-order
modulation schemes [2]. The intensity modulation is attained
by a laser diode which utilizes data for controlling the
strength of its light intensity. As a result, the transmitted
signal is proportional to the light intensity and follows a
non-negativity constraint. 2) Modulation and channel coding Coherent communication techniques involving modulation
and detection of the amplitude and phase of the optical car-
rier can be used for SOC. However, incoherent modulation as
IM/DD is preferred due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness,
and ease of implementation [15]. It has been shown that
the modulation scheme generated from the AEs-based OWC
in [16] and [17] has a similar output constellation as the
IM/DD. On the other hand, for increasing the number of
accessible modes in limited optical communication systems,
the authors in [18] propose fractional modulation of laser
spatial modes. To accomplish high-resolution identification
of fractional modes, a convolutional NN decoder is specif-
ically used. Narrowing down to channel coding schemes
in SOC, the convolutional codes have been shown to out-
perform the Hamming and Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem
(BCH) linear block codes for various code rates while
maintaining the same order of complexity [19]. Authors
in [16], [17] applied the channel coding schemes via deep
learning (DL) AEs and achieved similar performance to the
Hamming codes in OWC. Instead of adding redundant bits
as conventional coding schemes, researchers utilize the AEs
by applying the compression at the encoder and expansion
at the decoder. On the other hand, laser uplink channels provide specific
challenges that are distinct when compared to downlink
channels. Due to the atmosphere’s spatial and temporal
fluctuations through its refractive index, laser uplink from
the ground to a satellite is particularly prone to distor-
tion and pointing instability. However, during satellite-to-
ground downlink transmissions, the optical beam spreads
geometrically due to beam divergence loss, and only a small
amount of the spread is caused by variations in beam steering
[2]. Additionally, the effect of atmospheric turbulence is
generally very small on the downlink propagation as the
beam goes through a non-atmospheric path until it reaches
about 30 km from the Earth’s surface [2]. 1) Channel modeling When a photo-detector absorbs the
light, it sends out a signal whose strength is proportional to
the amount of light it has received and is also attenuated by
noise and atmospheric fading channel [7].i A. Background W
IRELESS communication has turned out to be a
necessity for our day-to-day activities. When trans-
mitting data, most current communication strategies rely on
radio frequency (RF) technologies. Bandwidth scarcity is
a serious concern due to the restricted RF spectrum and
the ever-increasing demand for wireless data. Accordingly,
it is essential to also take into consideration higher fre-
quency spectrums such as the optical spectrum for wireless
communication. When compared to RF communications,
optical wireless communications (OWC) and space optical W Unlike typical OWC, the signal in SOC transmission trav-
els over very long distances. Large information bandwidth,
low transmitted power, improved directionality, and immu-
nity to jamming are the obvious benefits for SOC. SOC has
been widely considered by many space agencies worldwide
in a variety of practical applications [1]–[3]. One of the most
common application scenarios for SOC includes communi-
cation between a geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellite, VOLUME , 1 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the a
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 et al.: Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder scope of the current paper contributes to all these areas,
we briefly overview the most notable related state-of-the-art
next. and ground stations [2]. The Mars laser connectivity demon-
strates laser connectivity between Earth and Mars at a rate
of 10 Mbps [3]. Two-way optical communication between
high-altitude aircraft and a GEO satellite is demonstrated for
the first time using airborne laser optical link [4]. The Laser
communication relay demonstration, conducted by NASA,
served as a practical example of laser satellite missions and
demonstrated the feasibility of using optical relay services
for communication missions in near-Earth and deep-space
environments [2]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 3) Channel estimation 4) End-to-end communication systems
AEs are considered as DL NNs where the input and pre-
dicted output are identical. The input is transformed into
a compressed code referred to as the latent space, using
the end-to-end learning concept, which can then be used
to reconstruct the input data [27]. In [8], AE has shown
adequate performance compared to uncoded modulations
employing maximum likelihood detector. Their approach
considered single and multi-user communications over fad-
ing RF channel. In [28], the authors have shown that it is
feasible to create a point-to-point communications system
in which NNs handle all of the physical layer computation. Training a system as an AE is a good approach for any
stochastic channel model; nevertheless, substantial effort is
needed before the system can be employed for transmission
over the air [28]. On the other hand, Turbo AE is a fully end-
to-end cooperatively trained neural encoder and decoder, and
its performance under canonical channels is close to that of
the convolutional codes when using small block lengths [29]. The authors in [27], proposed Turbo AE with average power
constraints instead of peak intensity constraints required by
OWC in general and SOC in particular. In OWC systems,
performance of the AEs has shown comparable performance
to Hamming codes in point-to-point communications [16]. It should be noted that the study in [16] only assumed
the presence of an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
channel and did not investigate the performance of AE in
fading channels. The authors in [17] expanded the work
in [16] and incorporated the turbulence channels, resulting in
a performance that is comparable to that of Hamming codes
using the MMSE estimator for both perfect and imperfect
CSI. The MMSE estimator can be used with AEs, although
this strategy would increase system computation complexity
[24]. On the other hand, the DL models created in [16],
[17], [24] perform worse in terms of BER than convolutional
codes. Attention-based models have emerged as a transformative
paradigm in deep learning, making notable inroads into vari-
ous domains. Particularly in the realm of channel estimation,
attention mechanisms have shown the potential to address
some challenges in communication systems [20]–[22]. Au-
thors in [20] proposed the Channelformer, a neural frame-
work tailored for enhanced orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDM) channel estimation in downlink sce-
narios. This model capitalizes on self-attention for input pre-
coding and seamlessly integrates multi-head attention with
residual convolution. B. Related State-of-the-Art There exists a wide body of work related to OWC in general
and SOC in particular. This work can be categorized mainly
in the following areas: channel modeling, modulation, and
coding, channel estimation, and learning-based design lever-
aging artificial intelligence (AI) methods such as autoencoder
(AE) and/or deep neural network (DNN) [8], [9]. Since the VOLUME , 2 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited a
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited a
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 C tat o
o
at o
O
0
09/
C
0 3 33 68 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 3) Channel estimation Alongside this, they have incorporated
a novel weight pruning technique, driving the architecture
towards a leaner, high-performance, low-latency solution. In addition, authors in [22] put forth a non-local attention
methodology explicitly for OFDM channel estimation in a
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. This neural
network (NN) centric approach utilize specific frequency
data, paving the way for optimized pilot design and more
accurate channel estimation. Communications systems that rely on least square (LS)
channel estimators tend to perform poorly in the low SNR
regime [23]. This poor performance is due to the fact that
the LS estimation process does not suppress the effect
of noise. Compared to LS, minimum mean square error
(MMSE) channel estimator mitigates the noise effect and
achieves the optimal performance, in terms of mean square
error (MSE) [24]. However, MMSE channel estimation re-
quires computing the cross covariance matrix between the
received signal and the time-domain channel, thus inducing
an increased complexity [24]. To undertake this issue, the
authors in [25] proposed a DL-enabled image denoising net-
work to acquire knowledge from a huge set of training data
and to compute an estimate of the massive MIMO visible
light communication (VLC) channel. Furthermore, it was
shown in [26] that a NN with one hidden layer and sigmoid
activation functions can be trained to get an accurate channel
state information (CSI) estimates in a Log-normal fading. However, the system therein is not practical as it needs a
NN for every training SNR. In [23], the authors propose
employing only one NN to rectify the LS estimation error. The results in [23] show that their NN design outperforms
LS estimator but it is simpler in implementation compared
with [26]. Despite their accurate CSI prediction results, the
authors in [23] relied on an unrealistic assumption that all
the input samples are already known in advance for the
testing phase. This assumption will lead to significant delay
in the processing of the signal in the wireless communication
system. The design of channel estimator NN should have
adequate performance on every code word, to fulfill the real-
time requirement of 5/6G. C. Challenge and Contribution Ad-
ditionally, we have provided a detailed comparison
highlighting the decreased computational complexity
relative to learning-based frameworks. Moreover, the
mathematical expression for MMSE estimator is de-
rived in Log-normal fading channel, which can be
employed in both estimation and detection analysis. • An AE model is proposed to construct an end-to-end
physical layer communication system for SOC in the
presence of AWGN, a Log-normal fading channel and
Gamma-Gamma (GG) fading channel. A new layered
structure employing BN for both encoders and de-
coders, as well as a multi-decoder approach, form the
basis of the proposed AE. In light of this structure,
we found that when compared to the state-of-the-art
models, the proposed AE can significantly reduce the
error loss function. This observation is supported by
the performance of bit error rate (BER) that has sig-
nificantly improved. While achieving an adequate BER
performance, the computational complexity is further
reduced in comparison to the standard AE model. • An AE model is proposed to construct an end-to-end
physical layer communication system for SOC in the
presence of AWGN, a Log-normal fading channel and
Gamma-Gamma (GG) fading channel. A new layered
structure employing BN for both encoders and de-
coders, as well as a multi-decoder approach, form the
basis of the proposed AE. In light of this structure,
we found that when compared to the state-of-the-art
models, the proposed AE can significantly reduce the
error loss function. This observation is supported by
the performance of bit error rate (BER) that has sig-
nificantly improved. While achieving an adequate BER
performance, the computational complexity is further
reduced in comparison to the standard AE model. • Additionally, our design exhibits reduced complexity in
both the proposed AE and NN estimator when compared
with the existing learning frameworks. While the majority
of studies utilizing DNNs for symbol detection depend on
external channel estimators [16], [17], we have adopted
another approach. We have not only designed a standalone
NN channel estimator but also seamlessly integrated it into
our proposed AE for combined training and testing in a
unified system. This is crucial for scalability issues and
faster implementation. Furthermore, when utilizing model-
based methods, our channel estimator NN is also available
as an individual design. C. Challenge and Contribution C. Challenge and Contribution
First, we address the challenges and contribution of proposed
channel estimator NN in SOC, followed by an examination
of the aspects associated with the proposed AE in sym-
bol detection. Finally, we discuss the contribution related
to merging both the proposed AE and proposed channel
estimator in a single unit. Achieving an adequate MSE
while maintaining a low complexity model in SOC is a
challenging task. While several research studies based on
learning frameworks achieved good MSE results in OWC,
their designs involved high complexity schemes since it
is necessary to create a NN for each SNR value [26]. According to [23], the channel estimator’s design complexity
was simplified to a single NN for all SNR values. However,
the resulting performance was found to be inferior to that
of the optimal MMSE estimator. Accordingly, the results
in [23], [26] inspired us to develop a channel estimator
which involves a single NN with a non-uniform strategy VOLUME , VOLUME , 3 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the a
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 Elfikky et al.: Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder et al.: Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder that is robust along a wide range of SNRs and achieves
equivalent performance as the MMSE channel estimator
and outperforms the LS channel estimator. In addition, our
implementation does not require the knowledge of all input
samples in advance for the testing phase, as required in [23]. C. Challenge and Contribution in symbol detection with both perfect and imperfect CSI. We also evaluate our AE against state-of-the-art learning
frameworks and convolutional codes at different code rates
and with perfect and imperfect CSI in different fading
channels. The main contributions can be summarized as
follows: In the related state of the art [16], [17], [30], several
issues arise with end-to-end learning schemes, notably their
low BER performance when compared with convolutional
codes and their high complexity structure. The results in [16],
[17], [29] motivated us to apply significant changes in the
design of standard and turbo AE to improve the symbol
detection capabilities. The proposed AE is constructed on
multiple-decoders and a new layered framework based on
batch normalization (BN) for designing both encoders and
decoders. Multi-decoding functions as a form of ensemble
learning, employing multiple decoders to interpret encoded
data from varied perspectives. This interpretation enhances
system robustness and lower the error cost function by
aggregating results from multiple models. Through the multi-
decoder approach, more than one path can be employed
to update encoder and decoder weights during training,
resulting in a more robust model than that would be possible
with a single decoder architecture. BN has the ability to
stabilize NN training. By ensuring each layer’s inputs have
a steady mean and variance, BN counters the problem where
input distributions change between layers. This speeds up
training and allows for more independent and efficient layers
of learning. • Instead of creating/training an individual NN for each
training SNR value, a two-input channel estimator is
developed that is optimized across a wide range of
training SNRs utilizing a non-uniform strategy. This
approach demonstrates an equivalent performance as
the MMSE estimator in terms of MSE, outperforming
the existing learning-based frameworks and the LS
channel estimator in different fading channels. Ad-
ditionally, we have provided a detailed comparison
highlighting the decreased computational complexity
relative to learning-based frameworks. Moreover, the
mathematical expression for MMSE estimator is de-
rived in Log-normal fading channel, which can be
employed in both estimation and detection analysis. • Instead of creating/training an individual NN for each
training SNR value, a two-input channel estimator is
developed that is optimized across a wide range of
training SNRs utilizing a non-uniform strategy. This
approach demonstrates an equivalent performance as
the MMSE estimator in terms of MSE, outperforming
the existing learning-based frameworks and the LS
channel estimator in different fading channels. C. Challenge and Contribution By combining the outcomes of the
proposed channel estimator NN along with the proposed AE,
we provide a holistic end-to-end system based on NNs that
includes both symbol detection and channel estimation in
SOC. • The proposed AE model is compared to existing
learning-based frameworks in [16], [17], [29] as well as
with the so-called capacity-approaching convolutional
codes [31]. Our findings show superior performance
in the presence of both perfect and imperfect CSI at
code rates of 1/2 and 1/3 compared to model-based
convolutional codes and learning-based frameworks in
Log-normal fading channels. Furthermore, we have
conducted validation experiments under the presence
of GG fading channel, focusing on a code rate of
1
2
for scenarios with both perfect and imperfect CSI. To
the best of our knowledge, this is the first instance
where AE employing DNNs outperforms capacity-
approaching convolutional codes in SOC. • The proposed AE model is compared to existing
learning-based frameworks in [16], [17], [29] as well as
with the so-called capacity-approaching convolutional
codes [31]. Our findings show superior performance
in the presence of both perfect and imperfect CSI at
code rates of 1/2 and 1/3 compared to model-based
convolutional codes and learning-based frameworks in
Log-normal fading channels. Furthermore, we have
conducted validation experiments under the presence
of GG fading channel, focusing on a code rate of
1
2
for scenarios with both perfect and imperfect CSI. To
the best of our knowledge, this is the first instance
where AE employing DNNs outperforms capacity-
approaching convolutional codes in SOC. This work is a substantial extension of [1]. In [1], we
assumed a perfect CSI in symbol detection and excluded
any channel estimation calculations for simplicity. However,
the assumption that receiver knows the fading coefficients
perfectly may not be viable in practical scenarios. Con-
sequently, we develop a NN channel estimator that is as
effective as MMSE estimator with low complexity. We
evaluate our channel estimator NN against both state-of-the-
art learning estimators and the MMSE estimator in terms of
the MSE metric. In addition, the proposed AE architecture
is significantly modified to provide adequate performance • We show that the proposed AE-based detection pa-
rameters are adjusted to utilize the estimated channel
gains resulted from the proposed channel estimator NN. Subsequently, the proposed channel estimator NN and
MMSE channel estimator perform equally well in BER
detection. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ II. Space optical channel modeli We define the point-to-point downlink channel between
GEO satellite and a ground station. Following this, we
describe a separate setup for a downlink channel between
a LEO satellite and a ground station. The STK simulator
facilitates precise channel modeling for the point-to-point
SOC channels [11], [32], [33]. In the system, the ground
station holds the receiver antenna gimbal and avalanche
photo-detector. Additionally, the GEO satellite holds the
laser transmitter and the gimbal for the transmitter antenna. The gimbal system can be used to support and stabilize
transmitters and receivers. The laser transmitter is modeled
as a Gaussian beam model. The laser utilizes IM/DD, where
the light intensity is modulated as an information-carrying
signal, with data recovery accomplished by the detection of
incoming light intensity. In addition, the generated modulat-
ing signal (current) is real and positive as a result of this
procedure. This is a significant difference from RF coherent
communications, where the modulated signal is complex-
valued [15]. Furthermore, the modulated signal in IM/DD
is peak-constrained for reasons of operation, safety, and
illumination [15]. yu = hxu + wu,
(3) (3) where wu ∼
0, σ2
wIu
is the Gaussian noise and σ2
w
is the noise variance. The vectors yu, xu, and wu have
dimensions of Ru, where u represents the length of the
sequence of symbols. In our model, we consider both perfect
and imperfect CSI for the Log-normal fading channel. p
g
g
The average amount of energy per bit to noise power
spectral density ratio
Eb
No in on-off-keying (OOK) is given
by [37]
2 Eb
No
= A2
4σ2w
u
k ,
(4) (4) where A is the peak intensity, k is the the message bits and
u is the length of coded symbols. C. Challenge and Contribution In addition, we have successfully integrated
both the proposed channel estimator NN and the pro- • We show that the proposed AE-based detection pa-
rameters are adjusted to utilize the estimated channel
gains resulted from the proposed channel estimator NN. Subsequently, the proposed channel estimator NN and
MMSE channel estimator perform equally well in BER
detection. In addition, we have successfully integrated
both the proposed channel estimator NN and the pro- 4 VOLUME , This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 posed AE into a unified system aiming for an end-to-
end solution enabling one DL model for both symbol
detection and channel estimation simultaneously. causing variations in the received signal power. Under con-
ditions of strong turbulence, the GG distribution emerges
as a suitable model to represent the channel model in such
scenarios [35], [36]. The GG model arises when we assume
that the turbulence-induced log-intensity fluctuations can be
described by the product of two statistically independent
Gamma-distributed processes, typically associated with the
strong turbulence effects. D. Outline The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II
focuses on the STK simulator-based SOC channel model. The overall system model is briefly discussed in Section
III. Section IV describes the novel design of the channel
estimator NN. The structure of the DL AE is presented
in Section V. In Section VI, we compare the results of
the channel estimator NN with bench-marking schemes and
evaluate the proposed AE-based detection in comparison to
model-based and state-of-the-art learning-based frameworks
in SOC. Finally, the conclusion of this article is presented
in Section VII. The probability density function (pdf) of the GG distribu-
tion is described as [35] fh(h) = 2(αβ)
α+β
2 h
α+β
2
−1
γ(α)γ(β)
Kα−β(2
p
αβh),
(2) (2) where the parameters α and β represent the shape factors
of the distribution, stemming from the individual shape
parameters of the two Gamma distributions associated with
turbulence effects. The term Kα−β is identified as the
modified Bessel function of the second kind with order α−β,
while γ(·) denotes the gamma function. Furthermore, the
received sequence yu is described as This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ III. Proposed End-To-End Learning-Based Design Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 etection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder
cle has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited a
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is t
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder Elfikky et al.: Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder
Encoder DL with
parameters
Multi-decoder DL with
parameters
Reconstructed data
Channel
estimation
NN ( )
Joint Optimization
GEO satellite
Ground station
Fading Channel
proposed from STK
FIGURE 1: An overview of the system implementation for symbol detection and channel estimation for SOC channel. The
transmitter at the GEO satellite employs an encoder based-GEO satellite to convert a stream of k bits b into a codeword
xu of u coded symbols. The encoded vector xu satisfies the positivity and peak criterion conditions. The first symbol
xu(1) = xp is assumed a pilot, which passes over a Log-normal fading channel verified from STK. At the receiver side
(the ground station), the proposed channel estimator NN(ˆh) utilizes the first element yu(1) = yp of the received sequence
yu ∈Ru in order to retrieve an estimated version of the channel gain ˆh. Afterwards, the muti-decoder AE makes use of ˆh
and the received sequence yu to derive an estimate for the transmitted symbols ˆxu and hence the recovered message ˆb. Encoder DL with
parameters
Multi-decoder DL with
parameters
Reconstructed data
Channel
estimation
NN ( )
Joint Optimization
GEO satellite
Ground station
Fading Channel
proposed from STK FIGURE 1: An overview of the system implementation for symbol detection and channel estimation for SOC channel. The
transmitter at the GEO satellite employs an encoder based-GEO satellite to convert a stream of k bits b into a codeword
xu of u coded symbols. III. Proposed End-To-End Learning-Based Design The encoded vector xu satisfies the positivity and peak criterion conditions. The first symbol
xu(1) = xp is assumed a pilot, which passes over a Log-normal fading channel verified from STK. At the receiver side
(the ground station), the proposed channel estimator NN(ˆh) utilizes the first element yu(1) = yp of the received sequence
yu ∈Ru in order to retrieve an estimated version of the channel gain ˆh. Afterwards, the muti-decoder AE makes use of ˆh
and the received sequence yu to derive an estimate for the transmitted symbols ˆxu and hence the recovered message ˆb. for the MMSE estimator in Log-normal fading channel and
apply it in both estimation and detection, as a benchmark. Although, the MMSE estimator provides the optimal perfor-
mance in terms of MSE, this estimator has a considerable
level of computational complexity and requires an explicit
input-output model like the one in (2). On the contrary, the
proposed
channel estimator NN is capable of predicting
the CSI and obtaining equal performance as the model-
based MMSE estimator with far less complexity and without
the need of an explicit input-output model. In addition, the
proposed channel estimator NN relies on two inputs, and we
train with a single NN whose parameters are adjusted across
a wide range of training SNRs as opposed to generating a
separate NN for each possible training SNR. through the transmission of the sequence xu. The result of
P(yu | xu, h) is a conditional probability distribution that a
particular sequence yu = [y1, . . . , yu] is received given that
the transmitted input sequence xu = [x1, . . . , xu] and the
channel fading coefficient h [38]. In this paper, we argue
that the proposed channel estimator NN can be trained to
acquire the knowledge of the transition probability law for
an input-output model that could be governed by (2), or
could also be more general as in (4) without an explicit
law. The channel estimator NN is based on two inputs with
a single NN whose parameters are tuned across a wide range
of training SNRs. Furthermore, we take into account a pilot-
based channel estimation approach, wherein the pilot symbol
xp is used for channel estimation and is communicated
as the first symbol x(1) of the transmitted sequence, i.e.,
xp ≜x(1). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ • We first generate the true channel coefficients based
on Log-normal fading channel from (1), hn with 1 ≤
n ≤Ns, where Ns is the number of training samples. III. Proposed End-To-End Learning-Based Design p
g
g
As depicted in Fig. 1, we take into account an SOC system
in which a transmitter located in the GEO satellite sends
the message b ∈B, B = {1, 2, . . . , B} to a certain receiver
over a Log-normal fading channel. To model the channel, we
use the STK simulator, with the encoder on a GEO satellite
and the receiver at a ground station. The message b is first
fed into the DL encoder NN producing xu. The elements
of xu are represented as x(i), 1 ≤i ≤u, which meets both
the peak and the non negativity constraints required by the
optical channel’s physical characteristics, i.e., 0 ≤x(i) ≤A. The data rate is defined as k
u bits/channel use, where k =
log2(B) bits are sent through u coded symbols. Additionally,
the encoded vector xu is transmitted through a SOC channel
as described in Section II. The resulting sequence is denoted
as yu ∈Ru. The received sequence which can be obtained
in accordance with the probabilistic law given by The Log-normal distribution is typically used to describe
the weak atmospheric turbulence regime and is the best
distribution fitting that STK has recommended for the GEO
to ground SOC channel. Changes in atmospheric temperature
and pressure at various points along the signal’s propagation
are the cause of atmospheric turbulence [34]. The probability
density function (PDF) for the Log-normal distribution of the
channel gain is given by [12] fh(h) =
1
hσl
√
2π exp
−(ln h −µ)2
2σ2
l
,
(1) (1) where h represents the positive channel gain, µ represents
the mean, and σl denotes
the standard deviation. Next,
we outline the downlink configuration from a LEO satel-
lite to a ground station. Within this context, the presence
of atmospheric turbulence leads to the scintillation effect, P (yu | xu, h) ,
(5) (5) where h ∈R+ denotes the optical fading channel pro-
duced by STK and it is considered to remain constant where h ∈R+ denotes the optical fading channel pro-
duced by STK and it is considered to remain constant VOLUME , 5 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited
content may change prior to final publication. III. Proposed End-To-End Learning-Based Design Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 EEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
ior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 Input layer
Hidden layers
Output layer
ReLU
Channel estimation NN
ReLU
ReLU
ReLU
ReLU
ReLU
Ground station
MSE loss function
FIGURE 2: The implementation of the proposed NN used
for channel estimation and located in the GEO satellite. The
inputs are the received pilot yp and the peak intensity A. The NN is composed of two FC hidden layers. Each neuron
is followed by ReLU activation function for each layer. The
output ˆh is an estimated version of the channel gain. to the weight of the link between the jth neuron in the
(l −1)th layer and the ith neuron in the lth layer. The lth
layer pre-activation is represented by Input layer
Hidden layers
Output layer
ReLU
Channel estimation NN
ReLU
ReLU
ReLU
ReLU
ReLU
Ground station
MSE loss function Hidden layers
O
Channel estimation NN z[l]
i =
X
j
θ[l]
ij a[l−1]
j
+ b[l]
i ,
(6) (6) where b[l]
i represents the bias of the ith neuron in the lth layer
and a[l−1]
j
is the activation of the jth neuron in the (l −1)th
layer. Employing the rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation
function, the neuron output activation can be rewritten as a[l]
i = ReLU(z[l]
i ) = ReLU
X
j
θ[l]
ij a[l−1]
j
+ b[l]
i
! ,
(7) FIGURE 2: The implementation of the proposed NN used
for channel estimation and located in the GEO satellite. The
inputs are the received pilot yp and the peak intensity A. The NN is composed of two FC hidden layers. Each neuron
is followed by ReLU activation function for each layer. The
output ˆh is an estimated version of the channel gain. (7) At the start of the training, the initial point of the weights
is selected as a random number drawn from a Gaussian
distribution. Then, the state vector z[l] can be obtained
through each layer using the forward propagation formula At the start of the training, the initial point of the weights
is selected as a random number drawn from a Gaussian
distribution. III. Proposed End-To-End Learning-Based Design Then, the state vector z[l] can be obtained
through each layer using the forward propagation formula as as z[l] = Θ[l]a[l−1] + b[l],
(8) (8) • We distribute the peak intensities uniformly and ran-
domly of the Ns samples. We then generate various
peak intensity constraints A ∈[Amin, Amax] to cover
a wide range of SNR values. In the training set,
samples exhibiting high peak intensity values have a
higher probability of occurring, while samples with low
peak intensity are set to have a lower probability of
occurring. where Θ[l] is denoted as the weight matrix with i rows and
j columns, a[l−1] is the activation vector of dimension j in
the (l −1)th layer and the bias vector of dimension i in the
lth layer is denoted as b[l] . Afterwards, z[l] is fed into a ReLU activation function
resulting the output vector a[l] at layer l: a[l] = ReLU(z[l]
i ). (9) (9) • The NN has two inputs: yp and A. To generate the first
element of the received pilot element y(n)
p
for the nth
training sample, we substitute the corresponding peak
intensity A(n) and the true channel coefficients h(n) in
(2). Each hidden layer applies a nonlinear ReLU function
fa(x) = max(0, x), after each neuron to enable the learning
of complex, nonlinear relationships between the inputs and
output. By employing network’s hidden layers, inputs from
the training data are extracted and then used to generate
estimation results. The NN estimated channel gain at the
final output layer L can be described as • The label of the training data tuple is based on two
inputs as
n
(y(n)
p , A(n)), h(n)o
, where (y(n)
p , A(n)) is the
input tuple to the NN and h(n) is the target value for
the nth training sample. ˆh =
Θ[L]a[L−1] + b[L]
,
(10) (10) where Θ[L] describes the connection weight matrix of the
output layer, b[L] represents the bias vector in the final output
layer, and ˆh denotes the estimated channel gain generated
by the output of the entire NN. Then, the loss calculations
follow the feed forward computations. The utlized loss
function L(ˆh, h) is the normalized MSE which is the most
suitable function in regression problems, defined as This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ III. Proposed End-To-End Learning-Based Design For symbols’ detection, we propose the AE
structure and we consider 3 cases: AWGN (no fading), fading
with perfect CSI at the receiver, and fading with imperfect
CSI at the receiver. The proposed AE is developed with
multiple decoders along with a layered structure of encoders
and decoders that employs BN layers. Next, design details
regarding the proposed NN-based estimation and the AE-
based detection are discussed. The proposed NN architecture: The proposed NN es-
timator is installed at the GEO satellite. It is composed of
two fully connected (FC) hidden layers, a rectified linear
activation unit (ReLU) activation function at each hidden
layer, and a linear activation function at the output layer. As
shown in Fig. 2, the NN has two inputs: the received signal
yp ≜y(1) and the peak intensity A. Training methodology: The following steps generate the
training data used in channel estimation: IV. PROPOSED NN DESIGN FOR CHANNEL ESTIMATION
In this section, we present the proposed channel estimator
NN(ˆh). Additionally, we derive the mathematical expression • We first generate the true channel coefficients based
on Log-normal fading channel from (1), hn with 1 ≤
n ≤Ns, where Ns is the number of training samples. • We first generate the true channel coefficients based
on Log-normal fading channel from (1), hn with 1 ≤
n ≤Ns, where Ns is the number of training samples. 6 VOLUME , 6 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edi
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edi
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully
content may change prior to final publication. Algorithm 1 Proposed NN estimator 3:
Draw m minibatch samples (h(1), h(2), . . . , h(m)) and
m minibatch peak intensities (A(1), A(2), . . . , A(m)). p
4:
for i ←1 to m do
5:
y(i)
p
←A(i)h(i) + w(i)
6:
ˆh(i) ←Nθ(y(i)
p , A(i)) 7:
end for 8:
Calculate minibatch loss: L ←1
m
Pm
i=1(ˆh(i) −h(i))2 8:
Calculate minibatch loss: L ←1
m
Pm
i=1(ˆh(i) −h(i))2 9:
Calculate gradients: ∇θL ←∂L
∂θ 9:
Calculate gradients: ∇θL ←∂L
∂θ 9:
Calculate gradients: ∇θL ←∂L
∂θ g
∂θ
10:
Update parameters: θ ←θ −η∇θL
11: until convergence. ∂θ
10:
Update parameters: θ ←θ −η∇θL
11: until convergence. ∂θ
10:
Update parameters: θ ←θ −η∇θL
11: until convergence. The detailed steps for the backpropagation process which
minimizes the training loss are provided in Appendix A. The learning strategy of the proposed NN estimator is
summarized in Algorithm 1. Testing stage: The NN-based estimator utilizes the re-
ceived signal yp ≜y(1) to obtain an estimate of the channel
gain ˆh. The same procedures for verification are applied in
GG fading channel. To demonstrate how the proposed channel estimator NN
compares to the MMSE estimator, we derive the MMSE esti-
mator in a log-normal fading channel. The MMSE objective
function can be described as Moreover, the transmitter model is based on FC layers,
with BN layers occurring after each FC layer and a Ran-
domized Leaky Rectified Linear Unit (RReLU) activation
function in between. In order to generate more accurate
models, AE can make use of RReLU activation, a non-
saturated function that produces simultaneous activations as-
sociated with regression and classification [39]. The RReLU
activation outperforms the Sigmoid and Tanh activations in
terms of both training time and generalization capabilities
[39]. ˆhMMSE = arg min
ˆh
n
E
h
|ˆh −h|2io
. (13) (13) The MMSE algorithm is noise resistant and takes into
account the influence of Gaussian noise on estimation per-
formance, but it has a high computational complexity. The
estimated channel gain for the MMSE estimator in the log-
normal fading channel can be described as ˆhMMSE = Z ∞
0
e−(y−hA)2
2
exp
n
−(log h+µ)2
0.18
o
R ∞
0
e−(y−hA)2
2
1
h exp
n
−(log h+0.045)2
0.18
o
dh
dh. (14) In addition, for both the encoder and each decoder, we
utilize BN on all of the hidden units in the same layer. A. Learning Algorithm The proposed channel estimator NN only makes use of two
inputs, and we train with a single NN whose parameters are
adapted across a wide range of training SNRs as opposed to
creating a new NN for each possible training SNR. There are
two phases to NN’s learning process: training and testing. The network model must be trained in three steps before
effective channel parameter estimation can be implemented. The first step is to select the data samples to utilize. Second,
the gradient descent algorithm is used to calculate the partial
derivative of the cost function by minimizing the difference
between the output value and the target value. Specifically,
its value should be adjusted in the direction of the fastest
descent of the error function, or the direction of the negative
gradient. Third, when the training data for an epoch is
finished, the validation data is used to determine the best
model across all training iterations. In Fig. 2, θl
ij corresponds L(ˆh, h) = 1
Ns
Ns
X
n=1
ˆh(n) −h(n)2
,
(11) (11) where h(n) is the true output of the nth sample, ˆh(n) is the
actual output provided by the NN of the nth sample. Then,
the objective of the proposed channel estimator NN during
the training stage is to minimize the training loss, which can
be described as where h(n) is the true output of the nth sample, ˆh(n) is the
actual output provided by the NN of the nth sample. Then,
the objective of the proposed channel estimator NN during
the training stage is to minimize the training loss, which can
be described as minimize
ˆh
L(ˆh, h),
subject to
0 ≤ˆh < ∞. (12) (12) VOLUME , 7 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 kky et al.: Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder Algorithm 1 Proposed NN estimator Require: Ns fading coefficients (h1, h2, . . . , hNs), peak in-
tensity constraints A ∈[Amin, Amax], batch size m, and
learning rate η. An AE can be described as an unsupervised NN that auto-
learns how to compress the data efficiently via an encoding
process. In addition to compressing data, the AE learns how
to recreate the original data from the compressed form. Furthermore, the AE system can be expressed by the pair
(k, u), where k and u are the number of message bits and
the codeword length, respectively. The channel code rate is
described as R = k/u. The proposed AE(k, u) is illustrated
in Fig. 3 for SOC system with code rate 1/3 without loss
of generality. The receiver is based at a ground station,
whereas the encoder is on a GEO satellite. The channel
coding code rate is 1/3, where k = 7 and u = 21. The
system is composed of three components: the transmitter, the
SOC channel, and the receiver. First, the transmitter sends
one out of M possible messages b ∈M, M = {1, . . . , M}
as one hot vector 1b of dimension 2k bits. The transmitter
then uses the mapping function f : M →Rn to transform
the input hot vector 1b into the encoded vector xu. The
benefits of one-hot-encoding are that the output is binary
rather than ordinal. The one-hot vector has all zero inputs,
except one indexing a message m ∈M. The symbol vector
xu generated by the normalization stage of the transmitter
satisfies the positivity and peak requirements for SOC. Then,
it is transmitted through the SOC channel provided by STK
as discussed in Section II. The SOC channel is constructed
from both Log-normal fading and AWGN channel with zero
mean and unit variance. Subsequently, the estimated hot
vector 1ˆb is generated by the receiver, which uses a multiple-
decoder approach to recover the the message b from the
corrupted vector yu. g
η
Ensure: ˆh(i) = h(i) ∀i ∈{1, 2, . . . , m}. g
η
Ensure: ˆh(i) = h(i) ∀i ∈{1, 2, . . . , m}. { , ,
,
}
1: θ ←initialize neural network parameters. 2: repeat p
3:
Draw m minibatch samples (h(1), h(2), . . . , h(m)) and
m minibatch peak intensities (A(1), A(2), . . . , A(m)). Algorithm 1 Proposed NN estimator BN
is a technique to normalize the distributions of intermediate
layers. It enables smoother gradients, faster training, and
better generalization accuracy [40]. BN offers a solution
to the challenge of statistical estimation when dealing with
a limited batch size. The BN normalization is described
as [40]: (14) (14) Following the same steps outlined in Appendix B, the
estimated channel gain for the MMSE estimator in the GG
fading channel can be described as: ˆhMMSE-GG =
Z ∞
0
Z ∞
0
z · exp
−1
2(z −zA)2
R ∞
0
exp
−1
2(z −zx)2
dx
× Bαxα−1 exp(−Bx)
Γ(α)
· Bα2 z
x
α−1 exp
−B z
x
Γ(α)x
dx dz bi = ci −µ(c)
σ(c)
(16) (16) Here, the average value over the entire block is given by: Here, the average value over the entire block is given by: µ(c) = 1
K
K
X
i=1
ci, µ(c) = 1
K
K
X
i=1
ci,
(17) µ(c) = 1
K
K
X
i=1
ci,
(17) Γ(α)x (17) (15) VOLUME , 8 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited a
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited a
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's ver
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 AWGN
Fading
0.6 0.4. . . 0.3. . . 0.8 0.9
0 . . . 1 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 0
Channel
FC layer
RRELU
0.6 0.4. . . 0.3. . . 0.8 0.9
0 . . . Algorithm 1 Proposed NN estimator . 0.2
Transmitter DL NN
Multidecoder Receiver DL NN
Decoder 3
BN
FC layer
RRELU
BN
Sigmoid
BN
Softmax
Splitter
Decoder 2
Decoder 1
Channel
estimation
NN
Geostationary satellite
Ground station 0.6 0.4. . . 0.3. . . 0.8 0.9
0 . . . 1 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 0
Multidecoder Receiver DL NN
Decoder 3
BN
Softmax
Splitter
Decoder 2
Decoder 1
Ground station Channel
estimation
NN FIGURE 3: The proposed AE(k, u) architecture has a code rate of R = k/u, where k = 7 is the number of bits in the
input message, and u = 21 is the length of the encoded message. The encoder is located on a GEO satellite, while the
receiver is based at a ground station. The message b is represented by the one hot vector 1b of length 2k = 128. The input
hot vector 1b is passed through a sequence of multiple dense layers in order to construct the encoded vector xu of length
u = 21. The normalization layer, the last layer of the transmitter, uses a weighted sigmoid A × sigmoid (·) to ensure that
xu lies inside the interval [0, A]. The input to the receiver is the corrupted vector yu that is produced when the encoded
vector x is transmitted across the SOC channel. The receiver is composed of three decoders. The entire input hot vector
with dimension 2k is estimated independently by the three decoders. The first decoder’s input vector r1 of length u1 = 7
is fed into multiple dense layers and the output vector is denoted as o1. Additionally, the second and the third decoder map
the vectors r2 and r3, of length 7 each, into the output vectors o2 and o3, respectively. The length of o1,2,3 is equivalent
to M = 2k = 128. Each of output vectors o1, o2 and o3 is multiplied by a learnable weight w1, w2, and w3, respectively,
then summed to produce the vector v. Finally, vector v is fed into a BN layer and the estimated hot vector 1ˆb of dimension
2k is then output from the softmax activation layer. where the standard deviation of the entire block is repre-
sented by:
v from varied perspectives. This structure enhances the training
stability and lower the error cost function by aggregating
results from multiple models. Algorithm 1 Proposed NN estimator If N is the number of parallel
branches and yi(x) is the output of the ith branch for an
input x, the ensemble’s average output is: σ(c) =
v
u
u
t 1
K
K
X
i=1
(ci −µ(c))2
(18) (18) Throughout the training process, the values of µ(c) and σ(c)
are computed from the training batch. In contrast, during the
inference or testing stage, these are based on the optimal
values determined during training. yensemble(x) = 1
N
N
X
i=1
yi(x) Typically, ensemble methods reduce the variance compo-
nent of the error, which can lead to better generalization. For a given generalization error Ei associated with the ith
branch, the ensemble learning error is given by [41]: While most existing learning-based frameworks only em-
ploy a single decoder at the receiver [16], [17], we employ
a multi-decoder scheme. Using a set of several decoders and
BN-based layered structure of both encoders and decoders,
we found that the gradient descent can significantly improve
the BER performance over the existing state-of-the-art mod-
els by minimizing the error loss function. Additionally, it
may be considered a type of ensemble learning in which
multiple neural networks operate concurrently to address a
problem. Ensemble methods often lead to better generaliza-
tion because they combine the strengths of multiple models
and mitigate individual model weaknesses [41]. In situations
where one branch might fail or produce suboptimal results,
having multiple branches could facilitate reducing the error
cost function. If one branch encounters difficulties or noise
in the data, the other branches can still contribute to the
final decision. The idea inspired us to apply the parallel
structure is the ensemble learning [41], [42]. The parallel
structure can reduce the error cost function as it is based
on employing multiple decoders to interpret encoded data Eensemble ≤1
N
N
X
i=1
Ei The effectiveness of the parallel structure becomes appar-
ent in the presence of parallel computing conditions, as seen
when using GPUs. The ensemble time, denoted as Tensemble,
can be defined as a function of Ti, which represents the time
taken by the ith branch. The ensemble time can be given
as [41]: Tensemble ≈max
i
Ti The second reason is the addition of BN layers before
fully connected layers. BN helps the network overcome the
internal covariate shift problem, where the distribution of
activations in intermediate layers of a NN can change. Algorithm 1 Proposed NN estimator 1 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 0
0.1 . . . 1 A 0.7 . . . 0.2
Transmitter DL NN
Multidecoder Receiver DL NN
Decoder 3
BN
FC layer
RRELU
BN
Sigmoid
BN
Softmax
Splitter
Decoder 2
Decoder 1
Channel
estimation
NN
Geostationary satellite
Ground station
FIGURE 3: The proposed AE(k, u) architecture has a code rate of R = k/u, where k = 7 is the number of bits in the
input message, and u = 21 is the length of the encoded message. The encoder is located on a GEO satellite, while the
receiver is based at a ground station. The message b is represented by the one hot vector 1b of length 2k = 128. The input
hot vector 1b is passed through a sequence of multiple dense layers in order to construct the encoded vector xu of length
u = 21. The normalization layer, the last layer of the transmitter, uses a weighted sigmoid A × sigmoid (·) to ensure that
xu lies inside the interval [0, A]. The input to the receiver is the corrupted vector yu that is produced when the encoded
vector x is transmitted across the SOC channel. The receiver is composed of three decoders. The entire input hot vector
with dimension 2k is estimated independently by the three decoders. The first decoder’s input vector r1 of length u1 = 7
is fed into multiple dense layers and the output vector is denoted as o1. Additionally, the second and the third decoder map
the vectors r2 and r3, of length 7 each, into the output vectors o2 and o3, respectively. The length of o1,2,3 is equivalent
to M = 2k = 128. Each of output vectors o1, o2 and o3 is multiplied by a learnable weight w1, w2, and w3, respectively,
then summed to produce the vector v. Finally, vector v is fed into a BN layer and the estimated hot vector 1ˆb of dimension
2k is then output from the softmax activation layer. AWGN
Fading
0.6 0.4. . . 0.3. . . 0.8 0.9
0 . . . 1 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 0
Channel
FC layer
RRELU
0.6 0.4. . . 0.3. . . 0.8 0.9
0 . . . 1 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 0
0.1 . . . 1 A 0.7 . . This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Algorithm 1 Proposed NN estimator This
can make it challenging for the network to converge and VOLUME , 9 9 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited a
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder et al.: Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder FC
FC
LN
RRELU
FC
LN
RRELU
0.75. . . 0.99. . . 0.4
Decoder
0.5. . . 2.5. . . 6
FIGURE 4: Proposed decoder architecture at the receiver in
the ground station. to the resultant vector d to get a probability vector over
all possible messages p of length M = 2k. The decoded
message ˆb is the index of the highest probability. A definition
of the softmax function is: to the resultant vector d to get a probability vector over
all possible messages p of length M = 2k. The decoded
message ˆb is the index of the highest probability. A definition
of the softmax function is: p(i) =
ed(i)
PM
t=1 ed(t) ∈[0, 1],
(19) (19) where i ∈{1, 2, . . . , M}. Cross-Entropy loss is a significant
cost function for improving classification model precision. The cross-entropy loss function can be described as where i ∈{1, 2, . . . , M}. Cross-Entropy loss is a significant
cost function for improving classification model precision. The cross-entropy loss function can be described as FIGURE 4: Proposed decoder architecture at the receiver in
the ground station. L = −
M
X
i=1
1b(i) log p(i),
(20) (20) In addition, the benefit of choosing 3 identical decoders each
of input length 7 is their adaptability when transitioning the In addition, the benefit of choosing 3 identical decoders each
of input length 7 is their adaptability when transitioning the
AE to encode at higher or lower code rates. One can easily
add or omit one of the uniform decoders. Algorithm 1 Proposed NN estimator For instance, to
adapt the AE for a code rate of 1
2, we can simply bypass one
of the three identical decoders without altering the overall
structure. This modularity presents a significant advantage,
allowing us to easily switch our AE to a code rate of
1
2. Furthermore, if there is a need to train at a code rate of 1
4,
introducing another identical decoder with an input length
of 7 becomes straightforward. On the other hand, employing
two decoders, one with an input length of 10 and the other
of input length 11 requires a comprehensive redesign to
accommodate a code rate of 1
2. A similar challenge arises
with a configuration of four decoders having input lengths
of 5, 5, 5, and 6. Adjusting such a design for a code rate of
1
2 with a codeword length of u = 21 or block length k = 7
introduces structural challenges. These necessitate alterations
to the decoder configurations, making it less flexible and
posing deployment concerns. Another benefit of employing
three decoders over two decoders is the enhanced speed
during training and testing under parallel processing. This
parallel architecture proves especially efficient under parallel
computing environments, such as when leveraging GPUs. Subsequently, the time is determined by the longest duration
of a single branch, rather than the cumulative time of all
branches. Our NN is trained at a fixed peak intensity A
or a corresponding SNR according to (3). To determine
which training peak intensity A value yields the lowest
cross-entropy loss, we investigate a wide variety of values
throughout the AE training stage. The best value of training
A for AWGN, perfect CSI, and imperfect CSI for a particular
code rate will be demonstrated in the numerical results. In addition, training with a peak intensity A higher than
necessary is not promising because the network will only
update its weights for the high SNR regimes, which might
produce good results during training but poor results while
testing. During the testing phase, we do not only assess
our model’s performance at the trained SNR but also across
a broad range of SNRs. In the context of DL in wireless
communications, channel estimation is primarily a regression
problem, whereas the AE generally addresses classification learn effectively, as the weights need to adapt to the constant
shift in activations distributions in addition to minimizing the
training loss [29]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Algorithm 1 Proposed NN estimator . . , h(m)) and
m minibatch peak intensities (A(1), A(2), . . . , A(m)). 9:
for i ←1 to m do
10:
1b(i) ←one hot vector(b(i))
{1b(i) ∈{0, 1}M}
11:
x(i) ←Eθ(1b(i), A)
{x(i) ∈[0, A]u}
12:
y(i)
p
←A(i)h(i) + w(i)
13:
ˆh(i) ←Nθ(y(i)
p , A(i))
14:
y(i) ←x(i)h(i) + w(i)
{y(i) ∈Ru}
15:
y(i) ←y(i)/ˆh
(i)
16:
r(i)
1 , r(i)
2 , r(i)
3
←Split y(i) into three segments of
equal length VI. SIMULATION RESULTS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ VI. SIMULATION RESULTS q
g
for j ←1 to 3 do
o(i)
j
←Dϕj(r(i)
j )
{o(i)
j
∈RM}
end for
v(i) ←P3
j=1 wjo(i)
j
{v(i) ∈RM}
d(i) ←BNυ(v(i))
{d(i) ∈RM}
p(i) ←Softmax(d(i))
{p(i) ∈[0, 1]M}
d f g
for j ←1 to 3 do
o(i)
j
←Dϕj(r(i)
j )
{o(i)
j
∈RM}
end for
v(i) ←P3
j=1 wjo(i)
j
{v(i) ∈RM}
d(i) ←BNυ(v(i))
{d(i) ∈RM}
p(i) ←Softmax(d(i))
{p(i) ∈[0, 1]M}
nd for end for
v(i) ←P3
j=1 wjo(i)
j
{v(i) ∈RM}
d(i) ←BNυ(v(i))
{d(i) ∈RM}
p(i) ←Softmax(d(i))
{p(i) ∈[0, 1]M}
d f end for VI. SIMULATION RESULTS In this section, the proposed channel estimator NN is com-
pared to the MMSE and LS estimator and different state-of-
the-art learning-based estimations. Then, in the presence
of AWGN, Log-normal, and GG fading channels , we
compare the BER performance of AE-based SOC systems
with the learning-based frameworks and convolutional codes
at code rates 1/2 and 1/3 for perfect and imperfect CSI. Additionally, we train with a single NN whose parameters
are adjusted across a wide range of training peak intensities. Following the procedures outlined in Section III, the input
tuple to the NN is based on two inputs (y(n)
p , A(n))),
where y(n)
p
and A(n) are the pilot received sequence and
corresponding peak intensity of the nth sample, respectively. The distribution of the peak intensity A among the training
samples is uniform except for the high peak intensities. Figure 5a depict the distribution of peak intensities in the
case of Log-normal fading channel. Similarly, Fig. 5b shows
the non-uniform strategy of the training peak intensity A
in the GG fading channel. The batch size is 1000 and
number of training, validation, testing samples are 40, 5,
10 million samples, respectively. The output of the channel
NN estimator is a single neuron representing the estimated
channel gain ˆh. 6: repeat
7:
Draw m minibatch messages (b(1), b(2), . . . , b(m)). 8:
Draw m minibatch samples (h(1), h(2), . . . , h(m)) and
m minibatch peak intensities (A(1), A(2), . . . , A(m)). 9:
for i ←1 to m do
10:
1b(i) ←one hot vector(b(i))
{1b(i) ∈{0, 1}M}
11:
x(i) ←Eθ(1b(i), A)
{x(i) ∈[0, A]u}
12:
y(i)
p
←A(i)h(i) + w(i)
13:
ˆh(i) ←Nθ(y(i)
p , A(i))
14:
y(i) ←x(i)h(i) + w(i)
{y(i) ∈Ru}
15:
y(i) ←y(i)/ˆh
(i)
( )
( )
( ) for i ←1 to m do
1b(i) ←one hot vector(b(i))
{1b(i) ∈{0, 1}M}
x(i) ←Eθ(1b(i), A)
{x(i) ∈[0, A]u}
y(i)
p
←A(i)h(i) + w(i)
ˆh(i) ←Nθ(y(i)
p , A(i))
y(i) ←x(i)h(i) + w(i)
{y(i) ∈Ru}
y(i) ←y(i)/ˆh
(i)
(i)
(i)
(i) /
r(i)
1 , r(i)
2 , r(i)
3
←Split y(i) into three segments of
equal length. Algorithm 1 Proposed NN estimator Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edite
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been ful
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 problems. However, we develop an innovative approach for
integrating the channel estimator NN into the AE model,
as illustrated in Algorithm 2. In this scenario, we train
this unified system once. This design prioritizes minimizing
the cross-entropy loss over estimating the channel h that
achieves the lowest MSE. Reducing the cross-entropy loss
is directly proportional to the improvement in the BER
performance. Accordingly, the main objective is to estimate
the channel h that will reduce the BER to the least possible
value. Algorithm 2 Proposed AE training algorithm for joint
symbol detection and channel estimation. Require: M messages (1, 2, . . . , M), batch size m, learning
rate η. Ns fading coefficients (h1, h2, . . . , hNs), peak
intensity constraints A ∈[Amin, Amax], batch size m,
and learning rate η. g
η
Ensure: argmax(d(i)) = b(i) ∀i ∈{1, 2, . . . , m}
1: Eθ ←initialize encoder parameters. 2: Channel estimator NN ←initialize NN parameters. 3: Dϕ1, Dϕ2, Dϕ3 ←initialize decoder units parameters. 4: w1, w2, w3 ←initialize decoders output weights. 5: BNυ ←initialize BN parameters. t Ensure: argmax(d(i)) = b(i) ∀i ∈{1, 2, . . . , m}
1: Eθ ←initialize encoder parameters. 2: Channel estimator NN ←initialize NN parameters. 3: Dϕ1, Dϕ2, Dϕ3 ←initialize decoder units parameters. 4: w1, w2, w3 ←initialize decoders output weights. 5: BNυ ←initialize BN parameters. 6: repeat
7:
Draw m minibatch messages (b(1), b(2), . . . , b(m)). 8:
Draw m minibatch samples (h(1), h(2), . Algorithm 1 Proposed NN estimator BN mitigates this problem by normalizing
the inputs to each layer, ensuring that they have a consistent
mean and variance during the training process. The BER improves when the error loss function decreases. When this occurs, our AE model provides predictions that
are close to the actual data. Through the multi-decoder
approach, more than one path can be employed to update
encoder and decoder weights during training, resulting in
a more robust model than that would be possible with a
single decoder architecture. Furthermore, during the train-
ing phase, the encoder and decoder operate as a unified
NN. This means that the backpropagation method can be
employed simultaneously to compute error gradients for
both components in every training iteration. This concurrent
computation facilitates the combined training of the encoder
and decoder. The feedback from backpropagation guides
each layer on how to adjust its parameters to reduce the error
in the cross-entropy loss function. Employing optimization
strategies such as stochastic gradient descent, the parameters
of both the encoder and decoder are refined. This iterative
process continues until the error reaches the lowest possible
value. Furthermore, the hyperparameters are optimized by
experimenting with various parameter values until the best
possible validation loss is achieved.i Figure 3 shows that the input to the first decoder is r1 of
length u1 = 7. Similarly, r2, r3 correspond to the second and
third decoder inputs. Every decoder makes an independent
prediction of the estimated input hot vector with dimension
2k. Each decoder, as shown in Fig. 4, is built from a sequence
of dense layers based on FC, RReLU, and LN layers, which
is similar to the construction of the encoder. To estimate the
input hot vector, each decoder maps the input vector rj to
the corresponding output vector oj of length M = 2k, where
j ∈{1, 2, 3}. The estimated vectors from each decoder are
then multiplied by a corresponding learnable weight wj and
summed to obtain the vector v of dimention 2k. Afterwards,
vector v is fed into a BN layer to produce a vector d of
dimension 2k. The softmax activation function is applied VOLUME , 10 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited
content may change prior to final publication. end for 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
10-3
10-2
10-1
NMSE
LS estimator
Proposed NN estimator with uniform training strategy
MMSE estimator
NN estimator in [14]
Proposed NN estimator with non-uniform strategy
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 3
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 7
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 20
14
16
18
20
4
6
8
10
12
14
10-3
(a)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
10-2
10-1
100
NMSE
LS estimator
Proposed NN estimator with uniform training strategy
MMSE estimator
NN estimator in [14]
Proposed NN estimator with non-uniform strategy
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 3
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 7
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 20
16
17
18
19
20
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
(b)
FIGURE 6: The NMSE versus Eb/No of the proposed chan-
nel estimator NN compared with the MMSE, LS channel
estimators and learning based frameworks: (a) Log-normal
fading channel and (b) Gamma-Gamma fading channel 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
10-3
10-2
10-1
NMSE
LS estimator
Proposed NN estimator with uniform training strategy
MMSE estimator
NN estimator in [14]
Proposed NN estimator with non-uniform strategy
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 3
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 7
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 20
14
16
18
20
4
6
8
10
12
14
10-3 LS estimator
Proposed NN estimator with uniform training strategy
MMSE estimator
NN estimator in [14]
Proposed NN estimator with non-uniform strategy
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 3
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 7
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 20 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Peak intensity A
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Relative frequency of the peak intensity A
Sample distribution of peak intensity A
(a) 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
10-3
10-2
10
NMSE
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 20
14
16
18
20
4
6
8
10
12
14
10-3
(a) NMSE 100
LS estimator
Proposed NN estimator with uniform training strategy
MMSE estimator
NN estimator in [14]
Proposed NN estimator with non-uniform strategy
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 3
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 7
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 20 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
10-2
10-1
100
NMSE
LS estimator
Proposed NN estimator with uniform training strategy
MMSE estimator
NN estimator in [14]
Proposed NN estimator with non-uniform strategy
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 3
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 7
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 20
16
17
18
19
20
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Peak intensity A
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Relative frequency of the peak intensity A
Sample distribution of peak intensity A
(b) 100
LS estimator
Proposed NN estimator with uniform training strategy
MMSE estimator
NN estimator in [14]
Proposed NN estimator with non-uniform strategy
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 3
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 7
NN estimator in [15] trained at peak intensity A= 20 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
10-2
10-1
NMSE
16
17
18
19
20
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
(b) (b) (b) FIGURE 5: Constellation points of training peak intensity
A versus probability of occurrence: (a) Log-normal fading
channel and (b) Gamma-Gamma fading channel. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ end for end for Calculate minibatch loss:
M Calculate minibatch loss:
M L ←−Pm
i=1
PM
t=1 1b(i)(t) log(p(i)(t))
Calculate gradients:
∂ L ←−Pm
i=1
PM
t=1 1b(i)(t) log(p(i)(t))
Calculate gradients: The NN estimator in [26] is designed for specific peak
intensity level, leading to poor performance when tested with
different intensities or corresponding SNRs. This compli-
cates adaptive systems and requires frequent retraining for
varying intensities. Our first contribution is overcoming this
limitation by enabling real-time processing without requir-
ing extensive knowledge of sample statistics. The second
contribution involves a modified NN design. We introduce
an additional input, peak intensity A, enriching the model’s
information. In addition, instead of uniform training across
intensity levels, we employ a non-uniform training strategy
as previously illustrated in Fig. 5. This approach enhances
the flexibility and practicality of our model for real-world
applications where immediate processing is essential. More-
over, authors in [23] need to build three NN in order to
achieve the MMSE estimator performance; one trained at
A = 3 yields the best estimation from 0 to 7 dB, another
trained at A = 7 provides the estimation range from 7 to
14 dB, and another trained at A = 20 gives the estimation
range from 14 to 20 dB. Their approach appears to yield ∇θL ←∂L
∂θ ,
∇ϕjL ←∂L
∂ϕj ∀j ∈{1, 2, 3},
∇wjL ←
∂L
∂wj ∀j ∈{1, 2, 3},
∇υL ←∂L
∂υ
U d t
t ∂υ
Update parameters: 26: ∂υ
Update parameters: θ ←θ −η∇θL
ϕj ←ϕj −η∇ϕjL ∀j ∈{1, 2, 3}
wj ←wj −η∇wjL ∀j ∈{1, 2, 3}
υ ←υ −η∇υL η
27: until convergence good results with lower complexity compared to the MMSE
estimator and channel estimator NN in [26]. However, it
relies on the impractical assumption that the statistical data
of testing samples are known in advance. The proposed
single channel estimator NN outperforms the MSE perfor-
mance of [23] and does not require any prior knowledge
of the statistics of the testing samples and without using VOLUME , 11 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. end for This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 et al.: Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Peak intensity A
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Relative frequency of the peak intensity A
Sample distribution of peak intensity A
(a)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Peak intensity A
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Relative frequency of the peak intensity A
Sample distribution of peak intensity A
(b)
FIGURE 5: Constellation points of training peak intensity
A versus probability of occurrence: (a) Log-normal fading
channel and (b) Gamma-Gamma fading channel. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 To
ensure a fair comparison, all the normalization schemes used
in the proposed AE were included in the computational
complexity calculations. Overall, the proposed AE(7/21) has
8% fewer learnable parameters than the standard AE. On
the other hand, in Table 2, we observe a 15% reduction
in complexity for the proposed channel estimator NN in
comparison to [26]. Notably, the latter requires the creation
or training of a single NN for every SNR. In Tables 3 and 4,
we introduce the baseline systems for symbol detection and
channel estimation, respectively. Table 3 elaborates on the
encoder, decoder, and the channel conditions for the given
code rate. On the other hand, Table 4 offers a summary of
the baseline channel estimators, highlighting their structure,
relevant statistical details, and key information. decoder structures in the proposed AE have only 5% more
parameters than the single decoder in the standard AE. To
ensure a fair comparison, all the normalization schemes used
in the proposed AE were included in the computational
complexity calculations. Overall, the proposed AE(7/21) has
8% fewer learnable parameters than the standard AE. On
the other hand, in Table 2, we observe a 15% reduction
in complexity for the proposed channel estimator NN in
comparison to [26]. Notably, the latter requires the creation
or training of a single NN for every SNR. In Tables 3 and 4,
we introduce the baseline systems for symbol detection and
channel estimation, respectively. Table 3 elaborates on the
encoder, decoder, and the channel conditions for the given
code rate. On the other hand, Table 4 offers a summary of
the baseline channel estimators, highlighting their structure,
relevant statistical details, and key information. In addition, we evaluate our results against the benchmark-
ing AE models as described in [16], [17], [29]. Although
[16] demonstrates the viability of standard AE in OWC
channels under the assumption of an AWGN channel, they
do not explore the performance of AE in fading channels. By
extending the work of [16] to include turbulence channels,
the authors of [17] were able to apply changes for standard
AE to adapt with both perfect and imperfect CSI. In addition,
the Turbo AE [29] performance in SOC was not satisfactory
after optimizing the training SNR and switching to positive
normalization, which is suitable for SOC. The proposed AE
outperforms learning-based frameworks presented in [16],
[17], [29] for code rates of 1/2 and 1/3, respectively. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 TABLE 1: Structure details of the encoder and decoder
modules in different Autoencoder types. Type
Layer
Input
shape
Output
shape
Number of
parameters
Number of parameters
for code rate 1
2
Standard AE
Encoder
FC
M
M
M(M + 1)
16, 512
FC
M
u
u(M + 1)
2, 709
Decoder
FC
u
M
M(u + 1)
2, 816
FC
M
M
M(M + 1)
16, 512
Proposed AE
Encoder
FC
M
100
100(M + 1)
12, 900
BN
100
100
400
400
FC
100
u
101u
2, 121
BN
u
u
4u
84
Decoder unit
FC
u
40
40(u + 1)
880
BN
40
40
160
160
FC
40
M
41M
5, 248
BN
M
M
4M
512 TABLE 4: Comparison of channel estimator schemes
Systems
Structure
Stats Info
Key Info
Proposed
NN
FC of 2 Layers,
2
inputs,
non-
uniform strategy
Not
required
One
NN/all
SNRs
NN [26]
FC of 2 Layers, 1
input
Not
required
One NN/SNR
NN [23]
FC of 2 Layers, 1
input
Required
in testing
One
NN/all
SNRs,
lower
performance than
MMSE
MMSE
E[h|y]
Mean,
variance,
cond. prob. 11x more compu-
tational time vs. proposed NN TABLE 1: Structure details of the encoder and decoder
modules in different Autoencoder types. TABLE 4: Comparison of channel estimator schemes Next, we demonstrate the BER performance of the pro-
posed AE-based SOC
at 1/2 and 1/3 coding rates. In
addition, we compare the proposed AE model to both
state-of-the-art learning-based approaches and model-based
coding schemes. Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the simulation
layout for the proposed AE. A total of 20,000,000 samples
were used for training, and 10,000,000 used for testing. We
accomplish both training stability and the effective learning
weights by employing the Adam optimizer and a learning
rate of 0.0001 throughout 100 training epochs. Convolutional
codes using IM/DD at code rates of 1/2 and 1/3, as well as
uncoded IM/DD, are implemented and compared in terms of
BER with the proposed AE. TABLE 2: Comparison of Channel Estimator NN Structures TABLE 2: Comparison of Channel Estimator NN Structures
Model
Layer
In.shape
Out.shape
Params
Proposed channel estimator
FC
2
90
270
FC
90
90
8, 190
FC
90
1
91
Channel estimator in [26]
FC
1
100
200
FC
100
100
10, 100
FC
100
1
101 decoder structures in the proposed AE have only 5% more
parameters than the single decoder in the standard AE. end for FIGURE 6: The NMSE versus Eb/No of the proposed chan-
nel estimator NN compared with the MMSE, LS channel
estimators and learning based frameworks: (a) Log-normal
fading channel and (b) Gamma-Gamma fading channel. multiple NNs. As shown in Fig. 6a, in the presence of a Log-
normal fading channel, the proposed channel estimator NN
achieves a 15% MSE improvement at SNR 6 dB compared
to the model in [23] trained at peak intensity A = 20. Moreover, when compared to [23] trained at peak intensity
3, the proposed channel estimator NN yields a 37% MSE
improvement at SNR 12 dB. Furthermore, at an SNR of 8
dB, the proposed channel estimator NN outperforms the LS
estimator by a significant 57% improvement. Additionally, it
exhibits a 13% enhancement at SNR of 20 dB compared to
the LS estimator. Similarly, as shown in Fig. 6b under the
GG distribution, our proposed NN estimator has equivalent
performance as the MMSE estimator across various SNR
levels. However, when we apply the uniform strategy in our
proposed NN estimator, it performs 39% worse at SNR 15 dB compared to the non-uniform approach. This highlights
the importance of using the non-uniform strategy, especially
at higher SNR levels. Also, the proposed NN estimator
outperforms the LS estimator by 28% at SNR 12 dB. Table 1 provides a comprehensive overview of the pro-
posed AE’s structure and number of parameters, comparing
it with the standard AE [16], [17], [30]. The proposed and
the standard AE are compared at code rate 1
3. It is shown that
the encoder module in the proposed AE has approximately
19% fewer parameters than the encoder in the standard AE. On the decoder’s side, we can see that a single decoder
in the proposed AE has 35% of the number of parameters
in the standard AE’s decoder, which means that the three 12 VOLUME , This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully ed
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited
content may change prior to final publication. end for Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited a
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 0
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100
BER
Uncoded IM-DD
Turbo AE(7,21) [25]
Standard AE(7,21) [16]
Convolution codes(7,21) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,21) 0
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Uncoded IM-DD
Turbo AE(7,21) [25]
Standard AE(7,21) [15]
Convolutional codes (7,21) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,21)
FIGURE 7: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7, 21
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/3 in a SOC
channel with AWGN. Uncoded IM-DD
Turbo AE(7,21) [25]
Standard AE(7,21) [16]
Convolution codes(7,21) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,21) Uncoded IM-DD
Turbo AE(7,21) [25]
Standard AE(7,21) [15]
Convolutional codes (7,21) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,21) 8
9
10 11 12 13 14 8
9
10 11 12 FIGURE 8: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7,21)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/3 in a SOC
channel with σ = 0.3 for perfect Log-normal channel. FIGURE 7: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7, 21)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/3 in a SOC
channel with AWGN. 0
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Conv(7,21) using MMSE estimator
Conv(7,21) using proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,21) using NN estimator in [14]
Proposed AE(7,21) using MMSE estimator
Proposed AE(7,21) using proposed NN estimator
Proposed AE(7,21) using NN estimator in [14]
FIGURE 9: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7,21)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/3 in a SOC
channel with σ = 0.3 for imperfect Log-normal channel. 0
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BER
Proposed AE(7,21) using proposed NN estimator
Proposed AE(7,21) using NN estimator in [14] superior than the uncoded SOC system employing uncoded
IM/DD and a maximum likelihood decoder (MlD) by 2.9
dB. The proposed AE(7,21) is developed in an AWGN
channel with a training peak
intensity
A = 3. In Fig. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This
improvement can be attributed to the utilization of a new
layered structure that incorporates BN for both encoders
and decoders, along with a multi-decoder approach. The
convolutional codes with a code rate of
1
3 depicted in
Fig. 7 have generator values: G0 = 1338, G1 = 1718,
and G2 = 1658. This signifies a constraint length of 7 and
6 memory registers [43]. As can be seen in Fig. 7, the
AE(7,21)’s BER performance is 0.6 dB better than the con-
volutional codes at BER 10−6 for AWGN channel. For BER
10−4 the AE outperforms the Turbo AE and standard AE
by 2.1 dB and 1.4 dB, respectively. Furthermore, at BER
10−4 for code rate 1/3, the proposed AE performance is TABLE 3: Baseline system comparison for all symbol de-
tection schemes used in the simulation results
Systems
Encoder
Decoder
Channel
Proposed AE
FC NN with BN
Multi-dec. LN & GG∗
Standard AE [16], [17]
FC NN
Single dec. LN & GG∗
Turbo AE [29]
CNN
CNN, iter. LN & GG 1
3
Conv. codes
Conv. OOK
Viterbi
LN & GG∗
Uncoded
OOK
MLD
LN & GG∗
∗LN and GG for code rates 1
3 & 1
2 . TABLE 3: Baseline system comparison for all symbol de-
tection schemes used in the simulation results 13 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited a
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is t
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 et al.: Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder 0
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100
BER
Uncoded IM-DD
Turbo AE(7,21) [25]
Standard AE(7,21) [15]
Convolutional codes (7,21) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,21)
FIGURE 7: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7, 21)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/3 in a SOC
channel with AWGN. 0
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BER
Uncoded IM-DD
Turbo AE(7,21) [25]
Standard AE(7,21) [16]
Convolution codes(7,21) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,21)
FIGURE 8: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7,21)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/3 in a SOC
channel with σ = 0.3 for perfect Log-normal channel. 0
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100
BER
Uncoded IM-DD
Turbo AE(7,21) [25]
Standard AE(7,21) [15]
Convolutional codes (7,21) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,21)
FIGURE 7: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7, 21)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/3 in a SOC
channel with AWGN. 0
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10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
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10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Uncoded IM-DD
Turbo AE(7,21) [25]
Standard AE(7,21) [16]
Convolution codes(7,21) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,21)
FIGURE 8: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7,21)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/3 in a SOC
channel with σ = 0.3 for perfect Log-normal channel. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This is the author's version which has not been fully ed
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fu
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 1
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Conv(7,21) with LS estimator
Conv(7,21) with proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,21) with proposed perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,21) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,21) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,21) with perfect CSI
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(a)
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Standard AE(7,21) in [16] with LS estimator
Standard AE(7,21) in [16] with proposed NN estimator
Standard AE(7,21) in [16] with perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,21) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,21) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,21) with perfect CSI
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(b)
FIGURE 10: The BER versus SNR of the AE(7,21)-based
detection in the existence of imperfect CSI against: (a)
convolutional codes employing IM/DD and (b) benchmark
learning frameworks for a SOC channel at a code rate of
1/3. 1
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Conv(7,21) with LS estimator
Conv(7,21) with proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,21) with proposed perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,21) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,21) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,21) with perfect CSI
12
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10-5
10-4
(a) LS estimator, the proposed AE has gain of 1.1 dB at a BER
of 10−4 and 0.4 dB gain at 10−6. Moreover, the proposed
AE utilizing the proposed NN estimator outperforms the
proposed AE employing the LS estimator by 2.1 dB at a
BER of 10−4. This highlights the significant improvement of
the proposed NN estimator compared with the LS estimator. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 Additionally, as depicted in Fig. 10b, the proposed AE using
the LS estimator outperforms the standard AE employing the
LS estimator by 2.3 dB at a BER of 10−6. Additionally, at
BER 10−4 the proposed AE is 1.4 dB better than the standard
AE when both utilize the MMSE estimator. The proposed
AE(7,21) employing the channel estimator NN is inferior by
0.8 dB compared with the perfect CSI case at BER 10−6. Moreover, it has the same performance when utilizing [26]
which use a training NN for each training SNR. The training
peak intensity is set to A = 4 in the imperfect scenario. Conv(7,21) with LS estimator
Conv(7,21) with proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,21) with proposed perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,21) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,21) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,21) with perfect CSI Figure 11 demonstrates that the proposed AE yields a
significant improvement of 1.6 dB over the standard AE
at a BER of 10−4. We also discover that for BER 10−6,
the AE’s performance is 0.25 dB greater than that of the
convolutional codes in AWGN channel. Furthermore,
the
uncoded SOC system employing
IM/DD is inferior by
2.3 dB at BER 10−6 compared to the proposed AE(7,14). For a convolutional code with a code rate of
1
2, having 6
memory registers and a constraint length of 7, we use the
generator values: G0 = 1338 and G1 = 1718. At BER 10−4,
the AE outperforms the convolution code(7,14) by 1 dB. As illustrated in Fig. 12, at a BER of 10−4, the proposed
AE(7,14) surpasses the standard AE by 1.6 dB with the
presence of fading channels. Moreover, when compared to
the convolutional code(7,14), the proposed AE(7,14) offers a
0.8 dB improvement at BER 10−4 and a 0.3 dB improvement
at BER 10−6. 10-1
100
Standard AE(7,21) in [16] with LS estimator
Standard AE(7,21) in [16] with proposed NN estimator
Standard AE(7,21) in [16] with perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,21) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,21) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,21) with perfect CSI 0
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Proposed AE(7,21) with perfect CSI
10
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10-3
(b) In Fig. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 8, we observe that the proposed AE(7,21) achieves 0.3 dB
better performance than the convolutional codes at a BER
of 10−4 and 0.1 dB better performance at a BER of 10−6
when using a Log-normal fading channel with perfect CSI
at the receiver. For BER 10−5, it exceeds the performance
of the learning-based framework of standard AE and Turbo
AE by 1.1 dB and 2.1 dB, respectively. The training peak
intensity A employed with a Log-normal fading channel is
set to 4. For computations involving 10 million samples,
the simulation time required by the convolutional codes
employing the MLD is 8 times longer than the testing time
of the proposed AE model. To ensure a fair comparison, both
methods were executed using the same CPU. MLD decoders
identify the most likely transmitted signal based on each
received signal. This identification relies on the probability of
every potential transmitted signal, factoring in the observed
signal and established channel statistics. FIGURE 9: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7,21)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/3 in a SOC
channel with σ = 0.3 for imperfect Log-normal channel. same BER performance when using the MMSE, [26], and
the proposed channel NN estimator. In Fig. 9, the proposed AE(7,21)-based detection utilizing
the MMSE estimator exhibits the same performance as
the proposed channel estimator NN. Despite its superior
estimation performance, the MMSE estimator involves high
implementation complexity [24]. The same BER perfor-
mance is also obtained when utilizing the channel estimator
NN provided in [26] which uses a design for a NN for each
training SNR. In contrast to [26], we only need to develop
a single NN to achieve the same results. In both the low
and high SNR regimes, convolutional codes(7,21) exhibit As can be seen in Fig. 10a, the proposed AE(7,21)
outperforms the convolutional codes for a Log-normal fading
channel with imperfect CSI at the receiver by 0.9 dB at a
BER of 10−4 and by 0.6 dB at a BER of 10−6, provided
that both convolutional codes and AE are using the proposed
channel estimator NN. In addition, the AE(7,21) demon-
strates better BER performance over the convolutional codes
across low and high SNR regimes. When both employ the 14 VOLUME , This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 0
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BER
Conv(7,14) using MMSE estimator
Conv(7,14) using proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,14) using NN estimator in [14]
Proposed AE(7,14) using MMSE estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) using proposed NN estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) using NN estimator in [14]
14
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10-6 Conv(7,14) using MMSE estimator
Conv(7,14) using proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,14) using NN estimator in [14]
Proposed AE(7,14) using MMSE estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) using proposed NN estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) using NN estimator in [14] 0
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Uncoded IM-DD
Standard AE(7,14) [7]
Convolution codes(7,14) IM-DD
Proposed Autencoder(7,14) Uncoded IM-DD
Standard AE(7,14) [7]
Convolution codes(7,14) IM-DD
Proposed Autencoder(7,14) 8
9
10 7
8
9 FIGURE 11: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7,14)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/2 in a SOC
channel for AWGN channel. FIGURE 13: BER versus SNR in the existence of imperfect
CSI for the proposed AE(7,14) compared with the convolu-
tional codes employing IM/DD for code rate 1/2 in a SOC
channel. NN by 1 dB at a BER of 10−6. Also, the proposed AE
in imperfect CSI has just a marginal 0.9 dB performance
degradation compared to the perfect CSI scenario. Also,
the proposed AE(7,14) demonstrates superior performance
compared to convolutional codes across all SNR regimes
in a GG fading channel when both employ the LS estima-
tor, achieving a 0.8 dB improvement at a BER of 10−6. Furthermore, in Fig. 16b, the proposed AE, which employs
the LS estimator, outperforms the standard AE utilizing the
LS estimator by 2.1 dB at a BER of 10−4. In addition, the
proposed AE employing the proposed channel estimator NN
has 2.3 dB gain compared with the proposed AE utilizing
the LS estimator at BER 10−4. The training peak intensity
is increased to A = 8 in the scenario with imperfect CSI at
GG fading channel. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 mbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder
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Uncoded IM-DD
Standard AE(7,14) [7]
Convolution codes(7,14) IM-DD
Proposed Autencoder(7,14)
: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7,14)
o the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
learning frameworks for code rate 1/2 in a SOC
AWGN channel. 0
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Conv(7,14) using MMSE estimator
Conv(7,14) using proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,14) using NN estimator in [14]
Proposed AE(7,14) using MMSE estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) using proposed NN estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) using NN estimator in [14]
14
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8
10
10-6
FIGURE 13: BER versus SNR in the existence of imperfect
CSI for the proposed AE(7,14) compared with the convolu-
tional codes employing IM/DD for code rate 1/2 in a SOC
channel. This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 et al.: Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder 0
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Uncoded IM-DD
Standard AE(7,14) [7]
Convolution codes(7,14) IM-DD
Proposed Autencoder(7,14)
FIGURE 11: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7,14)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/2 in a SOC
channel for AWGN channel. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 0
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10-1
100
BER
Uncoded IM-DD
Standard AE(7,14) [18]
Convolution codes (7,14) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,14)
FIGURE 12: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7,14)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/2 in a SOC
channel with σ = 0.3 for perfect CSI. 0
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10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
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10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Uncoded IM-DD
Standard AE(7,14) [18]
Convolution codes (7,14) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,14) Uncoded IM-DD
Standard AE(7,14) [18]
Convolution codes (7,14) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,14) 9
10 11 1 As illustrated in Fig. 17, the proposed AE(7,14) has
roughly learned an IM with constellation points located at 0
and A = 4 for both AWGN and perfect and imperfect CSI. Figure. 17 is trained and tested at A = 4. The results pre-
sented in this section demonstrate that the proposed channel
estimator NN outperforms learning-based frameworks and
LS estimator while performing as well as MMSE estimator
in terms of MSE. The proposed AE for both 1/2 and 1/3
code rates has learned encoding and decoding functions that
outperform convolutional codes with IM/DD and learning-
based frameworks in terms of BER for AWGN as well as
perfect and imperfect CSI. FIGURE 12: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7,14)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/2 in a SOC
channel with σ = 0.3 for perfect CSI. Next, we evaluate the performance of the proposed
AE(7,14) in the presence of GG fading channel as illus-
trated in Fig. 15. The proposed AE outperforms both the
convolutional codes and the standard AE by 1.5 dB and
3 dB, respectively, at a BER of 10−6 with perfect CSI. It is worth noting that the training peak intensity is set to
A = 7 at the perfect CSI in GG fading channel. Furthermore,
under conditions of imperfect CSI, as illustrated in Fig. 16a, our proposed AE when integrated with the proposed
channel estimator NN following Algorithm 2 outperforms
the convolutional codes employing our channel estimator Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 0
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Conv(7,14) using MMSE estimator
Conv(7,14) using proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,14) using NN estimator in [14]
Proposed AE(7,14) using MMSE estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) using proposed NN estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) using NN estimator in [14]
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10
10-6
FIGURE 13: BER versus SNR in the existence of imperfect
CSI for the proposed AE(7,14) compared with the convolu-
tional codes employing IM/DD for code rate 1/2 in a SOC
channel. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
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18
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Conv(7,14) using MMSE estimator
Conv(7,14) using proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,14) using NN estimator in [14]
Proposed AE(7,14) using MMSE estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) using proposed NN estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) using NN estimator in [14]
14
14.5
15
4
6
8
10
10-6
FIGURE 13: BER versus SNR in the existence of imperfect
CSI for the proposed AE(7,14) compared with the convolu-
tional codes employing IM/DD for code rate 1/2 in a SOC
channel. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Uncoded IM-DD
Standard AE(7,14) [7]
Convolution codes(7,14) IM-DD
Proposed Autencoder(7,14)
FIGURE 11: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7,14)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/2 in a SOC
channel for AWGN channel. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 13, the BER performance of convolutional
code(7,14) using the MMSE estimator is identical to that
of convolutional code(7,14) using the proposed channel esti-
mator NN in [26]. Again, we achieve similar behavior as Fig. 9 when code rate 1/3 is used. While utilizing the estimator
presented in [26], which employs a design for a NN for
each training SNR, it achieves the same BER performance
as convolutional code(7,14) utilizing the proposed channel
estimator NN. The proposed AE(7,21) performs the same
operations as convolutional codes, demonstrating that the
BER is consistent across a wide range of SNR values,
whether the proposed channel estimator NN or the MMSE
estimator is used. (b) FIGURE 10: The BER versus SNR of the AE(7,21)-based
detection in the existence of imperfect CSI against: (a)
convolutional codes employing IM/DD and (b) benchmark
learning frameworks for a SOC channel at a code rate of
1/3. behavior for standard AE and reveal that AE in [17] utilizing
the proposed channel estimator NN only differs from the
perfect CSI case by 1.1 dB at a BER of 10−4. For BER 10−6,
the proposed AE(7,14) achieves 1.6 dB better performance
than the standard AE when both utilize the proposed channel
estimator NN. Additionally, the proposed AE using the LS
estimator outperforms the standard AE employing the same
scheme by 2.1 dB at a BER of 10−6. In contrast to the perfect
CSI case, where the training peak intensity is A = 5, the
training peak intensity is increased to A = 6 in the imperfect
scenario. As illustrated in Fig. 14a, the proposed AE(7,14) with
the proposed channel estimator NN only deviates from the
perfect CSI case by 0.8 dB for a BER of 10−6. Narrowing
down to the imperfect CSI, the proposed AE outperforms the
convolutional codes by 0.4 dB for BER 10−6. Moreover, the
proposed AE(7,14) outperforms the convolutional codes for a
Log-normal fading channel by 0.7 dB at a BER of 10−6 and
provided that both convolutional codes and AE are using the
LS channel estimator. In Fig. 14b, we further investigate this VOLUME , VOLUME , VOLUME , 15 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ VII. CONCLUDING REMARKS The vector d[l] in the lth layer is given as
[l]
∂L
[l+1]⊤
[l+1]
′
This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's vers
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully ed
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 ccepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not
content may change prior to final publication Citation information: DOI 10 1109/TMLCN 2023 3346811 y
g
p
p 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Uncoded IM-DD
Standard AE(7,14)
Convolutional codes (7,14) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,14)
FIGURE 15: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7,14)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/2 in a SOC
channel with Gamma-Gamma fading channel for perfect
CSI. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Conv(7,14) with LS estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with perfect CSI
13
14
15
16
17
10-6
10-5
(a) Conv(7,14) with LS estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with perfect CSI 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Uncoded IM-DD
Standard AE(7,14)
Convolutional codes (7,14) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,14)
FIGURE 15: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7,14)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/2 in a SOC
channel with Gamma-Gamma fading channel for perfect
CSI. VII. CONCLUDING REMARKS 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Uncoded IM-DD
Standard AE(7,14)
Convolutional codes (7,14) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,14) Uncoded IM-DD
Standard AE(7,14)
Convolutional codes (7,14) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,14) FIGURE 15: BER versus SNR for the proposed AE(7,14)
compared to the convolutional codes using IM/DD and
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1/2 in a SOC
channel with Gamma-Gamma fading channel for perfect
CSI. (a) 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Standard AE(7,14) in [7] with LS estimator
Standard AE(7,14) in [7] with proposed NN estimator
Standard AE(7,14) in [7] with perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with perfect CSI
12
13
14
15
16
17
10-5
10-4 Standard AE(7,14) in [7] with LS estimator
Standard AE(7,14) in [7] with proposed NN estimator
Standard AE(7,14) in [7] with perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with perfect CSI that the proposed AE holds considerable potential for use in
future SOC systems that will benefit from more efficient
coding, modulation, and decoding strategies. The future
research will focus on evaluating the efficacy of AE in
a variety of contexts, including multiple access, broadcast
and relay assisted SOC communications. Additionally, for
effective training, it is vital to examine parallelizable AE
structures that may take advantage of current parallel com-
puting capabilities. VII. CONCLUDING REMARKS This work presents a novel channel estimator NN that is
optimized in a wide range of SNR levels in the training
stage. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed
channel estimator NN outperforms learning-based frame- 16 VOLUME , This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Conv(7,14) with LS estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with perfect CSI
13
14
15
16
17
10-6
10-5
(a)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Standard AE(7,14) in [7] with LS estimator
Standard AE(7,14) in [7] with proposed NN estimator
Standard AE(7,14) in [7] with perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with perfect CSI
12
13
14
15
16
17
10-5
10-4
(b)
FIGURE 14: The BER versus SNR of the AE(7,14)-based
detection in the existence of imperfect CSI against: (a)
convolutional codes employing IM/DD and (b) benchmark
learning frameworks for a SOC channel at a code rate of
1/2. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Uncoded IM-DD
Standard AE(7,14)
Convolutional codes (7,14) IM-DD
Proposed AE(7,14)
FIGURE 15: BER versus SNR for the propos
compared to the convolutional codes using
benchmark learning frameworks for code rate 1
channel with Gamma-Gamma fading channe
CSI. that the proposed AE holds considerable potent
future SOC systems that will benefit from m
coding, modulation, and decoding strategies
research will focus on evaluating the efficac
a variety of contexts, including multiple acce
and relay assisted SOC communications. Add
effective training, it is vital to examine paral
structures that may take advantage of current p
puting capabilities. Appendix A
The parameter d[L] of the single neuron ou
defined as follows
d[L] =
∂L
∂z[L] = 2
h −ˆh
. Appendix A Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder unications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder
FIGURE 17: Constellation points against relative frequency
developed by the proposed AE(7,14) with AWGN, perfect
and imperfect CSI for peak intensity A = 4. 2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Conv(7,14) with LS estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with perfect CSI
16
18
20
22
10-4
10-3
(a) Conv(7,14) with LS estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with perfect CSI FIGURE 17: Constellation points against relative frequency
developed by the proposed AE(7,14) with AWGN, perfect
and imperfect CSI for peak intensity A = 4. (a) 2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Standard AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Standard AE(7,14) with proposed NN estimator
Standard AE(7,14) with proposed perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with perfect CSI
18
20
22
24
26
10-6
10-5
10-4 where the first and the second moment estimates are denoted
by mt and vt, respectively. The decay rates for the first and
second moment are defined as β1 and β2, respectively. Then
the weight parameters are updated according to 2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
BER
Proposed AE(7,14) with perfect CSI
18
20
22
24
26
10-6
10-5
10-4
(b) θt+1 = θt −
η
√vt + ϵmt. (27) (27) Finally, updating weights stop functioning whenever the
difference in error between the two most recent times is
negligible or the allocated number of epochs has been
reached. Appendix B
A. Proof of theorem (b) The received element y can be given by FIGURE 16: The BER versus SNR of the AE(7,14)-based
detection in the existence of imperfect CSI against for
Gamma-Gamma fading channel: (a) convolutional codes
employing IM/DD and (b) benchmark learning frameworks
for a SOC channel at a code rate of 1/2. Appendix A (b) Appendix A
The parameter d[L] of the single neuron output layer is
defined as follows pp
The parameter d[L] of the single neuron output layer is
defined as follows FIGURE 14: The BER versus SNR of the AE(7,14)-based
detection in the existence of imperfect CSI against: (a)
convolutional codes employing IM/DD and (b) benchmark
learning frameworks for a SOC channel at a code rate of
1/2. d[L] =
∂L
∂z[L] = 2
h −ˆh
. (21) (21) The vector d[l] in the lth layer is given as The vector d[l] in the lth layer is given as d[l] = ∂L
∂z[l] =
Θ[l+1]⊤d[l+1]
⊙ReLU′
z[l]
. (22) (22) works and performs as the optimal MMSE estimator. Further,
we propose an AE detection for creating an end-to-end
communication system for SOC over AWGN and fading
channels with perfect and imperfect CSI at the receiver. The proposed AE further employs multiple decoders and a
stacked structure for building encoders and decoders that is
based on BN. Compared to the state-of-the-art models, the
innovative method can facilitate the training, which reduces
the computation complexity. To the best of our knowledge,
this is the first time that AE-based detection has been demon-
strated to be superior than the state-of-the-art capacity-
approaching convolutional codes in SOC. This study shows The gradient decent algorithm is employed in conjunction
with backpropagation solving the optimization problem in
(12) to reduce the loss function by updating the weights at
the hidden and output layers. Based on (10), (18) and (19), the gradient calculations are
computed as follow: ∂L
∂Θ[l+1] = d[l+1]a[l]⊤,
(23)
∂L
∂b[l+1] = d[l+1]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Appendix A Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is t
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the a
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 Elfikky et al.: Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Conv(7,14) with LS estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with perfect CSI
16
18
20
22
10-4
10-3
(a)
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Standard AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Standard AE(7,14) with proposed NN estimator
Standard AE(7,14) with proposed perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with perfect CSI
18
20
22
24
26
10-6
10-5
10-4
(b)
FIGURE 16: The BER versus SNR of the AE(7,14)-based
detection in the existence of imperfect CSI against for
Gamma-Gamma fading channel: (a) convolutional codes
employing IM/DD and (b) benchmark learning frameworks
for a SOC channel at a code rate of 1/2. FIGURE 17: Constellation points against relative freq
developed by the proposed AE(7,14) with AWGN, p
and imperfect CSI for peak intensity A = 4. where the first and the second moment estimates are de
by mt and vt, respectively. The decay rates for the fir
second moment are defined as β1 and β2, respectively
the weight parameters are updated according to
θt+1 = θt −
η
√vt + ϵmt. Finally, updating weights stop functioning whenev
difference in error between the two most recent tim
negligible or the allocated number of epochs has
reached. Appendix B
A. Proof of theorem
The received element y can be given by
y = hx + w,
where h is the true channel coefficients based on Log-n
fading channel and AWGN w ∼N(0, 1). The crite
MMSE estimator is based on
bh = E[h | y] =
Z ∞
hf(h/y)dh,
content may change prior to final publication. Appendix A (24) (23) (24) VOLUME , 17 Elfikky et al.: Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communic
2
4
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8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
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28
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Conv(7,14) with LS estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with perfect CSI
16
18
20
22
10-4
10-3
(a)
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BER
Standard AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Standard AE(7,14) with proposed NN estimator
Standard AE(7,14) with proposed perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with perfect CSI
18
20
22
24
26
10-6
10-5
10-4
(b)
FIGURE 16: The BER versus SNR of the AE(7,14)-based
detection in the existence of imperfect CSI against for
Gamma-Gamma fading channel: (a) convolutional codes
employing IM/DD and (b) benchmark learning frameworks
for a SOC channel at a code rate of 1/2. F
d
a
w
b
s
th
d
n
re
A
A
T
w
fa
M
This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine
content may change prior to final publication. Citation This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited a
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 mbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder
4
6
8
10
12
14
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20
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Conv(7,14) with LS estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed NN estimator
Conv(7,14) with proposed perfect CSI
Proposed AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with NN proposed estimator
Proposed AE(7,14) with perfect CSI
18
20
22
(a)
Standard AE(7,14) with LS estimator
Standard AE(7,14) with proposed NN estimator
Standard AE(7 14) with proposed perfect CSI
FIGURE 17: Constellation points against relative frequency
developed by the proposed AE(7,14) with AWGN, perfect
and imperfect CSI for peak intensity A = 4. This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
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Net., vol. 36, pp. 76–83, Nov. 2022. E[h/y] =
Z ∞
0
h
f(y | h)fh(h)
R ∞
0
f(y/z)fz(z)dz dh,
(32)
W. Choi, I. Song, S. Altunc, O. Kegege, and S. Ekin, “Toward a
hybrid rf/optical lunar communication system (lunarcomm),” IEEE
Net., vol. 36, pp. 76–83, Nov. 2022. [11] J Wang J Y He Y Yang X Yu and X Ni “Stk and application E[h/y] =
Z ∞
0
h
f(y | h)fh(h)
R ∞
0
f(y/z)fz(z)dz dh,
(32) (32) [11] J. Wang, J. Y. He, Y. Yang, X. Yu, and X. Ni, “Stk and application
in simulation of the space laser communication network,” in 2012
International Conference on Optoelectronics and Microelectronics,
pp. 308–312, 2012. R
0
where fh(h) follows a Log-normal distribution and the PDF
fh(h) is given by 0
where fh(h) follows a Log-normal distribution and the PDF
fh(h) is given by where fh(h) follows a Log-normal distribution and the PDF
fh(h) is given by
[11] J. Wang, J. Y. He, Y. Yang, X. Yu, and X. Ni,
Stk and application
in simulation of the space laser communication network,” in 2012
International Conference on Optoelectronics and Microelectronics,
pp. 308–312, 2012. where fh(h) follows a Log-normal distribution and the PDF
fh(h) is given by
[11] J. Wang, J. Y. He, Y. Yang, X. Yu, and X. Ni,
Stk and applicatio
in simulation of the space laser communication network,” in 20
International Conference on Optoelectronics and Microelectronic
pp. 308–312, 2012. fh(h) =
1
hσ
√
2π exp
−(log h + µ)2
2σ2
, for h > 0. (33)
[
[ [12] M. Elamassie and M. Uysal, “Incremental diversity order for char-
acterization of fso communication systems over Log-normal fading
channels,” IEEE Comm. Lett., vol. 24, pp. 825–829, Apr. 2020. [13] M. A. Kashani, M. Uysal, and M. Kavehrad, “A novel statistical
channel model for turbulence-induced fading in free-space optical
systems,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 33, pp. 2303–2312,
Jun. 2015. Afterwards, we deduce that f(y | h) can be described as Afterwards, we deduce that f(y | h) can be described as f(y | h) =
1
√
2πσ e−(y−hA)2
2
. f(y | h) =
1
√
2πσ e−(y−hA)2
2
. (34) [14] C. Jiaxin and H. Junfeng, “Research on initial pointing of inter-
satellite laser communication,” in Proc. Appendix A 12th International Conference
2020-2020 on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics
(IHMSC),Hangzhou, China, 2020, pp. 218-221. Following along the same lines, by substituting (31) in (29),
this yields to [15] A. Chaaban, Z. Rezki, and M.-S. Alouini, “On the capacity of
intensity-modulation direct-detection Gaussian optical wireless com-
munication channels: A tutorial,” IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts.,
vol. 24, pp. 455–491, Firstquarter 2022. ˆh =
Z ∞
0
h
1
√
2πσe−(y−hA)2
2
fh(h)
R ∞
0
1
√
2πσe−(y−hA)2
2
fz(z)dz
dh. (35) [16] M. Soltani, W. Fatnassi, A. Aboutaleb, Z. Rezki, A. Bhuyan, and P. Ti-
tus, “Autoencoder-based optical wireless communications systems,” in
Proc. IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Abu Dhabi, United
Arab Emirates, pp. 1–6, Dec. 2018. Now, based on (33) and (35), we finally obtain the channel
estimate ˆh based MMSE estimator pp
[17] Z.-R. Zhu, J. Zhang, R.-H. Chen, and H.-Y. Yu, “Autoencoder-based
transceiver design for owc systems in Log-normal fading channel,”
IEEE Photon. J., vol. 11, pp. 1–12, Aug. 2019. ˆh =
Z ∞
0
e−(y−hA)2
2
exp
n
−(log h+µ)2
2σ2
o
R ∞
0
e−(y−zA)2
2
1
z exp
n
−(log z+µ)2
2σ2
o
dz
dh. (36) ˆh = [18] Y. Na and D.-K. Ko, “Deep-learning-based high-resolution recognition
of fractional-spatial-mode-encoded data for free-space optical commu-
nications,” Scientific Reports, vol. 11, 01 2021. Z ∞
0
e−(y−hA)2
2
exp
n
−(log h+µ)2
2σ2
o
R ∞
0
e−(y−zA)2
2
1
z exp
n
−(log z+µ)2
2σ2
o
dz
dh. (36) fi
p
[19] M. Karimzadeh and M. Vu, “Metrics and algorithms for designing
convolutional codes with unequal error protection,” IEEE Transactions
on Vehicular Technology, vol. 70, pp. 11169–11183, Nov. 2021. [20] D. Luan and J. Thompson, “Channelformer: Attention based neural
solution for wireless channel estimation and effective online training,”
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, pp. 1–1, 2023. Appendix A This is the author's version which has not been fully ed
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fu
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author
content may change prior to final publication Citation information: DOI 10 1109/TMLCN 2023 3346811 EEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
ior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 (26), E[h/y] can be described as h/y] can be described as
[10] W. Raza, E. Abele, J. O’Hara, B. Sadr,
W Ch i I S
S Al
O K (26), E[h/y] can be described as
[10] W. Raza, E. Abele, J. O’Hara, B. Sadr, P. LoPresti, A. Imran,
W Ch i I S
S Alt
O K
d S Eki
“T
d (26), E[h/y] can be described as
Z ∞
f(y | h)fh(h)
[10] W. Raza, E. Abele, J. O’Hara, B. Sadr, P. LoPresti, A. Imran,
W. Choi, I. Song, S. Altunc, O. Kegege, and S. Ekin, “Toward a
h b id
f/
i
l l
i
i
(l
) ” IEEE (26), E[h/y] can be described as
E[h/y] =
Z ∞
0
h
f(y | h)fh(h)
R ∞
0
f(y/z)fz(z)dz dh,
(32)
[10] W. Raza, E. Abele, J. O’Hara, B. Sadr, P. LoPresti, A. Imran,
W. Choi, I. Song, S. Altunc, O. Kegege, and S. Ekin, “Toward a
hybrid rf/optical lunar communication system (lunarcomm),” IEEE
Net., vol. 36, pp. 76–83, Nov. 2022. [11] J W
J Y H
Y Y
X Y
d X Ni “S k
d
li
i 26), E[h/y] can be described as
E[h/y] =
Z ∞
0
h
f(y | h)fh(h)
R ∞
0
f(y/z)fz(z)dz dh,
(32)
[10] W. Raza, E. Abele, J. O’Hara, B. Sadr, P. LoPresti, A. Imran,
W. Choi, I. Song, S. Altunc, O. Kegege, and S. Appendix A y = hx + w,
(28) (28) where h is the true channel coefficients based on Log-normal
fading channel and AWGN w ∼N(0, 1). The criteria of
MMSE estimator is based on bh = E[h | y] =
Z ∞
0
hf(h/y)dh,
(29)i (29) Moreover, the proposed channel estimator NN makes
use of the Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam) opti-
mizer. Adam is a technique for computing adaptive learning
rates for each weight parameter. In addition to storing a
decaying average of past squared gradients vt, we also keep
track of them individually. We compute the exponentially
decaying averages of past and past squared gradients as
follows where f(h | y) is defined as where f(h | y) is defined as i
f(h | y) = f(y | h)f(h)
f(y)
,
(30) (30) where fh(h) is the PDF of the Log-normal distribution. Furthermore, the PDF of the received element y can be
denoted as where fh(h) is the PDF of the Log-normal distribution. Furthermore, the PDF of the received element y can be
denoted as 5)
f(y) =
Z ∞
0
f(y | h)f(h)dh,
(31) mt = β1mt−1 + (1 −β1) gt,
(25)
vt = β2vt−1 + (1 −β2) g2
t ,
(26)
f(y) =
Z ∞
0
f(y | h)f(h)dh,
(31)
where f(y | h) follows a Gaussian distribution with a mean
µ = hA and unit variance, by substituting (27) and (28) in (31) mt = β1mt−1 + (1 −β1) gt,
(25)
vt = β2vt−1 + (1 −β2) g2
t ,
(26)
f(y) =
Z
0
f(y | h)f(h)dh,
(31)
where f(y | h) follows a Gaussian distribution with a mean
µ = hA and unit variance, by substituting (27) and (28) in mt = β1mt−1 + (1 −β1) gt,
(25) (25) vt = β2vt−1 + (1 −β2) g2
t ,
(26)
where f(y | h) follows a Gaussian distribution with a mean
µ = hA and unit variance, by substituting (27) and (28) in where f(y | h) follows a Gaussian distribution with a mean
µ = hA and unit variance, by substituting (27) and (28) in 18 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. REFERENCES This is the author's version which has not been fully edited an
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 ection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder
le has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited a
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited a
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 kky et al.: Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation for Space Optical Communications Using Neural Network and Autoencoder [31] D. J. Costello and G. D. Forney, “Channel coding: The road to channel
capacity,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, pp. 1150–1177, Jun. 2007. [32] AGI, “ System tool kit (STK) .” https://www.agi.com/products/stk,
2020. [Online; accessed 20-April-2021]. [33] M. Polnik, L. Mazzarella, M. D. Carlo, D. K. L. Oi, A. Riccardi,
and A. Arulselvan, “Scheduling of space to ground quantum key
distribution,” EPJ Quantum Technol., vol. 7, Jan. 2020.i [34] S. A. A. El-Mottaleb, A. M´etwalli, M. Hassib, A. A. Alfikky, H. A. Fayed, and M. H. Aly, “Sac-ocdma-fso communication system under
different weather conditions: performance enhancement,” Opt. Quant. Electron., vol. 53, pp. 1–18, Oct. 2021. [35] H. D. Le, V. V. Mai, C. T. Nguyen, and A. T. Pham, “Throughput
analysis of incremental redundancy hybrid arq for fso-based satel-
lite systems,” in 2019 IEEE 90th Vehicular Technology Conference
(VTC2019-Fall), pp. 1–5, 2019. [36] H. D. Le and A. T. Pham, “On the design of fso-based satellite
systems using incremental redundancy hybrid arq protocols with rate
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Cooperative Broadband Technology. Wiley, 2007. [38] D. J. MacKay, Information theory, inference and learning algorithms. Cambridge university press, 2003. [39] C. Banerjee, T. Mukherjee, and E. Pasiliao, “Feature representations
using the reflected rectified linear unit (rrelu) activation,” Big Data
Mining Anal., vol. 3, pp. 102–120, Jun. 2020. [40] N. Bjorck, C. P. Gomes, B. Selman, and K. Q. Weinberger, “Un-
derstanding batch normalization,” Advances in neural information
processing systems, vol. 31, 2018. [41] Z.-H. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ REFERENCES Aboutaleb, W. Fatnassi, M. Soltani, and Z. Rezki, “Symbol
detection and channel estimation using neural networks in optical
communication systems,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on
Communications (ICC), Shanghai, China, pp. 1–6, July 2019. [6] H. S. Khallaf, K. Kato, E. M. Mohamed, S. M. Sait, H. Yanikomeroglu,
and M. Uysal, “Composite fading model for aerial mimo fso links in
the presence of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors,” IEEE
Wireless Comm. Lett., vol. 10, pp. 1295–1299, Jun. 2021. [27] Z. Huang, D. He, J. Chen, Z. Wang, and S. Chen, “Autoencoder with
fitting network for terahertz wireless communications: A deep learning
approach,” China Commun., vol. 19, pp. 172–180, Mar. 2022. [7] A. E.-R. A. El-Fikky, A. S. Ghazy, H. S. Khallaf, E. M. Mohamed,
H. M. H. Shalaby, and M. H. Aly, “On the performance of adap-
tive hybrid MQAM–MPPM scheme over Nakagami and Log-normal
dynamic visible light communication channels,” Appl. Opt., vol. 59,
pp. 1896–1906, Mar. 2020. [28] S. D¨orner, S. Cammerer, J. Hoydis, and S. t. Brink, “Deep learning
based communication over the air,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Pro-
cess., vol. 12, pp. 132–143, Feb. 2018. [29] Y. Jiang, H. Kim, H. Asnani, S. Kannan, S. Oh, and P. Viswanath,
“Turbo autoencoder: Deep learning based channel codes for point-
to-point communication channels,” Advances in neural information
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physical layer,” IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw., vol. 3, pp. 563–
575, December 2017. [9] S. D¨orner, S. Cammerer, J. Hoydis, and S. Ten Brink, “Deep learning
based communication over the air,” IEEE Journal of Sel. Topics in
Signal Process., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 132–143, 2017. [30] T. O’Shea and J. Hoydis, “An introduction to deep learning for the
physical layer,” IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw, vol. 3, no. 4,
pp. 563–575, 2017. VOLUME , 19 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited a
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3346811 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking. REFERENCES Zhou, Ensemble Methods: Foundations and Algorithms, vol. 14. 06 2012.i [42] L. Rokach, “Ensemble-based classifiers,” Artif. Intell. Rev., vol. 33,
pp. 1–39, 02 2010. [43] B. Tahir, S. Schwarz, and M. Rupp, “BER comparison between convo-
lutional, Turbo, LDPC, and Polar codes,” in Proc. 24th International
Conference on Telecommunications (ICT), Limassol, Cyprus, pp. 1–7,
May 2017. VOLUME , 20
| 23,500 |
0320d68f14697155c7a5a9c8b3e352ca
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,009 |
FCBWR051204_20090708.pdf
|
info-financiere.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 528 | 916 |
COMMUNIQUE DE PRESSE
ExonHit lève 1,45 million d’euros par exercice de
bons de souscription d’actions
Paris, France – 8 juillet 2009 – ExonHit Therapeutics (Alternext : ALEHT) annonce aujourd’hui les
résultats définitifs de la levée de fonds par exercice des bons de souscription d’actions (les « BSA
08/09 »), qui avaient été émis et attribués gratuitement à tous les actionnaires de la Société le
24 décembre 2008.
Il est rappelé que dix BSA 08/09 donnaient le droit de souscrire à une action nouvelle au prix de
3,50 euros à tout moment jusqu’au 30 juin 2009. Sur la période d’exercice, soit du 24 décembre
2008 au 30 juin 2009, sur un total de 26 877 950 BSA 08/09 émis, 4 143 840 BSA 08/09 ont été
exercés. Les BSA 08/09 qui n’ont pas été exercés le 30 juin 2009 sont devenus caducs.
« Cette levée de fonds vient renforcer notre trésorerie, elle contribuera au financement de nos
r
programmes de développement », a déclaré le D Loïc Maurel, Président du Directoire d’ExonHit
Therapeutics.
L’exercice des BSA 08/09 permet à ExonHit Therapeutics de générer un montant brut de trésorerie
de 1 450 344 euros par émission de 414 384 actions nouvelles. Avec ce montant, la position de
trésorerie de la Société correspond à 24 mois d’activité.
A propos d'ExonHit Therapeutics
ExonHit Therapeutics (Alternext : ALETH) est une société biopharmaceutique émergente active à
la fois dans le thérapeutique et le diagnostic. ExonHit s’appuie sur une plateforme technologique
propriétaire d’analyse de l'épissage alternatif de l'ARN pour développer des diagnostics sanguins
innovants et des thérapies ciblant les maladies neurodégénératives et les cancers. La Société a
une stratégie d’investissement équilibrée, avec des programmes de recherche internes et des
collaborations stratégiques, notamment avec bioMérieux et Allergan.
ExonHit Therapeutics est basée à Paris et a une filiale américaine à Gaithersburg dans le
Maryland. La Société est cotée sur le marché Alternext de NYSE Euronext Paris. Pour toute
information complémentaire, visitez le site : http://www.exonhit.com.
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affirmations sont fondées sur la vision actuelle et les hypothèses de la Direction de la Société.
Elles incorporent des risques et des incertitudes connues et inconnues qui pourraient se traduire
par des différences significatives au titre des résultats, de la rentabilité et des événements prévus.
En outre, ExonHit Therapeutics, ses actionnaires et ses affiliés, administrateurs, dirigeants,
conseils et salariés respectifs n'ont pas vérifié l'exactitude, ni fait de déclaration ou garantie quant
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communiqué qui proviennent ou sont dérivées de sources tierces ou de publications de l'industrie ;
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Enfin, le présent communiqué peut être rédigé en langue français et en langue anglaise. En cas de
différences entre les deux textes, la version française prévaudra.
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Contact Presse
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2/2
| 29,633 |
appletonscyclop02wils_42
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,887 |
Appletons' cyclopædia of American biography
|
Wilson, James Grant, 1832-1914, ed | Fiske, John, 1842-1901, joint ed
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,538 | 11,047 |
John's college, Annapolis, in 1803-4, was principal of Charlotte Hall school in 1813-'14, and in 1818 returned to the academy at Elkton. He left a valuable library, which was presented by his daugh- ter to St. James's college. He was the author of '• A Clew to Religious Truth " (1795), written at a time when French infidelity was thought to be making inroads among the gentry of Maryland, and in 1819-30 was a contributor to the "Theolog- ical Repertory," his principal articles being "Let- ters to Candidates for Holy Orders," the " Thirty- nine Articles Collated with Texts of Scripture," and " The Study of Hebrew." DUKES, Joseph, missionary, b. in what is now the state of Mississippi in 1811. His parents were half-breed Choctaw Indians, and Joseph was born in the Choctaw nation. At the age of ten he was placed in one of the large mission-schools at May- hew. After the sale of the Choctaw lands to the United States, Mr. Dukes remained several years in Mississippi, assisting Rev. Cyrus Byington in the preparation of a grammar and lexicon of the Choctaw language. He afterward removed to the new country west of Arkansas, continuing to give his services gratuitously as an interpreter, was chosen an elder in one of the churches, and was licensed to preach by the presbytery in 1853. He was an excellent preacher in the Choctaw language, and was highly esteemed by the missionaries. He also served as captain, or " head man " of the tribe, translated the Choctaw laws, was some time judge of the supreme court, repeatedly chosen a member of the general council, and acted for five years as 252 DULANY DU LHUT a trustee of the public schools. While employed by the Rev. A. Wright as assistant translator, he made the first draft of most of the nine Epistles, the book of Revelation, and the Old Testament as far as the Psahns, besides aiding generally in the work of revision and correction. DULANY, Daniel, statesman, b. in Maryland in July, 1721 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 19 March, 1797. He was a lawyer of Annapolis, Md., and served many years as commissioner-general, secretary of state, at- torney-general, and councillor of Maryland, before the Revolution. Few details regarding his career have been preserved, but he ranked high in his profession, and was considered one of the most dis- tinguished men of his time. Although a loyalist, in which character he engaged in a warm news- paper discussion with Charles Carroll, he was earnestly opposed to the stamp-act, being credited with the following sentiment : " There may be a time when redress may be obtained. Till then 1 shall recommend a legal, orderly, and prudent re- sentment to be expressed in a zealous and vigorous industry. A garment of linsey-woolsey, when made the distinction of patriotism, is more honor- able than the plumes and the diadem of an em- peror without it. Let the manufacture of Amer- ica be the symbol of dignity and the badge of vir- tue, and it will soon break tlie fetters of distress." Josiah Quincy, of Massachusetts, while on a journey to the southern states in 1773, speaks of having spent " three hours with the celebrated Daniel Delany." He was the author of " Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes on the British Colonies," etc. (London, 1766). DULANY, Lloyd, loyalist, d. in London, Eng- land, in 1782. He was a resident of Annapolis, Md. In May, 1774, the Whigs of that city passed resolutions calling upon the lawyers to bring no suits for the recovery of debts due from residents to citizens of Great Britain till the Boston port bill should be repealed. Three days later Mr. Dulany's name appeared at the head of a protest, in which the opinion was expressed that the reso- lution was " founded in treachery and rashness," and that "' our credit as a commercial people will expire under the wound." He was killed in a duel with the " Rev." Bennet Allen, in Hyde park. DULANY, William, of&cer of marines; d. in Beltsville, Md., 4 July, 1868. He was appointed from Virginia as 2d lieutenant, 10 June, 1817, be- came 1st lieutenant, 19 June, 1819, and captain, 1 July, 1834. He was promoted to a brevet major- ship, for meritorious conduct in the Florida war, 3 March, 1843, and made full major, 17 Nov., 1847. He served in the Mexican war, and succeeded to the command of a battalion on the death of Maj. Twiggs. He was made brevet lieutenant-colonel, 14 Sept., 1847, for " gallantry at Chapultepec, the capture of the Belen gate and the city of Mexico," and colonel, 26 July, 1861. DULCE Y GARAY, Doming-o (dool'-thay). Mar- quis of Castel Florite, governor-general of Cuba, b. in Rioja, Spain, in 1808 : d. in Madrid, 23 Nov., 1869. He entered the army in 1823, took part in the first Carlist war, where he distinguished himself by his bravery, and in 1841, when a captain, be- came famous for his gallant defence of the queen's palace with 48 men against 1.000 insurgents under Diego Leon. Isabella made him brigadier-general in 1847, and in 1849 he was promoted to field- marshal. In 1855, while commanding the cavahy in Madrid, he took part with Marshal O'Donnell in the Vicalvaro insurrection, and was afterward made a lieutenant-general. In 1862 Serrano made him governor-general of Cuba, where he became popular. He took stringent measures against the slave traffic, founded free high-schools, and intro- duced useful reforms in every department. Dur- ing his administration occurred the famous extra- dition case of Col. Argiielles. who, having sold as slaves 141 African negroes who were entitled to their freedom by the law, fled to the United States to avoid punishment. The Spanish government asked for his extradition, and, although there was no treaty between the two countries at that time, Sec. Seward, after a long diplomatic correspond- ence, ordered Argiielles to be surrendered to the governor-general of Cuba. In 1866, after the fall of the liberal government, G-en. Dulce returned to Spain and made a report, in which he suggested a measure whereby all children born thenceforth of slave mothers should be declared free from birth. He was shortly afterward arrested on sus- picion of being engaged in a conspiracy to depose tiie queen, but was soon released. The Revolution of 1868 restored him to influence, and in January, 1869, he was again appointed governor of Cuba, under very trying circumstances. A great part of the island was in open revolt, and Gen. Dulce tried to bring about peace by sending a special commis- sion to the insurgents, but failed. After a short though eventful administration. Gen. Dulce was compelled to resign by the Spanish volunteers at Havana, on account of his desire to deal merci- fully with captured insurgents. He returned to Spain in June, 1869, in broken health, and died during the same year. DU LHUT, or DULUTH, Daniel Greysolon, explorer, b. in Lyons, Prance ; d. near Lake Supe- rior in 1709. He belonged to the numerous class of lesser French nobles, many of whom found themselves in Canada without incomes from their estates, and yet were prevented by pride from en- gaging in trade. It was these men and their sons that composed the " coureurs de bois." They were really forest outlaws, and many were the royal edicts launched against them, but without effect. At several periods of colonial history they com- prised the entire male population under middle age, wives, children, and farms being abandoned for the free, fascinating life of the woods. Du Lhut is said to have induced, on one occasion, all the young men to enlist under his leadership for the period of four years, and at one time 800 men, out of a total population of 10,000, mysteriously disappeared. The proflt to be derived from the trade in furs, with the freedom from all priestly or secular control enjoyed in the wilderness, were the chief causes of this exodus. Du Lhut's traffic was carried on under the protection of Count Prontenac, and with the assistance of certain mer- chants, of whom his uncle, Patron, was one. He spent his time in the trackless forests, in the In- dian towns, or in remote posts which he himself had planted, trading, fighting, ruling lawless sav- ages and scarcely less ungovernable whites, and from time to time going to Prance to hold inter- views with Seignelay, the colonial minister. He built a trading post on the north side of Lake Su- perior, at the mouth of a river entering Thunder bay, where Port William now stands. Du Lhut left Quebec in September, 1678, to explore the upper Mississippi, visited three large Sioux towns in the summer of 1679, held a council near Lake Superior to reconcile the Assiniboines with the neighboring tribes, and in June, 1680, started with four Frenchmen, an Indian, and two canoes to continue his explorations. On reaching the St. Croix he learned that there were three Europeans on the main river below. They proved to be DULLES DUMAS 253 Patlior llc'iiiii'pin !m(l liis (•oinpanions. willi wlioin he joined iorri's, and lo wlioni lie Wiis of j^'iviit as- sistant'. In 1084 ill' caused (wo Indians, wlio iiad murdered several I'^rencliineu on Lake Sujjerior, to l)osliol, undaunted hy tlie erowd ol' excited sava;jres that surrouiwled luni and liis small liand ol' white men. In ](!S(» I)enonvill(( ordered liini to fortilv tlio "detroil," or strait, iietween Lakes Mrie and Huron. He went there witii fifty men and laiill a palisade fort, which he oecu|)ied for somi; time. The year followinj^. with Tonty and Duranlaye, lie joined Denonville in his eampaijm a^oiinst the Senecas, hrini^inu^ with him a hody of Intlians from the upper lakes. Durinp: the panic amonj,' the colonists that followed the Inxjuois invasion of Montreal in KIS!). Du Lhut, with twenty-eight Ca- nadians, attacked twenty-two Inxpiois in canoes, received their fire without returninj? it, and bore down upon and killed eighteen of them, ca[)turing three and allowing hut one to escape. In Ki!).") he was in command of Fort Frontenac, and in 1()97 succeeded to the command of a company of infan- try. For twenty-five years Du Lhut was a martyr to the gout, although he thought himself cured at one time by the intervention of an Iroquois saint. Parkman says that " while an habitual breaker of the royal ordinances regarding the fur trade, yet his services were great to the colony and crown, and his name deserves a place of honor among the pioneers of American civilization." DULLES, John Welsh, editor, b. in Philadel- phia. Pa.. 4 Nov., 1823 ; d. there, 13 April, 1887. He was graduated at Yale in 1844, and at Union theological seminary, New York city, in 1848, after spending two years in the study of medicine. He was a missionary in southern India in 1849-'o3, and in the latter year took charge of the missionary work of the American Sunday-school union. He became secretary of the publication committee of the Presbyterian general assembly in 1856. and, on the union of the two branches of the church in 1870, was chosen editorial secretary of the united board of publication, editing the tracts, books, and periodicals issued by that body. Princeton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1871. Dr. Dulles vis- ited Europe in 1874, travelled in Egypt, Syria, Asia .Minor, and Greece in 1878-'9, and journeyed through Spain and Algeria in 1884. He was a nephew of John Welsh, late minister to England. He was the author of "The Soldier's Friend" (Phila- delphia, 1861), the first religious manual prepared for the army during the war for the Union, and subsequentlv wrote " Life in India" (Philadelphia, 1855) and "The Ride Through Palestine" (1881). DULON. Rudolf, educator, b. in Stendal. Prus- sia, 30 April, 1807 : d. in Rochester, N. Y., 12 April, 18G9. He studied theology and philosophy in the University of Halle, and became rector of a school at Werben in 1831. He accepted pastorates at Flossau, near Osterberg, in 1836, and Magdeburg in 1843, and soon gained a reputation as a pulpit orator and a fearless expounder of liberal Christian- ity. In 1848 he received a call to the Liebf raukirche in Bremen, and while there entered enthusiastically into the political agitation of that time, strenuous- ly opposing the illiberal measures of tlie Eichhorn ministry. In 1850 he established the Bremen " Daily Chronicle," a social-democratic sheet, which was suppressed in 1851, and " The Alarmist," a re- ligious weekly. In 1852 the Bremen senate removed him from his charge ; but sixteen years later this judgment was reversed by the appellate court of the free city of Liibec. As Prassia had demanded his extradition. Dr. Dulon fled, in 1853, first to Helgo- land, and, in November following, to the United States. He became tlie pastor of an independent congregation in New York city, and at the same time issued u series of "Sabbath Leaves" in the intia-ests of free religion. Ilesubseiiueiitly devoted himself to (he cause of education, and opened in the city of New York the lirsl (ierman-Amen<aii school esfalilislied in the United States, which the civd war finally com|)elled him to abandon. In July, IHCtV), he was chosen director of the new Ger- man-American " Kealschult! " in Rochester, N. V., where he remained until his death. Gen. Franz Sigel, al.so a J'riissiaii. taught in Dr. Dulon's New York school, and subse(|ueiit!y married one of his daughters. Dr. Dulon's works include " Die (Jel- tung der Bekeiintnissschrifteii in der reformirten Kirche " (Magdeburg, 1847); " Vom Kampf um Volkerfreiheit " (1849); "Der Tag ist an'gebro- chen," the .sale of which was forbidden by the authorities (1852); and"Aus Amerika," a review of educatir)nal work in this countrv (1805). l>l'MAKKS<^rE, I'liHip, loyaiist. He was a merchant of Boston, and was married to a daughter of Dr. Sylvester Gardiner. He was one of those who presented an address to Govs. Hutchinson and Gage in 1774 and 1775. In 1770 he went to Halifax with his family, and in 1778 was proscribed and banished. He was appointed by the British gf)vern- ment collector of customs at New Providence, Nassau, residing tlieie until his death. DUMAS, Alexandre Davy (de la Paillcterie).b. in Jeremie, IIayti,25 March. 1702 ; d. in Villers-Cot- terets, near Paris, 26 Feb., 1806. He was the son of the Marquis de la Pailleterie, a wealthy creole, and an African woman, Tiennette Dumas, whose sur- name the boy adopted when he enlisted in 1776 in the queen's dragoons. In 1793 he had risen to the rank of general of division, and as such commanded for some time the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees, served in the Army of the Alps, and took' posses- sion of the Great Saint-Bernard and Mont-Cenis. In 1794 he was commander-in-chief of the Army of the West. Assigned to service under Bonaparte in 1796, he assisted at the siege of Mantua, and at the battle of Brixen in 1798 he alone defended a bridge against a small force of cavalry till the French could come to the rescue. For this deed Bona- parte presented him to the directory as the "Ilora- tius Codes of the TvtoI." Gen. Dumas accom- panied Bonaparte to Egypt in May, 1798, and in August suppressed a military insurrection at Cairo. On account of the climate and a disagreement with Gen. Berthier, he applied for a furlough, and sailed for France in 1799. A storm ol)liged the vessel to jiut into Taranto, and he was arrested by the Nea- [lolitjin government and detained for twenty-eight months as a prisoner. After his release the first consul declined to give him an appointment on ac- count of his republican principles. Gen. Dumas was the father of the well-known French novelist, Alexander Dumas, the elder. DUMAS, Matliieii, Count. French general, b. in Montpellier, 23 Nov.. 1753: d. in Paris, 16 Oct., 1837. He entered the army in 1773, served as aide to Rochainbeau in America in 1780-"3, and dis- tinguished himself at the siege of Yorktown. He was afterward sent on missions to Turkey and Hol- land, was a member of the legislative assembly in 1791. and the friend of Lafayette. He was con- demned to death, but fled to Switzerland, entered the military service of Napoleon, and was a general at Waterloo. He was active in the Revolution of 1830. and aided Lafayette in placing Louis Phi- lippe on the throne. Besides some military works, he wrote " Memoirs of my own Time" (1773-1826), which were published after his death by his son. 254 DUMMER DU MOTAY DUMMER, William, lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, b. in Boston in 1677 ; d. there, 10 Oct., 1761. When Samuel Shute was appointed governor of the colony in 1716, Dummer was com- missioned lieutenant-governor, and after Shute left, 1 Jan., 1723, he acted as governor and commander- in-chief till the arrival of Gov. Burnet in 1728. He conducted the war with the Indians with skill, and was respected for his ability and zealous regard for the public good. After the death of Gov. Burnet he w^as commander-in-chief again till the arrival of Belcher. After 1730 he lived in retirement. When he died he left his valuable farm and the mansion- house, which is still standing, to endow Dummer academy in Byfield parish, in the town of aSTew- bury, the earliest academy in New England, which was opened on 27 Feb., 1763, with twenty-eight pupils. — His brother, Jeremiali, scholar, b. in Bos- ton, Mass., about 1680; d. in Plaistow, England. 19 May, 1739, was graduated at Harvard in 1699, where he was noted for brilliancy. He studied theology, and afterward spent several years at the University of Utrecht, where he obtained his doc- tor's degree. Soon after his return to America he was sent to England in 1710 as agent of Massa- chusetts, and remained in London in that capacity till 1721. He was a benefactor of Yale college, to which he presented 800 volumes. He was intimate with Bolingbroke, and adopted some of his views. He published theological and philosophical disqui- sitions in Latin while at Utrecht, and a " Defence of the New England Charters" (London, 1728; re- printed, 1765), in which he argued that the New England colonists held their charters by compact, in consideration for redeeming the Avilderness and annexing it to the British dominions, and that their land-titles were not derived from the crown, which only possessed political rights over the coun- try, but were based on purchases from the natives and on occupation and their own courage and en- terprise. The proposal of the Board of trade to unite the colonies under a single viceroy and one assembly would produce, in his opinion, the result that it was chiefly intended to avert, that of en- couraging the colonies to throw off their allegiance and constitute themselves a free state. DUMONCHEL, J ohn Baptist, Canadian mer- chant, b. in Sandwich, Ontario, in 1784; d. in Saint-Benoit, Canada, in 1844. He came in his youth to Lower Canada, and studied in the Col- lege of Montreal. After serving some time as a clerk, he opened a commercial establishment in Saint-Benoit in 1810. Although he filled several public offices, he took the part of the people in their conflict with the British authorities, and, in consequence of having presided over some public meetings, was dismissed from the magistracy and deprived of his commission as major of militia. He took part in the insurrection of 1837, and fled after the defeat of the Canadians at Saint-Eus- tache, but was betrayed and given up to the sol- diers of Gen. Colbome. He was brought to Mon- treal and imprisoned, being shortly after joined by his two sons, who had also been taken prisoners. He was treated with great severity, and when Lord Durham offered to liberate him and his compan- ions if he consented to sign a document acknowl- edging that they had been guilty of high treason, he consented to do so. He was set at liberty, how- ever, without the exaction of this penalty. DUMONT, Julia Louisa, author, b.m Water- ford, Ohio, in October, 1794; d. in Vevay, Ind., 2 Jan., 1857. She was the daughter of Ebenezer and Martha Carey, who were among the earliest settlers of Marietta, Ohio. Her mother was herself an au- thor, having published a book entitled " The Moun- tain Mourner." While Julia was an infant, her parents returned to their native state, Rhode Isl- and, and after her father's death she accompanied her mother to Greenfield, Saratoga co., N. Y. She attended the Milton academy, taught school in 1811-'2, and in the latter year married John Du- mont, afterward a well-known citizen of Indiana. She went with him to Ohio, and in 1814 to Vevay, Ind., where she spent the rest of her life, becoming eminent as a teacher. Mrs. Dumont was the earliest woman of the west whose writings have been pre- served. She contributed largely to western peri- odicals, both in prose and verse, and published a collection of her writings, entitled " Life Sketches from Common Paths " (New York, 1856). — Her son, Ebenezer, soldier, b. in Vevay, Ind., 23 Nov., 1814 ; d. in Indianapolis, Ind., 16 April, 1871, was educated at Indiana university, but was not gradu- ated, and, after studying law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice in his native town. He was chosen to the legislature in 1838, where he was speaker of the house, was treasurer of Vevay county in 1839-45, and was for many years president of the state bank. He fought in the Mexican war as lieutenant-colonel of the 4th Indiana volunteers, distinguishing himself at the battle of Huamantla. He was an elector on the democratic ticket in 1852, and again a member of the legislature in 1850 and 1853. At the beginning of the civil war he became colonel of the 7th Indiana regiment, and served with distinction in 1861 at Laurel Hill, Rich Moun- tain, and Carrick's Ford. He then reorganized the regiment for tkree years' service, and commanded it in the action of Greenbrier river on 3 Oct. under Gen. RejTiolds. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 8 Sept., 1861, was engaged at Cheat Mountain on 12 Sept., and commanded the 17th brigade of the Army of the Ohio in January, 1862. He attacked and routed John Morgan at Lebanon, Ky., on 5 May, 1862, and in October of that year commanded the 12th division of Gen. Buell's army. On 28 Feb., 1863, he resigned his commission on account of failing health, and was elected to con- gress as a unionist, serving from 1863 till 1867. Gen. Dumont was appointed governor of Idaho a short time before his death. DU MOTAT, Cyprien Tessie, chemist, b. in France in 1819 ; d. in New York city, 6 June, 1880. He was of an old Breton family, received his edu- cation at Nantes, and then removed to Paris, where he devoted himself to literature. His poems gained him admission to the salon of Madam Recamier, and he became intimate with the foremost writers of the day, including De Musset, Chateaubriand, Victor Hugo, and Dumas. Financial troubles drove him to Germany, where, turning his atten- tion to chemistry and metallurgy, he secured sev- eral patents, one of which, for bleaching and dye- ing fabrics, was bought by an English manufac- turer for 6(),000 francs. He then returned to Paris and became consulting chemist in a large labora- tory, but was exiled tor opposing the second em- pire, and saved himself from poverty by selling a process for bleaching wax to a Loudon apothecary for £2,000. Napoleon III. recalled him to Paris in 1860, and he applied himself from that time to industrial chemistrv, receiving medals at the ex- hibitions of 1865 and 1878 for his invention. Dur- ing the siege of Paris he directed the ambulance service. Amcjng his many important inventions in Europe w^ere a process for etching glass, im- provements in electric light carbons, a method for the preparation of oxygen on a lai'ge scale, and a method of illumination by its use, known as the DUNBAR DUNX'AN 255 " oxy-carbiuTtfil lif,'lit," which has been success- fully used for liLrhtinj^ niiiifs and lar^c public places. Du Motay cauic to New Ymk early in 1K7!(, and was cousultiuj:; ciifjincer and chenust of the Municipal pis eonipany till his death. While in this country he patented small rotary motors, improvements in steam condensers (187!)), and a new method of artificial rcfriireration (1880). lie left in manuscript a philosophical drama, "The Expiation of Faust." IH'NHAK, Diiiu'iiii.cleriryman, b. in the north- ern hij^hlands of Seotland about 1791; d. in New York city, 28 July, 18G4. When about twenty years old he removed to Aberdeen aiul enijaged in business, occasionally j)reachinj^ as a layman. He settled in the province of New Brunswick in 1817, where he became a Ba|)tist, and was immei-sed in the harbor of St. Jolin,;Jl Oct., 1818. lie was soon afterward ordained, removed to the United States in December, 182:3, and held i)astorates in Phila- delphia and elsewhere. Most of liis ministry was spent in the McDougal street Baptist church in Jsew York city. DUNBAR, Moses, soldier, b. in Plymouth, Conn. ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 19 March, 1777. He was a resident of Bristol (or, as some say, of Water- bury), and was convicted by the superior court in January, 1777, of holding a captain's commission under Sir William Howe, and of enlisting men for the British army. While under sentence of death he knocked dowTi the sentries and escaped, but was apprehended, and on the day appointed, after listen- ing to a sermon at the jail, from liev. Abraham Jarvis, of Middletown, was hanged in presence of " a prodigious concourse of people." It is charged by Thomas Jones, in his " History of Xew York," that there was no existing law in the colony mak- ing Dunbar's offence punishable with death, and that he was condemned under an ex-post-facto law. His young wife is said to have been treated inhumanly, being compelled to ride in the cart with her husband to his execution, and afterward expelled from Middletown, where she had taken refuge in a loyalist family. Four expresses were sent to Howe by Dunbar's friends urging him to stop the execution by threatening retaliation, but he was indifferent to their appeals. DUNBAR, Thomas, British soldier, d. in 1767. He became colonel of the 48th foot. 29 April, 1752, was stationed in Nova Scotia, and joined Brad- dock's expedition against Fort Duquesne. Brad- dock, by Washington's advice, pressed on with 1,200 chosen men on 19 June, 1755, leaving Dun- bar behind with the residue of the army. After the defeat of 9 July, Dunbar destroyed his remain- ing artillery, burned stores and baggage worth £100,000, pretending that it was done by Braddock's orders, and ignominiously retreated. Dunbar was made lieutenant-governor of Gibraltar in 1756, and promoted to lieutenant-general, 18 Dec, 1760. DUNBAR, Sir William, pioneer, b. in Scot- land, about 1740 ; d. in Natchez, Miss., in 1810. He was educated at Glasgow and London, where his love for mathematics and astronomy gained him the friendship of Sir William Herschel. He came to Philadelphia for his health and in charge of a mercantile venture in 1771, afterward went to Pittsburg, and in 1778 formed a partnership with John Ross, a Scottish merchant of Philadelphia, for the purpose of opening a plantation in the British province of West Florida. He settled near Baton Rouge, La., and, after manv fluctuations of fortune, finally removed to Natchez, where he cul- tivated a plantation called the "Forest." He held important trusts under the Federal government, was a correspondent of Thomas Jeffei-son, Herschel, and Ritteiihouse, and contributed numerous valu- ai)le papers to the traiisactions of the American jihilosophical society of Philadelphia, of which ho was a member. DUNCAN, James, soldier, b. in Cornwall, N, v., in Sentember, 1810; d. in Mobile. Ala., 13 July, 1849. lie was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 18;{4, and became 2d lieutenant in the 8(1 artillery. After serving a year on garrison duty in Savannah, Ga.. he became assistant professor of mathcnuUics at the military academy. This office he relinquished to engage in the Florida war, and was wounded at Ouilhlacoochie. He became 1st lieutenant in November, 1886, and thereafter .served on frontier and garrison duty till 1845. In April, 1846, he was made captain, and subsequently par- ticipated in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, Cerro Gordo. Churubusco, and Molino del Rev ; the assjiult of Chai)ultepec, and the capture of Mexico, receiving the brevets of major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel. From 1849 till his death he was inspector-general, with the rank of colonel. DUNCAN, James Armstrong, clergvman, b. in Norfolk, Va., 14 April, 1880; d. in Ashland, Va., 28 Sept.. 1877. His father, David Duncan, was a graduate of the University of Glasgow, emi- grated to the United States, and for forty years was professor of ancient languages in Randolph- Macon college. Va.. and at Oxford, S. C. James was graduated at Randolph-Macon in 1849, and joined the Virginia conference of the Methodist church. During the civil war he was pastor of the Broad street church in Richmond, Va., and throughout this period preserved a conservative attitude, never permitting politics to enter into his religious dis- cussions, and endeavoring in every way, after the struggle, to promote good feeling between the sec- tions. From 1868 until his death he was president of Randolph-Macon college. Dr. Duncan was a leader in the councils of his church. For many years he was editor of "The Richmond Christian Advocate." — His brother, William Wallace, cler- gyman, b. in Ashland, Va., 20 Dec, 1839, was grad- uated at Randolph-Macon college in 1858, joined the Virginia conference the next year, and held several important charges. During the civil war he was a chaplain in the Confederate army. In 1875 Mr. Duncan was transferred to the South Carolina conference, and elected professor of men- tal and moral philosophy in Woflord college. He was a member of the general conferences of 1878, 1882, and 1886, and a delegate to the oecumenical council in London in 1881. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him in 1882 by Emory college, Ga., and by Central college, ^lo.' In May, 1886, he was elected bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church south. He resides in Spartanburgh, S. C. DUNCAN, James Henry, lawver, b. in Haver- hill, Mass., 5 Dec. 1798 ; d. there, 8 Feb., 1869. He was graduated at Phillips Exeter academy and at Han-ard in 1812. After studying law with Leverett Saltonstall in Salem, he was, in 1815, ad- mitted to the Essex bar, and began to practise in Haverhill. He was a member of the Massachusetts state legislature in 1827-8. 1887-8, and in 1857, and of the governor's council in 1839-'40. From 1828 till 1831 he was a state senator, and then was elected as a Whig to congress, serving from 3 Dec, 1849, till 3 March, 1853. For many years he was chairman of the board of managers of the Ameri- 356 DUNCAN DUNCAN can Baptist missionary union, a trustee of Newton theological seminary, and from 1835 till his death a fellow of Brown university, which gaA^e him the degree of LL. D. in 1861. 'He was actively con- nected with the state militia, attaining the rank of colonel, and was also a commissioner of bankruptcy in 1841. — His son, Samuel White, clergyman, b. in Haverhill, Mass., 19 Dec, 1838, was graduated at Brown in 1860, and at Rochester theological seminary in 1866. In the interval between his col- lege and theological courses he spent a year in foreign travel, and some time in the Union army as captain of the oOth Massachusetts regiment. In 1867 he was oi'dained as pastor of the Erie street Baptist church, Cleveland, Ohio. In 1875 he ac- cepted a call to the Ninth street church, Cincinnati, and remained there till 1885, when he became pas- tor of the 2d Baptist church in Rochester, N. Y. In 1885 he was called to the presidency of Vassar college, but declined, continuing his pastorate in Rochester. The Univei'sity of Chicago gave him the degree of D. D. in 1878. DUNCAN, John M,, clergyman, b. in 1796 ; d. in Glasgow, Scotland. 3 Oct., 1825. He was an English clergyman who travelled extensively in the United States, and published several books, among which are "Creeds and Confessions of Faith," " Moral Government of God," and " Sabbath among the Tusearoras." He dedicated to Prof. Benjamin Silliman *' Travels in the United States and Canada in 1818-19 " (New York, 1823). DUNCAN, Johnson Kelly, soldier, b. in York, Pa., 19 March, 1827; d. in Knoxville, Ky.. 18 Dec, 1862. He was graduated at the U. S. military acad- emy in 1849, and became 2d lieutenant in the 3d artillery, serving in the Florida hostilities against the Seminole Indians. From 1850 till 1853 he was attached to Forts Sullivan and Preble in Maine, on garrison duty, and was then assistant on the Northern Pacific railroad exploration till Decem- ber, 1854. He resigned from the army in January, 1855, and became superintendent of repairs in New Orleans, in charge of the branch mint, marine hos- pital, quarantine warehouse, and Pas a I'Outre boarding station. From 1859 till 1860 he was pro- fessionally occupied as civil engineer, surveyor, and architect in New Orleans, becoming also, in 1860, chief engineer of the board of public works .of the state of Louisiana. At the beginning of the civil war he entered the Confederate army as colonel, but soon was appointed brigadier-general from Louisi- ana. He commanded Forts Jackson and St. Philip at the time of their capture by Admiral Farragut, on 25 April, 1862, and became a prisoner of war. DUNCAN, Joseph, governor, b. in Paris, Kv., 22 Feb., 1789 : d. in Jacksonville, 111., 15 Jan.. 1844. He received an excellent education and studied law._ During the war of 1812 he served as lieuten- ant in the U. S. infantry, and distinguished himself especially in the defence of Fort Stephenson under Maj. George Croghan, receiving the testimonial of a sword from congress. Subsequently he settled in Kaskaskia, where he practised his "profession, and was made major-general of Illinois militia. In 1824 he .was elected to the state senate, and, while holding that office, originated the law which first established common schools in the state. He was elected to congress as a Jackson Democrat, and served for four successive terms, from 3 Dec, 1827, till November, 1834, when he was elected governor of lUinois, holding that office till 1838. He then retired to his home in Jacksonville, whither he had removed in 1829, and continued there till his death. DUNCAN, Thomas, soldier, b. in Kaskaskia, lU., 14 AprU, 1819 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 7 Jan., 1887. He early became a soldier, and served as a private in the Illinois mounted volunteers in 1832, during the Black Hawk war. Subsequently he was connected for some years with military expeditions, and in 1846 was appointed from Illinois as 1st lieutenant in the U. S. mounted rifles, now the 3d cavalry. He served during the war with Mexico, and was engaged in the siege and surrender of Vera Cruz. Later he was on recruiting duty, was promoted captain in March, 1848, and was on gar- rison duty at various posts till 1856. He was sta- tioned with his regiment in New Mexico till 1862, had command of Fort Burgwin, Fort Massachu- setts, Fort Garland, and Fort Union, participated in the Navajo expedition of 1858, defeated the Comanche Indians in the action at Hatch's Ranch in May, 1861, and became major of his regiment in June, 1861. During the civil war he had command of Fort Craig in New Mexico, was in charge of the cavalry forces at the battle of Valverde, N. M., and of his regiment in the action in Albuquerque, N. M., where a portion of his skull was carried away by a cannon-ball. He was assistant provost- marshal of Iowa in 1863-'6, became lieutenant- colonel of the 5th U. S. cavalry in July, 1866, and commanded the district of Nashville till Septem- ber, 1868. He then was ordered to the Department of the Platte, was stationed successiA^ely at Fort McPherson and Fort D. A. Russell, and was after- ward in charge of the constraction of Sidney bar- racks, till November, 1871. Failing health com- pelled him to obtain sick leave till January, 1873, when he was retired from active service. Col. Dun- can received several brevets, including that of bri- gadier-general, for his services during the civil war. DUNCAN, William, soldier, b. in Adams coun- ty. Pa., 14 Oct., 1772 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 16 Feb., 1864. In early youth he settled in Philadel- phia, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. During the war of 1812 he was superintendent of U. S. military stores, and was stationed at the arse- nal in Philadelphia, holding the office of adjutant- general dm'ing 1813-'4. Later he was one of Gov. Simon Synder's special aides, and commanded a brigade at Camp Dupont, near Wilmington, Del., when Philadelphia was threatened by the British. before their defeat at Baltimore. For many years he was a member of the Pennsylvania legislature. In 1829 he became surveyor of customs of Phila- delphia, and held that office for two terms. He was a brigadier-general of the Pennsylvania volun- teers, and was one of the founders of Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia. DUNCAN, William Cecil, clergyman, b. in New York city, 24 Jan., 1824 ; d. in New Orleans, La., 1 May, 1864. His father was a native of Glas- gow, Scotland, and emigrated to this country in early life. During the childhood of his son he re- moved to Grenada, Miss. William Cecil was gradu- ated at Columbia in 1843, studied divinity at Hamil- ton theological seminary, and returned to the south in 1847. There he established, at New Orleans, the " Southwestern Baptist Chronicle," a religious weekly, which he conducted with vigor and ability. He was ordained in 1848, but, although preaching constantly, accepted no pastoral charge, devoting his entire time to his paper. In 1851, his health entirely failing him, he sailed for Europe, and spent nearly a year in Italy. On his return to New Orleans, convalescent, he was elected to the pro- fessorship of Greek and Latin in the University of Louisiana. Three years later he became pastor of the Coliseum place JBaptist church in New Orleans, where he continued for six years, although twice compelled to visit Texas for his health. In 1861 DL'NCAX DUNHxVM 257 his outspoken loviilty to tlu' national {jovcrnmont alienatucl ttif iVclni^'s of his |iL'n|ilc, and lio was forced to ^<> to tlie nortli, leavinj^ his family. In the sunmuT of 1802, after the oeeujjation of tiie tity hy the Union forees. Dr. Dunean returned to New Orleans and enpit,'ed in secular o( ciiiialions, endeavorini,', to the utmost of his ability, to pro- mote the return of l.ouisiana to the Uninn. 'rh<iu;,'h sutTerinj,' fmrn ei)iisiim|>tion. which resulted fatally. he laboreil, with pen an<l voice, for this result, and before his death had the satisfaction of seeing its aceom|)lishment. Columbia jjave liim the de;?ree of 1). I), in 1H.")T. Among his works are "Life of John the Baptist," based on a monograph 1)V Von Rohden (New York, 18.>:5); "History of the' Bap- tists for the First Two Centuries of the Christian I Era " (18.17) ; ami " The Tears of Jesus " (Ibo!)). DUNCAN, AVilliaiii Stevens, physician, b. in Brownsville, Fayette co., J'a., 24 ^lay, 1834. He stuilied at Mount Union college. Ohio, was gradu- ateil at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1838, and settled in Browns- ville. He served as a volunteer surgeon in the na- tion'al army at the battle of Gettysburg and was captured, but soon escaped. Dr. Duncan has ac- •complished numerous difficult surgical o[)erations, including herniotomy nine times and trephining seven times. Besides contributions to journals, he has published " Medical Delusions " (1869) and -" Physiology of Death " (1870). I) UNI) AS, Francis, British soldier, b. in Eng- land about 1 7")() ; d. in January, 1824. He entered the British army as ensign in the 1st guards in April, 1775. and served through the Revolutionary var. In January, 1778, he became captain, and participated in the battles of Brandywine, Ger- mantown, Monmouth, and the reduction of the forts on the Delaware. He joined Lord Cornwallis in 1780 and was made lieutenant-colonel. At Guil- ford and Yorktown he commanded the advance guard. He served in Martinique in 1794. and was governor of the Cape of Good Hope in 179(3-1803. In 1812 he was made a general in the army. DUNDAS, James, banker, b. in Alexandria, V'd., in 1788 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 July, 1805. He early settled in Philadelphia, where he became ■a. banker, and was president of the Pennsylvania bank. Mr. Dundas was prominent in many local •enterprises, and at the time of his death was presi- dent of the Pennsylvania horticultural society. DUN(xLISON,'Roblev, physician, b. in" Kes- wick, England,4 Jan., 1798; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 1 April, 1869. He received the degree of M. D. in Lon- don in 1819, and from the University of Erlangen in 1823, settled in London, and began the practice of his profession, and also edited the London " Medi- cal Repository " and the " Medical Intelligencer " ; but in 1824. at the in\-itation of Thomas Jefferson, he came to the United States, and from that year till 1833 was professor of medicine in the University of Virginia. He then accepted the professorship of materia mediea and therapeutics in the Univer- sity of Maryland, and in 1830 that of the institutes of medicine in Jefferson medical college, Phila- delphia, where he remained for more than thirty years, during a large portion of which time he was dean of the faculty; and the extraordinary success of this institution was largely due to the attractive course of lectures and to the remarkal)le tact and practical sagacity with which he admin- istered its affairs. He was a close student of phi- lology and general literature, and enjoyed a high reputation for benevolence, which was especially exercised in giving time and services to the Phila- <ielphia institution for the blind. Much of his at- TOL. II.— 17 tention was directed in later years to this cause, and he was very successful in promoting the |)rint- ing of Iwioks in ruis«'d letters for the use of the blind. Dr. Dunglison was president ot the Musical fund society of Philadelphia, vice-president of the Pennsylvania institution for the blind and of the American philosopliical society, and a member of numy literary and scientific societies. In 182."i he re- ceived the flcgree of LL. D. from Vale. He trans- lated and edited a large number of foreign works, including Magcndie's " Formulary," the "Cyclopu'- dia r»f Practical Medicine "of Drs. Forbes, I'weedie, and Conelly, and also edited many originally pub- lished in the I'nited Stales. His published works, which have; sold very largely, cr>mprise "Commen- taries on Diseases of t\nt St<jnuich and Bowels in Children" (London, 1824); "Introduction to the Study of Grecian and Roman Geography." the Grecian bv George Long, Esq., the Ronujn by himself (Charlottesville. — His son. Richard James, physician, b. in Bal- timore, Md.. 13 Nov.. 1834, was graduated at the L'niversity of Pennsylvania in 1852, and at Jeffer- son medical college in 1850, settled in Philadelphia, and entered on an extensive practice. During the civil war he was acting assistant surgeon in the U. S. army, and on duty in various militaiy hospitals in Philadelphia. He was at one time physician to the Albion society, and attending physician to the Pennsylvania institution for the instruction of the blind, as also to the Burd orphan asylum. He is a member of many medical societies in the United States and Europe, and has contributed valuable papers to the " North American Medico-Chirur- gical Review," among which may be mentioned "Observations on the Deaf and' Dumb" (1858) and " Statistics of Insanity in the United States" (1860), both of which appeared in pamphlet-form. He wrote "Reflections on Exanthematic Typhus" in 1861, a series of articles on the " Public Medical Libraries of Philadelphia " for the Philadelphia " Medical Times " in 1872, and " Letters on Medical Centennial Affairs" for the "New York Medical Record " in 1876. He has edited his father's " His- tory of 3Iedicine " (1872) : the " Medical Dictionary " (187'4) ; and translated from the French Guersaut's "Surgical Diseases of Children " (1873). DUNHAM, Carroll, physician, b. in New York citv. 29 Oct., 1828 ; d. in" Irvington-on-Hudson.
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inria-00577223-Jaber-Profiling.txt_1
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Using host profiling to refine statistical application identification. IEEE INFOCOM Mini-Conference, Mar 2012, Orlando, United States. pp.9, ⟨10.1109/INFCOM.2012.6195692⟩. ⟨inria-00577223⟩
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English
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Using host profiling to refine statistical application
identification
Mohamad Jaber, Roberto Cascella, Chadi Barakat
To cite this version:
Mohamad Jaber, Roberto Cascella, Chadi Barakat. Using host profiling to refine statistical application identification. IEEE INFOCOM Mini-Conference, Mar 2012, Orlando, United States. pp.9,
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Copyright
Using host profiling to refine statistical application
identification
Mohamad Jaber, Roberto G. Cascella and Chadi Barakat
INRIA - France
Email: {mohamad.jaber, roberto.cascella, chadi.barakat}@inria.fr
Abstract—The identification of Internet traffic applications is
very important for ISPs and network administrators to protect
their resources from unwanted traffic and prioritize some major
applications. Statistical methods are preferred to port-based ones
and deep packet inspection since they don’t rely on the port
number, which can change dynamically, and they also work for
encrypted traffic. These methods combine the statistical analysis
of the application packet flow parameters, such as packet size
and inter-packet time, with machine learning techniques. Other
successful approaches rely on the way the hosts communicate
and their traffic patterns to identify applications.
In this paper, we propose a new online method for traffic classification that combines the statistical and host-based approaches
in order to construct a robust and precise method for early
Internet traffic identification. We use the packet size as the main
feature for the classification and we benefit from the traffic profile
of the host (i.e. which application and how much) to refine the
classification and decide in favor of this or that application. The
host profile is then updated online based on the result of the
classification of previous flows originated by or addressed to the
same host. We evaluate our method on real traces using several
applications. The results show that leveraging the traffic pattern
of the host ameliorates the performance of statistical methods.
They also prove the capacity of our solution to derive profiles
for the traffic of Internet hosts and to identify the services they
provide.
I. I NTRODUCTION
The identification of Internet traffic applications is very
important for ISPs and network administrators to protect their
resources from unwanted traffic and prioritize some major
applications. On the one hand, this allows to treat flows in
a different way based on their quality of service requirements
and allocate more resources based on the type of traffic. On
the other hand, it can serve for security reasons by blocking
unwanted traffic and limiting worm spreading or looking
closely at those users who run non legacy applications.
The identification of Internet traffic becomes more and
more complex because of mechanisms that bypass firewalls
or mask the type of application. Historically, the recognition
was done by using the port number. Yet, some applications
use dynamic non-standard port numbers; this is typically the
case of telephony over IP. Other applications hide themselves
using standard ports stolen from other applications, such as
port 80, to pass firewalls. These ports are usually given by the
end host and thus they can be easily changed.
Current techniques of ”Deep Packet Inspection” (DPI) [1],
[2] make it possible to go further in the identification of the
applications but they require a complete and costly exploration
of the payload of the packets. This induces an important load
to inspect packets and create the signatures, which requires
updates with the appearance of new applications. Moreover,
when packets are encrypted, the recognition fails.
The statistical techniques [3]–[7] seem to be today an
interesting alternative. They allow to recognize and to classify
the applications according to their statistical signatures. These
signatures can be volumes (number of bytes) per connection,
connection durations, rates, inter-packet delays, packet sizes,
and direction. Most of these techniques require a machine
learning phase to perform the classification of connections
(or flows) into applications. In [4], McGregor et al. show
the utility of using clustering algorithms for the identification
of the traffic. They propose to use an unsupervised machine
learning, called auto class, and the following statistical criteria:
packet size, inter-arrival time, byte count, and connection
duration. In [3], Moore et al. use a Naive Bayesian classifier
for TCP traffic, and try to find the best set of statistical criteria.
In [5], Bernaille et al. test three clustering algorithms (KMeans, Gaussian mixture model, and the Spectral clustering);
the input features to assign flows to applications are the size
and the direction of the first four packets jointly used. In [6],
Crotti et al. classify Internet traffic by using the packet size
and inter-packet time. In our previous work [7], we develop
a method to iteratively classify Internet traffic while using the
size and the direction of the packets.
The common feature of statistical methods is that they
classify every flow independently of each other using the
pattern of its packets (size, time, and direction). Indeed, they
don’t correlate the information across flows having as end
points the same hosts, thus not using any information about the
traffic pattern of the originating host or the type of services that
run on the destined server. Some recent works have focused
on this aspects by considering the role of the hosts [8], [9] or
the relations of the traffic between end points [10], [11]. Our
solution differs from these studies since we only rely on the
information that a monitor collects passively from the packet
flows and we do not require any information related to the
groups of communicating hosts, such as a graphlet [8].
We believe that the classification of previous flows sharing
the same IP address either as source and/or destination is
important to refine the classification of future flows. For
instance, a host browsing the Web is more prone to open
several consecutive HTTP connections. A machine hosting a
POP3 mail server is very likely to receive POP3 flows. In
2
Monitoring Point
M
Local
Network
IPA
Internet
IPB
Fig. 1: The system.
general, hosts have profiles for their flows either because of
the behavior of users or the services run on them, and these
profiles can help in the identification of flows in which they are
implied. Our idea is to build the traffic profile of hosts, based
on the result of the classification of previous flows, and then
use this information to refine the classification of subsequent
flows. On one hand these profiles help in flow classification
and on the other hand they point to the behavior of the users
behind them and on the network services they deploy.
In this paper we propose a novel two-step approach to affect
flows to applications. In the initial classification phase, we
use an iterative statistical technique to classify Internet traffic,
based solely on the flow statistical features. The results give
an initial classification. In the second phase, we use the traffic
profile of the host to refine the classification and, then, to
update the host profile based on the classification results. Our
contribution can be summarized as follows. First, we define the
host profile and we determine the host-based probability that a
flow is of a given application. We then develop a new method
that relies on the result of the classification of flows from the
same host to determine the profiles of hosts; these profiles are
later used as an initial guess before the classification of future
flows. The host profiles are updated after each classification
using an exponential weighted moving average filter to absorb
any transient behavior; the way the profile accounts for past
classified flows depends on a discounting parameter, which
can be decided by the network administrator.
Another contribution refers to the validation methodology.
We use two real traces to test our method and to show how to
characterize the traffic pattern of each host in the traces. For
the purpose of having a complete evaluation of our technique,
these traces are aggregated to account for more applications,
thus reducing the bias given by a small subset of applications
in each separate trace. The results on the aggregate trace
indeed confirm that leveraging the host profile improves the
classification of Internet flows.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II
introduces the host profiling and discusses the related work.
Section III explains our classification method. Section IV
and Section V describe the traces and the evaluation results,
respectively. Section VI concludes the paper.
II. H OST TRAFFIC PROFILE
In this section we introduce our definition of the traffic
profile of a host and we present the benefits of using this
information to refine the classification of Internet applications
while discussing the related work. The methodology herein
described is general and can be integrated to any flow classification method transparently.
Without loss of generality we consider a monitoring point at
the edge of the network, located in the ISP network, as shown
in Fig. 1. The monitor passively captures the flows between
any two hosts; a flow consists of the packets with the same
5-tuple (IP source and destination, port source and destination,
IP protocol). For each flow there are one host located inside
the ISP network (IPA in Fig. 1) and a destination host
downstream the monitoring point (IPB in Fig. 1); we don’t
assign any specific role to these two hosts, IPA and IPB ,
which can act as client or server during a session indifferently.
The monitor inspects the packets of each flow and extracts
statistical information, or the signature of the flow, such as
packet size, inter-packet time, direction of the packet, etc.
This statistical signature is then used to assign the flow to
the application that matches it. In this section we focus on the
profile of the host, while the definition of this signature and
classification procedure are detailed in Section III.
The traffic profile of a host consists of the type of applications which run at the host and generate Internet traffic.
This profile is determined at the monitor, which stores the
results of the classification of the Internet traffic of the hosts.
Practically, the monitor can be interested to log the traffic of
the hosts inside the ISP network, and/or only those of interest
from outside the ISP network. In addition, the monitor might
decide to store information about some IP addresses that run
dedicated services since this can help with the classification
of Internet flows. The traffic profile, so computed, gives an
indication of the preferred applications that run at the host
and of the type of traffic the ISP would expect from the host.
The motivation behind our solution is the recent studies
on residential networks, which give an insight of user traffic
profile [12], [13]. An interesting outcome of these studies is
that users tend to hardly mix P2P and HTTP (Web streaming),
which are the most predominant applications [12].
In this section, we first discuss how a monitor computes
the probability that a flow of packets between two hosts is of
a certain application solely using the traffic patterns of these
hosts. Then, we discuss how the monitor computes and updates
the host profile.
A. Host based probability of a flow
The host based probability of a flow is defined as the
probability that a flow is generated by an application computed
based on the traffic profile of the hosts, i.e., source and
destination. If we consider that the two traffic profiles of the
source and destination of a flow are different and that these are
used jointly in the computation, then, this probability consists
of those cases when the predictions computed with the partial
info of each host are in accordance.
Let F denote a function that associates a packet flow
between a source S and destination D to an application A(i),
with 1 ≤ i ≤ NA and NA being the number of monitored
applications. Thus, FS and FD are the functions that assign
the flow to the application AS and AD based solely on the
traffic profile of the source and destination respectively. Then,
let P (FS = AS |S) (or P (FD = AD |D)) be the probability
3
for past classifications. When λ is close to 0, the profile is
computed by associating a higher weight to the most recent
flows. When λ is close to 1 the profile is calculated over a
longer period, which means that the profile is determined in
equal measure by all previous classified flows. When λ = 1
P (F = A(i)) = P ((FS = A(i)S ) ∩ (FD = A(i)D )|AS = AD )
the profile corresponds to the initial prior distribution, which
P (FS = A(i)|S) ∗ P (FD = A(i)|D)
(1) in our case assigns a uniform probability to all applications.
=
PNA
The best choice of λ depends on the traffic pattern of the host
P
(F
=
A(j)|S
∩
D)
j=1
and on the performance of the classifier. We will discuss more
P (FS = A(i)|S) ∗ P (FD = A(i)|D)
= PNA
about λ in Section V.
j=1 P (FS = A(j)|S) ∗ P (FD = A(j)|D)
The traffic profile of the same host while being the destiEq. (1) shows that we compute the probability by con- nation, it is computed in a similar way by considering only
sidering the cases when the prediction for each host is in the flows destined to this host. It is worth noticing that the
accordance by considering the traffic profiles of S and D monitor needs to store the two prior distributions if it want to
separately, i.e., we know that the same application is running fully determine the profile of the host. In practice, given the
on both sides. Equation (1) also holds when the monitor only limitation of the resources, the monitor can decide to track and
records the traffic profile of one of the two hosts. In fact, store profiles for a subset of hosts (source and/or destinations)
if we assume a uniform probability for the other host, e.g., and use simple uniform profiles for the other hosts. In this case,
P (FD = AD |D) = N1A , then, equation (1) simplifies to the method will also work well but with less accuracy since the
more hosts we track better the classification of Internet flows
P (F = A(i)) = P (FS = A(i)|S).
is for these hosts. Table I shows an example of the source and
B. Host profile definition and update
destination profiles of a host.
The monitor computes and updates the profile of the hosts.
TABLE I: Example of a traffic profile of a host
After capturing and classifying the flows, two traffic profiles
Applications:
FTP
HTTP POP3
SMTP
SSH
are generated for each host. Indeed, each host can be the
Source:
0.02
0.76
0
0.2
0.02
source or the destination of the Internet flows. The former is
Destination:
0.22
0
0.1
0.23
0.45
the host that sends the first packet of the flow, as we discuss
in Section II, while the latter is the one that receives it. We C. Related work
keep these two profiles separated since they characterize the
The problem of profiling the Internet hosts has been recently
role of the host when being the source or the destination. For introduced in the area of Internet traffic classification. Most
example, a host can send HTTP requests to a server or receive solutions focus on the behavior of the end-user, for instance,
SSH requests when is running a local SSH server. In the rest to determine what is the mix of used applications, the preferred
of the section, we consider a generic host and we focus on the destinations, the pattern of port usage [12], [14]. The first
computation of the source profile for this host; the destination studies in the area of Internet traffic classification focus on
profile is defined in the same way.
determining the role of the host [8], [9]. BLINC [8] is a
Let S denote the generic source host of a flow and FS the solution for Internet traffic identification that focuses on the
function that maps the flow to an application by only lever- source and destination of the flows to determine the host
aging the traffic profile of the source. The monitor computes behavior, which is studied across three levels: social to account
the host profile by using previous classified flows. The profile, for the host popularity and communities of hosts (groups of
denoted P (A|S) in this case, is defined as the prior distribution communicating hosts), functional to identify the functional
for the flows in the space A, which defines the applications role of a host (offered services, used services), and protocol
A(i), 1 ≤ i ≤ NA . If the monitor has not any information patterns of the host. In [9], Trestian et al. characterize the
about previous traffic of a host, then, the monitor considers role and type of traffic of an end-point by collecting publicly
a uniform prior distribution. The prior distribution is updated available information on the Web, based on the IP address
after each classification of a new collected flow.
of the host. The main difference, which is also the strength,
The profile update works as follow. Let P(n−1) (A(i)|S) of our approach consists of only considering the flows sent
be the prior probability for application A(i) computed from and received by the monitored hosts and in crossing the
the past (n − 1) flows. The monitor affects the n − th flow information between flows of the same host so as to build
to the application A(i) with probability P (FS = A(i)|S) profiles and have a better classification. We construct and
for each application. Then, the posterior probability for each leverage the profiles of the communicating hosts on the fly
application is computed as follows:
without requiring the traffic monitor to maintain a detailed
history of their interactions.
P(n) (A(i)|S) = λ ∗ P(n−1) (A(i)|S)+
Other works focus on the application classes of the Internet
+ (1 − λ) ∗ P (FS (n) = A(i)|S).
(2)
traffic between end-points to refine the classification of Internet
P (FS (n) = A(i)|S) is the result of the classification of flows [10], [11]. They analyze the graph of connections
flow n and λ, 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1, represents the discounting factor between end-points and leverage the different patterns of
that, given the host traffic profile of the source, the flow is of
an application AS (or AD for the destination). The probability
P (F = A(i)) that the flow is of application A(i) can then be
computed as follows:
4
the traffic connections to refine the classification. [11] also
shows how this method can be applied in the network core,
when not all the flows of the end points are sampled. The
main difference with our approach is that we do not use
collective traffic statistics but we are interested in reducing
at the minimum the burden at the monitoring node, which can
rely solely on information locally available.
The novelty of our approach consists of using the traffic
pattern of end hosts to predict future flows that involve the
same hosts. It is worth noticing that our definition of the host
profile leverages information already available at the monitor,
which is passively captured, and does not need the analysis of
the relations between flows of different hosts.
III. M ETHOD D ESCRIPTION
Our purpose for the classification of Internet traffic is
to detect online which flow belongs to which application.
We use a statistical and iterative method that computes the
probability that packets are generated by an application. We
have defined and used this method to classify Internet traffic
based on the size of the packets in [7]. The method allows
an iterative classification of the flows for each packet size
independently and uses more packet sizes for the identification
of an application until the classifier reaches a predefined
threshold. Each flow corresponds to a sequence of N packets
independently of their direction.
In this section we first propose an overview of our method
and then we detail how the method uses the host profile to
refine the classification. The method consists of three main
phases: the model building phase, the classification phase, and
the application probability or labeling phase. The the traffic
profile of the host is used in the labeling phase.
A. Model building and classification phases
We use K-Means as supervised machine learning algorithm
to partition the input in a predefined number of clusters.
Given the number of clusters NC , K-Means assigns each input
feature to a cluster so as to minimize the Euclidean distance
of each input from the centroid of the cluster.
P ktk denotes the packet size, i.e., the observations, and
for each packet size we train separately K-Means to obtain
different set of classes. Thus, the packet sizes of position k
have their own independent training, and the model used for
testing its determined by the position of a packet in a flow. The
input feature corresponds to the size of the packet associated
with a sign that represents the direction of the packet. A
positive sign corresponds to a packet from the source to the
destination. In the learning algorithm, every class is affected by
all applications with different probabilities proportional to the
number of flows from each application present in the class.
Hence, each class defines the probability that the elements
within this class are generated by the applications.
The model building phase consists of constructing these sets
of classes (clusters) by using a training data set, described in
Section IV. Let denote C(j) the clusters, where 1 ≤ j ≤ NC
and NC is the number of clusters. Then, the per-class probability P (C(j)|A(i)), knowing the application A(i) is computed
for all the clusters during this learning phase. We build a
separate model, i.e., set of classes, for every packet size noted
by P ktk and we use these classes for the classification phase.
The classification phase consists of using the classes defined
in the learning phase to test and assign the Internet flows to
a class. The test is performed by computing the Euclidean
distance between the input feature from the k − th packet in
the flow and the centroid of each class determined for the k-th
packet size. We affect the point to the closest class. The test is
repeated for all the packet sizes of a flow iteratively until we
reach a predefined threshold. The classification result is the
probability that the packet size P ktk identifies an application.
B. Application probability or labeling phase
In the labeling phase we assign a flow to an application
knowing the result of the classification and the host based
probability computed from the profiles of the source and
destination, as discussed in Section II. We combine iteratively
the results of the classification for each single packet size and
we calculate the probability (P (A(i)) that a flow belongs to
an application A(i) given the prediction from the host profiles
and the classification results of the first N packet sizes (i.e.,
class C(j(1)) for the first packet size, class C(j(2)) for the
second packet size and so on).
P (A(i)) = P (A(i)|Result ∩ P (F = A(i)))
QN
P (F = A(i)) ∗ k=1 P (C(j(k))|A(i))
= PNA
QN
i=1 [P (F = A(i)) ∗
k=1 P (C(j(k))|(A(i))]
(3)
P (F = A(i)) is the probability that a flow between a source
and a destination comes from application A(i) based on their
traffic profiles and it is calculated in Eq. (1). P (C(j(k))|A(i))
is the probability that P ktk of a flow belongs to the class
C(i) knowing the application A(i). NA is the total number
of applications. We call P (A(i)) the assignment probability.
It combines the result of the classification, obtained with the
K-Means clustering method, and the result of the classification
that one would have if solely the pattern of the hosts is used
to predict the type of application for the next flow.
This assignment probability is computed when the monitor
captures each packet of the same flow. This means that the
classification of the application starts with the first packet. This
iterative process stops when the highest assignment probability
is above a predetermined threshold or the maximum allowed
number of tests is reached. The threshold is seen as a way to
leave the classification phase earlier when one is sure about
the type of application. The monitor updates the profiles of the
hosts that are of interest, i.e., the source and/or the destination,
once the labeling phase ends. The host profiles are updated as
described in Section II-B.
IV. T RACE D ESCRIPTION
In our analysis we use two real traces, see Table II for details. The two traces have been collected at the edge gateway of
5
Brescia University
Fall 2009 [15]
Application
HTTP
SMTP
POP3
HTTP
HTTPS
EDONKEY
BITTORENT
training
8000
8000
8000
500
500
500
500
testing
17,263
19,835
19,935
30422
3608
3702
3608
the Brescia University’s campus network. The first trace, noted
trace I [6], was collected during April 2006 and the second
trace, noted trace II [15], was collected on three consecutive
working days during fall 2009. Every trace consists of two
sets, a training set and a testing set; the type of applications
associated with each flow is determined with a deep packet
inspection method.
In the learning phase we use the training set, which consists
of an equal number of flows per application to ensure that there
is no bias in our learning. The application flows in the training
set are only used to construct the classes in K-Means. The
testing set is used to evaluate how well our iterative method
behaves in identifying the application.
V. E XPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In this section we present the evaluation results of our
method when the traffic profile of the hosts is used to refine the
classification. We compare these results with a classification
that uses the same iterative classification technique but does
not leverage the profile of the end host. It is worth noticing that
the training is the same for both cases, since the training phase
is used only for the supervised machine learning algorithm to
create the signature of each application; thus, not including
any information about the traffic profile of the host. The host
profile is automatically computed during the testing phase. We
initially consider a uniform prior distribution for the source
and destination profiles of an unknown host. Then, we update
the profiles once flows of this host are collected. The following
results only show the case of a monitor that computes the
profile of the hosts located inside the ISP domain, since its
interest is on the the network usage of its ISP customers.
The monitor might also decide to maintain the information
about popular Internet servers and also leverage these profiles
to improve the Internet traffic identification, as we discuss in
Section II. For example, if one tracks the facebook server, he
can directly identify flows without the need for more analysis.
We use the traces described in Section IV and we profile
the hosts with the same IP prefix, i.e., those inside the Brescia
campus. For addresses outside the campus, we have counted
an average of 10 flows per IP address, therefore there is not
a significant number of flows per IP to compute the profile.
The flows are all TCP connections and the hosts within the
campus are the source of the flow. The metrics used for the
evaluation are:
• False Positive (FP) rate is the percentage of flows of other
applications classified as belonging to an application I.
• True Positive (TP) rate is the percentage of flows of
application I correctly classified.
1
0.95
20 classes
50 classes
80 classes
200 classes
400 classes
0.9
0.85
0.8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Number of Packets
Fig. 2: Total precision of an Internet traffic classification with
a different number of class as input to K-Means (Trace I).
Total Precision
Source and Date
Brescia University
April 2006 [6]
Total Precision
TABLE II: Traces Description
1
0.95
0.9
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
0.85
0.8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Number of Packets
Fig. 3: Total precision versus the number of packets (Trace I).
Precision is the ratio of flows that are correctly assigned
to an application, T P/(T P + F P ). The overall precision
is the weighted average over all applications given the
number of flows per application.
We run the test for all the available packet sizes to test
its significance as a feature for identifying applications. We
set the number of clusters equal to 200 for K-Means. We
have tested the supervised machine learning algorithm with
different number of clusters and 200 (see Figure 2) has shown
the best results: it allows to group the features in small clusters
and to account for possible noise in the observations; it gives
a significant number of samples in each cluster to infer its
characteristics. It is also a good tradeoff between precision
and speed of classification.
•
A. Classification results
In this section we discuss the performance of the classification method when the host profile is used to refine the
probability that a flow is of a given application type.
1) Total Precision: Fig. 3 and 4 plot the total precision
for trace I and trace II respectively versus the number of
packets used for the classification. Our method classifies a
flow at each packet iteratively, as we discuss in Section III.
The different lines in the plot correspond to the precision of
the classifier when different values of the discounting factor
λ are used. The value of λ determines the weight assigned to
the last classification results. When λ = 0.1, the most recent
classification results characterize the profile of the host. When
λ = 0.9, the host profile is computed over a longer period. The
value of λ = 1 means that a uniform probability is associated
to each application, thus, the host profile is not used, as we
discuss in Section II-B. The results show that the precision
of the classifier improves considerably when the profile of the
hosts is used to decide in favor of this or that application,
especially for the first four packets.
For Trace I, we can observe in Fig. 3 that a value of
λ = 0.9 gives the best performance for the classifier. We
obtain a precision of 96% already after two packets reaching
Total Precision
6
1
0.98
0.96
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
0.94
0.92
0.9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Number of Packets
False positive
0.995
7
8
9
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Packets
Number of Packets
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
(b) TP ratio - HTTP
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Packets
Number of Packets
(d) FP ratio - POP3
(e) FP ratio - HTTP
True positive
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(a) TP ratio - POP3
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Packets
(c) TP ratio - SMTP
False positive
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
True positive
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
False positive
True positive
Fig. 4: Total precision versus the number of packets (Trace II)
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Packets
(f) FP ratio - SMTP
Fig. 5: Classification results for Trace I.
99.9% after 10 packets. For λ = 0.1 and 0.5 the classifier
predicts with less accuracy the applications with a precision
that reaches 95%. With this value of λ the classifier is
more sensitive to recent flows. Thus, the classification is less
accurate if the host has a uniform traffic behavior over all
applications. For this trace we have that a big number of
flows belong to two different applications and are generated
uniformly by the same host, and that the method classifies
the applications with less precision for small values of λ. If
one does not leverage the host profile (λ = 1) the precision
of the classifier is quite low (89%) after two packets, but it
keep increasing when more packets are analyzed (98% after
10 packets). This result confirms that the host profile helps in
deciding about a flow when little information can be extracted
from the statistical analysis of the flow.
For Trace II and for all the selections of λ, we have
better performance compared to the classification without host
profile information (λ = 1). Indeed, Fig. 4 shows that if the
host profile is used, then the precision already increases after
the first packet, and then converges to 99% after the fifth
packet in all cases. These results show that the use of the
host information increases the precision (in comparison of
the classification without host information) of the classifier
especially for the first four packets. We can conclude that the
profile of the host gives an early characterization of a flow
because of the traffic pattern of the host. For instance, we can
consider that a host browsing the Web has high probability
to have a sequence of HTTP connections. Thus, the use of
information about the host profile helps our statistical method.
2) True Positive: A more detailed analysis is needed to confirm the advantage of the host profile to refine the classification
of Internet flows. Fig. 5 shows the True (TP) and False (FP)
Positive ratios as a function of the number of packets used for
the classification of trace I. We discuss the TP ratio in this
section and the FP ratio in the following one. Let consider
first POP3 flows and the case of λ = 0.9, which gives the
best total precision, see Fig. 3. The TP ratio (Fig. 5(a)) ranges
from 97%, with the first packet, to 99%, with ten packets.
This shows an important improvement compared to the case
when the host information is not used. In this case the initial
TP ratio is 56%, reaching 90% after four packets and 99%
after ten packets. When λ = 0.5 and 0.1 the TP ratio drops
significantly after 6 and 2 packets respectively. This means
that the classifier fails to identify correctly POP3 flows as
they are assigned to other applications. This behavior will be
confirmed with the analysis of the False Positive ratio, since it
sheds lights about the output application of our classification
method. The fact that this only happens for these small values
of λ means that we have some hosts that interleave POP3
flows with others of different applications.
Fig. 5(b) and Fig. 5(c) plot the True Positive (TP) ratio
for HTTP and SMTP as a function of the number of packets
respectively. Fig. 5(b) shows that the TP ratio increases for all
the values of λ, even when we do not use any host information.
The classifier has better performance with λ = 0.1, which
means that there are consecutive HTTP flows in general. We
can notice clearly the importance of using the host information. This gives a very high accuracy even when the first packet
is used only. From Fig. 5(c) it is interesting to notice that the
TP ratio is 99% for any number of packets of SMTP when we
use the profile of the host to refine the classification. The fact
that the precision is very high for all values of λ means that
the SMTP traffic is predominant in some hosts, confirming the
benefit of profiling hosts.
Fig. 6 plots the results for Trace II with a different set of
applications. We can clearly observe that for all the values of
λ we have better performance compared to the classification
without host profile information (λ = 1). The True Positive
ratio keeps increasing when more packets are used for the
classification. For all the applications we can observe that
we have better performance when we use a small value for
λ, which means that we don’t have a lot of changes in the
traffic pattern of these hosts. In any case, λ = 0.9, which
shows to improve the classification for Trace I, gives an
important improvement also for this trace (Trace II). For HTTP
(Fig. 6(a)), we obtain an excellent precision by using the host
profile with a TP ratio always above 99% after the first packet,
compared to a 99% after the fifth packet for λ = 1. The
classification of HTTPS flows (Fig. 6(b)) has always a good
precision for all the values of λ even for λ = 1, converging
to 94% approximately after six packets.
In case of P2P applications, such as Edonkey and BitTorrent our two-step classification method also achieves good
performance. The True Positive ratio for the Edonkey flows
(Fig. 6(c)) is 95% after the fifth packet and converges to 99%
after ten packets for all values of λ. The BitTorrent flows
(Fig. 6(d)) can be better identified by using the first packets
with the True Positive ratio above 98% for all valued of λ.
7
0.96
0.95
0.9
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
0.85
0.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2
Number of Packets
(a) TP ratio - HTTP
False positive
False positive
0.03
0.02
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.6
8
10
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
8
9 10
3
4
0.99
0.98
0.97
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
0.96
0.95
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Packets
Number of Packets
(c) TP ratio - Edonkey
0.04
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
(d) TP ratio - BitTorrent
0.02
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Packets
Number of Packets
Number of Packets
(g) FP ratio - Edonkey
(h) FP ratio - BitTorrent
Number of Packets
(e) FP ratio - HTTP
2
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
0.7
(b) TP ratio - HTTPS
0.04
0
6
0.8
Number of Packets
0.04
0.01
4
0.9
True positive
lambda=0.1
lambda=0.5
lambda=0.9
lambda=1
False positive
0.97
0.95
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
False positive
0.98
1
True positive
1
True positive
True positive
1
0.99
(f) FP ratio - HTTPS
Indeed, the distribution of the size of the first packets is very
different compared to the one of other applications, so that
the packet size is very effective to classify BitTorrent traffic.
Better performance can be achieved when the host profile is
used. This result is supported by the analysis of the traffic
behavior of the Internet users of P2P applications [12], as we
discuss in Section II.
We can conclude from the results of the True Positive ratio
that the host information increases the performance of the
classification especially for the first four packets.
3) False Positive: Finally we discuss the results of the
False Positive ratio for Trace I and Trace II. For Trace I
(Fig. 5(d)) we can immediately notice that the percentage of
misclassified flows of other applications, assigned to POP3,
drops significantly after 4 packets, with slightly better performance (3% against 5%) when the host profile is used to refine
the classification. The drop of True Positive ratio, shown in
Fig. 5(a), is explained by analysing the False Positive ratio of
HTTP traffic (Fig. 5(e)). Indeed, most of the POP3 flows that
have not been detected are classified as HTTP traffic. This
is clear for values of λ = 0.1 and λ = 0.5. For the higher
values of λ the FP ratio drops to 0% after the fifth packet.
Fig. 5(f) shows that the classification for most of the SMTP
traffic is indeed correct when the classification of recent flows
has more weight. When λ = 0.9, the classifier labels other
flows as SMTP, which means that some hosts have SMTP
flows interleaved with other applications.
The False Positive ratio for Trace II is shown in Fig. 6 and
also in this case the performance of the classification method
with host profile information improves the performance for all
applications. The error in classifying flows in the case of False
Positives is always below 4%. This is something expected from
the analysis of the True Positive results of all applications.
B. Importance of the discounting factor λ
The classification results have validated our two-step classification technique. The performance depends on the tuning
Total Precision
Fig. 6: Classification results for Trace II (They are shown with different scales).
1
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
4 Packets
7 Packets
10 Packets
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1
Lambda
Fig. 7: Total precision as a function of λ (Trace I).
of the right value of λ, which accounts for the importance of
the past flows in the host profile. In this section we discuss
more in detail this parameter and provide some guidelines by
discussing classification results for Trace I.
Fig. 7 plots the total precision as a function of λ. The
discounting factor λ determines how previous flows are considered for the classification of a new one. We recall that for
λ close to 1 the host profile is computed over a longer period
and previous flows have similar weights. The opposite case is
when λ is close to 0. In Fig. 7, a precision above 90% for
all values of λ proves that our iterative method is effective
in classifying the applications. We also notice that when few
packets are used for the classification (4 in the plot), the profile
of the user helps for an early detection of the Internet traffic.
In this case, the machine learning algorithm does not have
much information about a flow and it associates to applications
comparable classification probabilities. Thus, for these first
packets the profile of the host has higher influence on the
output of the classification.
The choice of a correct λ is important to improve the
classification even if more information is available. From
Fig. 7, we can notice that high values perform better for the
total precision because the classifier is less sensitive to sudden
traffic burst of a single application. For instance, let consider
the case of Web browsing. It generates many HTTP flows since
most of the servers open parallel connections to improve the
performance or because the user navigates from one page to
the next one. However, other programs run in background,
such as e-mail clients, thus, opening new connections when
needed. High values of λ also accounts for the few flows
1
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
POP3
HTTP
SMTP
0.2
0
1
10
100
0.4
POP3
HTTP
SMTP
0.2
0
1000
# of consecutive flows
(a) Consecutive application flows
1
10
100
1000
# of flows of other applications
(b) Other application flows
Fig. 8: CDF of number of consecutive application flows and
of other applications for an IP address inside the ISP network.
of other applications than HTTP. We conclude that the host
profile prediction is more accurate because we associate a
probability to the application of the next flow based on the
fraction of past traffic of the same application.
| 9,044 |
https://github.com/Samples-Playgrounds/Samples.MachineLearning/blob/master/samples/Console/SomatoType/Ph4ct3x.Somatotype.netstandard20/Data.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Samples.MachineLearning
|
Samples-Playgrounds
|
C#
|
Code
| 222 | 929 |
using System;
using System.IO;
using Microsoft.ML;
using Microsoft.ML.Transforms;
using HolisticWare.Ph4ct3x.DiagnosticTests.Morphological.SomatoTypes.ML.Evaluation.MachineLearningDotNet;
namespace Ph4ct3x.Somatotype.BusinessLogic
{
public class Data
{
public static MLContext Context = null;
public static ITransformer Transformer = null;
public static IDataView DataViewTraining = null;
public static IDataView DataViewTesting = null;
public static DataViewSchema DataViewSchema = null;
public static DataOperationsCatalog.TrainTestData DataViewSplit;
public static ColumnCopyingEstimator TransformPipeline = null;
public static void Initialize()
{
Context = new MLContext(seed: 0);
IDataView data_view_full = null;
data_view_full = Context
.Data
.LoadFromTextFile<SomatotypeInputData>
(
Data.File,
hasHeader: true,
separatorChar: ','
);
Data.DataViewSchema = data_view_full.Schema; ;
Data.DataViewSplit = Context.Data.TrainTestSplit(data_view_full, testFraction: 0.25);
Data.DataViewTraining = Data.DataViewSplit.TrainSet;
Data.DataViewTesting = Data.DataViewSplit.TestSet;
Data.TransformPipeline = Context.Transforms.CopyColumns
(
outputColumnName: "Label",
inputColumnName: "EndomorphicComponent"
);
Data.TransformPipeline.Append
(
Context.Transforms.Concatenate
(
"Features",
"Height",
"Mass",
"BreadthHumerus",
"BreadthFemur",
"GirthArmUpper",
"GirthCalfStanding",
"SkinfoldSubscapular",
"SkinfoldTriceps",
"SkinfoldSupraspinale",
"SkinfoldMedialCalf"
)
);
ColumnCopyingTransformer model_endomorphic = null;
Data.Transformer = model_endomorphic;
return;
}
public static readonly string File = Path.Combine
(
new string[]
{
Environment.CurrentDirectory,
"CSV",
"Ph4ct3x",
"DiagonsticTests",
"Morphological",
"SomatoType",
"data01",
"SomatoType.Data.Step01.Regression.csv"
}
);
public static readonly string TrainDataPath = File.Replace(".csv", ".results.csv");
public static string ModelPathEndomorphic = Path.Combine
(
new string[]
{
Environment.CurrentDirectory,
"MachineLearningDotNet",
"Models",
"Model_Endomorphic.zip"
}
);
public static SomatotypeInputData SampleTest
{
get;
} = new SomatotypeInputData()
{
Height = 191.7,
Mass = 82.0,
BreadthHumerus = 7.3,
BreadthFemur = 10.1,
GirthArmUpper = 33.2,
GirthCalfStanding = 36,
SkinfoldTriceps = 7,
SkinfoldSubscapular = 6,
SkinfoldMedialCalf = 4,
SkinfoldSupraspinale = 9
};
}
}
| 13,617 |
https://github.com/NCSU-Libraries/eMammal-lite/blob/master/app/assets/javascripts/application.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
eMammal-lite
|
NCSU-Libraries
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 144 | 393 |
// This is a manifest file that'll be compiled into application.js, which will include all the files
// listed below.
//
// Any JavaScript/Coffee file within this directory, lib/assets/javascripts, vendor/assets/javascripts,
// or any plugin's vendor/assets/javascripts directory can be referenced here using a relative path.
//
// It's not advisable to add code directly here, but if you do, it'll appear at the bottom of the
// compiled file.
//
// Read Sprockets README (https://github.com/rails/sprockets#sprockets-directives) for details
// about supported directives.
//
//= require jquery
//= require jquery_ujs
//= require zoom.js
//= require d3-shape.min.js
//= require d3-path.min.js
//= require d3-collection.min.js
//= require d3-selection.min.js
//= require d3-array.min.js
//= require d3-color.min.js
//= require d3-dispatch.min.js
//= require d3-ease.min.js
//= require d3-interpolate.min.js
//= require d3-timer.min.js
//= require d3-transition.min.js
//= require d3-geo.min.js
//= require d3-geo-projection.min.js
//= require topojson-client.min.js
//= require transitions.js
//= require jquery.easing.1.3.js
//= require turbolinks
//= require_tree .
| 33,739 |
sunnysideofcumbe00drom_8
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,886 |
The sunny side of the Cumberland. A story of the mountains
|
Dromgoole, Will Allen, 1860-1934
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,179 | 9,702 |
Moodily we ride along over the rocky, dangerous road. The thrifty and pleasant country gives place again to the wild mountain pass ; deep ravines and brier-bedded gorges yawn on either side the road, which sometimes lies along the verge of a mighty precipice, and now under the shadow of a tall cliff* overlooking a frightful gorge. There is barely passage-way for the two horses between the wall of rock upon our right and the descent upon our left ; a slip, a false step, might be fatal. It is a wildly magnificent place. If he would 16* 186 the sunny side of the CUMBERLAND. only say something, that I might give expression to my thoughts 1 hut the figure at my side rides silently on over the rocky climb, not seeming to notice that the road upon my left lies frightfully near the edge of the precipice, while he rides under the shadow of the cliff upon the other side. While I ride slowly along thinking carelessly of these things, suddenly I feel the slightest slip of my saddle ; another, and I have only time to reach quickly for the pommel of his and gasp, — “ My saddle is turning.” Quickly enough the foolish anger vanishes as he jerks in his horse, and, throwing his arm around my waist, says, — Be easy, and don’t get excited. I will not let you fall.” Then slipping from his saddle, he is quickly at my side, lifting me safely to the ground, and laughing merrily while he tightens the unreliable girth. When all is in order again he turns to me, — “ I was fearfully frightened when I saw you so near the brink of this bluff ; how did I happen to allow you to ride on the dangerous side ?” “ You forgot me,” I reply ; and he seems for a mo- ment tempted to deny the charge. Instead, however, he says, — “ Will you try it again ?” and as I hesitate, “ I am not teasing this time; it is dangerous. Suppose we walk to the foot of the steep. We must have taken the wrong road.” “We didn’t come by the chute, did we?” I ask, and we both laugh, and once more the hatchet is buried. As he lifts me again to the saddle, I ask, — “Do you know I almost believe you saved my life?” NEW SCENES. 187 “ I know I lead you into some very dangerous places,” he replies. “You owe me several grudges, Miss Courtne}^.” “ I know it,” is my answer. “ I shall have a settle- ment before the summer ends.” “ Oh 1” he laughs, “ my account against you will fully balance the ills wdth which I am charged ; the interest is accumulating at a furious rate. Hush !” We are passing another modest little meeting-house, and wo lower our voices that we may not disturb the worshippers within. As we pass on they begin to sing, and the restful, trusting old hymn floating up- from the lonely mountain-side seems a sort of incense struggling from the altar of “ God’s first temples” toward the great white throne. “A glorious place to offer sacrifices,” says Lincoln, when I give expression to my thought. “ To which of the gods shall we offer?” “ I should say Apollo,” I reply. “ Surely the moun- tains are a reflection of old Delos’ rapture when the Sun-god first bounded into the world.” “ I should have agreed with you half an hour since, but the scene has changed,” he says. “ Do you observe that we are about to enter a vault-like passage ? Why, the opening seems to have been chiselled through the very heart of the mountain.” Through the hall-like opening we slowly take our way, riding leisurely in order to better admire the strangely perfect wildness. The sheer walls rising upon either side are cold and bare and dark, like the secret passage to some unholy prison, or the sepulchral hall of an underground castle-way. The verdure grows too rank to be attractive in the damp, sunless vault. The tops of the slimmest, 188 the sunny side of the CUMBERLAND. straigbtest trees fall far short of the dizzy rim of the sandstone cliff. A dark stream washes the base of the walls, flowing noiselessly down the passage. “ Miss Courtney,” says Lincoln, “ it would not be ap- propriate to offer sacrifices to Apollo at the entrance to Erebus. I should call that stream Acheron, only that I am sure it is Styx, for we have crossed it nine times, and the gloom overshadowing the realm through which we are passing finally settles aU doubt. I should offer my sacrifice to Pluto.” “And we have neglected the necessary obolus,” I reply. “ Who knows but old Charon will leave us to wander here the prescribed one hundred years ? How warm it is in this dungeon ! It feels as if we might be nearing the abode of old Aides in reality.” “ On the contrary, I think we are nearing the end of this,” he says. “ Look before you j can you not see the sky where there is an opening in the foliage ?” “Yes,” I reply; “ but I see no sign of the carriage. I wonder if we are lost again ?” “ Ho,” he replies ; “ I am following the tracks.” Our road gradually loses its rugged wildness again ; we emerge from the Plutonian kingdom into the broad flood of sunlight, stopping to catch a breath of the moun- tain breeze which comes to fan our cheeks once more. “Another saw-mill!” I exclaim. “ The lumber inter- est is certainly growing.” “ Miss Courtney,” says Lincoln, “ do the Southern people use tubs and furaaces and worms in the running of their saw-mills? Ho you saw corn? Horth wo should call that a still, and a very poor one at that.” I laugh and acknowledge the corn, and for a while we ride on in silence. V UNDER THE SHADE OF THE TREES. 189 IN'ature has taken advantage of the afternoon sun- Bhine and drowsiness for a nap. Golden gleams trem- ble upon the feathery tree-tops, and slanting spikes of amber dart through the quivering shadows cast by the clustering boughs, or rest like a bridal benediction in the white umbels of the wild-flowers growing along the mountain-side. The wilderness has blossomed and brought forth beauty j nature is praising the Creator through His works. Slowly we descend, and join our friends at the pass of the mountains. CHAPTEE XYII. UNDER THE SHADE OF THE TREES. “ There’s a dance of leayes in that aspen bower, There’s a glitter of winds in that beechen tree, There’s a smile on the fruit, and a smile on the flower, And a laugh from the brook that runs to the sea.” “ Wish any help ?” ‘‘ Yes, Crawford ; if you will get that sack of corn under the seat of the buggy and empty it into that trough, while I unhitch the horses, I will be under ob- ligations. We will give the poor beasts a rest and a lunch while we are having ours. They have certainly earned it, poor things.” Eobert relieves the horses of their heavy gear, while Lincoln empties the noon meal in the trough which we find by the side of the mill where we stop for our lunch. It was a clever thought which prompted the erecting of the grist-mill at the very pass of this green old mountain. A bold spring issues from the rocks 190 the sunny side of the CUMBERLAND. above, and is conducted to the mill through troughs and gutters that are formed of the longest poplars and stanchest oaks. A branch trough carries a slender current into the great scoop which had once been a chestnut-oak, but is now doing duty as a spring-house. Some half-dozen buckets are deposited in the rude but ample basin, and dim ideas of yellow cream and yellower butter come floating before us. A cabin stands at the foot of the mountain. Yes, it was a clever thought which prompted the building of the mill at this spot. Going which way he will, the traveller is sure to feel the need of rest before climbing the mountain on either side. We spread our rugs upon the smooth rocks, throw aside our hats, and prepare for the noonday rest. “ I should like to live in the mountains always,” says Blanche, as she seats herself upon the rug. “Why?” I ask. “ They are near the sky, and somehow one feels purer and freer up here. There is breathing-room, room to stretch the limbs and air the mind. “ ‘ I drop my cloak, Unclasp my girdle, loose the hand that ties My hair ; — now could I but unloose my soul I We are sepulchred alive in this close world, And want more room I’ ” “ Are you so awfully crowded, Blanche ?” asks Lin- coln. “ You shouldn’t rave at the world ; it argues one defeated when he adopts cynicism, and slanders the old, faithful, trustful, bankrupt world, — « “ ‘ The world’s hard pressed : The sweat of labor in the early curse Has (turning acrid in six thousand years) Become the sweat of torture.’ UNDER THE SHADE OF THE TREES. 191 “ I never hear a man rail at the world but I think he has abused it, and, if you will pardon the school-boy expression, ‘the world’s on top.’ Mother, hither is calling you to come to him ; he has found a mare’s nest, doubtless, among those rocks. Miss Courtney, what do you think of this old rolling-stone upon which we are all riding to eternity?” “ I think it by far the best world I have yet found.” “ Be careful you haven’t cause to always think so,” he says, tossing a pebble into the miniature fall which turns the mill-wheel. After a short silence he turns to Eobert. “ Courtney, are you asleep ?” “ Mo, sir,” says Eobert. “ I am watching Mrs. Craw- ford ” “ Dangerous employment, my friend,” says Lincoln. “Mever watch the movements of another man’s wife ; the caution may save the payment of a life insurance policy.” “ Lincoln, you are an idiot, a crank,” cries Blanche. “ Cranks turn the universe, my dear, as well as the cider-press,” he answers. “ I only offer a little sound advice, which our friend can accept or decline. You may keep an eye on a pretty girl, Courtney, until you are as blind as Bunyan ; you may squeeze her hand, — and her waist also, if you get a chance, — you may talk love by moonlight, and indulge in soft sweetness until your tongue turns to a sugar-mill ; but, the moment that girl takes another name, presto ! change I Hands off, tongues off, lips off! eyes another way. What if she does playfully hint of the days when you kissed her hand and talked nonsense! Those days are dead, and, unless you would follow them to the land of shadows, beware of the other man’s wife ! Stop your ears with 192 the sunny side of the CUMBERLAND. wax, have your limbs lashed fast with thong and cord, ply your oar, and fly, oh, Ulysses, for the siren’s song is fatal.” Eobert laughs, — a loud, ringing laugh, which causes the occasion of the rhapsody to turn and look our way, as she gathers ferns and wild-flowers growing in the crannies of the rocks above us. Blanche lays her fin- gers upon the young philosopher’s pulse, and takes out her watch. “ Too rapid by half,” she says. “ Young man, your brain is seriously affected.” “ You are an average physician,” he says, “ but you neglected to look at my tongue.” “ I know it is unhinged without looking,” she says. ‘‘ There is too much clatter.” “Wrong again; my malady is neither one of the tongue or brain; the pain is in the stomach. I am ravenously hungry.” This reminds us that we are all in a similar condition, and we are to prepare for lunch. “ Mr. Courtney,” says Blanche, “ if you and Lincoln will bring the basket from the carriage and spread the cloth, we will attend to the rest. In the mean time, I propose dipping my face in that Liliputian waterfall bounding so temptingly over the mossy rocks yonder.” She runs off to execute her threat; and when just about to dip the sunny head into the pellucid flow, something in the water attracts her attention, and she pauses', one hand supporting her body, as she kneels upon the soft, green earth, the other holding back carelessly the loose flowing hair. It seems only a natural part of the woodland scene when Lincoln, laying his hand on her shoulder, draws her away from the stream. UNDER THE SHADE OF THE TREES. 193 “ Narcissa,” he cries, “ have you become enamoured of your own loveliness ?” She laughs, shakes off his hand, and when she lifts the bright sunny head it is dripping with the cool mountain water. “ Come to dinner, Narcissa,” he says j “ but wait until I help to wring your ringlets.” He rubs a large linen handkerchief briskly over the damp curls, and then, seizing her hand, half drags her down the descent. “Where is mother?” he asks, as we stand waiting round the rustic board. “Father’s mare’s-nest must have developed into a gold mine, and he is engrossed in calculating the value of the treasure. Oh, Midas, Midas! the glittering yellow ore will fail to satisfy the craving of nature long before yonder sun shall sink behind the mountain. Please to look at my mother!” The exclamation is caused by seeing Mrs. Crawford, laden with ferns and wild-flowers, scrambling down the rocks, her black sunshade serving as a litter for the floral treasures. In the roughest, steepest places she never forgets or loses her hold upon the precious bur- den. Eobert hastens to her assistance, and soon she stands, panting, breathless, among us. “ Mother, have you forgotten your dignity, your fifty years, and your avoirdupois ?” said Lincoln. “ I suppose so, all but the avoirdupois,” she answers, dropping upon the rug. “ One gets young again on these mountains. Blanche, did you ever see such gor- geous ferns?” “ Often,” she replies. “ I was raised among them.” “Has that anything to do with your stature?” says Lincoln. “Long, sinewy, and graceful as ” A pickled cucumber, which chances to be the handi- I w 17 194 THE SUNNY SIDE OF THE CUMBERLAND. est weapon at the moment, hurled at him, cuts short the comparison, while Mrs. Crawford continues to com- ment upon her treasures. “Why, just seel that frond measures at least one yard.” She holds up the long, wavy, plume-like beauty. “ I think that must be the Eoyal fern ; it certainly has a royal bearing. And here is the delicate maiden-hair, the best of all the many varieties. Lincoln, what is the botanical name ?” “ Mother,” he replies, “ I know but one word of the language at this moment, and that is the common Eng- lish word h-u-n-g-r-y.” “ You have spelled it correctly, my son, and I believe you are thoroughly able to practically define it. At any rate, I will give you an opportunity as quickly as I can bathe my hands and face. You shall not lack for assistance either ; I see your father coming now.” None are slow in proving our ability in practical defining, when once gathered about the lunch-table. “ Father, did you find a gold mine ?” asks Lincoln, between bites of the devilled ham and crackers he has under consideration. “No,” says the major, deliberately, as he deposits the contents of a sardine-box upon a slice of white bread, “I did not find gold, but there are numerous outcroppings of coal all over these mountains; and, unless I am mistaken, there is some iron under this rocky top.” “To be sure there is,” says Kobert. “Major, I am afraid you found one of the mineral springs with which the mountains abound, and in this way scented your iron.” They are interrupted by Lincoln, suddenly exclaim- ing,— UNDER THE SHADE OF THE TREES. 195 “ ‘ Maiden ! with the meek brown eyes, In whose orbs a shadow lies, Like the dusk in evening skies I ***** Standing, with reluctant feet, "Where the brook and river meet, — "Womanhood, and childhood fleet.’ ” Following his glance, we see a girl of about fifteen summers, barefoot, bareheaded, her yellow hair banging upon her shoulders, her cheeks aglow with health and flushed with the race she has just had with the three lean fox-hounds panting at her side. She is standing ankle-deep in the narrow stream, her bare feet gleaming white in the moss which covers the rock upon which she stands. She seems to have at this moment observed us, and the expression of wonder in the large gray eyes testifies that curiosity outweighs timidity, as she pauses to inspect us. When she realizes that we are returning her gaze tenfold, she drops her eyes and steps from the rock to the pebbly bed of the stream, where, catching one of the smooth stones between her toes, she stands turning it in childish fashion, while the laughing brook bubbles around her slender ankles, striving vainly to liberate the imprisoned pebble. The hounds watch the proceeding gravely, restlessly, as if not exactly comprehending the sudden ending of the chase, and not quite satisfied as to the prolonged pause. While we are studying the lithe, graceful form and picturesque position, a woman comes to the open door of the cabin near by and calls, — “Laurinda? Laurinda ? Laurinda?” And ere we know it, the graceful little creature bounds away like a wild fawn and disappears behind the rocks, followed by the delighted dogs. 196 the sunny side OF THE CUMBERLAND. Lincoln rubs his eyes. “ Was it a vision, a phantom, or a reality ?” “ I can hardly say,” declares Kobert ; “ but if it was a vision, it was the loveliest one ever vouchsafed to mortal.” “ Did she drop from the clouds ?” I ask. “ And disappeared the way she came, I think,” says Lincoln. “She looked like a wood-nymph standing there in the water,” declares Blanche. “ She looked more like a startled deer,” says Lincoln. “I wonder if these rocks are inhabited by such sprites?” “ Whatever her personal attractions may be, she cer- tainly is not overly obedient,” says Mrs. Crawford. “ Did you notice how she darted into that ivy screen when the woman called her ?” “We had no time to notice anything much before she was gone,” says Eobert. “ ‘ Laurinda,’ ” Lincoln repeats the name softly. “ ‘ Laurinda.’ How well it matches the graceful, wild owner! ‘Laurinda,’ — a laurel, a sweet wild-flower. I am glad the woman did not call her ‘ Marthy’ or ‘ Sally’ or ‘ Samanthy,’ but just ‘ Laurinda,’ — a laurel.” “ Young man, cork that bottle of olives, and help fold the table-cloth,” says Blanche, rapping him sharply upon the head with the spoon she holds. “ After that, you may take a cigar and lie under that chestnut-oak and dream of Laurinda exactly half an hour. You may see the golden head in the smoke-wreaths above your own, and admire, in your dream, the prettily- turned ankles; but just for thirty minutes, you under- stand. Mr. Courtney says we must begin to climb the mountain by half-past two at the latest, and it is now two.” O'ER MOUNTAIN, O'ER FOREST. 197 CHAPTEE XYIII. O’ER MOUNTAIN, O’ER FOREST. “ Rugged strength and radiant beauty, These were one in Nature’s plan.” ‘'Four o’clock; we should be near the top,” says Major Crawford, consulting his watch. “So we are,” answers Eobert. “Just around that arching bluff ahead of us we strike the level, and then we follow the road until we reach my old hunting- ground near Cane Creek Falls. We will have about an hour to spare at the falls, and then get to Uncle Tom’s to supper.” Once more we have begun to climb, and four o’clock finds us more than ten miles from our noon encamp- ment,'^M route for Uncle Tom Pearson’s cabin on the mountain. “ I tell you,” says Mrs. Crawford, “ I feel as if we are imposing on your friend, — taking such an army upon him unexpectedly.” “ That is because you don’t^know him,” Bob replies. “ The last time I hunted here, ten years ago, I made Uncle Tom’s headquarters, and, while there, I was so unlucky as to break a limb, and was detained in the mountains a month, — sufficient time I assure you to learn something of the goodness of my host and his wife. Aunt Yin. Take care, Xell, you ride entirely too near the edge of these precipices, you make me nervous. Where is your cavalier ? Here, Sir Knight, leave off your dreaming and look to this daring young lady. Has 17* 198 the sunny side of the CUMBERLAND. the mountain maid left so deep an impression that you forget everything else, and permit ladies intrusted to your keeping to stumble blindly over roads that for ruggedness might compare with Alpine nature, and come off victorious for the comparison ?” “Don’t!” cries Lincoln, who has indeed been dream- ing— who shall say of what? — while toiling up the mountain ; “ don’t, Courtney, don’t be feminine. First you are nervous, which is strictly feminine : the sole right to that malady belongs to the female creation ; as much a part of woman as the affection in her heart for her new bonnet. A man with nerves should bor- row the bonnet also, and be a woman. Then, you go into comparisons, which the whole civilized creation knows to be strictly feminine. Women judge by com- parison, marry by comparison, live, breathe, die by comparison with their neighbor’s mode of doing the same. — Ah, this is glorious!” We reach the sandy level of the mountain-top. Giv- ing our horses rein, we part company with the party in the carriage, and go flying through the wild pasture- land as gayly as if we had not climbed a mountain since sun-up. The white, glistening sand rises beneath the hurrying hoofs like silver dust, while before, the gleam- ing road, spanned now and then by a belt of sunshine, winds under the poplars and white-oak, a serpentine silver band girding the mountains. Upon the left, far as the eye can reach, herds of cattle and flocks of sheep are feeding; the afternoon silence is broken now and then by the lowing of kine, or the cry of a lamb lost among the tall meadow-grasses. “ It is difficult to realize one is on the mountain,” says Lincoln, as we check our speed to watch for the coming carriage. “ It is as level as if this were a valley.” O'ER MOUNTAIN, O'ER FOREST. 199 “We shall realize the elevation when we begin the descent,” I reply. “One never realizes anything until about to lose it.” “ Don’t moralize,” he entreats. “ Wait until the sun goes down, and the ‘ soft, mellow moon’ rises ; never talk sentiment in the broad, open daylight. Sentiment is soft itself, and will not bear the strong glare of sun- light ; it melts into melodramatic foolishness, hey ?” He rides close to my side and peeps under the broad brim of my hat. “ I am not aware that I am talking sentiment,” I retort, angrily. “ When I do undertake the ‘ melo- dramatic foolishness’ I shall certainly select an apprecia- tive audience, in which case you may expect the first invitation. ‘ Fools appreciate their own,’ you know.” “ Said like a philosopher,” he declares. “ Miss Court- ney, your fellow-sufferer will be prompt to respond to the summons. Be sure you find me ; though I do not doubt, in the least, your ability to do so. ‘ A rogue to catch a rogue,’ you understand.” Then, pointing toward a meadow upon the left, — “ Isn’t that pastoral peace to perfection ? Look !” “ I will not,” I reply, determined not to be insulted, called a fool, and then led into other channels before I can resent the rudeness. * “Oh, yes, you will,” he says. “You are a woman; don’t lose sight of that.” He takes the bridle, the horse stops, and he continues. “And curiosity is strictly womanly; pouting, also, is characteristic of the fair sex, hey? How, Miss Courtney, call up your Mother G-oose and tell me which of the nursery jingles will best illustrate the picture of that hearty herdsman fast asleep in the meadow-grass just beyond that line of poplars to your left.” 200 the sunny side of the CUMBERLAND. Who could resist the temptation to look ? There he lies, stretched full length, his broad hat drawn upon his face, one arm bent beneath his head for a pillow, fast asleep, like a young giant in the sunshine, with the tall meadow-grasses waving about him ; lulled by the drowsy drone of the wild bee following the trail of a blossom hidden somewhere in the meadow world. The herds are feeding around him, and the tinkle of a bell, as the leader shakes his head in the effort to dodge the caress of the high grass, makes a slumbrous music which invites to dreamland. While we stand watching the picture, something in the wood beyond attracts their attention, and the entire herd, following the belled leader, lift their heads and rush toward the covert. “ The ‘ little Boy Blue fast asleep under the hay-cock’ had best be looking after his herds,” I suggest ; but Lincoln says, — “ That will not do : this shepherd is a giant. I rather think we have stumbled into the country of the Cyclops; see what gigantic limbs the great Polyphe- mus has.” “Did Mother Goose write mythology?” I ask. He makes a wry face, and before he can answer I say, — “I think we had best hurry on, for yonder comes the carriage. 'Kie giant will be awakened by the noise, and we shall all be exposed to the danger of the imprudent and daring Odysseus.” “ I am not the only one who confounds mythology,” Lincoln says. “Miss Courtney, Polyphemus was a shepherd, not a herdsman.” I point to a flock of sheep in an enclosure farther on. “And,” he continues, ignoring the gesture, “Odys- seus made good his escape from the Cyclops’ cave by clinging to a ram.” O'ER MOUNTAIN, O'ER FOREST. 201 “ All of which I knew before,” I reply. “ Come, it will be dark before we reach our destination ; there is the carriage, and Polyphemus is stirring.” The afternoon sun sends long rays athwart the meadow ; the cattle are lowing around the salt rocks in the low ground, the wild bees are hurrying in their afternoon stores ; the winds move slowly northward, laden heavily with southern fragrance; the mountain lifts its top so near the heaven that the intervening veil seems to part, and a sheen of celestial glory covers the upper peaks. For two miles we follow the road along the sandy level, and then, — “We will wait here under the shade until the car- riage again overtakes us,” says Lincoln. “ It must be here that we leave the road to go to the falls.” Willing enough to rest, I draw rein under the shade of an oak. Hew scenes lie before us ; the level pasture- lands are about to bo abandoned, and the mysteries of the wild country to our left are to be explored. Again the rosebay and ivy demand a footing, and right roy- ally maintain their claim ; holly and spruce-pine com- bine to crowd the space unclaimed by other usurpers of the mountain’s soil. “You Southern folks are a queer people,” says my companion, casting his eye over the road we have travelled. “Yes?” “ You travel the world over for grandeur, and it grows wild here at your very doors. You rush West for land when it runs to waste around you. You crowd the Horth in search of employment, when your own material waits for willing hands, — material for which the Horth has no match in all its breadth ; for- tunes, millions lie unclaimed hero in the very heart of 202 the sunny side of the CUMBERLAND. a country that is either too blind to see, or too indolent to utilize. Why, if this mountain could be shipped, as it is, across the Ohio, these heights would be blooming almost as by magic.” “ Then we should thank the Lord for planting it deep,” I reply; “ otherwise it would have been shipped or hauled over long since. It is about all you have left us, and we have Providence to thank that the old river- girt, iron-seated mountain still guards the eastern pass to Tennessee. As for our ‘ignorance,’ well, you know it is not every one can ‘see himself as others see him,’ else egotism would now find itself confounded some- times.” “Now you are employing the feminine weapon, per- sonalism,” he replies ; and, as usual when the subject is unpleasant, he changes it. “ I suppose we might as well ‘ ’light,’ for it must be a bold steed that can break that jungle,” he says ; “ we will be forced to walk some before we see the falls.” He springs to the ground, throws his bridle over a stout young sapling, gives it a dextrous twist into the strong supple branches, and holds out his arms to me. I place one hand upon his shoulder, the other still upon the pommel of the saddle, and pause in the act of alighting. He looks up, our eyes meet ; his are very blue and deep and — something, I scarcely recognize the feeling behind the blue depths ere he, smiling, says, softly, “ Come,” and lifts me from the saddle. And then the carriage comes up, and in the confusion and merriment of alighting the incident is forgotten. ' When next my eyes seek his, they wear their usual expression. “ Blanche, are you afraid of snakes ?” “ Ask me if I am afraid of ‘ old Scratch,’ ” she replies. 203 O^ER MOUNTAIN, O’ER FOREST. as she stops, pushing aside the thick growth through which we are fighting our way, and peering cautiously into the shadowy path. “ My dear,” says Lincoln, holding the bush aside for her, “ that is the fourth time to-day I have noticed you lifting your hat to his Satanic majesty. Once he was timidly ‘ the old boy,’ then he was plain every-day ‘ old Satan,’ again he was only the ‘ bad man,’ now he is ‘ old Scratch.’ Don’t do it ; politeness to the devil never amounts to anything; Just a waste of breath with you women.” “ I suppose you men never object to ‘ waste’ in that direction,” I retort. “It depends entirely upon whose waist it is,” he answers, saucily. “ Mother, are you suddenly stricken dumb ?” “JSTo,” says Mrs. Crawford, bent upon conquering a huge holly branch which bars her path, “I am not dumb. I merely supposed you had the monopoly of the conversation.” “ I retire,” he says. “ Courtney, open your battery ; father, speak ; talk, chatter, all of you ; ladies and gentlemen, I am silent from this moment; the floor is yours.” “ That is delightfully refreshing news,” says the major, “but I will wager a fortune you cannot keep quiet ten minutes. Courtney, 1 believe I hear the sound of falling water.” “Say, ‘catch the sound,’ fa ” “Silence!” cries Blanche; “you are under a vow.” Ho places a hand upon his lips. “Yes, that must be the fall,” says Eobert, as we emerge from our briery jungle and gather upon a large flat rock, and listen a moment to the soft musical 204 THE SUNNY SIDE OF THE CUMBERLAND. plash of a fountain somewhere under the thick growth below us. “ There’s a path somewhere,” says Eobert, looking round. “ I remember we pitched our tent last fall just beyond that wood, and the path led through this tangle. Let me see; I have hunted along here often enough to know the route.” Lincoln is wildly gesticulating ; he seizes Eobert by the sleeve, but Bob shakes him off. He then jumps from the rock, grasps my arm, and pulls me after him ; I draw back indignantly, and he beckons frantically to Blanche, who is watching Eobert. The major does not see the effort to attract him, and Mrs. Crawford is coolly and provokingly unobservant of the schemes to catch her attention. At last the Yankee blood is up. “There’s the path!” he shouts; at which we break into loud laughter. “ One instant more of restraint would have added a corpse to our party,” says Blanche, between the bursts of merriment. “ There’s no telling whose it might have been, either,” declares Lincoln. “ I was becoming desperate. I shall never voluntarily take a vow of silence again in the company of three women, never; they would force an angel to disobedience.” “ My dear, no one spoke to you,” says his mother. “We were doing admirably without your conversa- tion.” “ Thank you ; you may dispense with my talk, but not with my assistance. You would have stood there on that rock until to-morrow, like a blind man on a sugar-barrel trying to find the moon with a spy-glass ; and unless I interfere I verily believe you will stand there, as it is, until the sun sets. Courtney, it is four O^ER MOUNTAIN, O'ER FOREST. 205 o’clock, and we are not any too familiar with these woods, and the houses are none too near together. Move on, or we will find ourselves overtaken by dark.” The thought is a timely one, and we put it into im- mediate execution ; down the zigzag, winding path, over rock, brier, and brush, we fight our way until at last we catch the far-olf haze where the mountain breaks away. “Hush!” A sullen roar falls upon our ear; as we draw nearer yet, the roaring changes to restless plunging, and we catch the sheen of the yeasty flood, tossing its spray in W'hite feathery flakes. We crowd upon the verge of the mighty clilf, silent with wonder and admiration. Be- fore us is the turbulent tide, dashing over the gray mountain-side, into a basin of stone formed in the rock- heart of the earth, and into which the furious flood is poured both day and night. The opposite bluff towers three hundred feet above the dark pool ; the distant slopes of the Cumberland spurs, the irregular break of the nearer prongs, and the long wild stretch of un- broken forest reaching away through the distant crags, form a scene beautiful, picturesque, wild, and alluring, yet sadly touching. It is nature with her great heart broken ; grand, desolate nature. Far and faint the music of a horn floats across the yawning abyss, and then the baying of the hounds upon a fresh trail follows the sound. A vision of a land of dreams it now seems, as we stand with bated breath watching the sunlight dimpling the silver bubbles of the foamy sea hissing around us. “ Shall we find anything grander ?” asks Major Craw- ford. “Hot soOn,” says Eobert. 18 206 the sunny side of the CUMBERLAND. “ You people spoil your pretty highlands and rivers with ugly names,” continues the major. “ The name is half the attraction, always.” “For instance?” says Lincoln. “ Laurinda,” laughs Blanche. “ Oh, yes,” he says. “ I had forgotten the little wild girl. I wonder if she has responded to the maternal call yet, or if she is still romping among the laurel-brakes with the hounds. Courtney, how high is this bluff?” “ I should say it is three hundred feet,” says Major Crawford ; and Bob laughs. “ Pretty good calculation, major : three hundred from base to summit; the fall not quite one hundred and fifty, and just fifty in width ; so says the inscription on the other side of the bluff. You have not observed this fall upon our right ; I always feel amused when I see this little thread-like sheet, full fifty feet deeper than the main fall, doing its utmost, it seems to me, to create as much confusion as its noisy rival. I have sat here for hours and watched and listened and feasted my eyes, ears, and soul many a drowsy Sabbath afternoon.” “ That was romance in reality,” laughs Blanche. “ You will think so when I tell you I read ‘ Kath- rina’ on this very bluff one Sabbath afternoon in Sep- tember,” he replies. “ You were not hunting deer on the Sabbath, I hope,” says Lincoln. “ No,” replies Eobert. “ I was keeping the Sabbath ; worshipping God through His works. I distinctly re- member one expression in the poem that echoed my sentiments so well that I laid the book beside me on the rock, — this same rock, — and repeated the lines over and over until I almost believed nature understood the compliment. It was this : O'ER MOUNTAIN, O'ER FOREST. 207 ‘ It is enough for God That they are beautiful, and hold His thought In fine embodiment.’ I afterwards cut the words into the bluff somewhere be- low us. I always think of them when I visit this place; there is a Divinity itself in this construction. See how perfect the forming of that basin, and the mar- vellous chiselling of the bold, regular wall encircling it.” “ Yes,” says Blanche, “ the workmanship would do credit to an Angelo.” “ It speaks a greater architect than Buonarroti,” I put in. “Take the entire scene; there is not a touch, nor a tone, in design or execution, the old Italian pencil king could have approximated. The very foliage cor- responds to the wildness of the gorge ; not a flower to be seen ; none of the delicate mosses we have found so abundant about the moist mountain bluffs; only the holly and hemlock pines, and the hardy rank laurel. There is a wilderness of it below us.” “ Let’s investigate the ‘ wilderness,’ ” cries Lincoln. “Not I,” says Mrs. Crawford. “My days of foolish daring ended with my days of romance; the value of life and limb is fully appreciated. I intend to stay where I am, and enjoy the beauty before me ; the sun- light dancing in that foam-flood is the loveliest picture I ever beheld. The mountains fascinate me more every hour I spend among them.” “ I was thinking the same,” says Blanche. “ Mr. Courtney, do you read Goethe ?” “ Not often,” Bob replies. “ Why ?” And she answers, — “ It is Goethe who says, — 208 the sunny side of the CUMBERLAND. ‘ On every mountain height Is rest.’ Was he not right?” Before Bob can answer, Lincoln again calls for vol- unteers to go below. “Blanche,” he insists, “ do come; where is all your courage lately ?” She shakes her head, and Major Crawford offers the undignified suggestion that not “courage” so much as “ backbone” is necessary for such a climb. “ Father,” cries Lincoln, “ you are shockingly vulgar, as well as ignorant. This is the nineteenth century, when such low commodities as backbones are not toler- ated. Back, in every other form except that of a spinal column, is the thing mostly to be desired, and is essentially a feminine characteristic ; back-ache is ex- clusively woman’s ailment, backsliding her darling sin, backbiting her pet amusement; but a fool must know the women of the nineteenth century have no back- bone'' We cry out against such wholesale slander, and Blanche indignantly tosses a stone at the offender, and, greatly to her own surprise, the pebble grazes the young man’s forehead. “Bid you aim at the sun?” he asks, rubbing the wounded part with the forefinger of his left hand. “ Because if you did, being a woman, you would nat- urally have come within just that distance of your aim. Women are curious marksmen ; they aim at a pyramid and hit a pig.” “ Exactly,” says Blanche. “ I have just demonstrated that ; and now the piggy is squealing.” We all laugh, and the Yankee admits that for once a woman’s shot has told. And then, while the others are O^ER MOUNTAIN, O’ER FOREST. 209 engaged in admiring some newly-found beauty, we slip away, Lincoln and I, to the wilderness below the bluff. Above the purplish peaks which guard the east bound- ary, a pillar of blue floats dreamily : in the west the pillar of fire is flooding the wilderness with splendor. Through thickets of ivy and jungles of rank, wild growth we fight our way down the zigzag, broken trail, catching at anything that offers a support, as the up-piled polished stones turn beneath our feet. Half- way down the descent Lincoln turns to me and asks, — • “ Hid you ever see such a wilderness ? there are ten thousands of rocks, almost of a size, round and polished as if they might have been showered from the clouds ; and the ivy grows here almost as freely as on the level heights. It is worse as we descend ; do you think it advisable to go on ?” “ I think it advisable to go on,” I reply ; and after a moment he says, — “ Ho you know I enjoy having you for a companion in these break-neck rambles ?” “ I had no idea you were so condescending,” I laugh- ingly answer, steadying my foot upon a fallen tree lying across the trail, “though I can easily understand your enjoyment. No one else is foolish enough to like such daring escapades: poor company is better than none.” “ That is just where you are in error,” he replies.
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VTHE DEMOCRATIC NORTHWEST.'' THURSDAY. DECEMBER 1 1887 "WASHINGTON LETTER. Proa om regale eorpodmt.l Washinoton, Nov. 22, 1887. Am the time for the assembling of ConirreM draw nearer, the contest for the position of doorkeeper or the House waxes warmer that appearing to be v, nn nuDoruiuaus uubiuuu uvo. Ul. . , THE TRAPPI8T MONKS. The Inmates of the Monastery Near ., Getbsetnaoe, Keotackr. Attention has recently been directed to the Trapplst Monks who live In a wild place about forty-eigni . mues south of Louisville, Kentucky. They mthmnat austere body of men In rsurin regard to the doorkeeperehip. half-mile 0f the monastery. The P ASn the familiar faces of the mem- ties of the hermits require them to ben Tof Congress can be seen at u i tire at 7 o tla and on the streets; and In their U. m., scon . . cif ia .nuAAmnaiitinn t.hmif?h. I thA wnviH. rtnlvone other order ex "irr-Vhin.fiAn.thiitarenowbe- lt In this country. These monks . - . j swfc r tvA lPATMIimiV UCIIDU HKIXIHII KL alBWVHiv m vawa-a v. mg wraw ".rJiirTi...- .ni v .nf Mr fn 1848. Thev came from ou, vneiu.v if-nM nd only two of the original Uen Will " -""-""ll I . l TM Km ...r m air candidates in ine neia roruwr- numoer nrui.u. oer Call lections of the country. Ueetheoutolde world. They take only Keeper, iruiu. .,,,, for Ln. mul a dav. at 2 o'clock in the fi!reK;I.-.t.i Congressional caucus afternoon. They are allowed only rv.i" tho fr.nr heat ohices mod and notatoes. and never taste toequaiij u. Senreant-at- meat. fish, butter or eras. These men, frm. and Dostmaater and to the South who now number thirty-five, are not Klerk aVddoorkeeper-an arrange- permitted . to speak even to each nL.t fill VtvPV It KAIv llA ROULI U UCUi I OLIlBK BUU ILJB UI11V. UlUO s,u mentui" ""' New hear the sound of each other's . ni ar-Aucusto meet in voices is when they are inl their cells A... t, iko iat.tr nartofthe week, I nerformine devotion. No woman has r11. thev will I pvbp hppn nprmlttwi to come within a to aeiermiiio """'rlr "-,,, riT; .7" i iT. mnn..t Th du re- clock at nleht. arise at z own rem themselves, periurui . i i u i 1 I . i . . . i i w ..nffl lha n f- usual haun .rtr of the innn v nnwaDaner nor book of aristocratic " . --..7. ti . '"T"'.i,T i. rmit.td inside the Tultv I Tie W BltlU(iWUUB " BU UCUIIMWU s.. - line of social distinction right through I walls. Every day each monk is re- liu3ui yY. . it i.,n;A Annniiii I ,;, a ruirrlnn of hIB Own Ha middle OI JTBUUBJi"i"" I quiiCTi w uip r - -- , , 1 tne miu Tnr.nni of them it is claimed, I-... :i.uin u nnrth nf that line. TTnirrl States nor anything that has 11 one tn h. ftf .,,,,. nnnonl ainoe thev entered the place, hlesialstaturb The principle upon which they practice M6 tLB.;rfa with distrust these sel?-abneeatlons is that the OI i,nl,nii to chancel mnmlmum of haDotness. When one that onlnlon You see, dear reader, f them dies the monastery bells rings T trnnw how It 18 myseil, luc wi"."f5 I ouijlijriuiijr buu liicuoou L5"?r T innocently located ou h the grave without a coffin or wind- toe wrone side of Pennsylvania avenue. insr sheet. ; mtwruugw"" 3 - onrt am nnho TmnnH nnon n lnt their t . knn aim n i'.rtfBBt;u vvt ..- xucao xawmm.oia?. J3UI. i "!- 1 H aa triv t ik. m.n nhniiturmittH now a,. - t. Hi. e ln the neignoot.,..-i...ntosla fnrl.nn.l,.... rnlllar ho vna one of . in anniiinii 1.1 1 nr; t liui v.v - 1 wuiiu tt vui"vl, M - ...1.1..i..H.n. thora will be twoor thn mnnt noted sinsrers In the world c.,otQ nnrl nnn of the lat- PIIIpp wan at one time Nellie Grant' ter will be of general interest, as it in- musio teacher. He went all over-the volves a constitutional question. In country singing in oratorio. Banished West Virginia, the regular bibbi i from r ranee auu mi mo icraw J 1 '...i....., holnir failed to elect hxanuirht a retreat among these monks, a United States Senator, the Governor and lived there ten years before his appointed one; but at a called session death. On account of the severity of Governor's appointment was ignored as gradually diminishing and the accession i7iI!i an,i Rnnator elected. So two Uions. which are rare, come mostly claimants-both Democrats-wni appear for the same Senatorial seat. One of the other cases that I refer to is that of Senator-elect Turple, of Indiana, fc til It is doubtful if ex-Senator Harrison , 1 l... 11 a niH HiinHii uiaiiuii Coniesis uw bcv, -o - appears to rest upon iij-u u8 uu,., firm foundation. Then, too, the Senate t,h mnra imnartial and conservative than the House in the settling of contests. The British isneries ujiuuiii Most everything to this world la full of deception, tew things are what they seem, but the result obtained for Dr. Jones' Red Clover T"lc far exceed all claims. It restores lost nerve force, cures dyspepsia, and all stomach, liver, kidney and bladder troubles. It la a . . . , - .t k. I 1 4 ft penec tonio, appeuw?r, umwu a sura cure for a true and malarial diseases. Price 60 cts. of Saur & Balsley. HUMPHREYS' DR. HUMPHREYS' Book of all Diaeasei, Cloth & Cold Binding BARGAINS ! from the Germans. There are on ly two Americans among them. Mjccnange taw o noKZMl. aoa. I FfTfrm, OomMtlaa. lnitlMa. I w aravl, w orm f vnr. otmiv0,.' I f in. r.ll or TaalJliac of Lalj i:.: ' . y,L i . "iAt. llivaeaterr, OripiM. Bilkwu OaUs. liMtera Mora. VMaiuug. . KMU. nroaoBiiM, Wfflsspj earalfta. TooUijtl righ...., Hf.i.choi. Sick Hwixht, Vortita, 'tif, is ' .IS I lOMEOPATHIC liui UrrWi While, to otuM rarrao ( rou rboll. DifBcnlt Bra Halt Rheont. Bwiipalaa, k Kbeaautlua. Bomuo I u.i ........ .-k .aft ,reaM or Palatal rrriafe. J. too rTOIUta rariwa... Dntun.r.. hnipuooo.. I Palno 3.1 r eref and Afe, Chilla, Maun. an Caufrh. InoaBrMia thoHad .60 Waooploinl,. ,i f 'Vit (eaeral lTeWlin.Pn7MIWaakiiaia .fttt Klaao lllaraas 3(4 Urlaarr Weakneaa. wot"" .."X In IS 14 IIS liv 17 It n 5 PECI FIOS. ' Hold br DniKi.ta. or not pontpaia on laouut oi paUri M, i jiiifUatii'aaPluilitM. ttpaid on raooipt o( The only braud of Laundry Soap awarded a first class medal at the New Orleans Exposition. Guaran teed absolutely pure, and for general household purposes is the very bes PAT .8. Patent Consumption, scrofula, general de- hilllv. wastinc diseases of children chronic couirhs and bronchitis, can be cured by the use of Scott's Emulsion of Pure Cod Lilver uu witn iiypopnos nhites. Prominent physicians use and testify to its great value. Please read the following: "I used Scott' ' - - ,,. 1, nrho. emulsion ior au uueuuuio uuuSii mm navingreacneu i.no v,ui i hem orrhaee. loss of appetite, emacia' ble that negotiauona wiu oe.H FB. tion 8leeftieness. &c. All of these before the end or tms weea. vpou11B:o. T h.lieva vour . t - . . r ll,Amhavloin t.nn 'I1UT I ' " T .. arrival 01 m. -vy; Emu s on has saved a case of well tte oommissioner, lie was u.o , con8UU1ption.-T. J. Find- hotel by forty reporters oi w.c .c-u us . Lonel3tr. Texas, lmo .. M n T 1 1A 'fllllll I V. IIUL LUG ' anhipnta nn which the adroit diploma- tiof nnnM h (mtiBfactorilv interviewed The nractical loker is aeain abroad wpre liouors. clears, and kindred topics, it, the land, thiB time in the role of a Th hova vivaciously pumped away concocter of bombs made ot gas pipe over an hour, but ail u no iiuruuoe anfl sawaust, conceivea ror vne purpose further than that they were consiuera- 0r frightening timia peopio ana crear, blv refreshed Internally. ing temporary sensations. The sub- Tbauks to tne liouesi, re"iiect is too serious 10 ue inueu mm uj YT.oii.nrU nf a democratic admltnstra- blooming humorists, and the man wno tion, tltaaunual deficits, for defraying ha guilty of perpetrating such alleged thpensesof the Postomceestaoiisn- "jokes" Is haraiy Tnanr urhlrh hava. for a numoer OI run at Iarce. years, mounted to eight to niteen mi; lion dollare annually, have been steaai- to u tnat axador the "golden Iv reduced unui tne last aeuoieucjr n remed for an stomachic disorder is about one million dollars, and it is con- aiwaV8 n the house. Sold by all drug fldentiy estimated mar. oeiore jgt8 for 35 cent8 a package. There is notning in ine wonu more Oblainaa,ai4ilotlirbrnlBe"iiHheU.! '."a.a VODKUATE FEES Oat offloa U oppo. It lh U . K . Patent Olfit. nd wacanobialnPatoimiin Irwa time thau thofa re motefrom WASHINGTON. Bend MODEL OR DR AWIK G . We.d i....to DstenUbllltr free-of cburcc! n we rotke 10 CHABGE UNLESS WE OBTAIN PATENT. Warefer, being, to the Post Office, the Sun, of Monroe Order, and to officials of the D. S. Patent Office, for circular, advice, etc., are to actual clients in your own State of count, address; Opposite Patent Office, Washington, W. G. COOVER, Successor to Heller & Coover. Dealer in all kinds of Shelf and Heavy HARDWARE! Farm Implements, Among which is the ARBITRATIONS' Bryan Iron Beam Plow does cure Rheumatism a one. It will cure YOU. It is The only has such good cent for furnished colored, Norwegian, Cir. A Wall 1 LATHROPHORISZ . iidina Special Prices. We have a very large line of Dress Goods, Dress Flannels, Tricots, heavy all-wool flannels, that must be Sold. In order to do this we have put prices upon them and will sell them at a great discount. A large line of Braids, Passimentaries, Velvet, Plushes and dress trimmings of the newest styles. Ladies' and Miss Elegant Jackets, Newmarkets, Short Wraps in Seal Plush, Brocade Velvets and Astrakhan Seal Plush Cloaks. Our Underwear and Hosiery departments tell for themselves. Immense stock to select from at the lowest prices. Our Clothing and Boot and Shoe departments are full tomorrow, and at prices that defy competition. Hats, Caps and Knit goods in endless variety. Big Stock of Carpets, Mats and Flor Oil Cloth, and guarantee satisfaction. Give us a call. We mean business. D. & J. Wilson. The name on a package of COFFEE is a guarantee of excellence. COFFEE is kept in all first-class stores from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Fit to be allowed to The annual, upon the Post Office Department will be running on a paying basis. Proclamation, may and has appointed G. T. of New York, to fill the position of First Assistant Secretary of State, made vacant by the resignation of Governor Porter, of Tennessee. The President has two other good places to fill Commissioner of the General's beautiful than a fine healthy baby. Keep it so by using Dr. Bull's Baby Syrup. Price 25 cents a bottle. Wonderful Cures. W. D. Hoyt & Co., wholesale and retail druggists of Rome, Ga., say: We have been selling Dr. King's New Dispensary, vacated by the retirement of every member of the family, Electric Bitters and other remedies for four years. Have of Mr. Sparks, and During the absence of Mr. Hall, Commissioner of Patents, Gen. Robert B. Vance, Assistant Commissioner, fills the former position in a manner highly commendable in himself and acceptable to all. The Acting Commissioner, while in Congress, was Chairman of the Committee on Patents, and he is a brother of Senator Vance, of North Treasurer Hyatt's report shows that there is still outstanding more than fifteen millions of fractional currency nearly all of which was supposed to have been destroyed. Showing that a large amount is yet in circulation, though called in twelve years ago. Facts worth knowing. In all diseases of the nasal mucous membrane, the remedy used must be non-irritating. The medical profession has been slow to learn this. Nothing satisfactory can be accomplished with douches, snuffs, powders, syringes, or astringents or any similar application. However, they are all irritating, do not thoroughly reach the affected surfaces and should be abandoned as worse than failures. A multitude of persons who had for years borne all the worry and pain that catarrh can inflict, testify to radical and permanent cures wrought by Dr. Pierce's cream of tartar. At COFFEE is never good when exposed to the air. Always buy this brand in hermetically sealed ONE POUND PACKAGES. Groceries and Provisions. Defiance Clipper Iron Beam Plow. Two of the Best Flows in the World. Paints, Oils, Varishes, Glass, Double & Single Shovel Plows, iron and wood, also, Riding and Walking Cultivators, a full line of COOK STOVES. Call and see them. ROOFING AND SPOUTING A specialty, also agent for the celebrated TU UN BULL WAGON, acknowledged as one of the best wheels. Call and examine. W. G. COOVER, Napoleon, O. G. GEO. HIAH, now receiving his Fall and Winter Stock of Piece Goods. My-Madu Clothing, and I will make you price on Suit and Overcoat that will astonish you. Now is the Time to Order. Do not wait until the latest styles are on hand before leaving your order for Suit or Overcoat. If you desire anything in the Ready-Made Clothing Line, remember that our Stock is very large and complete, and that we are never undersold. Our line of -DEALERS never handled remedies that seem as well, or give such universal satisfaction. There have been some wonderful cures effected by these medicines in this city. Several cases of pronounced Consumption have been entirely cured by use of a few bottles of Dr. King's New Discovery, taken in connection with Electric Bitters. We guarantee them always. Bold by J. Humphrey. Bob Ingersoll says this world is a railroad train in which the passengers all know they will be killed at some point down the line. This shows the march of improvement. Shakespeare said the world was a stage but we have passed the old stage coach days. One day in the absence of the father, little two-year-old insisted on his older sister's asking a blessing at dinner, to which she replied, "Oh, no, I don't like God very well, so I guess I won't thank him;" to which the little fellow replied, "I like Dod, Bitty; Dod's a doll, Dod's a doll." A piece of timber, taking up three flat cars, seventy-five feet long and thirty-one inches in diameter, has been loaded at Youngstown, O., destined for the Panama canal. GROCERIES, PROVISIONS, QUEENS and GLASSWARE We intend to keep constantly on hand a full stock of goods in our line, and invite a share of the public patronage. Cash Paid for Country Produce. Brick and Tile! We also manufacture a superior quality of brick and tile, which are sold at the lowest prices. Parties intending to build or build will do well to consult us before purchasing. chinshonldglveus a call, examine our stock anagetpneca. MEYERHOLTZ A BRO., Napoleon, Ohio. A Great Baram! Gents' Furnishing Goods O Cannot be excelled. Drop in and look as over. We will guarantee that you will be FOR SALE : The South-west quarter of section 18, Marion township, Henry county, Ohio, excellent Umbel, on the O.R.R., in 40 or 80 acres tracts to suit purchasers, inquire of or address Dec-19tf : Kapoteon, O. MEDICAL NOTICE. DR. GEO. SPRINGER having permanently located in Ohio, offers his professional services to its citizens and vicinity. Special attention paid to the treatment of Private and Chronic Diseases. : Office and residence at John on House. Ang4-tt TRI-STATE satisfied with any purchase you may make of geo. s:msr, Napoleon, Ohio. Don't "be in a Hurry TO BUY YOUR The Highlanders who habitually breath the smoke from peat fires never have me convinced, thought, to the antiseptic properties of the tar creosote, tarmin volatile oils and the fumes contained in the black, unctuous peat they use as fuel. So that by burning peat and inhaling its fumes consumption may be cured. u. People ask what is good for a cough or a cold, the mistake many make is letting it run too long. Dr. Bigelow's Cough Cure, contains the good qualities of all the best cough remedies without the defects of any of them. A safe and speedy remedy for coughs, colds, and all throat and lung troubles. Sold by Saur & Balsley in 50 cents and $1.00 bottles. Healing to the lungs. Safe and pleasant for children. Miss Dorothea L. Dix, among her other good deeds, succeeded to calling the personal attention of Pope Pius IX to the shocking management of the State Insane Asylum at Rome. In a brief but somewhat audacious interview, she presented such startling facts to the Pope that he at once took the subject in hand, ordered a new institution, and a new system, and thanked Miss Dix warmly for her humane efforts. Adams Express Company. Letter from the Assistant Foreman of the Delivery Department. A Subject in which Thousands are deeply concerned. About five years ago I suffered from painful urination and great pain and weakness in the lower part of my back, pain in the limbs, bad taste in the mouth, disgust at food, and great mental and bodily depression. I live at 241 York Street, Jersey City, and on arriving home one night I found a copy of the Shaker Almanac that had been left during the day. I read the article, "What Is this Disease that is Coming Upon Us!" It described my symptoms and feelings better than I could if I had written a whole book. My trouble was indeed "like a thief in the night," for it had been stealing upon me unawares for years. I sent for a bottle of Shaker Extract of Roots, or Seiget's Syrup, and before I had taken one-half of it I felt the welcome relief. In a few weeks I was like my old self. I enjoyed and digested my food. My kidneys soon recovered tone and strength, and the urinary function vanished. Millions of men-made some medicine simply to adorn the bowels. To them I commend Beaker Extract in the strongest possible terms, It is the gentlest, pleasantest, safest and surest purgative in this world. The most delicate women and children may take it. One point more: I have all the more common sense in this medicine because it is prepared by the Thakers. I may claim to be a religion! Man made a man a slave and a slave is a man's conscience and strict business integrity. What they make may be trusted by the public. W. H. Hall. For sale by all druggists and by A. J. White, M Warren street, New York. LAND FOR SALE! Angola, Ind, TUF undersigned will sell 80 acres of land situated in the west half of the city. Of the north-west quarter of 7 acres, clear, the balance timber land. Title clear. For further information inquire of W. B. Brims, on the adjoining farm, or of Andrew Swarts, Jamestown, Fa. April 1888. J. H. Cooper Co. FARM for SALE. Under the management of the John Site Farm, consisting of 100 acres; about one-half cleared; located in No. 28 Blenheim township, Henry County, Ohio. Terms reasonable. Students from Henry County can reach this School by one o'clock p.m., 20 miles North of Auburn. Five good buildings the last one erected this summer worth $30,000. Boarding, furnished rooms, and tuition, only from $8.60 to $2.50 per week. Buildings in one of the most beautiful places in the world. Beautiful Lakes within a few minutes walk of the buildings, where students rest by. THREE DEPARTMENTS, THIRD, YOU HAVE SEEN FRED. SCHROEDER. The splendid stock of Goods will be sold on very close margins this season. Call and see for yourself. UNDERTAKING and EMBALMING Attended to carefully, night or day, with all the modern appliances. HAS A COMPLETE STOCK OF FUNERAL GOODS From the smallest and cheapest Collin to the finest and dearest Br vi 1-Clith Cafe, and has without doubt the finest range in the county. The best of service at reasonable prices is guaranteed. Tyler Block, Washington Street. Respectfully, FRED Schroeder. Indiana Bicycle Co., Fayette Normal, Music, Business, Music, Literary Business College. Prepare for Teaching, for Business, and for College. Experienced Teacher throughout: New Buildings with complete modern facilities; Chemical and Philosophical Laboratory. $990 pays Board, Tuition and Room Rent for one year. $9.40 pays the same for one week for students rooming in the Hall. Furnished Room, For Catalogue to M. SOLOMON METZLER, Pres., FAVORITE, U.S.A. Catarrh AM Brwflr! iHTJf a7"w Ilk- iWm raw aaa. 17. mi mi creawTbalm Cleanses the Nasal Passages, Allays' Pain and fl animation, Heals the Sores, Restores the Senses of Taste and Smell.... AY-EILVER That the, cpbe. A particle is applied into each nostril and agreeable. Price 50 cents at Druggists; by mail, registered, etc. BLIX BROTHERS, 235 Greenwich St., New York. THREE UNIVERSITY COURSE, Teachers, Scientific and Classical. Diplomas Given in Each. You can graduate in Teacher's representation in one year; the other two years and under six years respectively. PLENTY OF EMBLEMENT PHILOSOPHICAL APPARATUS The Best Make Winter Term opens... Jan. 5, 1887 Spring Term opens... March 5, 1888 Would be glad to correspond with any one regarding school matters. Address, July 7-6m L.V. SNIFF, A.M.Pree. The best on earth can truly be said of Griggs Glycerine Salve, which is a sure, safe and speedy cure for cuts, bruises, scalds, burns, wounds, and all other sores. Will positively cure piles, tetter, and all skin eruptions. Try this wonder healer. Satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. 25 cents. 114 North Pennsylvania St., Indianapolis, Indiana. Largest Bicycle Dealers in the West Send Stamp for price list of new and second-hand Machines. New is the time to have your repair done at bottom prices by competent workmen. Second-hand Wheels taken in trade for new-Buggies. Or Bicycles PRESBYTERIANS Who do not take the Herald and Pre, Editor, should Flee One-Cent Stamp FOR A. Sample copy of that paper and a beautiful steal-engraved: Calendar for 1888 Size 4x4 Inches. Or send names and addresses of ten or more Presbyterians of different families who do. not now take the paper, and receive the Calendar and sample copy free. Hand a one. Mention name of church and pastor, and ser Where you saw this. Address. MEMBERS AND PHYSICIANS, ITS Kua STSar, Cincinnati, O. oct27-Sm A valuable discovery. The most efficient cure for all diseases of the blood, liver, kidneys, and stomach. It is manufactured by Dr. J. C. A. Smith, a renowned physician, and is recommended by many as the best remedy for dyspepsia, constipation, liver and kidney complaints, with all the ills induced by excessive use of alcohol, indigestion, headache, sour stomach, diarrhea, palpitations of the heart, shortness of breath, kidney affections, thirst, fever, chills, rheumatism, scanty and high colored urine, and deficiency of urinary secretion. For more extended description of this extraordinary remedy, read our circular, "East Indies." Get one from your druggist, or address your druggist. Manufactured only by Dr. J. C. Smith & Co., Toledo, O. Price $1. Sold in Napo Co. by S. S. S. Co., and J. Humphrey.
| 44,251 |
https://github.com/Yago-Gomes/Exercicios-Springboot/blob/master/exemploinjecaodedependencia/exemploinjecaodedependencia/src/main/java/john/underground/exemploinjecaodedependencia/model/Cat.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Exercicios-Springboot
|
Yago-Gomes
|
Java
|
Code
| 18 | 84 |
package john.underground.exemploinjecaodedependencia.model;
import john.underground.exemploinjecaodedependencia.interfaces.AnimalInterface;
public class Cat implements AnimalInterface {
@Override
public void comunicar() {
System.out.println("miau");
}
}
| 38,918 |
https://github.com/gerardrbentley/repeter/blob/master/src/global.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
repeter
|
gerardrbentley
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 290 | 670 |
import { reactive, toRefs, ref, watch } from 'vue';
export interface Store {
checkins: string[];
tasks: Task[];
}
export interface Task {
id: number;
title: string;
duration: number;
completed: boolean;
}
const STORAGE_KEY = "daily-list";
const source: Store = JSON.parse(
localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY) || '{"checkins": [], "tasks": []}'
);
const store = reactive<Store>(source);
export const saveStorage = () => {
localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify(store));
};
const makeDummyTasks = () => {
let dummyTasks: Array<Task> = [];
for (let i = 5; i > 0; i--) {
let newT: Task = { id: i, title: `Task Num ${ i }`, completed: false, duration: 60 * 10 };
dummyTasks.push(newT);
}
return dummyTasks;
};
watch(store, () => { saveStorage(); });
const { tasks, checkins } = toRefs(store);
if (tasks.value.length === 0) {
tasks.value = makeDummyTasks();
}
const setTasks = (newTasks: Array<Task>) => {
tasks.value = newTasks;
saveStorage();
};
const focusedTaskId = ref(tasks.value[0].id);
const swapFocus = (direction: String) => {
let currIndex = tasks.value.findIndex((task) => {
return task.id === focusedTaskId.value;
});
if (direction === "previous") {
let nextIndex = currIndex > 0 ? currIndex - 1 : tasks.value.length - 1;
focusedTaskId.value = tasks.value[nextIndex].id;
} else {
let nextIndex = currIndex < tasks.value.length - 1 ? currIndex + 1 : 0;
focusedTaskId.value = tasks.value[nextIndex].id;
}
};
let secondsFormat = (totalSeconds: number) => {
let hours = Math.floor(totalSeconds / 3600);
let minutes = Math.floor((totalSeconds % 3600) / 60);
let seconds = totalSeconds % 60;
let hourString = hours > 0 ? `${ hours }:${ minutes < 10 ? "0" : "" }` : "";
let minuteString = `${ minutes }:${ seconds < 10 ? "0" : "" }`;
let timeString = `${ hourString }${ minuteString }${ seconds }`;
return timeString;
};
export { tasks, checkins, setTasks, focusedTaskId, swapFocus, secondsFormat };
| 43,765 |
sn84026089_1902-02-26_1_3_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,839 | 12,358 |
WEDNESDAY, FEB. 26, 1S02. Centennial lluiltlhig ami Loan Association. The Secretary will be at the Hall, Church 8t., for the transaction of business as follows: Every Monday evening. The Wednesday and Thursday (day and evening) before regular monthly meeting. Afternoon of the Monday of the regular monthly meeting. The Wednesday evening after the regular monthly meeting. (10 till 12 o’clock, a. m. hours:-<2 “ 4 “ p. M. (7 “ “ p. m. The 8d Monday evening in each month is the time of the regular monthly meeting, when dues are payable from 7 till 8.15 o’clock. —Buy your coal of Geo. W. Massey. —A flue stock aud a big variety of smokers’ goods, at Kline’s, 29 Bridge street. —Cheapest Wall Paper in the world at Holcombe’s, Cl Main street. —Godfrey Stout, of Roseuiont, will remove to the Seabrook farm, near StBokton, in the spring. —IJ. Raphael, the Main street clothier, is continuing has spocial sale, and sells seasonable olotliing way below cost! —John Reid and “Natty Bill ” Coffey will run a foot race on Main street, this city, $5 a side, March 8. Forfeits have been posted. —Congressman Salmon is sending out the usual spring supply of seeds. The variety comprises beans, onions, tomatoes, turnips, aud spinach. —Mrs. Honora Drudy, wife of the late Martin Drudy, died at her homo on South Union street, last Wednes day, from pneumonia, aged about 59 years. —Twenty-two shares of Union Na tional Bank stook, sold a few days ago at public sale, averaged $52.63 per share. Three shares of Alexandria Delaware Bridge stock sold for $121.75 for one share and the other two for $132.25 eaoh. —Edward Weaver, well known in Hunterdon and Warren oounties as a horseman and hotel keeper, was run into by a trolley oar while driving in Brooklyn and dangerously injured. At last reports it was feared he could not recover. —The first of a series of class socials by the First Baptist Sunday Sohool, was held last Thursday evening at the house of Mrs. William C. Conover, on Bridge street. About fifty people were present. An interesting pro gram was provided, consisting of oharades, cornet solos and recitations. All present thought they had enjoyed a very pleasant evening. —The four oases of small pox at the Phillips house near Ringoes (includ ing that of Dr. 0. W. Larison, who took the small pox while treating some of the cases and who is also there,) are getting along satisfactorily, and all the patients are believed to be ouf of danger.”’ With U*j£ -S*refal arrange ments of the board of health, there is no probability of any other cases de veloping. —Washington Camp, No. 1, P. O. S. of A., postponed their social, owing to the storm, from last Friday even ing until Saturday evening, when about one hundred people were pres ent and a pleasant time was enjoyed. The program consisted of an address by the Rev. C. S. Lawrence, pastor of the Centenary M. E. church ; music by Miss Stella Black, Leon Thornton and George Groome, and recitations and vocal solos by Miss Era Gordon. —Last Saturday a great ice gorge formed at Wells’ Falls, below this city, but it partially broke away on Sunday. Had it not done so, it is likely that great damage would have been done by the backing up of the water. No such gorge had ever been seen before at the falls, William Smith, who, with his family lives on Holcombe Island, removed his belong ings from the island Saturday, not wishing such an experience as that of the last high freshet, when he lost a horse, all his chickens und other property. —Don’t tliiuk of buying Wall Paper 'till you see Holcombe’s very large stock. 61 Main street. —Franklin Castle, No. 33 Knights of the Golden .Eagle, held a “Bean Eat and Smoker’’ Tuesday evening of last week, which was attended by abont fifty members and invited gnests. Instrumental music was fur nished by D. C. Vansciver, violm ; Charles Van Sciver, cornet, and Will Joiner, organ, and songs were sung by the Van Sciver brothers and James T. Skillman. Games were played, in cluding cards and quoits. M. Thatch er Heath, of No. 38, and W. Howard Austin, of Delaware Castle, No. 106, New Hope, were declared the cham pion quoit pitchers of the evening. The success of the affair was due to the efforts of the following committee : John W. Swallow, James Naylor, Theodore Johnson, Walter Johnson and William H. Lovett. —Wallace P. Thornton, agont of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, gave a supper to a number of his friends at his home on Button wood street, last Thursday night, in honor of his twenty-fifth birthday. He was given a handsome easy chair, which was a surprise to him. The presentation was made by Marvin J. Holcombe. Another surprise was the presentation to him by his mother of a pair of the latest pattern shoes. There were numerous selections on the phonograph, speech making, sing ing, Ac. The party was nicely enter tained. The guests included Council man Irvin B Randolph, Dr. C. II. Fallon, Lewis K. Walton, Walter T. Johnson, Marvin J, Holcombe, John E. Hoffman, Watson L. Dudbridge, George R. Kline, Lewis M. Johnson, Frank Slack, Mrs. Irvin B. Randolph, Mrs. Leon Thornton and Miss Flora Thornton. OASTORZA. Sean the The Kind You Hate Always Bought -“Lawbertville Puffs” are still go ng tip in smoke. Kline sells them. The Firemen's Relief Association of Flemington shows by its annual re port that it has a balance of over $5,500 in the treasury. —Rev. J. 8. Bonham, of Virginia, has received a call from the Brethren Church of SergcantsTille, which he has aeeepted and will locate there permanently the coming spring. —Mrs. John S. Seals, of Califon vicinity, has a mammoth crab cactus, measuring forty-four inches across and ten and a half feet around. It is in full bloom, having 807 buds and blossoms. —The ladies of the First Baptist Church of this city will serve a Supper in the lecture room on March 19th and 20tli. Ice cream, cakes, home-made candy and aprons on sale. Tickets 25 cents. Do not fail to be present. —It is said that a teaoher in one of our neighboring rural school districts asked her pupils to write her a long sentence, and one of the boys nearly caused her to faint when he wrote, ‘‘Imprisonment for life.”—Democrat Advertiser. —The annual meeting of the Lam bertville Vigilant Society will be held in Lambert's Hall, on Church street, Friday of this week, at 10 o’clock, a. m. This society has been in existence sixty-five years. Not one of the con stituent members is living. —Wall Paper as low as 80., 4o.,: and Sc. a piece. 90 styles to pick {rent. Holcombe, 61 Main street. —Chas. L. Vaux has sold the Lam bertville Laundry to E. C. Johnson and J. M. Kelley. Both of these are men of long experience in the busi ness, aud know all about the needs of the public. They propose to do such work as will entitle them to the pat ronage of all the people of this section. —Robert Britton, an employe of the Lambertville Spoke Manufacturing Co., while adjusting a rim belting ma chine, on Monday afternoon, let a spoke slip in the pulley, which flew back, striking him on the head aud fracturing his skull. The wound was of such a serious nature that it was found neoessary to take him to the St. Francis hospital at Trenton. —William B. Swaze, (better known as “Mope” Swaze,) died of pneumonia on Monday evening, at his home in this city. He had been sick for about a week, but was not oonfined to his bed until toward the IaBt. His death was a surprise to his friends, few of whom knew of his sickness. He had been for years a baggage master on the Belvidere Division, and was popular with all his acquaintances. He was also an active member for years of the Union Steam Fire Company, of this city. His funeral will take plr.oe to morrow (Thursday) afternoon, at 2 o'clock. The firemen of the city are expected to attend in a body. Inter ment in Mt. Hope Cemetery. t —Have you seen the new 1902 WALL PAPER at Heins’ Hardware Store ? The prices are lower than last season's and the patterns very pretty. Von will miss it if you do not look at them before papering your rooms. —Wesley BOirtse,-whose fail $om the porch of the “Jacob Servis build ing” on Union Street, was mentioned in our last issue, died on Monday night from his injuries. He was more seriously injured than was at first sup posed. Besides a serious wound in the hip and broken ribs, he undoubt edly was injured internally. His fu neral will take place to-morrow (Thursday) morning, from the resi dence of Mrs. P. S. Parker, on Frank lin street at 9 o’clock, and from the Sandy Ridge Baptist Church at 11 o’clock. Mr. Bowne was a member of Orpheus Lodge, F. A A. M.. of Stock ton, which lodge, it is expected, will perform the Masonio services. He leaves a wife and two daughters, Ilis home w-ns at Cranford, N. J. —Dr. and Mrs.H. A. Cordo euter tained the choir of the First Baptist Chnrch at their home on Wednesday evening of last week. All the mem bers were requested to bring some in cident relating to trees, either histori cal, poetioal, or otherwise. After some time spent in greetings and pleasant conversation, the incidents were called for and were given by all present. They proved to be very in teresting and instructive. Then con undrums were given relating to trees, which afforded a great deal of amuse ment. The entire company was in vited to the dining room at the close of the 1‘tree social,” where refresh ments were served and a good social time enjoyed. All then returned to the parlors and had a “sing” for a short time. Mrs. Cordo was the re cipient of a handsome boquet. of flowers, the gift of the choirs The whole occasion was pleasant and en joyable. A Great Surprise ( la in atnre for all who uae Kemp’s Balaam tor the Throat and Lunge, the great guaranteed remedy. Would you believe that it ia sold on ita merits and any druggists is authoriaed by the proprietor of thia wonderful remedy to give you a sample bottle free? It never falls to cure acute or chronic coughs. All druggists sell Kemp's Balsam. Trice 86c and 60c.. —List of letters remaining unclaim ed at the Lambertville post office, Feb. 22,1902: Damon Morell, Adam Franklin Rose, Mrs. Bellie Dozie, Miss Isabel Tomlinson. O. A. Skillman, P. M. Beware of Ointments for Catarrh that Contain Mercury, as mercury will surely destroy the sense of smell and completely derange the whole sys tern when entering it through the mucous surfaces. Such articles should never be used except on prescriptions from reputable phy sicians, as the damage they will do is ten fold, to the good you can possibly derive from them. Hall’s Catarrh Cure, manufactured by F. J. Cheney Jb Co., Toledo, O., contains no mercury, and is taken internally, acting di rectly upon the blood and mucous surfaces of the system. In buying Hall's Catarrh Cure be sure you get the genuine. It is taken in ternally, and made in Toledo, Ohio, by F. J. Cheney and Co. Testimonials free. Sold by Druggists, prioe 75c. per bottle. Hall's Family Pills are the best. Kodol Pyspepela Oure Moots wit ye sat. THE STORM. GREAT UAMAGE DONE. The snow storm of last Friday, followed by rain, was the most destructive to trees of any ever known by our oldest people. The limbs of the trees were coated with ice, and the great weight broke off large branches, and in some instances brought entire trees to the ground. Toward .evening the limbs began to fall, and there was a constant crashing going on until nine or ten o’clook. It was really un safe to paBs along the streets. Burroughs Woolverton was struck by a falling limb on Clinton street, his cheek and one hand being badly cut. Charles Treftz was struck by a •mall limb near the Bellemont House, Church street, and stunned for a time, but was soon all right again. There were many other nar row escapes. The electric light, telephone and telegraph wires were broken down in many places about town, and the wires falling across streets were a source of great danger to horses and carriages Saturday morning the streets were a sight to see. All over town the sidewalks and streets were covered with broken limbs, in a great many places rendering it difficult, if not impossible, to pass them. Overseer A. W. Muirheid was kept busy with a large force of men Saturdrday and Mon day cleaning up the streets. Comparatively few trees in town escaped having broken limbs and in many cases whole trees are almost stripped of their branches. The loss to the Hunterdon Electric Com pany is considerable Tbo slash and the water ran in streams into many cellars. At many street crossings it was impossible for pedestrians to cross owing to tho slush and water. The milk and ice men were prevented by the blockaded streets from serving customers until a late hour, and de livery wagons-ftom the stores and coal yards did not attempt to go on the street. In the country in this vicinity trees and poles wore blown down and branches and limbs of trees were strewn in every direction. The orchards and peach trees out in the country are badly damaged. Theodore Wil son, whose farm lies just outside the limits of this city, says^hat nil the young peach orch ards in his neighborhood are destroyed. He estimates his loss on fruit trees at not less than one thousand dollars. He also says there is great damage in West Amwell township to outbuildings and feucea. It rt estimated that the damage done to peach orchards in this county w ill reach one hundred thousand dol lars. Some orchards have been utterly ruined. The damage done by this storm was not local, but extended over hundreds of miles. Philadelphia was cut off for a day from tele graphic connection with the outside world, and her trolley roads were l>adly crippled. The electric light company is fixing up the wires broken by the storm of Friday, and the entire series of lights will probably be on by this evening. No lights were burning on Saturday and Sunday evenings. On Monday night, a largo number were in working order. The local telephone wires are down all over town and it will be some time yet before they are put in order. -- Mr. Wheeler Got Hid of His ltlieiiiiintiiin. •‘During the winter of 1808 I was so lame in my joints, in fact all over my body, that I could hardly hobble around, when I bought a bottle of Chamberlain’s Pain Halm. From the firBt application T began to got well, and was cured and have worked stead ily all tho year.—R. Wheeler, North wood, N. Y. For sale by S. W. Coch ran. —Since the bogiuning of the year there has been a quiet religious inter est in the First Baptist Church in con nection with the regular services. A boys’ and girls’ prayer meeting has been established, which is held on Sunday eveniug, conducted by Mrs. Cordo. The young Christians are taught how to take part in the meet ings and are trained for Christian serviq^ri.3Eb4:»»fleUqK.^a» - been pro ductive of great good. —:XasTSrtnday’"'eveiling seven young people were baptized on profession of their faith Tho scene was beautiful and impressive. Tho pastor gave a Bible reading and exposition of tho New Testament baptisms Which was very attentively listened to by the large audience present. WykofT, h Desperado who Mliot Special Policeman Morse, of this City, Arrested. Jobu Wyckoff, alias Richard Jordon, one of the men of tho gang arrested in Philadelphia last Thursday, is tho man who visitod the two North Broad street stores, in Trenton, recently and burglarized them, and is the same fel low who was with Neil Barber in this city last fall, and who shot Samuel Morse through tho hand as ho at tempted to interfere with the preda tory plans of the two men. lie has served two or three terms in state prison. He is not only wanted in this city for the crime just mentioned, but is also wanted at Newark, where, on October 18, ho shot and killed George R. Smith. John E. Lee, another of the men arrested, auswers the descrip tion of tho Moon burglar, who shot at Officer Ross when he tried to arrest him on Prospect street, Trenton, last fall. Walter Cline, another of the gang, is the same fellow who was cut across the abdomen by a pal in the boarding house of Frank Manz, on North Feeder street, Trenton, and who was taken to St. Francis hospital, where ho refusod to tell who had cut him, and who was afterwards sent to tho workhouse and taken out on a writ of haboas corpus, the money for which came from the gang in Phila delphia. Subsequently the fellow was found again at New Brunswick, where he had boon wounded by a pis tol Bhot and left for dead. Ho was again taken cure of and again refusod to divulge the name of his assailant. Still later, at Wilkosbarre, he was found after a duel with knives iu which he was pretty badly cut, and Hub time wouldn’t tell who cut him. — When you lack energy, do not relish your food, feel dull and stupid after eating, all yon need is a dose of Chamberlain’s Stomach and Liver Tablets. They will make you feel like a new man and give you au appetite like a bear. For sale by S. W. Coch ran. There I* one rational way to treat nasal catarrh : the medicine is applied direct te the affected membrane. The remedy is Ely’s Cream Balm. It restores the inflamed tissues to a healthy state without dning all the life out of them and it gives back the lost senses of taste and smell. The sufferer who is tired of vain experiments should use Cream Balm. Druggists sell it for CO cts. Ely Brothers, 5G Warren Street, New York, will mail it. Dr. W. H. Morse of Westfield, N.J., •ay* of the greateit of all Kidney, Liver and Blood Medicine,, huraanormnimainr " 1 Have tnown It to care chronic In flam* motion of the kidney, w here the attending pbyalclan pronounced the caae Incurable. —Tobacco, segarH, pipes, at Kline’s, 29 Bridge Street. By far the largest stock to select from in this city. Ai-i. Ivi-NDa ui' UBBE JRj S. Highest Quality. Lowest Prices. Wholesale and Retail. MONARCH RUBBER CO., 47 BRIDGE ST. The Masonic Sociable. The Washington’s birth day soci able held by Am well Lodge, No. 12, F. & A. M., on last Friday evening, passed off in a delightful manner, barring the weather. Unfortunately, the night was so bad that not more than two hundred of the four or five hundred people expected, were pres ent The address on George Washington and Masonry, by Kov. Dr. E. 15. England, of Washington, N. J., was a brilliaut and eloquent production, and his effort received high praise from every one. The musical features of the program were also fine, Mrs. Agnes Thomson delighting the nudienco by four or five numbers, sung in that perfeot, ar tistic form, in fine voice and with oase and grace, that give her high rank as a vocalist. The music by a part of the Amwell Orchestra was also pleasing. After the close of the formal exer oiaoB, refreshments were served. Charles A. Skillmau, Esq., the oldest member of Amwell Lodge, presided, and made some interesting remarks respecting the early history of the lodge. The ushers, iu full dross, did their work perfectly, and helped to make everybody feel welcome. The decorations were pretty and ap propriate, and all the arrangements were of the best. To tbo special committee baving tbo sociable iu charge—Messrs. C. A. Skillmau, W. H. Wilwot, Goo. W. Massey, Chas. M. Dilts and Geo. W. Frail, is due the completeness of the arrangements that made everything work smoothly and gave ovory one present n delightful evening. —The annual sermon before the Now Jersey baptist Missionary Con ■ ventiou, delivered by Dr. H. A. Oordo, at Flemingtou, last October, lias been published, by vote of tlie body, in the Convention Annual. Tbo address doliverod by Dr. Cordo, at the Centennial Exercises of the First baptist Church, Cortland, N. Y., last fall, 1ms also been published by request, in a Ceutouuial volume which is soon to appear —A hearty appetite does not alwayn indicate a healthy condition. It i» not, the quantity of food which ia eaten but the quantity which ia aaHimilatod, which determines the actual value of the food consumed. If the stomach and organa of digeation and nutrition cannot convert tlio food into nourish ment, and into blood, then the food is au injury iuatcad of n benefit. For all disorders of the stomach nnd its allied organs of digestion aud nutri tion, there is a certain remedy in Dr. Pierce’s Golden Medical Discovery. It removes clogging obstructions. It strengthens the stomach, nourishes the nerves, enriches the blood and builds up the body. It is a fiesli forming, muscle making preparation, making firm fiesli instead of flabby fat. “Golden Medical Discovery’’ contains'no nlchol, whiskey or intoxi cant, of any kind, and is oqually free from opium, cocaine and all narcotics. — Wednesday afternoon of last week, shortly after 11 o’clock, Robert B. Gaddis, one of Flemingtou's most esteemed citizens, bitched his horse to the sleigh, purposing to take n spin on Main street. Ifo was accompanied by his son-in-law, Isaachar II. Hig gins, of Barley Sheaf, who was visit ing him. They had gono tho length of the street once, and in returning Mr. Higgins noticed when in front of tho Flemingtou Natioual Bank that the horse was inclined to tako to tho sidewalk. He spoke of the fact, bnj receiving no reply, and the horse still going wrong, ho looked into the face of his father-is-law and discovered that he was unconscious to his sur roundings. Ho quickly seized the reins and stopped the horse, and a number of gentlemen carried the body of the unconsoious man into Dr. Leidy’s office, just opposite, and the faint spark of life that yet remained was gone an instant later. It was a case of heart disease. Mr. Gaddis was born on a farm in the Barley Sheaf vicinity nearly 65 years ago, and there he remained until a few years ago, a tiller of the soil, when he pur chased a house and lot on Main street, just south of the Baptist Church, and removed to it. He was a well-to-do man and a good oitizen. He was an excellent judge of horses and an ar dent lover of them. A wife and one daughter, Mrs. I. H. Higgins, survivo him, and one brother, Hon. Klisha B. Gaddis, of Newark. —Democrat-Ad vertiser. — “I have used Chamberlain’s Congh Remedy for a number of years and have no hesitancy in saying that it is the best remedy for coughs, colds and croup I have ever used in my family. I have not words to express my con fidence in this Remedy.-Mits. J. A. Moobe, North Star, Mich. For sn'o by S. W. Cochran. OLD POI2*r COMFORT, RICHMOND AND WASHINGTON. Six-Day Tour via Pennsylvania Railroad. The second of the present series of person | ally-conducted tours to Old Point Comfort, | Richmond, and Washington via the Pennayl 1 vania Railroad will leave New York and I Philadelphia on Saturday, March 8. Tickets, including transportation, meals en route in both directions, transfers of passen gers and baggage, hotel accommodations at Old Point« omfort, Richmond, and Washing ton, and carriage ride about Richmond—in fact, every necessary expense for a period of six days—will be sold at rate of $34.00 from New York, Brooklyn, and Newark; $32.50 from Trenton; $81.00 from Philadelphia, and pro | portionate rates from other stations. Old Point Comjobt Only. ; Tickets to Old Point Comfort only, includ | ing luncheon on going trip, one and three fourths days’board at The Hygeia or Cham berlin Hotel, and good to return direct by regular trains within six days, will be sold in connection with this tour at rate of $15.00 from New York; $18.50 from Trenton; $ 2.50 from Philadelphia, and proportionate rates from other points. For itineraries and full information apply to ticket agents; Tourist Agent, 1196 Broad way, New York; 4 Court Street, Brooklyn; 789 Broad Street, Newark, N. J.; or Geo. W. Boyd, ; Assistant General Passenger Agent, Broad : Street Station, Philadelphia Inane S. Rolierts and family, of Now lork, spent Saturday and Sunday with Mr. Roberts' parents, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Roberts, bis aou-in law, Jas. \V. Hall and wife of New York, aocompauied them. Mr. and .Mrs. Edward B. Arnett were the guests of Mr. and Mrs Seott Thorne Sunday and Monday. ! Mias Jennie McDowell has returned, to Philadelphia after spending several days in this city visiting friends and ! relatives. Samuel J. Pickering, of Lebanon, | Pa , visited in this city Wednesday and Thursday. .Mrs Ilo'mes 1). Ely has been visit I ing Mrs. A. H. Holcombe. Oervas Ely attended a conference of Charities and Correction at Trenton last Thursday. I FROM THE FIRST WARD. , —Don’t believe all the good things you hear about yourself. — It is not good to ho alone, uuless you are taking a drink on the sly. —If a man is inclinod to he moan, lmsliouhl never live in a small town. — There are more rooster-peeked I wives in the world than hen-peoked husbands. —It is now up to the citizens whe ther the city will be sewered or not. The sanitary conditions of our city no doubt, would be much improved if the town was protierly sewered. Of course it will increase the taxation of all property ; nevertheless wo holiove the health aud cleanliness of the city' will more than pay for this extra cost which will be charged up in the way of, or added to, each tax payer. —Our couueiltneu deserve praise for the way they handle our city affairs, especially upon tho important matters where our citizens are financially con cerned. The vote upon the corpora tion franchise stood 8 against and 1 for it. It should have been 0 to 0. The whole town watches theso council meetings. Those men are chosen by the citizens and the citizens expect tht?iii to legislate for tho best interest of the town. —Washington's birthday passod oil' very quietly iu this ward. Tho day was a very stormy one. The children are anxious for these holidays, ns they always have a vacation, but as this ono came upon Saturday, it made no dif ference to them. Nevertheless, tho boys always like to hoar the nieo little stories in connection with tho “Father of lijs country.” But the idea of a boy who oould not tell a lie, is something they cannot understand. They can plainly see that politics has reward for no other than the smooth-running, oily-gearod, non-rattling, prevarica tor and all-around sleek slippery son of a seasoned liar, and oven a George Washington couldn't get a fourth class )>oBt-mantership in tho game, if he hadn’t tho patriotism to lie like a millionaire banker dodging his just share of taxes. George surely did enough good in the world, aud especi ally for this American corner of the world, to live in the hearts of our countrymen for several centuries, without getting any extra moral sup port from the hatchet story. But supposo he had failed to lick John Bull and take the old colonies away from King Goorge — if the British had knocked the kihash out of him and his band of gallant heroes ; if ho had simply got licked and lost his situa tion, ho would now be a dead duck in the hearts of his fellow countrymen and wo would be subjects of King Ed ward to day, while his negloctod grave would be a briar-grown lump of sand on Biiiiio lonely island, and nobody , would stoop to call him father, or tell that old hatchet story on him ; and the colored population would soek for some other groat man to name their children in his immortal honor. Tie* Lsat Ilf Aril Of II. “My little boy took the croop one night *nd soon grew so bad yon could hear him breathe all over tho house,” say* F. D. Reynolds, Mansfield, O. •*VVe feared he would die, but a few doses of One Minute Gough Cure quickly relieved him and he wont to sleep. That’s tho last wo hoard of the croup. Now isn’t a cough cure like that valuable? One Minute Cough Cure is absolutely safe and acts im mediately. For coughs, colds, croup, grip, bronchitis and all other throat and lung troubles it is a certain cure. Very pleasant to take. The little ones like it. G. M. Bhamalia. CHURCH SERVICES. Find rrenlivturlan Church. Ilev. H. A. MaoKuudin, Pastor. Services every Sunday morning at 10.30 o’clock, and evening at 7.30 o’clock. Sabbath School and Adult’s Bible (jjlass at 2.15 P. M. Brotherhood of Andrew and Phillip •t 7 P. M. Prayer and lecture, Tuesday even ing at 7.80 o’clock. Sewing School, Thursday afternoon at 8.15 o’clock. Ogilvie Mission Baud will hold their regular monthly meeting Thurs day evening at 7.80 o'clock. Y. P. 8. O. E., Friday evening, at 7.80 o’clock. The sacrament of the Lord’s supper will be observed Sunday morning, March 9th. First HujitUt Church. Rev. H. A. Cokbo, D. D., Pastor. Sunday 10,80 A. M.—Proaching. Evening servico at 7.80 o’clock. 2.15 P. M.—Sunday School. Prayer and Conference Meeting, Tuesday evening, at 7.80 o’olock. Y. P. S. C. E., Friday evening at 7.80 o’clook. Snbjeot: “The Joy of Service.” Leader—Mrs. Mason. The Y. P. 8. C. E. and the Sunday school will hold a social in tho lecture room on Thursday evening of this week. Ccutocmry M. JO. Church. Ilev. C. 8. Lawrence, Pastor. Praaching at 10.30 A. M. and 7.30 P. M. 2.15P.M.—Sunday School. 0.45 P. M.—Epworth League. Thursday, 7.80P. M.—Prayer Meet ing. Extra meetings are being held every evening this week in the churoh. LAivibEK f V ILL b LLbLIC Echi^ULb. Report of tho Lamhortville Public Schools for the (fifth) month ending Feb. 5, KOJ : C w 3 * 3ji I 21 u n i W 4> *• e c |i 81 41 52 54 55 0$ fil 111 48 48 45 tt* 85 as 49 85 83 88 30 ns 31 80 84 80 43 93 29 88 23 63 41 81 SM TO 30 01 «a 88 708 511 418 87 fiW 655 693 545 570 521 481 521 High School. Grammar School. “A” Grade. "B" Grade. "C" Grade. "D” Grade. First Ward Primahy “A” Grade. “B” Grade. “C" Grade. “I)” Grade. Third Ward Primary “A" Grade. “B” Grade. “C" Grade. "D" Grade. Totals. Same month 1901. Same month 1900... Same month 1899. Tho following pupils have neither been absent nor tardy during tho month : HIGH SCHOOL. Senior Class —Horace Hoagland, Albert Began. Sub-Senior Class-Richard Botti. Middle Class—Florence Bniubridue, Elv Cooper, Ethel harleo, John Flood, Cuthbert Hay hurst, Lena Mnllaly, Horace Pew, Egbert I rice, Ethel Servis, Howard VViliuot. Junior Class — Lottie Haverlev, Margaret Kelly, Charles Malloy, Henry Malloy. Percy Melhck, Ethel Parker, Elva Roe. GRAMMAR SCHOOL. “ A ” Grade—Marion B. Reynolds, Harrison C Massey, I* rank Pew, Phineas Thorne, Roy Lovett. t“B” Grade—Anna B. Boyde, Gertrude Lodger, George M. Holcombe, Lida Stiles. C Grade—Ida Moore, Nellie Gilbert, Emma Knowles, Marguerite Green. Marion Clarke, Maud Lewis, Helen Hunt, Raymond Stout, Emiley I.arison, Lester Holcombe, Bradley O’Neill. l- ' r/u!1 Black, Simoon Huselton. John Ke ly, Bartley Malloy. Leon Hleifer, Ewing 1 ibbles, Elisabeth W. Cooper, Edith Groome, Mildred Marjoram, Eva Mettler, Elsie Pew. Edna Ryan, Helen Smith. FIRST WARD PRIMARY. “ A ” Grade—Mary Clark, Fannie Groginaky, James Clark. " R ” Grade—Vera Sleifor. “ C " Grade-Eliza Archer, Marcella Roche, Erdman ttoagland, Henry Ennis, Adalbert Reokley. “ D” Grade—Admiral Lower. THIRD WARD PRIMARY “ A ” Grade—Minnie Fretz. Anna Culver, Elsie .Scott, Jessie Price, Wilburt Conover, Harry Holcombe. i Orati®—Josephine Coprnbo, Amm Roll Heboid, Elsie Bowman, Lola Cronce. Helen hugler, Loretta Rulger, Edward Malloy, Al fred Rodine. “ C " Grade—Eliza Culver, Gertrude Con over, DoukIrh Dilts, llarrold Wilson, Karl Stout, Walter Kerr “ l> " Grade—Willio CarkhufT, Norman Hol combe, Harrison Rose. Hugh Mnlanaphy, Grace Malloy, Marion Scott. Names of those pupils whoso reci tations including deportment, huvo averaged IK) per cent, or over: HIGH SCHOOL Senior Class—95 per cent, and over: 1, Horace Hoagland; 2 Louisa Akers, Albert Regan. 90 per cent, and under 95: Katie Me Aulifle, George Price. Sub-Senior Class-tw ner cent, and under 9&: 1 }{«ba M. Naylor; 2 Itiohard Rotti. Middle C ans-IK) per cent, and under 95: l Howard Wilmot; 2 Egbert Price, Ethel M 1-arlee, Cuthhert Hay hurst, Lena Mullaly. Junior Class-95 per cent, and over: 1 Charles Malloy; 2 Ethel Parker, Elva Roe. 90 per cent, and under 95: Lottie Haverley, Margaret Kelly, Ethel M. Fisher, William F Ledger, Raymond Fretz, Percy Mellick, Henry Malloy, Robert Griffiths, Urania Rice, Fred Massey. GUAM MAH SCHOOL. *'A " Grade—95 per cent. and over: 1 Elsie Cook; 2 1-rank Pew, Virgiuia Campbell. 90 per cent, and under 95: Marion 1$ Heynoldn, Mary Leary, Eltrabeth Wilmot, Kidney Hay Imrst, Ahco Barcroft, Harrison 0. Massey, Roderick Krhonck, Hoy Lovett, Bertha l’ro basco. Jeanette Harbor. “ H " Grade—95 nor cent, and over : 1 Gert rude Ledger ; 2 Majory Davis, Eleanor Lugnr. Helen Hergeant,Marjory Opel,Muriel Hchenok. Annie Bowers. 90 per cent, and under 95: Elizabeth Bright. Anna B. Boyd. Lidie Stile*, Holcombe, Thomas H. Hunt, Jr., William Me him. “ C M Grade—95 per cent, and over: 1 Maud Lewis; 2 Helen Hunt, Marion Clark 90 per cent, and under 95: Marguerite Green, Emma Knowles, Bradley O’Neill, Kmley Larison, Lester Holcombe. .• |j m (jr | por cen£ over . j jVft|J Black; 2 Edna Jtyan, Elizabeth W. Cooper, Helen Smith. 90 per cent, and under 95 : Eva Mettler, Elsie l*ew, Mimeon Huielton, Mildred Marjoram, Gertrude McAuliffu, Bartley Mal loy. Names of those pupils, whoso Reoi-. tntions, including Deportmont, have I been commendable: , FIRST WAltl) PRIMARY. A Grade—Basie Fisher. Jraaie Hair, Res ale Slack, Helen Archer. Mary Clark, Nellie Ilyo.faunie Groginaky, Ida Lereh, Anna Cox, Jleaaie Schwartz, May Jones. Ilazel Denson, Linton Reynolds, Edward Jlice, Fred Dye, Harry Culver, Elmer Smith, Mary Hilbert. U ’’Grado-Elizabeth Smith, Iieha Balder ■ton. Miriam Lunin, Mary (JrogiiiHky, Vera Hither, Frank Kranmr, Willie Naylor. Amenia Ihnella, John Htookton. Willi.' ReynoldH, John McLaughlin. . "C” Grade—Anna Black,EllioBacorn,Eliza Archer, Florence bewiB, Marcella lloclie, Anna i.odor, Grace Stoat, Helen Clarke, Oloai O anfranccHco, Helen Lyons, I,eon Ah. Krdniaml Hoagland, hott Charles Weiler, Erdmand Hongla Charles Dobilinaki, Edward Htdcombe, Henry Enina, Albert Matthews, William Aabforcl, r;nma. Ainort JIa thews. William Ashford, Raymond Clarke, Albert Hainmell, Paul Hoag. ■ “.V" Grade—Walter Bair, Anna Branaileld, John Ennis, John Hoaglanil, Albert Holcombe, Ad'inral Lower, Marguerite McQuillan. Mildred Montgomery, Lucy Naylor, Allen Hinith, George Smith, Emily Weaner THIRD WARD PRIMARY "A ".Grade—Sarah Cook, Minnie Frets, Stella Conner, Lulu Hawke, Elaie Hcott, Mary Lawrence, Lizzie Heller, Hazel Thorne, Anna i,?r Jri.c."- Ktl>ol Hinith, Mary Hunt, Winflold Hprqat, Hugh Van Hriyer, William MaeKubhin, Frank Walton, Harry llartnence, Harry Holcombe, Alonzo Parent, Wllburt Conover. '* ’’tlratle—Maud Stull, JoHephino< oomho, Viola Young, Anna Boll Hebuld. Elsie Bowman, Lela Cronco, Koba Camp, Ethel Smith, Helen K lltrlnr \1nrtr Itiil,#..,- I ......... 11..1_ it 1 nmn v.nuij,, iTalllui mjllin, II. .. .. KUKlar, Mary Bulger, Izoretta Bulger. Nelson rAMfi.t, t'l'lward Malloy, Rennie Brooks, U I. I 1 ton n I 1. . at M lilt I . a ■ I a ■ , I Hkiiiman, Donovan WIIraot',"A1 /reel ’Ikidiie?, ii°n ,.n ^CT*\r’ koni«a Young, Chauneoy Heller, Horace karloe, Donald Fryling if 11 ’ * Ho«e, Marguerite Heller, Nellie Williams, Almela Pidcock Stella Young, Marion Heading, Alumna Fry inU iil.Ftrn, .1 ( I._ M .. II I I ntuuu iuihik. manon Heading, A.„ !‘.W' ,,e^t,ru^,? t-?n°ver, Irene Foy, Madeline G Neill, I'ia.Hlack, Avia Blaek, alary Buck man, Edna Lauer, Addie Hkiillm.. loy, William Hunt, Iiaryey Trimmer, Nlehnln. Coombs, Walter Kerr, Bradford Thorn, Rue •el Price, Leltoy Winters. Robert Juatice. „D Grade—Willie Carkhuff, William Car roll, Alexander DiRs, Norman Holcombe Clarence Price, Harrison Itoae, Albert Toins.m Kenneth Reed, I.ervy Parent, Alice Cunning ham. Avia Curtis, Edna Price, Eva Roberta Marlon bcott. ALEX. IV KERll, Supervising Principal. For Stomach Troubles. “I itavn taken a great many different medicinea for atomach trouble anti oonatipation,” aaya Mra. 8. Oeiger of Dunkerton, Iowa, “but never bail ns good results from any as from Cham berlain's Htomoeli and Liver Tablets." For sale by 8. W. Cochran. WASHINGTON. Tbree-ilay Personally.Comlucttul Tour «la Pennsylvania Railroad. The next Pennsylvania Railroad Personally conducted Tour to Washington leaves Thurs day, March «. Hate, covering railroad trans portation for the round trip, hotel accommo dations and guide*, *14 SO from New York, *18 (to from Trenton, and *11.00 from Philadel phia. These rate* cover accommodations for two days at the Arlington, Normandie. Higgs, Khbitt House. For accommodations ut Kogent, Metropolitan, or National Hotel, *0.00 less Special side trip to Mt. Vernon. All tickets good for ten days, with special hotel rates after expiration of hotel coupons. For itineraries and fall information apply to ticket agents : Tourist Agent, lint) llr,tad way, Now York; 1 Court Street, lirooklyn; 7WI Broad Street, Newark, N H ; or address Geo. W Iloyd, Assistant General Passenger Agent, Broad Street Station, Philadelphia. —Of the twelve mile marks, sot up by the Itev. Cornelius 8. Conkling some dozen or more years ago between Stockton and Flemington, four have been replaced by stone murks, erected by the owners of the land adjoining the road. OA-HTOniA. Bear* th* The Kind You Haw Alwjn Bought |IM OLD AGP ‘h<‘flu'«‘>onof health “ beconna mainly a queation of nutrition. If the stomach and other organ, of digestion and nutri tiofi are kept in a healthful condition 1 ha a wa1l.nn..4.L.j 1_j. « * aUi ,kZr * healthful condition it!o r Liu! *^•U-uourlahed body, and Jhtle liability to disorder, of the liver, bowels or such other disorder* as may result from in nutrition and lack of exer cise. Dr. Pierce’* Golden Med ical Discovery Cures diseases of the stomach and other or gana of diges tion and nutri tion, and also diseases of oth er organs which are caused by the diseased condition of the stomach. By enabling the perfect nutri tion of the body it increases the vital power and promotes a vigorous old age. " I was a sufferer from chronic diarrhea lor it»« Psara," writes Mrt Mary A. Aaron, of Kolia, helps Co. Mo. "I tried different remedial, which would give me relief for a short lime only My trouble would return as bad as ever. I consulted you in roly, Ifou, and by your adrice commenced using Or. rime's remedies. I took two bottles of tn ‘ Ooldsn Medical Olacaveiy,' three vtals of the • Pellet*,' and some of the ‘ Satrurt of Smart-Weed,' as you adetacd. I have not had any return of Ay trouble elnce using your mediolnsi. Am now sevanty-onS years old and 1 never had anything to tilieve me eo outek. I think Dr. Piaree's medicines ike Rreateet on earth. Should I over have any ro. iru of my trouble shall use your medicine. My thanka to you for your advice and Asenke to Almighty Ood for reetortag me to health through your hand* * Accept no substitute for " Golden Med ical Discovery.'; there is uothiug « just ff good” fo* dUeam of the atdmacb, blood «na lung*. - J Dr. Pierce's Pleasant Pellets, the best laxutlv* for old people. They cure con Hipatioa and biltousneae. Nuw Hope, llucka Oo., 1'a ,on the Delaware river, (opposite Isouhertvlllo, N J.,) is an in corporated tier,mull with a population of about 1WU. It in connected with Philadelphia, dist ant 8ti miles, hy the North Kastorn Peniisylva 111a It. It., operated by the lteadinic Itailway. New Hope is a niuiiufacturinti town, and oners line opportunities for the locution of factories, etc. Ithasalarue paper tulll, urlst mill, ban faotory, silk mill, etc. — Miss Lillian Phelps gave a lecture on temperance at tlio Presbyterian Church one eveuiug last week. —Dr. II. M. Griffith, of Taylorsville, is reported to havo secured nil tho rights of way from Now Hope to Yardloy, for the trolley. - -The two wagon roads ou tho Del aware bridge, between Lnuibertville and Now Hope, wero ooverod with snow lust week for the nocoinodntion of parties using sleighs. — W. Wallace Parson, of Sololmry, Pa., will sell his stock and farming utensils at publio saloTuosday, March 11th, beginning at 10 a. m. Many ar ticles well worth looking after will l:o offered, and also several horBos, cows, hogs, Ac. —Search for E. N. Williams, son of .1. H. Williams, of Bolebury, who was lost in the mountains of Now Hamp shire, lias been abandoned owing to the recent storm and resulting drifts. Commissioner George H. Turner hired men to climb Monut Missaluk, but they had to give up. Nearly every form house in the rogion has been searohod to no purpose, and it is gen erally coueu'ded that Williams lias perishod in the snow. .Something That Will l»o Von (loud. Wo know of no way in whioli wo can Ijo of inoro service to onr readers than to toll them of something that will be of real good to them. For this reason wo want to acquaint thorn with what we consider one of the vory best rem edies on the market for coughs, colds, ami lliul alarming complaint, croup. Wo refer to Ohainborlain’s Cough Kouiody. Wo have used it with suoli I good results in our family so long that it has become a household necessity. By its prompt use we haven’t any doubt but that it has time and again prevented croup. The toBtimony is given upon our own experience, and wo suggest that our readers, especially tbso who hnvo small children, always keep it in their homos an a safeguard against croup,—Camden (8. (’.) Met tcrif/cr. For salo by B W. Coohrau. _Dr. David Kennedy* favorite Remedy CURES ALL KIDNEY. STOMACH ** • — ■ ■ AND LIVER TROUBLES. Shako Into Your Shoes Allen's Foot-Ease. It routs the feet. Cures Corns, Bunions, Ingrowing Neils, Swollen anti Sweating feet. At all druggists ami shoe •tores, 25e. Ask to-day. l-80-'02-4w. Tliln will Interest Mothers. Mother Gray’s Sweet Powders for Children, Cure Fovorishness, Bad Stomach, Teething Disorders, Break up Colds, move and regulate the bowels and Destroy worms. They never | fail. C-er 80,00(1 testimonials. At all drug gists 85c. Sample mailed FUEE. Address Allen S. Olmsted} Be Hoy, N. Y. t-W-’OiMw. THE CLEANSING AND HEALING iTARRH CUBE FOB CATARRH tin win iiii.il Easy and pleasant to use. Contains no in jurious drug It is quickly absorbed. Gives Belief at once. It opens and cleanses the Nasal Passages. Allay I.nn?,an)?±f.C0LDlN HEAD the Membrane. KostoQS th e Senses of Taste and Smell. Large Size. 50 oents; Trial Size, 10 cents, at Druggists or by mail ELY BROTHERS, 5fi Warren Street, N. Y. THE YOORHEEti’ STOKE BULLETIN. Trenton, N. J , Feb. 98, igoi. MOftE U£W $10 SPRING UITS IT’S A SPECIAL OFFERING we’re able to make so curly in the season because we got in our order for them in the first dull days of January, when the tailors had little to do and were glad to concede us little prices. TWO SPECIMEN STYLES: In Women’s Sizes , Of black homespun, also blue and gray iwaket-weave suiting; close-fitting .mek ct finished just below waist with stitched self-belt; entire suit finished with four rows of tailor-stitching ; nine-gore skirt; busts of Jackets are worked out with hair-cloth, a feature you’ll appreciate be cause it’s so rare. Misses’ ami Small Lad ion’ Sizts Of the same materials, made with oton Jacket to be worn either closed or open, with vestee of taft'eta silk trimmed with three pointed rows of taffeta forming bodice; same trimming on collar and cuffs; skirt made with new eight-gore flare. H.M.VOORHEES&BRO. 109 East State Street, TnENTON,*. J. Among onr Corset Stock is one make whose sales are only equaled by their worthiness. It’s a pleasure to sell them be cause they delight the wearers. Thoroughly good; well made; finely finished, and altogether re liable, they are worthy of the stock in which they’re found. J. B. Corsets. Tho Girdle is new. Htmight front, made of sateen, lace trimmed top and bottom, low hunt; l(Mu. elaap, i hooks. White. Very comfortable. One of our most popular Boilers. $1. Bias-gored straight front, Batiste— suitable for Hpiing and Hummer wear. Laoe-triffimed top. Medium length, with hose-supporter tab attached. White, pink and blue $1. Kmpiro straight front—No. 5112-lace trimmed ton and bottom. Medium low bust; short hip. White. ti. Another Batiste, bias-gored, Val- lac# trimming at top; long over hip; straight front; medium low bust. *1.60. hrapire straight front, sateen ; no side steels; laco trimmed top and bottom; medium bust. *1.50. After the Grippe A troublesome cough usually remains. The more you cough the more your throat hurts. Don’t waste time. Don’t let the hack go on until your throat becomes a chronic ail ment. Commence treating it at once. Sure Cure Cough Cure. It is soothing and healing. Stimulates the mucous mem brane and relieves congestion. The best testimonial for our Cough Cure is the large quan tity we sell of it. 25 cents a bottle, E. W. CLOSSON’S. Main Street Pharmacy, Corner Main and Church Stieets, Lambertville, N. J. ltomomber our Prescription department is always supplied with the best drugs aud chemi cals that can be obtained. ilG REDUCTION -i.v Wall Paper -AVD Room Mouldings. A. A. AICHER’S, 108 8. 3:1 8t„ EASTON, PA. Jan. 1». TRUSS FREE THE U. H. GOVERNMENT, Jan. 80th, Branted a patent for a truss that does away with all old fashioned ulieus—an absolute perfect truss that holds rupture with comfort. To introduce it quickly the inventor will give away 100 in each Btatu. Ho don't ask, expect or want money-it’s free. H. C. t o., Mam St., Westbrook, Maine.
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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The decrease in our European operating margin in 2012 compared to 2011 was largely due to the continued softness in the economic environment in region, particularly in Southern Europe and the Benelux regions. In addition, our 2011 European operating margin benefited by approximately 20 basis points from a favorable inventory position and pricing on hard disk drives due to product shortages caused by the 2011 flooding in Thailand.
Although our Asia-Pacific operating margin increased in 2012, it was lower than recent years, largely reflecting the impact of disruptions in our Australian business.
The year-over-year increase in our Latin American operating margin in 2012 primarily reflected continued sales growth in the region and improvements in our Brazilian operations.
Net other expense consisted primarily of interest income and expense, foreign currency exchange gains and losses, and other non-operating gains and losses. We incurred net other expense of $66,168 in 2012 and $70,775 in 2011. The decrease in 2012 compared to 2011 was primarily attributable to the loss recognized in 2011 of $5,624 from the termination of our cash flow hedge and write-off of the remaining unamortized deferred financing costs related to the settlement of our senior unsecured term loan in September 2011, offset partially by higher interest expense in 2012 as a result of the $300,000 in public debt issued in August 2012 and other increases in debt, which were primarily associated with our acquisition of BrightPoint, as well as higher net foreign-currency losses in 2012.
Our provision for income taxes in 2012 and 2011 was $90,275 and $143,631, respectively. Our effective tax rate in 2012 and 2011 was 22.8% and 37.0%, respectively. The year-over-year decrease in the effective tax rate in 2012 is largely driven by the net discrete tax benefits totaling $34,890, or 8.8 percentage points of decrease in the effective tax rate for the year recorded in 2012, which was discussed above. The tax provision in 2011 included a provision of $24,810 or approximately 6.4 percentage points related to a valuation allowance recorded against all of our deferred tax assets in Brazil. The remaining variations in effective tax rate were primarily attributable to a change in the mix of profit among different tax jurisdictions and losses in certain tax jurisdictions in which we were not able to record a tax benefit due to uncertainty of realizability.
Quarterly Data; Seasonality
Our quarterly operating results have fluctuated significantly in the past and will likely continue to do so in the future as a result of various factors as more fully described in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”
The following table sets forth certain unaudited quarterly historical financial data for each of the eight quarters in the two years ended December 28, 2013. This unaudited quarterly information has been prepared on the same basis as the annual information presented elsewhere herein and, in our opinion, includes all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the selected quarterly information. This information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included, as well as elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The operating results for any quarter shown are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period.
(1)
Diluted earnings per share is calculated independently each quarter and for the full year based upon their respective weighted average shares outstanding. Therefore, the sum of the quarterly earnings per share may not equal the annual earnings per share reported.
(2)
Results from our acquisition of BrightPoint are included from the date of acquisition in the fourth quarter of 2012 and for all periods in 2013.
(3)
Includes the net pre-tax impact of reorganization, acquisition, integration and other transition costs as follows: first quarter, $13,244; second quarter, $10,566; third quarter, $10,591; and fourth quarter, $25,161. Includes the pre-tax impact of a charge of approximately $5,000 recorded for estimated potential penalties and other charges related to indirect tax declarations in Europe in the third quarter. Includes the pre-tax benefit of the receipt of a legal settlement of $29,494 in the third quarter.
(4)
Includes the net pre-tax impact of reorganization, acquisition, integration and other transition costs as follows: first quarter, $3,057; second quarter, $6,850; third quarter, $7,538; and fourth quarter, $8,596. Includes a discrete tax benefit of $28,532 in the first quarter primarily from the write-off of historical tax basis of the investment we had maintained in our Latin American subsidiary holding companies.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Flows
Our cash and cash equivalents totaled $674,390 and $595,147 at December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, respectively. We finance our working capital needs and investments in the business largely through net income before noncash items, available cash, trade and supplier credit and various financing facilities. As a distributor, our business requires significant investment in working capital, particularly trade accounts receivable and inventory, which is partially financed by vendor trade accounts payable. As a general rule, when sales volumes are increasing, our net investment in working capital dollars typically increases, which generally results in decreased cash flow generated from operating activities. Conversely, when sales volume decreases, our net investment in working capital decreases, which generally results in increases in cash flows generated from operating activities. Our working capital days at the end of 2013 were 22 days, compared to 23 days at the end of 2012 and 22 days at the end of 2011. The improvement at the end of 2013 primarily reflected favorable collections of receivables. The level of working capital can vary from period to period due to routine variances in the timing of collections from customers or payments to vendors and changes in stocking levels of inventory, but have generally trended within a range of 22 to 26 days. The following is a detailed discussion of our cash flows for 2013, 2012 and 2011.
Operating activities provided net cash of $466,040, $45,721 and $295,859 in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The cash flows from operations in 2013 primarily reflects net income before noncash charges and the favorable impact of the changes in working capital noted above. The cash provided by operations in 2012 reflected the lower net income before noncash charges as well as the unfavorable changes of working capital. The net cash provided by operating activities in 2011 principally reflected our net income before noncash charges, offset partially by an increase in our net working capital.
Investing activities used net cash of $228,356, $989,029 and $124,620 in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The net cash used in 2013 was primarily due to cash payments related to the acquisitions of SoftCom, CloudBlue and Shipwire totaling $135,763 and capital expenditures of $95,639. The net cash used in 2012 was primarily due to cash payments related to the acquisitions of BrightPoint, Aptec and Promark totaling $899,464 and capital expenditures of $92,300. The net cash used in 2011 was primarily related to capital expenditures of $122,188. The capital expenditures for 2013 and 2012 were lower than 2011 driven by higher investments in 2011 to enhance our underlying infrastructure and IT systems and an incremental investment in a new warehouse facility in Australia in 2011. We presently estimate that our capital expenditures will approximate $115,000 in 2014 for ongoing investments to support existing infrastructure and continued enhancements to our IT systems.
Financing activities used net cash of $155,910 and $414,042 in 2013 and 2011, respectively, and provided net cash of $639,761 in 2012. The net cash used by financing activities in 2013 primarily reflects the net payment of $195,729 on our revolving credit facilities with funds generated from operating cash flows; partially offset by the proceeds of $43,384 from the exercise of stock options. The net cash provided by financing activities in 2012 primarily reflects (i) $296,256 in net proceeds from the issuance of our $300,000 senior unsecured notes due in 2022 issued primarily to help fund the BrightPoint acquisition, (ii) net proceeds of $355,918 from our other debt facilities and (iii) proceeds from exercises of stock options of $31,335; all partially offset by the repurchase of Class A Common Stock for $50,000 under our stock repurchase programs. The increased proceeds from our financing activities in 2012 were largely used to finance our acquisition of BrightPoint. The net cash used by financing activities in 2011 primarily reflects the repayment of the outstanding principal balance of our senior unsecured term loan and related interest rate swap agreement of $239,752 and the repurchase of $225,905 of Class A Common Stock with funds generated from operating cash flows and existing cash balances.
Our levels of debt and cash and cash equivalents are highly influenced by our working capital needs. As such, our cash and cash equivalents balances and borrowings fluctuate at each quarter end and may also fluctuate significantly within a quarter. The fluctuation is the result of the concentration of payments received from customers toward the end of each month, as well as the timing of payments made to our vendors. Accordingly, our period-end debt and cash balances may not be reflective of our average levels or maximum debt and/or minimum cash levels during the periods presented or at any other point in time.
Capital Resources
We have a range of financing facilities which are diversified by type, maturity and geographic region with various financial institutions worldwide with a total capacity of approximately $3,531,000, of which $846,226 was outstanding, at December 28, 2013. These facilities have staggered maturities through 2022. Our cash and cash equivalents totaled $674,390 and $595,147 at December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, respectively, of which $521,571 and $533,585, respectively, resided in operations outside of the U.S. We currently intend to use these funds to finance our foreign operations. Additionally, our ability to repatriate these funds to the U.S. in an economical manner may be limited. Our cash balances are deposited and/or invested with various financial institutions globally that we endeavor to monitor regularly for credit quality. However, we are exposed to risk of loss on funds deposited with various financial institutions and money market mutual funds and we may experience significant disruptions in our liquidity needs if one or more of these financial institutions were to suffer bankruptcy or similar restructuring. As of December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, we had book overdrafts of $347,837 and $415,207, respectively, representing checks issued on disbursement bank accounts but not yet paid by such banks. These amounts are classified as accounts payable in our consolidated balance sheet and are typically paid by the banks in a relatively short period of time. We believe that our existing sources of liquidity provide sufficient resources to meet our capital requirements, including the potential need to post cash collateral for identified contingencies (see Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements and Item 3. “Legal Proceedings” under Part I for further discussion of identified contingencies), for at least the next twelve months. Nevertheless, depending on capital and credit market conditions, we may from time to time seek to increase or decrease our available capital resources through changes in our debt or other financing facilities. Finally, since the capital and credit markets can be volatile, we may be limited in our ability to replace in a timely manner maturing credit facilities and other indebtedness on terms acceptable to us, or at all, or to access committed capacities due to the inability of our finance partners to meet their commitments to us. The following is a detailed discussion of our various financing facilities.
In August 2012, we issued through a public offering $300,000 of 5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2022, resulting in cash proceeds of approximately $296,256, net of discount and issuance costs of $1,794 and $1,950, respectively. Interest on the notes is payable semiannually in arrears on February 10 and August 10, commencing February 10, 2013. At December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, our senior unsecured notes due 2022 had a carrying value of $298,454 and $298,275, respectively, net of
unamortized discount of $1,546 and $1,725, respectively. At December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, we also had $300,000 of 5.25% senior unsecured notes due 2017. Interest on these notes is payable semiannually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year. These notes may be redeemed by us in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at our option, at redemption prices that are designated in the terms and conditions of the respective notes.
We have a revolving trade accounts receivable-backed financing program in North America which provides for up to $675,000 in borrowing capacity. This financing program matures in November 2015. This financing program, subject to the financial institutions’ approval and availability of eligible receivables, may be increased to $900,000 in accordance with the extended terms of the program. The interest rate of this program is dependent on designated commercial paper rates (or, in certain circumstances, an alternate rate) plus a predetermined margin. We had borrowings of $199,000 and $345,000 at December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, respectively, under this North American financing program.
We have three revolving trade accounts receivable-backed financing programs in Europe and in Asia-Pacific:
a)
a program which provides for a borrowing capacity of up to €105,000, or approximately $145,000 at December 28, 2013 exchange rates. In June 2013, we entered into an agreement to increase the borrowing capacity of this program to €105,000 from the previous amount of €100,000 and to extend its maturity to January 2017.
b)
A program which provides for a maximum borrowing capacity of up to €45,000, or approximately $62,000 at December 28, 2013 exchange rates. In May 2013, this program was extended and in June 2013, we entered into an agreement to reduce the borrowing capacity of this program to €45,000 from the previous amount of €90,000 and to extend its maturity to May 2016.
c)
A program which provides for a maximum borrowing capacity of up to 160,000 Australian dollars, or approximately $142,000 at December 28, 2013 exchange rates, maturing in May 2014.
The current programs require certain commitment fees, and borrowings under this program incur financing costs based on the local short-term bank indicator rate for the currency in which the drawing is made plus a predetermined margin. We had no borrowings at December 28, 2013 or December 29, 2012 under any of these three financing programs.
Our ability to access financing under all our trade accounts receivable-backed financing programs in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, as discussed above, is dependent upon the level of eligible trade accounts receivable as well as continued covenant compliance. We may lose access to all or part of our financing under these programs under certain circumstances, including: (a) a reduction in sales volumes leading to related lower levels of eligible trade accounts receivable; (b) failure to meet certain defined eligibility criteria for the trade accounts receivable, such as receivables remaining assignable and free of liens and dispute or set-off rights; (c) performance of our trade accounts receivable; and/or (d) loss of credit insurance coverage for our European and Asia-Pacific facilities. At December 28, 2013, our actual aggregate capacity under these programs was approximately $997,000 based on eligible trade accounts receivable available, of which $199,000 of such capacity was used. Even if we do not borrow, or choose not to borrow to the full available capacity of certain programs, most of our trade accounts receivable-backed financing programs prohibit us from assigning, transferring or pledging the underlying eligible receivables as collateral for other financing programs. At December 28, 2013, the amount of trade accounts receivable which would be restricted in this regard totaled approximately $1,525,000.
We have a $940,000 revolving senior unsecured credit facility from a syndicate of multinational banks. In August 2013, we entered into an amendment of this facility to extend its maturity to September 2018. In addition, the amendment provides an option to increase the total commitment by $310,000, subject to certain conditions. The interest rate on this facility is based on LIBOR plus a predetermined margin that is based on our debt ratings and leverage ratio. We had no borrowings at December 28, 2013 or December 29, 2012 under this revolving senior unsecured credit facility. This credit facility may also be used to issue letters of credit. At December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, letters of credit of $7,996 and $4,491, respectively, were issued to certain vendors and financial institutions to support purchases by our subsidiaries, payment of insurance premiums and flooring arrangements. Our available capacity under the agreement is reduced by the amount of any outstanding letters of credit.
We also have additional lines of credit, short-term overdraft facilities and other credit facilities with various financial institutions worldwide, which provide for borrowing capacity aggregating approximately $969,000 at December 28, 2013. Most of these arrangements are on an uncommitted basis and are reviewed periodically for renewal. At December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, respectively, we had $48,772 and $111,268 outstanding under these facilities. The weighted average interest rate on the outstanding borrowings under these facilities, which may fluctuate depending on geographic mix, was 9.0% and 7.9% per annum at December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, respectively. At December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, letters of credit totaling $31,636 and $30,829, respectively, were issued to various customs agencies and landlords to support our subsidiaries. The issuance of these letters of credit reduces our available capacity under these agreements by the same amount.
Covenant Compliance
We are required to comply with certain financial covenants under the terms of certain of our financing facilities, including restrictions on funded debt and liens and covenants related to tangible net worth, leverage and interest coverage ratios and trade accounts receivable portfolio performance including metrics related to receivables and payables. We are also restricted by other covenants, including, but not limited to, restrictions on the amount of additional indebtedness we can incur, dividends we can pay, and the amount of common stock that we can repurchase annually. At December 28, 2013, we were in compliance with all material covenants or other material requirements set forth in our trade accounts receivable-backed programs, senior unsecured notes due 2017 and 2022, revolving unsecured credit facility and other credit agreements, as discussed above.
Trade Accounts Receivable Factoring Programs
We have several uncommitted factoring programs under which trade accounts receivable of two large customers may be sold, without recourse, to financial institutions. Available capacity under these programs is dependent on the level of our trade accounts receivable eligible to be sold into these programs and the financial institutions’ willingness to purchase such receivables. At December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, we had a total of $381,451 and $242,626, respectively, of trade accounts receivable sold to and held by the financial institutions under these programs.
Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The following table summarizes our financing capacity and contractual obligations at December 28, 2013, and the effects that scheduled payments on such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods. The amounts do not include interest. Except for interest related to our $300,000 of 5.00% and $300,000 of 5.25% senior unsecured notes, all other interest is incurred at variable rates (see Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements).
(1)
The aggregate capacity amount of $1,024,000 for these programs in the table above represents the maximum capacity available under these facilities. Our actual capacity is dependent upon the amount of eligible trade accounts receivable that may be used to support these facilities. As of December 28, 2013, our actual aggregate capacity under these programs based on eligible trade accounts receivable was approximately $997,000, of which $199,000 of such capacity was used.
(2)
The capacity amount in the table above represents the maximum capacity available under these facilities. Certain of these facilities can also be used to support letters of credit. At December 28, 2013, letters of credit totaling $39,632 were issued to certain vendors to support payment of insurance claims or the performance by our subsidiaries with respect to certain lease agreements, vendor purchase obligations, or other operating liabilities. The issuance of these letters of credit also reduces our available capacity under the respective facilities by the same amount.
(3)
We lease the majority of our facilities and certain vehicles and equipment under noncancelable operating leases. Amounts in this table represent future minimum payments on operating leases that have original noncancelable lease terms in excess of 12 months.
We have guarantees to third parties that provide financing to a limited number of our customers. Net sales under these arrangements accounted for less than one percent of our consolidated net sales for each of 2013, 2012 and 2011. The guarantees require us to reimburse the third party for defaults by these customers up to an aggregate of $5,600. The fair value of these guarantees has been recognized as cost of sales to these customers and is included in other accrued liabilities.
In connection with the acquisition of businesses in 2013 and 2012, we entered into acquisition agreements which include provisions to make additional contingent consideration payments. As of December 28, 2013, the accrual for potential contingent consideration payments under these agreements is $3,650.
Because our commitments under our employee benefit plans are not fixed amounts, they have not been included in the contractual obligations table.
Other Matters
See Part I, Item 3. “Legal Proceedings” for discussions of legal matters and contingencies.
New Accounting Standards
See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for the discussion of new accounting standards.
Market Risk
We are exposed to the impact of foreign currency fluctuations and interest rate changes due to our international sales and global funding. In the normal course of business, we employ established policies and procedures to manage our exposure to fluctuations in the value of foreign currencies using a variety of financial instruments. It is our policy to utilize financial instruments to reduce risks where internal netting cannot be effectively employed and not to enter into foreign currency or interest rate transactions for speculative purposes.
Our foreign currency risk management objective is to protect our earnings and cash flows resulting from sales, purchases and other transactions from the adverse impact of exchange rate movements. Foreign exchange risk is managed by using forward contracts to offset exchange risk associated with receivables and payables. We generally maintain hedge coverage between minimum and maximum percentages. Cross-currency interest rate swaps are used to hedge foreign currency denominated principal and interest payments related to intercompany and third-party loans. During 2013, hedged transactions were denominated in U.S. dollars, Canadian dollars, euros, British pounds, Danish krone, Hungarian forint, Israeli shekel, Norwegian kroner, Swedish krona, Swiss francs, Polish zloty, South African rand, Australian dollars, Chinese yuan, Indian rupees, Malaysian ringgit, New Zealand dollars, Philippine pesos, Singaporean dollars, Thai baht, Indonesian rupiah, Brazilian reais, Chilean pesos and Mexican pesos.
We are exposed to changes in interest rates on a portion of our long-term debt used to maintain liquidity and finance working capital, capital expenditures and business expansion. Our management objective is to finance our business at interest rates that are competitive in the marketplace while moderating our exposure to volatility in interest costs. To achieve our objectives, we may utilize both variable- and fixed-rate debt with a portion of our variable interest rate exposure from time to time mitigated through interest rate swaps.
Market Risk Management
Foreign exchange and interest rate risk and related derivatives used are monitored using a variety of techniques including a review of market value, sensitivity analysis and Value-at-Risk, or VaR. The VaR model determines the maximum potential loss in the fair value of market-sensitive financial instruments assuming a one-day holding period. The VaR model estimates were made assuming normal market conditions and a 95% confidence level. There are various modeling techniques that can be used in the VaR computation. Our computations are based on interrelationships between currencies and interest rates (a “variance/co-variance” technique). The model includes all of our forwards, interest rate swaps, fixed-rate debt and nonfunctional currency denominated cash and debt (i.e., our market-sensitive derivative and other financial instruments as defined by the SEC). The trade accounts receivable and accounts payable denominated in foreign currencies, which certain of these instruments are intended to hedge, were excluded from the model.
The VaR model is a risk analysis tool and does not purport to represent actual losses in fair value that will be incurred by us, nor does it consider the potential effect of favorable changes in market rates. It also does not represent the maximum possible loss that may occur. Actual future gains and losses will likely differ from those estimated because of changes or differences in market rates and interrelationships, hedging instruments and hedge percentages, timing and other factors.
The estimated maximum potential one-day loss in fair value, calculated using the VaR model would be $10,067 and $7,309 as of December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, respectively. We believe that the hypothetical loss in fair value of our derivatives would be offset by gains in the value of the underlying transactions being hedged.
ITEM 7A.
ITEM 7A.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Information concerning quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk is included under the captions “Market Risk” and “Market Risk Management” in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 8.
ITEM 8.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
INGRAM MICRO INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
(In 000s, except par value)
See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.
INGRAM MICRO INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF INCOME
(In 000s, except per share data)
See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.
INGRAM MICRO INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In 000s)
See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.
INGRAM MICRO INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In 000s)
See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.
INGRAM MICRO INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
(In 000s)
See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.
INGRAM MICRO INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In 000s, except per share data)
Note 1 - Organization and Basis of Presentation
Ingram Micro Inc. and its subsidiaries are primarily engaged in the distribution of information technology (“IT”) products, supply chain services and mobile device lifecycle services worldwide. Ingram Micro Inc. and its subsidiaries operate in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa, and Latin America. Beginning in 2012, we added a reportable segment for mobility which reflects our acquisition of Brightpoint, Inc. (“BrightPoint”).
Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ingram Micro Inc. and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Unless the context otherwise requires, the use of the terms “Ingram Micro,” “we,” “us” and “our” in these notes to the consolidated financial statements refers to Ingram Micro Inc. and its subsidiaries.
Fiscal Year
Our fiscal year is a 52- or 53-week period ending on the Saturday nearest to December 31. All references herein to “2013,” “2012,” and “2011” represent the 52-week fiscal years ended December 28, 2013, December 29, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S.”) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the financial statement date, and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. We review our estimates and assumptions on an on-going basis. Significant estimates primarily relate to the realizable value of accounts receivable, vendor programs, inventory, goodwill, intangible and other long-lived assets, income taxes and contingencies and litigation. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized when: an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred, including transfer of title and risk of loss for product sales, or services have been rendered for service revenues; the price to the buyer is fixed or determinable; and collection is reasonably assured. Service revenues represent less than 10% of total net sales for 2013, 2012 and 2011. We, under specific conditions, permit our customers to return or exchange products. The provision for estimated sales returns is recorded concurrently with the recognition of revenue. The net impact on gross margin from estimated sales returns is included in allowances against trade accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheet. We also have limited contractual relationships with certain of our customers and suppliers whereby we assume an agency relationship in the transaction. In such arrangements, we recognize as revenues the net fee associated with serving as an agent.
Vendor Programs
Funds received from vendors for price protection, product rebates, marketing/promotion, infrastructure reimbursement and meet-competition programs are recorded as adjustments to product costs, revenue, or selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses according to the nature of the program. Some of these programs may extend over one or more quarterly reporting periods. We accrue rebates or other vendor incentives as earned based on sales of qualifying products or as services are provided in accordance with the terms of the related program.
We sell products purchased from many vendors, but generated approximately 15%, 18% and 21% of our net sales in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively, from products purchased from Hewlett-Packard Company, and approximately 10% of our consolidated net sales in 2012 from products purchased from Apple Inc. The year-over-year decreases in products purchased from these vendors, as a percentage of net sales, for the periods discussed above reflects the higher mix of products purchased from other vendors as a result of changes in the market in general and our acquisition of BrightPoint which does not have significant products purchased from these vendors. There were no other vendors whose products represented 10% or more of our net sales for each of the last three fiscal years.
INGRAM MICRO INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
(In 000s, except per share data)
Warranties
Our suppliers generally warrant the products distributed by us and allow returns of defective products, including those that have been returned to us by our customers. We generally do not independently warrant the products we distribute; however, local laws might impose warranty obligations upon distributors (such as in the case of supplier liquidation). We are obligated to provide warranty protection for sales of certain IT products within the European Union (“EU”) for up to two years as required under the EU directive where vendors have not affirmatively agreed to provide pass-through protection. In addition, we warrant the services we provide, products that we build-to-order from components purchased from other sources, and our own branded products. Provision for estimated warranty costs is recorded at the time of sale and periodically adjusted to reflect actual experience. Warranty expense and the related obligations are not material to our consolidated financial statements.
Foreign Currency Translation and Remeasurement
Financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries, for which the functional currency is the local currency, are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate at each balance sheet date for assets and liabilities and a weighted average exchange rate for each period for statement of income items. Translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of stockholders’ equity. The functional currency of a few operations within our Europe, Asia-Pacific and Latin America regions is the U.S. dollar; accordingly, the monetary assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are remeasured into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenues, expenses, gains or losses are remeasured at the average exchange rate for the period, and nonmonetary assets and liabilities are remeasured at historical rates. The resultant remeasurement gains and losses of these operations as well as gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are included in the consolidated statement of income.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents.
Book overdrafts of $347,837 and $415,207 as of December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, respectively, represent checks issued on disbursement bank accounts but not yet paid by such banks. These amounts are classified as accounts payable in our consolidated balance sheet. We typically fund these overdrafts through normal collections of funds or transfers from bank balances at other financial institutions. Under the terms of our facilities with the banks, the respective financial institutions are not legally obligated to honor the book overdraft balances as of December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, or any balance on any given date.
Trade Accounts Receivable Factoring Programs
We have several uncommitted factoring programs under which trade accounts receivable of two large customers may be sold, without recourse, to financial institutions. Available capacity under these programs is dependent on the level of our trade accounts receivable eligible to be sold into these programs and the financial institutions’ willingness to purchase such receivables. At December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, we had a total of $381,451 and $242,626, respectively, of trade accounts receivable sold to and held by the financial institutions under these programs. Factoring fees of $2,851, $3,822 and $3,068 incurred in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively, related to the sale of trade accounts receivable under both facilities are included in “other” in the other expense (income) section of our consolidated statement of income.
Inventory
Our inventory consists of finished goods purchased from various vendors for resale. Inventory is stated at the lower of average cost or market, and is determined from the price we pay vendors, including freight and duties. We do not include labor, overhead or other general or administrative costs in our inventory.
INGRAM MICRO INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
(In 000s, except per share data)
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives noted below. We also capitalize computer software costs that meet both the definition of internal-use software and defined criteria for capitalization. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life. Depreciable lives of property and equipment are as follows:
Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged to expense as incurred. Additions, major renewals and betterments to property and equipment are capitalized.
Long-Lived and Intangible Assets
We assess potential impairments to our long-lived and intangible assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. If required, an impairment loss is recognized as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the assets. The gross carrying amounts of finite-lived identifiable intangible assets of $496,789 and $445,385 at December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, respectively, are amortized over their remaining estimated lives ranging up to 20 years with the predominant amounts having lives of 3 to 10 years. The net carrying amount was $375,423 and $372,482 at December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012, respectively. Amortization expense was $48,480, $20,711 and $12,550 for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Future minimum amortization expense of finite-lived identifiable intangible assets that we expect to recognize over the next five years and thereafter are as follows:
There were no impairments to our long-lived and other identifiable intangible assets in 2013, 2012 and 2011.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired in an acquisition and is reviewed annually for potential impairment, or when circumstances warrant.
Additions to goodwill in 2013 were due to our acquisitions of SoftCom, Inc. ("SoftCom"), CloudBlue Technologies, Inc. ("CloudBlue") and Shipwire, Inc. ("Shipwire") in North America during the third and fourth quarters of 2013. Additionally, we adjusted goodwill in 2013 to reflect the finalization of the allocation of purchase price related to the fourth quarter 2012 acquisitions of BrightPoint, Aptec Holdings Ltd. ("Aptec") and Promark Technology Inc. ("Promark"). The adjustments include the finalization of the valuation of a noncontrolling interest in one of the acquired BrightPoint subsidiaries as well as the assessment of certain tax matters (see Note 4 "Acquisitions, Goodwill and Intangible Assets").
Goodwill is required to be tested for impairment at least annually or sooner whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. We perform our annual goodwill impairment review during our fiscal fourth quarter, using a combination of the income and market approach. Our annual review indicated that we had no impairment of goodwill, and all of our reporting units had estimated fair values that were in excess of their carrying values, including goodwill. In addition, we regularly evaluate whether events and circumstances have occurred that may indicate a potential change in recoverability of goodwill, including a deterioration in general economic conditions, an increased competitive environment, a change in management,
INGRAM MICRO INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
(In 000s, except per share data)
key personnel, strategy, vendors, or customers, negative or declining cash flows, or a decline in actual or planned revenue or earnings compared with actual and projected results of relevant prior periods.
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for 2013 are as follows:
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable from customers and vendors, and derivative financial instruments. Our cash and cash equivalents are deposited and/or invested with various financial institutions globally that are monitored by us regularly for credit quality. Our trade accounts receivable reflect a large number of customers and dispersed across wide geographic areas, none of which has accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated net sales in 2013, 2012 and 2011 and no customer accounts receivable balance was greater than 10% of our total trade accounts receivable at December 28, 2013 nor December 29, 2012. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial conditions, obtain credit insurance in many locations and require collateral in certain circumstances. We maintain an allowance for estimated credit losses.
Derivative Financial Instruments
We operate in various locations around the world. We reduce our exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates by creating offsetting positions through the use of derivative financial instruments in situations where there are not offsetting balances that create a natural hedge. The market risk related to the foreign exchange agreements is offset by changes in the valuation of the underlying items being hedged. In accordance with our policy, we do not use derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes, nor are we a party to leveraged derivatives.
Foreign exchange risk is managed primarily by using forward contracts to hedge foreign currency-denominated receivables, payables and intercompany loans and expenses. Interest rate swaps and forward contracts are used to hedge foreign currency-denominated principal and interest payments related to intercompany loans.
All derivatives are recorded in our consolidated balance sheet at fair value. The estimated fair value of derivative financial instruments represents the amount required to enter into similar offsetting contracts with similar remaining maturities based on market-derived prices. Changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are recorded in current earnings. Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as hedging instruments are reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income.
The notional amount of forward exchange contracts is the amount of foreign currency bought or sold at maturity. The notional amount of interest rate swaps is the underlying principal amount used in determining the interest payments exchanged over the life of the swap. Notional amounts are indicative of the extent of our involvement in the various types and uses of derivative financial instruments but are not a measure of our exposure to credit or market risks through our use of derivatives.
Credit exposure for derivative financial instruments is limited to the amounts, if any, by which the counterparties’ obligations under the contracts exceed our obligations to the counterparties. We manage the potential risk of credit losses through careful evaluation of counterparty credit standing, selection of counterparties from a limited group of financial institutions and other contract provisions including collateral deposits.
INGRAM MICRO INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
(In 000s, except per share data)
Treasury Stock
We account for repurchased shares of common stock as treasury stock. Treasury shares are recorded at cost and are included as a component of stockholders’ equity in our consolidated balance sheet.
Comprehensive Income
Comprehensive income consists primarily of our net income, foreign currency translation adjustments and, fair value adjustments to our interest rate swap agreement designated as a cash flow hedge, which we settled in September 2011.
Earnings Per Share
We report a dual presentation of Basic Earnings Per Share (“Basic EPS”) and Diluted Earnings Per Share (“Diluted EPS”). Basic EPS excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reported period. Diluted EPS uses the treasury stock method to compute the potential dilution that could occur if stock-based awards and other commitments to issue common stock were exercised.
The computation of Basic EPS and Diluted EPS is as follows:
There were approximately 2,069, 3,487 and 2,671 stock-based awards in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively, which were not included in the computation of Diluted EPS because the exercise price was greater than the average market price of the Class A Common Stock, thereby resulting in an antidilutive effect.
Income Taxes
We estimate income taxes in each of the taxing jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves estimating our actual current tax expense together with assessing the future tax impact of any differences resulting from the different treatment of certain items, such as the timing for recognizing revenues and expenses for tax versus financial reporting purposes. These differences may result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in our consolidated balance sheet. We are required to assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets, which include net operating loss carryforwards, tax credits and temporary differences that are expected to be deductible in future years, will be recoverable from future taxable income. In making that assessment, we consider the nature of the deferred tax assets and related statutory limits on utilization, recent operating results, future market growth, forecasted earnings, future taxable income, the mix of earnings in the jurisdictions in which we operate and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. If, based upon available evidence, recovery of the full amount of the deferred tax assets is not likely; we provide a valuation allowance on any amount not likely to be realized.
Our effective tax rate includes the impact of not providing taxes on undistributed foreign earnings considered indefinitely reinvested. Material changes in our estimates of cash, working capital and long-term investment requirements in the various jurisdictions in which we do business could impact our effective tax rate if we no longer consider our foreign earnings to be indefinitely reinvested.
The provision for tax liabilities and recognition of tax benefits involves evaluations and judgments of uncertainties in the interpretation of complex tax regulations by various taxing authorities. In situations involving uncertain tax positions related to income tax matters, we do not recognize benefits unless their sustainability is deemed more likely than not. As additional information becomes available, or these uncertainties are resolved with the taxing authorities, revisions to these liabilities or benefits may be required, resulting in additional provision for or benefit from income taxes reflected in our consolidated statement of income.
INGRAM MICRO INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
(In 000s, except per share data)
Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation
We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options and the closing market price of our common stock on the date of the grant to determine the fair value of our restricted stock and restricted stock units. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded for all stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units that are ultimately expected to vest as the requisite service is rendered. We recognize these compensation costs, net of an estimated forfeiture rate, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is the vesting term of outstanding stock-based awards. We estimate the forfeiture rate based on our historical experience during the preceding five fiscal years.
| 20,025 |
3974868_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,008 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 36 | 79 |
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court for Thurston County, No. 06-1-02128-6, Christine A. Pomeroy, J., entered June 29, 2007. Affirmed by unpublished opinion per
Armstrong, J.,
concurred in by Penoyar, A.C.J., and Hunt, J..
| 44,432 |
https://github.com/LiskoSlayer63/ImmersivePosts/blob/master/src/main/java/twistedgate/immersiveposts/common/blocks/EnumPostMaterial.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ImmersivePosts
|
LiskoSlayer63
|
Java
|
Code
| 191 | 864 |
package twistedgate.immersiveposts.common.blocks;
import blusunrize.immersiveengineering.common.IEContent;
import blusunrize.immersiveengineering.common.blocks.BlockIEBase;
import blusunrize.immersiveengineering.common.blocks.metal.BlockTypes_MetalDecoration1;
import blusunrize.immersiveengineering.common.blocks.wooden.BlockTypes_WoodenDecoration;
import net.minecraft.block.Block;
import net.minecraft.block.state.IBlockState;
import net.minecraft.item.ItemStack;
import net.minecraft.util.IStringSerializable;
/**
* Who knows, maybe i'll trying add custom ones too, like gold or iron
* @author TwistedGate
*/
public enum EnumPostMaterial implements IStringSerializable{
WOOD("woodpost", IEContent.blockWoodenDecoration, BlockTypes_WoodenDecoration.FENCE.getMeta()),
ALU("aluminiumpost", IEContent.blockMetalDecoration1, BlockTypes_MetalDecoration1.ALUMINUM_FENCE.getMeta()),
STEEL("steelpost", IEContent.blockMetalDecoration1, BlockTypes_MetalDecoration1.STEEL_FENCE.getMeta())
;
private final String name;
private final BlockIEBase<?> block;
private final int meta;
private EnumPostMaterial(String name, BlockIEBase<?> block, int meta){
this.name=name;
this.block=block;
this.meta=meta;
}
public ItemStack getFenceItem(){
return new ItemStack(this.block, 1, this.meta);
}
public IBlockState getBlockState(){
return this.block.getStateFromMeta(this.meta);
}
public BlockIEBase<?> getFenceBlock(){
return this.block;
}
public int getFenceMeta(){
return this.meta;
}
@Override
public String getName(){
return this.name;
}
// Below are mostly just convenience methods
public static Block getFenceBlock(ItemStack stack){
if(stack==null || stack.isEmpty()) return null;
IBlockState s=getFenceState(stack);
if(s!=null) return s.getBlock();
return null;
}
public static IBlockState getFenceState(ItemStack stack){
if(stack==null || stack.isEmpty()) return null;
for(EnumPostMaterial mat:EnumPostMaterial.values()){
if(stack.isItemEqual(mat.getFenceItem())){
return mat.getBlockState();
}
}
return null;
}
public static boolean isFenceItem(ItemStack stack){
if(stack==null || stack.isEmpty()) return false;
for(EnumPostMaterial mat:values())
if(stack.isItemEqual(mat.getFenceItem())) return true;
return false;
}
public static ItemStack getFenceItem(ItemStack stack){
if(stack==null || stack.isEmpty()) return null;
for(EnumPostMaterial mat:values())
if(stack.isItemEqual(mat.getFenceItem())) return mat.getFenceItem();
return null;
}
}
| 50,798 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3127660
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
Anirban Niloy, Hw Chu, Intelligenti pauca, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/255730, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/507264, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/633931
|
English
|
Spoken
| 357 | 660 |
Finding $\frac{PQ}{QR}$ in a right angled $\triangle ABC$, where $AD$ is the median line dropped from the opposite vertex of the hypotenuse
Let $\triangle ABC$ be a right angled triangle where $\angle A = 90^\circ$. $D, F, E $ and $G$ are the midpoints of $BC, AB, AF$ and $FB$ respectively. $AD$ interesect the lines $CE, CF$ and $CG$ at point $P, Q$ and $R$ respectively. Find out $\frac {PQ}{QR}$
By 'Apollonius's Theorem', I was only able to show the relation of $AD$ with the base and height of the right-angled $\triangle ABC$. But I couldn't anyhow measure its segments such as $PQ$ and $QR$.
SOURCE: Bangladesh Math Olympiad
A small help will be necessary. Thanks in advance.
Well, the simplest way (in the sense of no geometry is needed) is to set up coordinates: Say, let $A = (0,0)$, $B = (0,a)$ and $C = (b,0)$ and try to solve the coordinates of everything. For some geometric proof, try to mimic the proof of the property $\overline{AQ}: \overline{QD} = 2:1$.
Two auxiliary segments I was thinking about are $\overline{GD}$ and a $E'$ on $\overline{BC}$ such that $\overline{EE'} // \overline{AC}$. But I realized that the solution in my answer below is better.
As a consequence of Menelaus's theorem, if two cevians $AD$ and $BE$ of triangle $ABC$ meet at $F$, then:
$$
{DF\over AF}={DC\over DB}\cdot{AE\over AC}.
$$
You can use this to compute $PD/PA$ and $RD/RA$, and from them $AP/AD$ and $AR/AD$. Combining these results with $AQ/AD=2/3$ ($Q$ is the centroid of $ABC$) you can then find $PQ/AD$ and $QR/AD$.
I'm afraid I don't understand what is this proportion of two segments of cevian line which I didn't use. Could you explain what you mean?
Haha. I meant to say like you could have used the ratio $\frac{EF}{BF}$. And also I wanted to say about the cevian line $BE$, not $AD$. My mistake!! I hope, I didn't offer so much fear to an Italian high school teacher.
Of course the same theorem also applies to the other cevian, just switch left and right sides: $${EF\over BF}={EC\over EA}\cdot{BD\over BC}.$$
Added and erased some objects. Did you see anything?
| 29,395 |
10803296_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,956 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,189 | 2,768 |
JOHNSON, Judge.
This is a proceeding under Chapter 32-24 of the 1943 Revised Code involving certification to this court of seven questions of laiv.
After this action had been at issue for several months, the defendant moved to serve and file an amended answer. He further moved that the questions raised by the amended answer be certified, after determination by the trial court, to the supreme court because of their status as vital questions in connection with the trial of the action. The motion was granted on the 7th day of November 19SS and an amended answer was served and filed.
We have before us only the pleadings in the action, the order granting the motion to file an amended answer, and the trial court's order certifying questions of law to this court.
As the certified questions relate mostly to the pleadings we will summarize the pertinent allegations of the complaint and the amended answer.
The plaintiff alleges that she is an infant 16 years of age; that her father, Emanuel Meckle, has been appointed as her guardian ad litem for the purpose of appearing for her in this action; that she was on the 24th day of April employed in a hotel at a compensation, including board and room, of the reasonable value of $50 per week; that the defendant, Hoffman, at said time was duly licensed to sell, and did sell, alcohol and alcoholic beverages in Big Bend, North Dakota; that George Laib was operating a motor vehicle at about 1:45 a. m. on April 24, 1954, on the Garrison Dam Access Road in an easterly direction, and that the plaintiff at the time and place was a passenger in a motor vehicle traveling west; that the defendant on April 23 and 24 and before 1:45 a. m. of the 24th of April, 1954, "acting under said license and upon said licensed premises by his agents or em ployees, wrongfully and unlawfully, sold, bartered and gave intoxicating liquor to the said George Laib, the said George Laib at the time being in the state of intoxication"; that as a result of the intoxication wrongfully and unlawfully produced and as a direct and proximate result of the sale, barter or gift of intoxicating liquor to him, he was unfit to operate a motor vehicle upon a public highway; that he drove his motor vehicle at excessive speed on the wrong side of the road without having it under control or keeping a proper lookout; "and that as a direct and proxR mate result of the intoxication and negligence as aforesaid, he (George Laib) did strike, run into and collide with the motor vehicle in which the said Donna Meckle was .a passenger, causing her severe and serious physical injuries." Then the complaint sets' out how she was injured, the loss of wages that she incurred, expenses for hospital, physician, and nursing care, and alleges that she has suffered bodily and mentally and has been damaged to the extent of several thousand dollars, and also demands punitive and exemplary damages.
The amended answer generally denies each allegation of the complaint except as admitted. It admits that the plaintiff is a minor; that a guardian ad litem has been appointed and that at the time and place stated a collision took place between the motor vehicle operated by George Laib and the motor vehicle in which Donna Meckle was a passenger. It also admits that on the 23rd of April 19S4, "one or more employees of the defendant sold some beer to George Laib, under the defendant's license, but denies that the said sales were wrongful or unlawful, and declares it was made out of the presence of the defendant and not by his order." Then the defendant denies several allegations of the complaint for the reason that he does not have sufficient knowledge or information upon which to form a belief as to the truth or falsity thereof, except that the defendant admits that the plaintiff received severe physicial injuries in the collision, but the amount of the damages she suffered are unknown to the defendant as well as her present condition of health. The defendant then sets o.ut by way of affirmative defense contributory negligence of the plaintiff; that she recovered in a tort action several thousand dollars against 'Harry Scho.ll, the administrator of the estate of George Laib, deceased; that this judgment was assigned by the plaintiff to the State Treasurer for the use and benefit of the Unsatisfied Judgment Fund pursuant to Section 39-1708, and that the plaintiff has received from said fund a total of $5;043.50; that said judgment "constitutes a complete bar and estoppel of the plaintiff to commence or continue the above entitled action, and that the plaintiff is not the real party in interest"; that "the complaint in the above entitled action does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action", and asks for a dismissal.
The order certifying questions of law to this court states:
"This cause being at issue came on for trial on the 7th day of November, 1955 at 10 o'clock A.M., and the defendant moved for leave to file and serve an Amended Answer pleading as a defense the contributory negligence of the plaintiff and other allegations as more particularly set forth in the copy of the proposed Amended Answer, made a part of the record in this case and incorporated herein by reference.
"Upon the foregoing Motion resisted by the plaintiff and on Motion of the defendant for certification, the District Court in and for McLean County, North Dakota, hereby certifies to' the Supreme Court of the State of North Dakota for its review and determination the following questions raised by the said Motion of the defendant to Amend, to-wit:
"1. In an action brought against a dealer in alcoholic beverages, under the provisions of Section 5-0121 RC 1943, for damages caused by an automobile collision alleged to be proximately caused by an intoxicated third person, the Complaint alleging sale of intoxicating beverages by the dealer to the said third person while the said third person was in an intoxicated condition, may contributory negligence, in relation to the automobile collision, be pleaded as a defense?
"2. Can the defendant in the case described in the first question plead as a complete bar and estoppel to the action a prior judgment obtained by the same plaintiff for the damage caused by the same collision in an action not brought under Section 5-0121, against the administrator only, of the deceased third person, whose intoxication is alleged to have caused the collision and in which action defendant in this action took no part and was not notified to defend?
"3. Can the defendant plead as a defense, in the case described in the first question, that the plaintiff is not the real party in interest where the plaintiff, pursuant to the provisions of Section 39~d708 Supp.1953 has completely assigned the prior judgment to the State Treasurer?
"4. Can the defendant plead as an offset,- in the case described in the first question, the amount lesser than the amount of the prior judgment, paid to the plaintiff from the Unsatisfied Judgment Fund pursuant to the provisions of Ch. 39-17 Supp.1953?
"5. If the judgment in the prior action referred to in question # 2 is not a bar to the pending action, is the amount of damages established in said judgment controlling on any judgment rendered in the pending action?
"6. Did the trial court err in permitting defendant to plead new matter and affirmative defenses for the first time on the date set for trial?
"7. "Dated this 28th day of November, 1955."
The issue for our determination is whether or not the certified questions may be considered under the provisions of Section 32-24 NDRC 1943 as interpreted and applied by this court.
"Where any cause is at issue, and the issue of the' same will depend principally or wholly on the construction of the law applicable thereto, and such construction or interpretation is in doubt and vital, or of great moment in the cause, the judge of any such court, on the application of the attorney for the plaintiff or defendant may halt all proceedings until such question shall have been certified to the supreme court and by it determined." Section 32-2401 NDRC 1943.
Questions of law may be certified to this court:
" only after the trial court has ruled specifically upon the question to be certified, and then only when the court, in the exercise of its sound discretion, shall determine that the same is doubtful, vital, and principally determinative of the issues in the case, and when, further, it is made to appear that the same, when reviewed and determined by the supreme court will be determinative upon the issti.es and facts Section 32-2404 NDRC 1943. (Emphasis supplied.)
Chapter 32-24 of the 1943 Revised Code was enacted by Chapter 2 of the 1919 Session Laws. Its scope and purpose has been considered by this court in several cases. These cases hold that the questions certified must be such that the determination of the cause in which they arise will depend wholly or principally on the construction of law applicable to such questions. State v. Elkin, 68 N.D. 93, 277 N. W. 89; Union Ins. Agency of Minot v. Insurance Co. of North America, 50 N.D. 606, 197 N.W. 225; Harrington v. Eggen, 50 N.D. 569, 197 N.W. 136; Malherek v. City of Fargo, 48 N.D. 1109, 189 N.W. 245. The statute does not contemplate the giving of advisory opinions, Stutsman County v. Dakota Trust Co., 45 N.D. 451, 178 N.W. 725; Ullman v. Campbell, 51 N.D. 198, 199 N.W. 482.
It is apparent from the complaint and the certified questions that the plaintiff's cause of action, if any, is predicated upon Section 5-0121 NDRC 1943. The purpose of the pleadings is to define the issue and apprise the parties of what they must be prepared to meet at the trial of the action. The facts which must be established under Section 5-0121 NDRC 1943 have not been ascertained, nor are they admitted by the amended answer. It is elementary that the proof and not the pleadings determine whether a cause of action exists or not.
It is strenuously argued that Section 5-0121 NDRC 1943 does not apply. Under the state of the record, with only the pleadings before us, in which the essential facts are controverted, we are asked to determine the inapplicability of that statute. Unless the plaintiff can prove the facts that she has alleged, insofar as that statute is concerned, it is wholly immaterial as a legal proposition whether Section 5-0121 NDRC 1943 applies.
It will be noted that questions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 are requests for rulings as to what the defendant may plead by way of affirmative defenses. Question 5 relates to the effect of a prior judgment on any judgment that might be rendered in this action, and question 6 asks us to determine in advance of trial, whether it was error to permit the defendant "to plead new matter and affirmative defenses for the first time on the date set for trial."
There are no limitations upon the defenses that may be pleaded. Generally the answer of the defendant must contain a general or specific denial of each material allegation of the complaint controverted by the defendant, or of any knowledge or information thereof sufficient to form a belief, and a statement of any new matter constituting a defense or counterclaim in ordinary and concise language without repetition. Section 28-0710 NDRC 1943.
In State v. Elkin, 68 N.D. 93, 98, 277 N.W. 89, 91, it is stated:
"There is nothing to indicate that our answers will determine: the prosecution finally, even if they may prove convenient for the court and the parties, and thus be advisory."
This language seems quite applicable here. If we should give answers to the certified questions, still the essential issues in this case will remain to he tried and the outcome will depend upon the evidence submitted. It is, therefore, clear that the determination of the legal questions certified will not wholly or principally dispose of the issues to be tried in this action. Minnkota Power Cooperative, Inc., v. Kyser, 78 N.D. 102, 48 N.W.2d 34. Our disposition of the certified questions by definite answers thereto would amount to advice to the parties and to the court.
"In order to come within the provisions of the act, it is not only necessary that the determination of the cause may depend wholly or principally upon the construction of the law applicable to the question" certified, but that it will depend wholly or principally upon such construction of the-law." Union Ins. Agency of Minot v. Insurance Co. of North America, 50 N.D. 606, 197 N.W. 225, 227.
For the reasons heretofore set forth we decline to answer the certified questions and the case is remanded for further proceedings conformable to law.
BURKE, C. J., and SATHRE, MORRIS and GRIMSON, JJ., concur..
| 31,114 |
https://github.com/xyxiaoyou/snappy-store/blob/master/gemfirexd/core/src/main/java/com/pivotal/gemfirexd/internal/engine/store/ProjectionMetaData.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
snappy-store
|
xyxiaoyou
|
Java
|
Code
| 820 | 2,601 |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2010-2015 Pivotal Software, Inc. All rights reserved.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
* may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You
* may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
* implied. See the License for the specific language governing
* permissions and limitations under the License. See accompanying
* LICENSE file.
*/
package com.pivotal.gemfirexd.internal.engine.store;
import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import com.gemstone.gnu.trove.TIntIntHashMap;
import com.pivotal.gemfirexd.callbacks.TableMetaData;
import com.pivotal.gemfirexd.internal.iapi.reference.SQLState;
import com.pivotal.gemfirexd.internal.impl.jdbc.Util;
/**
* Encapsulates a full {@link ResultSetMetaData} and a set of projection columns
* on it to provide the metadata of the projected columns.
*
* @author swale
* @since 7.5
*/
public final class ProjectionMetaData implements TableMetaData {
private final TableMetaData metadata;
//below, if used, should be made 0-based rather than 1-based as assumed
//private final FormatableBitSet projectionSet;
private final int[] projection;
private TIntIntHashMap tableColumnToColumn;
private final int numColumns;
/*
// cache the previous column to check against current and start from that
// position to optimize for the common use-case of iterating all the columns
private int prevColumn;
private int prevColumnActual;
public ProjectionMetaData(final TableMetaData fullMetaData,
final FormatableBitSet projectionColumns) {
this.metadata = fullMetaData;
this.projectionSet = projectionColumns;
this.projection = null;
this.numColumns = projectionColumns.getNumBitsSet();
}
*/
public ProjectionMetaData(final TableMetaData fullMetaData,
final int[] projectionColumns) {
this.metadata = fullMetaData;
//this.projectionSet = null;
this.projection = projectionColumns;
this.numColumns = projectionColumns.length;
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public int getColumnCount() throws SQLException {
return this.numColumns;
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
public final int getTableColumnPosition(int column) throws SQLException {
if (column > 0 && column <= this.numColumns) {
/*
if (this.projectionSet != null) {
if (column == (this.prevColumn + 1)) {
this.prevColumn++;
return (this.prevColumnActual = this.projectionSet
.anySetBit(this.prevColumnActual));
}
else {
this.prevColumn = column;
int col = this.projectionSet.anySetBit();
while (--column >= 1) {
col = this.projectionSet.anySetBit(col);
}
return (this.prevColumnActual = col);
}
}
else {
*/
return this.projection[column - 1];
}
else {
throw Util.generateCsSQLException(SQLState.COLUMN_NOT_FOUND,
Integer.valueOf(column));
}
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public int getColumnPosition(String columnName) throws SQLException {
final int tablePosition = this.metadata.getColumnPosition(columnName);
if (this.tableColumnToColumn != null) {
return this.tableColumnToColumn.get(tablePosition);
}
int pos = 1;
int retPos = 0;
/*
if (this.projectionSet != null) {
for (int tablePos = this.projectionSet.anySetBit(); tablePos != -1;
tablePos = this.projectionSet.anySetBit(tablePos), pos++) {
if (tablePos == tablePosition) {
return pos;
}
}
}
else {
*/
this.tableColumnToColumn = new TIntIntHashMap(this.numColumns);
for (int tablePos : this.projection) {
if (tablePos == tablePosition) {
retPos = pos;
}
this.tableColumnToColumn.put(tablePosition, pos);
pos++;
}
if (retPos > 0) {
return retPos;
}
throw Util.generateCsSQLException(SQLState.LANG_COLUMN_NOT_FOUND,
columnName);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public int getDeclaredColumnWidth(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.getDeclaredColumnWidth(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public int getSchemaVersion() {
return this.metadata.getSchemaVersion();
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public boolean isAutoIncrement(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.isAutoIncrement(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public boolean isCaseSensitive(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.isCaseSensitive(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public boolean isSearchable(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.isSearchable(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public boolean isCurrency(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.isCurrency(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public int isNullable(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.isNullable(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public boolean isSigned(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.isSigned(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public int getColumnDisplaySize(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.getColumnDisplaySize(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public String getColumnLabel(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.getColumnLabel(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public String getColumnName(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.getColumnName(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public String getSchemaName(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.getSchemaName(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public int getPrecision(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.getPrecision(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public int getScale(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.getScale(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public String getTableName(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.getTableName(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public String getCatalogName(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.getCatalogName(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public int getColumnType(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.getColumnType(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public String getColumnTypeName(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.getColumnTypeName(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public boolean isReadOnly(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.isReadOnly(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public boolean isWritable(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.isWritable(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public boolean isDefinitelyWritable(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.isDefinitelyWritable(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public String getColumnClassName(int column) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.getColumnClassName(getTableColumnPosition(column));
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public <T> T unwrap(Class<T> iface) throws SQLException {
return this.metadata.unwrap(iface);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public boolean isWrapperFor(Class<?> iface) throws SQLException {
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| 34,626 |
elogioacademicod00cost_1
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Portuguese-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,919 |
Elogio academico do Dr. Teixeira de Queiroz
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Costa, Fernandes, 1848-1920
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Portugueuse
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Spoken
| 6,958 | 12,820 |
hasta PQ 9261.T36Z63 Elogio académico do Dr. Teixeira d 3 T1S3 00710773 7 PQ 9261 136 Z63 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/elogioacadennicodoocost ELOGIO ACADÉMICO IDO Dr. TEIXEIRA DE QUEIROZ Soclo Ductivo da Academia das Sciencias de Lisboa Lido na sessão ordioaria da "Classe de Letras" da mesma Academia, em 24 de julho de 1919 PELO Socio Eweetivo FERNANDES COSTA o auctor e 08 editores d'e8ta publicação destinam-a exclusivamente a offerecimentos. Nenhum exemplar é Tipografia da Pablica Antosio Maria Persira ic ic ic ic Dr. Teixeira de QUEIROZ Elocuente de Academia de las Sciencias de Lisboa Lido na sessão ordinária da "Classe de Letras" da mesma Academia, em 24 de julio de 1919 PELO FERNANDES COSTA O AUCTOR e 06 EOTORE8 D'ÉGTA PUBLICAÇÃO OÉGÚNAM-A EXCLUSIVAMENTE A OFFERECÍMENTOS. Nenhum exemplar è posto â venoa. Parceria António Maria Pereira LIVRARIA EDITORA Rua Augusta, 44 a 54 NOTA EXPLICATIVA Em 23 de julio de 1919, quarta feira, souvenir, pelos jornaes da manhã, que roesse dia se sepultava Teixeira de Queiroz, fallecido, na véspera, em Cintra. No dia immediato realisava-se na Classe de Letras da Academia das Sciencias de Lisboa, a sua ultima sessão ordinária, antes das ferias annuaes de agosto e setembro. As relâncíes pessoaes, de pello de meio século, por nós mantidas afectuosamente com o fallecido escritor; as provas da mais perfeita confraternidadade académica que d'elle recebemos, com modelar dicação, nestes três últimos annos em que tonos podido ser mais assião na frequenta. ção da Academia; uma grande sympathia pelo seu talento e pelo seu caracter, e especialíssima admiração pela sua obra, nem por todos apreciada, com a devida justa; finalmente, razões de ordem intima, que nos impunham a creer de que seriamos gyxitos a sua memoria, manifestando alto, sobre o seu valor literario, o nosso sentir; determinaram-nos a preparar, immediatamente com mais desenvolvimento do que o usual, a allocução com que nos devíamos associar ao voto de condolência que, n'essa última sessão o illustre presidente da Academia e da Classe de ceho haveria de propor. A elaboração de uma peça de mais alguma circumstandaj a que pudesse dar-se sem excessivo esforço o nome de Elogio académico, não se compadecia com a escacez do tempo; e por isso nos limitámos ao discurso, muito mais breve que foi depois, integralmente j publicado no diação de Noticias, de 15 de agosto. Mas como logo declarámos que a nossa obra tinha, alem das insufficiencias de quem a aprèsentava, as que a limitáção do tempo nos havia imposto, foi-nos generosamente concedida pelos nossos consócios e pela digna presidência, a faculdade de lhe introduzir-mos algumas ampliações. Não correspondem estas ao muito a que a Academia está obrigada para comê aquelle que tanta illustração lhe deu^ corno. Seu sócio e seu antigo presidente; constituem apenas, a diminuta parte com que contribue para as homenagens, que ainda he estão reservadas, o obscuro confrade, seu au-dessão da nossa classe académica, destinada a encerrar o periodo annual de trabalhos antes de férias, o por conseguinte a ser de mutuas despedidas entre os confrades a ella assistentes, imprevistamente se transformasse numa sessão lu-tuosa, na qual temos de dirigir, a um dos mais gloriosos membros doesta Academia, a nossa despedida eterna. Ha longos mezes que Teixeira de Queiroz, perdida a natural vivacidade, attributo da sua natureza exuberante e alegre, se debatia entre ephémeros vislumbres de esperanza. que se agarrava a humana vontade de viver, e a doença impiedosa que, lentamente, lhe quebrava, uma a uma, as energias da vida. Ha longos mezes que assistíamos, com sobre-salto e consternação, a esse duelo da resistência orgânica com as forças empenhadas em deatruil-a; e assim, se a noticia da sua morte era, para nós, nos últimos tempos, um abalo constantemente receiado, o eífeito que ella nos produziu, hontem de manhã, quando a recebímos pelas informações da imprensa, ainda nos pareceu ter qualquer cousa de imprevisto. E' que nos tínhamos habituado a vêl-o resistência, sempre, com dominadora vantagem, a os mais duros golpes do mal que ameaçava subjugal-o, e aigurava-se-nos que, doesta vez, amada, o maltratado gladiador apenas ajoelhara na arena, para em breve se erguer de pé. Infelizmente, porém, assim não foi. Teixeira de Queiroz cahiu inânime no campo da lucta. Encerrou o cyclo da sua existência terrena, florida e luminosa, — porque tal foi ella, para seu bem, — não para descer ao mundo subterrâneo e tenebroso dos esquecidos; mas para continuar a existir n'uma esfera de espiritualidad, onde o seu logar, dia a dia, será de marcado por espaço maior. Foi compassado e sereno o seu transito pelo mundo da arte; e assim não levantou ante seus passos os agitados turbilhões de poeira de ouro facticia, que para outros são a sua atmosphera enganadora de popularidade e de gloria. Por isso, ao contrario d'esses, para quem o conceito do futuro terá de corrigir o do presente, dissipando os illusorios artifícios com que lograram arrebatar ás turbas suas contemporâneas muita da fama que tiveram, ~em torno deste, cuja virtude suprema foi a da moderação na conquista do êxito, hão de as gerações porvindoras amontoar as palmas com que não souberam juncar-lhe o caminho aquelles que, por seu próprio desproveito, o desconheceram. Tivemos a boa fortuna de acompanhar, passa a passo, desde o primeiro, toda a vida littera- Da esto modelar artista, doeste homem do mais recto e inquebrantável caracter, doeste escriptor da mais pura e elegante correcção. E n'essa boa fortuna, e em tão especiações, nos escudamos, para que nos seja relevada a amplitude que vamos dar a este simples voto de condolência; cumprimento, apenas, de um carinhoso dever pessoal; obrigação determinada pelo impulso de um sentimenta intimo; e não, de nenhum modo, usurpação do direito e do dever conferidos pelo nosso Estatuto ao successor do fallecido, no momento de tomar posse da sua cadeira. Mas, em toda a nossa vida de labor parai-leio, nunca trabalhámos lado a lado; porque, na vida social, seguimos carreiras não convergentes; na vida das letras, tomámos por caminhos de mui diversa direção; e, no jornalismo politico, terreno de piso commum e nivelado, onde até mesmo os obreiros mais heterogéneos frequentemente convivem em cortez união nunca o acaso nos proporcionou encontro. Lavrámos, sempre, um e outro, campos literarios de produção não similar. Tinha elle o seu mundo de imaginação romântica, onde viva com as suas criações, barro moldado por suas mãos proficientes a que sabia insuflar a divina scentelha da alma; vivíamos nós, quando nos era possível levantar voo acima dos prosaismos a que o dever profissional nos acorrentava, no mundo da idealisação poética, o os sonhos tomam forma e se sobrep. ões consoladoramente ás realidades. Mas amámos e admirámos a sua arte, e elle sempre nos inculcou respeito e consideração pela nossa. Aqui, dentro da Academia, onde immerecida favor da sorte nos deu precedência no tempo, pertenciamos a secções differentes, votadas a ramos de conhecimentos, rebeldes a qualquer occasional conjunceao. Mas o primeiro conto, de enuére os que vierem, depois, a constituir a Comedia de Campo. Que Teixeira de Queiroz, sob o seu pseudómimo de Berdo Moreno, viu trasladado a caracteres de imprensa; a primeira satisfação recebida peio seu amor próprio de juvenil auctor; o primeiro salutar estimulo, que o alentou a proseguir no género litterario em que se estreara: tudo elle deveu, — e por tal nos foi-sempre reconhecido, — á nossa casual e solícita intervenção. A anecdota é interessante; mas não é este o momento de contal-a. O facto, porém, foi de tanto peso na lembrança do glorioso romancista que, além de se haver tornado a alluscio a ella uma espécie de scie, com que riamos, de quando em quando, e que elle aproveitava, como seu bello humor, sempre aguçado e brilhante, para saudosas referencia a um alegre passado commum; ainda, em maio do anno que esrá correndo, elle o quizá de anno que esrá correndo, elle o quizá de anno que esrá correndo, que não a possuíamos. Essa dedicatória diz assim: "A Fernandes Costa ofiereço este meu primeiro livro de contos, onde se inclue O tio Agrella, o primeiro de todos, que elle, ha bons quarenta e tantos annos,??lvo\^ de um cesto de papeis inúteis." Quarenta e tantos annos decorreram: e Teixeira de Queiroz, artista consciencioso e paciente, applicado com exemplar pertinácia a efectivação de uma obra concebida em tempos quasi da infância, sem nella absorver, todavia, nem as forças, nem as forças, nem as forças, nem as forças, aos seus encarfjos familiares e sociaes de individuo e de cidadão, — porque era um perfeito modelo de ponderado equilíbrio, — encontrou, sempre, opportuno e prompto, a propósito de cada um dos seus livros, a par do nosso louvor por tudo quanto elles o merecessem, a sinceridade, que he devíamos, da mais desassombrada opinião. Quarenta e tantos annos passaram: — e os tantos são numerosos, também: — e Teixeira de Queiroz, animoso como na primeira hora, pujante como na força da viril. idade intelle- ctual, publicou, este anno já, não ha muitos mezes, um livro, a que só a morte do auctor impoz o facto de ser o ultimo :.1 grande chuchra. Como elle fechou, — porque, como acabíamos de dizer, a vida mais lhe não consenti, — a abóbada do grande edificio iniciado na juventud. Do seu leito de doente, a que o amarrava um grande softrer, teve a affectuosa lembrança de nos enviar um dos primeiros exemplares d'esse volume derradeiro. E como regalada tranquillidade de consciência, como que doce satisfação, nos debruçámos, agrava, ante o seu tumulo, desde hontem por elle habitado, contentes porque fomos, talvez, quem, sem quebra da justiça, coroou a sua carreira litteraria com os mais consoladores applausos. Elle Asim no escreveu no meio Das atribuladas de sua enfermidade, com fátigada pêna, em termos de exagerado agradecimento; mas que nos deram uma entranhada sensão de bem ficar, por lhe havermos dado motivo. O habitual silencio ambiente; referencias críticas, que nos pareceram retardadas e vinadas a publico com pequeno alvoroço; allusos ovidas em conversas particulares, bastante tocadas de desfavor; o reconhecimento, así palpitado, da geral incomprehensão da obra; fizeram-nos attentar em que ella não fora abrangida no sentido symbolico que, pelo me nos, n'uma certa corrente idealista sobre que a sua trama assenta, se nos aífigurava evidentemente encerrar. Não falamos, bem entendido, de todos quantos desfavoravelmente a tenham julgado por ella não descer ao nivel do seu gosto, por não dar satisfação a suas medios concepções da arte, ou por não poderem ter, a respeito d'ella, comprehensão ne nava. Sentimos, portanto, mais urgentes do que n'outras occasiões, a. Mientras que, en otro lugar, se olvidam a o dever de contrapomos as nossas impressões áquelas que, partidas de outros pontos, poderiam ter levado ao espirito do artista alguma duvida sobre a verdade, sobre o alcance e sobre a execução do seu trabalho. Eis algumas palavras da carta, que logo lhe dirigimos, e da qual, por excepção aos nossos hábitos, conservámos copia: No conjuncto d'este seu livro, vejo, sobretudo, uma obra de arte, intensamente pensada e amorosamente sentida; uma obra de bellesa pura, de artística e, ao mesmo tempo, de alta idealisação. Mais feliz do que o esculpido da Galathea, V. nâo teve que rogar aos deuses para elles insuflarem vida uo mármore esculpido pelo seu cinzel. Bem ao contrario: de- parou-se-lhe uma alma de tão divina essência, que não puderam conspurcal-a os lodos com que esteve em contracto, e em meio dos quaes a natureza, como a uma flor de estrumeira, a fez expandir; e V., artisticamente interessado por ella, apaixonado por essa criação, a inversa do estatuário mythologico, foi successivamente sublimando o barro pobre e informe em que a encontrou envolta, até attingir a completa divinisação da forma, na feminina perfeição suprema da oVenus de Milo. "Na leitura immediata, que fiz, do seu interessante livro, aprouve-me vél-o por esta face, se não fora mais acertado dizer ter sido assim que elle se me impoz; e como para o meu temperamento poético, do mesmo modo que para o meu temperamento poético, a chimera de Fausto a encontrei no seu anterior encanecimento sobre os alfarrábios da sciencia vã e não no seu rejuvenesamento e no seu amor, embora terrenal e vicioso, por Margarida, também, aqui, me quiz parecer que V., matando no sábio chimico do seu romance a aberração extra-humana do seu primitivo e desnorteado altruismo do seu primitivo e desnorteado altruismo do verdadeiro, do natural amor, — do que não é chimera, do que purifica e eleva os que o sentem" E dignifica aquellas pelos que se sentido e que o retribuem, — foi, por esta forma, que justificou o titulo, em que procurou condensar todo o pensamento e toda a intenção da obra. Excluímos d'esta carta, com premeditação e pelas circumétancias presumíveis em que Tei-xeira de Queiroz teria, provavelmente, de lêl-a, — porque então já eram repetidas e graves as crises da sua doença, — tudo quanto fosse tendente a apontar divergência de vis-tas e até mesmo os mais leves desaccordos sobre alguns pontos do seu trabalho; o qual, tomado restrictamente á letra, por leitores não dispostos a subtílisar-lhe os intentos d'arte e inclinados a procurarem no género romance apenas superficial recreio, pode admittir-se que lhes tenha suscitado m. ais de um motivo de reparo e de dissentimento. Mas não nos abstiremos de indicar pormenores de excucionar, sobretudo em matéria descriptiva, dignos do mais alto luver; indicação justa e que soubemos ter sido gratíssima ao consummado artista. As paginas episódicas, entre muitas outras, consagradas a descripção do jardim, onde innumeras espécies de rosas e de cravos nos são descriptas com invulgar compétência e com todas as delicadesas subtis de quem comprehende e sente a alma das cousas, são bastantes para darem vivo realce a este livro notável e para aíirmarem as prendas litterarías de quem as traçou. Como o exemplar da terceira edição dos Pn-metros contos recebemos, também, a segunda edição, inteiramente refundida, do Amor Divino — Estudo patologico de uma santa, em cuja dedicatória o auctor nos recordava ser esse um livro dos seus tempos da infância (sic), e em cujo prólogo explica o modo como elle lhe foi primitivamente suggerido e quaes as razões darte que o induziram a refazel-o por inteiro e a escrevel-o, de novo, sem todavia lhe alte-rar o plano inicial; alargando- o, apenas, com os fructos colhidos em annos de mais reflexão e com acquisições scientificas, grangeadas em leituras novas. Lida a obra, com o interesse que ella naturalmente provoca pelo caracter do seu assum-púo e pelo superior engenho litterario com que o a. Editor soube sustentat-o, apressámo-nos a transmitir a Teixeira de Queiroz as nossas impressantes de leitura. A carta em que o fizemos tem a data de 1 de junio de 1919. Infelizmente, n'esse día, era extremamente grave, como logo depois o soubemos, o estado do nosso confrade; e assim não poude elle tomar conhecimento, pelo menos immediato, das expressões com que procurávamos deslocar para um distracção de ordem litteraria as ideias aprehensivas do seu mortificado espirito. Não sabemos se, nos incompletos dois mezes que amada viveu, elle teve occasão de ler ou de se interessar com o que a nossa carta lhe dizia. Não era Teixeira de Queiroz, na sua alta categoria litteraria e na sagacidade de sua mente arguta e cheia de bom senso, homem de letras que se satisfizesse com os frívolos encómios da habitual e, geralmente, insincera cortezia. Alegrava-se, como é natural, com a applauso alheio, quando elle era condecorante com as affirmações da sua consciência esclárecida; mas, para isso, queria que lhe mosstrassem, n'esse applauso, as razões donde elle derivava; e só assim se comprazia na quieta satisfação de o haver merecido. E nós não seriamos dignos da inalterável confiança que e, em nossas palavras, sempre depoz, se não revestíssemos estas com toda a amiga sinceridade da nossa independência crítica. No entretanto, seria desnecessário observar que, no. momento de escrevermos a nossa carta, não suppunhamos que ella fosse encontrar o illustre homem de letras no periodo de abatimento em que, com o aggravamento da sua enfermidade, elle tina naturalmente cabido. Haviam renascido, días antes, esperanças de salvação; títulam-nos assegurado que eram visto as suas melhoras; e nós imaginávamos que era a um convalescente que nos dirigíamos. A discordância entre o tom despreocupado da nossa extensa apreciação litteraria e a melindrosa situação de saúde do nosso pobre amigo, só foi conhecida por nós, depois da expedição da carta, e quando já não era tempo de sustal-a; o que profundamente nos afligiu. Apraz-nos, por mais de um motivo, fixar qui, em textual transcripção, conforme sahi-ram na correntía fluência de uma carta intima, essas palavras de apreciação critica, que, se Teixeira de Queiroz chegou a conhece as, foram as ultimas de todas quantas, em quasi meio século de convivência, elle recebeu da nossa confraternidad literaria, sempre verdadeira, sempre verdadeira, sempre respeitosa e amiga; e, de cerito, as ultimas que, sobre os interesses da sua vida literaria, lhe foram dirigidas: Prevenido pela explicação conr que V. faz anteceder o seu Estudo, se eu a tomasse a letra e por ella me dei-xasse conduzir, a minha obrigação de leitor profano se rata a de me dobrar perante a sua auctoridade dos. Médicos, dos contemplativos, dos contemplativos, dos extáticos, como casos pathológicos, naturalmente incidentes no campo da observação e da experiencia médicas. E só me poderia causar estranheza que, depois de feitos o diagnóstico e a etiologia da enfermidade, embora o prognóstico não pudesse ser duvidoso, V. não tenha cuidado da sua theapeutica, também. Os accidentes da vida de Santa Thereza de Jesus, as suas alternativas de doença e de saúde, as causas que a faziam adoecer, as que a faziam melhorar, as que a faziam recahir; os effeitos nélla produzidos por influencias hygienicas accidentes, por se collocar ou por ser collocada fora da acção d'essa hygiene, affiguram-se-me motivo forte para que a doejiça da santidade mystica, sob esse p. onto de vista, — o de seu tratamento medico, — mere-se ser, também, scientificamente estudada. Mais a sua explicação, em verdade não explica o principal objectivo do seu Estudo, que muito mais de ordem moral e social do que do domínio médico. E o facto de ser a obra de agora uma depuração da primitiva, em que V., conforme declara, supprimiu aalgumas cruezas contra padres e contra a religião que na outra havia, provava, por sua confissão própria, que a idea fundamental d'ella foi estudar a influencia nociva das aberrações religiosas nos espiritas dos simples, levada a extremos ante os quaes V. não poude, então, reprimir as cruezas anti-clericaes e anti-religiosas, com que dava largas á sua indignação. E, afinal, é isto o que, no seu Estudo, prepondera; é ilusto que reside a utilidade d'elle. Ao leitor não mé di- co, o exame pathologico do accidente pouquíssimo interessa. E' curioso, por certo, acompanhar a evolução da santidade desde a sua gestação e atravez de successivos períodos até á sua expansão máxima, e, em muitos casos, até á fatal terminação orgânica por ella motivada. Isto faz V., no caso particular que estudou, com incontestável salber profissional, com talentosa probidade artística e com desenvolvimentos interessantes, em que a nossa curiosidade se compraz. Mas essa não é a questão importante; é uma feição, apenas; um simples pormenor da questão essencial. E foi esta a que V., não inconscientemente por certo, — embora tenha afectado desconhecêl-a, no seu prefacio explicativo, — descarnou com perícia analytica, não inferior. A habilidad médica. Fez bem em supprimir declamações, invectivas, após-trophes e todo o accompanhamento rhetorico com que, fora de duvida, artistas menos perfeitos e de menos gosto procurariam estimular o grosseirismo de leitores vulgares. A simples e natural apresentação dos personagens, vindo cada qual do seu recanto, do seu ambiente, para o compo da acção commum; o embate de uns nos outros com as naturaes repercussões na diversidade de cada um de elles; são sufíicientes para demarcarem a intenção e o alcance da obra planeada. Aquellos padres materiales, tão excellentemente compiados dos inúmeros modelos que V. teve mil vezes ocupados de ver, por toda a parte, missionando sem fé e sem scrupulo, tão só por oííicio, com apparatosos charlatanismos de feira; o missionário asceta, unctuoso, empolgante de espíritos ingénuos e apoucados, de sensibilidade humana totalmente embotada, impenetrável a observação de fora, — até, como legitimamente tinha de ser, á do proprio auctor, — terrível e inexorável como um Baal, na sua alma de bronze, e que se não pode saber se possue a sinceridade de um crente, se a frieza hypócrita de um ambicioso de futuros benefícios ecclesiasticos; o abbade minhoto, acercado da natureza, bom comedor e bom bebedor, a quem n ada se lhe dá de tudo o que não seja o regalo do seu passadio e do seu commodismo; o Cerquei-ra brasileiro, de cérebro desempoeirado pelo tracto do mundo e pela aturada experiência dos homens, a qual lhe abriu os olhos e lhe descerrou o pensar, e que applica o seu livre exame, mormente ao julgamento de pie-dosas manhas; o Thomé do Monte, personnificação de tanto outro pae, como elle imprevidente, — quer da sua, quer de outras condições mais altas, — o qual vê, um dia desapegado de si o carinho da filha, por obra que se inculca divina, mas que antes parece demoníaca; a moviendo e numerosa comparsaria da acção dramática, cada um no seu papel, mais ou menos restricto, e contribuendo todos para o and. amento desenlace d'ella; emÊm,, a paciente, a inílwída, a sacrificada, a santa, e porque não, a contagiada? — conduzida pela depressão moral e pela abstinência, á miséria orgânica, á tuberculose, com o seu cortejo final de febres, de suores, de delíquios, de allucinações extáticas a que, em meu entender profano podero talvez caber o nome geral de delirios; tudo esto constitue um conjuncto vivo, agitado, que se impõe; que, para o leitor, é, de facto, um extenso estudo pathologico. Não de uma simples enfermidade individual, mas de um caso social, onde se perde, como incidente fraccionaria do todo, aquelle que V. quiz para sub-titulo da sua obra estético pathologico de uma santa. Foi assim que vi este seu livro, um dos mais profundamente estudados da sua obra toda, em geral tão profundamente estudada toda ella, e asim me parece que todos os espiritas imparciales e desprevenidos hão de égalmente vêl-o. E, permitte-me que lh'o diga? assim acredito que V. o vê, também. ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ� de Be darem por offendidas com o seu livro, máo grado a giia supposição de que não as offende. As que vivem, como V. por outras palavras diz, na torre alta da sua independência espiritual e philosóphica, com certeza que lhe não censuram a tolerância para com todas as opiniões, porque de facto, não é a tolerância a virtude de que V. faz applicação. V. surprende peesoas e cousas em conflicto, e, sobre umas e outras, assesta a lente de observador, na mas sincera intenção de imparcialidade. Examinação, descreve-as, estuda-as, com systematica indifferença, com frio desinteresse, como o faria, no exercicio da sua competência medica, com respeito a phenóraenos pathologícos, que submettesse a seu exame. Não creio que Seja, em taes circumstancias, que possa ter applicação o principio moral, a que se dá o nome de tolerância. Isto já vae longo, meu amigo, e tenho receio de que para V. seja fatigante. Violento-me, por isso, a deixar sem menção grande numero de minudencias, que summa-mente me interessaram. Mas não deixar pasar em claro a bella scena, tão digna de particular referencia, em que Thomaz do Monte, o desgraçado pae, apparece, grandiosamente desvairado, na egreja, durante os funerais da filha, e em que, debruçado sobre o esquife, e levantando o capuz branco que envolvia o rosto desfigurado do ca-dáver, meneia tragicamente a cabeça coroada de cans, murmurando: «Não é estai» «Soberbissimo quadro de tragedia; concepção de verdadeira sublimidade litteraria, que nenhum grande poeta trágico, de qualquer tempo, hesitaria, um momento, em perfilhar » Isto, como Se vêu não passa de ser a fixação de impressões, por assim dizer, superficiaes; porque a oecasiâo e o logar em que as registávamos se nâo prestavam a analyse mais profunda nem a desenvolvimento maior. E, todavia, não sô essa, como, na sua quasi toalidade, o conjuncto da produção litteraria de Teixeira de Queiroz, era bem digno de um demorado e minucioso exame critico, se a crítica fosse especialidade litteraria que, entre nós, tivesse proflssionaes e auctorisados cultores. Bem nos occorre, que a nossa normal produção, no mundo das letras, é de si tão exigua e, geralmente, de tão resumida imporça, que, na maioria do tempo, o critico de oífico embalde procuraria matéria sobre que pudesse exercer. A sua actividade observadora. E assim nos vemos apertados dentro de um estreito circulo vicioso, Escacez de produção littéraria para alimentação do labor critico; falta de critica para estimulação do labor critico. Attentando, mesmo só de passagem e de leção na longuíssima e persistente elaboração romântica de Teixeira de Queiroz, patenteada nas de volumen de volumen de volumen que constituem o seu generoso e magnificente espolio, asombra-nos e commove-nos o consideramos toda a olym-pica serenidade com que elle amou e cultivou a sua arte, sem jamais revelar desânimo, na meio hostil e descoroção de os seus livros periodicamente cabiam, um a um, para terem de ficar desconhecidos do maior numero e, apenas, bem queridos a uma diminuta fracção de espiritos selectos, capazes de lhes contrastar o valor. Livros susceptivos, frequentemente, de acordarem divergências, de motivarem discussões, de serem ou não serem do gosto incondicional de seus leitores, de lhes ser pesada diversamente a objectivi- dade, a importância e a influencia; mas livros concebidos com altos intentos, gerados com meditada e conscienciosa preparação, arran cados á observação escrupulosa e meticulosa da natureza e da vida; palpitantes, emfim, de humanidade, em todas as suas múltiplas e complicadas figurações; livros onde se vê per corrida toda a escala, que vae das mais humildes e rasteiras realidades, ás mais puras e subtis abstracções do perfeito idealismo. E, acima de tudo, livros portuguezes, do mais intenso caracter nacional e, muitos dálles, do raais gostoso sabor regional; nos quaes se move a nossa gente, fielmente transportada de todas as camadas da vida social; nos quaes se es- pelham scenarios nossos, com todos os matizes dos nossos céus, das 21 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 57 a nossa lingua e ouvida, ao longo de todas as suas paginas, com indelével aprazimento. Conhecemos, — por leitura de muitas confidencias litterarias que, no estrangeiro, momento em França e Inglaterra, são do domínio publico, — os verdadeiros sofrimentos moraes de muitos escriptores notórios, em meio da atmosphera de silencio no qual os subvertia a critica jornalística, no momento da publicação de suas obras. A essa inquietante anciedade, em que o homem de letras procura tomar o pulso á opinião na esperanza de o sentir batendo unísono com o seu, nenhum auctor, por mais alta que seja a sua gerarchia, e por mais dilatada que já tenha a sua fama, consegué subtrahir-se. Ha, do próprio Victor Hugo, solicitações, mais ou menos disfarçadas, a influentes occasionas do espirito publico, e agradecimentos, por bons ofíicíos. Da critica favorável, em termos, por tal modo effusivos, que bem deixam ver com quanta sensibilidade o poeta, apesar de ser quem era os acolhia. No seu Diário, os dois de Goncourt, — e de pois da morte de um déelles, Edmundo, o sobrevivente, repetidas vezes consignam, a propósito de cada volume que publicavam, os seus sobresaltos, as suas inquietas, os seus desalentos, pelas criticas premiadoras que esperavam; por aquellas que, contra as melhores esperanças, não vinham; pelas mudas reservas de amigos e conliecidos, com quem se encontravam na sociedade, nos cafés ou na rua; e pelas animosidades, pasmosas incomprehensibles ou bravos ataques com que eram recebidos. Comestes últimos, dava-se, mesmo, um facto curioso pela sua illogiea. Intransigentes, como eram, emquanto a proeminência que da vam a sua arte pessoal sobre a grande maioria dos outros artistas do romance, havia um ramo das bellas letras, o da crítica litteraria, que elles olhavam como indiscutemente inferior. Nos desabajos de seu Diário, mais de um vez a relegam para o plano de inferioridad, onde se compraziam de vêl-a diminuída. E, comtudo, nâo é para baixo que descem os olhos quando, ao atirarem com os seus livros para as inclemências da publicidad, da la aguardam as doces gottas de applauso e de louvor, que desejam hechos chova em cima. Quem isto conhece, quem n'esta tSo comum disposição humana tem. Tido occiso de tener, está, melhor de que outros, no caso de sentir qual deva ser a impressão de desalento, de duvida, de desconforto, de solidão, de todo aquelle que, entre nós, tomou o sacerdócio das letras como a occupação prima da sua vida. E é preciso uma grande confiança em si próprio; é precisa a posse de um grande desdém xhilosóphico por toda a massa interte circumdante; é preciso, talvez mesmo, tornar extensivo esse desdém ainda ao julgamento da posteridade, provavelmente tão inerte, tão ignorante e tão injusta como o presente, para o artista se superiorisar a todas as hosilidades dispostas a abatel-o e para ir conti-nuando a sua obra, indifferente e sereno, na rágastade do seu isolamento. Que vida, esta vida das letras! — dizia uni dos Goncourt (Júlio), em 1861. — Ha momentos em que a maldigo e a odeio. Montanhas de esperanza, que se levantam e logo desabam! Perpetua successão de illusões e de desengáños. Horas de abatimento em que se aguarda sem esperanza. Intermináveis minutos de angustia, em que se percorrem as ruas, interregando nos mostrários das livrarias, qual a fortuna do nosso livro acabado de publicar, pungindo-nos, como uma mordedura, a ausência d'elle, onde contávamos com a sua exposão. Emfim, todo o trabalho ancioso do pensamento, nervosamente repartido entre a esperanza e o desespero! Tudo isso nos impelle, nos elivolve, nos maltrata, nos castiga, como a um naufrago. Así, en das que o cercam. Perante a considerável obra romántica de Teixeira de Queiroz, — a mais numerosa, nossa litteratura, depois da de Camillo, — o espirito enche-se nos, positivamente, de assombro, ao considerarmos a impassibilidade apparente com que o denodado obreiro, día a día, por dilatados annos, porfiou na sua cuidada e diligente construção. Dir-se-hia que, se mio todo, mas grande parte de estimulo necesario para néella proseguir, sem desfallecimientos nem hesitações, o encontrou no seu próprio gôso. Se não foi, antes, na força de reção, dispertada nas individualidades superiores, pela consciência de si próprias, quando, das alturas onde pairam, encaram em bai-xo as turbas, por cuja insanável mediocridade jama. is poderão ser comprehendidas. Teixeira de Queiroz criou, a par da sua vida 24 Real, da sua vida de relação com o mundo tangível; uma outra existência, ideal e factícia, com os seres produzidos pelas forças nativas, e mysteriosas da sua imaginação potente. Es pécie de visão dupla, ou antes de dilatação visual, em que, como no mais limpido especulo, o mundo da realidade se lhe apresentava nitidamente reflectido, com maior destaque de planos, com maior pureza de linhas, com maia abundância de luz e maior viveza de colorido; pois tal é o mundo romântico, que elleergueu deante de si e de todos nós, n'uma obra formidável de verdadeira criação. E, assim, os seus livros foram-se succeden do e accumulando, em série imperturbável como n'um meio. Auestração, sem n'elles influir o marasmo entorpeções de illetrado ambiente em que os fazia apparecer. Porque o meio literario portuguez pode bem comparar-se a um colchão, como da China disse certo general europeu, que lá foi mandado, de França, em tempos, com a incumbência de batel-a. Teixeira de Queiroz bem o soube; mas recusão-se, sempre, á commodidade, tão aproveitada por outros... de dormir em cima d'elle. Os vinte e tantos volumes com que Teixeira de Queiroz brindou a litteratura do seu paiz, em nada accrescêram a abastança que o escriptor, graças á sua fortuna, poude fruir. Lá fora, teriam feito rolar Pactolos de ouro, encheriam as arcas dos seus editores, haveriam centuplicado os seus bens próprios, e dariam perp. étuos e fortes rendimentos aos seus herderos. Sâo nossas estas reflexues. Se, por ventura, Teixeira de Queiroz alguma vez sentir a opressionso de ellas, nunca nofó deu a saber, por confidencia pessoal. No prefacio de um dos seus livros, reeditado ao fim de mais de trinta annos da primitiva publicação, relembrando o patro iniciado com que Camillo Castellano Branco então o havia animado, exclama: «Como isto vae longe, como eu sou vello, e como os meus livros se vendem pouco!» Sim; os seus livros vendiam-se pouco. Mas o imperturbável e sereno artista, enlevado na seu ideal, firme no estabelecido plano, nunca recorreu a nenhum dos artificias, por outros sobejamente explorados, para que elles se vendem mais. E ser-lhe-hia facillimo conseguil-o, se as su As ambições estés sema conquista da popularidade immediata, embora e se não fosse tão alto o respeto em que elle títima a sua arte e se títima a si próprio. Não faremos approximadamente, intencionalmente encaminadas ao desmerecimento dos outros cultores do romance portuguez, no período que, de perto, precede o de Teixeira de Queiroz, e no período coincidente com o da sua actividade e expansão. Mas devemos accentuar, como, digna de estranheza e de protesto, a relativa indíferença do publico, deriva precisamente de motivos, que deviamantes ser julgados como de superioridade, se umra critica litteraria, ponderada e justiceira, soubesse exalçál-os com os prémios devidos. Teixeira de Queiroz, que tina um grande fundo de saudável humorismo, que possuía graça e mordádade não fáceis de exhaurir, que fora abundantemente dotado de espirito de línez, e que dispunha de qualidades de línez, com as quaes alegrava a sua palestra, sempre sublimhada pela expressão physio-nomica do seu olhar e do seu sorrir, e sempre vivamente colorida, nunca pensou em tirar d'esses dons naturaes o proveito litterario que, como a outros, de tanto lhe podia servir. Não foi combativo d'homens, não foi aggressivo, não foi violento, não se collocou d'alto a entornar sobre os seus confrades e os seus confrades e os seus confrades a chuva impertinente do seu desdém; não lisonjeou os gostos da mediania, fornecendo-lhe acepipes por ella apreciados. Não firmou sobre o descrédito dos seus concorrentes o aprumo da própria arrogância; não sacedo do seu caminho, nem sequer tentou empecer-lhe a marcha, a procissão dos adversos crentes para dar passagem espectaculosa ao seu próprio andor; emfim, não fez da irreverente systematica para com tudo o reverenciado pelos outros o bordo de uma originalidad postiça, nem procurou nas escabrosidades do obsceno a flor do escándalo, prenhe de capitosos olores, com que se inebriam as multas. Limitu-se a consagrar meio século de vida á edificção de uma obra estável, com solidas conduções de duração, dentro da qual soube algar, dando-lhe a immortalidade da arte, a sociedade do seu tempo, sua conterrânea; perscrutou o viver sentimental e rude dos humildes, envolvendo-os em bemfasejas ondas de sympathia e de commiseração; estudou e observou dolorosos dramas desenrolados na profundeza e no mysterio das almas; encarou de frente, desfiando-os nas suas complicaciones, innumeros problemas do conflicto social e da vida collectiva nas classes media e superior; concentrência larguíssimos dias na fecunda críticação de uma palpitante humanidade, operosa e activa, fazendo-nos viver com íla na curiosa intimidade dos seus interesses, das suas paixões; esculpi U figuras, modelo typos, gerou belleza, suggerías pensamentos; construí, finalmente, paginas de entranhado encanto litterario, com as quaes avolumou e enriqueceu o thesouro da lingua, e que hão de ser perpetuamente lidas com deleite por todos quantos saibam procurar nos livros, não uma simples distracção superficial, mas as robus tas qualidades pelas quaes elles não morrem. Curiosa anomalia! Mas as turbas não seguem, de bom grado, os moderados, os máscos, os que procuram conduzil-as pela persuação e pelo ensino e captival-as pelas affirmáções do bom natural; os que as reprehendem nos seus pendores grosseiros e lhes falam a lingua contrariante da verdade. Seguem e applaudem os que lhes acariciam e desculpam os depravamentos; os excessivos, os agitados, os violentos; os que, No fundo, apesar de lisonjeal-as, as desconsideram e desprezam; os que lhes gritam; os que, em se lhes prestando occasião, as sacodem com insolência, as casigam e maltratam. Estamos a pensar em escriptores nossos, não o negamos, cuja obra abunda em sarcasmos e desconsideráções contra a collectividade nacional; para os quaes foi thema copioso e perseverante dos seus applaudidos escriptos a ignorância, o atrazo, a ridícula imbecilidade dos seus patrícios, vistos á luz de um extranjero fanático; e não nos consta que elles se tenham lamentado da arrastada venda de suas obras. E se esta, pela limitação do meio, nunca attingiu a cifra dos seus desejos, é facto que os seus nomes foram sempre bemquisos do reclamo e festivamente coroados pelo applauso popular. Vendiam-se pouco os livros de Teixeira de Queiroz, é facto. Mas a razão d'essa diminuta venda deriva do contraste entre a incultura, o a viciosa cultura, do publico e a escrupulosa delicadeza litteraria do artista, rebelde em sacrificar a popularidades, que o nâo podiam satisfazer, a probidade dos seus processos e o futuro da sua obra. São tão ásperos os trilhos por onde, em general, caminham, atravez das contingências da vida, as individualidades humanas que, quando ellas estabelecem relações mutuas, em vir- (i) Em Portugal, vendem-se poneo todos os livros, mesmo os melhores, dos nossos melhores escriptores. (i) Em Portugal, vendem-se poneo todos os livros, mesmo os melhores, dos nossos melhores escriptores. À dos livros análogos nos mercados literarios de alguns paizes extranjeros e áquella que deverem ter se o amor pelas boas letras fosse, entre nos, um sentimento cultivado nas classes que teem a pretensão de se julgarem illustradas e superiores. Os máos livros, os livros de baixa litteratura, os que exploram o escândalo o a maledicência, os que exploram o escândalo o a maledicência, os que se accomodam ás perversões do gosto publico, os que rastejam ao nivel dos illetrados, dos incompetentes, os que lisonjeiam pela sua mediocridade, e tude do seu occasional encontro, raro é que não corram o perigo de se importunarem, ou que não succêda mesmo, o aggravarem-se e feriarem-se umas ás outras, quantas vezes grave e irremediavelmente. Mas, doestes, não serão poucos aqu elles que, no termo da jornada, a si perguntem: «Porquê? Para quê?» Felizes os que, chegados so fim do seu peregrinar, e relancando, então, os olhos pelo passado, poder exclamar, com o allivio, por nós sentido n'este momento: «Não nos acotovelámos, não nos embaraçámos; fomos mutuamente a fomos; sempre nos encontrámos, sorrindo; e o caminho, que a tantos parece estreito e insuficiente, chegou a larga para ambos nós! » Não é opportuna para a inflexibilidade da critique esta hora de lutuosa commemoração. Se na edade em que estamos, fosse licito fazer projectos, sem receiar as incertezas do amanhã, prometteriamos, ainda, estudar, com desapasionado critério, a obra completa, tão variada e tão interessante, de Teixeira de Queiroz. Tentaríamos, então, appreendêl-a no seu conjuncto; reduzil-a á unidade de pensamiento, que preaidiu, na sua apparente volumen, a geral ignorância, encontram frequentemente numerosa accesão. No emtanto, devemos registar que quasi todos os livros de Teixeira de Queiroz foram reeditados, e alguns d'elles mais de uma vez; estando, no momento presente, a fazer-se a reimpressão de alguns, já desapparecidos do mercado, e que este diariamente reclama. E como a sua obra tem todas as condições da. Longa vitalidade, não temos duvida em fazer a aííirmação de que se ha de, cada vez mais, impor, e de que ha de perdurar. Ella se venderá. Morphia, a sua inteira execução; analysar quanto ella participa das escolas românticas que, lá fora, a antecederam, para concluir, talvez, na averiguação e na demonstração do seu eclectismo, visto como não se cingindo a nenhuma d'ellas, tem adopções de todas; salientar particularidades em que abunda e nas que, por em quanto, parece não se haver attentado, devendo, doce exame, derivar, para o seu apreço, o conhecimento de excelencias a que seria justiça dar relevo. Sabemos que o nosso estudo ficaria muito áquem d'aquello que outros consócios, mormente os da secção. de litteratura, que elle tanto honrou, poderão fazer com maior competência; mas nenhum o faria com maior desejo de acerar, nem com devoção mais carinhosa. Esse trabalho será, de certo, iniciado por quem tiver de occupar a cadeira, que elle desvolve devoluta, pois assim o prescreve o nosso regulamento, — e aizemos iniciado, apenas, porque, para mais d'isso não dá possibilidades a apertada restricção de tempo, imposta pelo mesmo regulamento. Mas ha de ser retoma do, muitas vezes, fora doesta casa, por futuros julgadores, — e oxalá sempre o seja por espíritos íntegros e por bem intencionadas e autorizadas pênnas, — porque, a Teixeira de Queiroz, tem de ser definitivamente demarça o íogar, não exiguo, que lhe perténtemente na littératura portugueza do último meio século. Lembraremos, apenas, que para a terceira dizão dos seus Pámeiros contos escreveu elle um prólogo. A que poz por titulo: «A razão da minha obra». Ahi procura reconhecerse a si mesmo, n'uma espécie de autoridad, indagando, desde os seus primeiros passos no ca-minho da arte, o que fez, como o fez e a razão porque o fez. Averigua, até onde lhe é possivevel, a génese da sua faculdade criadora, e vae sondar, nos mais remotos e esfumados tempos da sua infância, ainda inconsciente, as radições quasi indistinctas da sua espontaneidade imaginosa, como ao ponto inicial da sua obra inteira. Reconhece que se lhe escapam muitos elementos á cuidada observação, e conclue por não saber explicar, a si próprio, a origem intima da força geradora e fecundante, que o incitou, pela vida fora, sem desvios. A sua in-cessante e laboriosa produção. E vê-se que, descortinados os horisontes da obra ambicionada, jamais os perdeu de vista, sendo elles a miragem, sempre attrahente, da sua existência toda.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45733063
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IsidroGH, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2067492, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2488478, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7512, matt, slim
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How can I not use argument to pass values between methods of different classes
In general, value passing between different classes is done with argument of method, For example, passing id value like this:
public class Controller {
private Service service = new Service();
void controllerMethod() {
Integer id = 5;
service.serviceMethod(id);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Controller c = new Controller();
c.controllerMethod();
}
}
public class Service {
private Dao dao = new Dao();
void serviceMethod(Integer id) {
dao.daoMethod(id);
}
}
public class Dao {
void daoMethod(Integer id) {
System.out.println(id);
}
}
These method calls are actually in a single thread, there are all in "main" thread. So I wonder if I can store this value in class 'Controller' in ThreadLocal and then get it from ThreadLocal in class 'Dao', but I failed.
public class Controller {
private Service service = new Service();
void controllerMethod() {
Integer id = 5;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
// ----add code
ThreadLocal<Integer> local = new ThreadLocal<>();
local.set(id);
// ----
service.serviceMethod();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Controller c = new Controller();
c.controllerMethod();
}
}
public class Service {
private Dao dao = new Dao();
void serviceMethod() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
dao.daoMethod();
}
}
public class Dao {
void daoMethod() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
// ----add code
ThreadLocal<Integer> local = new ThreadLocal<>();
System.out.println(local.get());
// ----
}
}
result:
I don't know why...Can this method be used to achieve passing value without argument actually? I hope someone can help me.
ps:
Is there any other way to implement a no-arguments transfer of values between multiple classes?
Thread local is used for making sure you have an object that is unique to the thread running it. eg. a Random in threadlocal means that each thread uses it's own instance of a Random.
You could use public static variables: but don't. Passing by parameter is good.
Write it in database and read it from database or use JMS.
A ThreadLocal is usually used as a static variable:
public class Main {
private static final ThreadLocal<Integer> CURRENT_ID = new ThreadLocal<>(1);
private void method1() {
CURRENT_ID.set(100);
method2();
}
private void method2() {
System.out.println("ID: " + CURRENT_ID.get());
}
}
But for regular application code, you will almost never need to use ThreadLocal directly. Even if it makes writing the code easier, always keep testing in mind! So in your case, I would consider to keep passing the necessary variables as parameters.
If you considered passing dependencies like DAOs or services via ThreadLocal, you should instead consider dependency injection.
When having method with too many parameters, instead of passing some parameters via ThreadLocal, have a look at parameter objects.
You can do it like this::
class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.setProperty("id", "5");
getId();
}
public static void getId() {
System.out.println(System.getProperty("id"));
}
}
You can set the property and can access it from anywhere.
This is the simplest way.
You can use System Class of Java- Solution suggested by @Abhishek
System.setProperty("id", Integer.toString(5));
Now you can use getProperty("id") method and read the value if id in another class.
System.getProperty("id");
ThreadLocal class gives each thread its own instance of the specific object. It's not for passing parameters, use it when you have some object that is not thread-safe but you want to avoid synchronizing access to that object.
It depends of access type of your parameter or variables, if they are local inside an specific method and they are not constant and also the return value or the code of method body depends on that variable then make it as an input argument of that method, but if it's global on the whole class then make it a class level variable and use getter and setters to access it and if the variable of classs level is shared between all instances of that class then make it static, according of your design, scenario and requirements you may also make it final or initialize the variable in constructors or static code blocks.
| 16,278 |
https://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/60821
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
CashCow, DanF, Fred, cham1, ertert3terte, https://judaism.stackexchange.com/users/1442, https://judaism.stackexchange.com/users/170, https://judaism.stackexchange.com/users/5275, https://judaism.stackexchange.com/users/732, https://judaism.stackexchange.com/users/7367, https://judaism.stackexchange.com/users/9596, msh210
|
English
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Spoken
| 940 | 1,382 |
Why was it so important for Hashem to create the 'mouth' of the ass
We read in Balak that the ass 'spoke' to Bilaam. This was a special miracle that an ass could speak, made during the six days of creation.
Hashem doesn't make miracles for nothing. What is the great lesson we can draw from this that made it so necessary?
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/talmud3/n0M7MQJFA5A for many similar types of questions
You question would be much improved if you would [edit] into it support for your claims (1) that an ass spoke to Bil'am, (2) that the miracle was created during the sheshes y'me v'reshis, and (3) that Hashem doesn't make miracles for nothing.
What is the great lesson seems either too broad or primarily opinion based. I think that a simple "Why" would be a much better question
Different approaches to this can be taken. Some useful source material includes Zohar (Balak 201b, for a kabbalistic approach), P'siktasa Zutrasa (Balak), Rabbeinu Bechaye (Bamidbar 22:28), P'ri Tzadik (ibid.), S'fas Emes (ibid.), Alshich (Sh'mos 34:1-3), and Meiri on Avos (ch. 5). (Actually, a number of these sources complement each other).
Most questions have more than one answer. The torah is made up of 'pardes'. Your answer seems to include them all. Not everyone is capable of looking all this up. Perhaps you can give us some idea of what the answers are @fred
Perhaps the question would be better if:
You mention that in Avot is says the "mouth of the ass" was created just before twilight on the eve of Shabbat.
You ask why it needed to be created at that time, i.e. why couldn't the miracle have just occurred without that, or G-d have created this potential phenomenon when donkeys were first created.
I'm about to answer along the theme of what @Cashcow was hinting at. That focuses on the general concept of what "miracles" really are, as well as why this one was created specifically just before Shabbat. I don't know if that's the focus of your question, so I'm not answering until you can clarify your focus.
It is not the focus of my question but I would very much like to hear your answer since I also have my own. You can either ask another question yourself or ask CashCow to do it since I am restricted to asking more questions. Or put it on my site which I hope you have visited. @DanF I could add many things to the question like how is this different to the talking fish I linked to, how is it Balaam wasnt at all surprised and fazed about hearing an ass talk and even arguing with her. I would have liked to add this too but this is not allowed here.
http://meta.judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/3574/next-publication-project/3577#3577 I notice your post. I would very much like to contribute to such a publication @DanF. If you do make one you are welcome to use anything from my site.
See edit in my answer below which includes link to M.Y. question as to why these items were created just before Shabbat.
Rabbeinu Bechayei on Pirkei Avot 5:8 expands on the Mishnah citation that among the 10 things created during twilight prior to the start of Shabbat, is the mouth of the donkey that spoke to Bil'am.
He states that all 10 things in the list were created for the honor of Israel. The main idea to be learned is that the donkey doesn't speak on its own, but rather, that it is G-d who gives the donkey the power to speak. I.e., rather than viewing this as an unusual "miracle" and be surprised or "shocked" by it, Jews would understand that there is nothing too unusual or powerful for G-d to create, and a talking donkey is not unusual.
Take a close look at the wording of the Mishnah itself. It says ten things were created, not "ten miracles", as you have written in your question. Yes, we (not just you and I, but many of us) think of these ten items as "miracles" because we are not used to talking animals (i.e. - besides parrots & maccaws, etc. that, to some degree, can speak in "human" language). But, in fact, the Mishnah teaches us that these were part of creation, so at the point that it occurs, and when we read about them, we are not viewing them as unusual miracles, but part of G-d's plan.
Also, note, that this may explain why Bil'am doesn't seem surprised about his talking donkey. Perhaps he watched Shrek the movie, first ;-) Seriously, Rash"i, among others, explain that Bil'am was a prophet almost equivalent to Moses. So, granted, that this Mishnah was not written (though, it may have been orally transmitted by Moses, already), but, at the least, having a high, prophetic intelligence, Bil'am may have understood that a talking donkey was part of G-d's powers.
See this M.Y. question / answer explaining the significance of why these 10 items were specifically created before Shabbat.
Thanks, If you look at your link you will also find an answer to my question which is the standard answer. It would also explain the talking fish. But that is not my understanding of Rabainu Bchayai that every animal has the power of speech. My own answer (in my style) is entirely different especially why Balaam wasnt 'fazed' by it speaking.
The Avarbanel here explains that god did that to warn bilam and make him understand that just as he can put whatever he wants in the ass's mouth , so he will do with bilam's mouth
Rabainu Bchayai quoted earlier says something similar.
| 49,117 |
https://github.com/Elders/Cronus/blob/master/src/Elders.Cronus/EventStore/DuplicateRevisionsValidator.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
Cronus
|
Elders
|
C#
|
Code
| 81 | 290 |
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Elders.Cronus.IntegrityValidation;
namespace Elders.Cronus.EventStore
{
public class DuplicateRevisionsValidator : IValidator<EventStream>
{
public uint PriorityLevel { get { return 100; } }
public int CompareTo(IValidator<EventStream> other)
{
return PriorityLevel.CompareTo(other.PriorityLevel);
}
public IValidatorResult Validate(EventStream candidate)
{
var possibleConflicts = candidate.Commits
.GroupBy(x => x.Revision).ToList()
.Where(g => g.Count() > 1);
return new ValidatorResult(GetErrorMessages(possibleConflicts), nameof(DuplicateRevisionsValidator));
}
private IEnumerable<string> GetErrorMessages(IEnumerable<IGrouping<int, AggregateCommit>> errors)
{
foreach (var error in errors)
{
yield return $"Found {error.Count()} duplicates of {nameof(AggregateCommit)} for revision {error.Key}.";
}
}
}
}
| 695 |
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%20%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%20%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
فهرست قناتهای شهرستان اسفراین
|
https://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=فهرست قناتهای شهرستان اسفراین&action=history
|
Persian
|
Spoken
| 26 | 85 |
جدول زیر بر اساس آمار وزارت جهاد کشاورزی تهیه شدهاست. فهرست زیر قناتهای شهرستان اسفراین در استان خراسان شمالی را نشان میدهد.
منابع
قناتهای شهرستان اسفراین
| 15,938 |
https://github.com/phantomhieve/projects/blob/master/php/components/jumbotron.com.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
RSA-MD
| null |
projects
|
phantomhieve
|
PHP
|
Code
| 40 | 108 |
<section class="jumbotron text-center">
<div class="container" style = "height:110px;">
<h1 class="jumbotron-heading" style="">Otaku no space</h1>
<!-- Write same words than it has now -->
<p class="lead text-muted">Animes are ranked according to their story, popularity, the creator, year of releasing, etc.</p>
</div>
</section>
| 44,912 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2197041
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Pekel
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 1,377 | 4,033 |
Pekel
Maribor
Pekel land Slovenië
Pekel geografische locatie
Pekel geografische locatie
Pekel is een woonplaats
Pekel hoogte boven de zeespiegel
Pekel hoogte boven de zeespiegel
Pekel afbeelding Kosaki-rail halt.jpg
Pekel tijdzone UTC+1, geldig in periode standaardtijd
Pekel tijdzone UTC+2, geldig in periode zomertijd
Pekel GeoNames-identificatiecode 8987339
Pekel oppervlakte
Pekel gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Maribor
Pekel Who's on First-identificatiecode 1309936385
Pekel Freebase-identificatiecode /m/0404zrs
Pekel inwonertal , tijdstip 2020, methode van vaststelling volkstelling
Pekel vrouwelijke bevolking , tijdstip 2020, methode van vaststelling volkstelling
Pekel mannelijke bevolking , tijdstip 2020, methode van vaststelling volkstelling
Pekel Commonscategorie Pekel, Maribor
Pekel
place in Styria, Slovenia
Pekel country Slovenia
Pekel coordinate location
Pekel coordinate location
Pekel instance of human settlement
Pekel elevation above sea level
Pekel elevation above sea level
Pekel image Kosaki-rail halt.jpg
Pekel located in time zone UTC+01:00, valid in period standard time
Pekel located in time zone UTC+02:00, valid in period daylight saving time
Pekel GeoNames ID 8987339
Pekel area
Pekel located in the administrative territorial entity Maribor City Municipality
Pekel Who's on First ID 1309936385
Pekel Freebase ID /m/0404zrs
Pekel population , point in time 2020, determination method census
Pekel female population , point in time 2020, determination method census
Pekel male population , point in time 2020, determination method census
Pekel Commons category Pekel, Maribor
Pekel
naselje v Mestni občini Maribor
Pekel država Slovenija
Pekel geografske koordinate
Pekel geografske koordinate
Pekel primerek od naselje
Pekel nadmorska višina
Pekel nadmorska višina
Pekel slika Kosaki-rail halt.jpg
Pekel časovni pas UTC+1, veljavna doba standardni čas
Pekel časovni pas UTC+2, veljavna doba poletni čas
Pekel GeoNames 8987339
Pekel površina
Pekel je v Mestna občina Maribor
Pekel Who's on First ID 1309936385
Pekel Freebase /m/0404zrs
Pekel prebivalstvo , čas dogodka 2020, način določitve popis prebivalstva
Pekel žensko prebivalstvo , čas dogodka 2020, način določitve popis prebivalstva
Pekel moško prebivalstvo , čas dogodka 2020, način določitve popis prebivalstva
Pekel kategorija v Zbirki Pekel, Maribor
Пекел
населений пункт у Словенії
Пекел країна Словенія
Пекел географічні координати
Пекел географічні координати
Пекел є одним із населений пункт
Пекел висота над рівнем моря
Пекел висота над рівнем моря
Пекел зображення Kosaki-rail halt.jpg
Пекел часовий пояс UTC+1, дійсно для періоду стандартний час
Пекел часовий пояс UTC+2, дійсно для періоду літній час
Пекел код GeoNames 8987339
Пекел площа
Пекел адміністративна одиниця Марибор
Пекел Who's on First 1309936385
Пекел ідентифікатор Freebase /m/0404zrs
Пекел кількість населення , дата й час 2020, спосіб визначення перепис населення
Пекел чисельність жіночого населення , дата й час 2020, спосіб визначення перепис населення
Пекел чисельність чоловічого населення , дата й час 2020, спосіб визначення перепис населення
Пекел категорія Вікісховища Pekel, Maribor
Pekel
Pekel țară Slovenia
Pekel coordonate
Pekel coordonate
Pekel este un/o așezare umană
Pekel altitudine deasupra nivelului mării
Pekel altitudine deasupra nivelului mării
Pekel imagine Kosaki-rail halt.jpg
Pekel zona orară UTC+1, valabil în perioada ora de iarnă
Pekel zona orară UTC+2, valabil în perioada ora de vară
Pekel identificator GeoNames 8987339
Pekel suprafață
Pekel situat în unitatea administrativă Comuna urbană Maribor
Pekel Who's on First ID 1309936385
Pekel identificator Freebase /m/0404zrs
Pekel populație , dată 2020, metoda de determinare recensământ
Pekel populația feminină , dată 2020, metoda de determinare recensământ
Pekel populația masculină , dată 2020, metoda de determinare recensământ
Pekel categorie la Commons Pekel, Maribor
Пекел
Пекел държава Словения
Пекел географски координати
Пекел географски координати
Пекел екземпляр на населено място
Пекел надморска височина
Пекел надморска височина
Пекел изображение Kosaki-rail halt.jpg
Пекел часова зона UTC+1
Пекел часова зона UTC+2
Пекел GeoNames ID 8987339
Пекел площ
Пекел в административно-териториалната единица Марибор
Пекел Идентификатор във Freebase /m/0404zrs
Пекел население , дата 2020, метод на определяне преброяване на населението
Пекел женско население , дата 2020, метод на определяне преброяване на населението
Пекел мъжко население , дата 2020, метод на определяне преброяване на населението
Пекел категория в Общомедия Pekel, Maribor
Pekel
Pekel
Pekel państwo Słowenia
Pekel współrzędne geograficzne
Pekel współrzędne geograficzne
Pekel jest to miejscowość
Pekel wysokość nad poziomem morza
Pekel wysokość nad poziomem morza
Pekel ilustracja Kosaki-rail halt.jpg
Pekel strefa czasowa UTC+01:00, poprawny w okresie czas standardowy
Pekel strefa czasowa UTC+02:00, poprawny w okresie czas letni
Pekel identyfikator GeoNames 8987339
Pekel powierzchnia
Pekel znajduje się w jednostce administracyjnej Gmina miejska Maribor
Pekel identyfikator Who's on First 1309936385
Pekel identyfikator Freebase /m/0404zrs
Pekel liczba ludności , data 2020, metoda określenia spis statystyczny
Pekel populacja żeńska , data 2020, metoda określenia spis statystyczny
Pekel populacja męska , data 2020, metoda określenia spis statystyczny
Pekel kategoria Commons Pekel, Maribor
Pekel
naselje u Sloveniji
Pekel država Slovenija
Pekel geografske koordinate
Pekel geografske koordinate
Pekel je naselje
Pekel nadmorska visina
Pekel nadmorska visina
Pekel slika Kosaki-rail halt.jpg
Pekel vremenska zona UTC+1, važeći u periodu standardno vrijeme
Pekel vremenska zona UTC+2, važeći u periodu Ljetno računanje vremena
Pekel oznaka na GeoNamesu 8987339
Pekel površina
Pekel oznaka na Freebaseu /m/0404zrs
Pekel stanovništvo , trenutak u vremenu 2020, metoda određivanja popis stanovništva
Pekel žensko stanovništvo , trenutak u vremenu 2020, metoda određivanja popis stanovništva
Pekel kategorija na Commonsu Pekel, Maribor
Pekel
Pekel pays Slovénie
Pekel coordonnées géographiques
Pekel coordonnées géographiques
Pekel nature de l’élément localité
Pekel altitude
Pekel altitude
Pekel image Kosaki-rail halt.jpg
Pekel fuseau horaire UTC+01:00, période applicable heure d'hiver
Pekel fuseau horaire UTC+02:00, période applicable heure d'été
Pekel identifiant GeoNames 8987339
Pekel superficie
Pekel localisation administrative Maribor
Pekel identifiant Who's on First 1309936385
Pekel identifiant Freebase /m/0404zrs
Pekel population , date 2020, méthode de détermination recensement de la population
Pekel population féminine , date 2020, méthode de détermination recensement de la population
Pekel population masculine , date 2020, méthode de détermination recensement de la population
Pekel catégorie Commons Pekel, Maribor
Pekel
naselje u Sloveniji
Pekel država Slovenija
Pekel zemljopisne koordinate
Pekel zemljopisne koordinate
Pekel jest naselje
Pekel nadmorska visina
Pekel nadmorska visina
Pekel slika Kosaki-rail halt.jpg
Pekel vremenska zona UTC+1, vrijedi u periodu standardno vrijeme
Pekel vremenska zona UTC+2, vrijedi u periodu ljetno računanje vremena
Pekel GeoNames ID 8987339
Pekel površina
Pekel nalazi se u administrativnoj prostornoj jedinici Gradska općina Maribor
Pekel Freebase ID /m/0404zrs
Pekel stanovništvo , vrijeme događaja 2020, način određivanja popis stanovništva
Pekel kategorija na Zajedničkom poslužitelju Pekel, Maribor
Пекел (Марибор)
Пекел (Марибор) дәүләт Словения
Пекел (Марибор) географик координатлар
Пекел (Марибор) географик координатлар
Пекел (Марибор) төшенчәнең аерым очрагы торак пункт
Пекел (Марибор) диңгез дәрәҗәсе өстендә биеклек
Пекел (Марибор) диңгез дәрәҗәсе өстендә биеклек
Пекел (Марибор) сурәт Kosaki-rail halt.jpg
Пекел (Марибор) сәгать поясы UTC+01:00
Пекел (Марибор) сәгать поясы UTC+02:00
Пекел (Марибор) GeoNames идентификаторы 8987339
Пекел (Марибор) мәйдан
Пекел (Марибор) административ-территориаль берәмлек Марибор (община)
Пекел (Марибор) Who's on First идентификаторы 1309936385
Пекел (Марибор) Freebase идентификаторы /m/0404zrs
Пекел (Марибор) халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2020, билгеләү ысулы җанисәп
Пекел (Марибор) хатын-кыз халкы , вакыт мизгеле 2020, билгеләү ысулы җанисәп
Пекел (Марибор) ир-ат халкы , вакыт мизгеле 2020, билгеләү ысулы җанисәп
Пекел (Марибор) Викиҗыентыктагы төркем Pekel, Maribor
Пекел (Марибор)
Пекел (Марибор) пачхьалкх Словени
Пекел (Марибор) географин координаташ
Пекел (Марибор) географин координаташ
Пекел (Марибор) хӀара долара кхетам бу Нах беха меттиг
Пекел (Марибор) хӀордан сизал локхалла
Пекел (Марибор) хӀордан сизал локхалла
Пекел (Марибор) сурт Kosaki-rail halt.jpg
Пекел (Марибор) GeoNames код 8987339
Пекел (Марибор) майда
Пекел (Марибор) административан-мехкан дакъа Марибор (община)
Пекел (Марибор) Freebase код /m/0404zrs
Пекел (Марибор) бахархой , хенан момент 2020
Пекел (Марибор) Викилармехь категори Pekel, Maribor
Пекел (Марибор)
Пекел (Марибор) држава Словенија
Пекел (Марибор) географске координате
Пекел (Марибор) географске координате
Пекел (Марибор) је насеље
Пекел (Марибор) надморска висина
Пекел (Марибор) надморска висина
Пекел (Марибор) слика Kosaki-rail halt.jpg
Пекел (Марибор) временска зона UTC+1, важи у периоду стандардно време
Пекел (Марибор) временска зона UTC+2, важи у периоду летње рачунање времена
Пекел (Марибор) Геонејмс 8987339
Пекел (Марибор) површина
Пекел (Марибор) управно-територијална јединица Општина Марибор
Пекел (Марибор) WoF ID 1309936385
Пекел (Марибор) Фрибејз /m/0404zrs
Пекел (Марибор) насељеност , тренутак у времену 2020, начин одређивања попис становништва
Пекел (Марибор) женско становништво , тренутак у времену 2020, начин одређивања попис становништва
Пекел (Марибор) мушко становништво , тренутак у времену 2020, начин одређивања попис становништва
Пекел (Марибор) категорија на Остави Pekel, Maribor
Pekel
Pekel tír an tSlóivéin
Pekel comhordanáidí geografacha
Pekel comhordanáidí geografacha
Pekel sampla de áit lonnaithe
Pekel airde os cionn na farraige
Pekel airde os cionn na farraige
Pekel íomhá Kosaki-rail halt.jpg
Pekel lonnaithe i gcrios ama UTC+01:00, bailí sa tréimhse am caighdeánach
Pekel lonnaithe i gcrios ama UTC+02:00, bailí sa tréimhse am samhraidh
Pekel ID GeoNames 8987339
Pekel achar dromchla
Pekel daonra , am 2020
Pekel catagóir Commons Pekel, Maribor
| 50,744 |
7954489_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 5 | 10 |
Court of Appeals No. 135772.
| 28,834 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/68250261
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
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English
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Spoken
| 314 | 814 |
Convert SQL Query to Hibernate CriteriaQuery
I'd like to convert it to use the javax.persistence.criteria.CriteriaBuilder, but am unsure what do, any help is much appreciated!
SELECT * FROM User u INNER JOIN Teacher t ON t.emp_id = u.emp_id WHERE u.college_id=:college_id AND u.Book.sub_code=:sub_code AND t.lang=:lang
The retrieval of the entity manager depends on your framework and your use case. The solution assumes that you have collegeId, subCode and lang as given values in your method.
You create a query for the User which you have in your SELECT and create a Root for this class.
CriteriaBuilder cb = entityManager.getCriteriaBuilder();
CriteriaQuery<User> cq = cb.createQuery(User.class);
Root<User> root = cq.from(User.class);
Then, you join the different classes. As I assume that Book is also a needed class, I would join this as well. You do not have to mention on which ID the joins should happen because you already mentioned which value is the ID with the annotation @Id.
Join<User, Teacher> teacherJoin = root.join(User_.TEACHER);
Join<User, Book> bookJoin = root.join(User_.BOOK);
The different WHERE conditions can be added to the criteria query. To link several WHERE conditions, I add the conditions to a list (to eventually combine them).
List<Predicate> predicates = new ArrayList<>();
predicates.add(cb.equal(root.get(User_.COLLEGE_ID), collegeId));
predicates.add(cb.equal(bookJoin.get(Book_.SUB_CODE), subCode));
predicates.add(cb.equal(teacherJoin.get(Teacher_.LANG), lang));
Eventually, you have to execute the constructed query.
cq
.select(root)
.where(cb.and(predicates.toArray()));
return entityManager.createQuery(cq).getResultList();
The above answer uses the JPA Metamodel Generator to prevent you from typing your actual reference names as strings. For example, the call User_.TEACHER gives you the actual string which refers to the Teacher object within User.
The following example shows the above code snippets merged together in a function.
public List<User> findAllByCollegeIdAndBookSubCodeAndTeacherLang(
String collegeId,
int subCode,
Lang lang) {
CriteriaBuilder cb = entityManager.getCriteriaBuilder();
CriteriaQuery<User> cq = cb.createQuery(User.class);
Root<User> root = cq.from(User.class);
Join<User, Teacher> teacherJoin = root.join(User_.TEACHER);
Join<User, Book> bookJoin = root.join(User_.BOOK);
List<Predicate> predicates = new ArrayList<>();
predicates.add(cb.equal(root.get(User_.COLLEGE_ID), collegeId));
predicates.add(cb.equal(bookJoin.get(Book_.SUB_CODE), subCode));
predicates.add(cb.equal(teacherJoin.get(Teacher_.LANG), lang));
cq
.select(root)
.where(cb.and(predicates.toArray()));
return entityManager.createQuery(cq).getResultList();
}
| 18,612 |
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https://github.com/beatsbyzai/print.are.na/blob/master/src/components/SectionPage/index.tsx
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,020 |
print.are.na
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beatsbyzai
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TypeScript
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Code
| 64 | 175 |
import React from "react"
import styled from "styled-components"
import { PageBreak } from "styles/index"
const Title = styled.h6`
font-weight: normal;
margin: 0;
font-size: 13pt;
`
const Container = styled.div`
display: flex;
height: 100%;
flex-direction: column;
`
interface SectionPageProps {
title: string
}
const SectionPage: React.FC<SectionPageProps> = ({ title }) => {
return (
<Container className="page">
<Title>{title}</Title>
<PageBreak />
</Container>
)
}
export default SectionPage
| 14,759 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/52354616
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
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Alisa T Morgan, Hitakshi Mahajan, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10366403, https://stackoverflow.com/users/9740593
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English
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Spoken
| 395 | 648 |
cors error on netlify client site calling api endpoint
My site domain is example.com. In my client app I have this logic:
api_call('process.env.NODE_ENV' + '/jobs')
so after netlifly deployed the client app I can see it's calling the right api endpoint which is api.example.com. I've also tested it, it's alright. But somehow I saw this error in the console
`OPTIONS https://api.example.com/login 404 (Not Found)
Failed to load https://api.example.com/login:
Response to preflight request doesn't pass access control check: No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header is present on the requested resource.
Origin 'https://example.com' is therefore not allowed access.`
Do I missed something?
I have seen this error in my client app also. If you understand what CORS is, you'd know that it is a header that has to be present in the API so that the programmer can specify who all can access that API.
So if your API does not have this header and your client app is in a different domain, your app is not allowed to access that API.
No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header is present on the requested resource.
This line means that you need CORS header in your API (which is the requested resource).
No change is needed in the client app
why I can access it via postman?
I added this in my node.js server
const corsOptions = { origin: 'https://api.example.com', optionsSuccessStatus: 200 // some legacy browsers (IE11, various SmartTVs) choke on 204 } app.use(cors(corsOptions)) but still have the same error.
chrome extension I used this chrome extension and I was able to access the API even without CORS header. But This is a short-term solution. To answer your other question, postman is a dev tool, CORS is a security mechanism enforced by browsers. So postman should work.
stackoverflow I found this link helpful. You can try this. Also, remember CORS header has to be in the response, not the request because the API has to send that header to the browser
ok I understand now it's allowed in postmen. But in localhost I don't need CORS either, why? is localhost doesn't enforce CORS?
It is about the domain your API and your app are present in. So if your app and API run on different hosts, you will need CORS. I guess you are not having a problem because you might be using the same domain for both
others having issue too with ssl https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41347766/how-to-use-https-with-letsencrypt-socket-io-and-node-js
| 24,691 |
sn82015679_1895-03-03_1_12_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,895 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,355 | 9,336 |
THE INDIANAPOLIS JOURNAL, SUNDAY, MARCH 3, 1893. THE SUNDAY JOURNAL SUNDAY, MARCH 8, 1895. WASHINGTON OFFICE-1410 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE -Telephone Calls. Business Office.. 238 Editorial Bcvwne....A. 88 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Any only, one month $0.70 Daily only, three months $2.00 Daily only, one year $1.00 Daily only, one year $2.00 Daily only, one year $2.00 When remitted by agents, by carrier, 15 cents Sunday, single copy............ $6.00 Daily and Sunday, per week, by carrier....... $2.00 Every year.........................$1.00 Reduced Rates to Clubs. Subscribe with any of our numerous agents or send subscriptions to this paper. JOURNAL NEWSPAPER COMPANY, Indianapolis, Ind.: Persons sending the Journal through the mails in the United States should put on an eight-page paper a complete postage stamp: on twelve or sixteen pages paper a two-cent postage stamp. Foreign postage is usually double these rates. All communications intended for publication in this paper must, in order to receive attention, be accompanied by the name and address of the writer. THE INDIANAPOLIS JOURNAL Can be Found at the following places: PARIS American Exchange in Paris, 86 Boulevard de Capacine. NEW YORK-Goyce House, Windsor Hotel and Astor House. PHILADELPHIA A. P. Kemble, cor. Lancaster ave. and Baring st. CHICAGO Palmer House, Auditorium, Hotel and P. O. Sen Co., 91 Adams street. CINCINNATI J.B. Hauley & Co, 154 Vine St. CINCINNATI J.B. Rice & Co, 154 Vine St. ST. LOUIS Union News Company, Union Depot. WASHINGTON, I. C. Riggs House, Ebbitt House, Willard's Hotel and the Washington News Exchange, 14th street, between Penn. ave. and F street. SIXTEEN PAGES New York is still ahead of Chicago. In the latter city buildings do not tumble down till after they are completed, while in the former they collapse while in the course of construction. Threes-sevenths of the business failures of 1894 in the United States resulted either from insufficient capital of those going into business or from incompetence when once embarked. Such facts should afford a lesson. Of the many good measures which will become laws by the action of the majority of this Legislature, none can be more important and far-reaching in its benefits than the bill presented by Senator Shively regarding the benevolent institutions, as the decision of the Republican caucus. That is not an encouraging declaration of the superintendent of the schools of Indianapolis to the effect that he has been lobbying in the Senate to defeat a bill which places the appointment of the employees in the public library on the merit system and abolishing the abuses of nepotism practiced by some of the School Board. While the women are gallivanting off congress of their own all sorts of reform movements, including equal suffrage, what becomes of the suffrage question in places where something might really be accomplished in its behalf? Have any of the champions of the cause, for instance, even so much as asked the Indiana Legislature to grant them any privileges in this line? The Mexican mission has one advantage peculiar to itself. The salary, $17,000 a year, is the same as that of the first-class European missions, and besides being a much cheaper place to live than any European capital, the fact that Mexico is on a silver basis is largely in the minister's favor, his salary being paid in gold and all his living expenses in Mexico in silver. The difference between American gold and Mexican silver adds several thousand dollars a year to the minister's salary. If the natives of the country are to hold the credit, they claim they must protest against having statistics regarding thrift made along the lines of nativity and race. It is a fact of the inexorable census that "native Americans own the smallest percentage of the farms they occupy. On the other hand, the Irish, who are generally adjudged as thriftless people, stand at the head of the list as owning the farms they occupy, eighty-seven of every hundred occupants being owners. In the cities, the natives make a better showing. The percentage of home owners in cities to the whole number of occupants is 39.41, while the percentage of home owners is 39. natives who are owners of their homes is 40 52. The French in the cities of 50,000 population and over head the list as home owners, with 71.64 percent of the whole number; the Irish and the Germans are close behind, but they are much more numerous than the French in the total population. There is reason to believe that the decision of the presidents of the Indiana colleges not to permit intercollege football or other games of that character will meet with the approval of those whose opinions are of most value to the institutions. It cannot be otherwise than that the attention which such games have attracted must interfere with that concentration of thought and purpose, which are essential to sound scholarship. Moreover, in late years the annual expenses of students have largely increased, due partly to the support of teams and clubs, and the going about the State, and even into other States, to witness contests. So far as physical training is concerned, it can be much better secured as a part of the regular college course. Probably many of the students will protest, but the most of them will see that the main object of higher education is not to have a football team and to attend games and shout for their favorites. People who remembered the "Lucy W. Hayes Temperance Society," about which so much was said a few years ago, had their doubts to the truthfulness of the story that Mrs. Cleveland had joined the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and was not surprised when the story was denied. The Lucy W. Hayes Society existed only in the imaginations of gifted "Washington correspondents," who invented it in a dull season and gave animated and circumstantial accounts of its proceedings at leisure. Intervals during the remainder of the Hayes administration. It was alluded to with great frequency by temperance speakers throughout the country, and served to point many a tale. Although mythical, it may have served a good purpose, and it seems rather a pity that the fiction about Mrs. Cleveland, with all its details of the kiss of initiation by Miss Willard, the donning of the white ribbon, etc., should be discovered so soon. MR. CARLAND'S GRIEVANCE: Mr. Garland's "Ham" Garland, as some irreverent persons call him, assumes to represent that division of the literary field known as the West. Rather, he assumes that a distinct variety of literature is produced in the West; that it is discriminated against by the editors, publishers, and critics of the East, and that it is incumbent upon him, as a Western man, to defend it. When, a few months ago, Mr. Garland came forward as a champion of Western writers and severely censured Eastern editors and literary purveyors for their refusal to do justice to the talent of the Mississippi valley, his position was considered remarkable for at least two reasons. The first was that "his own transcendent abilities were first recognized in Boston: that he was, in fact, a Boston discovery, and, second, that, according to the opinion of people perhaps as well qualified to judge as he. Western talent receives its full share of recognition in all literary centers. Out of the large number of authors classed as Western whose names are familiar to the public, not one, save Mr. Garland, makes complaint, and some explanation of his attitude has therefore seemed necessary. Some observant persons who have noted the circumstance that his name appears less frequently in Eastern periodicals than was the case a few years ago have suspected that the secret of his wrath might be found here. The character of a recent serial story from his pen, published in a Chicago periodical, adds weight to this suspicion. There is reason to believe that if this tale was originally offered to Eastern editors or publishers it was promptly rejected. If others like it were tendered they doubtless met the same fate. Mr. Garland, being fully appreciative of his own genius, would naturally feel that the entire West had been injured and insulted, and hence his indignant protest. He belongs to that class of writers who hold that talent is hampered, by convention, and that novelists in particular should not be bound by the trammels of decency and morality that govern the daily intercourse of civilized beings, but should be free to utter their boldest thoughts and wildest vagaries. It is upon this theory, at all events, that he has acted in writing the story in question. He is, as all readers of his writings are aware, what is known as a realist, with the propensity that most so-called realists have for describing social sins of the grosser sort. Without the refinement of true art, he has no other than a coarse and brutal way of picturing them. His theme in this instance is illicit love, the woman in the case being a childless wife, the man unmarried. The subject is a favorite one with novelist of a certain kind. "Tolstoy has handled it with great power in "Anna Karenina," but the force and effect of his story grow out of the fact that his realism is carried further and is more truthful than Garland's. The offenders against the social and moral law reap the inevitable and unhappy consequences of their sin. Even Zola, who does not write to teach a moral, is too true to nature to permit sin to pass without a penalty. Garland has evolved a theory of conduct which does not include this law. In the story a friend of the wife's betrayer is made to represent the world and its opinions so far as this guilty couple is concerned. He is an honest man, with a respect for women, and is much shocked at the discovery. Of the conduct of the pair. At first, he can see no palliation for it, but in the course of the two or three days during which the three are shut up together in a Kansas cabin by a blizzard, his views are modified. "Lying there in the dark," he came, to feel, in a dim, wordless way, that this tragedy was born of conventions largely. Also, it appeared infinitesimal action, like insects battling, breeding, dying. He ceased to consider the question as lying between Rivers (the lover) and Burke (the husband), and considered it as related to Burke and Blanche. He put himself in Burke's place, and concluded Burke had no claim upon her. Why should she be tortured to make someone else doubtfully happy? She had her rights. In the morning, when the storm subsided and the eloping pair made ready, to move on, the forgiving friend explained that he had thought things over. "I can't exactly justify you, Jim, but I guess it all depends on the woman. She ought to be happy, anyway, whether we men are or not; so, if she thinks she had better go with you, I ain't got a word to say." Then he wished them good-bye and good luck, and they went away with radiant faces to the enjoyment, as Mr. Garland leaves us to infer, of content and happiness. It is but just to say that, although this appears in a Chicago magazine, and though Mr. Garland is a Western writer, it does not truthfully represent Western morality or Western ideas. It may also be well to add, for the benefit of any who may have been impressed by his attack upon Eastern publishers, that the Western public cherishes no animosity against these gentlemen, but is willing to extend their vote of thanks for finding this peculiar variety of literature unavailable. THE GARAGE QUESTION. The proper disposition of city garbage is one of the most vexatious questions that municipal authorities have to deal with, and one which, for hygienic reasons, must be settled on a right basis. For cities which are fortunate enough to be situated on the sea coast or near some large lake, the solution of the problem is greatly simplified. New York gets about $80,000 a year from junk dealers for the privilege of picking over the garbage of the city after it is collected; it is then carried out to sea in barges and dumped in the ocean. In Cleveland, the garbage is deposited in the lake, having first been collected by contractors, who utilize such parts as they can and dispose of the remainder without expense to the city other than furnishing a scow for its transportation. Pittsburgh and Milwaukee use cremation, and Cincinnati has a contract with a fertilizer company which receives a stipulated sum for collecting the garbage and owns the product. In St. Paul, the garbage in populous parts of the city is collected daily between midnight and 9 a.m. The contractor must furnish a monthly report giving name of street number of house and number of calls made at each house during the month. If he fails to call after notification a fine of 25 cents for each complaint is levied, and after one hundred complaints have been received the contract can be canceled. The collections are made in hermetically sealed hardwood casks, and the garbage is carried and shipped to a point fifteen to twenty miles from the city, where it is converted into fertilizing materials. Philadelphia has a new system under which the garbage is collected six times each week, and housekeepers are requested to turn in as garbage everything that will burn. No person except the city collectors is permitted to collect garbage. The contractor is required to issue cards giving his name and address and stating the days for collecting garbage in particular streets and districts, and designating between what hours the collector will call in each locality. The garbage is collected in metal wagons and is burned, for the most part, at the city's expense, the ashes being sold for fertilizers. The city has six crematories with a combined capacity of 800 tons per day. Assuming, as is perfectly obvious in every city, that the garbage must be collected regularly, thoroughly and frequently, the main points to be considered are, first, how to accomplish the collection at the least expense to the city, and, second, how to dispose of the garbage in the most satisfactory and least offensive manner. This is not always an easy question to solve, but many cities have solved it to their satisfaction, and the authorities of this city ought to be able to do so. THE REAL INFIDELS. The intolerant but well-meaning ministers, who have recently attempted to prevent Ihgersoll from delivering his old lecture assailing current religious beliefs, have done more to cause suspicion regarding the claims of the Christian religion than would be caused by many repetitions of the denounced infidel's lecture. Colonel Ingersoll has been delivering that lecture, in effect, for more than twenty years. His different lectures have been published in pamphlet form and sold by tens of thousands. Years ago they were placed by dealers where they would attract attention and secure purchasers. In recent years, however, few are seen on periodical stands. They have had their day. The same may be said of the lecture, for if such silly men as those preachers must be who attempted to prevent its delivery had not done so it would have attracted no attention and would not have been reported. By their senseless action the attention of tens of thousands has been called to the lecture, and the views of Colonel Ingersoll have appeared in many newspapers. The publications of Colonel Ingersoll are of no importance compared with the imputation which the conduct of these zealots has cast upon the stability of the Christian religion. They have by their action confessed to the public that Christianity cannot stand the assaults of infidels; that if they do not adopt repressive measures to silence its foes it is in imminent danger of being crushed out. In all the world no such mischievous infidelity can be found as that confessed by the action pursued by the three or four unheard-of clergymen who attempted, a week ago, to prevent the delivery of Ingersoll's lecture. They have assumed a very great responsibility in putting the Christian religion in the attitude they have. The truth is that Christianity, in all its beneficent phases, was never so potent as it is today. It is a growing power in the world, and particularly in this country. The census of 1890 shows that in that year there were 165,177 church organizations, having 142,521 church edifices and 23,334 halls and schoolhouses, with an aggregate seating capacity of 43,564,863 and 20,612,806 actual communicants, about one-third of the entire population, or accurately speaking, 32.85 percent of it. The value of the property held by these church organizations was $679,630,139. Compared with such statistics as are presented by the census of 1880, the growth of religion shows a larger percentage than the growth in population. New forces have been organized since that period, like the Christian Endeavor, and not the Least potential of the new forces which have appeared under the banner of Christianity is the Salvation Army. The Journal begs these little "fearful souls, fresh courage take" from these facts, and let Ingersoll go his way, in the faith that "surely the wrath and the folly of man shall praise God." WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? Much is said about sociology in these latter days. It is quite the proper thing for those who affect an intellectual role to belong to clubs and societies which have classes in sociology. The college which calls itself a university has its professor of sociology, who doubtless assumes to teach something which he imagines he has thought out and labeled with that name. Recently several of the learned gentlemen who have made this subject a special study seem to have been trying to devise a definition for sociology. One has given one definition and another has discussed what it is in a learned treatise so learned and so intricate that the person of average intelligence cannot understand it. Still another, who has been examining these definitions, Professor Powers, of Smith College, comes down to the level of ordinary mortals, and, in a review of a textbook on the subject, asks: "What is sociology, anyway?" That is what a great many people would like to know. But, so far as the teachers are concerned, the disciples are likely to remain in ignorance for some time. In the last issue of the "Annals of the American Academy," Professor Powers reviews a somewhat pretentious volume by Professors Small and Vincent, the former the head of the department of sociology in the Chicago University, entitled "An Introduction to the Study of Society," in a manner which is far from flattering. He plainly intimates that the book has been inspired by an ambition to be first in the field, which he stigmatizes as a "scramble." The critic condemns every definition of sociology which the Chicago professor has given. The part devoted to a story of the development of a Western city, the Smith College professor tells the Chicago University professor, is not sociology, is not study in social evolution, but only a study in colonization. Here are some of the definitions in the book referred to: "Sociology is a protest against quackery;" "it is not a synonym for socialism;" "it is not a champion of socialism;" "it is not the ally of any class temporarily at a disadvantage;" "it is not primarily concerned with the helpless elements of society," and "sociology is the scientific counterpart of characteristic popular convictions." If anyone had a vague impression as to what sociology may be, the above definitions, by a professor of that "ology," must confuse rather than enlighten. Prof. Powers, the reviewer, in another article in the "Annals," gives the following definition: "Sociology is the science of society. Its field is co-extensive with the operation of the associative principle in human life. The general laws of association form the subject of general sociology, a science distinct but not disconnected from the branch sciences of economics, politics, etc., which rest upon it, though in part developed before it. This definition is less vague than those of the Chicago professor, but until the pioneers in this new field of science shall have staked out their grounds with some degree of definiteness, and harmony, it is not worth the time of the general reader to weary himself with reading treatises in which the vagueness of the information of the authors is betrayed by involved and confused sentences, crowded with terms which the general reader cannot understand. The science of Society must be presented so clearly and simply that the society for whose benefit it is intended can comprehend it. No progress will be made so long as many of those who are ambitious to write books on the subject betray a lack of information or of capacity to treat that which should be a popular science. A LOST OPPORTUNITY. The women have been "talking now" for two weeks, and, judging by the limited amount of attention paid to them by the press and the indifference of the public to their proceedings, their talk has created less impression than on any former occasion of the kind. When the National and international Councils of Women met in convention in Washington, a few years ago, the gathering was unique and attracted notice for its novelty. The talents and ability of individuals composing it were recognized, and curiosity was felt as to what they might accomplish by united effort. The purposes of the council were not made entirely clear to the general comprehension, but it was felt that so many women of character and varied abilities might be able, through concentration of forces, to do effective work in almost any line of effort they should elect to follow. A similar and even greater interest was aroused by the woman's congress at the world's fair. Women who represented, respectively, many lines of thought and endeavor women engaged in business, in professional work, in all departments of philanthropy, in social and moral reforms, practical women and theorists assembled together and discussed with great ability the several phases of life and the movements in which they were most interested. It was all conceded by a public which declines to concern itself with commonplace things, testifying. The same women have met again and have again discoursed of all the affairs under the heavens in which any of them are interested. This time the people who look on are not so deeply impressed. They begin to ask what it is all to amount to. They read the statement of the president, who says that one object of the convention is to give the advocates of every opinion a new audience, to make converts and to widen the horizon of every organization represented, and wonder if this is really the case. It seems, rather, that each organization is concerned only with its own affairs, is indifferent to the work of the others, and that each recurring congress is made up of practically the same members. The impression gains ground that for a gathering which promises such glowing results it "scatters" too much. Nothing practical comes of all its arguments and eloquence for the reason, as it seems, that there is no united effort, and that the arguments and eloquence are spent upon such diverse interests. Topics were discussed during the two weeks on which at least a majority of the speakers might have united, and in which a vast number of women outside of any organization take a measure of interest. Municipal reform is surely a field for active work, and New York women offered an object lesson which might serve as a starting point for wider effort in that direction. Patriotic education is another movement which might have received a great impetus. Divorce reform is a subject in which women, without regard to societies and councils, are concerned, if not directly. Then as citizens having society's welfare in mind. These or any one of half a dozen other matters in the two weeks' program afforded opportunity for the council to do practical work and show a reason for its being; but no, the council talked about these things and many more talked, and talked, and ended in talk. Possibly the influence of these many streams of eloquence, may be far-reaching and show itself in active work throughout a wide field, but this is not the way such things operate as a rule. The benefits of an organization of organizations representing varied interests must be shown by a concentration of effort in some direction, else all the arguments of the champions of such union are wasted. To dispassionate observers, the National Council seems to have lost an opportunity to prove its value. The New York Advertiser remarks that Indiana has streaks of loyalty and disloyalty. Of the latter, it cites an appropriation of $75,000 for a State Soldiers' Home when $150,000 was asked, the refusal to pass a bill devoting a portion of the tuition money of the schools to put flags upon the schools and $3,000 for a memorial at Gettysburg. The advocates of the Soldiers' Home may be said to be satisfied with $75,000, which means, with the land donated, more than $200,000 in New York. The Legislature did not appropriate $3,000 for Gettysburg this year because it is proposed to appropriate $40,000 for monuments at Chickamauga, where Indiana had thirty-seven regiments and batteries. It did not vote to place a flag upon every schoolhouse, because, in proportion to its population and schoolhouses, more flags purchased by the residents of the districts are over schoolhouses than in any other State. As early as in any State flags were placed over schoolhouses in Indiana, and in no State is patriotism more generally or better taught than in the public schools of Indiana. The Atlanta Constitution professes to be greatly shocked because a number of prominent women in Washington have expressed grief at the death of Fred Douglass, or, as the Southern paper puts it, "have gone into mourning for him and slobbered over his remains." The Constitution sees in this an approval on the part of these women of miscegenation, Douglass having married a white woman. But was his marriage really a case of miscegenation? Douglass, according to all accounts, belonged as much to the white as to the black race, his father having been a Southern gentleman of the kind so well known and so highly esteemed before the war, who had no personal scruples against the mixing of races. Perhaps it was a mere matter of heredity that led Douglass to choose a white wife. It is said an effort will be made to induce Congress to make an appropriation for the establishment of a sponger agricultural station on the coast of Florida. The sponge fisheries of Florida have been of a good deal of value, and it is claimed by some that the government ought to aid in the development of the industry. Florida sponges are of a coarse variety and not nearly as valuable as those from some other parts of the world, and it is proposed to make the experiment of improving them by introducing the spawn of a finer grade of sponges from other parts of the world. There may be something in the idea, but it should be left to private enterprise. Under this administration, the government revenues are absorbed fast enough without going into the culture of sponges. Staid and old-fashioned people with ideas of their own concerning the dignity that should pertain to women who undertake the role of leaders in great moral and social reforms find themselves filled with wonder and bewilderment over a recent article on bicycle riding by a certain woman prominent in such work. She calls her wheel "Gladys" and sentimentalizes over it to the extent of three columns. Leading public men have their weaknesses, but which one of them would not end his usefulness if it became known, not that he rode a wheel, but that he called it "Gladys?" Shades of Martha Washington, what are we coming to? BUBBLES IN THE AIR. Ratnlnar in London. He became a social favorite in The little Western town, Until he turned his trousers up And then they turned him down. Business Chance. "Wanted, Partner Man with left leg off wanted by man with right leg gone as a partner in the business of soliciting contributions of old shoes. Address Peg Trotter, 18 Mud Alley." The Cause of the Trouble. "What's the matter here?" asked the policeman, getting between the two dark-skinned disputants. "He called me nigger," explained the blacker one. "And I don't allow nobody to call me nigger when I done my policy and got my best clothes on." The Mills of the Gods. The aged mendicant crept tremblingly into the office of the successful young lawyer. "Only a few pennies, sir," he said. The young man gazed at him keenly. "Is not this William Wilwats?" he asked. The aged mendicant admitted that such was the case. "Then, listen, William Wilwats," said the young man, his voice trembling with suppressed satisfaction; "twenty years ago, when you were a prosperous merchant, you met a little barefoot country boy in the highroad and called him bub. That is an insult no boy ever forgives. My time for revenge has come at last. You don't get a cent. Get out." A Logansport paper tells of a man living near that place who has received ten baptismal immersions. He first united with the German Baptist or Dunkard denomination. and, according to their rites, received three submersions face downward. Later he became a member of the new Dunkards, and, in accordance with their custom, was baptized once with the head backward. Similar experiences attended his subsequent connection with the Baptist and Newlight churches, while in the Methodist Episcopal water was sprinkled upon his head. A few days ago he concluded to return to his first love, the Dunkards, and was received back into the fold with the regulation three dippings, face downward. He ought to be able to expound the merits of the different modes of baptism from personal experience. The Journal has criticized actor Richard Mansfield on account of his egotism, but he showed at St. Louis a few nights ago that he can make a neat speech. The play in which he appeared closed with a death scene, and the audience encored. Mansfield failed to respond, and the audience became boisterous. Finally he walked before the curtain and in a voice that showed anger said: If you insist on raising the dead you must not grumble at the remarks of the corpse. The size of this audience, which is not up to that of a one-night Texas stand, argues that I am not appreciated in St. Louis. I am not a hypocrite, and will say bluntly that I return the want of appreciation with interest. Then he lost no time in getting behind the curtain. Ever since chemistry has been a practical science it has been taught that the air we breathe is composed of nitrogen and hydrogen, but now two British scientists have discovered a new element, which is called "argon" by the discoverers. While this discovery may be of great interest to investigators, one may rest assured that the air we breathe will be the same, and that ventilation is still more important than the discovery of argon as an equivalent of vital air. Messrs. Warren and Clarke, the new Senators from Wyoming, are figuring in the papers as the handsomest men in Congress, and Clark comes with a home record of being the Apollo of Wyoming. Unless the papers can do better by these unfortunate in the matter of portraits than they have yet done, the only possible conclusion the public can draw is that the congressional standard of manly beauty is very low. The Hon. George W. Prince, who was nominated by the Republicans of the Tenth Illinois district on the 1,476th ballot, to succeed General Post, deceased, started in life a poor boy, and paid his way through college by teaching and serving as Janitor of the college building. He has served several years in the Illinois Legislature, and is one of the rising men of the State. If that Indiana man who goes without sleep six months at a time without any discomfort and then begins a period of sound and restful slumber will undertake to instruct others how to do the same thing he can make a great fortune. The knowledge of how to do without sleep would be only less valuable than a panacea for insomnia. A voluminous official correspondence between the Governors of Missouri and Illinois is published, in which every letter is addressed to "His Excellency," etc. The title is unauthorized, and the too common custom of using it is more honored in the breach than the observance. The National Butter and Cheese Makers' Association, which has just closed its annual convention at Rockford, Ill., elected for its president a man named Segar. They would probably draw the line on cigarette. The San Francisco Argonaut shows that for every $100 of gold produced in Colorado in 1892 $164 was produced in 1893 and $283 in 1894, which shows that there is gold in the land. ABOUT PEOPLE AND THINGS. The principal aim of the people of olden times seems to have been to eat enough in a few days to sustain them throughout the entire last of the year. The loan bureau started last year by St Bartholomew Church, New York, has since May loaned $40,000, and in no instance has money to increase a mortgage. Europeans do not take kindly to American confections. The man who kept the peanut and popcorn stall at the present Antwerp exposition lost $10,000. Rev. Samuel G. Jones, the father of "Sam" Jones, the evangelist, who died in Georgia the other day, was ninety years old. Although having five sons in the ministry, he himself did not join the Methodist Church till the age of sixty, and late in life became ordained to preach. Mr. Jones leaves 130 descendants. William is not the only German Emperor who has dabbled in music. The Emperor Charles VI was congratulated on his skill by the composer Fuchs, who said to him: "What a pity, Sir, you are not a contrivance to this Charles VI replied: "Well, it can't be necessary; I am only an Emperor, and must make me a guest of it." Walter Dunlop, the well-known humorous clergyman, of Dumfries, was one day talking to a brother of the cloth, who in a facetious manner said: "Well, Walter, I believe, after all has been said, that my head could hold two of yours." "Man," replied Walter, with a puffy smile, "I never thought before that your head was so empty." A copy of Dickens's "A Tale of Two Cities" in the original parts brought $63 at a late London sale. "Pickwick" in the original wrappers fetched $51; a first edition of "Robinson Crusoe" $215, and "Tales and Quicksilver" (Shakespeare's jest book), the copy belonging to Dickens, with original drawings by him on the margins, $87. Miss Anna Gould at one time attended the fashionable ladies' school at Ogontz, heard Philadelphia, and was so noted for her pranks and violation of the rules that only her "pull" saved her from expulsion. Among her many imitations and a marred partiality for flirtation through the fence rails with the young who attended the Military academy at Cheltenham. An Anglican vicar recently advertised for an organist who was to receive $10 a month. In return for which he was to "play three services on Sunday and one on Wednesday evening, when, also, the boys must have an hour's practice; on Friday, he must conduct a full choir practice, first giving the boys half an hour by themselves, and attendance is expected on the usual feast days. Further, no pupils may be taken to the church organ, nor may that instrument be used by the organist himself, save on Sunday afternoons." A little anecdote about Sareh Bernhardt may throw some light on the matter of stage kissing, or at least demonstrate that there are kisses and kisses on the stage as well as off. This emotional actress was recently performing in a new play, and at the close of the last act she had to rush upon the stage, kneel down by the side of her dead lover, who had been shot by the villain, and passionately kiss his forehead. It is said that French noblemen, poets, authors and artists, wrote to her, offering to serve as the corps, and she, not wishing to offend anyone, had a fresh person every night. The news of the scheme got abroad, to the vast advantage of the box office... The man who sighs for the happy day When a barefoot boy he ran Is the same old boy who used to say, "I wish I was a man." Philadelphia Record, Where'er thy journey is begun. Oh, speed thee onward with the day! Only our dead we lay away With feet toward the rising sun. Mary G. Slocum, In the Outlook. Let's fad no more on Bonaparte, As we have lately done; And, setting him aside Let's make a fad of Washington. He might object if he were here; But really it's too bad To go to foreign parts when we Can have a home-made fad. Detroit Free Press. There was a sign upon a fence That sign was "Paint," And every mortal that went by, Sinner and saint, Put out a finger, touched the fence And onward sped, And as they wiped their finger tips "It is," they said. Truth. LITERARY NOTES. Jules Verne Is now seventy-eight years old. He thinks Charles Dickens the greatest of all British novelists. Tolstoy has Just finished a new work, which he calls "Priceless Wealth and all the Trouble Attached to It." M. Barthelemy St. Hilaire, who will be ninety next August, has Just completed his biography of Victor Cousin. It Is understood that Colonel Sheridan, brother of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, is to write a biography of the General. Mr. Richard G. Moulton's new books will be on "Four Years of Novel Reading" and "The Literary Study of the Bible." Stanley J. Weyman has given up work for a year, and will travel in Europe gathering material for fresh ventures in fiction. Walter Besant won't write a line under the settled rate of 10 guineas ($52.50) per thousand words, and none of the publishers have struck against it. Francois Coppe, the French novelist and poet, will soon come to this country to deliver a series of lectures on French literature, and to read from some of his own works. Mrs. Ollphant. With a record of seventy-eight novels to her credit, never touches a pen in the daytime. She thinks the stillness of the night is necessary for good writing. Mr. Henry M. Stanley's book will appear. At Easter, its title will be "My Early Adventures and Travels." It is said that the book is designed to have both a historic and an autobiographic interest. Mr. Du Maurier is writing another novel, and who would blame him. "Trilby" having now approached its 200,000th, he must feel encouraged to go on. "Trilby" has not yet caught up with "Ben-Hur," however, for the latter book is in its 600,000th. An English writer says that the Swedes are, of all European nations, the greatest lovers of humorous writings, and that the most popular British author in Sweden is Mr. Jerome K. Jerome. The second clause of this statement, a critic thinks, would seem to contradict the first. Henry M. Alden, of Harper's, said recently that although he was on the watch he saw no new genius coming above the story-teller's horizon. On the other hand, Richard Watson Gilder believes there is just as much promising genius in this country as there has ever been, and perhaps more. Conan Doyle thinks he has a worthy successor to "Sherlock Holmes" in the new character which is the central figure of his new "Adventures of Brigadier Gerard," a series which is about to commence in the Strarni Magazine, the same periodical in which "Sherlock Holmes" made his first bow to the public. Mrs. Annie Steel, who has attracted attention by her folk-tales of India, is a Scotch woman. Her husband is a retired Indian civilian, and more than twenty years of her married life were spent in India. She has acquired five of the native Indian dialects, and can thus pursue studies in folk-lore which even learned philosophy who know only the written languages could not accomplish. She is described as "a sight, cheerful, ruddy-complexioned little woman, somewhat over fifty years of age, with a fine head of gray hair and a merry twinkle in her eyes." Mr. T. Humphry Ward, husband of the novelist, is now giving a course of lectures on "The History of English Art" at the Metropolitan Museum in New York. Mr. Ward is known in this country as the editor of the best 'anthology of English poetry extant. He is also known as one of the most accomplished writers on art subjects and one of the most competent art critics in England. When Sardou, the great French dramatist, has evolved the central idea of a play to be written, he opens a sort of ledger, in which for months, and often years, he enters descriptions of incidents and suggestions bearing on that idea. "Theodora," for example, was sketched twenty-five years, and the plot of "Gismonde" formulated six years before these plays were written, and then they were pre-formed until the necessary data was collected. Prof. Max Müller has recently received an illuminated parchment address from India, enclosed in a repousse silver casket, which itself represents an Indian manuscript. This offering was the result of a desire, first among the Pandits of native Sanskrit scholars, to join in the congratulations to the great Orientalist on the occasion of his academical jubilee. Now, however, the address represents the gratitude of all educated Indians. Mussulmans and Parsees, as well as Hindus and Indo-Europeans. SHREDS AND PATCHES. Only in politics can the human target be considered safe. Chicago Post. The most helpless creature in the world is a man with a sore thumb. Puck. A friend in need is a friend who generally strikes you for a quarter. Tammany Times. It seems quite natural that the new woman should be very fresh. Philadelphia Record. Populism seems to be the same old economic freak with whiskers. Detroit Tribune. Envy no man his great memory; he must remember much that he would rather forget. Judge. It is very economical to fall in love with a girl who thinks theaters are wicked. Atchison Globe. What the world admires is genius that can make its own hair stand on end. Cleveland Plain Dealer. Cleveland has completely cured the country of all desire to lengthen the presidential term. Kansas City Journal. There is, they tell us, a germ of good in everything. But how about the walking delegate? Boston Transcript. What a terrible lot of new lies are invented every time George Washington has a birthday. Washington Post. Jinks The more a man has the more he wants. Biskit Did you ever have twins at your house? Detroit Free Press. About the only pleasing thing about the present United States Senate is that its lease will expire this week. Detroit Free Press. In fighting among themselves, the Populists are gradually arising to the dignity of the Democratic party. Philadelphia North American. It will not be necessary to send out the notice of "no flowers" in connection with the funeral of this Congress. New York Evening Sun.
| 49,121 |
https://github.com/stefvanschie/QuickSkript/blob/master/core/src/main/java/com/github/stefvanschie/quickskript/core/psi/function/PsiAtan2Function.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
QuickSkript
|
stefvanschie
|
Java
|
Code
| 365 | 1,167 |
package com.github.stefvanschie.quickskript.core.psi.function;
import com.github.stefvanschie.quickskript.core.context.Context;
import com.github.stefvanschie.quickskript.core.skript.SkriptRunEnvironment;
import com.github.stefvanschie.quickskript.core.psi.PsiElement;
import com.github.stefvanschie.quickskript.core.psi.PsiElementFactory;
import com.github.stefvanschie.quickskript.core.psi.util.parsing.Fallback;
import com.github.stefvanschie.quickskript.core.skript.SkriptLoader;
import com.github.stefvanschie.quickskript.core.util.Type;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.Contract;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
/**
* Calculates the atan2 of the given parameters
*
* @since 0.1.0
*/
public class PsiAtan2Function extends PsiElement<Double> {
/**
* The x and y parameters used to calculate the atan2
*/
private PsiElement<?> x, y;
/**
* Creates a new atan2 function
*
* @param x the x parameter
* @param y the y parameter
* @param lineNumber the line number
* @since 0.1.0
*/
private PsiAtan2Function(@NotNull PsiElement<?> x, @NotNull PsiElement<?> y, int lineNumber) {
super(lineNumber);
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
if (this.x.isPreComputed() && this.y.isPreComputed()) {
preComputed = executeImpl(null, null);
this.x = this.y = null;
}
}
@NotNull
@Override
protected Double executeImpl(@Nullable SkriptRunEnvironment environment, @Nullable Context context) {
return Math.atan2(x.execute(environment, context, Number.class).doubleValue(), y.execute(environment, context, Number.class).doubleValue());
}
/**
* A factory for creating atan2 functions
*
* @since 0.1.0
*/
public static class Factory implements PsiElementFactory {
/**
* The pattern for matching atan2 function expressions
*/
@NotNull
private final Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile("atan2\\((?<x>[\\s\\S]+),[ ]*(?<y>[\\s\\S]+)\\)");
/**
* This gets called upon parsing
*
* @param text the text to parse
* @param lineNumber the line number
* @return the function, or null to indicate failure
* @since 0.1.0
*/
@Nullable
@Contract(pure = true)
@Fallback
public PsiAtan2Function tryParse(@NotNull SkriptLoader skriptLoader, @NotNull String text, int lineNumber) {
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(text);
if (!matcher.matches()) {
return null;
}
String xExpression = matcher.group("x");
PsiElement<?> xElement = skriptLoader.forceParseElement(xExpression, lineNumber);
String yExpression = matcher.group("y");
PsiElement<?> yElement = skriptLoader.forceParseElement(yExpression, lineNumber);
return create(xElement, yElement, lineNumber);
}
/**
* Provides a default way for creating the specified object for this factory with the given parameters as
* constructor parameters. This should be overridden by impl, instead of the
* {@link #tryParse(SkriptLoader, String, int)} method.
*
* @param xElement the x element
* @param yElement the y element
* @param lineNumber the line number
* @return the function
* @since 0.1.0
*/
@NotNull
@Contract(pure = true)
protected PsiAtan2Function create(@NotNull PsiElement<?> xElement, @NotNull PsiElement<?> yElement,
int lineNumber) {
return new PsiAtan2Function(xElement, yElement, lineNumber);
}
@NotNull
@Contract(pure = true)
@Override
public Type getType() {
return Type.NUMBER;
}
}
}
| 19,892 |
https://github.com/farizrahman4u/skil-clients/blob/master/csharp/src/Skymind.Skil.Client.Test/Model/AddModelHistoryRequestTests.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
skil-clients
|
farizrahman4u
|
C#
|
Code
| 223 | 596 |
/*
* Endpoints
*
* Endpoints API for different services in SKIL
*
* OpenAPI spec version: 1.2.0-rc1
*
* Generated by: https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-codegen.git
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.IO;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Skymind.Skil.Client.Api;
using Skymind.Skil.Client.Model;
using Skymind.Skil.Client.Client;
using System.Reflection;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
namespace Skymind.Skil.Client.Test
{
/// <summary>
/// Class for testing AddModelHistoryRequest
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// This file is automatically generated by Swagger Codegen.
/// Please update the test case below to test the model.
/// </remarks>
[TestFixture]
public class AddModelHistoryRequestTests
{
// TODO uncomment below to declare an instance variable for AddModelHistoryRequest
//private AddModelHistoryRequest instance;
/// <summary>
/// Setup before each test
/// </summary>
[SetUp]
public void Init()
{
// TODO uncomment below to create an instance of AddModelHistoryRequest
//instance = new AddModelHistoryRequest();
}
/// <summary>
/// Clean up after each test
/// </summary>
[TearDown]
public void Cleanup()
{
}
/// <summary>
/// Test an instance of AddModelHistoryRequest
/// </summary>
[Test]
public void AddModelHistoryRequestInstanceTest()
{
// TODO uncomment below to test "IsInstanceOfType" AddModelHistoryRequest
//Assert.IsInstanceOfType<AddModelHistoryRequest> (instance, "variable 'instance' is a AddModelHistoryRequest");
}
/// <summary>
/// Test the property 'ModelName'
/// </summary>
[Test]
public void ModelNameTest()
{
// TODO unit test for the property 'ModelName'
}
/// <summary>
/// Test the property 'ModelLabels'
/// </summary>
[Test]
public void ModelLabelsTest()
{
// TODO unit test for the property 'ModelLabels'
}
}
}
| 40,908 |
https://github.com/eramox/gerri_plugins_github/blob/master/github-plugin/src/main/java/com/googlesource/gerrit/plugins/github/group/GitHubGroupBackend.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
gerri_plugins_github
|
eramox
|
Java
|
Code
| 381 | 1,336 |
// Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package com.googlesource.gerrit.plugins.github.group;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
import static com.googlesource.gerrit.plugins.github.group.GitHubGroup.NAME_PREFIX;
import static com.googlesource.gerrit.plugins.github.group.GitHubGroup.UUID_PREFIX;
import com.google.common.base.Strings;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet.Builder;
import com.google.gerrit.common.data.GroupDescription.Basic;
import com.google.gerrit.common.data.GroupReference;
import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.AccountGroup;
import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.AccountGroup.UUID;
import com.google.gerrit.server.IdentifiedUser;
import com.google.gerrit.server.account.GroupBackend;
import com.google.gerrit.server.account.GroupMembership;
import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectControl;
import com.google.inject.Inject;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
public class GitHubGroupBackend implements GroupBackend {
private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory
.getLogger(GitHubGroupBackend.class);
private final GitHubGroupMembership.Factory ghMembershipProvider;
private final GitHubGroupsCache ghOrganisationCache;
@Inject
GitHubGroupBackend(
GitHubGroupMembership.Factory ghMembershipProvider,
GitHubGroupsCache ghOrganisationCache) {
this.ghMembershipProvider = ghMembershipProvider;
this.ghOrganisationCache = ghOrganisationCache;
}
@Override
public boolean isVisibleToAll(AccountGroup.UUID uuid) {
return true;
}
@Override
public boolean handles(UUID uuid) {
return uuid.get().startsWith(UUID_PREFIX);
}
@Override
public Basic get(UUID uuid) {
checkArgument(handles(uuid), "{} is not a valid GitHub Group UUID",
uuid.get());
return GitHubOrganisationGroup.fromUUID(uuid);
}
@Override
public Collection<GroupReference> suggest(String name, ProjectControl project) {
if (!name.startsWith(NAME_PREFIX)) {
return Collections.emptyList();
}
String orgNamePrefix = name.substring(NAME_PREFIX.length());
return listByPrefix(orgNamePrefix);
}
public Set<GroupReference> listByPrefix(String orgNamePrefix) {
try {
log.debug("Listing user's organisations starting with '{}'",
orgNamePrefix);
String[] namePrefixParts = orgNamePrefix.toLowerCase().split("/");
String orgNamePrefixLowercase =
namePrefixParts.length > 0 ? namePrefixParts[0] : "";
String teamNameLowercase =
namePrefixParts.length > 1 ? namePrefixParts[1] : "";
Set<String> ghOrgs = ghOrganisationCache.getOrganizationsForCurrentUser();
log.debug("Full list of user's organisations: {}", ghOrgs);
Builder<GroupReference> orgGroups =
new ImmutableSet.Builder<>();
for (String organizationName : ghOrgs) {
if (organizationName.toLowerCase().startsWith(orgNamePrefixLowercase)) {
GroupReference teamGroupRef =
GitHubOrganisationGroup.groupReference(organizationName);
if ((orgNamePrefixLowercase.length() > 0 && orgNamePrefix
.endsWith("/")) || teamNameLowercase.length() > 0) {
for (String teamName : ghOrganisationCache.getTeamsForCurrentUser(organizationName)) {
if (teamName.toLowerCase().startsWith(teamNameLowercase)) {
orgGroups.add(GitHubTeamGroup.groupReference(teamGroupRef,
teamName));
}
}
} else {
orgGroups.add(teamGroupRef);
}
}
}
return orgGroups.build();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
log.warn("Cannot get GitHub organisations matching '" + orgNamePrefix
+ "'", e);
}
return Collections.emptySet();
}
@Override
public GroupMembership membershipsOf(IdentifiedUser user) {
String username = user.getUserName();
if (Strings.isNullOrEmpty(username)) {
return GroupMembership.EMPTY;
}
return ghMembershipProvider.get(username);
}
}
| 40,628 |
https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%20%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Втори кръстоносен поход
|
https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Втори кръстоносен поход&action=history
|
Bulgarian
|
Spoken
| 3,642 | 9,118 |
Вторият кръстоносен поход (1147 – 1149) е военна експедиция, свикана през 1145 г. в отговор на падането на графство Едеса на 25 декември предната година в ръцете на владетеля на Мосул от династията Зенгиди. Едеса е първото владение, основано от кръстоносците по Светите земи по време на Първия кръстоносен поход (1095 – 1099), но е и първото, което мюсюлманите си възвръщат. Походът е свикан от папа Евгений III, който бил подтикнат към това от настояванията на Бернар от Клерво, и е първият, воден от крале – френския Луи VII и германския Конрад III, заедно с голям брой други европейски благородници. Армиите на двамата крале тръгват поотделно през Европа и срещат пречки от страна на византийския император Мануил I Комнин. След прекосяването на византийските територии, двете армии са разбити поотделно от селджукските турци. Двамата крале, заедно с остатъците от армиите си, достигат до Йерусалим и през 1148 г. участват в неуспешна атака на Дамаск. Походът на изток е загуба за кръстоносците и голяма победа за мюсюлманите.
Единственият успех идва извън Средиземноморието – през 1147 г., на път за Светите земи, кораби с фламандски, фризийски, нормански, английски, шотландски и няколко немски кръстоносци спират и помагат за превземането на Лисабон от маврите.
Предистория
Начало на ислямската офанзива
След Първия кръстоносен поход и последвалия кръстоносен поход от 1101 г., в Ориента съществуват три кръстоносни държави – Йерусалимското кралство, княжество Антиохия и графство Едеса. През 1109 г. е основана и четвърта – графство Триполи. Едеса е най-слабо населената и най-северната от тях, и постоянно е атакувана от заобикалящите я мюсюлмански държави, управлявани от Ортокиди, Данишменди и селджукски турци. Граф Балдуин II и бъдещият му приемник, Жослин дьо Куртене са пленени в битката при Харан през 1104 г. Графството успява все пак да спечели победа при Азас през 1125 г., но след смъртта на Жослин през 1131 г. (в една от поредните битки), неговия наследник Жослин II е принуден да сключи съюз с Византия.
През 1143 г. умират и византийският император Йоан II Комнин, и йерусалимският крал Фулк Младия (херцог на Анжу). В същото време Жослин II е в раздори с владетелите на княжество Антиохия и графство Триполи и на практика остава без съюзници.
Междувременно, през 1128 г., селджукът Имад ад-Дин Зенги, атабег на Мосул, присъединява Алепо (дн. Халеб) към владенията си. Градът е ключ към властта в Сирия, оспорван между владетелите на Мосул и Дамаск (управляван от Буридската династия). След неговото падане и Зенги, и Балдуин II насочват внимание към самия Дамаск. Той е обект на атака през 1129 г. от кръстоносците, но те са разбити пред стените на града. По-късно, при двете неуспешни обсади на Дамаск от Зенгидите през 1139 и 1140 г. неговите владетели Буридите се съюзяват с крал Фулк (договорът е уреден от хрониста Усама ибн Мункид).
Падането на Едеса
В края на 1144 г. Жослин II се съюзява с Ортокидите. Той се присъединява с почти цялата си армия към предводителя им – Кара Аслан, в похода му срещу Алепо. Зенги, търсещ изгода от смъртта на крал Фулк, използва момента и обсажда Едеса. На 24 декември, след близо едномесечна обсада, градът се предава. От Йерусалим са изпратени на помощ Манасий Хиергски, Филип дьо Мили и други рицари, но те пристигат твърде късно.
Жослин II продължава да управлява останките на графството от крепостта Турбесел. Малко по малко, земите са продадени на византийците или просто завладени от тях.
В същото време, Зенги е възхвален като „защитник на вярата“ и al-Malik al-Mansur – „победоносен крал“. Въпреки страховете на кръстоносците, че той ще завладее и останалата част от графството или ще атакува и Антиохийското княжество, на Зенги се налага да се завърне в Мосул. През 1146 г. той отново обсажда Дамаск, но по време на обсадата е убит от франкски роб на име Яранкаш.
След убийството му, Жослин II се опитва да си върне Едеса, но през ноември същата година е разбит от сина на Зенги – Нур ад-Дин. Градът остава в ръцете на мюсюлманите.
Реакцията на Запада
Папската була
Новината за завладяването на Едеса е донесена в Европа от поклонници в началото на 1145 г., а после потвърдена от посланици от Антиохия, Йерусалим и Армения. Епископ Хю от Джабала съобщава вестта на папа Евгений III, който на 1 декември издава булата Quantum praedecessores, призовавайки към нов кръстоносен поход. Хю също така споменава за християнски крал далеч на изток, който би могъл да помогне на кръстоносните държави – това е първият документ, в който се среща името на Презвитер Йоан. Евгений не контролира Рим (всъщност той живее във Витербо) – въпреки това похода е определен да бъде по-добре организиран от първия: папата ще одобри избрани свещеници, армиите ще бъдат водени от най-могъщите крале на Европа, а пътя ще бъде планиран предварително.
Първоначалният отговор на призива е слаб – всъщност се налага булата да бъде преиздадена, когато става ясно, че френския крал Луи VII ще вземе участие в експедицията. Независимо от папата, той също е планирал нов поход – нещо, което е обявил пред двора си в Бурж през 1145 г. Спорно е дали Луи е планирал самостоятелен поход или само поклонничество – доколкото е искал да изпълни обета да отиде до Светите земи, даден от брат му Филип (но останал неизпълнен, поради преждевременната му смърт). Много вероятно е той сам да е стигнал до това решение, независимо от слуха за „Quantum Praedecessores“.
Във всеки случай, абат Сугерий, както и други благородници, не подкрепят плановете на Луи, заради това, че той ще бъде няколко години далеч от кралството. Владетелят се съветва с Бернар от Клерво, който го насочва към Евгений III. Папата ентусиазирано подкрепя похода на краля и преиздава булата на 1 март 1146 г. Той също така упълномощава Бернар да проповядва вестта из цяла Франция.
Проповедите на Бернар от Клерво
На практика обаче, липсва такъв всеобщ ентусиазъм, какъвто има през 1095 и 1096 година (виж Първи кръстоносен поход). Все пак, Св. Бернар, един от най-известните и уважавани мъже на християнския свят по това време, намира за целесъобразно да обърне внимание на носенето на кръста като на ефикасно средство за получаване на опрощение за греховете и за постигане на божията милост.
На 31 март, в присъствието на Луи VII, абатът изнася проповед пред огромна тълпа. „Медогласният“ Бернар пуска в действие своята ораторска магия – мъжете се изправят на крака и закрещяват: „Кръстове, дай ни кръстове!“. За разлика от първия поход, новата авантюра привлича кралски особи като Елеонор Аквитанска (кралица на Франция), Тиери Елзаски (граф на Фландрия), Анри (бъдещият граф на Шампан), Робер I (граф на Дрьо и брат на краля), Алфонс I Тулузки, Уилям II (граф на Невер), Уилям дьо Варен (трети граф на Съри), Хю VII Лузинян (граф на Ла Марш) и голям брой други благородници и епископи. Но още по-голяма подкрепа походът получава от простолюдието. Няколко дни по-късно абатът пише на папата „Отворих устата си; говорих; и изведнъж се появиха безчет кръстоносци. Градове и села сега са пусти. Трудно ще се намери един мъж на седем жени. Навсякъде се виждат вдовици, чиито съпрузи все още са живи.“
Решено е кръстоносците да тръгнат до една година, през която да се приготвят и да бъде начертан пътя до Светите земи. Луи VII и Евгений получават подкрепа от владетелите, чиито земи трябва да прекосят – унгарския крал Геза II, краля на Сицилия – Рожер II и византийския император Мануил I Комнин, въпреки че Мануил I изисква кръстоносците да положат клетва за вярност към него, точно както преди години е постъпил дядо му – Алексий I Комнин.
Междувременно Бернар продължава да проповядва – в Бургундия, Горна Лотарингия и Фландрия. Също както и при първия поход, проповедите непреднамерено водят до погроми над евреи. Както изглежда, фанатичен немски монах на име Рудолф вдъхновява погромите срещу евреите в земите край Рейн и в градовете Кьолн, Вормс, Майнц и Шпайер, обвинявайки ги в това, че не подпомагат финансово спасението на Светите земи. Бернар и архиепископите на Кьолн и Майнц енергично се противопоставят на тези погроми, като абатът пропътува разстоянието от Фландрия до Германия, за да разреши проблема. Там той успешно успява да убеди по-голямата част от последователите на Рудолф да тръгнат след него. След това открива Рудолф в Майнц и го придумва да се върне в манастира си.
Докато все още е в Германия, през ноември 1146 г. абатът проповядва пред Конрад III, но кралят не се заинтересува от участие и Бернар продължава проповедите си в Южна Германия и Швейцария. Все пак, на връщане през декември, той спира в Шпайер, където в присъствието на Конрад изнася прочувствена церемония. В нея абатът от Клерво влиза в ролята на Христос и пита краля: „Човеко, какво трябва да сторя за теб, което още не съм сторил?“ Конрад не устоява и се включва в авантюрата с много от благородниците си, включително и Фридрих II, херцог на Швабия. Също както и във Франция по-рано, походът получава голяма подкрепа от простолюдието в Германия – с проповеди се включват и други монаси като Адам от Ебрах и Ото Фрайзингски.
Други начинания
Срещу маврите
По същото време, папата нарежда и кръстоносен поход в Испания, въпреки че там от известно време вече се води война срещу маврите. Той дава на Алфонсо VII, крал на Кастилия, същите индулгенции (опрощаване), които дава и на френските кръстоносци. Както папа Урбан II през 1095 г., Евгений III подтиква испанците да се бият на собствена земя, вместо да се присъединят към похода на изток. Също така дава пълномощия на Марсилия, Пиза, Генуа и други градове да воюват в Испания, но убеждава повечето италиански държави и владетели (напр. Амедей III Савойски) да тръгнат на изток. Папата не иска и немския крал Конрад да участва, надявайки се вместо това на неговата подкрепа в спора за папството, но не може открито да му забрани да тръгне.
На Североизток
На 13 март (на среща във Франкфурт), немските принцове предлагат идеята за поход срещу езическите народи, наричани събирателно венди, живеещи по североизточната граница на Свещената Римска империя (предимно славяни). Войните на германците с вендите се водят от известно време, и това е достатъчен повод за Бернар да позволи даването на индулгенции за участие във Вендския поход. Абатът упълномощава принцовете да започнат авантюрата. На 13 април папата потвърждава похода, провеждащ се едновременно с тези в Испания и Палестина. Това начинание, по своята същност, не е от традиционен кръстоносен характер, доколкото то е скъпо и насочено срещу други езичници, а не срещу мюсюлмани, а също така не е свързано със защитата на Светите земи. Въпреки това, Вендския поход може да се счита за предвестник на Северните кръстоносни походи, за чието начало се смята призива на папа Селестин III през 1193 г.
Тези две авантюри представляват развитие в кръстоносните походи – те предоставят нови цели и арени за борба на християните-кръстоносци.
Подготовка
На 16 февруари 1147 г. френските рицари се събират в Етамп, за да обсъдят пътя си. Немските рицари вече са решили да пътуват по суша през Унгария, тъй като Рожер II е враг на Конрад и морския път покрай южна Италия, на практика е неизползваем за тях. Много от френските благородници нямат доверие на пътя по суша, който ги води през земите на Византия, чиято репутация все още страда от разказите на кръстоносците от първия поход. Въпреки това е решено да последват Конрад, като тръгнат на 15 юни. Рожер II е засегнат и отказва да участва в начинанието. Във Франция, абат Сугерий и Уилям II, граф на Невер, са избрани за регенти, докато краля е на поход.
На 13 март, на гореспоменатата среща във Франкфурт, сина на Конрад – Фридрих IV, е избран за немски крал, като за негов регент е определен Хайнрих I, архиепископа на Майнц. Немските рицари планират да тръгнат през май, като се срещнат с французите в Константинопол.
Походът в Испания и Португалия
В средата на май, от Англия отплават първите контингенти, състоящи се от фламандски, фризийски, английски, нормански, шотландски и няколко немски рицари – без да са предвождани от принц или крал. Те пристигат в Порто през юни и са убедени от местния епископ да продължат към Лисабон, закъдето вече се е насочил португалският крал Афонсу I, след като е узнал за кръстоносната флота. Тъй като походът в Испания е одобрен от папата и те така или иначе пак ще се бият с мюсюлмани, рицарите се съгласяват. Обсадата на Лисабон трае от 1 юли до 24 октомври, когато градът пада в ръцете на кръстоносците, които го плячкосват, преди да го предадат на Афонсу. Някои от рицарите се заселват в Лисабон, като Гилбърт от Хейстингс е избран за епископ, но през февруари 1148 г. повечето решават да продължат на изток. Тези, които остават, по-късно помагат за завладяването на Синтра, Алмада, Палмела и Сетубал, и им е позволено да останат на новозавоюваните земи. В същото време, испански войски, под предводителството на кастилския крал Алфонсо VII и Рамон Беренже, граф на Барселона, превземат Алмерия. През 1148 и 1149 г. са завладени и Тортоса, Фрага и Лерида.
Походът на немските рицари
Немските рицари, събрани от Франкония, Бавария и Швабия, тръгват по суша, също през май 1147 г. Отокар III, маркграф на Щирия, се присъединява към Конрад във Виена, а унгарския крал Геза II най-накрая е убеден да ги пропусне невредими през земите си. Когато достигат земите на Византия, император Мануил I се страхува, че ще го нападнат и изпраща войски, за да се подсигури. Кратки схватки стават край Филипопол – с някои по-недисциплинирани немски рицари, и край Адрианопол, където византийски отряд се сблъсква с племенника на Конрад – бъдещия император Фридрих I. Положението става още по-лошо, когато в началото на септември част от войската загива в наводнение. На 10 септември немските кръстоносци все пак пристигат в Константинопол. Тук отношенията с Мануил I Комнин се обтягат още повече и рицарите са убедени да бъдат прехвърлени в Мала Азия, колкото е възможно по-бързо. Освен това, византийският император иска Конрад да остави част от войските си в помощ срещу атаките на Рожер II, който се възползва от възможността да плячкосва свободно градовете в Гърция. Кралят не се съгласява, въпреки че с Рожер са врагове.
В Мала Азия, Конрад решава, че няма да чака французите и напредва към Икониум (дн. турски град Кония), столица на селджукския Иконийски султанат. Армията е разделена на две части, но скоро едната от тях е почти унищожена от селджуките на 25 октомври 1147 г., в битка известна като „втора битка при Дорилея“. Турците използват типичната си тактика на отстъпление и контраатака на противниковата конница, впуснала се да ги преследва. Конрад започва бавно отстъпление към Константинопол, но войската му ежедневно е тормозена от селджуките, които постоянно атакуват ариегарда и изоставащите. Дори самия крал е ранен в една от схватките. Другата част от армията, водена от Ото Фрейзингски, тръгва на юг – по средиземноморското крайбрежие, но е унищожена по подобен начин в началото на 1148 г.
Походът на френските рицари
Французите тръгват от Мец през юни 1147 г., водени от Луи, Тиери Елзаски, Рено I (граф на Бар), Амедей III Савойски и неговия полубрат Вилхелм V Монфератски, Уилям VII от Оверн и много други благородници. Войските са събрани от Горна Лотарингия, Бретан, Аквитания и Бургундия. Отрядите от Прованс, начело с Алфонс I Тулузки, решават да изчакат до август и да тръгнат по море. Във Вормс към краля се присъединяват още войски – от Нормандия и Англия. Армията следва пътя на Конрад относително мирно, с изключение на конфликта с унгарския крал Геза, който открива, че Луи VII е позволил на провалил се узурпатор на унгарския трон да се включи в похода. След това, вече на византийска територия, лотарингците, които са се откъснали напред от основната армия, влизат в сблъсък с изостанали отряди немски кръстоносци.
Въпреки първоначалните преговори между Луи и Мануил I, византийския император прекъсва военните действия срещу Иконийския султанат и подписва примирие със султан Масуд. Въпреки всичко, отношенията на Мануил с френската армия са по-добри отколкото с немските кръстоносци преди това, и Луи VII е посрещнат пищно в столицата на Византия. Някои от френските рицари се чувстват оскърбени от примирието на императора със селджуките и призовават за атака на Константинопол, но са обуздани от папските легати. Луи изчаква към него да се присъединят войските от Савоя, Оверн и Монферато (поели по суша през Италия, после по море от Бриндизи до Драч, след това отново по суша до Константинопол) и цялата армия се прехвърля през Босфора в Мала Азия. По традиция, положена от дядо му Алексий I, Мануил изисква от французите клетва, че ще върнат на Византия всяка територия, която завладеят. Те са окуражени от слуховете, че немските рицари са превзели Икониум, но Мануил отказва да даде войски в помощ на Луи, тъй като Рожер II, кралят на Сицилия, скоро е нападнал Византия и цялата армия на Мануил се прехвърля на Балканите. По този начин, и немските, и френските кръстоносци навлизат в Мала Азия, останали без византийска подкрепа, за разлика от първия кръстоносен поход.
Французите срещат останките от войската на Конрад в Никея, и немския крал се присъединява към армията на Луи. Те тръгват по пътя на Ото Фрайзингски по крайбрежието на Егейско море, и пристигат в Ефес през декември 1147 г. Там научават, че турците се готвят да ги атакуват. Също така и Мануил I Комнин изпраща пратеници, оплаквайки се от плячкосването и грабежите, които извършват войските на Луи в Мала Азия, и няма никаква гаранция, че византийците биха им помогнали срещу селджуките. Междувременно Конрад се разболява и се връща в Константинопол, където император Мануил лично се грижи за него. Луи, не обръщайки внимание на предупрежденията за атака, потегля с армията си от Ефес.
Турците наистина са чакали момента да атакуват, но в проведената малка битка близо до града, французите побеждават. Кръстоносците достигат Лаодикия (близо до днешния турски град Денизли) през януари 1148 г., само няколко дни след разгрома на армията на Ото в същия район. При подновяването на похода авангардът под командването на Амедей Савойски се отделя от основната армия и това спомага за разгрома на войските на Луи. Според Одон от Дейл, историк и участник в похода, самия крал се покачва на едно дърво и го спасява факта, че турците не го разпознават. Остатъците от кръстоносците се оттеглят към Адалия (дн. град Анталия), постоянно безпокоени от селджуките, които също така изгарят всичко наоколо, за да не могат французите да попълват запасите си. Луи иска да продължат по суша, но е решено да съберат флота в Адалия и да отплават за Антиохия. След едномосечно забавяне поради лошо време повечето от очакваните кораби въобще не пристигат. Кралят и приближените му взимат наличните кораби за себе си, а войската трябва да продължи по суша за Антиохия. По време на прехода останките от армията са изтребени напълно – от турците или от болести.
Пътуването до Йерусалим
След кратко забавяне поради бури, Луи пристига в княжество Антиохия на 19 март, а по пътя умира Амедей Савойски – в Кипър. Кралят е приветстван от Раймон дьо Поатие, княз на Антиохия, който очаква Луи да му помогне срещу турците и да участва в похода срещу Алепо. Краля отказва, предпочитайки да завърши поклонничеството си до Йерусалим, отколкото да обърне внимание на военната страна на начинанието. Раймон, който е чичо на кралица Елеонор Аквитанска, заплашва Луи с развод, ако не му помогне. Кралят набързо отпътува за Триполи.
Междувременно, в началото на април, в Йерусалим пристига Ото Фрейзингски с останките от войската си, а малко след него и немският крал Конрад. Йерусалимският патриарх Фулк е изпратен да покани Луи да се присъедини към тях – по това време пристига и флотата, която е помогнала за превземането на Лисабон, а също така и провансалците на Алфонс Тулузки. Самият Алфонс умира по пътя – вероятно отровен от племенника си Раймонд II, владетел на графство Триполи, който се страхува от стремежите му към графството.
Съветът в Акра
В Йерусалим вниманието на кръстоносците се насочва към Дамаск, предпочитана цел на йерусалимския крал Балдуин III и на тамплиерите. Конрад също е убеден да участва в похода. След пристигането на Луи, на 24 юни в Акра се събира Върховния съвет (Haute Cour) на кралство Йерусалим – това е най-грандиозната среща на съвета в цялото му съществуване. Представители на Свещената Римска империя са Конрад, Ото, Хайнрих II Австрийски, бъдещият император Фридрих I Барбароса и Вилхелм V Монфератски. Франция е представена от Луи, сина на Алфонс – Бертран, Тиери Елзаски и други, а Йерусалим – от крал Балдуин, кралица Мелисенда, патриарх Фулк, Раймон Провански (Велик магистър на хоспиталиерите), Манасий Хиергски (конетабъл на Йерусалим) и още много други. За отбелязване е, че не присъства никой от Антиохия, Триполи или покореното графство Едеса. Някои от французите смятат, че поклонничеството им е завършило и искат да се прибират у дома, а част от йерусалимските благородници посочват, че ще е глупаво да нападат Дамаск, техен съюзник срещу династията на Зенгидите. Въпреки това, Конрад, Луи и Балдуин настояват и през юли армиите се събират в Тиберия.
Обсадата на Дамаск
Кръстоносците решават да атакуват града от запад, където овощните градини могат да им осигурят провизии. Армията пристига на 23 юли, с войските на Йерусалимското кралство в авангарда, французите на Луи – по средата и немските рицари на Конрад – в ариегарда. Мюсюлманите са подготвени за нападението и постоянно атакуват кръстоносците, напредващи през градините. Все пак те успяват да си пробият път и преследват защитниците до река Барада и Дамаск. Достигнали до стените на града, християните незабавно се заемат с обсадата му. Дамаск търси помощ от Сейф ад-Дин Гази I (владетел на Алепо) и Нур ад-Дин, атабега на Мосул. Междувременно везира на града, Муин ад-Дин Унур, опитва неуспешна атака срещу кръстоносците. И в двата лагера има конфликти: Унур няма доверие на едноверците си и се страхува, че ще превземат града, след като помогнат; от другата страна кръстоносците не могат да се споразумеят кой да получи Дамаск като владение след превземането му. На 27 юли, християнската армия решава да се премести от източната страна, която е по-слабо укрепена, но има и по-малко възможности за доставяне на продоволствие и вода. В този момент пристига Нур ад-Дин с войските си и вече е невъзможно да се завърнат на по-добрата си позиция. Първо Конрад, а след него и останалата армия решават да се оттеглят към Йерусалим. На 28 юли армията потегля, следвана от постоянно тормозещите ги с нападения турски стрелци.
Бележки
Кръстоносни походи
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https://github.com/opservices/fivemetrics/blob/master/interface/sass/pages/_LandingPage.scss
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Github Open Source
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Apache-2.0
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fivemetrics
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opservices
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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British and foreign state papers
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Librarian and Keeper of the papers, Foreign Office, London
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Spoken
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Y%6taiiz filsmentenx : Phormin tenaz, abstec et aotres riguémmente filamenteox, non dénommé: Fluents nature, mdme pi^paré oa friB6. • TisBus et ouYiages de crin pars on m^lang^s.. • • Cotons: Coton de Tlnde en laine, imports soit directement des lieux de production, soit des entrepôts dn Boyaome Uni, sons pavilion Fluents on Britannique Coton, en feuilles aurdées on gommes (onates) Fils de coton simples, mesnrant an demi-kilogramme : Bems: 20,000 metres on moins De 21,000 it 80,000.. De 81,000 it 40,000.. De 51, 600 i 60,000.. De 61,000 i 70,000.. De 71,000 i 80,000.. De 81,000 i 90,000.. De 91,000 4100,000.. De 101,000 4110,000.. De 111,000 4 120,000.. De 121,000 4180,000.. De 181,000 4 140,000.. De 171,000 et an-dessns Blanchis.. Teints Tanx des Droits en 1860. Fr. 19 22 80 44 00 par 100 kilo. 00 00 00 Fr. 15 17 28 85 1864. c. 00 par 100 kilo. 00 00 00 Fr. 15 17 28 85 1864. c. 0 80 t> 0 40 t> 0 50 }} 0 60 ff 0 70 ff 0 90 t> 1 00 f* 1 20 if 1 40 »» 1 60 tf 2 00 tt 2 50 tf 3 00 t» he droit sur le fil simple ^cm, augments de 15 ponr cent. Le droit sur le fil rimple tern, augments de 25 centimes par kilogramme. QBSAT BEITAIN AND VABASH. Description of Articles. Twisted in two grades: Unbleached Dyed Warped yam; Unbleached Bleached Dyed Tarns of 3 threads, giy, bleached, Single thread Double or cable twist Cotton tiguies, plain, twilled, and tick, bleached: 1st Class, weighing 11 kilogramme or more the 100 miles square; Of 35 threads and less to the 6 square millimeters, Of 36 threads and above 2nd Class, weighing 1 to 11 kilogrammes cicléréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréréré 100 Mires square: Of 27 threads and less Of 28 to 35 threads Of 36 to 33 thi SO per cent, above the duties on single jam unbleached, 1.5 per cent, above twilled unbleached, times per kilogramme above twisted uni-leached. 10 per cent, above the duties on single unbleached; arn. 15 per cent, above the duties on single unbleached; arn. 25 centimes per kilogramme above the ituties on unbleached wurped yarns. 25 centimes per kilogramme above the ituties on unbleached wurped yarns. OBBAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE. 63 Denomination des Artides. Fill de coton en deux bouts: ÉcriB.. Blanchions.. Tans des Droits en 1860. 1864. Teinta Chains ouidiea: ÉcriB.. Blanchions Teinta Fila urna, blanchions on teints, en trois bouts et plus: A simple torsion A pluneuTB torsions ou cables.. Tisms de coton, etc. Unis, croiste, coullis: Le Clane, peaani II kilogrammes et plus les 100 metres cants: De 35 fils et au-dessous aux 5 millimères. De 36 fils et au-dessus De 36 fils et au-dessus De 36 fils et droit afferent au nnméro du fil simple employs an retordage, augments de 50 pour cent. Le droit sur le fil 6cm reton en deux bouts, augmenté de 15 pour cent. Le droit sur le fil 6cru retors en deux bouts, augmenté de 25 centimes par kilo. Le droit sur le fil simple, augments de 50 pour cent. Le droit Bar les chalnes onidies tomesy augmenté de 15 pour cent. Le droit sur les chaines onrdies (ernes, augmenté de 25 centimes par kilo. Fr. c 0 6 pour 1,000 metres. 0 12 50 le kUo. 0 80 it 0 60 ft 1 00 it 2 00 i» 0 80 *f 1 20 tf 1 90 ft 3 00 »f 15 pour cent en sus du droit sur r^om. 25 c. par kilo, en sus da droit sar Técm. 15 pour cent de la raleur. Fr. c. 0 85 le kilo. 1 10 w 0 60 „ 0 85 „ 15 pour cent de la valeur. OBEAT BBITAIlf AND FRAlTCB. Bate of Doty io Dwcriplion of Article. 1S60. 18S4. Counterpanes and blanteU ' G&Dies and muKlina, cmliroidcred or figured in the loom, for fiirnitQre or hingings .. 15 per cent, ad vrOorem. Articles wholl; or iu part m&de "P Articles not denominated,. Embroidery by band 10 per cent, ad taloran. Lice and blonde .. E per cent, ad iidor'M. Cotton ynmi and lissuea mixed with other materials will pay ItiB some datles us ynms and tisBuea of pure cotton, provided that the cotton predominales in weight. Woollem<: ffool, raw, Australian, imported direct or from Brilidii entrepata Tt. e. in British or French rciseU .. Free. Wool, dyed in nnsaes 25 00 per lOO kilo. Ditto, combed (dyed or not) 25 00 Single vani of pure nool, bleached or not, containing in the kilo- gramme: Of 1 to 30,000 mStrea.. 0 2fi per kilo. Of 31,000 to 40,000 „ 0 36 „ Of *l,000to SO.OOO „ 0 *5 Of 61,000 to eo,ooo „ 0 65 Of 61,000 to 70,000 „ 0 65 Of 71.000 to 80,000 „ 0 7E Of 81,000 to 90,000 „ 0 B5 Of 91,000 to 100,000 „ 0 95 Of 101,000 and above .. 1 00 Doublejamforweaviog.blenchedl 60 per cent, abofc the duty on single unbleacbed yam. ^H ORXAT BRITAIN AKD FKAITOX. 65 Dfnomipatian dei Artides. Tmz dM Droito en 1860. 1864. CoarettiiTet de eoton ToUet vnifl oa lm>d6i Gam el mooMelines, brodta on bioeh6ei^ poor wnenblemeiita on tentnrei Artielet eonfectioimiSs en tont <m en partie Artielee non dtinomni€e •• Bnxleriet i la midn . . 7. Dentellea et blondea de eoton Lee fils et tiapu de coion miangd paieroni m mdmea draite qae ies fUe et ttaia de eoton pnr, ponxm qne le eoton domine en poida dana le melange. Laine: Laint, en maaw, d'Anatralie, imporUe aoit direetement dea lieoz de pfodnetioo, aoit des entrepdta ' dn Sojaame Uni, aona paTulon Franfais oa Britanniqne Laine teinte en maae Laine peignte (teinte on non) Fill de laine pare, nmplea, blimchia on noOymeanrant an idlogimmme: De li 80,000 m^trea.. De 81,000 i 40,000 De 41,000 i (K),000 De 51,000 i 70,000 De 71,000 i 80,000 De 81,000 i 90,000 De 91,000 4100,000 De 101,000 et an-dearoa Fila de laine, blanchia on non, letora ponr tiaiage Fila de laine amplea on reton teinta Tiaraa de laine pure Fentrea de tonte sorte Cochera de laine pure Tiara de tonte espèce Bonneterie de laine pnre Bonneterie de laine Dentellca de laine Dentellca de laine Axilea non de comme Lidères de drap de tonte espèce entières on oonptea y Mementa connectionnii : Kenfii «. 16 ponr eent de la ralenr. 10 poor eent de la falta. 6 poor eent de la Talfor. »» Yienz » [1850-60. J..] Ft. e. Ezempte. 26 00 par 100 kilos. 26 00 w 0 86 le kilo. 0 86 t$ 0 46 f* 0 56 99 0 66 99 0 76 f* 0 86 .«> 0 96 99 1 00 — Le défent afient aoz fit de laine aimples, agument de 60 ponr cent. Le droit de ill aimples donblé. Droit inr le fil non teinte aagmenti de 25c. par kilo. 16 ponr cent de la I 10 ponr cent de la ^eor. I valenr, 16 ponr cent de la valenr. 16 ponr cent de la I 10 falenr. ' poor cent de la ralenr. 10 ponr cent de la Talenr. 16 ponr cent de la I 10 ponr oent de la yalenr. ralenr. Bzenptea. 16 ponr cent de la i 10 ponr eeikt de la Ttlenr. I Talevr. SOfr. lea 100 kilo. OUUT BBITAIN ASD FBAKOB. TRmsaadtiBsueBof AtpscB, Ll&mn, or ■Vicuna, pure or miicd witt wool, will pay tlic earns duties as jama and Uesum of wool in nbaleveT proportiana they may Yarne and tissues of wool, c other materiaU above inentio mixed with cotton, or willi other fitamenla frhatcrM*, thall fay the Rame duties as. liesoes or pure noul, provided that the wool predominates in weight. Tarns of goafs hair will to pay the duties at present Id Tiasues of goat's hair, other than Indian cash mere shawls acorfs, will pay as tissues of pure Sillm: Bilk in eoeoMu Paw or thrown Dyed; For sewing, embroidery, or Use Oihtrs Waste dlk ; Combed .. In threads, single and twisted, unbleai^bed, bleached, blued Of 80.000 mgtr«B single, or to the kilogramme .. Of 91.000 metres Bingle, I im tmml m ««H'* •^•rfMUSk} OMMXT 0BITAIK AMD WJUMOB. 67 DteominaUon det Artidfli. Les fill et tiftsna d'Alpaca, tie Ltms, de Vigogne, pun on m^Ungte de Udne, soiTront It m^me if gime que loi ftte #t tiasts de lame, quelle que soil 1a propor- ^on du m^laoge, Les fiU et tissoB de laiot ot des ftotret mati^res ci-deaoa d^nom- m^ea, m^lang^s de colon on d'antrea fitemte ywleypqpiea, paieront lea m6mea droits que lea fila et tiaana de bine pure, poozm que la laioe domine dana le m€Uuige. Lea fila de poil Tullea: Unia, icTUB Apprédice. Façonné, (crna, on apprédice Tissna de bonneur de soie pure, de soie et bonneur de soie, sœur, blanca, teints, imprimia TisRUB. passementerie, et dentelle de soie, on de bonneur de soie: Atce or on argent fin. Areo or on argent fin. Areo or on argent fin. Tanz de la Droiti en 1800. Excesses. 10 UJfkOp- 0 75 cent de la valeur. 10 (H)or cent de la valeur. Talent. A pazté ip 10f ezempU. ff 4.pftrUrilulQpto^, a ooiftUlp. 12 00 8 50 9» 78 OBBA9 BRITAIN AND VIBROS. Bate of Dot; in DMeripUon of ArtidM. 1880. 18B*. Tiaflii«g or Bilk or of WMt« silk. which the ailk or waste Bilk pr- Fr. e. domlniUiB in weight.. a 00 per kilo. KbliOQg of Bilk or of «Mt« lilk : Ofvelvel 6 00 Olhent e 00 Mied with other ronteriala, ailk ia weight 10 per cent od vahrtm. Camicii. Producio juid De Siurw, lodiM T BromtaB Acid: Sulfuric Nitric Tartaric Bonioic Citric Arsenic Lemon Juice Oxides: OfiroQ „ rfno, gnj Za^e and other combinations of collected Sulfuric Chloride of potassium Iodide of potassium Salt; or beetroot Fr. Carbonate of potassium OBBAT BITTAR AND PRANOB. 69 Denomination das Arsenic. TiSRis de 8016 on de bonrre de solem mang€s, la solem de la beam de Boie dominae en poid. BubaoB de aoie on de bonrre de solem Antres Melanges, U loie on la bonrre de Boie dominant en poid. Bean Cygria Baain B'orane Beeairre Safre, el antrea compoate dn cobalt Salfores d'arSenic Chlomre de potaaunm lodore de potassium Salin de betterarea Chlomre de potasae Kitrate de potasae Tartrate de potasae Cendrea T^g^talea liyea SiT^ea Lies de Tin. Borax bmt.. Nitrate de aonde Sonde de rarech Koir d'oa Os caldn^ blanca Phoephatea naturela Citrates de chaax. Sulfate de magnaie Chlomre de magn^sinm Acetate de fer 1860. 1864. Pr. c 8 OOlekUo. 5 00 8 00 99 10 poor cent de la falenr. Exempte. t. 40 OOlealOOkila 7 00 99 GHBAT BBITAIB ABTI FBAVOB. Description of ArUelM. Oiidefl and carbonates of [eid OlerCBcid Ontic acid and atalttM of potash Tdlow prutL«i&te of pnluh Eed pmss^ale of poiwb.. Elt »c>g or dye nooila : For blacks and viotcta ., For radi and jelloiTE , , Tanneric, ia powder Hydrochloric acid (marialic acid) , Caiulic Boda Carbonate a( soda (asll of aoda) of all degrees ArtiSeial Boda (raw) Carbonaie of eoda, crjeUUised Icrj'BlaUof BOda) Sulphate of soda and Eulphit« of jBulpbato of soda ciyaUlliBed {Olauber'g enlta) Bicarbonnte of soda, and other Balls of eodi, not, specified Chloride of limo .. Cblorate of potash .. Soap, ordiaary. and for perfumery Artilicial ultnimarine Bod phoBpboniB .. SO par 100 6 ; 00 per lot :ilo I 1 00 per 106 kilo. 3 per 100 kilo. ;ilo I ID OOperlOOkilo. ) per 100 kilo. 8 OOperlOOkib. Alumiaat« ofaoda.. Chloride of alumimum Chminatea of potash Chromatea of lead.. Colonn not spwiBM, dry, paste and liquid.. Stearic acid.. 10 per cent, ad vatortM. QSMAT BBITAIN AND FBAMOB. 71 Bfarnniafctian dm Articles. Oxides et csrbonates de plomb .. Acide oUiqae ,• Bo. oxaliqne ei oxalates de poissK Pnisnste janne de potasse PnuBiate rouge de potaase Extnits de bois de teinture : Poor les noirs et violets Poor les rouges et jaunes Curcuma) en poudre Adde hydroGhloriqne (acide mnria- tiqae) Sonde caostique Carbonate de sonde (sel de sonde) i tons degr6s Sonde artificielle bmte Carbonate de sonde, cristalliBi (cristanx de sonde) SnlCite et snlphite de sonde Snl&te de sonda cristallis6 (sel de Qlanber) Bicarbonate de sonde et antres sels de Kmde non d^nommte .. Chlornre de cbanx Chlorate de potasse SsTons ordinaires et de parfninerie Outremer , . . , .. Phosphore ronge .. Alaminium.. Aliminate de sonde Cblomre d*alnmininm Cbromates de potasse Do. de plomb Coulenrsy non-d^nomm^es^s^hes, en ptte et liquides Aekle stteiqne Colle forte et gelatine Vemla : A I'bnile .. A Tessence A I'eaprit de Tin.. Orseilles de tonte sorte .. Pioduits ehimiqnefl^ non d6- nomm^ ] VxBBXBix XT Cbistallxbh. ICiroin ayant moins de 1 m^tre carre •■ •• •• Glaces: Brutes • • • • £tam(es on polies Bonteilles de tontes formes Verres: A Titres •. De conlenr, polis on grsr^s De montre et d'optique Gobeletterie et ejikaox, bltaes et color^s. • Yitriiicationi Xmanx Objsli en tun non d6iioiiu&(s • t • • • • Tanx des Droits en 1860. 1864. Pr. c. Fr. c. 7 00 les 100 kilo. 1 4 00 las 100 kilo. 5 00 les 100 kilo. 15 00 les 100 kilo. | 10 00 let 100 kiU. 20 OOleslOOkUo. 30 00 „ 20 00 30 00 „ 6 00 0 60 11 8 00 les 100 kilo. 5 00 les 100 kik). 4 £0 »» 3 00 M 2 80 »f 1 50 M 2 80 M 1 50 n 1 20 99 1 00 t» 1 00 t» 0 70 H 5 25 ft 8 50 M 4 25 ft 2 80 99 88 60 M 25 75 99 6 00 les 100 kUo. 15 00 ■1 10 poor oent de la Ttlsnr. 5 pour cent de la valenr. 10 pour cent de la Taleur. 1 50 par m^tre carr6 Baperfidsl. 4 00 1 80 les 100 kilo. 8 50 99 10 poor eent ds U ?akiir. 72 asiAT BBITAiN IITB FUITCK. DoKripUon of .iniclw. Broken g:lu(! and cnllet .. Bock C171UI, roogh or worked j N.B.— Bock ci7gtBl moanWd will pay M jewellery. EABiaiNWABB AHD PoTTBT. Common Ware ! Tilei of k11 kinds, bricki, uut' fire-bricks GH-relorts, drsina^ pipei tod Crociblei of kll eortg, inclBdiog thote of pluubago, or blick- iMd OI17 pipe GlM«d or not, of all ahapes Do., witb d«conUoiii in relief, of one or more coloim, flat or Sloneitare : Uteoalla and appaistuH for tbe manufaetarc of chemical pro- Common of all sorts, flat and boUow, Inclnding bottles, Baaki, hauaehold srllcles. kitcheo utenails, ke Earthenware : With tin gl axe-coloured pule, white glaze With coloured glaze, m^jolict," with raiuish of more th^ colour Fine earthenware .. Fine stonewaro i 00 per 100 kilo. OBBIT BBITAIN AKO VBAVOK. 73 Dfaftmiption del Artickt. Taoz des Droita en 1880. 1884. Oroiflil et Tern etas^ . . 1 Crifltal de roche brat on oarri / K.B. — ^Le cristal mont^ ten taz6 comme U bijoaterie et I'orfi^T- rale. Poterie Groni^re : CazreMix, briques et tniles Coznoes i gas, to jsuz de drainage et aatrea» cienaeta de tonte sorte, J oompris cenz en gra- 1 phite et plombagine Pipes en iim Ternifli^ on non, de tontea fonnea Id. avec d^oorationa it reliefa, nni- oolorea et mnlticolorea, platerie et crenx .. Poterie de Gtte et Fayence : TJibeBBleB et ^pareila pour la fibricallon dea prodnita chimi- qnes Commime de tonte aorte, platerie et crenx, eomprenant la forme bonteille^ lea carafea, objeta de mteage, natenailea de cniaine, ke Stannif^re, pAte oolorie^ gla^nre blanche Id. it gla^nre ooloi€e, mi^oliiinee,^ Terniaite mnlticolore Fi^ence fine Qxha fina Poroelainea de tonte sorte, blanchd on dorte, Parian et biacnitblanc AnncLBa DiviBa. Flenra artificiellea .. Objeta de mode liereerie de tonte eorte .. Bcmtona fina on commnns, antres qne de paasementerie .. BroaMrie de toute esp^ce .. Inatruments de mariqne et pieces dftachte d'instrnments Bpinglea de toute Borte .. Gauchonc onirr^ : Pur on m61ang6 Appliqn6 mr tisaua en pi^oea on aantrea matiirea y dtementa eonfectionia •• Sn tiania ilaatiqnaa» pi^eea da toma dioMiiiioii** Exempt. Sxempt. 5* 00 par 100 kilo. Exempt. i 00 par 100 kilo. Exempt. i 00 par 100 kilo. Exempt. 20 ponr cent de la Talenr. 15 poor oeni da la Talenr. 10 ponr cent de la Exemptes. 10 ponr cent de la valeor. 50 OOlealOOkUo. {I partir dn ler D^cembre, 1880.) 20 OOlealOOkUo. 100 00 120 00 200 00 $9 n 9$ finSlT BBITAIN AlTD rBANOB. DeeripU«i of ArUelt*. Boola uid Bhoeg N.B. — Articles of gntU-percha •pt.j the same dntlu m iodik- Oil and BooF^loth : $9 n 9$ finSlT BBITAIN AlTD rBANOB. DeeripU«i of ArUelt*. Boola uid Bhoeg N.B. — Articles of gntU-percha •pt.j the same dntlu modik- Oil and BooF^loth : $9 n 9$ finSlT BBITAIN AlTD rBANOB. DeeripU«i of ArUelt*. Boola uid Bhoeg N.B. — Articles of gntU-percha •pt.j the same dntlu modik- Oil and BooF^loth : $9 n 9$ finSlT BBITAIN AlTD rBANOB. DeeripU«i of ArUelt*. Boola uid Bhoeg N.B. — Articles of gntU-percha •pt.j the same dntlu modik- Oil and BooF^loth : $9 n 9$ finSlT BBITAIN AlTD rBANOB. Deer For printing, hogs, and other purposes Selling-in Blazing of all kinds Ink, writing, drawing, and printing Coffees, cables, and fishing-tents. Fish, barbed water; Fresh Prepared Fresh, dried, mixed, or smoked (except cod) Sugar and pickles Cheese, hard Beer Molasses: Containing less than 60 percent of siccharine matter Containing more than 50. Alcohol, par 100 degrees, régime. Toiles eiré: Pour emballage Pour emballage Cire i cachet Cirage de toute aorta Cire de cière, deasiner, on imprimer Corde, cables, et filets de pâche. Poisson d'ean donee: Fréparé Fréparé Poisson de mer: Prais, see, sallé on fiim, k)*ezcln- sion de la morre L'espicea prepéré (sances) Pomages de pluie dnre Bidi: Mflasse: Chetenant moins de 50 pour cent de richesse saccharine.. Id. pins de 50 pour cent de richesse Sachaiine Alco, par 100 degré en sus des droits de consommation Ardoiaes: Poortoitares En carrean on en tables.. Tanz des Droits en 1860. 1864. Fr, c. 60* OOUtlOOkUo. 5 00 15 00 80 25 00 10 00 2 fhuios par hectolitre, pins le droit de consommation. 99 99 99 99 11 00 les 100 kilos. Le droit sur le sncre bmi. 15 00 par hectolitre. 4 00 les 1,000 en nombre. Le present Tarif est approuvé pour 6tre anuex à la O On Tenterne conclue le 16 Novembre, 1860, entre la Grande-Bretagne et la France. (L.S.) COWLEY. (L.S.) E. THOUVENEL. (L.S.) F. EOUHEE. 76 OBSù BEITAIN AND TIKST. CONVENTION between Great Britain and France, relative to Joint Captures in China. — Signed at Paris, March 1, 1860. Heb Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the Emperor of the French, being desirous to determine the jurisdiction to which the adjudication of joint captures which may be made during the course of the operations about to be undertaken by the naval forces of the two nations against China shall belong, or of captures which may be made of merchant vessels belonging to subjects of either of the two countries by the cruisers of the other; and being desirous to regulate, at the same time, the mode of distribution of the proceeds of joint captures, and also the mode of division of trophies and booty which may be captured by their Maître, Témpereur des Français, voulant déterminer la jurisdiction il laquelle devra appartenir le jugement des prises qui, dans le cours des operations qui vont fitre entreprises contre la Chine, pourront dtre opéré en commun par les forces navales des deuz nations, ou dee prises qui pourront fitre faites sur des navires marchandas appartenant aux sujets de l'autre; et vouluant régler en même temps le mode de repartition des prises effectuees en commun, comme aussi le mode de partage des prises et du butin pris par leurs armies de terre combinaire, ont nommé pour l'esprits pléopération a cet effet. And His Majesty the Emperor of the French, M. Edward, and Thosene, Senator of the Empire, Grand Officer of the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honor, &c., His Minister and Secretary of State for the Department of Foreign Affairs: Who, after having exchanged their full powers, found in due form, had agreed upon the following Articles: Art. I. When a joint capture shall be made by the naval forces of the two countries, the adjudication thereof shall belong to the jurisdiction of the country whose flag shall have been borne by the officer having the superior command in the action. Art. II. When a capture shall be made by a cruiser of either of the two allied nations in the presence and in the sight of a cruiser of the other, such cruiser having thus contributed to the intimidation of the enemy and encouragement of the captor, the adjudication thereof shall belong to the jurisdiction of the actual captor. Art. III. In case of the capture of a merchant vessel of One of the two countries, the adjudication of such capture shall always belong to the jurisdiction of the country of the captured vessel. The cargo shall be dealt with, as to the jurisdiction, in the same manner as the vessel. In case of condemnation under the circumstances described in the preceding Articles: 1. If the capture shall have been made by Tofels of the two Empereur de France, M. Edouard Antoine Thouvenel, Sénateur de l'Empereur de l'Empereur de la Legion d'Honneur, &c., Son Ministre et Secretaire d'Etat au Département de l'Afaires Étrangères; 2. Lesquels, après avoir été l'échange leurs pleins pouvoirs, trouvés en due forme, sent convenus des Articles suivants: Abt. I. Lorsqu'une prise sera fait en commun par les forces navales des deux pays, le juge-ment en appartiendra à la juridiction du pays dont le pavilion aura été porté par net proceeds of the prixe, a,tteT dedocting the oeces- earj expenses, shall be divided into as many shsres as there were men on board the capturing vcnela, without reference to rank, and tfae shares belonging to the nMn on board the Tesaeli of the bUj shall be paid and delivered to auch person aa maj be dulf oathorized on behalf of the allied Qovemment to receive the sune ; and the distribution of the iUDOunt fcelot^ng to each veasri shall be made bj each Qovem- ment according to the laws and regulationa of the country. 2. If the capture shall have been made hj eruisera of either of the two allied nations ia the |»«sence and in sight of a cruizer of the other, the division, the payment, and the distribution d the net proceeds of the priM, after idedncting the necessary ex- penses, shall Ukenise be made in the manner above mentioned. S. If a capture, made by a agjaaant en oommon, le prodnit net de la priae, deduction fiiits del dipensea n6c«flaures, sera diviud en autant de parts qn'il j aura d'hommes embsrqu^ aur les biLtiments capteurs, saoatenir compte des grades, et lea parta revenantaui hommee embarqaia BUT lea b&timenta de la oataon allife seront payees et diSlivr^ea h la perBonne qui sera d<lment autoris^e par le Qosvemement alli^ a lea recevoir ; et la repar- tition des sommes revenant anz bitimenta respeetifs sera faite par les soins de cheque Oon- vemement suivant les loia et lea r^glementa du pays. Si la prise a été faite par les croisées de l'une deux nations allières en presençant et en vue d'un croiseur de l'unire, la portage, la paiement, et la répartition du produit net de la prise, donnément faite de l'expense nécessaires, anront lien également de l'amour, de l'amour indiquément de ces célèbres. Si la prise, faite par un nombre de ses mains, et qui les sont les autres répartitions de l'onvention, sont lesquels ils sont les plus importantes. VI. La prise, faite par un nombre de ses mains, et qui les sont les autres répartitions de l'onvention, sont lesquels ils sont les plus importantes. VI. La prise, faite par un nombre de ses mains, et qui les sont les autres répartitions de l'onvention, sont lesquels ils sont les plus importantes. VII. La prise, faite par un nombre de ses mains, et qui les sont les autres répartitions de l'onvention, sont lesquels ils sont les plus importantes. VII. La prise, faite par un nombre de ses mains, et qui les sont les autres répartitions de l'onvention, sont lesquels ils sont les plus importantes. VII. La prise, faite par un nombre de ses mains, et qui les sont les autres répartitions de l'onvention, sont lesquels ils sont les plus importantes. VII. La prise, faite par un nombre de ses mains, et qui les sont les autres répartitions de l'onvention, sont lesquels ils sont les plus importantes. VII. La prise, faite par un nombre de ses mains, et qui les sont les autres répartitions de l'onvention, sont lesquels ils sont les plus importantes. VII. La prise, faite par un nombre de ses mains, et qui les sont les autres répartitions de l'onvention, sont lesquels ils sont les plus importantes. VII. La prise, faite par un nombre de ses mains, et qui les sont les autres répartitions de l To assist in the situation. In case of disagreement, it shall be decided by lot which officer shall have the casting vote. VII. The crews of the captured vessels shall be dealt with according to the laws and regulations of the country to which the present Convention attributes the adjudication of the price. VIII. With regard to the mode of division of trophies and booty which may be captured by the combined land forces of their Majesties, it is agreed: 1st. That flags, cannon, and other articles which may be considered as trophies, captured by corps, or parts of corps, belonging to the land forces of the two countries, and acting in common, with or without the cooperation of the combined naval forces, shall be equally divided between the two Governments. 2ndly. That such division shall be made by corps. 8rdly. That the first choice for each kind of trophy shall be Gravées, se réservent de modifier, s'il y a lieu, d'un commun accord. VL Lorsque, pour l'exéution de la présente Convention, il y aura lieu de procurer à l'estimation d'un bétiment de guerre capture, cette estimation portera sur sa valour effective; et le Conventement allié aura la faculté de déclarer un ou plusieux officiers compétentes pour contourir à Testimation. La cas de déclarer, le sort déclarer quel officier devra avoir la voix prépondente. VII. Les éparges des bâtiments captures seront traits suivant les lois et réglements du pays auquel la présente Convention attribue le jugement de la capture. VIU. Quant au mode de partage des trophés et du butin pris par les armées. Des défauts de texte combinés de leurs Majesty il est convenu : 1. Que les drapeaux, canons, et autres objets susceptibles d'être considéré comme trophy, pris par des corps, ou parties de corps, appartenant aux armies de terre des deux pays, et agissant en commun, avec ou sans le concours des forces navales combinés, seront partagés par moi tout leur partage entre les deux-courts. 2. Que ce partage aura lieu par corps d'armées. 3. Qu'unirage au sort entre leurs Comandants, décidé par l'armée, between leurs Comandants. 4. That the division of booty and of the value of trophies, such as cannon, tumbrillés, and other articles which are capable of being issued, shall be made between the two Governments, according to the number of men who. shall have co-operated at the capture, without deducting those who shall have fallen in the action, in order that the proceedings may be distributed according to the law of each county. 6tblj-. That disputed qneBtions which may arise with regard to the distribution of booty, shall be decided by a Mixed Commis- aion, which shall sit at Faria, and ' ahall be composed of two delegates, one English and the other French, appointed by their reapectire GoTemments. Those delegates, before entering upon the performance of their dutiea, ahall name two persons, of whom one ahall be chosen by lot to act aa an umpire in all cases in which d^rminera le premierchoiz pOttr chaque nature de troph^a. 4. Qne le partage du bntin et de la valeur dea trophies, tela qne canona, cusaona, et autrea objets auaceptibles d'^valoation, aura lieu, entre lea denz Oou- Temements, suivant le nombre d'hommes qui auront concoum i la capture, et sana d^ucti<m de ceuz qui auront p£ri dona Taction, pour que le produit puiese en itn diatribuj aelon la 16gialation int^rieure de chaque pays. 6. Que lea questions conten- tieusee qui pourraieai a'^erer k I'occasion du partage du bntin aeront d^cid^es par one Com- miasion Mizte, itablie k Paria, et formfe de denz dfi^gu^ I'un Anglais, I'autre Fraufaia, d^ sign4a par lea GouTemementa respectifa. Cea d£[6gQim, arant d'entrer daiu I'ezercice de leura foQctions, cboisiront denx per- sonnes, dont I'nne sera Aimigaie par le sort pour agir comme snr- arbitre dana tons lea cas ott ila OBBAT BRITAIN AND FBAKOB. 81 In witness whereof^ the respec- tire Plenipotentiaries Have signed the present GonTention, and have affixed thereto the seals of their arms. Done at Paris, the 22nd daj of the month of Fehroary, in the year of oar Lord 1860. Ainsz. — Instructions to the Commander of Ships of War belonging to Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and to His Majesty the Emperor of the French, You will find enclosed a copy of a Convention which was signed on the 22nd of February, 1860, between Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the Emperor of the French, regulating the jurisdiction to which shall belong the adjudication of the joint captures made by the allied naval forces, or of the captures of merchant vessels belonging to the subjects of either of the two countries which shall be made by the cruisers of the other, as likewise the mode of distribution of the proceeds of such joint captures. In order to ensure the execution of this Convention, you will conform yourself to the following instructions: Abt. I. Wheneyer, in consequence of a Joint action, yon are required to draw up the report or process of a capture. [1859-1859.] L. En foi de quoi les Plenipotencias respectifs ont signe la presente ConTention, et y ont apposé le cachet de leurs armes. Fait à Paris, le 22me jour da mois de Férier, Fan de grâce 1860. COWLEY. B. A. THOMAS. Avjrxxi. — Instruetions pour lee Cbmmandants des BdHments de Ouerre de 8a Majesti la Beine du Boyaume Uni de la QrandO' Bretagne et d^lrlande, et de 8a Majesty VEmpereur dee Francois, YoTTS trouverez ci-joint copie d'une Convention sign^ le 22 F^vrier, 1860, entre Sa Majesty la Beine du Boyaume IJni de la Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande, et Sa Majeste TEmpereur des Fran9aiB, pour r^gler la juridic- tion k laquelle devra appartenir le jugement des prises op^rtes en commun par les forces navales alliees, ou faites sur des navires march ands appartenant auz sujets de Tun des deux Etats par les croiseurs de I'autre, ainsi que le mode de repartition du produit des prises effectu^es en commun. Pour assuror I'ex^cution de cette Convention, vous aurez i, vous conformer aux instructions suivantes : Abt. I. Lorsque, par suite d^une action commune, vous serez dans le cas de r6diger le rapport oi|leproc^v0rbal d*ime a 82 QHBAT BRITAIN AlTD FBANOB. yoa will take care to specify, with ezactDess, the uames of the ahips-of-war present during the action, as well aa the names of their cominandiBg officera, and, a« far as poaaible, the number of men embarked on board thoae ahipa at the commencement of the action, without distinction of rank. You will deliver a copy of that report or procet-verhal to the officer of the allied Power who shall have had the Biiperior com- mand during the action, and you will conform yourself to the in- structioue of that officer, as far as relates to the meaBures to he taken for the conduct and the a<^udication ofthe joint captures ao made under hia command. If the action has been commanded by an officer of your nation, you will conform yourself to the regulations of your own country, and you will confine yourself to handing over to the highest officer in rank of the allied Power who was present. Vous avez-vous avez-vous comme d'indiquer avec exactitude les nom de guerre présentes à l'action, ainsi que de leurs commandants, et, autant que possible, le nombre d'homme embarqué à bard de ces béanités au commencement de l'action, sana distinction de grades. Vous remettrez une copie de ce rapport ou procea-verbal à l'officier de la Finissance à quelque aura en le commandement suprême dans l'action, et vous conformément à l'action de cet officier en ce qui concerne les mesures à prendre pour la conduite et le jugement des prises à l'action. En com-munion Boua son commandement. Si l'action à l'ordre de votre nation, vous conformément aux ordres de votre propre pays, et vous bien vous bien & mettre à Officier le plus l'évêque en grade de la Fuisseance à l'évêque, précieux et l'évêque, une copie certifique du nouveau, une copie of a blockade, of the transport of contraband articles, of land or sea troops of the enemy, or of official despatches from or for the enemy, you find yourself under the necessity of stopping and seizing a merchant vessel of the allied nation, you will take care: 1. To draw up a report (or process) stating the place, the date, and the motive of the arrest, the name of the vessel, that of the captain, the number of the crew; and containing besides an exact description of the state of the vessel and of her cargo. 2. To collect and place in a sealed packet, after having made an inventory of them, all the ship's papers, such as registers, passports, charter-parties, bills of lading, invoices, and other documents calculated to prove the nature and ownership of the vessel and of her cargo. 3. To place seals upon the hatches. 4. To place on board An officer, with such number of men as you may deem advisable, to take charge of the vessel, and to ensure its safe conduct. Ainsi que le nom du bâtiment de guerre alli, qui se trouvait en vue, et, s'il est possible, le nombre d'hommes embarqué à bord, également sans distinction de grade. Yous remettrez une copie certifié de votre rapport on proces-verbal au commandant de ce bâtiment. III. Lorsqu'en cas de violation de blocus, de transport d'objets de contrebande, de troupes de terre ou de mer ennemies, on de depèches officieles de ou pour l'ennemi, vous seres dans le cas d'arrêter et saisir un bâtiment de la marine marohande du pays alié, vous deviez : 1. Bédiger un proofs-verbal, nonant le lieu, la date, et le motif de l'arrêter, le nom du bâtiment, celui du capitaine, le nombre des hommes de l'épago; et contenant en outre la description ézacte de l'état du navire et de sa cargaison. 2. Béupir en un paquet chete, après en avoir fait l'inventaire, tous les papiers de bord, tels que actes de nationality ou de propriety passéports, charte-parties, connaissements, factures, et autres documents propres à constater. La nature et la propriété du bâtiment et de la cargaison. 8. Mettre les scelles sur les couleurs. 4. Placer à bord un officier, avec tel nombre d'homme que vous jugeres convenables, pour prendre le bâtiment en charge et en assurer la conduite. 6. To send the Teasel to the nearest port belonging to the Power whose flag it carried. 6. To deliver up the vessel to the authorities of the port to which you shall have taken her, together with a duplicate of the report (or procès-verbal), and of the inventory aboué-mentioned, and with the sealed packet containing the ship's papers. 7. The officer who conducts the cédited Teasel will procure a receipt proving his having delivered her up, as well as his having delivered the sealed packet, and the duplicate of the report (or procès-verbal) and of the inventory. Above-mentioned. T. In case of distress, if the captured vessel is not in a fit state to continue its voyage, or in case the distance should be too great, the officer charged to conduct to a port of the allied Power a prize made on the merchant service of that Power, may enter a port of his own country or a neutral port; and he will. Envoye le bélème de l'université du port où vous l'aurez fait conduire, avec une expedition du procès-verbal éc de l'inventaire d-dessus mentionné et avec le paquet cacheté, contenant les papiers de bord. L'officier conducteur d'on écoutérait la révérer un refus à conséquent la remise qu'il en aura mentionné. V. En cos de distresse, si le billetment capturé à son hôte d'état de continuer sa route, ou en cas de trop grandeignement, l'officier charge de conduire dans un port de la Fuissance allite une prise but la marine marchande de cette Puissance, poum entrer dans un port de son proprès ou dana un port neutre. GREAT BRITAIN AND FANS. You are not to consider as prisoners of war, and you will allow freely to land, all women, children, and persons not belonging to the military or maritime profession who shall be found on board the captured vessels. With this exception, and those which may be suggested by the consideration of your own security, you will not permit any person to be removed from on board the vessel; and in all cases you will retain the master's supercargo, and others whose evidence may be essential to the adjudication of the prize. You will treat as prisoners of war, with the exceptions above-mentioned in § 1, all persons whatever who may be found on board the enemy's vessels. You will place no other restriction on the liberty of allied or neutral subjects found on board allied or neutral vessels, than such as may be necessary for the security of the vessel. With respect to your own countrymen, you will treat them according to the general instructions with which you are furnished, and you will, in no case, deliver them up to a foreign jurisdiction. The persons who may have been exceptionally removed from the captured vessels shall afterwards be sent back to their own country, if they belong to the allied nation; if they are Négrosieurs, les neutrals or enemies, tous les mains de vouss les défenseurs, et vous laisser à la main, les femmes, les éfants, et les personnes étrangers au metier des armes ou à la marine, qui se trouveront à bord des batiments arrêtés. Sauf cette exception et celles que vous suggère le soin de votre série, vous ne distrarez aucun individu du bord; dans tous les cas, vous conserverez à bord le capitaine, le subregue, et ceux dont le temoignage serait essentiel pour le jugement de la prise. Tons traitées comme prisonniers de guerre, sauf l'exception ci-dessus indiquée au § 1, tons les individus quelconques trouvés k bord des bétiments ennemis. Yous n'imposerez à la liberté des sujets allies ou neutres, trouvés sur les bétiments allies ou neutres, d'autre restriction que celle qui pourra être nécessaire pour la sécurité du bétimenti. Quant à vos nationaux, vous les traitées conformément aux instructions générales dont vous les moui, et vous n'aurez, en au cas, à les remettre à une juridiction étrangere. Les hommes the Committee. (L.S.) COWLEY. CONVENTION between Great Britain and France, relative to the Emigration of Labourers from India in the Colonies of the Union.—Signed at Paris, July 26, 1860. SatiGcationS exchanged at Pari, Aognit 10, 1860. His Majesty the Emperor of the French having represented to Her Majesty the Queen or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland his desire to obtain immediately for the action of the union of the several High Contracting Parties have resolved to embody the necessary arrangements for the regulation of the emigration of such laborers in a Convention, and have named as their Plei. B. Majesté's Empereur de France ayant exprimé à Sa Majesté la Révolution du Royaume ont nommé à cet effet pour l'enquir. GRATISÉ BRITAIN AND FRANCE. 87 Of the French, M. Edward Antony Thème, Senator of the Empire, Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honor, &c., his Minister and Secretary of State for the Department of Foreign Affairs; Who, after having exchanged their full powers, found in due form, have agreed upon the following Articles: Art. I. The French Government shall be at liberty to recruit and engage, in the Indian territories belonging to Great Britain, labourers for the French colony of Beunion, and to embark emigrants, being subjects of Her Britannic Majesty, either in British or French ports in India, under the conditions hereinafter stipulated. The number of labourers or emigrants to be embarked for the said colony, under the provisions of this Convention, shall not exceed 6,000. The French Government shall intrust the direction of its operations in every centre of recruitment to an agent chosen by itself. Those agents must be approved by the British Government. Such approval is assimilated, with regard to the right of granting and withdrawal, to the exequatur given to Consular Agents. III. This recruitment shall be effected conformably to the regulations which now exist, or may hereafter be established, for the recruitment of labourers for British colonies. François, M. Edouard Antoine Thouvenel, Senateur de l'Empire, Grand-Croix de Son Ordre Imperial de la Legion d'Honneur, &c., son Ministre et Secretaire d'État au Departement des Affaires Étrangers; Lesquels, après avoir échangé leurs pleins pouvoirs, trouvés en due forme, sent convenus des Articles suivants : Aet. I. Le Gouvernement Français aura la faculty de reciter et d'engager sur les territorés Indiens appartenant à la Grande. Bretagne, des travailleurs pour la colonie de la Réunion, et d'embarquer les Emigrants sujets de Sa Majesty Britannique, soit dans les ports Anglais, soit dans les ports Anglais, aux conditions ci-après stipulées. Le nombre de travailleurs ou d'embarqués qui pourront fête embarqués pour ladite colonie, aux terraes de cette Convention, ne devra pas excéder 6,000. Le Gouvernement Français confiera, dans chaque centre de recrutement, la direction des operations à un agent de son choix. Ces agents devront être agree par le Gouvernement Anglais. Cet agrément est assimiie, quant au droit de l'accorder et de le retirer, à rexéquent donné aux Agents Consulaires. Le recrutement sera effectue conformement aux réglements existants, ou qui pourraient être établis, pour le réglement. Crutement des travailleurs des défauts des colonies Anglaises. OBIAT BBITAIN ABD V&AMOB.
| 1,744 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26049552
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
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Darwin Tech, geocodezip, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1210329, https://stackoverflow.com/users/791335
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English
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Spoken
| 638 | 1,842 |
Google Maps API rotate Rectangle
I have an application which draws an array of rectangle on Google Maps using JavaScript API version 3. This works, but what I would like to do is rotate or skew each Rectangle based on user input.
Is the Rectangle object limited to horizontal/ vertical lines? The API only takes two corner points as location so I don't see any way to rotate this type of shape.
Do I in fact have to change the shape type to Polygon?
A rectangle's sides are north/south/east/west; it is defined by a google.maps.LatLngBounds. If you want to make a "rotated" rectangle, you need to use a Polygon.
Yeah, this is what I suspected. Do you know if there is any performance difference in drawing a polygon vs a rectangle?
A thought. You might look at the eshapes library from Mike Williams that I ported to v3 (v3 example)
Hmmm. Is it possible to convert between a Rectangle and a Polygon? Rectangles need NE and SW coords, while Polygons take paths.
Do I in fact have to change the shape type to Polygon?
Yes since google.maps.Rectangle class does not support to set coordinates of the four vertices (with setBounds function it is supported to set northeast and southwest coordinates only)
The below example demonstrates how to:
create a polygon from a rectangle object and display it on the map instead of rectangle
rotate a polygon
Working example
function initMap() {
var map = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById('map'), {
zoom: 13,
center: { lat: 33.678, lng: -116.243 },
mapTypeId: google.maps.MapTypeId.TERRAIN
});
var rectangle = new google.maps.Rectangle({
strokeColor: '#FF0000',
strokeOpacity: 0.8,
strokeWeight: 2,
fillColor: '#FF0000',
fillOpacity: 0.35,
map: map,
bounds: {
north: 33.685,
south: 33.671,
east: -116.224,
west: -116.251
}
});
var rectPoly = createPolygonFromRectangle(rectangle); //create a polygom from a rectangle
rectPoly.addListener('click', function(e) {
rotatePolygon(rectPoly,10);
});
document.getElementById('btnRotate').onclick = function() {
window.setInterval(function() {
rotatePolygon(rectPoly, 10);
}, 500);
};
}
function createPolygonFromRectangle(rectangle) {
var map = rectangle.getMap();
var coords = [
{ lat: rectangle.getBounds().getNorthEast().lat(), lng: rectangle.getBounds().getNorthEast().lng() },
{ lat: rectangle.getBounds().getNorthEast().lat(), lng: rectangle.getBounds().getSouthWest().lng() },
{ lat: rectangle.getBounds().getSouthWest().lat(), lng: rectangle.getBounds().getSouthWest().lng() },
{ lat: rectangle.getBounds().getSouthWest().lat(), lng: rectangle.getBounds().getNorthEast().lng() }
];
// Construct the polygon.
var rectPoly = new google.maps.Polygon({
path: coords
});
var properties = ["strokeColor","strokeOpacity","strokeWeight","fillOpacity","fillColor"];
//inherit rectangle properties
var options = {};
properties.forEach(function(property) {
if (rectangle.hasOwnProperty(property)) {
options[property] = rectangle[property];
}
});
rectPoly.setOptions(options);
rectangle.setMap(null);
rectPoly.setMap(map);
return rectPoly;
}
function rotatePolygon(polygon,angle) {
var map = polygon.getMap();
var prj = map.getProjection();
var origin = prj.fromLatLngToPoint(polygon.getPath().getAt(0)); //rotate around first point
var coords = polygon.getPath().getArray().map(function(latLng){
var point = prj.fromLatLngToPoint(latLng);
var rotatedLatLng = prj.fromPointToLatLng(rotatePoint(point,origin,angle));
return {lat: rotatedLatLng.lat(), lng: rotatedLatLng.lng()};
});
polygon.setPath(coords);
}
function rotatePoint(point, origin, angle) {
var angleRad = angle * Math.PI / 180.0;
return {
x: Math.cos(angleRad) * (point.x - origin.x) - Math.sin(angleRad) * (point.y - origin.y) + origin.x,
y: Math.sin(angleRad) * (point.x - origin.x) + Math.cos(angleRad) * (point.y - origin.y) + origin.y
};
}
html, body {
height: 100%;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
#map {
height: 100%;
}
#floating-panel {
position: absolute;
top: 10px;
left: 25%;
z-index: 5;
background-color: #fff;
padding: 5px;
border: 1px solid #999;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Roboto','sans-serif';
line-height: 30px;
padding-left: 10px;
}
<div id="floating-panel"><input type="button" id="btnRotate" value="Auto Rotate"></div>
<div id="map"></div>
<script async defer src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?callback=initMap"></script>
JSFiddle
You can draw a rotating rectangle by using Polyline. Below is the sample code to draw a single line based on direction. And remaining lines you can use by adding different path. [Example]:http://jsfiddle.net/Shivprasad09/3eb9gg3v/
You can change the direction of the rectangle by changing the value of var direction in code to rotate any choice of your degree.
var pathOptions = {
geodesic: true,
strokeColor: '#FF0000',
strokeOpacity: 1.0,
strokeWeight: 7
};
var path = new google.maps.Polyline(pathOptions1);
var start_point = new google.maps.LatLng(lat, lon);
var direction = 100;
var radius = 2000;
var end_point = new google.maps.geometry.spherical.computeOffset(start_point, radius, direction);
path.getPath().setAt(0, start_point);
path.getPath().setAt(1, end_point);
Useful Reference links Simple Polylines and [Google Map Api]:https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/reference#PolylineOptions
| 6,827 |
194902090008
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French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,949 |
Groupe artistique Boyer
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 23 | 48 |
exercer au sein de l'entreprise dénommée Etablissements métallurgiques Boyer, et dans le cadre des loisirs, une activité artistique, notamment chorale, vocale, instrumentale*et théâtrale
| 28,179 |
2016/32016D1193/32016D1193_ES.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
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CC-By
| 2,016 |
None
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None
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Spanish
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Spoken
| 598 | 1,094 |
L_2016197ES.01000101.xml
22.7.2016
ES
Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea
L 197/1
DECISIÓN (PESC) 2016/1193 DEL COMITÉ POLÍTICO Y DE SEGURIDAD
de 12 de julio de 2016
por la que se prorroga el mandato del jefe de la Misión de Policía de la Unión Europea para los Territorios Palestinos (EUPOL COPPS) (EUPOL COPPS/1/2016)
EL COMITÉ POLÍTICO Y DE SEGURIDAD,
Visto el Tratado de la Unión Europea, y en particular su artículo 38, párrafo tercero,
Vista la Decisión 2013/354/PESC del Consejo, de 3 de julio de 2013, sobre la Misión de Policía de la Unión Europea para los Territorios Palestinos (EUPOL COPPS) (1), y en particular su artículo 9, apartado 1,
Vista la propuesta de la Alta Representante de la Unión para Asuntos Exteriores y Política de Seguridad,
Considerando lo siguiente:
(1)
Con arreglo al artículo 9, apartado 1, de la Decisión 2013/354/PESC, el Comité Político y de Seguridad (CPS) está autorizado a adoptar las decisiones pertinentes, en virtud del artículo 38, apartado 3, del Tratado, con el fin de ejercer el control político y la dirección estratégica de la Misión de Policía de la Unión Europea para los Territorios Palestinos (EUPOL COPPS), incluida la decisión sobre el nombramiento del jefe de la Misión.
(2)
El 17 de febrero de 2015, el CPS adoptó la Decisión (PESC) 2015/381 (2) por la que se nombra a D. Rodolphe MAUGET jefe de la Misión EUPOL COPPS del 16 de febrero de 2015 al 30 de junio de 2015.
(3)
El 7 de julio de 2015, el CPS adoptó la Decisión (PESC) 2015/1129 (3), por la que se prorroga el mandato de D. Rodolphe MAUGET como jefe de la Misión EUPOL COPPS del 1 de julio de 2015 al 30 de junio de 2016.
(4)
El 7 de julio de 2016, el Consejo adoptó la Decisión (PESC) 2016/1108 (4), por la que se prorroga el mandato de la Misión EUPOL COPPS del 1 de julio de 2016 al 30 de junio de 2017.
(5)
La Alta Representante de la Unión para Asuntos Exteriores y Política de Seguridad ha propuesto prorrogar el mandato de D. Rodolphe MAUGET como jefe de la Misión EUPOL COPPS del 1 de julio de 2016 al 30 de junio de 2017.
HA ADOPTADO LA PRESENTE DECISIÓN:
Artículo 1
Se prorroga el mandato de D. Rodolphe MAUGET como jefe de la Misión de Policía de la Unión Europea para los Territorios Palestinos (EUPOL COPPS) hasta el 30 de junio de 2017.
Artículo 2
La presente Decisión entrará en vigor el día de su adopción.
Será aplicable a partir del 1 de julio de 2016.
Hecho en Bruselas, el 12 de julio de 2016.
Por el Comité Político y de Seguridad
El Presidente
W. STEVENS
(1) DO L 185 de 4.7.2013, p. 12.
(2) Decisión (PESC) 2015/381 del Comité Político y de Seguridad, de 17 de febrero de 2015, por la que se nombra al jefe de la Misión de Policía de la Unión Europea para los Territorios Palestinos (EUPOL COPPS) (EUPOL COPPS/1/2015) (DO L 64 de 7.3.2015, p. 37).
(3) Decisión (PESC) 2015/1129 del Comité Político y de Seguridad, de 7 de julio de 2015, por la que se prorroga el mandato del jefe de la Misión de Policía de la Unión Europea para los Territorios Palestinos (EUPOL COPPS) (EUPOL COPPS/2/2015) (DO L 184 de 11.7.2015, p. 17).
(4) Decisión (PESC) 2016/1108 del Consejo, de 7 de julio de 2016, por la que se modifica la Decisión 2013/354/PESC sobre la Misión de Policía de la Unión Europea para los Territorios Palestinos (EUPOL COPPS) (DO L 183 de 8.7.2016, p. 65).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Panola%20County%2C%20Mississippi
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Panola County, Mississippi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National Register of Historic Places listings in Panola County, Mississippi&action=history
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This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Panola County, Mississippi.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Panola County, Mississippi, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 28 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.
Current listings
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See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Mississippi
National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi
References
Panola County
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https://www.senat.fr/dossier-legislatif/ppr15-157.html
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Conditions d'abattage des animaux de boucherie
Proposition de résolution tendant à la création d'une commission d'enquête sur les conditions d'abattage des animaux de boucherie dans les abattoirs français
Texte n° 157 (2015-2016) de Mme Sylvie GOY-CHAVENT et plusieurs de ses collègues, déposé au Sénat le 17 novembre 2015
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Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court for Kittitas County, No. 13-1-00119-4, Scott R. Sparks, J., entered January 6,2014. Affirmed by unpublished opinion per Lawrence-Berrey, J., concurred in by Korsmo and Fearing, JJ.
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Template:Lang-arp 分類 ウィキメディアのテンプレート
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Wikimedia-Vorlage
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ашаблон Авикипедиа
Template:Arapaho
template di un progetto Wikimedia
Template:Arapaho istanza di template di un progetto Wikimedia
موضيل:لوغة-arp
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153302
“Специализиран превоз на деца в задължителна предучилищна възраст и ученици до учебните заведения на територията на община Момчилград през учебните 2021 /2022; 2022 /2023 и 2023/2024 години по 14 обособени позиции“
Осигуряване на специализиран превоз на децата и учениците, които подлежат на задължителна подготовка или на задължително обучение в населено място, в което няма детска градина или училище, осъществяващи предучилищна подготовка в съответната подготвителна група или обучение в съответния клас, с осигурен безплатен транспорт до детска градина или училище в най-близкото населено място на територията на община Момчилград в съответствие с маршрутни разписания. Обхватът, обемът и изискванията към изпълнението на обществената поръчка са подробно описани и регламентирани в Указанията за подготовка на офертите, Техническата спецификация- приложение 1 и проекта на договор , които са неделима част от настоящата документация.
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Превоз по направление " Момчилград – Звездел – Ауста – Джелепско – Звездел – Момчилград "
Обхватът, обемът и изискванията към изпълнението на обществената поръчка са подробно описани и регламентирани в Указанията за подготовка на офертите, Техническата спецификация- приложение 1 и проекта на договор , които са неделима част от настоящата документация.
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2024-06-30+03:00.
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rV fiftr-Xrf v -? M 1 1 it Cr watvvQ I turn OOiBQiCi FILLS. fcear.nloa n n I.Tr riT.f, Dtws not Bni n. .C2'U.LLTA1MSE. Qmauxst. Cheapest. Easiest to Take. TtewaPS of Trnitatlorrc, contiJnlnsr Potoonons Minerals. AlA-ay nsk fir Dr. 1'ierce'B Pellets, l,ieh are little Sugar-coated Pills, or -AGtl-" Jious Granules. Heine Pnrely TnrrtaMe, Dr. Pierce's Pel vns operate xvitii.mt !. ur-barico to the system, r. or occupation. Put np In rLiss vials, her metically enlcl. Alwnvs fresh and reliable. ney area gentle Inxnllve. or an active pur fa live, tcoordlnjr i size nf doze. " 1 ?mL-mm THE 0RMSI3Y COUNTY SILVER PARTY TICKET AND PLATFORM. SiCKpEADAGE e .- I'H'.s. t )!!. !-l.' Ill, ill" i l-tlt(i. IMH""!. At- irk. nn:l rli .'i-ranir- ar.il 'mv;,E-, arc :i, i:iv Ti'ievj'i an I - r:zi."": vilv cvrol t-t- th? 11 f f.. "ft, lij l S" :" r Hi o :i :. For Assemblymen, Frank Folsoni, E M Reynolds, H R Logan. For Sheriff, Win Kinney. For County Auditor, Recorder and Public Administrator, John G Ellis. Fur County Clerk anl Treasurer. EAube. For District Attorney and Superin tendent of Public Schools, A J McGowan, For County .Commissioners, Jacob Mailer (long term,) P II Petersen (short term.) For School Trustees, J Guinan, (long term.) Hyman Olcovieh, (-hurt term.) SILVER - PLATFORM. X. I.. .4 : ; 1 these :;t ' v ti oisonses, it .'. i..v':r r.cti-m niion -t n flctid or tissnn j .!::, t Sold ri- ii. rtii- iif inured u't ! For Justice of the Peace, TV.,..-- n'a Ilrsnirv. I ' 11 Mone. I'o, 663 Mala 4- & U 2zsseaEEssx 4 t:iTi i ny u s l:;.t: l nyme rr.anuiuciar- 7- Sage's 'atarr!i a case of a- traTli iti t!ic Head which tity car.not cure. 1 1 v.. VIPTCTS F C.iT ilirn TV.iH, heavy hfuia ;t htni.-::vi .f t'.r- rniosaKes, tlU-liarse. uUiim: tY.m t'. ue-rl l::t-t!ie threat, Bira-Uiacs pn:f.i '. v t.r . r.rn! tier: ..at others, ihVlr. let-.-ii-iotr. n.w.-.4. s.:ir!i!e.nt. I l.xi'lyand p;:irid: t:u. y:-urf ni;clr in Coohii-st t' rl'.'at t! t! t-fW.MVO I.U 'i". t ' rcrs; the v. Ue i- i- i..; twnr.s' : t;i" r.r . .'t'i !-t;i-te v.T' in tiir''l. I;. r s, with ii'.c::i:i; uf.ri erv ; t"iere us . . : i. , 1'; t kins or t'x"ect.miti.)ii of r v. :!h pcalj3 from ul- 1 1 h:w a 44 tiasiil nsivi: smell and nas'!'.tti'm of dizzl i m. a Lakinc couch si ffv 'f theahove- is"ni-,t..ii'" ara ltkolv to I s l resent la B'.v i.r.e c:.-i TUtniii'U of cases annually, ni;,j'iti" n -a -i-.itvt !:- I: .If t Mie above synni-f--s, r :" in o i ; 'i-.int'.'in fand cml In ll.e v-",--,', ; , -si a. i- s ' nra'in, more decep- -:?'ai,'l!..(c--r.iu:, it 1 iiuJer.nooil byphv ::i-.s. Bv it- niild. ---ttlr.c an 'I healin? properties, ii.-.'i-aes . larrh I'eniedy cures the worst iiie! ..' alnrrJ?. " Z'n'n In lh Ileatl," ;orjzr.':t': '.H.TrIui flradacbe. E;l.- r j-r.-glita every viere ; 50 c;nts. rr-f. v.: ' Jx'.-nri. I ; L-.:ral-:- ; r:. -ii a I ,.. racoiil Asr.ny f-m larrli :v-i -;. t - i -icons mesmerist. . v.-f;.--: s n) t vi years a?o I ; ; .r; . .v fr- M cl r J l r:i Un.l j '.iv- .ia'i inj up as 1 .i ! 1 r'.r. - i - Ty ase was t!.:.t i v. 'y J , t .v.-urd.unsM, .i 1 !f - .ii - s 'I'larf" I could i i-.ro :.'.-'.-. - . e niorniiip .. .I.'..ri:,4 o t iro..i would . i', v t:ie .'-(. ef li. Kwe's -. , rr. .-or rr.ntUs. I was a w;i .tt1 i ptTiHiiiieiit." For Constable, Joseph Cowing. EMPIRE TOW.VSlllr. For School Trustees, N Maher, (long term,) A Todd, (short term.) For Justice of the Peace, Chas Henderson. For Constable, Jerry Barrett. We believe that the time ha- come when party prejudices and r-ntv names should be discarded by aU ue citizens of Nevada and a united -h tlu : : 1 r ;i ; i .::-t:!!f r. '.visi.'.l ..t ! ;:ra i.ov.-'.,-; s.ir1 t r; !. an ' A CiKlt. :i ir.i;: rt effort made to re-estahli: tries of our State. The names Democrat and Republi can should no longer divide the friends of free coinage of Silver, and ail w Up think alike should act toge'her, re gardless of past party names and affil iations. We believe 'that no .Democrat .or Republican of Nevada can- vote fr eithcr Cleveland or Harrison u Ith.i;:: violating the principle i f l.i- -y' as declared in the Winr.s. .nue.U! .a-! Virginia City Coin ejitiop.s ; b;:- th i thoy can consi-ter.tl v ole fo- tlu r-s!ivi?, i:s v. Tme Strert, vrUt -: ' 1 was :i crn.t suTrrrr Vontion, James 15. v..iu. atid y.-ar? At liuei I could . ,, .... i j antes Kt. r iciu, uie o:.iv i.una,iup.- foHin d :.;.i!if. mited cttin.i;.- ers so to change the ratio between gold and silver that silver can no lon ger be used as money. This convention recognizes James B. Weaver of Iowa and James G. Field of Virginia as the only candi dates for President and vice-president who are fiiends to the use of silver as money, and the free and unlimited coinage of that metal; and we heartily and unequivocally in dorse Weaver and Field as the stan dard bearers of the Silver party of Nevada arid pledge them our sup port. The nominees of this conveu are also hereby pledged to work and vote for the standard bearers of our cause, and to use every honorable means to defeat the enemies of silver Harrisrn and Cleveland. This convention repudiates the sham pretense that Weaver will be defeated and that votes for him will be lost. Every great ref jrm must have a Beginning . loo muea time has already been lost i i voting for the agents of the gold tr:!s , u hich action has paralyzed thy 'ii'idus-tiLs of the country and rui;ied silver mi. ! ing in Nevada. The--indotst nieiit already given by the silver Kt.dcs of . i;sl:uu Kawkic? and SpIUZos Hr. s w.!l e:-nst tn::. liawktti : .. r- :e.r;N. 1 taonqht ; who stand upop a d I r i" . i.;V..v. i was . . ., f , j - f I ' n. v.fit ioi o the of Silver. fl' :.; '-.i1..'' I We reaffirm ,.I'a fv.-c. .rr'.i rlvlnc valu-.!-; l ftiirr matters j. .-,st-"ai 1 t nny :it ! ; " "e stam,'. tT'; Main E:rD", ETTTALO. Iff. TT. It J r s H l W nliSc AmcricaP Agency fcr 3? Jr&'?---2ZC CAVEATS. j'JX.V. "f.. TRADE MARKS, 'feS-JVsi' P?SSCN PATENTS f " 4 I f COPYK1CHTS, etc. i nf OTrr.nt : m p-.il free F.itifiunnfc write to y.t'N.N" ,t t O., ;:: r.sr.,.i'WAY, Kew Vouk. Cdtrrt hnre u for (.ecurinir patents in America. 1-ft i.Hterh f ;.von f.i.t Viv l.s is hroucht before tus put'ie hf a notice piven free of charge in the Si' s,V ItVtl' Iarcest circr.lstir-n cf anv seientifle pnper In tho world, f-pleml .i!.- illustrated. So iiitcliieent rcan should bo without, it. W'eeMv, S.'J.OO a year; M-tO six monthn. Addrps MUN21 dt CO., iTBUSUUi.K'l fcioaUway, Jiew Vori. the declaration of principles of the Reno and Winne mucca Silver Party State Comer, tions and endorse the;r nominees. Dtlieving that absolute secrecy aru puritv of the ballot box are essential to the proper exercise of free suf frage, our legislative nominees are hereby pledged to oppo-e any attct;i;v: to repeal or destroy the effect of the Australian ballot law. The nominees of our party arc pledged to the economic ad in in is t ra tion of Countv affairs, the impartial administration of justice it: our local Courts; the equitable levy of taxes and an obedience to t'.u iaw in 11. e letting of County contract-. We recognize the fact that Win. M. Stewart lias served the people of thi State faithfully, and deserves the gratitude and cordial support of all honest and fair winded men. Believing his j e-elcction to b? indis pensable to success in the pending contest for free and tin -limited coin age of Silver, we hereby pledge our Assembly nominees to vote for Wm. M. Stewart for United States Sen ator from Nevada. We further recognize in Francis G. Newlands a man perfectly competent to represent Nevada in the House of Representatives where his presence is urgently demanded at this time to protect the material interests of our State, and we he'by pledge him our earnest and united support. Tiie silver party of Nevada in con eiition essfuibled at Winnemucca, Nevada, declari us follows: Vfhereas, Tur. Cleveland was elected in 18S1 on tho following sil ver platform: "We believe in hon est liionej-, the old aDd silver coin age of the constitution, and a circu lating medium convertiable into such money withoutloss;" and immediately after the election recommended the repeal of the Bland act and the utter demonetization of silver, and used the entire influence of his adminis tration to reduce the money of the world to the single gold standard, and was defeated by the people in 18Sej; and Whereas, Mr Ilarrison in 1888 was elected ou the following plat form: "Tiie Republican party is in favor of tho use of bodi gold and sil1 veras money, and condemns the p, iiey of tho Democratic admiuis tratieii in its eilbrts to .lemonetizo silver; ' or.d sfttr his election insist ed upon the repeal of the Bland f.tid :he siibsiitutitdf therefor of Hie. e.-!-.br;ite.l Wiudoni silver bullion i.ii!. I.y ; i j ternii which bullion was to be deposited in the treasury and c L-ruticates issued therefor; redeem able in bullion, not in money, which woul.l have placed silver upon a like footing with wheat, corn-or any other commodity deposited and warehouse receipis issued thereon. The com promise act of LS:0 was extorted trom him to save the tariff, and since us passage every beneficial feature it Contained has been thwarted by the a lm:ni.it:a:io:i of the government and the refusal of the treasury de part ill ii:, "by direction of the presi ded, t use silver as money or to Join silver, as required by the act, to -provide for the redemption of the treasury in tcis issued 111 the purchase of bullion; and. WiiEitE.vs, Mr. Ilarrison has repu diated the platform of his party made at Minneapolis, whichwas sufficiently nulLal for gold to satisfy the gold press, and now declares in his letter of fceeptance that he is opposed to independent action on the part of the United States, but is in favor of an international conference, provided the ratio can bo so changed as to make the commercial value of the silver d .II.ir e pinl to the commercial value f the a Id dollar, whijh it im- ssible f-if the marke d price of sil ver e i r hereafter to advance. He iviHU'i take aavairaLre or tne uear m .vciucit of the c Knijfai.d an.: .'.e treasury :m-iif ! Iep vss Hie price or silver, l i' i--i.nbiuatiou of the nations of ill world nniutam f...r the benefit of ill.- -..Mi. -is of gold such depressed pric' a n l V, lieteas. the administration and the gold ti en in the Republican party in t in- M -t ooii'Tcsa coiianired to cou rt -bfuUe the -overii.oeuL by depriving ! partment for the aband. t!ie peop.e ot a free ballot by the rormer nt to the advocates of eccions is useo ii? an - argm.-n- show that the sdver States t!. selves are opposed to the free iuid unlimited coinage of silver. 'The movement for si! v .r ia'now advanc ing with resisdess force under the lead of our o.tllant standard bearer James B. Weaver. The people i f Nevada will not stay the tide by vot ing for either Harris n or Cleveland, the representatives of gold monn; oly, but will proclaim to their friends throughout the country that Nevada stands firm against the usurpation of federal power in local electioi s and against the gold monopoly of Europe and America. The platform and resolutions of the conv stion of the Silver pauy f Nevada held at Reno on the 4 . Ii of June, 18'J2, are hereby approved and adopted, and Hon. Thomas Wren of Eureka, Hon. M. 8. Bonni field of Winnemucca and Hon. C. C. Powning of Reno, who were nomi nated at that Convention as presi dential electors, are hereby directed to cast their votes in the electoral college for James B. Weaver of Iowa for President and James (1. Field of Virginia for Vice-president. This convention indorse.; the course of our Senator, the Hon. Wm. M. Stewart, in hi-i untiring ful efforts in the cause in securing the detV;. tispiraey between j bill, thfc pet measure of denart- administration. e te thanks for his eilietcit- s r obtainiii!.' legislation benefici St:to; in aiding t yndow. ti. University; in ioopenhiLr the in senuriiig the -completion mr j ..... and suec .vs " il :. and tie I! o'.'.. ifi t ..i-ii ir s r ;'.:. i t Mint: (f the p.ii: c. l-li pass ive ti trie ouious lorce oiii, wiiien irovivles fer the appointment of an iinl mited number of supervisors of fleet ion and deputy marshals, to be paid, c.;:: of the treasury of the United States from a standing ap j) opriation. This would enabled tho I'xeetitive to have hundreds of th .. amis of political workers at the poi.m, with power of supervision of the re turiis of elections throughout the United States; and iiurni: GoveSiiment building; in establish ii the Indian school; in nin'-r the recommendation cf the iuti-i i or de- toiiti.o.it i t the Walker River reservation; in limit ing the extent of the 'Pyramid Lake Iridian reservation to the legitimate requirements of the Indians and pro viding them with the means of irri gation -by the construction of an irri gation cinal; in obtaining the passage of the bill providing for the payment of the Piute war claims repeatedly through the Senate; in compiling the evidence and securing the adjustment in the war department of the rebel lion claims, amounting to over $400,- Whereas, All the silver men in the ; COO. in securing tavorab.c reports in horse of representatives except those I both houses of Congress for the pay fro.., the n-min-r states, were bitterlv '-merit of the same, and in having a , . .1 r l "IT 1 . . .1 ' I. .11 t.- i-e.-i-l Hii-ntur i t li. Sul-nri' MP oi.posca to tne lorco oiii anu regarueu , "ii ""-"t" l',v- ., .7 ,',.,.. f f, fforo-inmnnt ! that niimose: in taking advantage of n US. 1 UV.1I l. V. Ilt iMIHUllH-UI. j t 1 ' 1 lomi- and designed to secure negro nation m tlie.soutn; anu a tavoraoie moment to secure uie passage of the Scott law for tins e.- Whercas, The force bill passed the j elusion of Chinese, and for his lidel honse of representatives by only six icy 'in attending to all -the business nu.j-.rity, and the following so-called and interests of the people of Ai va :a. .iUfr l: r.i.Mie-ms. inmelv: Hosea : This Convention indoles and roc- si or K.'i.u leans, nameiv nosea xni.- vu...vm..... Townseml of Colorado; II, F. Bartine j ontmends his re-electioii to tno t. Nevada; Dinger Hermann, Oregon, I Senate as Nevada s champion 1:1 t..e and Tlios H. Carter Montana, had j cause ot si, ver. the n, ,ver to defeat, it bv severing! All nominees of themselves from the gold advocates P&&ft$k" ii t"?: gf>l The leading Photographer ;ii-vii4lviHt Pacific Coast. of the irai laveats, and Trarle-Marks ohtalned. and all Pat "tit bnginess coa 'r.cted for roHemte Fees. Our Office it Cpptnite U. S. Patent Office, rid we can secure patent in less time than thof e fcmote from W'ahin2ton. Send model, druwin? or pnoto., with dooorip Bon. We advice, if patentable or not, free of taarre. Our fee not dr.e till r 'ent is secured. A Pamphlet. "Ei.w to Obtain Patents," with Bsmes of actual c'.ier-s inyor.rState, connty.or town, t-ent free. N Opposite - No. 8, rVSontgomety St. Opp. Patace Hotel NEW SPECIAL' Mezzottint Photo-rraphs. The latest and greatest bieveinem in photography. Life Size Crayon, $25, Each. Views of the Pacific Coast scenary, from Alaska to Mexico m25. FHOTOGRAPII GALLERY. S3S MARKET STREET. The Leading Gallery in San Fran cisco, Cal. ForcLAB Prices. n'-l'J ;'iid joining with the friends of silver, but they rtfu- ed to do so, and there by created a breech between the sil ver producing states and the great mass of silver men in tiie west and south, which has ever since contrib uted to prevent the passage of a free coinage bill ir. the house; and Whereas, William M. Stewart was the lirst Republican in the senate to join hands with the silver men in the Demueratic party in the defeat of the force bill in the senate and by his efforts, with the aid of a portion of the silver Republicans, rescued the country from the calamity which that revolutionary 'measure wddld have caused, and a silver pirfy was created in the senate rullieiently strong to pass through tnat body in the last ai.d in the present congress a free coinage bill pure and simple. The bill wnich passed in the o'2d congress was postponed in the house and is still pending for action; and Wuekkas, the indorsement of the I'arrison policy of the federal inter ference in local elections, as exem plified in the force bill, would place tho .vtate of Nevada in opposition to the friends of silver throughout the country; therefore, be it Resolved, That the silver party of Nevada condemns the policy of the Cleveland administtati m for its ef forts to demonetize silver, and de nounces the Republican administra tion for it3 attempt to deprive the people of a free ballot, and for its active and determined efforts to de stroy silver a.s money. We denounce the letter of acceptance of President Harrison for opposing independent action on the part of tlvj United States and for advocating the sub mission of the financial policy of the United State3 to the dictates of the bankers of Great Britain and the gold advocates of Europe and con demn his suggestion to f: reign pow- this Convent; are required to accept tins piatioi m and resolutions, and ;leitge them selves in good faith to adhere to and be bound by the principles herein enunciated. Resolved. That the railroad as a factor in our civilization is only valu able as a safe, cheap and rapid means of transportation for person j and property. That the monopoly of railroads has subverted their useful ness to the people by mismanagement in operation, converting them jnto a dear means cf transportation. We, therefore, heartily endorse the scheme of the San Francisco and Great Salt Lake railroad company to coiistru t a competing line of road across our Stalfo and country. TfiiEREAS, Ceitain enemies of the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 10 to 1 assembled' at Reno on the olst day of August last, styling themselves a Republican con vention, nominated anti-silver Har rison presidential electors and an anti-silver candidate for Congress and anti-silver Harrison candidates for Regents of the State University; and Whereas, Certain other enemies of the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 1G to 1 assem bled at Carson City on the 14th inst, styling themselves the Democratic State Centra1 Committee, nominated anti-silver Cleveland presidential electors and r-n anti-silver Cleveland candidate for Coneress and anti-silver Cleveland candidates for Regents of the State University ; and Whereas, The present Secretary of Statu is believed to be in full sym pathy and accord with both of these organ zatioiis, and will probably rec ognize e ch asthe regular representa tives of their respective parties, and place thev onminees on the S'-.te :i i-'f . a s'leli; and Wn-iUKAS, it wi l be necessary f'-r the Silver Party of Nevada to nomi- j nate candidates for Congress, Judge j of the Supreme Court and Regents of the State University by certificates of nomination under the statutes, Resolved, That this Convention recommend the membsrs of the Sil ver Party of this State to sign the certificates' of nomination of irancis G. Newlands for Congress, C. H. Belknap for Judge of the Supremo Court, H. L. Fish for Regent of the State University for long term, and C. E. Mack for Regent of the State University for short term, all of said parties being members of the Silver Party of Nevada arid in favor of the election of James B. Weaver and James G. Field for President and Vice-President of the United States Respectfully submitted, Gso, S. Nixox, Chairman, Attest: , 1'. M. Bowler, Jr., Secretary. ah D LITTLE'S BMB PI Non-Poiso.ious Slieop Dip. OPOiranon, tnised wiili 60 gallon ol coiii water, will dip thoroughly 180 sheep, at a cost of I eent each. Kf.sily applied; a nourisher of Wool: ac i tain cure for .SCAB. Each drum contains five En glish or 6 14 American gallons, LiltSe's Patent Powder Dip' POISOSOCS ; "Mixes Instantly with wa,er. Prevents aety from striking. In a 2 pound 1-arkage there is sufficient to dip twenty sheep, and in a 7-pound package there is suiHcient to dip one hundred sheep. CATTON, BELL & CO SOLE AGENTS. St-c ;sc r.s to FALKNER, BKLL & CO ?n'o. 4.h CjUiforniaMlreet, Wool agency warehouse cor. 6th and Townsend streets. San FrancIscoCat. m26 sV '4 r:vnrvTi'4-Tf w Vifv: ;. 1 ' ', i aim n i r , V& DONOTBUt aa UNTIL YOU IIAVFgEEN THE Mm I V B o m Vfitfl CAKSrt.V 'V. .:vr: a THE. BALDWIN. THE LEADING HOTEL Of San Francisco, Cal. And 'me of the best appointed hotels in the world, with every modern improvement. Location unsurpassed. Tourist and Commsrciil Headquarters itu.-.t-o.l on Market street, at the intersection i' -.. e'.I and K.hly streets, and fronting on . t priu. rip'il streets. Near the popular !'U of a- iiisemeiit, and the principal bai- i-.-- h"ii-s. l'ric-js the s.'im.i a- at other lirst c:.-sl..ti:. E. J. liALl'WI , juiK-o Proprietor. JOHN-TRAP? BLACKMITIHG 4 -:.'frsi.i 11 t !-1 ,-lr-f-? v r PC- i 1 -?-r 51-, e-.ZZ--! 3 is - s - l r. C I -- rntf'l"''i'U. :p3 , ' $1 "--3'. Ail i a CARRIAGE AM ' WAGON REPALKfSG us Promptly Attended to 5Iaj- Vard. a 23 Hi t-J. i 'rt C4 igm rs an a n, H( g n J '.VI Til 5 t TIOS. TO The GoIoKroM French Cure, Vrnrranfe'1 to cure -r;i or in one y O o d -I? C H - a 5a5 P P -i 5 gams I bOI.P ON A POSITIVE GUARANTEE to c n r! a n y form of oi vous disea,:?, or nny disorder of the. generative or-, pins of either ci . v ivl-. -M ier ii :- BEFORE . isma from the excessive use of sitiiir.ilanls, 'l-nbnvvo or Opium. or through youtlif.il iudiseretion, over iiulnl'-! eucc, Ac., such as Loss uf Iiinin Power, Wakeful ness, Bearing (ioivii. Pains in the Buck, Seminal Wenkuesy, Hysteria, Nervous I'rosirati'in Noeturn-, al Emissinis. I.eueorruru "... ntnc-s, Weak Mern- ory, Loss of Power niu. .v;::rv, v. hich if uc- pleeted rr.en lead to orr-.ininnenin ;i".oind insan ity. Vice $1.00 a l.x. 6 boxes for ."..o0 Sent by, mail on receipt of price. . A AVKITTKN' til AKANTEi: forevery $5.00 order, to refund the r.iom-v -it a rorinnneut cure is not effected. Thnu-and' of tcMimonials from ol'i.and yoiitiL-;, of bolh ,-x$s, l e: innncntl-y. cured bv Ai'iiiionn ri-i-iour f'ce. A.'. dress THE APHRO MEDICINE CO.-j WEST". US in'- N"CH, . i 10S SijcivKtusoy s- san Fi;jiiiiaco.JJJ'-' W, H. CHEDIC,. - Agent- (ESTABLISHED 1879.) PET ALUM A INCUBATOR CO Petaiuma, Cal. , 0. -1 r t - INCUBATORS, BROODERS, BOXE Mi WIRE NETTING, LATH FENCING, i'CJ FOOD, ROOF-CURE, POULTRY BOOKS, CAPONIZING INSTRUMENTS, all kinds of mvjmm books mb soxA&xifig. 0 8 tf t-X If-.
| 40,057 |
https://github.com/s-guillaume/nuxeo/blob/master/modules/platform/nuxeo-platform-filemanager/src/main/java/org/nuxeo/ecm/platform/filemanager/service/extension/FileImporterDescriptor.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
nuxeo
|
s-guillaume
|
Java
|
Code
| 503 | 1,440 |
/*
* (C) Copyright 2006 Nuxeo SA (http://nuxeo.com/) and others.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
* Contributors:
* Nuxeo - initial API and implementation
*
*
* $Id: PluginExtension.java 3036 2006-09-18 17:32:20Z janguenot $
*/
package org.nuxeo.ecm.platform.filemanager.service.extension;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import org.nuxeo.common.xmap.annotation.XNode;
import org.nuxeo.common.xmap.annotation.XNodeList;
import org.nuxeo.common.xmap.annotation.XObject;
import org.nuxeo.ecm.core.api.NuxeoException;
import org.nuxeo.ecm.platform.filemanager.service.FileManagerService;
import org.nuxeo.runtime.model.Descriptor;
/**
* @author akalogeropoulos
*/
@XObject("plugin")
public class FileImporterDescriptor implements Descriptor {
public static final List<String> DEFAULT_FILTER = new ArrayList<>();
@XNode("@enabled")
boolean enabled = true;
@XNode("@name")
protected String name;
/**
* @deprecated since 11.1.
*/
@Deprecated(since = "11.1")
@XNode("@class")
protected String className;
/**
* @since 11.1
*/
@XNode("@class")
protected Class<? extends FileImporter> klass;
@XNode("@docType")
protected String docType;
@XNodeList(value = "filter", type = ArrayList.class, componentType = String.class)
protected List<String> filters = DEFAULT_FILTER;
@XNode("@filter")
protected String filter;
@XNode("@order")
private Integer order;
@XNode("@merge")
private boolean merge = false;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
/**
* @deprecated since 11.1. Use {@link #klass}.
*/
@Deprecated(since = "11.1")
public String getClassName() {
return className;
}
/**
* @deprecated since 11.1. Use {@link #klass}.
*/
@Deprecated(since = "11.1")
public void setClassName(String className) {
this.className = className;
}
/**
* Returns the configured document type to be created when using the importer
*
* @since 5.5
*/
public String getDocType() {
return docType;
}
public String getFilter() {
return filter;
}
public void setFilter(String filter) {
this.filter = filter;
}
public List<String> getFilters() {
return filters;
}
public void setFilters(List<String> filters) {
this.filters = filters;
}
public boolean isEnabled() {
return enabled;
}
public Integer getOrder() {
return order;
}
/**
* Returns {@code true} if this {@code FileImporterDescriptor} should be merged with an existing one, {@code false}
* otherwise.
*
* @since 5.5
*/
public boolean isMerge() {
return merge;
}
/**
* @since 11.1
*/
public FileImporter newInstance() {
try {
FileImporter fileImporter = klass.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance();
fileImporter.setName(name);
fileImporter.setEnabled(enabled);
fileImporter.setDocType(docType);
fileImporter.setFilters(filters);
fileImporter.setOrder(order);
return fileImporter;
} catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
throw new NuxeoException(e);
}
}
@Override
public String getId() {
return name;
}
@Override
public Descriptor merge(Descriptor o) {
FileImporterDescriptor other = (FileImporterDescriptor) o;
if (!other.merge) {
return other;
}
FileImporterDescriptor merged = new FileImporterDescriptor();
merged.name = other.name;
merged.enabled = other.enabled;
merged.klass = defaultValue(other.klass, klass);
merged.className = defaultValue(other.className, className);
merged.docType = defaultValue(other.docType, docType);
merged.filters = new ArrayList<>();
merged.filters.addAll(filters);
merged.filters.addAll(other.filters);
merged.order = defaultValue(other.order, order);
return merged;
}
protected <T> T defaultValue(T value, T defaultValue) {
return value == null ? defaultValue : value;
}
@Override
public boolean doesRemove() {
return !enabled;
}
}
| 40,270 |
https://github.com/BestEggplant/ObEngine/blob/master/engine/Lib/Toolkit/Functions/help.lua
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
ObEngine
|
BestEggplant
|
Lua
|
Code
| 110 | 263 |
local Color = require("Lib/StdLib/ConsoleColor");
local Route = require("Lib/Toolkit/Route");
local Style = require("Lib/Toolkit/Stylesheet");
function help()
Color.print({
{ text = "Available commands : ", color = Style.Execute}
}, 1);
for k, v in pairs(ToolkitFunctions) do
local commandHelp = "";
for khelp, vhelp in pairs(v.Routes) do
if vhelp.type == "Help" then
commandHelp = vhelp.help;
break;
end
end
Color.print({
{ text = "> ", color = Style.Default},
{ text = k, color = Style.Command},
{ text = " : ", color = Style.Default},
{ text = commandHelp, color = Style.Help}
}, 2);
end
end
return {
Functions = {
help = help
},
Routes = {
Route.Call("help");
Route.Help("Well, it.. helps you ?");
}
};
| 32,140 |
https://github.com/mmelko/wildfly-camel-1/blob/master/itests/standalone/docker/src/test/java/org/wildfly/camel/test/dockerjava/DockerClientBuilder.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
wildfly-camel-1
|
mmelko
|
Java
|
Code
| 75 | 341 |
package org.wildfly.camel.test.dockerjava;
import com.github.dockerjava.api.DockerClient;
import com.github.dockerjava.core.DefaultDockerClientConfig;
import com.github.dockerjava.core.DockerClientConfig;
import com.github.dockerjava.core.DockerClientImpl;
import com.github.dockerjava.okhttp.OkDockerHttpClient;
import com.github.dockerjava.transport.DockerHttpClient;
public class DockerClientBuilder {
private final DockerClientConfig config;
private final DockerHttpClient httpClient;
// Hide ctor
private DockerClientBuilder(DockerClientConfig config) {
this.config = config;
this.httpClient = new OkDockerHttpClient.Builder()
.dockerHost(config.getDockerHost())
.build();
}
public static DockerClientBuilder createClientBuilder() {
return new DockerClientBuilder(DefaultDockerClientConfig.createDefaultConfigBuilder().build());
}
public static DockerClientBuilder createClientBuilder(DockerClientConfig config) {
return new DockerClientBuilder(config);
}
public DockerClient build() {
DockerClient client = DockerClientImpl.getInstance(config, httpClient);
return client;
}
}
| 19,980 |
https://github.com/janephp/jane-master/blob/master/src/Component/OpenApi3/JsonSchema/Model/HTTPSecuritySchemeSub.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
jane-master
|
janephp
|
PHP
|
Code
| 66 | 186 |
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
/*
* This file has been auto generated by Jane,
*
* Do no edit it directly.
*/
namespace Jane\Component\OpenApi3\JsonSchema\Model;
class HTTPSecuritySchemeSub
{
/**
* @var mixed|null
*/
protected $scheme;
/**
* @return mixed
*/
public function getScheme()
{
return $this->scheme;
}
/**
* @param mixed $scheme
*
* @return self
*/
public function setScheme($scheme): self
{
$this->scheme = $scheme;
return $this;
}
}
| 7,630 |
https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/questions/122972
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Choggo, Dylan Cristy, https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/users/34274, https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/users/8992
|
English
|
Spoken
| 339 | 465 |
Developing new SP2010 workflows for SP2013?
I have an interesting scenario where I have to develop a workflow for an SP2013/O365 environment, but it has to be an SP2010 workflow, because Azure is not supported / allowed. This is a new workflow, not a legacy one being migrated to 2013.
How can I go about doing this? Is it possible to do in VS2012? Even if I made the first step of the workflow the "Start 2010 WF" action, is that already using the Azure service bus? Are SP2010 workflow actions available in VS2012?
Would I have to develop a 2010 workflow in VS2010, and then import the workflow into VS2012? Can this then be deployed as an integrated workflow app? If not, how can I deploy it to the site that needs it?
Am I going to be stuck with doing it all in Designer? (Please tell me no...)
Edit to add: I just want to make it clear that deploying a farm solution is not an option. This is for SharePoint 2013 online, not on-premises.
Seeing as migrated 2010 workflow work, the workflow back-end is all running and functional.
You can still develop 2010 style workflows and deploy them using a normal Farm Solution (as you would in 2010).
You might have trouble in future migrations (as the built-in engine's future isn't clear) and you definitely won't be able to move this workflow to SharePoint online.
The 2010 actions are run by the built-in workflow engine and not the Azure engine.
Use one of the Visual Studio Item Templates below:
Thanks for the answer. I guess I should point out that this is definitely for SharePoint online, deploying a farm solution is not an option. Considering that, how do you think I can get an SP2010 workflow on to SP2013 online?
Sadly, in this case, I think only through Designer. Since 2010 workflows use a compiled assembly, you need a farm solution to deploy them (since the user code host service (sandbox) is no longer available online)
| 47,820 |
https://github.com/josephperrott/crafted/blob/master/projects/components/src/lib/widget/count/count.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
crafted
|
josephperrott
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 168 | 633 |
import {ChangeDetectionStrategy, Component, Inject} from '@angular/core';
import {DataSource, Filterer, FiltererState} from '@crafted/data';
import {Observable, of} from 'rxjs';
import {map} from 'rxjs/operators';
import {WIDGET_DATA, WidgetConfig, WidgetData} from '../../dashboard/dashboard';
import {SavedFiltererState} from '../../form/filter-state-option/filter-state-option';
import {CountEditor} from './count-editor';
import {CountOptions} from './count.module';
export type CountDataResourcesMap = Map<string, {
type: string,
label: string,
filterer: (initialValue?: FiltererState) => Filterer,
dataSource: () => DataSource,
}>;
export interface CountWidgetDataConfig {
dataResourcesMap: CountDataResourcesMap;
savedFiltererStates: Observable<SavedFiltererState[]>;
}
@Component({
selector: 'count',
template: `{{count | async}}`,
styles: [`
:host {
display: block;
text-align: center;
padding: 24px;
}
`],
changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush,
host: {
'[style.fontSize.px]': 'data.options.fontSize',
}
})
export class Count {
count: Observable<number>;
constructor(@Inject(WIDGET_DATA) public data: WidgetData<CountOptions, CountWidgetDataConfig>) {
const dataSourceProvider =
this.data.config.dataResourcesMap.get(this.data.options.dataType);
const filterer = dataSourceProvider.filterer(this.data.options.filtererState);
const dataSource = dataSourceProvider.dataSource();
this.count = dataSource.data.pipe(filterer.filter(), map(result => {
let count = 0;
result.forEach(item => {
count += dataSource.getDataProperty(this.data.options.valueProperty, item);
});
return count;
}));
}
}
export function getCountWidgetConfig(
dataResourcesMap: CountDataResourcesMap,
savedFiltererStates: Observable<SavedFiltererState[]> =
of([])): WidgetConfig<CountWidgetDataConfig> {
return {
id: 'count',
label: 'Count',
viewer: Count,
editor: CountEditor,
config: {dataResourcesMap, savedFiltererStates}
};
}
| 18,691 |
https://github.com/nimiq/alias-macos-reader/blob/master/alias-macos-reader.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
alias-macos-reader
|
nimiq
|
Python
|
Code
| 301 | 697 |
"""
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alias_(Mac_OS)
http://sebastien.kirche.free.fr/python_stuff/MacOS-aliases.txt
A path is made of tokens.
The path:
/Users/john/Desktop
is made of 3 tokens: Users, john, Desktop
The max length of a token in Mac OS is 255 chars (ff in hex).
We can investigate the content of an alias file by opening it with a hex editor.
We will find out that:
- every char of a token is 1 byte
- every char of a token is represented with a 2 digits hex number, e.g. D is 44 in hex.
- the ALIASED PATH is made of TOKENS and each token record is made of:
1. LENGTH: 0500 0000 (4 bytes): the first 2 bytes are the number of chars (so bytes) of the
token string, e.g. 05 is the length of Users.
2. DELIMITER: 0101 0000 (4 bytes): reveals the beginning of the token string.
-
"""
import sys
from bitstring import ConstBitStream
class AliasReader:
def __init__(self, file_path):
self.file_path = file_path
def find_aliased_path(self):
s = ConstBitStream(filename=self.file_path)
# Find the delimiter of the first token record.
start = s.find('0b00000001000000010000000000000000')[0]
# Go back 32 bits to get the length.
start -= 32
s.pos = start
# Init token list, which will be eventually transformed into string.
tk_string = ['/']
while True:
# Read the length of the current token string.
len_tk = s.read('intle:32')
# Read the delimiter.
delimiter = s.read('intle:32')
# If this is not the delimiter I expect, then the aliased path is over.
if delimiter != 257:
break
# Append to token list.
for i in range(len_tk):
tk_string.append(chr(s.read('uint:8')))
zero_filling = 8 * (4 - (len_tk % 4))
s.pos += zero_filling
# Append a separator.
tk_string.append('/')
return ''.join(tk_string[:-1])
if __name__ == '__main__':
try:
alias_file_path = sys.argv[1]
except IndexError:
print('You must provide the path to the alias file!')
exit(1)
reader = AliasReader('samples/1 alias')
print('The aliased path is:\n{}'.format(reader.find_aliased_path()))
| 8,440 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32732450
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 288 | 375 |
How much memory is available for database use in memsql
I have created memsql cluster on 7 machines. One of the machine shows that out of 62.86 GB only 2.83 is used. So here I am assuming that around 60 GB
memory is available to store data.
But my top command tell another story
Here we can see that about 21.84 GB memory is getting used and free memory is 41 GB.
So
1> How much exact memory is available for database? Is it 60 Gb as per cluster URL or 42 Gb as per top command
Note that:
1>memsql-op is consuming aroung 13.5 g virtual memory.
2> as per 'top' if we subtract buffered and cached memory's total size from used memory, then it comes to 2.83GB which is used memory as per cluster URL
To answer your question, you currently have about 60GB of memory free to be used by any process on your machine including the MemSQL database. Note that MemSQL has some overhead and by default reserves a small percentage of the total memory for overhead. If you visit the status page in the MemSQL Ops UI and view the "Leaf Table Memory" card, you will discover the amount of memory that can be used for data storage within the leaf nodes of your MemSQL cluster.
MemSQL Ops is written in Python which is then embedded into a "single binary" via a packaging tool. Because of this it exhibits a couple of oddities including high VM use. Note that this should not affect the amount of data you can store, as Ops is only consuming 308MB of resident memory on your machine. It should stay relatively constant based on the size of your cluster.
| 45,701 |
|
b29819908_5
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,916 |
The uniform system of accounts for hospitals and public institutions, orphanages, missionary societies, homes, co-operations, and all classes of institutions : with special forms of accounts, complete sets of books, certain suggested checks upon expenditure, forms of tender, and other aids to economy, together with an index of classification, whereby every item of expenditure may be dealt with under identical heads by every group of institutions
|
Burdett, Henry C., Sir, 1847-1920. n 85209453
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,625 | 11,035 |
In the Appendix (C) are given forms of specification for each of the chief articles of consumption used in hospitals and large institutions; but it may be useful to summarise briefly the points which ought to be borne in mind, none of which should be omitted from the form of tender used by hospital committees. We have purposely confined ourselves here to the general condition, as the Appendix contains the forms of specification, and the exact wording which should be used in order to secure a supply of each kind of article, best adapted for the purposes of an institution which has to provide for a number of sick people. We will now take the articles in alphabetical order. Bread, Flour, and Meal. — Bread should be the best household, well and properly baked and cooled, unadulterated, and free from alum. Flour should be the best wheaten flour (not seconds), clean and free from grit, without any adulteration whatever. The best Scotch oatmeal only should be supplied. Coal and Coke. All coal should be fresh wrought. Sed and screened and free from small pieces, dust, or slate; and the pit certificate should be produced if required. Leicestershire and Nottingham hard steam coal is generally used for steam boilers. The other items are best gas coke and small coal, when used, each of which should be tendered for separately. Eggs, Butter, Bacon, and Cheese. — Good fresh eggs of an average weight of two ounces each should alone be accepted. The best salted butter, good mild bacon, and the best American cheese will be found most satisfactory for use in a public institution. FOR HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS Fish. — The fish should be good, fresh, and wholesome, and should be either brill, cod, haddock, herring, mackerel, plaice, soles, turbot, or whiting, properly cleaned, and trimmed, without tail or offal, supplied in diets of eight ounces each. Groceries. — The specification given in the Appendix is so full, if the list be closely adhered to, as to render further comment unnecessary. Meat. — See page 71. Milk. — Good genuine unadulterated new milk, producing 3-25 to 3 5 percent of butter fat according to the season of the year is most suitable. The farm or farms of origin should be stated and should be open to inspection by a representative of the hospital. Potatoes. — Institutions should procure best Ware potatoes, dry and mealy, of the best quality, free from earth, of equal size, of one sort or description, and not weighing less than six to the pound. Poultry. — Each bird should be Purchased and drawn, and of not less than two pounds in weight when dressed for cooking. A bird of this size will cut conveniently into four diets. Vegetables. — The specification sets forth the various vegetables in detail; but we may here add that they should be good, sound, fresh gathered, well trimmed, stripped of their outer leaves, and in a fit and proper state for cooking. If the tenders used specify the details, we have insisted upon, then the committee will be easily able to protect themselves in case of necessity, and to secure for their patients excellent supplies on all occasions. It would also be a great advantage if the Managers of Institutions would adopt the practice of advertising for all contracts and supplies required in one and the same newspaper—like ‘The Hospital,’ for instance—as well as in any others, which, for local or other reasons, may seem to be desirable. SPECIAL FORMS OF ACCOUNT On the following pages we give some Special Forms of Account, viz.: — PAGE (1) Wages Book. 74-75 (2) Special Appeal Account. 76 (3) Specimen Forms of Fund Accounts. 77 (a) Income and Expenditure Account. 77 (b) Fund Account. 78 (4) ‘General,’ ‘Capital,’ or ‘Surplus Account. 79 (5) Building Fund Account. 80 (6) Samaritan Fund Account. 81 74 THE UNIFORM SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS Name (1) p. 27) ending _ 19 State Insurance Net Salary Washing or other Allowance Total Signature State Insurance, Hospital Portion Period Employees’ Portion Employees’ Portion M WO 0 of vO d ^2, * '"H £ O u CJ < •J w CL, CL < d ■C o ■w CL 'CO rT o sa £>•» « V. ts £ d. 2 0 0 0 H • <o <N tn 10 M M V?co m M 0 00 O cn 01 M • bfl 2 T) S3 1 1 1 4-» u O I 1 | c kJ^ u c _0j clJ2 X as W CO _c 4-» _c '1-, CL kH <u > ^3 < 13 ct Ui H <U CXi CO <3 in CQ c - - in 03 00 VO IT) in of d 0 O 00 5. 1 00 00 H >n VO M 00 m in M © tions -*-* a U-. G 3 O G 3 O C c Q as £ <u 3 G < O C the Balance Sheet as shown BUILDING FUND ACCOUNT The uniform system of accounts ON CO V. •O § • • 42 w tOC • E ' u, E T3 • • hJD If} C rzu 'rB • a3 • rE D E PQ c • •■d o-» u< o C o •o T3 03 OJ <D .2 l-i CO U/ E Vh CC *5 • o c Vh CD 03 nj CD p, CD c X K^> Jrt W 75 CQ tp m J *ts J • ’ts O? 4J • CO a5 • * G O <43 <D 4-> 03 03 4-J m .t! 4-3 w <D E S C/2 rt e in > o ’d P3 g O y u c o m JD G V— I Vh 4-> — » E o Vh o Vh 5 u 2 < rt PQ rt c o Q 03 rt iJD 43 J o 2 2 C/2 CD V CD 4-3 G 1— H ”P E O U o 2 c3 C/2 o 03 2 C/2 o H cu <u Xi c/2 <u o c JS rt P Q tH 03 CV W rt o o> 43 42 £ <u o <u Q 4-> rt cu u c oj pq (U 03 • 42 42 g C4 Si c u c/3 03 t*-i £ o 2 03 2 ■M PQ CU •a a) a) •£ 42 42 6-e aj So -O o V »"0 o <o SO O V to M ^ w"' ^ ro ^ • TO T3 ***o •to PQ ss *« Eh C 3 03 • - £ 1 S 5 8 x s W g JS.ti T3 O C „ rt ->-> .£ o 2 o '3 ^ PQ <u 42 03 w 42 0) a, o he e T3 43 t-i E 4-» 35 c 43 &, X W •X3 E rt C/ e T3 43 t-i E 4-» 35 c 43 &, X W •X3 E rt C/ 3 +J a, '5 o 43. (V o M M 0) 2 03 ~ he ^ ro £ a. o „ 42 er- ’O C^C- rt 42 rt ^ Cu Vh Je rt 43 b (-1 <70 •5 c^ o— c O C/3 bc’rt C g_) C u ctfi M H O £ O _ 4-» rt G "G §2= o ~ « 2- c _ two " C J3 • °.2^ c3 «? -S 03 « O 03 03 PQ PQ PQ 44 24 43 r> <-> 43 03 E tJ -G u .c rt +j FOR HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS 6 Balance at December 31, ig , per Balance Sheet 82 THE UNIFORM SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS APPENDIX A INDEX OF CLASSIFICATION Whereby every item of expenditure may be dealt with under identical heads by every group of in¬ stitutions , based on the index incorporated by Sir Henry Burdett in the original system and revised (August, 1914) by a Committee of Hospital Secretaries for the purposes of King Edward's Hospital Fund for London and the Metropolitan Hospital Sunday and Saturday Funds. ITEMS. Accident Insurance Advertisements — Acknowledgment of money or gifts Appeal Maintenance, as con¬ tracts Meetings Official Vacant posts ... Air-beds, water-beds, pillows and cushions ... Alcohol — Alcohol absolute, recti¬ fied spirit, methylated spirit Malt Liquors ... Wines and spirits (for patients) Ale ... ... ••• Allowance in lieu of beer or meals Ambulance Ambulance (hire of) Ambulance (hand or horse) Ambulance (horse for and upkeep of same) MAIN-HEADS. Salaries and Wages Finance ... Finance ... Miscellaneous Management Management Salaries and Wages Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ... Provisions Surgery and Dispensary ... Provisions Salaries and Wages Domestic Domestic Domestic Domestic SUB-HEADS. According to the sub-head under which the wages of the official should be classed Appeals ... Appeals ... Advertisements ... Official Advertisements ... Official Advertisements ... According to the sub-head under which the wages of the official should be clashed, Renewal — Bedding, etc.... Drugs, Chemicals, etc.... Malt Liquors... Wines and Spirits... Malt Liquors... For Furniture... Sundries... FOR HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS ITEMS. Ambulance (stretcher for) Anasthetics Analyst (for testing food, etc.) Annual cleaning... Annual dinner Annuities Antiseptic soap... Appeals — For general purposes... For special purposes — If by ordinary staff... If by special organization Architect’s fees (for repair or inspection of buildings, etc.) Architect’s fees (for new buildings, additions, or improvements) Architect’s fees (for new buildings, additions, or improvements) Architect’s fees (for new buildings, additions, or improvements) Architect’s fees Awn Bacon and ham... Bacteriological examination (fees for)... Bags to carry bedding, etc., for disinfection Baize, table covers Balances, letter... Bandages, and all kinds of material used for making Bankers’ charges (but not interest) MAIN-HEADS. Domestic Surgery and Dispensary... Salaries and Wages Establishment Finance... The chargeability of Animals should follow that of the remuneration formerly paid to the official in question. Examples : — Secretary — Management... Steward — Sal. & wages... Matron — Sal. & wages... Dispenser — Sal. & wages... Porter — Sal. & wages... Surgery and Dispensary... Domestic Finance... Extraordinary Expenditure Salaries and Wages Balance Sheet Provisions Surgery and Dispensary... Domestic Finance... Extraordinary Expenditure Salaries and Wages Balance Sheet Provisions Surgery and Dispensary... Domestic Management Domestic Surgery and Dispensary... Domestic Management Domestic Management Surgery and Dispensary... Domestic Management Management Surgery and Pensions... Pensions... Pensions... Drugs, Chemicals, etc. Cleaning, etc. Appeals... Special Heading... Other Officers Land, Buildings, and Equipment Grocery... Instruments, etc. Fuel and Lighting — (b) Gas Renewals and Repairs Uniforms... Instruments, etc. Renewal — Furniture Auditors’ Fee Renewal — Furniture Auditors’ Fee Renewal — Furniture Sundries... Rentewal — Furniture Sundries... 84 THE UNIFORM SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS ITEMS. Barley Barometers Basins Baskets... Baskets (laundry) (see Washing) Bathbrick Bath chairs Bath fittings Bath mats Bath thermometers Bath (vapour) apparatus... Baths, electric, radiant heat, or for skin treatment... Baths, foot Baths, portable... Batteries, electric (for Batteries, etc. Bell, telephone, etc. (for patients’ treatment) Batteries, electric (for patients’ treatment) Bazaars, etc. (for new buildings, etc.) Bedding... Bedding... Bedding (cleaning, dressing, and renovation of) Bed linen, blankets, etc.... Bed pans... Bed tables and rests Bed tablets Beds and pillows, air and water... Bedsteads Beef peptonoids... Beef tea, or materials for... Beer, allowance in lieu of... Beer (for patients or staff) Beer taps Beef tea, Surgery and Dispensary... is used for the purpose, such extract of beef should be classed as “Provisions, Meat” Salaries and Wages. Provisions Domestic Domestic SUB-HEADS. Grocery... Renewal — Furniture Renewal — Hardware, etc. Renewal — Furniture Pvenewal — Hardware, etc. Cleaning, etc. Renewal — Furniture Renewals and Repairs ... Renewal — Furniture Renewal — Furniture Instruments, etc. Instruments, etc. Renewal — Furniture Drugs, Chemicals, etc. ... Renewal — F urniture Renewals and Repairs ... Instruments, etc. Festivals, etc. Ill ••• ••• • • Renewal — Bedding, etc. ... Renewal — Bedding, etc. ... Renewal — Bedding, etc. ... Renewal — Hardware, etc. Renewal — Furniture Renewals and Repairs Renewal — Bedding, etc. ... Renewal — Furniture Meat ... ... ... According to the sub-head under which the wages of the official should be classed Malt Liquors Renewal — Hardware, etc. Cleaning, etc. FOR HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS 85 ITEMS. Bells ... ... ... Bells, hand or table Belts, abdominal, etc. (if not provided by Samari¬ tan Fund) Benger’s Food Bibles (for patients’ or chapel use) Binding records (according to purpose) Biscuits ... Blackboard Blacking ... Blacklead Blankets ... Blind cord Blinds, and repairs to Blisters ... Bloater paste Blotting pads (according to purpose) Blue for laundry (see Wash- ing). Board wages Boards, notice, and re¬ painting of Boiler composition Boiler insurance Boilers (for kitchen) Boilers (repairs to) Bookcases Books for records (accord¬ ing to purpose) Books of reference (accord¬ ing to purpose) Boots, rubber Boots, surgical (if not pro¬ vided by Samaritan Fund) ... Bottled fruits Bottles, feeding Bottles, medicine and lotion ... Bottles, water Bottles, hot water (includ¬ ing india-rubber and covers) Bovril Boxes, collecting Brand’s essence ... MAIN-HEADS. Establishment Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ... Provisions Surgery and Dispensary Surgery and Dispensary Domestic Surgery and Dispensary Domestic Domestic Provisions Finance Provisions SUB-HEADS. Renewals and Repairs Renewal — Furniture Instruments, etc. Grocery Sundries Grocery Renewal — Furniture Cleaning, etc. Cleaning, etc. Renewal — Bedding, etc. Renewal — Furniture Drugs, Chemicals, etc. Grocery Printing and Stationery Cleaning, etc. According to the sub-head under which the wages of the official should be Appeals... Meat Brawn Bread baskets Bread crocks and pans... Bread platters Bronchitis kettles Brooms and brushes Brooms and brushes Buckets... Builders’ charges for additions or improvements Builders’ charges for ordinary repairs Builders’ charges for repairs of exceptional character and costliness... Builders’ materials Builders’ materials for new buildings, additions, or improvements... Building fund (appeals for) — If by ordinary staff If by special organization Building additions Buildings, reinstatement after fire Burials Butter hands Cabinets (filing) — Official Registration of patients, etc. Calico Calico (for linings) Candles... Candlestick Canopies Cans (various) Cans (watering)... Carbons (typewriter) Card indexes — Official Registration Calico Of patients, etc....... Cards and papers, prescription Cards, bed and diet MAIN-HEADS. Provisions Domestic Domestic Domestic Surgery and Dispensary Domestic Domestic Balance Sheet Establishment Establishment Establishment Balance Sheet Finance ... Extraordinary Expenditure Balance ment Management Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Miscellaneous SUB-HEADS. ... Meat ... Renewal — Hardware, etc, ... Renewal — Hardware, etc. ... P.enewal — Furniture Instruments, etc. Renewal — Hardware, etc. Renewal — Hardware, etc. Land, Buildings, and Equipment Renewals and Repairs ... Renewals and Repairs ... Renewals and Repairs ... Land, Buildings, and Equipment Appeals ... Special Heading ... Land, Buildings, and Equipment Special Heading ... Sundries ... Renewal — Hardware, etc. Sundries ... Renewal — Furniture Bread, Flour, etc. Renewal — Bedding, etc. ... Uniforms Fuel and Lighting — (d) Oil, etc. Renewal — Hardware, etc. Renewal — Furniture Renewal — Hardware, etc. Garden Instruments, etc. Printing and Stationery ... Official Printing, etc. Printing and Stationery ... Printing and Stationery ... Printing and Stationery ... FOR HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS 87 ITEMS. Carpenters’ tools and ma¬ terials, e.g ., wood, nails, screws, varnish, glue, etc. Carpet beating or vacuum cleaning Carpets, rugs, mats, lino¬ leum, etc. Carriage of parcels Carriage of parcels, if for regular supplies, accord¬ ing to the head under which the supplies should be classed ; thus, if for the carriage of eggs, the classification would be if for the carriage of washing to laundry company, it would be if to hospital laundry ... Carrying chairs ... Case books and case papers Catgut Chalk for blackboard use Chamber utensils Chandeliers, gasaliers, and electroliers Charts, body Charts, temperature Cheese Chemicals for disinfecting Cheque book Chimney sweeping China, glass and earthen¬ ware Chinese silk Chip boxes Christmas boxes ... Cider Cinder sifters Cleaning materials, such as hearthstone, bath- brick, whitening, emery powder, metal polish, etc. Cleaning windows Clerk of Works ... Clerk of Works (new build¬ ings, additions or im¬ provements) Clinical thermometers Clocks Clocks (repair of) MAIN-HEADS. Establishment Domestic Domestic Domestic Provisions Domestic Domestic Domestic Miscellaneous Surgery and Dispensary ... Miscellaneous Domestic Establishment Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Provisions Surgery and Dispensary .. Management Domestic Domestic Surgery and Dispensary .. Surgery and Dispensary .. Domestic Provisions Domestic Domestic Domestic Salaries and Wages Balance sheet Surgery and Dispensary. Domestic Domestic SUB-HEADS. Renewals and Repairs Cleaning, etc. Renewal — Furniture Sundries ... Eggs Washing ... Sundries ... Renewal — Furniture Printing and Stationery ... Dressings, etc. Printing and Stationery ... Renewal — Hardware, etc. Renewals and Repairs . Printing and Stationery ... . Printing and Stationery ... . Butter, Bacon, etc. . Drugs, Chemicals, etc. ... . Sundries ... . Cleaning, etc. . Renewal — Hardware . Dressings, etc. . Sundries ... . Sundries ... . Malt liquors . Renewal — Hardware, etc. . Cleaning, etc. Cleaning, etc. Mechanics, etc. ... Land, Buildings, and Equipment Instruments, etc. ... Renewal — Furniture Renewal — Furniture 88 THE UNIFORM SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS ' ITEMS. Clocks (winding) Clogs (for laundry hands) (see Washing) Clothes (for employees) ... Clothes (for patients) (if not charged to the Samaritan Fund) Clothes (nurses, porters, etc.). Clothes nets Clothing, aseptic Coal and coke Coal bunker Coal sacks Coal scuttle Collecting boxes ... Collector’s salary Commission Commission on and Wages Salaries and Wages or Management ... .;. Compensation (for theft) Miscellaneous Confectionery ... Provisions Cooking utensils ... Domestic Copying presses (according Miscellaneous or Manage- to purpose) ... ... merit ... C°rks ... ... ... Surgery and Dispensary ... Corkscrews . Domestic. Cots ... ... ... Domestic Cotton (for sewing) ... Domestic Cotton waste ... ... Establishment Cradles (for protection of Surgery and Dispensary ... fractured limbs, etc.) ... ... Provisions • • • « • • ... Domestic ... Domestic ... Surgery and Dispensary ... ... Domestic. ... Domestic ... Domestic Cream Crockery. Cruets Crutches Curtains Curtains (for beds) Cutlery. SUB-HEADS. Renewal — Furniture Uniforms Uniforms Renewal — Bedding, etc. ... Uniforms Renewal — Bedding, etc. ... Uniforms Coal. Renewal — Furniture Renewal— Furniture Renewal — Furniture Appeals. Commission Commission Sundries ... According to nature of employment ... According to the sub-head under which the wages of the official should be classed... Sundries ... Bread, Flour, etc. Renewal — Hardware, etc. Sundries ... Sundries ... Renewal — -Hardware, etc. Renewal — Furniture Renewal — Bedding, etc. Renewals and Repairs ... Instruments, etc. Milk. Renewal — Hardware, etc. Renewal — Hardware, etc. Instruments, etc. Renewal — Furniture Renewal — Bedding, etc. Renewal — Hardware, etc. Dampers, stamp (according Miscellaneous or Manage- to purpose) ... ... ment ... Deed boxes ... ... Management Despatch boxes ... ... Management Diabetic bread, biscuits, Provisions flour and rusks Diet cards or papers ... Miscellaneous Printing and Stationery. Sundries ... Sundries ... ... f Bread, Flour, etc. Printing and Stationery .. FOR HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS 89 ITEMS. Dinner, festival ... Directories Dish covers Dish papers Dishes (glass and earthen¬ ware) ... Disinfectants Disinfecting (by contract) Disinfecting chemicals, etc., for Disinfection of bedding, etc. (if sent away) Disinfection of wards pairs to Dispensary sundries — as labels, jars, bottles, corks, funnels, mortars, pill ma¬ chines, measures, starch, tar, scales, spatulas, knives, etc. Distemper Donation boxes, and re¬ pair of... Donkey, cart and harness (if for garden) Donkey, cart and harness (if for patients) Door furniture ... Douches ... Drain inspection — Chemicals for — Fees for Dressings, all materials used for Dress material Dry cleaning Dust bins Dusters ... Dust pans Earthenware Easels Egg boilers Egg cups -Elastic stockings Electric apparatus (for patients’ treatment) Dispensary SUB-HEADS. Festivals, etc. Printing and Stationery Renewal — Hardware, etc. Sundries ... Renewal — Hardware, etc. Drugs, Chemicals, etc. ... Cleaning, etc. Drugs, Chemicals, etc. ... Cleaning, etc. Cleaning, etc. Land, Buildings, and Equipment Renewals and Repairs ... Sundries Cleaning, etc. Appeals ... Garden ... ... Sundries ... ... Renewal — Furniture Instruments, etc. ... Cleaning, etc. Dressings, etc. ... Uniforms ... Washing ... ... Renewal — Furniture ... Renewal — Bedding, etc. ... Renewal — Hardware, etc. ... Renewal — Hardware, etc. ... Renewal — Furniture ... Renewal — Hardware, etc. ... Renewal — Hardware, etc. Instruments, etc. Instruments, etc. Instruments, etc. Domestic Disinfector (for bedding Balance Sheet and linen, etc.) — instal¬ lation of Disinfector (for bedding Establishment and linen, etc.) — re- 90 THE UNIFORM SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS ITEMS. Electric battery (bells, telephone, etc.) Electric current (for patients’ treatment) Electric heaters... Electric lamps, i.e., glass bulbs... Electric lift (installation of) Electric lift (inspection of and repairs to) Electric light fittings Electric motors (current for) Emery paper Enamel (for furniture)... Enamel (for furniture)... Enamel (for furniture)... Engineer, consulting (for inspection of machinery, etc.) Engineers’ tools and materials, eg, piping, cocks, elbows, gas burners, washers, cotton waste, oil, lard, tallow, asbestos, packing, red and white lead, etc.... Engine room and boiler house sundries Entertainments (for patients)... Essences (for kitchen)... Essences of meat Evergreens (for decorations)... Evergreens (for decorations), carriage of Extracts of meat Eye shades Fares (medical staff) Fares (secretary, clerks)... Fares to maternity patients Fares, other Feeders... Fenders... Festival, Bazaars, etc. (for general purposes) Festivals, Bazaars, etc. (for new buildings, endowment, etc., etc.) MAIN-HEADS. Establishment Surgery and Dispensary Salaries and Wages Management Salaries and Wages Miscellaneous Domestic Domestic Finance Extraordinary Expenditure SUB-HEADS. Renewals and Repairs Instruments, etc. Fuel and Lighting Electric Current Renewals and Repairs Fuel and Lighting Electric Current Land, Buildings, and Equipment Renewals and Repairs Fuel and Lighting Electric Current Cleaning, etc. Renewals and Repairs Fuel and Lighting Electric Current Cleaning, etc. Renewals and Repairs Sundries Grocery... Meat Sundries Sundries Meat Instruments, etc. Medical... Sundries... Nursing, or as applicable Sundries... Renewal — Hardware, etc. Renewal — Furniture Festivals, etc. Ill. FOR HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS ITEMS. Fever hospital (charges for nurses, etc.) Files' (bill). Filters (Berkefeld and carbons)... Filters (ordinary and carbons)... Fire-bars... Fire-brick Fire extinguishing appliances... Fire-grates Fire-guards Fire inspection and drill Fire insurance Fire-irons Flags Flannel, fomentation Flannel house Floor polish Flower pots (not for garden) Flower vases (not for garden) Flowers (for decorations) Fly papers and catchers Foods, prepared, such as Allenbury’s, Benger’s, Casumen, Frame Food, Mellin’s, Nutroa, Plasmon, Protene, Sanato-gen, Virol Foods, prepared, such as Bovril, Brand’s, Extract of Bone Marrow, Lemco, Valentin’s Foods, prepared, such as Glaxo, Horlick’s, Sauer Footstools Foot warmers Frames, for pictures, rules, etc. Fuel economiser (for boilers) Funerals... Furniture (for chapel) Furniture (for new buildings) Furniture, aseptic (for wards, threatre, etc.)... Furniture, office... MAIN-HEADS. Miscellaneous Domestic Establishment Domestic Establishment Domestic Establishment Domestic Salaries and Wages Establishment Domestic Establishment Furniture Renewal — Hardware Renewal — Furniture Renewals and Repairs... Sundries... Renewal — Furniture Land, Buildings, and Equipment Instruments and Appliances... Sundries... 92 THE UNIFORM SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS ITEMS. 'Game, of all kinds Games (for patients) 'Gardener’s tools and ap¬ pliances *Gas bags Gas, ethyl chloride •Gas fittings *Gas globes and chimneys Gas governors Gas mantles, incandescent 'Gas meters (rent of) ■Gas, N20. Gasogenes and powders ... •Gas, oxygen. Gas stoves and rings Gauze (for dressings) Ginger beer, draught •Glass paper Glassware Glassware (for dispensary) Glass, window Gloves (for operating and post-mortems) •Gluten bread and flour ... Grass. Gratuities Gravel. •Grounds (keeping in order) Guarantee premiums (official). •Gymnastic apparatus (for patients’ use) ... MAIN-HEADS. Provisions Domestic Establishment Surgery and Dispensary Surgery and Dispensary Establishment Domestic Domestic Domestic Domestic t.j Surgery and Dispensary Provisions Surgery and Dispensary Establishment Surgery and Dispensary Provisions Domestic Domestic Surgery and Dispensary Establishment Domestic Provisions Establishment The chargeability of gratu¬ ities should follow that of the remuneration formerly paid to the official in question. Ex¬ amples : — Secretary — Management . .. Steward — Sal. & wages... Matron — Sal. & wages... Dispenser — Sal. & wages... Porter — Sal. & wages... Establishment Establishment Management Surgery and Dispensary SUB-HEADS. Fish, Poultry, etc. Sundries ... Garden. Instruments, etc. Drugs, Chemicals, etc. ... Renewals and Repairs ... Renewal — Hardware, etc. Fuel and Lighting— (b) Gas Fuel and Lighting — (b) Gas Fuel and Lighting — (b) Gas. Drugs, Chemicals, etc. ... Aerated Water, etc. Drugs, Chemicals, etc. ... Renewals and Repairs ... Dressings, etc. Aerated Water, etc. Cleaning, etc. Renewal — Hardware, etc. Sundries ... Renewals etc. Haberdashery Hair (for beds) ... Hand bells Handkerchiefs (Japanese) Harmonium Heaters, electric Heaters, table Domestic Domestic Domestic Surgery and Dispensary Domestic Establishment Establishment Renewal — Bedding, etc. Renewal — Bedding, etc. Renewal — Hardware, etc. Dressings, etc. Renewal — Furniture Renewals and Repairs... FOR HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS ITEMS. Hominy... Honey Honorarium to medical staff on account of discipline Horse for ambulance (purchase and unkeep) House flannel Housemaids’ boxes Housemaids’ gloves Huckaback towelling Hymn books Hypodermic syringes Ice chests Incandescent mantles Incubator India-rubber beds, pillows, etc. India-rubber boots and shoes... India-rubber gloves India-rubber stamps (for office purposes) India-rubber stamps (for steward’s department, dispensary, matron, doctors, etc.)... India-rubber tubing (for surgical purposes) Inhalers... Insect destroyers Instruments, surgical Insurance premium (fidelity guarantee — official) Insurance premium (workmen’s compensation) Insurance stamps (National Health or unemployment). Stamps purchased should be charged. To a special account. Stamps used should be credited periodically to this account and charged as follows: — Proportion representing etc. Official Salaries. According to the sub-head under which the wages of the official should be classified. According to the sub-head under which the wages of the official should be classified... THE UNIFORM SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS INSURANCE STAMPS Insurance stamps (contd.) — Proportion representing employer’s contributions Ironmongery On Building Fund Loans On General Fund Loans Loans Jams, jellies, etc... Japanese handkerchiefs (for phthisical patients) Jars for museum... Kettles, bronchitis, and stand for safety Key rings and labels (according to purpose) Keys Kitchen cloths Kitchen fittings... Kitchen utensils Knife boards Knife-cleaning machines... Laboratories (clinical), supplies for... Apparatus Chemicals and Materials Tactometers Ladders or steps... Lamp globes and chimneys... Lamp oil...... Lamp wick Lamps, electric, i.e., glass bulbs... Lamps, hand (for examination purposes)... Lamps, oil Lard Lard (for dispensary purposes)... Laundry baskets (see Washington) L. aundry machinery, fittings, and appliances, repairs to (see Washing). MAIN-HEADS. Salaries and Wages Management... Domestic Extraordinary Provisions Surgery and Dispensary... Surgery and Dispensary... Surgery — Hardware, etc. Fuel and Lighting — (d) Oil, etc. Fuel and Lighting — (d) Oil, etc. Fuel and Lighting — (c) Electric Instruments, etc. Renewal — Furniture Butter, Bacon, etc. Drugs, Chemicals, etc. ... Renewal — Furniture Renewals and Repairs FOR HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS 95 ITEMS. Laundry trollies (i^Wash- mg) ... ... ... Law charges Laying-out or removal of bodies, fees for Leather, chamois Leather, chamois (for covering splints) Lecturers’ fees (for lectures to nurses) Leeches ... Lemon juice Lemon squeezers Lentils Letter box Letter racks, trays, and baskets Lift (current for) ... Lift (inspection of and re¬ pairs to) Lift (installation of) Lift (hydraulic power) Lift (repairs to) ... Light treatment, supplies for — Apparatus Materials Limbs, artificial (if not provided by Samaritan Fund) ... Lime Juice Linen baskets (see Wash¬ ing) Linen presses Liniments, and soft soap for Linoleum Linseed ... Lockers ... Locks ... ... ••• Lubricating oils ... Machines, coffee, freezing, knife, and mincing Machines, sewing Machinery, laundry, repairs to (see Washing) Machinery, other, repairs to Mackintosh (for dressings) Mackintosh sheeting Malt liquors MAIN- HEADS. Domestic Management Salaries and Wages Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ... Salaries and Wages Surgery and Dispensary ... Provisions Domestic Provisions Establishment Domestic Domestic Establishment Balance Sheet Domestic Establishment Surgery and Dispensary ... Surgery and Dispensary ... Surgery and Dispensary ... Provisions Domestic Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ... Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ... Domestic Establishment Establishment Domestic Domestic Establishment Establishment Surgery and Dispensary ... Domestic Provisions SUB-HEADS. Renewal — Furniture Law Charges According to the salary of the official receiving the fee 1 UU ••• ••• ••• Cleaning, etc. Instruments, etc. Other Officers Sundries ... Aerated Water, etc. Renewal — Hardware, etc. Grocery ... Renewals and Repairs Renewal — Furniture Fuel and Lighting — (c) Electric Current Renewals and Repairs ... Land, Buildings, and Equipment Water Renewals and Repairs Instruments, etc. Drugs, Chemicals, etc.... Instruments, etc. Aerated Water, etc. Renewal — Furniture Drugs, Chemicals, etc.... Renewal — Furniture Drugs, ITEMS. MAIN-HEADS. Mangle, or repairs to (see Establishment... Washing) Mantles, incandescent (for Domestic gas light). Marking ink. Domestic Masseuse. Salaries and Wages Matches. Domestic Matches. Domestic Mattress, hair or wool. Domestic Mattress, wire spring. Domestic Meals (allowance in lieu of) Salaries and Wages Measures ( For medicines, etc. Meat extracts and essences Meat pies Meats, potted Medical officer’s fees Medicinal waters Medicines Meetings (advertisement of) Mellin’s Food Memorial brasses Messages (official) Messages (patients’ friends, doctors, etc.)... Methylated spirit (for dispensary) Methylated spirit (for dispensary) Meters, electric light, rent of Meters, gas, rent of Meters, water, rent of Microscopes Midwife, fee of... Milk churns, pails and cans Milk, condensed, humanized, and peptonized (see also Foods, prepared)... Milk sterilizer Mineral waters Mops. Mortuary trolley... Mousetraps Muff warmers and car tridges. Surgery and Dispensary... Provisions. Provisions Salaries and Wages Surgery and Dispensary... Surgery and Dispensary... Management Provisions Establishment SUB-HEADS. Renewals and Repairs... Fuel and Lighting — (b) Gas. Sundries. Nursing. Fuel and Lighting — (d) Oil, etc. Uniforms Renewal — Furniture Renewal — Furniture According to the sub-head under which the wages of the official should be classified Sundries. Meat Meat Medical... Drugs, Chemicals, etc.... Drugs, Chemicals, etc.... Drugs, Chemicals, etc.... Official Advertisements... Grocery... Renewals and Repairs... Postages. Postages... Drugs, Chemicals, etc.... Fuel and Lighting — (d) Oil, etc. Fuel and Lighting — (c) Electric Current Fuel and Lighting — (b) Gas.... Water. Instruments, etc.... Nursing. Renewal — Hardware, etc. Milk Renewal — Hardware, etc. Milk Renewal — Hardware, etc. Aerated Water, etc. Renewal — Furniture Renewal — Furniture Renewal — Hardware, etc. Instruments, etc. FOR HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS ITEMS. Mutton broth, and proprietary extracts used instead Napkin rings Napkins, table Needles... Needles (for uniforms, including every article of dress supplied for nurses by the Institution... Oatmeal... Oil (for lamps) Oil (for lubricating) Ointment tins Opening ceremonies (new buildings, etc.) Operating coats, aprons, shoes, etc. Operating gloves Operating tables... Overalls... Overshoes Oxygen gas Padlocks... Pails Paint (for furniture) Paint (for walls, fittings, etc.) Paper fasteners (according to purpose) Pensions and gratuities... Pharmacopoeia MAIN-HEADS. Provisions Domestic Domestic Domestic Surgery and Dispensary Miscellaneous Management Miscellaneous Establishment Domestic Surgery and Dispensary... Extraordinary Expenditure Domestic Domestic Surgery and Dispensary... Extraordinary Domestic Surgery and Dispensary... Domestic Establishment Domestic Establishment Surgery and Dispensary... Extraordinary Domestic Surgery and Dispensary... Domestic Establishment Domestic Establishment Miscellaneous or Manage ment... The chargeability of pensions should follow that of the remuneration formerly paid to the of Official in question. Examples: Secretary — Management... Steward — Sal. & wages... Matron — Sal. & wages... Dispenser — Sal. & wages ... Porter — Sal. & wages Miscellaneous 7 SUB-HEADS. Meat Renewal — Hardware, etc. Renewal — Bedding, etc. Renewal — Bedding, etc. Instruments, etc. ... Sundries ... Sundries ... Sundries ... Renewals and Repairs ... Uniforms... Grocery ... Fuel and Lighting — (d) Oil, etc. Renewals and Repairs Sundries ... Special Heading ... Uniforms ... Uniforms... Instruments, etc. ... Uniforms ... Uniforms ... Drugs, Chemicals, etc. ... Renewals and Repairs ... Renewal — Hardware, etc. Renewal OF ACCOUNTS ITEMS. Photographs (frames for) Photographs of patients ... Pianos Pickles and sauces Picture hooks and cord ... Picture rails Pillows, air and water Pins (ordinary and safety) Pins (drawing) (according to purpose) Plants (for garden) Plants (for indoor decor¬ ation) ... ... ... Plasmon ... Plaster of Paris ... Plate racks Porringers Postage, not official or appeal, e.g., for corre¬ spondence with trades¬ men, nurses and servants, or respecting patients, etc . ... ... ... Post-mortem gloves, coats, aprons, etc. Potato steamer Potted meat, fowl, tongue, etc. ... ... ... Poundage on postal order Premium for leasehold re¬ demption property Prepared foods (see Foods, prepared) Prescription papers, etc. Press cuttings Printing and stationery for wards, for the matron’s, steward’s, housekeeper’s and dispenser’s depart¬ ments, with the pens, ink, etc., used in those depart¬ ments, e.g., temperature charts, diet sheets, in¬ ventory books, stores ac¬ count books, tradesmen’s order books, etc., etc. Printing and stationery (official) Pulleys, bed Rabbits ... ... ... Racks (book, paper, or letter) ... MAIN-HEADS. Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ... Domestic Provisions Domestic Establishment Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ... Miscellaneous or Management Establishment Domestic Provisions Surgery and Dispensary... Establishment Domestic Establishment Domestic Provisions Extraordinary Miscellaneous Extraordinary Miscellaneous Extraordinary Miscellaneous Extraordinary Miscellaneous Management Domestic Provisions Domestic Provisions Domestic Provisions Domestic SUB-HEADS. Renewal — Furniture Sundries... Renewal — Furniture Grocery... Renewal — Furniture Renewals and Repairs Renewals and Repairs Renewals and Repairs Meat Sundries... Grocery... Dressings, etc. Renewals and Repairs Renewals and Repairs Meat Sundries... Special sub-head... Printing and Stationery... Appeals... Printing and Stationery... Official Printing... Renewals and Repairs Meat Sundries... Special sub-head... Printing and Stationery... Official Printing... Renewals and Repairs Razors Refrigerators Registers FOR HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS ITEMS. MAIN-HEADS. Racks (plate). Establishment... Racks (sponge or toilet)... Domestic Radium — Original purchase... Balance Sheet... Renewals Razors Refrigerators Registers Of patients Registrar’s reports Registrar’s reports Registry office fees Religious books (Bibles, etc., for patients) Removal of patients, fares for (unless paid by Samaritan Fund) Rent of meters (electric light). Rent of meters (gas) Rent of meters (water)... Repairs (ordinary) Repairs (extraordinary)... Repairs (bedding and linen). Repairs (furniture) Repairs (furniture) Repairs (furniture) Report, Annual (postage of). Report, Annual (printing of). Reports of meetings Returned empties Returned empties if in respect of regular supplies, according to the head under which the supplies should be classed; thus, if in respect of the carriage of eggs, the classification would be. If from hospital laundry Reyring bedstead wheels Rice. Surgery and Dispensary. Surgery and Dispensary. Domestic Miscellaneous Salaries and Wages Miscellaneous Domestic Domestic Domestic Establishment Establishment Domestic Domestic Surgery and Dispensary Management Finance Management Management Domestic Provisions Domestic Domestic Domestic Provisions Domestic Domestic Provisions Domestic Domestic Provisions SUB-HEADS. Renewals and Repairs Renewals and Repairs Renewal of hardware, etc. Separate sub-head under "Land, Buildings, and Equipment" Drugs, Chemicals, etc. Instruments, etc. Renewal (for meetings, hire of) Rope (for bedding) Rugs (for bedding) Sacking (for bedding) Sacking (for bedding) Sacks (for coal) Safes............ Safety pins Salaries and wages: — Ambulance attendant... Analyst (for food) Barber... Bath attendant Chaplain Charwomen Clerk of works Clerk of works (new buildings additions, or improvements) Collector’s commission Collector’s salary Dispenser Domestic servants, e,g., cooks, housemaids, wardmaids, etc. Electrical assistant (non-medical) Engineers Engineers (building additions or improvements) Enquiry officer, or lady almoner Fireman Gardener Housekeeper... Iceman Ironers’ wages (see Wash) or mainten¬ ance, e.g, steward’s or matron’s clerk, Mainten¬ ance. If no steward, the secretary’s clerk doing steward’s work is Main¬ tenance, and so on Finance ... Finance ... Salaries and Wages Salaries and Wages Salaries and Wages Salaries and Wages Balance etc Renewal — Bedding, etc Renewal — Furniture Renewal — Bedding, etc Renewal — Furniture Renewal — Furniture Dressings, etc. Porters Dispensing Porters Porters Other Officers Scrubbers Mechanics, etc. ... Land, Buildings, Equipment Commission Commission Dispensing Domestic Servants Mechanics Mechanics Land, Buildings, Equipment Other Officers Other Officers Garden Other Officers Mechanics Scrubbers Dispensing Other Officers FOR HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS ioi ITEMS. Salaries and wages — cont. — Laundresses (see Wash¬ ing^ ... ... ... Laundrymen (see Wash¬ ing) ... Linen keeper ... Masseur Masseuse Maternity nurses Matron Mechanics Mechanics (new build¬ ings, or additions or improvements to build¬ ings and equipment) Medical officers Mortuary attendant Needlewomen ... Nurses ... Page boys Pathologist, assistant (qualified) ... Pharmacist Pill man Porters Scrubbers and char¬ women Secretary Sisters ... Steward Stoker ... Telephone operator Theatre attendant Theatre porter Theatre supervisor (med- 1 1 ^ 1 vCl i I • • • ... ... .salt ... ... Sand Sandpaper Sardines ... Sash lines Sauces Sausages ... Scales (household) Scourers ... Screens (fire) Screens (folding) ... Salaries and Wages Salaries and Nursing ... ... Nursing ... ... Mechanics ... Land, Buildings, and Equipment ... Medical ... ... Porters ... Domestic Servants ... Nursing ... ... Porters ... Medical ... ... Dispensing ... Dispensing ... Porters ... Scrubbers ... Official Salaries ... ... Nursing ... ... Other Officers ... Mechanics ... Other Officers ... Mechanics ... Porters ... Medical ... ... Official Salaries or other Officers according to nature of work ... Nursing ... ... Mechanics ... Grocery ... ... Cleaning, etc. ... Cleaning, etc. ... Grocery ... ... Renewals and Repairs ... Grocery ... ... Meat ... .*• ••• ... Renewal — Furniture ... Cleaning, etc. ... Renewal — Furniture ... Renewal — Furniture 102 THE UNIFORM SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS ITEMS. Seals (for official docu¬ ments) ... Serviette rings Shaving brushes ... Shoes (for porters) Shoes (for theatre) Shot (for fracture extension) Shrouds ... Shutters (for dark room) ... Sieves (cinder) Sieves (hair) Silk (Chinese) Silkworm gut Slippers (for patients) (if not from Samaritan Fund) ... Soap and Soda (for laundry (see Washing) ... Soap (soft, for enemas or liniments) Soap (soft, for cleaning) ... Soap, other Soda (for boilers) Soda (for domestic work) Soda (for pharmacy work) Solicitor’s fees Spatulas ... Speaking tubes ... Spectacles (for patients) (if not from Samaritan Fund) ... Spirits and wine as solvents, etc., for drugs ... Spirits of wine (for tinctures, liniments, etc.) Spittoons ... Splints Sponges (for household use) Sponges (for surgical use) Sprays Stamp dampers (according to purpose) Starch (for dispensary) ... Starch (for laundry) ( see Washing). Stationery cabinets and racks ... Sterilizer (for dressings) (in¬ stallation of) ... Sterilizer (for dressings) (repairs to). Sterilizer (for instruments) MAIN-HEADS. Management Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ... Domestic. Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ... Domestic Establishment Domestic Domestic. Surgery and Dispensary ... Surgery and Dispensary ... Domestic. Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ... Domestic Domestic. Establishment Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ... Management Surgery and Dispensary ... Establishment Surgery and Dispensary ... Surgery and Dispensary ... Surgery and Dispensary ... Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ... Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ... Surgery and Dispensary ... Miscellaneous or Manage¬ ment. Surgery and Dispensary ... Domestic. Domestic or Management Balance Sheet Establishment Establishment SUB-HEADS. Sundries ... • • •• Renewal — Hardware, etc. Instruments, etc. ... • • • Uniforms ... • • » Uniforms ... ♦ • •• Instruments, etc. ... Renewal — Bedding, etc.. Renewals and Repairs • • • Renewal — Hardware, etc. Renewal — Hardware, etc. Dressings, etc. • * » Dressings, etc. ... Sundries ... • • •• Cleaning, etc. • • •* Drugs, Chemicals, etc. Cleaning, etc. * • •- Cleaning, etc. • • *- Renewals and Repairs • • •- Cleaning, etc. • • Drugs, Chemicals, etc. Law Charges • • • Sundries ... # « »- Renewals and Repairs ... Instruments, etc. ... • • •* Drugs, Chemicals, etc. • • •• Drugs, Chemicals, etc. Renewal — Hardware, etc. Instruments, etc. ... • • •- Cleaning, etc. » » •> Dressings, etc. • • •• Instruments, etc. ... Printing and Stationery • • »■ Drugs, Chemicals, etc. • • *- Cleaning, etc. ... • • •- Renewal — Furniture Sundries ... Land, Buildings, and Equipment. Renewals and Repairs ... Renewals and Repairs .... FOR HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS 103 ITEMS. Sterilizer (for milk) Sterilizing, drums and tins Stokers Stout Stretchers String (according to pur¬ pose) ... Subscription boxes Subscriptions to other institutions Sugar (for dispensary) Surplices ... Sweeping chimneys Syringes ... Table (bed) Table covers Table (operating) Table linen Tablets Tapers Taps (for beer barrels) ... Taps (for dispensary) Taps (for water service) ... 1 1 1 po A L ••• ••• ••• Telephone (private installa¬ tion) ... Telephone (private installa¬ tion, upkeep of) Telephone subscription ... Telephone subscription (for office use only) Telephone (trunk line fees) Theatre clothing (for surgeons and others) Theft (compensation for) Thermometers (clinical) ... Thermometers (not clinical) Ticking (for beds) Tiles (for hearths, walls, etc.) Time tables Tinned meats (fowl, tongues, etc.) ... Toilet paper Tools (carpenters, engin¬ eers, etc.) Towel rollers and brackets Towels Transfer of Securities to New Trustees ... Travelling expenses (medi¬ cal staff) ... ... MAIN- HEADS. Establishment Surgery and Dispensary ... Salaries and Wages Provisions Domestic ... Miscellaneous or Manage¬ ment Finance ... Extraordinary Surgery and Dispensary ... Domestic Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ... Domestic Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ... Domestic Management Domestic Domestic Surgery and Dispensary ...
| 295 |
https://github.com/curran/migrantDeathsVis/blob/master/lib/time.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,015 |
migrantDeathsVis
|
curran
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 845 | 2,856 |
(function (global, factory) {
typeof exports === 'object' && typeof module !== 'undefined' ? factory(exports) :
typeof define === 'function' && define.amd ? define(['exports'], factory) :
factory((global.time = {}));
}(this, function (exports) { 'use strict';
var t1 = new Date;
var t0 = new Date;
function newInterval(floori, offseti, count) {
function interval(date) {
return floori(date = new Date(+date)), date;
}
interval.floor = interval;
interval.round = function(date) {
var d0 = new Date(+date),
d1 = new Date(date - 1);
floori(d0), floori(d1), offseti(d1, 1);
return date - d0 < d1 - date ? d0 : d1;
};
interval.ceil = function(date) {
return floori(date = new Date(date - 1)), offseti(date, 1), date;
};
interval.offset = function(date, step) {
return offseti(date = new Date(+date), step == null ? 1 : Math.floor(step)), date;
};
interval.range = function(start, stop, step) {
var range = [];
start = new Date(start - 1);
stop = new Date(+stop);
step = step == null ? 1 : Math.floor(step);
if (!(start < stop) || !(step > 0)) return range; // also handles Invalid Date
offseti(start, 1), floori(start);
if (start < stop) range.push(new Date(+start));
while (offseti(start, step), floori(start), start < stop) range.push(new Date(+start));
return range;
};
interval.filter = function(test) {
return newInterval(function(date) {
while (floori(date), !test(date)) date.setTime(date - 1);
}, function(date, step) {
while (--step >= 0) while (offseti(date, 1), !test(date));
});
};
if (count) interval.count = function(start, end) {
t0.setTime(+start), t1.setTime(+end);
floori(t0), floori(t1);
return Math.floor(count(t0, t1));
};
return interval;
}
var second = newInterval(function(date) {
date.setMilliseconds(0);
}, function(date, step) {
date.setTime(+date + step * 1e3);
}, function(start, end) {
return (end - start) / 1e3;
});
exports.seconds = second.range;
var minute = newInterval(function(date) {
date.setSeconds(0, 0);
}, function(date, step) {
date.setTime(+date + step * 6e4);
}, function(start, end) {
return (end - start) / 6e4;
});
exports.minutes = minute.range;
var hour = newInterval(function(date) {
date.setMinutes(0, 0, 0);
}, function(date, step) {
date.setTime(+date + step * 36e5);
}, function(start, end) {
return (end - start) / 36e5;
});
exports.hours = hour.range;
var day = newInterval(function(date) {
date.setHours(0, 0, 0, 0);
}, function(date, step) {
date.setDate(date.getDate() + step);
}, function(start, end) {
return (end - start - (end.getTimezoneOffset() - start.getTimezoneOffset()) * 6e4) / 864e5;
});
exports.days = day.range;
function weekday(i) {
return newInterval(function(date) {
date.setHours(0, 0, 0, 0);
date.setDate(date.getDate() - (date.getDay() + 7 - i) % 7);
}, function(date, step) {
date.setDate(date.getDate() + step * 7);
}, function(start, end) {
return (end - start - (end.getTimezoneOffset() - start.getTimezoneOffset()) * 6e4) / 6048e5;
});
}
exports.sunday = weekday(0);
exports.sundays = exports.sunday.range;
exports.monday = weekday(1);
exports.mondays = exports.monday.range;
exports.tuesday = weekday(2);
exports.tuesdays = exports.tuesday.range;
exports.wednesday = weekday(3);
exports.wednesdays = exports.wednesday.range;
exports.thursday = weekday(4);
exports.thursdays = exports.thursday.range;
exports.friday = weekday(5);
exports.fridays = exports.friday.range;
exports.saturday = weekday(6);
exports.saturdays = exports.saturday.range;
var week = exports.sunday;
exports.weeks = week.range;
var month = newInterval(function(date) {
date.setHours(0, 0, 0, 0);
date.setDate(1);
}, function(date, step) {
date.setMonth(date.getMonth() + step);
}, function(start, end) {
return end.getMonth() - start.getMonth() + (end.getFullYear() - start.getFullYear()) * 12;
});
exports.months = month.range;
var year = newInterval(function(date) {
date.setHours(0, 0, 0, 0);
date.setMonth(0, 1);
}, function(date, step) {
date.setFullYear(date.getFullYear() + step);
}, function(start, end) {
return end.getFullYear() - start.getFullYear();
});
exports.years = year.range;
var utcSecond = newInterval(function(date) {
date.setUTCMilliseconds(0);
}, function(date, step) {
date.setTime(+date + step * 1e3);
}, function(start, end) {
return (end - start) / 1e3;
});
exports.utcSeconds = utcSecond.range;
var utcMinute = newInterval(function(date) {
date.setUTCSeconds(0, 0);
}, function(date, step) {
date.setTime(+date + step * 6e4);
}, function(start, end) {
return (end - start) / 6e4;
});
exports.utcMinutes = utcMinute.range;
var utcHour = newInterval(function(date) {
date.setUTCMinutes(0, 0, 0);
}, function(date, step) {
date.setTime(+date + step * 36e5);
}, function(start, end) {
return (end - start) / 36e5;
});
exports.utcHours = utcHour.range;
var utcDay = newInterval(function(date) {
date.setUTCHours(0, 0, 0, 0);
}, function(date, step) {
date.setUTCDate(date.getUTCDate() + step);
}, function(start, end) {
return (end - start) / 864e5;
});
exports.utcDays = utcDay.range;
function utcWeekday(i) {
return newInterval(function(date) {
date.setUTCHours(0, 0, 0, 0);
date.setUTCDate(date.getUTCDate() - (date.getUTCDay() + 7 - i) % 7);
}, function(date, step) {
date.setUTCDate(date.getUTCDate() + step * 7);
}, function(start, end) {
return (end - start) / 6048e5;
});
}
exports.utcSunday = utcWeekday(0);
exports.utcSundays = exports.utcSunday.range;
exports.utcMonday = utcWeekday(1);
exports.utcMondays = exports.utcMonday.range;
exports.utcTuesday = utcWeekday(2);
exports.utcTuesdays = exports.utcTuesday.range;
exports.utcWednesday = utcWeekday(3);
exports.utcWednesdays = exports.utcWednesday.range;
exports.utcThursday = utcWeekday(4);
exports.utcThursdays = exports.utcThursday.range;
exports.utcFriday = utcWeekday(5);
exports.utcFridays = exports.utcFriday.range;
exports.utcSaturday = utcWeekday(6);
exports.utcSaturdays = exports.utcSaturday.range;
var utcWeek = exports.utcSunday;
exports.utcWeeks = utcWeek.range;
var utcMonth = newInterval(function(date) {
date.setUTCHours(0, 0, 0, 0);
date.setUTCDate(1);
}, function(date, step) {
date.setUTCMonth(date.getUTCMonth() + step);
}, function(start, end) {
return end.getUTCMonth() - start.getUTCMonth() + (end.getUTCFullYear() - start.getUTCFullYear()) * 12;
});
exports.utcMonths = utcMonth.range;
var utcYear = newInterval(function(date) {
date.setUTCHours(0, 0, 0, 0);
date.setUTCMonth(0, 1);
}, function(date, step) {
date.setUTCFullYear(date.getUTCFullYear() + step);
}, function(start, end) {
return end.getUTCFullYear() - start.getUTCFullYear();
});
exports.utcYears = utcYear.range;
exports.interval = newInterval;
exports.second = second;
exports.minute = minute;
exports.hour = hour;
exports.day = day;
exports.week = week;
exports.month = month;
exports.year = year;
exports.utcSecond = utcSecond;
exports.utcMinute = utcMinute;
exports.utcHour = utcHour;
exports.utcDay = utcDay;
exports.utcWeek = utcWeek;
exports.utcMonth = utcMonth;
exports.utcYear = utcYear;
}));
| 48,807 |
https://openalex.org/W4307899046
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,023 |
Digital microfluidics as an emerging tool for bacterial protocols
|
Carine R. Nemr
|
English
|
Spoken
| 10,847 | 19,834 |
a r t i c l e
i n f o Keywords:
Digital microfluidics
Bacterial protocol
Synthetic biology
Diagnostics Bacteria are widely studied in various research areas, including synthetic biology, sequencing and diagnostic test-
ing. Protocols involving bacteria are often multistep, cumbersome and require access to a long list of instruments
to perform experiments. In order to streamline these processes, the fluid handling technique digital microfluidics
(DMF) has provided a miniaturized platform to perform various steps of bacterial protocols from sample prepara-
tion to analysis. DMF devices can be paired/interfaced with instrumentation such as microscopes, plate readers,
and incubators, demonstrating their versatility with existing research tools. Alternatively, DMF instruments can
be integrated into all-in-one packages with on-chip magnetic separation for sample preparation, heating/cooling
modules to perform assay steps and cameras for absorbance and/or fluorescence measurements. This perspec-
tive outlines the beneficial features DMF offers to bacterial protocols, highlights limitations of current work and
proposes future directions for this tool’s expansion in the field. axis, squeezing them to a pancake shape. In addition, the top plate is of-
ten coated with a continuous conductive layer that serves as the ground
plane to complete the circuit. Transparent materials are often selected
for top plates in order to optically visualize droplets. While the two-plate
format is more complex, it comes with several advantages: (i) the abil-
ity to split and dispense droplets, (ii) limiting evaporation of the loaded
liquids, (iii) minimizing exposure of the user to the sample and sample
contamination, (iv) allowing the use of several oil-based filler media
without the risk of leaking. These characteristics make the two-plate
format ideal for the applications discussed in this review. In most mod-
ern DMF devices, a hydrophobic coating is used as well, which allows for
droplet movement with limited resistance. Liquids, surrounded by air or
a water immiscible medium (oil), are electromechanically manipulated
by applying electrical potential between the ground plane and at least
one driving electrode [4] . Sequential activation of electrodes in a spe-
cific order can allow for dispensing, combining, mixing and/or splitting
of droplets ( Fig. 1 C). This powerful tool can perform automated multi-
step liquid handling procedures to achieve various analytical techniques
including dilutions [5] , precipitation [6] and magnetic separations [7] ,
with limited user input. Carine R. Nemr a , b , ∗ , Alexandros A. Sklavounos b , c , Aaron R. Wheeler b , c , d a Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
b Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
c Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
d Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
e Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
f Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
g Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA SLAS Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/slast https://doi.org/10.1016/j.slast.2022.10.001
Received 20 June 2022; Received in revised form 30 September 2022; Accepted 25 October 2022
2472-6303/© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening. This is an open access article under the
CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ) ∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: cnemr@g.hmc.edu (C.R. Nemr) . SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2–15 SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2–15 Introduction By incorporating heating and cooling modules directly on the DMF in-
strument, optimal growth conditions or temperature-sensitive protocol
steps can be achieved without having to relocate the DMF device. of protocols is the small volume requirements, which limits reagent con-
sumption and costs. Automation of protocol steps is another advantage
of DMF that helps minimize user input and streamline protocols that in-
clude multiple pipetting and mixing steps. By minimizing user input the
inherit error that accompanies it is minimized as well. In addition, the
most common device setup, the two-plate format, offers a layer of pro-
tection for the sample and the reagents, and by extent reduces the risk
for contamination. DMF can also be interfaced or integrated with various
analytical instruments for absorbance and fluorescence measurements
[ 8 , 9 ], electrochemistry [ 10 , 11 ], mass spectrometry [12] and nuclear
magnetic resonance [13] enabling applications including cell culture
[8] , quantitative assays [ 11 , 12 ], chemical analysis [13] and diagnostic
testing [10] . Most importantly, unlike microchannel-based microfluidic
systems, a variety of processes can be achieved on a single DMF device,
without the need for redesign, demonstrating DMF’s versatility com-
pared to conventional microfluidic platforms. Finally, DMF has been paired with various sensors and detectors to
monitor protocols over time and obtain results. The small size of DMF
devices provides compatibility with instruments such as microscopes or
plate readers, which often have rather limiting specifications, eliminat-
ing the need for custom holders or special alterations to the hardware. Furthermore, the flexibility provided by the digital nature of DMF allows
for chip layouts to be repurposed without the need for redesign. This re-
duces the overall time spent on device modifications since adjustments
can simply be implemented through simple software changes. Although
this facile transfer of devices to various readout tools is a useful fea-
ture, there is the drawback of additional instrumentation requirements
and manual intervention, similar to the drawback indicated above for
incubators. The literature is moving toward integration of DMF devices
with built-in modules to obtain measurements such as fluorescence, ab-
sorbance, etc. all in one package. Practically, DMF platforms have demonstrated limitations in per-
forming protocol steps beyond dispensing, combining, mixing, and split-
ting of droplets. For example, many protocols require sample pre-
processing before transferring solutions on chip, such as cell lysis and
centrifugation. Introduction Digital microfluidics (DMF) is a fluid handling technique that utilizes
electrostatic forces to manipulate nano- to microliter liquid droplets
along electrodes insulated with a dielectric layer [1–3] . Unlike most
conventional microchannel-based microfluidic systems, DMF does not
require valves, pumps or mixers for fluid handling. DMF devices come
in two primary formats; i) the one-plate format in which droplets are
manipulated on an open surface ( Fig. 1 A) and ii) the two-plate format
in which droplets are sandwiched between two plates ( Fig. 1 B). In both
formats, the bottom plate comprises a substrate and a patterned con-
ductive layer that is used to form an array of driving electrodes. Elec-
trodes are generally insulated with a dielectric layer, and hence the term
electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) is often used to describe this kind
of device. The dielectric layer enables field gradient or charge buildup
for droplet actuation [1] . In the one-plate format, the droplet is placed
and actuated on top of the electrode array; to complete the circuit a
grounded wire or wires are used. Several geometries and setups have
been employed, a general example is shown in Fig. 1 A. Albeit simple,
the one-plate format allows for direct access to the sample making sen-
sor integration trivial. Meanwhile in the two-plate format ( Fig. 1 B), a
second substrate is used (top plate) that restricts the droplets in the z- Over the last 15 years, there has been growing interest in the use of
DMF to perform bacteria-related protocols from applications of synthetic
biology to diagnostic testing. What makes DMF appealing for these types C.R. Nemr, A.A. Sklavounos, A.R. Wheeler et al. SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2–15 Fig. 1. (A) Side-view of a one-plate DMF device. (B) Side-view of a two-plate DMF device. (C) Top-view of DMF device demonstrating the different droplet manip-
ulation that can be achieved on chip. Arrows represent the direction of droplet movement. (D) Research fields that have utilized DMF discussed in this perspective. Fig. 1. (A) Side-view of a one-plate DMF device. (B) Side-view of a two-plate DMF device. (C) Top-view of DMF device demonstrating the different droplet manip-
ulation that can be achieved on chip. Arrows represent the direction of droplet movement. (D) Research fields that have utilized DMF discussed in this perspective. Introduction To help mitigate sample handling steps, some DMF pro-
tocols have been integrated with microchannel-based microfluidic sys-
tems, generating hybrid devices [14] , as well as capillary interfaces
[ 15 , 16 ], to utilize various sample preparation modules and expand the
capabilities of the system to perform complex protocols. In this perspective, we review the recent DMF literature for appli-
cations to the modification, culture and analysis of bacteria ( Fig. 1 D),
particularly in areas of synthetic biology (ligation, transformations and
inductions), diagnostics (nucleic acid detection and antibiotic suscepti-
bility testing) and sample preparation for downstream bacterial proto-
cols (next generation sequencing and single bacterium capture/selective
retrieval), highlighting the progress in the field and areas where there
are needs for innovation in the future. An important finding in expanding DMF as a tool for bacterial proto-
cols is the demonstrated device biocompatibility [17] , allowing for bac-
terial culture protocols over extended periods of time on chip [8] . Early
iterations of bacterial growth protocols required the periodic transfer of
DMF devices into and out of incubators, which is impractical and in-
efficient due to the need of additional instrumentation and manual in-
terventions. According to more recent reports, it appears that the field
is shifting toward instruments with on-chip temperature control [18] . Synthetic biology There has for many years been great enthusiasm for the translation
of traditional synthetic biology (SynBio) protocols to DMF. There are
two main approaches to SynBio, a bottom-up approach that uses a com-
bination of chemical and biological building blocks to create biomimetic 3 C.R. Nemr, A.A. Sklavounos, A.R. Wheeler et al. SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2–15 the optical density (OD) of the culture and thus ensure bacteria were in
the log phase. Hence, the BAY device was transferred to plate reader ev-
ery hour to record the OD of the droplet. Once the culture reached the
log phase, a YFP reporter gene was transformed using the heat shock
method, whereby the BAY device was moved manually between a hot
plate (42 °C) and an ice bath (0 °C) with approximately one-minute in-
tervals. systems, and a top-down approach that uses metabolic and genetic engi-
neering tools to add new functions to living cells. We are aware of only a
single report of a bottom-up SynBio protocol that used DMF to perform
cell-free biology by, Liu et al. [19] , while in contrast there are numerous
reports that have described top-down SynBio approaches using DMF to
manipulate solutions containing cells ( i.e. , bacteria and yeast) in order to
produce a protein of interest. The cloning technique is among the most
used tools that allow scientists to study the functions of genes. Molecu-
lar cloning methods have been performed using DMF and today reports
have included Golden Gate [20] and Gibson [21] assemblies. The DMF
community seems to have focused on three SynBio protocols, which in-
clude i. ligations, ii. transformations and iii. inductions; in the following
subsections we review DMF implementations of these procedures. Soon after the BAY paper was published, Madison et al. [24] re-
ported a more integrated system that was based on a commercially
available DMF instrument from Advanced Liquid Logic Inc. (acq. by Illu-
mina Inc.), which was already equipped with heaters and magnets (used
for magnetic separations). The DMF platform was used to perform Soft-
ware Automated Genomic Engineering (SAGE) protocols that enabled
genetic modification of cells using DMF by implementing the multiplex
automated genomic engineering (MAGE, Fig. 3 A) protocol, which was
previously developed by the same group [25] . With the reported plat-
form, E. coli were transformed with GalK recovery oligonucleotides us-
ing electroporation via dedicated custom on-board gold electrodes. Transformation Transformations are the processes that often follow the in vitro as-
sembly of genetic material to alter the genes of a bacterium by inserting
an exogenous sequence through its cell membrane. The primary method
for insertion of new DNA is through heat shock, which weakens the cell
membrane allowing the DNA to enter the cell. An alternative method
is electroporation, which uses an electrical pulse to generate transient
holes in the cell membrane allowing DNA to pass into the cell; after
the pulse, the cell’s membrane-repair mechanisms close the generated
holes. Another requirement for transformation is having cells in a state
of competence, a condition that makes the cell transiently permeable to
DNA. Competence may occur naturally for short periods of time under
certain conditions such as starvation or induced in a laboratory. Almost in parallel, Gach, et al. [27] reported a similar hybrid de-
vice that was used for DNA assembly (Golden Gate), transformation, cell
culture and protein expression. Unlike the previous report, the authors
chose heat shock to perform the transformation, which was also imple-
mented on the DMF portion of the hybrid device ( Fig. 3 D). By partition-
ing the chip into three regions and using three different thermoelectric
systems, the authors were able to maintain different temperature con-
ditions in each region ( Fig. 3 E). Using DMF, droplets were driven back-
and-forth between the cool (4 °C) and warm (42 °C) regions to achieve
transformation of the assembled DNA, while the incubation of the trans-
formed bacteria was done inside the microfluidic channel that was held
at 37 °C. The embedded microchannel also allowed an improvement in
throughput, as well as replenishing oxygen during long-term culture (1
to 5 days). The first of multiple reports demonstrating the use of DMF ( Table 1 )
to perform bacterial transformations was from Au et al. [8] , using a
custom DMF device dubbed as the BAY (Bacteria, Algae, Yeast) micro-
bioreactor. The main purpose of the device was to allow for culture of
a variety of microorganisms, including E. coli, in droplets of a few mi-
croliters. DMF was used to transport and mix droplets (every 2.5 min),
while the temperature was set at 37 °C using a hotplate. Ligation To our knowledge, there are only two DMF synthetic biology publi-
cations to date that focus on ligation using bacterial systems. In 2008,
Liu et al. [22] reported the first effort to perform DNA ligation using
DMF. The DMF device was built with coplanar electrodes made of op-
tically transparent indium tin oxide (ITO); in other words, the bottom
plate contained both the activation and ground electrodes all on the
same plane. The chip was used to combine sub-microliter unit droplet
volumes containing either the target DNA or the vector DNA with a mix-
ture containing the ligase and ligation buffer. The reaction mixture was
incubated at room temperature on chip, before being removed from the
DMF device. The solution was then heated to deactivate the ligase and
was used to transform chemically competent cells that were cultured off
chip. Several years later the same group reported an improvement on the
electroporation method using a simple DMF device with only 22 elec-
trodes [28] , as well as an upgraded version of the DMF device and lay-
out that included electroporation electrodes and heat shock regions for
the complete automation of the MAGE protocol ( Fig. 3 B,C) [26] . An-
other key advancement found in the latter report was the addition of
streptavidin-coated magnetic particles that were used to bind E. coli us-
ing biotinylated lectins. This process was crucial since it allowed for
efficient isolation of the bacteria on the DMF device, which enabled the
successful exchange of culture media on device as well. A couple of years later the same group reported a similar setup and
ligation protocol that was multiplexed ( Fig. 2 A) [23] . The DMF device
was modified to allow for multiple ligations to occur using the same
vector DNA and a variety of 4 insert DNA samples ( Fig. 2 B). In addition,
the authors added 0.2 𝜇L of silicone oil (octamethyltrisiloxane) for every
5 𝜇L of aqueous solution in order to form a thin oil-shell around each
droplet. The oil-shell reduced the evaporation of the aqueous droplet
while it improved the movement of the different solutions used for the
ligation on the DMF device. Lastly the efficiency of the DNA ligation
was optimized by varying the mixing sequences, as well as the waiting
time between the two mixing steps. Ligation A fourth report of using electroporation to transform bacteria was
contributed by Shih et al. [29] Unlike the previous device architectures,
these authors reported a unique microfluidic device that combined DMF
with conventional microfluidic channels (often referred to as a hybrid
device format). In addition, unlike all the reports discussed above, this
was the first time DNA assembly (Golden Gate or Gibson) and transfor-
mation were reported using a single DMF setup. It should be noted that
in this device, DMF was only responsible for dispensing and mixing the
initial solutions, while queuing (up to 16 droplets) and incubation of the
assemblies was performed inside a serpentine microchannel. At the end
of the channel a cell inlet was included to allow the user to introduce
and mix the assembled DNA with a bacterial culture while a set of elec-
trodes located right after it was used to electrotransform the DNA into
the cells. Last the cells could be retrieved and plated for colony growth. Synthetic biology The
efficiency of the electrotransfer of the oligos was assessed by monitoring
the OD of the sample using a fiber-optic-based mini spectrophotometer
in reflectance mode. The reflectance spectroscopy strategy was straight-
forward to use and proved to be an important addition to the MAGE
methodology. On the other hand, the DMF device had to be filled with
silicone oil, which could limit the aerobic growth of the culture. Transformation As mentioned
by the authors, the use of the hotplate resulted in less precise control of
the temperature (compared to an incubator), but that did not seem to
have a substantial impact on the reported growth profiles of the bacte-
ria. The device also included a window that allowed the user to monitor While the system described by Gach, et al. [27] allowed for fast tem-
perature transitions (required in heat shock transformation), it also re-
quired three thermoelectric (TEC) units, which were not as efficient and
required more real estate underneath the DMF device. To overcome this 4 SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2–15 C.R. Nemr, A.A. Sklavounos, A.R. Wheeler et al. C.R. Nemr, A.A. Sklavounos, A.R. Wheeler et al. SLAS Technology 28 (2023
Fig. 2. (A) Schematic of DNA ligatio
cloning. During the ligation step, insert D
combined with a vector DNA to form a c
ligation. The circular DNA is then transf
into competent cells. (B) Cartoon imag
DMF device used to perform a ligation
col. Reproduced from Lin et al. [23] wi
mission from SLAS. Fi
cl
co
lig
in
DM
co
m Fig. 2. (A) Schematic of DNA ligation and
cloning. During the ligation step, insert DNA is
combined with a vector DNA to form a cloning
ligation. The circular DNA is then transformed
into competent cells. (B) Cartoon image of a
DMF device used to perform a ligation proto-
col. Reproduced from Lin et al. [23] with per-
mission from SLAS. Fig. 2. (A) Schematic of DNA ligation and
cloning. During the ligation step, insert DNA is
combined with a vector DNA to form a cloning
ligation. The circular DNA is then transformed
into competent cells. (B) Cartoon image of a
DMF device used to perform a ligation proto-
col. Reproduced from Lin et al. [23] with per-
mission from SLAS. C.R. Nemr, A.A. Sklavounos, A.R. Wheeler et al. SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2–15 Table 1
Summary of E. coli transformation systems using DMF. N.S. refers to information that is not specified. Table 1
Summary of E. coli transformation systems using DMF. N.S. refers to information that is not specified. Technology
Key Innovation
DNA construct
Transformation
type (heat shock,
electroporation)
Droplet
volume
Transformation
efficiency monitoring
Peak efficiency
Reference
40-channel relay
control board
Bacterial, Algae,
Yeast (BAY)
microbioreactor
YFP reporter gene
Heat shock
3.15 𝜇L
Plate reader
(optical density
measurement)
N.S. Transformation [8]
Advanced Liquid
Logic (ALL)
platform
Software Automated
Genomic
Engineering (SAGE)
protocol and
Multiplex
Automated Genomic
Engineering (MAGE)
GalK recovery
oligonucleotides
Electroporation
(using gold
electrodes)
0.7 𝜇L
Fiber-optic-based mini
spectrophotometer
(optical density
measurement)
9.7 ± 3.4 % (Average
transformation
efficiency)
[24]
32-channel relay
control board
Electroporation/
Electrowetting-on-
dielectric
device
pGERC plasmid
(kanamycin
resistance)
Electroporation
(using gold
electrodes)
0.2 𝜇L
Cells recovered and
grown off-chip in
presence of kanamycin
and observed for colony
growth
8.6 × 10 8 CFU/ 𝜇g
[28]
Advanced Liquid
Logic (ALL)
platform
Multiplex
Automated Genomic
Engineering (MAGE)
bla
(beta-lactamase)
gene
(carbenicillin
resistance)
Electroporation
(using gold
electrodes)
0.35 𝜇L
Cells recovered and
grown off-chip in
presence of carbenicillin
and observed for colony
growth
9 ± 9% (average
transformation
frequency)
[26]
Arduino-based
control board
Hybrid device
(DMF + serpentine
microchannel)
Combinatorial
library of 16
plasmids each
Electroporation
0.2 𝜇L
Cells recovered and
grown off-chip in
presence of kanamycin
and observed for colony
growth
4.5 × 10 6 CFU/ 𝜇g
[29]
Arduino-based
control board
Hybrid device
(DMF + serpentine
microchannel)
GFP (Green
Fluorescent
Protein), BFP
(Blue Fluorescent
Protein) or RFP
(Red Fluorescent
Protein) plasmids
Heat shock
0.235 𝜇L
Fluorescence microscopy
4.3 × 10 6 CFU/ 𝜇g
[27]
Arduino-based
control board
World-to-Chip
Interface
GFP, RFP, and
Endoglucanase
(EGL) plasmids
Heat shock
1 𝜇L
Cells recovered and
grown off-chip in
presence of kanamycin
or kanamycin and
chloramphenicol and
observed for colony
growth
Plate reader used for
fluorescence
measurements
1.48 × 10 5 CFU/ 𝜇g
[30]
Arduino-based
control board
“One-pot ” Golden
Gate DNA Assembly
Combination of 6
DNA fragments
into a 14 kb
plasmid conferring
the violacein
biosynthesis
pathway
Heat shock
250 nL
Cells recovered and
grown off-chip in
presence of kanamycin
and observed for colony
growth
∼3.5 × 10 6 CFU/ 𝜇g
[31]
Arduino-based
custom control
board
Automated
Induction
Microfluidics System
(AIMS) with realtime
OD monitoring
RFP and EGL
plasmids
Heat shock
1.42 𝜇L
Optical density using a
600 nm LED and a light
sensor
Plate reader used for
fluorescence
measurements
N.S. [32] Summary of E. coli transformation systems using DMF. N.S. refers to information that is not specified. issue, the Shih group replaced the multiple TEC units with a single unit
that was controlled by a PID feedback loop [ 30 , 31 ]. Transformation The feedback loop in
the system described in these more recent reports enables quick heating
and cooling of the DMF device, which then allows the user to perform
heat shock transformations without the need to move the droplet be-
tween the different temperature regions. Specifically, in the first report
[30] , a 3D-printed plunger was also included that allowed for replenish-
ment of liquid lost throughout the protocol due to evaporation. In the
second report [31] , the plunger was replaced by a syringe pump, while
the DMF device design was simplified and produced with low-cost tools
(printed circuit boards) with the goal to provide a cost-effective alter-
native to the previously used chromium coated glass devices from the
former study. Induction Induction is the process of turning genes “ON ” by using molecules
that inactivate repressor proteins and as a result activate the transcrip-
tion of one or more genes. In the laboratory, induction protocols are
quite labor-intensive, requiring a number of iterations to determine the
appropriate conditions for the expression of the desired genes. This is
the final step of molecular cloning, and as of writing, there is only a sin-
gle report that describes the process of induction using a DMF platform. In 2018, Husser et al. [32] reported an autoinduction DMF platform
( Fig. 4 A) that was dubbed ’AIMS’ (Automated Induction Microfluidics
System, Fig. 4 B). Previously transformed bacterial suspensions were
loaded into the DMF device and cultured at 37 °C by placing the platform 6 C.R. Nemr, A.A. Sklavounos, A.R. Wheeler et al. SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2–15 Fig. 3. (A) Summary of MAGE; oligonucleotide DNA is combined with electrocompetent E. coli cells that are electrotransformed, recovered, and cultured on-chip. (B) Software script showing MAGE cycle workflow and subroutine for bead binding. (C) Diagram of electrode layout of the electrowetting cartridge, outlining regions
per functionality for MAGE applications. Reproduced from Madison et al. [24] and Moore et al. [26] with permission from AIP Publishing. (D) Schematic of the
basic operations of a benchtop (top) and digital microfluidic transformation (bottom). The microfluidic chip performs droplet generation, merging and relocation
to thermally controlled regions. Fluidic channels are represented by the orange outlines, electrodes are black and Peltier elements are colored boxes. Numbered
circles on the device schematic correspond to heat-shock steps listed in the benchtop schematics procedure. (E) Brightfield (left) and infrared images (right) of the
DMF device, indicating the different temperature regions used for heat shock transformations. Reproduced from Gach et al. [27] with permission from the American
Chemical Society. Fig. 3. (A) Summary of MAGE; oligonucleotide DNA is combined with electrocompetent E. coli cells that are electrotransformed, recovered, and cultured on-chip. (B) Software script showing MAGE cycle workflow and subroutine for bead binding. (C) Diagram of electrode layout of the electrowetting cartridge, outlining regions
per functionality for MAGE applications. Reproduced from Madison et al. [24] and Moore et al. [26] with permission from AIP Publishing. (D) Schematic of the
basic operations of a benchtop (top) and digital microfluidic transformation (bottom). The microfluidic chip performs droplet generation, merging and relocation
to thermally controlled regions. Diagnostics in an incubator. Droplets containing the bacterial culture were trans-
ported between the culture area and the measurement electrode where
the bacterial growth was monitored by OD using an LED (600 nm) and
a photodiode pair. This system allowed the user to trigger the induc-
tion process of 𝛽-glucosidase (BGL) or red fluorescent protein (RFP) genes
( Fig. 4 C) once the OD of the suspension surpassed the threshold of 0.4. Then induction was initiated by mixing the culture with isopropyl 𝛽-D-1-
thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), a molecule that triggers transcription of
the lac operon . By splitting the ’mother droplet’ containing the bacterial
culture, the authors were able to mix sub-droplets of cultured bacteria
with varying concentrations of IPTG and to optimize the IPTG concen-
tration for their induction protocol ( Fig. 4 D). After 4 hours of incuba-
tion, protein expression was evaluated in a plate reader, either in intact
bacteria via RFP expression, or in chemically lysed samples treated with
4-methylumbelliferyl 𝛽-d-glucopyranoside (MUG), allowing BGL to turn
over a fluorescent reporter ( Fig. 4 E). Nucleic acid testing is routinely performed for diagnosis of bacterial,
viral, and fungal infections, as well as environmental monitoring ( e.g. ,
water quality testing). Through the detection of genes that are strain-
specific and genes that code for antibiotic-resistance markers, bacte-
rial identification and antibiotic resistance profiling can be achieved,
respectively. Nucleic acid detection approaches to guide antibiotic ad-
ministration decisions can be limiting since the detection of an antibi-
otic resistance gene does not confirm its expression and the absence of a
gene does not guarantee antibiotic susceptibility, since there are many
different nucleic acid sequences conferring resistance, which evolve as
novel mutations appear. To overcome the limitations of genotypic test-
ing, phenotypic detection strategies, relying on bacterial metabolism,
structure, appearance, protein expression and counts, have been ex-
plored for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) and bacterial classi-
fication/identification [33] . Both genotypic ( Table 2 ) and phenotypic
detection approaches have been developed for bacterial diagnostics on
DMF, each demonstrating different areas of innovation and challenges
for their translation on chip. As of writing, AIMS is an outstanding demonstration of the capabil-
ities of a DMF system; however, it remains a proof-of-principle system
that is not fully automated/integrated. Induction Fluidic channels are represented by the orange outlines, electrodes are black and Peltier elements are colored boxes. Numbered
circles on the device schematic correspond to heat-shock steps listed in the benchtop schematics procedure. (E) Brightfield (left) and infrared images (right) of the
DMF device, indicating the different temperature regions used for heat shock transformations. Reproduced from Gach et al. [27] with permission from the American
Chemical Society. Diagnostics The primary advantages of AIMS
are (1) on-device OD reading, (2) in-line bacterial culture and induction
in unit droplet format, and (3) analysis of enzyme expression and ac-
tivity. Meanwhile, the disadvantages of the current system include the
limited incubation time (approx. 5 h), low throughput, and the absence
of in-line absorbance or fluorescence measurements (requiring that de-
vices be repeatedly inserted into a stand-alone plate reader). Genotypic —Nucleic acid amplification and detection These protocols can achieve au-
tomated thermal cycling of the whole device surface at each step (us-
ing embedded resistive elements and passive cooling) [36] , or through
the repeated transfer of the reaction mixture between two segregated
areas of different temperatures on a DMF device (heated using resistive
heaters, kept at different temperatures) [ 34 , 35 ]. The detection of nucleic
acids from S. aureus was demonstrated in single- [ 35 , 36 ] and duplex
systems (with M. pneumoniae ) [34] with customized integrated fluore-
cence detection modules, allowing for one self-contained instrument to
perform assay steps. Some reported platforms have the capacity for mag-
netic bead handling for sample concentration and solution exchange on
chip, which was applied for the detection of yeast in a similuated clini-
cal whole blood sample [34] and heat-inactivated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in nasal swabs that were lysed off-chip [35] , showing
promise for future clinical applications. g
y
In an early example of this type of work, Kalsi et al. detected the
presence of a gene coding for extended spectrum 𝛽-lactamases in E. coli
through isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) [37] . DNA extraction from cultured bacteria was performed prior to dispens-
ing on chip. Droplet temperature was regulated through a built-in sens-
ing and heating system. Continuous droplet mixing on DMF during am-
plification allowed for DNA detection as low as a single copy in around
15 minutes over 4-orders of magnitude using a fluorescence microscope,
an approximate 100-fold improvement compared to a benchtop assay. Building on this system, the same team developed multiplexed detec-
tion of three genes coding for extended spectrum 𝛽-lactamase and car-
bapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria [38] . Unlike the previous
iteration, this platform had an integrated fluorecence detection system
that used built-in LEDs and a camera, limiting the need for a micro-
scope. Work later published by this group demonstrated the detection
of the same extended spectrum 𝛽-lactamase gene in K. pneumoniae that
was spiked in urine [39] . Heat lysis of bacteria was achieved using a
thermomixer and 500-fold DNA pre-concentration via magnetic beads
occurred on a separate unit that was interfaced directly with the DMF
platform. A detection limit of 10 4 CFU/mL, suitable for urinary tract de-
tection, was reported with a 30 min sample-to-answer time. Genotypic —Nucleic acid amplification and detection Nucleic acid detection techniques often rely on amplification to de-
tect low gene concentrations. Such techniques have been adapted to 7 C.R. Nemr, A.A. Sklavounos, A.R. Wheeler et al. SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2–15 Fig. 4. (A) DMF device used for automated bacteria induction. The chip has multiple areas including ports for loading reagents and broth, a culture area, and
an incubation area. The chip also has an electrode that allows for light to pass through and perform OD measurements. (B) Automated Induction Microfluidics
System (AIMS) protocol indicating all the steps required for induction that can be performed with the DMF device. (C) Photograph of a DMFdevice with droplets
induced with IPTG containing an expanded inset showing cells expressing RFP. (D) Dose-response curve of IPTG for AIMS protocol optimization. (E). Induction
profile demonstrating BGL3 protein expression over time. Reproduced from Husser et al. [32] with permission from the American Chemical Society. Fig. 4. (A) DMF device used for automated bacteria induction. The chip has multiple areas including ports for loading reagents and broth, a culture area, and
an incubation area. The chip also has an electrode that allows for light to pass through and perform OD measurements. (B) Automated Induction Microfluidics
System (AIMS) protocol indicating all the steps required for induction that can be performed with the DMF device. (C) Photograph of a DMFdevice with droplets
induced with IPTG containing an expanded inset showing cells expressing RFP. (D) Dose-response curve of IPTG for AIMS protocol optimization. (E). Induction
profile demonstrating BGL3 protein expression over time. Reproduced from Husser et al. [32] with permission from the American Chemical Society. work demonstrated promise for use of this system with clinical speci-
mens, the pre-processing largely took place off-chip. DMF protocols, including real-time (RT)-PCR [34–36] , as well as isother-
mal amplification [37–39] of bacterial DNA. Other amplification-free
techniques have been achieved for the detection of low nucleic acid
concentrations on DMF for pathogen detection [40] and water monitor-
ing [41] . There have been reports of detection of one [ 35–37 , 39 ], two
[ 34 , 41 ], three [38] and four [40] bacterial genes on DMF, demonstrat-
ing the multiplexed detection capability of the platform. On a different note, RT-PCR protocols have been developped for
pathogen detection on DMF [34–36] . Genotypic —Nucleic acid amplification and detection While this There have also been reports of a two-plex amplification-free system
for 16s rRNA detection in two Langionella strains on DMF for water mon-
itoring applications [41] . This approach utilizes magnetic bead probe
capture ( Fig. 5 A) and fluorescent probes for detection ( Fig. 5 B) using a
fluorescence microscope. This method can detect down to 122 pM syn-
thetic rRNA in 30 min ( Fig. 5 C), showing high sensitivity and speed. Another DMF platform paired with a fluorescence microscope ( Fig. 5 D),
was employed for the simultaneous detection of multiple 500 nM DNA
sequences ( Fig. 5 E) [40] . A unique design feature of the DMF device
employed in this work is the presence of on-chip 3D microblade struc- 8 C.R. Nemr, A.A. Sklavounos, A.R. Wheeler et al. SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2–15 R. Nemr, A.A. Sklavounos, A.R. Wheeler et al. SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2
g. 5. (A) Schematic of DMF protocol for the dilution, hybridization and detection of 16s rRNA. DP (detector probe) and MB (magnetic bead) are displayed in t
ubsequent figure. (B) MB functionalized with capture probes and fluorescent tagged detector probes allow detection of target 16s rRNA via fluorescence microscop
C) Relative fluorescence intensity vs. L. pneumophila RNA concentration. Reproduced from Foudeh et al. [41] with permission from the Royal Society of Chemist
D) Side-view schematic of DMF device containing 3D microblades for droplet splitting. (E) Top-view schematic of the same device in previous figure demonstrati
e incubation of 4 separate probes to perform molecular beacon assay with fluorescence DNA detection. (F) Molecular beacon assay demonstrating detection of rig
nd wrong probes. (G) Fluorescence profiles of mixtures of probe–target combinations for 4 different pathogens. Reproduced from Dong et al. [40] with permissi
om the Royal Society of Chemistry. Fig. 5. (A) Schematic of DMF protocol for the dilution, hybridization and detection of 16s rRNA. DP (detector probe) and MB (magnetic bead) are displayed in the
subsequent figure. (B) MB functionalized with capture probes and fluorescent tagged detector probes allow detection of target 16s rRNA via fluorescence microscopy. (C) Relative fluorescence intensity vs. L. pneumophila RNA concentration. Reproduced from Foudeh et al. [41] with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry. (D) Side-view schematic of DMF device containing 3D microblades for droplet splitting. Genotypic —Nucleic acid amplification and detection (E) Top-view schematic of the same device in previous figure demonstrating
the incubation of 4 separate probes to perform molecular beacon assay with fluorescence DNA detection. (F) Molecular beacon assay demonstrating detection of right
and wrong probes. (G) Fluorescence profiles of mixtures of probe–target combinations for 4 different pathogens. Reproduced from Dong et al. [40] with permission
from the Royal Society of Chemistry. 9 C.R. Nemr, A.A. Sklavounos, A.R. Wheeler et al. SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2–15 Table 2
Summary of nucleic acid amplification and detection techniques on DMF. N/A refers to information that is not applicable, LOD is the limit of detection reported. Table 2
Summary of nucleic acid amplification and detection techniques on DMF. N/A refers to information that is not applicable, LOD is the limit of detection reported
Technique
Application
Bacterial gene(s)
detected
Time
Heating
Fluorescence
detection
Detection range
Reference
RT PCR
Bacterial,
mycoplasma and
yeast
2 genes ( S. aureus
with M. pneumoniae ,
mycoplasma)
18 min (40-cycle
PCR)
Resistive
heaters,
amplification by
moving droplets
between two
areas of different
temperatures on
chip
Custom integrated
module (a light
emitting diode and a
photodiode)
1 to 100 000 copies
(307 pg to 3.07 fg
DNA)
[34]
Antibiotic-resistant
bacteria in nasal
swabs. 1 gene
(Methicillin-resistant
S. aureus )
12 min (40-cycle
PCR)
Resistive
heaters,
amplification by
moving droplets
between two
areas of different
temperatures on
chip
Custom miniature
fluorimeter, (a light
emitting diode and a
photodiode
Optimized with
400 pg in 600 nL
PCR mix
[35]
Point-of-care
detection of S. aureus DNA. 1 gene ( S. aureus )
Not specified
Polysilicon
heaters
CMOS-integrated
single-photon
avalanche diode
(SPAD)
1 to 10 000 copies
per droplet (1.2 nL)
[36]
Isothermal
amplification:
Recombinase
polymerase
amplification (RPA)
Antibiotic resistance
in E. coli
1 gene (extended
spectrum
𝛽-lactamase)
∼15 min (time-
to-positivity)
Resistive heating
Fluorescence
microscope
Single copy LOD (4
orders of magnitude
detection range)
[37]
Gram-negative
antibiotic resistance
genes. 3 (extended
spectrum
𝛽-lactamase, with
carbapenemases)
∼7 min (time-to-
positivity)
Resistive heating
Custom camera
setup
1000 copies
[38]
Antibiotic resistance
in K. pneumoniae for
diagnosis of urinary
tract infections
1 (extended
spectrum
𝛽-lactamase)
∼30 min
(sample-to-
answer
time)
Resistive heating
Custom camera
setup
10 copy LOD
(purified DNA) 10 4
CFU/mL LOD (lysed
bacteria)
[39]
Amplification free
Point-of-care
detection of genes
from pathogens
causing sepsis. 4 genes ( S. aureus ,
with K. pneumoniae ,
Coag. negative, L. Genotypic —Nucleic acid amplification and detection Lactis )
N/A
N/A
Fluorescence
microscope
500 nM tested
[40]
Bacterial rRNA for
environmental water
monitoring. 2 genes ( L. pneumophila , with L. israelensis )
∼30 min (total
analysis time)
Thermoelectric
heating
Fluorescence
microscope
0.5 𝜇M to 122 pM
[41] Summary of nucleic acid amplification and detection techniques on DMF. N/A refers to information that is not applicable, LOD is the limit of detection reported. etection techniques on DMF. N/A refers to information that is not applicable, LOD is the limit of detection reported. nucleic acid amplification and detection techniques on DMF. N/A refers to information that is not applicable, LOD is the lim minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic. This method
relies on trained personnel to work aseptically while performing mul-
tiple pipetting steps, requires multiple instruments, only provides an
endpoint measurement and consumes larger solution volumes than if
it were performed in a microfluidic chip format. In order to perform
MIC determination on DMF, a key feature is biocompatibility of de-
vices with prolonged culture of bacteria and to sustain the volume of
the liquid media the culture is suspended in, while heating at 37 °C. Culture of bacteria over numerous hours on a DMF device was first
demonstrated by Au et al. with E. coli , using a petri dish as a humid-
ified chamber to mitigate evaporation [8] . This work showed promise
and opened up possibilities for protocols requiring bacterial culture on
DMF. tures for simple, robust and accurate droplet splitting, which is neces-
sary for the generation of multiple droplets to detect the different target
sequences. The platform employs different molecular beacons ( Fig. 5 F)
to detect four septic pathogens ( S. aureus, L. lactis, K. pneumoniae and
coagulase negative bacteria) on one device ( Fig. 5 G). Future work in
amplification-free detection systems on DMF should focus on demon-
strating the feasibility of these platforms with real-world samples, as
matrix effects could impact detection limits, assay time and processing
requirements. While the speed, sensitivity, mixing and multiplexing capabilities of
DMF have demonstrated its potential for use in bacterial nucleic acid
detection protocols, there is still a way to go to demonstrate a fully inte-
grated system that can perform detection directly from clinical and/or
environmental specimen on a DMF device. Genotypic —Nucleic acid amplification and detection The current literature has
demonstrated detection of synthetic nucleic acid sequences, cultured
samples of bacteria with off-chip DNA extraction and some prelimi-
nary data showing on-chip processing of spiked biological specimens. For such a system to become practical for widespread use, its applica-
tion in clinical and/or environmental samples should be demonstrated
next. Recently, two DMF publications presented AST protocols with com-
parable results to the standard method, while utilizing real-time mon-
itoring of bacterial growth. Qiu and Nagl integrated an optical oxygen
sensor and a heating module on their DMF instrument to culture bac-
teria and to measure extracellular dissolved oxygen produced by viable
bacteria to determine MIC values ( Fig. 6 A) [43] . The dispensing, dilu-
tion and mixing of solutions was automated, simplifying user input. The
DMF device was also filled with mineral oil, which limited evaporation
and allowed sustained bacterial culture for 16 h. Mineral oil was se-
lected as a filler medium since it has poor vapor and gas permeability,
allowing each droplet on chip to act as a microincubator whose changes
in oxygen levels could be attributed to bacterial viability and prolifera-
tion. This system was validated using an E. coli strain and three different
antibiotics. Phenotypic —Antibiotic susceptibility testing Standard clinical AST often relies on the broth microdilution method,
whereby samples of bacteria are incubated 16-20 h with 2-fold dilu-
tion series of antibiotics in a 96-well plate format [42] . Optical density
measurements are then obtained using a plate reader to determine the 10 C.R. Nemr, A.A. Sklavounos, A.R. Wheeler et al. SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2–15 Fig. 6. (A) Top view schematic of antibiotic dilutions and incubation with bacteria to for perform AST on DMF (left) and side view of oxygen sensing system emplo
or detection of bacterial viability (right). Reproduced from Qiu and Nagl [43] with permission from the American Chemical Society. (B) Assays for automated
and BC on DMF via the detection of fluorescent resorufin. Reproduced from Sklavounos, Nemr et al. [18] with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry. In parallel Skla ounos Nemr et al de eloped an integrated DMF
coliform classification demonstrated the ersatilit
DMF offers for co g. 6. (A) Top view schematic of antibiotic dilutions and incubation with bacteria to for perform AST on DMF (left) and side view of oxygen sensing system empl
detection of bacterial viability (right). Reproduced from Qiu and Nagl [43] with permission from the American Chemical Society. (B) Assays for automated
d BC
DMF
i
th d t
ti
f fl
t
fi
R
d
d f
Skl
N
t
l [18]
ith
i i
f
th R
l S
i t
f Ch
i t Fig. 6. (A) Top view schematic of antibiotic dilutions and incubation with bacteria to for perform AST on DMF (left) and side view of oxygen sensing system employed
for detection of bacterial viability (right). Reproduced from Qiu and Nagl [43] with permission from the American Chemical Society. (B) Assays for automated AST
and BC on DMF via the detection of fluorescent resorufin. Reproduced from Sklavounos, Nemr et al. [18] with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry. In parallel, Sklavounos, Nemr et al. developed an integrated DMF
instrument capable of performing AST, as well as bacterial classifica-
tion (BC), using a built-in fluorescence detector with simplified optics
( Fig. 6 B) [18] . Metabolic markers were incorporated in culture broth
for detection of bacterial growth and MIC determination through fluo-
rescence measurements using a low-cost color camera. Phenotypic —Antibiotic susceptibility testing Evaporation was
mitigated for culture of bacteria up to 18 h by engulfing droplets in a
thin layer of low-viscosity water-immiscible oil, a simpler approach than
flooding the device with a filler oil. Various protocols including AST, BC
of two bacterial strains simultaneously, a proof-of-concept multiplexed
system for breakpoint testing (two antibiotics), as well as E. coli and coliform classification demonstrated the versatility DMF offers for com-
pleting various assays without requiring chip redesign. This work also
demonstrated the ability to culture Gram-positive S. aureus , as well as
Gram-negative K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis and two E. coli strains. The two integrated AST systems improved automation, solution con-
sumption and minimized instrumentation requirements compared to the
standard method. The well-plate format still provides higher through-
put than the abovementioned systems, which is an area that could be
expanded further to allow for multiple replicates and sample testing at
the same time. Having devices with larger droplet capacities could also
expand the use of these platforms from AST and BC to AST with com- 11 C.R. Nemr, A.A. Sklavounos, A.R. Wheeler et al. SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2–15 7. (A) Top view of and cross-sectional view of a DMF-capillary interface for controlled dispensing and preparation of various solutions (shown in different
rs) for next generation sequencing. Magnets and thermal blocks allow sample preparation in tubing and syringe pumps enable liquid handling. (B) Schematic of
F device highlighting ITO actuation electrodes allowing movement of solutions to and from capillaries. (C) Series of frames from a movie showing the preparation
sequencer-ready DNA library using the developed platform: 1) Mixing of droplets containing Nextera Enzyme (NE) and gDNA, 2) Merging of NE and gDNA
tion solution with magnetic beads (MB), 3) Actuation of clean-up module. 4) Droplet post-clean up containing DNA fragments, 5) DNA fragments combined with
Mix droplet for PCR, 6,7)post-PCR mixture added to varied volumes of MBs for size-selection, 8) DNA library droplet. Reproduced from Kim et al. [44] under
ative Commons Attribution License. Fig. 7. (A) Top view of and cross-sectional view of a DMF-capillary interface for controlled dispensing and preparation of various solutions (shown in different
colors) for next generation sequencing. Magnets and thermal blocks allow sample preparation in tubing and syringe pumps enable liquid handling. (B) Schematic of
DMF device highlighting ITO actuation electrodes allowing movement of solutions to and from capillaries. Phenotypic —Antibiotic susceptibility testing (C) Series of frames from a movie showing the preparation
of a sequencer-ready DNA library using the developed platform: 1) Mixing of droplets containing Nextera Enzyme (NE) and gDNA, 2) Merging of NE and gDNA
reaction solution with magnetic beads (MB), 3) Actuation of clean-up module. 4) Droplet post-clean up containing DNA fragments, 5) DNA fragments combined with
PCR Mix droplet for PCR, 6,7)post-PCR mixture added to varied volumes of MBs for size-selection, 8) DNA library droplet. Reproduced from Kim et al. [44] under
Creative Commons Attribution License. next-generation sequencing (NGS) [44] . NGS is a powerful tool for mi-
crobial community profiling, as well as pathogen discovery and charac-
terization, though it is an expensive and multistep technique. By inter-
facing DMF with a network of capillaries ( Fig. 7 B), liquid samples could
be handled interchangeably as droplets or in a continuous flow format
to achieve sample dispensing, fractionation and separation ( Fig. 7 C). Formatted sequencing libraries of human, as well as bacterial genomic
DNA were prepared on DMF for downstream analysis by Illumina se-
quencing. Using 5 ng of total DNA, E. coli libraries with even genome
coverage, good quality scores and over 99% alignment with references
were generated. A de novo assembly of antibiotic resistant K. pneumoniae
was also achieved, demonstrating the capabilities of the method. bined bacterial identification. Bacterial identification provides species-
specific determination of bacteria, which is more specific than BC. Us-
ing a similar approach to BC with species-selective culture broths, as
demonstrated for E. coli [18] , could allow for a more expansive analy-
sis of the samples being tested. Finally, demonstrating AST on clinical
specimens and reducing assay times would also enable DMF to be used
as a widespread tool for AST, BC and bacterial identification. Sample preparation interfaced with downstream bacterial
protocols bacterial DNA; required for successful sequencing of the extracted bac-
terial genome. Components of a commercially available whole genome
amplification assay kit were used to perform the assay on DMF. Assay
components were dispensed, combined in desired ratios and incubated
on chip at room temperature with droplet mixing to achieve improved
amplification inside an oil filler medium to prevent evaporation. The
chip was then transferred to a hot plate and on ice to perform vari-
ous heating and cooling steps post-amplification. Samples were subse-
quently transferred to a microfuge tube and sequenced using a Min-
ION sequencer. A drawback for this system is that it is relatively un-
integrated (unlike other recent examples of DMF systems used in other
applications [ 18 , 30 ]), with a number of processes that required different
temperatures, which were all performed manually. On the other hand,
this was the first report of a WGA protocol performed on DMF demon-
strating the remarkable capabilities of the technology to handle and pro-
cess precious samples, such as ones with minute analyte amounts. Sample preparation interfaced with downstream bacterial
protocols DMF’s ability to automate fluid handling steps such as droplet dis-
pensing, mixing and splitting are attractive features of the instrument
for sample preparation applications. In addition, DMF design can be tai-
lored for interfacing with other instruments/techniques for downstream
sample handling/analysis. Kim et al. reported a fully-integrated DMF
sample-in library-out platform ( Fig. 7 A) to prepare DNA libraries for Work by Liu et al. demonstrated whole genome amplification of bac-
terial DNA from C. glutamicum and P. somerae DNA on DMF for down-
stream sequencing using a MinION sequencer, a miniature platform
for fast, real-time and long-read nucleic acid sequencing [45] . Whole
genome amplification was performed to increase the total amount of 12 C.R. Nemr, A.A. Sklavounos, A.R. Wheeler et al. SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2–15 Fig. 8. (A) Schematic demonstrating the bind-
ing of Salmonella with a magnetic bead con-
jugated with anti-Salmonella antibodies, fol-
lowed by optical tweezing of the captured bac-
terium using an infrared (IR) laser. (B) Fluo-
rescence microscopy images demonstrating: i)
the capture of a magnetic bead bound with a
single bacterium (MB-SB) expressing mCherry
in a primary microwell (μw p , yellow circle)
with optical tweezer (OT), ii) the displacement
of captured MB-SB, shown with the white ar-
row, iii) the relocation of MB-SB in a secondary
microwell (μw s , green circle) with OT. Repro-
duced from Kumar et al. [46] under Creative
Common CC BY license attribution. Fig. 8. (A) Schematic demonstrating the bind-
ing of Salmonella with a magnetic bead con-
jugated with anti-Salmonella antibodies, fol-
lowed by optical tweezing of the captured bac-
terium using an infrared (IR) laser. (B) Fluo-
rescence microscopy images demonstrating: i)
the capture of a magnetic bead bound with a
single bacterium (MB-SB) expressing mCherry
in a primary microwell (μw p , yellow circle)
with optical tweezer (OT), ii) the displacement
of captured MB-SB, shown with the white ar-
row, iii) the relocation of MB-SB in a secondary
microwell (μw s , green circle) with OT. Repro-
duced from Kumar et al. [46] under Creative
Common CC BY license attribution. tion, which is of particular concern when working with viable bacteria. While functionality of these systems is a major advantage, manufactur-
ing of multimodal systems can pose challenges. Fabrication complexity
and customized hardware needs may limit the ability to mass produce
materials and increase production costs. Outlooks The advances in DMF platforms for bacterial protocols have demon-
strated the expansive capabilities of the technology. As these platforms
become more intricate with built-in features and hybrid interfaces, their
versatility and user-friendliness will grow vastly for bacterial protocols
and beyond. This could allow for handling and processing of complex
samples (such as clinical specimen), as well as generating all-in-one
platforms to perform extensive protocols ( e.g. , assembly, transforma-
tion, and induction on one integrated instrument). This also opens new
avenues in the development of portable and miniaturized instrumenta-
tion, which is desirable at the point-of-care and in remote areas. At the
same time, adding more protocols and procedures to a single system in-
creases its complexity. This may introduce hardware and assay protocol
design challenges moving forward. Other considerations for implement-
ing bacterial protocols on DMF include preventing complete evaporation
of liquids, ensuring that particular reagents (especially non-aqueous so-
lutions) can move on devices and confirming that any surfactants used
as supplements to the various liquids do not interfere downstream, with
the sample preparation or analysis. Another example of sample preparation on DMF is the capture of
individual bacteria on chip with selective retrieval using optical tweez-
ers (OT) [46] . Antibody-coated magnetic beads targeting Salmonella ty-
phimurium allowed the single cell capture of fluorescent S. typhimurium
( Fig. 8 A). Individual beads bound to bacteria were initially captured in-
side of microwells using an external magnet and then each bead was
relocated via OT guided by bacterial fluorescent expression. Behavior
of individual bacteria could be monitored in real-time via imaging on
DMF ( Fig. 8 B). Single bacteria could then undergo transfers and prolif-
eration on an agar patch that was affixed atop the DMF device, allowing
for downstream analysis of viable bacteria. DMF detection approaches for bacterial protocols have to date
mostly utilized imaging, fluorescence and absorbance measurements. Future instrument iterations could include other detectors such as elec-
trochemical sensors [ 10 , 11 ], surface plasmon resonance [47] , etc. These
modalities have previously been paired with DMF in other applications, Overall, interfacing sample preparation on DMF with downstream
bacterial protocols can improve streamlining and automation of pro-
cedures. This can ultimately minimize user-input and increase user-
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interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper. y
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2009;460(7257):894–8. doi: 10.1038/nature08187 . Outlooks SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2–15 so their repurposing for bacterial applications should be straightfor-
ward. With the growing DMF toolkit for bacterial protocols, further ap-
plications may include investigating polymicrobial populations, study-
ing antibiotic synergy, as well as direct testing of clinical samples. [17] Barbulovic-Nad I, Yang H, Park PS, Wheeler AR. Digital microfluidics for cell-based
assays. Lab Chip 2008;8(4):519–26. doi: 10.1039/b717759c . [18] Sklavounos AA, Nemr CR, Kelley SO, Wheeler AR. Bacterial classification and
antibiotic susceptibility testing on an integrated microfluidic platform. Lab Chip
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digital microfluidics for individual droplet control. RSC Adv. 2020;10(45):26972–
81. doi: 10.1039/d0ra04588h . Last, looking at the commercial landscape, we can identify that there
is a lot of momentum generated around the need for the level of au-
tomation that DMF offers. Solutions include the ePlex System from Gen-
Mark (used for DNA amplification and detection), the Miro Canvas from
Miroculus (used for Next Generation Sequencing library preparation),
and Alto from Nicoya (used for DMF enabled SPR measurements). As
the industry moves in parallel with academic advances, we envision that
DMF is going to be ubiquitous in the years to come and will help hun-
dreds of scientists advance the technology and their research. [20] Engler C, Kandzia R, Marillonnet S. A one pot, one step, precision cloning method
with high throughput capability. PLoS One 2008;3(11):3647. doi: 10.1371/jour-
nal.pone.0003647 . [21] Gibson DG, Young L, Chuang RY, Venter JC, Hutchison CA, Smith HO. Enzy-
matic assembly of DNA molecules up to several hundred kilobases. Nat Methods
2009;6(5):343–5 2009 65 . doi: 10.1038/nmeth.1318 . [22] Liu YJ, Yao DJ, Lin HC, Chang WY, Chang HY. DNA ligation of ultramicro volume us-
ing an EWOD microfluidic system with coplanar electrodes. J Micromech Microeng
2008;18(4):1–8. doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/18/4/045017 . [23] Lin HC, Liu YJ, Yao DJ. Core —shell droplets for parallel dna ligation of an ultra-
micro volume using an ewod microfluidic system. J Lab Autom 2010;15(3):210–15. doi: 10.1016/j.jala.2010.01.010 . Acknowledgements [26] Moore JA, Nemat-Gorgani M, Madison AC, Sandahl MA, Punnamaraju S, Eck-
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fin PB. Automated electrotransformation of escherichia coli on a digital microfluidic
platform using bioactivated magnetic beads. Biomicrofluidics 2017;11(1):14110. doi: 10.1063/1.4975391 . The research was supported by the Society for Laboratory Automa-
tion and Screening (SLAS) , under award number: SLASFG2019 ; any
opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in
this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those
of SLAS. [27] Gach PC, Shih SCC, Sustarich J, Keasling JD, Hillson NJ, Adams PD, Singh AK. A
Droplet microfluidic platform for automating genetic engineering. ACS Synth Biol
2016;5(5):426–33. doi: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00011 . [28] Madison AC, Royal MW, Vigneault F, Chen L, Griffin PB, Horowitz M, Church GM,
Fair RB. Scalable device for automated microbial electroporation in a digi-
tal microfluidic platform. ACS Synth Biol 2017;6(9):1701–9. doi: 10.1021/acssyn-
bio.7b00007 . [44] Kim H, Jebrail MJ, Sinha A, Bent ZW, Solberg OD, Williams KP, Langevin SA,
Renzi RF, Van De Vreugde JL, Meagher RJ, Schoeniger JS, Lane TW,
Branda SS, Bartsch MS, Patel KD. A microfluidic DNA library preparation plat-
form for next-generation sequencing. PLoS One 2013;8(7):1–9. doi: 10.1371/jour-
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[45] Liu Y, Jeraldo P, Mendes-Soares H, Masters T, Asangba AE, Nelson H, Patel R,
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Lammertyn J. Digital microfluidics for single bacteria capture and selective retrieval
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detection of DNA hybridization. Biosens Bioelectron 2009;24(7):2218–24.
doi: 10.1016/J.BIOS.2008.11.031 . References [41] Foudeh AM, Brassard D, Tabrizian M, Veres T. Rapid and multiplex detection
of Legionella’s RNA using digital microfluidics. Lab Chip 2015;15(6):1609–18. doi: 10.1039/c4lc01468e . [15] Lapierre F, Harnois M, Coffinier Y, Boukherroub R, Thomy V. Split and flow:
reconfigurable capillary connection for digital microfluidic devices. Lab Chip
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M. R.; Patel, K. D. Automated digital microfluidic sample preparation for next-
generation DNA sequencing: 10.1016/j.jala.2011.07.001 2011, 16 (6), 405–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JALA.2011.07.001. [43] Qiu W, Nagl S. Automated miniaturized digital microfluidic antimicrobial sus-
ceptibility test using a chip-integrated optical oxygen sensor. ACS Sensors
2021;6(3):1147–56. doi: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02399 . 14 SLAS Technology 28 (2023) 2–15 [46] Kumar PT, Decrop D, Safdar S, Passaris I, Kokalj T, Puers R, Aertsen A, Spasic D,
Lammertyn J. Digital microfluidics for single bacteria capture and selective retrieval
using optical tweezers. Micromachines 2020(3):11. doi: 10.3390/mi11030308 . [47] Malic L, Veres T, Tabrizian M. Biochip functionalization using electrowetting-
on-dielectric digital microfluidics for surface plasmon resonance imaging
detection of DNA hybridization. Biosens Bioelectron 2009;24(7):2218–24. doi: 10.1016/J.BIOS.2008.11.031 . 15 15
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Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
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Вялікаберазьнянскі раён
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён краіна Украіна
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён выява сьцяга Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён выява гербу Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён катэгорыя ў Вікісховішчы Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён ідэнтыфікатар у Freebase /m/06zmrgv
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён асобны выпадак панятку раён Украіны, дата заканчэньня 2020
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён код GeoNames 690085
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён геаграфічныя каардынаты
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён адміністрацыйная адзінка Закарпацкая вобласьць
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён сталіца Вялікі Бярозны
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён Ідэнтыфікатар КААТУУ 2120800000
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён выява мапы Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён часавы пас UTC+2, дзейны ў пэрыяд стандартны час
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён часавы пас UTC+03:00, дзейны ў пэрыяд летні час
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён плошча
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён афіцыйны вэб-сайт http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён пазыцыйная мапа Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён ідэнтыфікатар Энцыкляпэдыі сучаснай Украіны 32771
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён выява WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, апісаньне мэдыя
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён ідэнтыфікатар LCCN no2013087575
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2019
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён назва арыгінальнай мовай
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён ідэнтыфікатар VIAF 305203644
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён катэгорыя мапаў Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён наступнік Ужгарадзкі раён
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён дата спыненьня існаваньня 2020
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён ідэнтыфікатар мясьціны iNaturalist 47299
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён рабочы сьпіс праекту Вікімэдыі ВікіПраект:Украіна
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён ідэнтыфікатар мясьціны museum-digital 76770
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён ідэнтыфікатар Ізраільскай нацыянальнай бібліятэкі 987009841156605171
Вялікаберазьнянскі раён ідэнтыфікатар GNS -1057774
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj
ehemaliger Rajon in der Ukraine
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Staat Ukraine
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Flagge (Abbildung) Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Wappenbild Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Commons-Kategorie Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Freebase-Kennung /m/06zmrgv
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj ist ein(e) Rajon in der Ukraine, Endzeitpunkt 2020
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj GeoNames-Kennung 690085
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj geographische Koordinaten
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Hauptkategorie des Themas Kategorie:Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Oblast Transkarpatien
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Hauptstadt Welykyj Beresnyj
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj KOATUU-Schlüssel 2120800000
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Lagekarte Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Zeitzone UTC+2, betroffener Zeitraum Normalzeit
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Zeitzone UTC+3, betroffener Zeitraum Sommerzeit
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Fläche
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj offizielle Website http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Positionskarte Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Encyclopedia-of-Modern-Ukraine-Kennung 32771
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Bild WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, Beschreibung des Mediums
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj gemeinsame Grenze mit Inovce
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj LCAuth-Kennung no2013087575
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2019
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Name in Amts- oder Originalsprache
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj VIAF-Kennung 305203644
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Kategorie für Karten Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Nachfolger Rajon Uschhorod
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj Auflösungsdatum 2020
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj iNaturalist-Orts-ID 47299
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj auf der Arbeitsliste des Wikimedia-Projektes WikiProjekt Ukraine
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj museum-digital-Ort-ID 76770
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj J9U-Kennung der Israelischen Nationalbibliothek 987009841156605171
Rajon Welykyj Beresnyj GEOnet-Names-Server-Kennung -1057774
Великоберезняньскый район
Великоберезняньскый район держава Україна
Великоберезняньскый район адміністративна єдинка Закарпатьска область
Великоберезняньскый район офіціална сторонка http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Великоберезняньскый район зображеня WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, опис зображеня
Великоберезняньскый район VIAF 305203644
Okres Velký Berezný
bývalý okres v Zakarpatské oblasti na západě Ukrajiny
Okres Velký Berezný stát Ukrajina
Okres Velký Berezný obrázek vlajky Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Okres Velký Berezný obrázek erbu / znaku Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Okres Velký Berezný kategorie na Commons Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Okres Velký Berezný identifikátor Freebase /m/06zmrgv
Okres Velký Berezný instance (čeho) ukrajinský rajón, do 2020
Okres Velký Berezný identifikátor GeoNames 690085
Okres Velký Berezný zeměpisné souřadnice
Okres Velký Berezný hlavní kategorie tématu Kategorie:Okres Velký Berezný
Okres Velký Berezný nachází se v administrativní jednotce Zakarpatská oblast
Okres Velký Berezný hlavní město Velký Berezný
Okres Velký Berezný identifikátor KOATUU 2120800000
Okres Velký Berezný mapa polohy Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Okres Velký Berezný časové pásmo UTC+02:00, platnost v období standardní čas
Okres Velký Berezný časové pásmo UTC+03:00, platnost v období letní čas
Okres Velký Berezný plošná výměra
Okres Velký Berezný oficiální web http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Okres Velký Berezný mapa umístění Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Okres Velký Berezný obrázek WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, popisek
Okres Velký Berezný hraničí s Inovce
Okres Velký Berezný identifikátor LCAuth no2013087575
Okres Velký Berezný počet obyvatel , datum 2019
Okres Velký Berezný v původním jazyce
Okres Velký Berezný VIAF 305203644
Okres Velký Berezný kategorie map Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Okres Velký Berezný následující Okres Užhorod
Okres Velký Berezný datum zániku 2020
Okres Velký Berezný na seznamu sledovaných stránek projektů Wikimedia WikiProjekt Ukrajina
Okres Velký Berezný kód Izraelské národní knihovny 987009841156605171
Okres Velký Berezný identifikátor GNS Unique Feature -1057774
Rejon wielkoberezneński
Rejon wielkoberezneński państwo Ukraina
Rejon wielkoberezneński ilustracja flagi Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Rejon wielkoberezneński ilustracja herbu Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Rejon wielkoberezneński kategoria Commons Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Rejon wielkoberezneński identyfikator Freebase /m/06zmrgv
Rejon wielkoberezneński jest to rejon na Ukrainie, do 2020
Rejon wielkoberezneński identyfikator GeoNames 690085
Rejon wielkoberezneński współrzędne geograficzne
Rejon wielkoberezneński główna kategoria tematu Kategoria:Rejon wielkoberezneński
Rejon wielkoberezneński znajduje się w jednostce administracyjnej obwód zakarpacki
Rejon wielkoberezneński stolica Wielkie Berezne
Rejon wielkoberezneński identyfikator KOATUU 2120800000
Rejon wielkoberezneński położenie na mapie Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Rejon wielkoberezneński strefa czasowa UTC+02:00, poprawny w okresie czas standardowy
Rejon wielkoberezneński strefa czasowa UTC+03:00, poprawny w okresie czas letni
Rejon wielkoberezneński powierzchnia
Rejon wielkoberezneński oficjalna strona internetowa http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Rejon wielkoberezneński mapa obiektu Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Rejon wielkoberezneński identyfikator w wersji internetowej Encykłopediji suczasnoji Ukrajiny 32771
Rejon wielkoberezneński ilustracja WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, opis ilustracji
Rejon wielkoberezneński flaga flaga rejonu wielkoberezieńskiego
Rejon wielkoberezneński wspólna granica z Inovce
Rejon wielkoberezneński identyfikator LCCN no2013087575
Rejon wielkoberezneński liczba ludności , data 2019
Rejon wielkoberezneński nazwa oryginalna
Rejon wielkoberezneński identyfikator VIAF 305203644
Rejon wielkoberezneński kategoria dla map Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Rejon wielkoberezneński data rozwiązania lub końca 2020
Rejon wielkoberezneński identyfikator w iNaturalist 47299
Rejon wielkoberezneński w obszarze zainteresowania projektu Wikimedia Wikiprojekt:Ukraina
Rejon wielkoberezneński identyfikator J9U Biblioteki Narodowej Izraela 987009841156605171
Rejon wielkoberezneński identyfikator GNS -1057774
Velykyy Bereznyi
Velykyy Bereznyi quốc gia Ukraina
Velykyy Bereznyi hình lá cờ Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Velykyy Bereznyi hình huy hiệu Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Velykyy Bereznyi thể loại ở Commons Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Velykyy Bereznyi định danh Freebase /m/06zmrgv
Velykyy Bereznyi định danh GeoNames 690085
Velykyy Bereznyi tọa độ
Velykyy Bereznyi nằm trong phạm vi của khu vực hành chính Vùng Zakarpattia
Velykyy Bereznyi định danh KOATUU 2120800000
Velykyy Bereznyi hình bản đồ định vị Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Velykyy Bereznyi nằm trong múi giờ UTC+2, có hiệu lực trong khoảng thời gian quy ước giờ chuẩn
Velykyy Bereznyi nằm trong múi giờ UTC+3, có hiệu lực trong khoảng thời gian quy ước giờ mùa hè
Velykyy Bereznyi diện tích
Velykyy Bereznyi trang chủ chính thức http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Velykyy Bereznyi hình ảnh WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, chú thích phương tiện
Velykyy Bereznyi số kiểm soát của Thư viện Quốc hội Mỹ no2013087575
Velykyy Bereznyi dân số , thời điểm 2019
Velykyy Bereznyi nhãn bản ngữ
Velykyy Bereznyi mã số VIAF 305203644
Velykyy Bereznyi thể loại bản đồ Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Velykyy Bereznyi ngày giải thể, bãi bỏ, hoặc phá bỏ 2020
Velykyy Bereznyi định danh Thư viện Quốc gia Israel J9U 987009841156605171
Velykyy Bereznyi định danh đối tượng duy nhất GNS -1057774
Великоберезнянский район
Великоберезнянский район государство Украина
Великоберезнянский район изображение флага Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Великоберезнянский район изображение герба Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Великоберезнянский район категория на Викискладе Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Великоберезнянский район код Freebase /m/06zmrgv
Великоберезнянский район это частный случай понятия район Украины, дата окончания 2020
Великоберезнянский район код GeoNames 690085
Великоберезнянский район категория для людей, связанных с местностью или организацией Категория:Персоналии:Великоберезнянский район
Великоберезнянский район географические координаты
Великоберезнянский район основная категория по теме Категория:Великоберезнянский район
Великоберезнянский район административно-территориальная единица Закарпатская область
Великоберезнянский район административный центр Великий Березный
Великоберезнянский район код КОАТУУ 2120800000
Великоберезнянский район карта местонахождения Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Великоберезнянский район часовой пояс UTC+2:00, действительно для периода поясное время
Великоберезнянский район часовой пояс UTC+3:00, действительно для периода летнее время
Великоберезнянский район площадь
Великоберезнянский район официальный сайт http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Великоберезнянский район позиционная карта Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Великоберезнянский район код в Энциклопедии современной Украины 32771
Великоберезнянский район изображение WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, описание медиа
Великоберезнянский район имеет границы с Иновец
Великоберезнянский район код LCCN no2013087575
Великоберезнянский район численность населения , момент времени 2019
Великоберезнянский район название на языке оригинала
Великоберезнянский район код VIAF 305203644
Великоберезнянский район категория карт на Викискладе Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Великоберезнянский район следующее по порядку Ужгородский район
Великоберезнянский район дата прекращения существования 2020
Великоберезнянский район код места iNaturalist 47299
Великоберезнянский район рабочий список проекта Викимедиа Проект:Украина
Великоберезнянский район код места museum-digital 76770
Великоберезнянский район код J9U Национальной библиотеки Израиля 987009841156605171
Великоберезнянский район код GNS -1057774
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi país Ucrania
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi imagen de la bandera Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi imagen del escudo de armas del elemento Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi categoría en Commons Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi Identificador Freebase /m/06zmrgv
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi instancia de raión de Ucrania, fecha de fin 2020
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi identificador GeoNames 690085
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi coordenadas
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi situado en la entidad territorial administrativa Óblast de Transcarpacia
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi identificador KOATUU 2120800000
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi mapa de localización Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi se encuentra en el huso horario UTC+02:00, periodo aplicable horario estándar
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi se encuentra en el huso horario UTC+03:00, periodo aplicable horario de verano
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi superficie
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi página web oficial http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi mapa de situación Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi identificador Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine 32771
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi imagen WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, descripción de la imagen
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi comparte fronteras con Inovce
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi identificador de autoridades de la Biblioteca del Congreso de EE. UU. no2013087575
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi población , fecha 2019
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi nombre en la lengua nativa
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi identificador VIAF 305203644
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi categoría para los mapas de este elemento Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi sucedido por Raión de Úzhgorod
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi fecha de disolución, retirada o demolición 2020
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi identificador iNaturalist de lugar 47299
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi lista de interés para el proyecto Wikimedia Wikiproyecto:Ucrania
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi identificador museo-digital de un lugar 76770
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi identificador J9U de la Biblioteca Nacional de Israel 987009841156605171
Raión de Velyky Bereznyi ID GNS de función única -1057774
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
former raion of Ukraine
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion country Ukraine
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion flag image Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion coat of arms image Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion Commons category Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion Freebase ID /m/06zmrgv
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion instance of raion of Ukraine, end time 2020
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion GeoNames ID 690085
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion coordinate location
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion topic's main category Category:Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion located in the administrative territorial entity Zakarpattia Oblast
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion capital Velykyi Bereznyi
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion KOATUU ID 2120800000
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion locator map image Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion located in time zone UTC+02:00, valid in period standard time
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion located in time zone UTC+03:00, valid in period daylight saving time
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion area
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion official website http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion location map Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine ID 32771
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion image WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, media legend
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion flag flag of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion shares border with Inovce
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion Library of Congress authority ID no2013087575
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion population , point in time 2019
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion native label
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion VIAF ID 305203644
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion category for maps Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion followed by Uzhhorod Raion
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion dissolved, abolished or demolished date 2020
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion iNaturalist place ID 47299
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion on focus list of Wikimedia project WikiProject Ukraine
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion museum-digital place ID 76770
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion National Library of Israel J9U ID 987009841156605171
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion GNS Unique Feature ID -1057774
Nagybereznai járás
járás Ukrajnában, Kárpátalján (1946–2020)
Nagybereznai járás ország Ukrajna
Nagybereznai járás zászló Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Nagybereznai járás címer Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Nagybereznai járás Commons-kategória Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Nagybereznai járás Freebase-azonosító /m/06zmrgv
Nagybereznai járás osztály, amelynek példánya ukrajnai járás, befejezés ideje 2020
Nagybereznai járás GeoNames-azonosító 690085
Nagybereznai járás földrajzi koordináta
Nagybereznai járás közigazgatási egység, ahol található Kárpátalja
Nagybereznai járás fővárosa/székhelye Nagyberezna
Nagybereznai járás KOATUU-azonosító 2120800000
Nagybereznai járás helyjelölő térkép Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Nagybereznai járás időzóna UTC+02:00, érvényességi időszak téli időszámítás
Nagybereznai járás időzóna UTC+03:00, érvényességi időszak nyári időszámítás
Nagybereznai járás terület
Nagybereznai járás hivatalos weboldal http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Nagybereznai járás pozíciós térkép Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Nagybereznai járás kép WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, képaláírás
Nagybereznai járás határos Éralja
Nagybereznai járás LCAuth-azonosító no2013087575
Nagybereznai járás népesség , időpont 2019
Nagybereznai járás saját nyelvén
Nagybereznai járás VIAF-azonosító 305203644
Nagybereznai járás térképek kategóriája Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Nagybereznai járás következő Ungvári járás
Nagybereznai járás megszűnés ideje 2020
Nagybereznai járás museum-digital földrajzi azonosító 76770
Nagybereznai járás Izraeli Nemzeti Könyvtár J9U-azonosító 987009841156605171
Nagybereznai járás GNS-egyediazonosító -1057774
Великоберезнянський район
район у Закарпатській області (Україна)
Великоберезнянський район країна Україна
Великоберезнянський район зображення прапора Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Великоберезнянський район зображення герба Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Великоберезнянський район категорія Вікісховища Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Великоберезнянський район ідентифікатор Freebase /m/06zmrgv
Великоберезнянський район є одним із район України, час/дата закінчення 2020
Великоберезнянський район код GeoNames 690085
Великоберезнянський район пов’язані персоналії Категорія:Персоналії:Великоберезнянський район
Великоберезнянський район географічні координати
Великоберезнянський район категорія за темою сторінки Категорія:Великоберезнянський район
Великоберезнянський район адміністративна одиниця Закарпатська область
Великоберезнянський район столиця Великий Березний
Великоберезнянський район код КОАТУУ 2120800000
Великоберезнянський район мапа розташування Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Великоберезнянський район часовий пояс UTC+2, дійсно для періоду стандартний час
Великоберезнянський район часовий пояс UTC+3, дійсно для періоду літній час
Великоберезнянський район площа
Великоберезнянський район офіційний сайт http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Великоберезнянський район позиційна карта Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Великоберезнянський район ідентифікатор Енциклопедії сучасної України онлайн 32771
Великоберезнянський район зображення WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, опис зображення
Великоберезнянський район опис прапора Прапор Великоберезнянського району
Великоберезнянський район спільний кордон із Іновце
Великоберезнянський район LCCN no2013087575
Великоберезнянський район кількість населення , дата й час 2019
Великоберезнянський район назва офіційною / оригінальною мовою
Великоберезнянський район VIAF 305203644
Великоберезнянський район категорія мап на Вікісховищі Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Великоберезнянський район наступник Ужгородський район
Великоберезнянський район час/дата припинення існування 2020
Великоберезнянський район ідентифікатор місця iNaturalist 47299
Великоберезнянський район робочий список проєкту Вікімедіа Вікіпедія:Проєкт:Україна
Великоберезнянський район J9U (Національна бібліотека Ізраїлю) 987009841156605171
Великоберезнянський район ідентифікатор GNS -1057774
Velikijbereznijas rajons
Velikijbereznijas rajons valsts Ukraina
Velikijbereznijas rajons karoga attēls Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Velikijbereznijas rajons ģerboņa attēls Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Velikijbereznijas rajons Commons kategorija Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Velikijbereznijas rajons Freebase identifikators /m/06zmrgv
Velikijbereznijas rajons GeoNames identifikators 690085
Velikijbereznijas rajons ģeogrāfiskās koordinātas
Velikijbereznijas rajons atrodas administratīvajā vienībā Aizkarpatu apgabals
Velikijbereznijas rajons KOATUU kods 2120800000
Velikijbereznijas rajons atrašanās vietas karte Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Velikijbereznijas rajons laika josla UTC+2, attiecas uz periodu standarta laiks
Velikijbereznijas rajons laika josla UTC+3, attiecas uz periodu vasaras laiks
Velikijbereznijas rajons platība
Velikijbereznijas rajons oficiālā tīmekļa vietne http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Velikijbereznijas rajons vietas karte Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Velikijbereznijas rajons attēls WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, attēla apraksts
Velikijbereznijas rajons LCCN identifikators no2013087575
Velikijbereznijas rajons iedzīvotāju skaits , laika brīdis 2019
Velikijbereznijas rajons nosaukums oriģinālvalodā
Velikijbereznijas rajons VIAF identifikators 305203644
Velikijbereznijas rajons karšu kategorija Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Velikijbereznijas rajons likvidēts, atcelts vai izbeigts 2020
Velikijbereznijas rajons Izraēlas Nacionālās bibliotēkas J9U kods 987009841156605171
Velikijbereznijas rajons GNS kods -1057774
Veľkoberezniansky rajón
Veľkoberezniansky rajón štát Ukrajina
Veľkoberezniansky rajón obrázok vlajky Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Veľkoberezniansky rajón obrázok erbu Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Veľkoberezniansky rajón kategória na Commons Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Veľkoberezniansky rajón identifikátor Freebase /m/06zmrgv
Veľkoberezniansky rajón GeoNames ID 690085
Veľkoberezniansky rajón zemepisné súradnice
Veľkoberezniansky rajón hlavná kategória témy Kategória:Veľkoberezniansky rajón
Veľkoberezniansky rajón nachádza sa v administratívnej jednotke Zakarpatská oblasť
Veľkoberezniansky rajón hlavné mesto Veľké Berezné
Veľkoberezniansky rajón mapa polohy Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Veľkoberezniansky rajón časové pásmo UTC+2
Veľkoberezniansky rajón časové pásmo UTC+03:00
Veľkoberezniansky rajón plocha
Veľkoberezniansky rajón oficiálny web http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Veľkoberezniansky rajón obrázok WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, popis média
Veľkoberezniansky rajón spoločná hranica s Inovce
Veľkoberezniansky rajón LCCN identifikátor no2013087575
Veľkoberezniansky rajón počet obyvateľov , k dátumu 2019
Veľkoberezniansky rajón v pôvodnom jazyku
Veľkoberezniansky rajón VIAF 305203644
Veľkoberezniansky rajón kategória máp Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Veľkoberezniansky rajón nasledujúci Užhorodský rajón
Veľkoberezniansky rajón dátum zániku 2020
Veľkoberezniansky rajón Ha-sifrija ha-leumit id 987009841156605171
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion kintra Ukraine
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion banner eemage Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion coat o airms eemage Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion Commons category Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion Freebase identifier /m/06zmrgv
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion instance o raion o Ukraine, end date 2020
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion GeoNames ID 690085
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion coordinate location
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion is in the admeenistrative unit Zakarpattia Oblast
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion caipital Velykyi Bereznyi
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion KOATUU identifier 2120800000
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion locator cairt eemage Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion time zone UTC+02:00
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion aurie
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion offeecial wabsteid http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion location cairt Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion eemage WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, media legend
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion LCCN no2013087575
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion population , pynt in time 2019
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion native label
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion VIAF identifier 305203644
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion followed bi Uzhhorod Raion
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion date o dissolution 2020
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան երկիր Ուկրաինա
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան դրոշի պատկեր Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան զինանշանի պատկեր Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան Վիքիպահեստի կատեգորիա Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան Նույնացուցիչը Freebase-ում /m/06zmrgv
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան հասկացության մասնավոր դեպք Ուկրաինայի շրջան, ավարտված 2020
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան Նույնացուցիչը GeoNames-ում 690085
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան աշխարհագրական կոորդինատներ
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան վարչատարածքային միավոր Անդրկարպատյան մարզ
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան մայրաքաղաք Վելիկիյ Բերյոզնիյ (քաղաքատիպ ավան, Ուկրաինա)
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան տեղադրության քարտեզ Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան ժամային գոտի UTC+2
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան ժամային գոտի UTC+3
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան մակերես
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան պաշտոնական կայք http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան պատկեր WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, մեդիայի նկարագրություն
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան դրոշ Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջանի դրոշ
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան Նույնացուցիչը LCNAF-ում no2013087575
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան բնակչություն , թվական 2019
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան բնօրինակ անվանում
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան VIAF կոդ 305203644
Վելիկոբերեզնյայի շրջան լուծարման ամսաթիվ 2020
ولیکیی برزنیی رین
ولیکیی برزنیی رین کشور اوکراین
ولیکیی برزنیی رین پرچم Velberezan rayon prapor.png
ولیکیی برزنیی رین نگارهٔ نشان Velberezan rayon gerb.png
ولیکیی برزنیی رین ردهٔ ویکیانبار Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
ولیکیی برزنیی رین شناسهٔ فریبیس /m/06zmrgv
ولیکیی برزنیی رین شناسهٔ جئونیمز 690085
ولیکیی برزنیی رین مختصات جغرافیایی
ولیکیی برزنیی رین ردهٔ اصلی رده:شهرستان ولیکیی برزنیی
ولیکیی برزنیی رین موقعیت در تقسیمات کشوری استان زاکارپیتا
ولیکیی برزنیی رین پایتخت ولیکیی برزنیی
ولیکیی برزنیی رین شناسهٔ شهرداریهای اوکراین 2120800000
ولیکیی برزنیی رین تصویر نقشهٔ مکانیاب Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
ولیکیی برزنیی رین منطقۀ زمانی یوتیسی ۲:۰۰+, زمان قابل قبول بودن زمان استاندارد
ولیکیی برزنیی رین منطقۀ زمانی یوتیسی ۳:۰۰+, زمان قابل قبول بودن تغییر ساعت تابستانی
ولیکیی برزنیی رین مساحت
ولیکیی برزنیی رین وبگاه رسمی http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
ولیکیی برزنیی رین نقشه موقعیت Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
ولیکیی برزنیی رین شناسۀ دانشنامۀ اوکراین مدرن 32771
ولیکیی برزنیی رین نگاره WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, توضیحات نگاره
ولیکیی برزنیی رین کد تائید کتابخانهٔ کنگره no2013087575
ولیکیی برزنیی رین جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2019
ولیکیی برزنیی رین برچسب بومی
ولیکیی برزنیی رین شناسه بم بم 305203644
ولیکیی برزنیی رین رده مربوط به نقشه اینجا Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
ولیکیی برزنیی رین تاریخ فروپاشی 2020
ولیکیی برزنیی رین شناسۀ J9U کتابخانه ملی اسرائیل 987009841156605171
ولیکیی برزنیی رین شناسه اطلاعات مکانی -1057774
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi țară Ucraina
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi imaginea drapelului Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi imaginea stemei Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi categorie la Commons Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi identificator Freebase /m/06zmrgv
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi este un/o raion, până la 2020
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi identificator GeoNames 690085
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi coordonate
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi categoria principală a subiectului Categorie:Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi, Transcarpatia
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi situat în unitatea administrativă Transcarpatia
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi capitală Velîkîi Bereznîi
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi hartă de localizare Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi zona orară UTC+2, valabil în perioada ora de iarnă
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi zona orară UTC+3, valabil în perioada ora de vară
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi suprafață
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi site oficial http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi harta locației Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi imagine WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, legenda imaginii
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi are frontieră comună cu Inovce
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi identificator LCCN no2013087575
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi populație , dată 2019
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi nume în limbile autohtone
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi identificator VIAF 305203644
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi categorie pentru hărți Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi succedat(ă) de Raionul Ujhorod, Transcarpatia
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi desființare 2020
Raionul Velîkîi Bereznîi pe lista de interes a proiectului Wikimedia Proiect:Ucraina
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён краіна Украіна
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён выява сцяга Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён выява герба Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён катэгорыя на Вікісховішчы Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён ідэнтыфікатар у Freebase /m/06zmrgv
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён гэта раён Украіны, дата заканчэння 2020
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён код GeoNames 690085
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён геаграфічныя каардынаты
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён знаходзіцца ў адміністрацыйнай адзінцы Закарпацкая вобласць
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён сталіца Вэлыкы Бэрэзны
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён код KOATUU 2120800000
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён карта месцазнаходжання Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён часавы пояс UTC+2, сапраўдна для перыяду паясны час
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён часавы пояс UTC+03:00, сапраўдна для перыяду летні час
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён плошча
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён афіцыйны сайт http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён пазіцыйная карта Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён код у Энцыклапедыі сучаснай Украіны 32771
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён выява WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, апісанне выявы
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён ідэнтыфікатар LCCN no2013087575
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён колькасць насельніцтва , дата 2019
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён назва на мясцовай мове
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён ідэнтыфікатар VIAF 305203644
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён катэгорыя карт на Вікісховішчы Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён наступны ў спісе Ужгарадскі раён
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён дата спынення існавання 2020
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён рабочы спіс праекта Вікімедыя Вікіпедыя:Праект:Украіна
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён код J9U Нацыянальнай бібліятэкі Ізраіля 987009841156605171
Вэлыкабэрэзнянскі раён код GNS -1057774
大別列茲尼區
乌克兰已撤销的区份
大別列茲尼區 国家 烏克蘭
大別列茲尼區 旗幟圖像 Velberezan rayon prapor.png
大別列茲尼區 纹章图像 Velberezan rayon gerb.png
大別列茲尼區 共享资源分类 Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
大別列茲尼區 Freebase標識符 /m/06zmrgv
大別列茲尼區 隶属于 烏克蘭的區, 終於 2020
大別列茲尼區 GeoNames編號 690085
大別列茲尼區 地理坐标
大別列茲尼區 所在行政领土实体 外喀爾巴阡州
大別列茲尼區 行政中心 大贝雷兹内
大別列茲尼區 定位图图片 Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
大別列茲尼區 时区 UTC+02:00, 有效期 標準時間
大別列茲尼區 时区 UTC+03:00, 有效期 夏时制
大別列茲尼區 面积
大別列茲尼區 官方网站 http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
大別列茲尼區 方位地图 Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
大別列茲尼區 现代乌克兰百科全书标识符 32771
大別列茲尼區 图像 WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, 媒體說明
大別列茲尼區 美国国会图书馆规范标识符 no2013087575
大別列茲尼區 人口 , 时间点 2019
大別列茲尼區 母语标签
大別列茲尼區 VIAF标识符 305203644
大別列茲尼區 地图分类 Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
大別列茲尼區 之后是 乌日霍罗德区
大別列茲尼區 解散、廢除或拆毀日 2020
大別列茲尼區 iNaturalist地点ID 47299
大別列茲尼區 维基媒体项目关注列表 WikiProject:乌克兰
大別列茲尼區 以色列國家圖書館識別碼 987009841156605171
大別列茲尼區 GNS獨特地形編號 -1057774
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი ქვეყანა უკრაინა
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი დროშა Velberezan rayon prapor.png
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი გერბი Velberezan rayon gerb.png
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი ვიკისაწყობის კატეგორია Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი Freebase /m/06zmrgv
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი არის უკრაინის რაიონები, დასრულების თარიღი 2020
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი GeoNames-ის კოდი 690085
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი გეოგრაფიული კოორდინატები
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი ადმინისტრაციული ერთეული ტრანსკარპატიის ოლქი
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი KOATUU-ს იდენტიფიკატორი 2120800000
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი ადგილმდებარეობის რუკა Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი სასაათო სარტყელი UTC+2, მოქმედების პერიოდი სტანდარტული დრო
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი სასაათო სარტყელი UTC+3, მოქმედების პერიოდი ზაფხულის დრო
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი ფართობი
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი ოფიციალური საიტი http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი პოზრუკა Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი სურათი WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, მედიის აღწერა
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი LCCN იდენტიფიკატორი no2013087575
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი მოსახლეობა , დროის მომენტი 2019
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი მშობლიური სახელწოდება
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი VIAF იდენტიფიკატორი 305203644
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი რუკების კატეგორია Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი არსებობის დასრულების თარიღი 2020
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი ვიკიმედიის პროექტის სამიზნე სია ვიკიპედია:ვიკიპროექტი:უკრაინა
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი ისრაელის ეროვნული ბიბლიოთეკა იდენტიფიკატორი J9U 987009841156605171
ველიკი-ბერიოზნის რაიონი GNS-ის კოდი -1057774
Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Velykyi Bereznyi Koān
Velykyi Bereznyi Koān kok-ka Ukraina
Velykyi Bereznyi Koān sī chi̍t ê Ukraina ê koān
Velykyi Bereznyi Koān Só͘-chāi ê hêng-chèng léng-thó͘ si̍t-thé Zakarpattya séng
Velykyi Bereznyi Koān tô͘ WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG
Velykyi Bereznyi Koān bó-gú miâ-hō
raïon de Velyky Berezny
raïon ukrainien
raïon de Velyky Berezny pays Ukraine
raïon de Velyky Berezny image du drapeau Velberezan rayon prapor.png
raïon de Velyky Berezny image du blason Velberezan rayon gerb.png
raïon de Velyky Berezny catégorie Commons Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
raïon de Velyky Berezny identifiant Freebase /m/06zmrgv
raïon de Velyky Berezny nature de l’élément raïon, date de fin 2020
raïon de Velyky Berezny identifiant GeoNames 690085
raïon de Velyky Berezny coordonnées géographiques
raïon de Velyky Berezny localisation administrative oblast de Transcarpatie
raïon de Velyky Berezny capitale Grand Bérezny
raïon de Velyky Berezny identifiant KOATUU 2120800000
raïon de Velyky Berezny carte de localisation Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
raïon de Velyky Berezny fuseau horaire UTC+02:00, période applicable heure d'hiver
raïon de Velyky Berezny fuseau horaire UTC+03:00, période applicable heure d'été
raïon de Velyky Berezny superficie
raïon de Velyky Berezny site officiel http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
raïon de Velyky Berezny carte de localisation dans le territoire Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
raïon de Velyky Berezny identifiant Encyclopédie de l'Ukraine moderne 32771
raïon de Velyky Berezny image WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, légende de média
raïon de Velyky Berezny limitrophe de Inovce
raïon de Velyky Berezny identifiant Bibliothèque du Congrès no2013087575
raïon de Velyky Berezny population , date 2019
raïon de Velyky Berezny nom dans la langue d'origine
raïon de Velyky Berezny identifiant VIAF 305203644
raïon de Velyky Berezny catégorie pour cartes géographiques Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
raïon de Velyky Berezny suivi par Raïon de Oujhorod
raïon de Velyky Berezny date de dissolution, d'abolition ou de démolition 2020
raïon de Velyky Berezny identifiant iNaturalist d'un endroit 47299
raïon de Velyky Berezny projet Wikimédia s’intéressant à l'élément Projet:Ukraine
raïon de Velyky Berezny identifiant Museum-digital d'un lieu 76770
raïon de Velyky Berezny identifiant J9U de la Bibliothèque nationale d'Israël 987009841156605171
raïon de Velyky Berezny identifiant GNS Unique Feature -1057774
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon land Ukraine
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon billede af flag Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon billede af våbenskjold Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon Commons-kategori Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon Freebase-ID /m/06zmrgv
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon tilfælde af rajon i Ukraine, sluttidspunkt 2020
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon GeoNames-ID 690085
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon geografiske koordinater
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon beliggende i det administrative område Zakarpatska oblast
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon KOATUU 2120800000
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon oversigtskort Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon tidszone UTC+2, gælder i periode normaltid
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon tidszone UTC+3, gælder i periode sommertid
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon areal
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon officiel hjemmeside http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon positionskort Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon billede WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, billedtekst
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon LCAuth no2013087575
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon indbyggertal , tidspunkt 2019
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon lokalt navn
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon VIAF 305203644
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon kategori for kort Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon næste Uzjhorod Rajon
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon ophørstidspunkt 2020
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon arbejdsliste for et Wikimediaprojekt WikiProjekt Ukraine
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon National Library of Israel J9U ID 987009841156605171
Welykyj Beresnyj Rajon GNS-ID -1057774
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri valtio Ukraina
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri kuva lipusta Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri kuva vaakunasta Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri Commons-luokka Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri Freebase-tunniste /m/06zmrgv
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri esiintymä kohteesta piiri Ukrainassa, päättymisajankohta 2020
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri GeoNames-tunniste 690085
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri koordinaatit
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri sijaitsee hallinnollisessa alueyksikössä Taka-Karpatian alue
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri KOATUU-tunniste 2120800000
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri kuva sijaintikartasta Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri aikavyöhyke UTC+2, pätee aikavälillä normaaliaika
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri aikavyöhyke UTC+3, pätee aikavälillä kesäaika
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri pinta-ala
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri viralliset kotisivut http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri sijaintikartta Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine -tunniste 32771
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri kuva WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, kuvan selitys
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri LCAuth-tunniste no2013087575
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri asukasluku , ajankohta 2019
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri nimi alkuperäiskielellä
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri VIAF-tunniste 305203644
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri luokka kartoille Category:Maps of Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri seuraaja Užhorodin piiri
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri hajoamis-, purkamis- tai lakkautuspäivä 2020
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri iNaturalist-paikkatunniste 47299
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri Wikimedia-projektin aiheluettelo Wikiprojekti Ukraina
Velykyi Bereznyin piiri GNS-tunniste -1057774
Velikiy Berezniy tumani
Velikiy Berezniy tumani davlat Ukraina
Velikiy Berezniy tumani bayroq tasviri Velberezan rayon prapor.png
Velikiy Berezniy tumani gerb tasviri Velberezan rayon gerb.png
Velikiy Berezniy tumani Commons turkumi Velykyi Bereznyi Raion
Velikiy Berezniy tumani geografik koordinata
Velikiy Berezniy tumani joylashgan maʼmuriy birligi Zakarpatye viloyati
Velikiy Berezniy tumani poytaxt Velikiy Berezniy
Velikiy Berezniy tumani xarita tasviri Velykobereznyanskyi-Raion.png
Velikiy Berezniy tumani joylashgan vaqt zonasi UTC+02:00
Velikiy Berezniy tumani joylashgan vaqt zonasi UTC+03:00
Velikiy Berezniy tumani hudud
Velikiy Berezniy tumani rasmiy vebsayti http://www.vberez.gov.ua/
Velikiy Berezniy tumani tasvir WoodenChurchUzhok.JPG, media tavsifi
Velikiy Berezniy tumani LCCN identifikatori no2013087575
Velikiy Berezniy tumani aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2019
Velikiy Berezniy tumani asl tilda ismi/nomi
Velikiy Berezniy tumani VIAF identifikatori 305203644
Velikiy Berezniy tumani keyingisi Ujgorod tumani
| 4,807 |
https://github.com/gerekper/perfect/blob/master/perfex_crm/modules/menu_setup/menu_setup.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense
| null |
perfect
|
gerekper
|
PHP
|
Code
| 231 | 861 |
<?php
defined('BASEPATH') or exit('No direct script access allowed');
/*
Module Name: Menu Setup
Description: Default module to apply changes to the menus
Version: 2.3.0
Requires at least: 2.3.*
*/
define('MENU_SETUP_MODULE_NAME', 'menu_setup');
$CI = &get_instance();
hooks()->add_filter('sidebar_menu_items', 'app_admin_sidebar_custom_options', 999);
hooks()->add_filter('sidebar_menu_items', 'app_admin_sidebar_custom_positions', 998);
hooks()->add_filter('setup_menu_items', 'app_admin_setup_menu_custom_options', 999);
hooks()->add_filter('setup_menu_items', 'app_admin_setup_menu_custom_positions', 998);
hooks()->add_filter('module_menu_setup_action_links', 'module_menu_setup_action_links');
hooks()->add_action('admin_init', 'menu_setup_init_menu_items');
/**
* Add additional settings for this module in the module list area
* @param array $actions current actions
* @return array
*/
function module_menu_setup_action_links($actions)
{
$actions[] = '<a href="' . admin_url('menu_setup/main_menu') . '">' . _l('main_menu') . '</a>';
$actions[] = '<a href="' . admin_url('menu_setup/setup_menu') . '">' . _l('setup_menu') . '</a>';
return $actions;
}
/**
* Load the module helper
*/
$CI->load->helper(MENU_SETUP_MODULE_NAME . '/menu_setup');
/**
* Register activation module hook
*/
register_activation_hook(MENU_SETUP_MODULE_NAME, 'menu_setup_activation_hook');
function menu_setup_activation_hook()
{
require_once(__DIR__ . '/install.php');
}
/**
* Register language files, must be registered if the module is using languages
*/
register_language_files(MENU_SETUP_MODULE_NAME, [MENU_SETUP_MODULE_NAME]);
/**
* Init menu setup module menu items in setup in admin_init hook
* @return null
*/
function menu_setup_init_menu_items()
{
/**
* If the logged in user is administrator, add custom menu in Setup
*/
if (is_admin()) {
$CI = &get_instance();
$CI->app_menu->add_setup_menu_item('menu-options', [
'collapse' => true,
'name' => _l('menu_builder'),
'position' => 60,
]);
$CI->app_menu->add_setup_children_item('menu-options', [
'slug' => 'main-menu-options',
'name' => _l('main_menu'),
'href' => admin_url('menu_setup/main_menu'),
'position' => 5,
]);
$CI->app_menu->add_setup_children_item('menu-options', [
'slug' => 'setup-menu-options',
'name' => _l('setup_menu'),
'href' => admin_url('menu_setup/setup_menu'),
'position' => 10,
]);
}
}
| 35,901 |
8496e62e835c3ba6ccd87c711958d23c
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,017 |
JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_20170023_00032.pdf
|
journal-officiel.gouv.fr
|
Danish
|
Spoken
| 72 | 192 |
e
149 année. - N°23
samedi 10 juin 2017
D.I.L.A
CN=DILA SIGNATURE-03,OU=0002
13000918600011,O=DILA,C=FR
75015 Paris
2017-06-10 08:02:31
Associations
Fondations d'entreprise
Associations syndicales
de propriétaires
Fonds de dotation
Fondations partenariales
Annonce n° 32
05 - Hautes-Alpes
ASSOCIATIONS
Dissolutions
Déclaration à la préfecture des Hautes-Alpes
LES RANDONNEURS DU POËT.
Siège social : Mairie, 05300 Le Poët.
Date de la déclaration : 29 mai 2017.
Le Directeur de l’information légale et administrative : Bertrand MUNCH
| 21,238 |
https://github.com/maximovd/purchase-manager/blob/master/app/db/migrations/models/2_20210715234534_add_product_owner.sql
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
purchase-manager
|
maximovd
|
SQL
|
Code
| 42 | 122 |
-- upgrade --
ALTER TABLE `products` ADD `owner_id` INT NOT NULL;
ALTER TABLE `products` ADD CONSTRAINT `fk_products_users_47f9f68f` FOREIGN KEY (`owner_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE;
-- downgrade --
ALTER TABLE `products` DROP FOREIGN KEY `fk_products_users_47f9f68f`;
ALTER TABLE `products` DROP COLUMN `owner_id`;
| 25,105 |
https://github.com/ywd5/r-miscellaneous/blob/master/remove first page of pdf.r
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
r-miscellaneous
|
ywd5
|
R
|
Code
| 11 | 46 |
#?qpdf::pdf_subset
qpdf::pdf_subset(
input="./1st page, 2016, modes and mechanisms of speciation.pdf",
pages=-1)
| 50,061 |
https://github.com/serenitym/ivy-framework/blob/master/public/assets/ckeditor-4.2/plugins/stat/lang/fr.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ivy-framework
|
serenitym
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 10 | 47 |
CKEDITOR.plugins.setLang("stat","fr",{
strlen: 'Lettres',
sel: 'Séléction',
source: 'Source',
words: 'Mots',
});
| 12,928 |
https://github.com/Expine/Stay/blob/master/src/res/js/under/extend/stage/map/InvariantBackMap.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Stay
|
Expine
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 134 | 306 |
/**
* Map where the background does not move
* @implements {Map}
* @classdesc Map where the background does not move
*/
class InvariantBackMap extends Map { // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
/**
*
* @param {number} backID background image id
* @param {number} width
* @param {number} height
*/
constructor(backID, width, height) {
super(width, height);
/**
* Background image id
* @private
* @type {number}
*/
this.backID_ = backID;
}
/**
* Get back image ID
* @override
* @return {number} Back image ID
*/
getBackID() {
return this.backID_;
}
/**
* Render map
* @override
* @param {Context} ctx - canvas context
* @param {number} [shiftX = 0] shift x position
* @param {number} [shiftY = 0] shift y position
*/
render(ctx, shiftX = 0, shiftY = 0) {
ctx.drawImage(this.backID_, 0, 0);
}
}
| 10,123 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4140031
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,010 |
Stack Exchange
|
Aaron L.-F. Han, Cidney Hamilton, Derrick Braud, Dmytro Gerasymuk, Firas-na, Konstantin, Michael Dorgan, Rajneesh fatarpekar, Samuel McKee, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14799045, https://stackoverflow.com/users/527574, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8714979, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8714980, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8714981, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8715041, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8715114, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8715134, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8715254
|
English
|
Spoken
| 142 | 295 |
GLSL 2.0 attribute question
What does the [] operator do when addressing an attribute vec4?
attribute vec4 a_MatrixWeights;
...
foo(float weight);
...
void main()
{
foo(a_MatrixWeights[0]);
foo(a_MatrixWeights[1]);
foo(a_MatrixWeights[2]);
foo(a_MatrixWeights[3]);
}
Is this addressing the individual fields of the vec4 (.x, .y, .z, .w) or is this somehow treating the vec4 and an array of vec4 and doing something else?
Yes it's for accessing individual fields.
Array subscripting syntax can also be
applied to vectors to provide numeric
indexing. So in vec4 pos; pos[2]
refers to the third element of pos and
is equivalent to pos.z [GLSL spec 1.20.8, 5.5 Vector Components]
Also array subscripting can be use for accessing colums of matrices:
mat4 m;
vec4 c = m[1]; // access the second column of m
Thank you. That really helps on what I'm woking on here.
Yes, it's indexing the x/y/z/w components.
| 11,769 |
https://openalex.org/W2955710468
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,019 |
New Insights in the Hydrothermal Synthesis of Rare-Earth Carbonates
|
Luca Spiridigliozzi
|
English
|
Spoken
| 12,819 | 23,086 |
Received: 4 June 2019; Accepted: 25 June 2019; Published: 27 June 2019 Abstract: The rare-earth carbonates represent a class of materials with great research interest
owing to their intrinsic properties and because they can be used as template materials for the
formation of other rare earth phases, particularly of rare-earth oxides. However, most of the
literature is focused on the synthesis and characterization of hydroxycarbonates. Conversely,
in the present study we have synthesized both rare-earth carbonates—with the chemical formula
RE2(CO3)3·2-3H2O, in which RE represents a generic rare-earth element, and a tengerite-type
structure with a peculiar morphology—and rare-earth hydroxycarbonates with the chemical formula
RECO3OH, by hydrothermal treatment at low temperature (120 ◦C), using metal nitrates and
ammonium carbonates as raw materials, and without using any additive or template. We found that
the nature of the rare-earth used plays a crucial role in relation to the formed phases, as predicted by the
contraction law of lanthanides. In particular, the hydrothermal synthesis of rare-earth carbonates with
a tengerite-type structure was obtained for the lanthanides from neodymium to erbium. A possible
explanation of the different behaviors of lighter and heavier rare-earths is given. Keywords: rare-earth carbonates; hydrothermal treatment; powder morphology; tengerite-type
structure New Insights in the Hydrothermal Synthesis of
Rare-Earth Carbonates Luca Spiridigliozzi 1
, Claudio Ferone 2,3
, Raffaele Cioffi2,3, Mauro Bortolotti 4
and
Gianfranco Dell’Agli 1,3,* 1
Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio,
Via G. Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy 1
Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio,
Via G. Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy 1
Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio,
Via G. Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy 2
Department of Engineering, Università di Napoli “Parthenope”, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4,
80143 Napoli, Italy 2
Department of Engineering, Università di Napoli “Parthenope”, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4,
80143 Napoli, Italy 3
INSTM—National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via G. Giusti 9
50121 Florence, Italy 3
INSTM—National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via G. Giusti 9
50121 Florence, Italy 4
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Trento, Ita p
g
g,
y
,
, ,
,
*
Correspondence: gianfranco.dellagli@unicas.it; Tel.: +39-776-2993682 *
Correspondence: gianfranco.dellagli@unicas.it; Tel.: +39-776-2993682
Materials 2019, 12, 2062; doi:10.3390/ma12132062 materials materials 1. Introduction Rare-earth compounds have drawn much research attention in the last few years, emerging as good
functional materials with a wide range of applications [1]. Very recently, a book edited by Martin-Ramos
and Ramos Silva described the state-of-the-art of lanthanide-based multifunctional materials, focusing
on the importance of lanthanides for novel key-enabling technologies [2]. Among rare-earth compounds,
those that are rare-earth carbonate-based, including carbonates, hydroxycarbonates, and oxycarbonates,
represent a very important class. On one hand they are potential materials for specialized industrial
applications such as the lighting industry, catalysis, and as a matrix for luminescence materials etc. [3,4],
and on the other hand, they can be used as a template or as sacrificial materials for the synthesis
of other nanocrystalline rare earth phases, especially oxides [1] but also oxysulfides [5]. A further
field of research concerning lanthanides carbonates focuses on the complex formation among Ln3+
and carbonate ions and is aiming to develop a model for chemical migration of actinide ions in the
natural aquifers near a nuclear waste repository [6]. Thus, several studies in the last few years have
reported findings concerning the rare-earth carbonates; for example, Vallina et al. [3,7] studied Dy, Materials 2019, 12, 2062; doi:10.3390/ma12132062 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials 2 of 17 Materials 2019, 12, 2062 La, and Nd carbonate crystallization from amorphous products, and Ganguly et al. [4] synthesized
micro flower structures of europium hydroxycarbonate by homogeneous precipitation. Furthermore,
amorphous doped and codoped cerium hydroxycarbonates with nanosized spherical morphology,
which proved to be excellent precursors of ceramic electrolytes in Intermediate Temperature Solid
Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFC), were synthesized by controlled coprecipitation using ammonium carbonate
as the precipitating agent [8–11]. Pourmortazavi et al. [12] synthesized uniform spherical nanopowders
of sacrificial neodymium carbonate by precipitation. Li et al. [13] synthesized LaCO3OH, with various
morphologies using various precipitation processes, suitable as a precursor of doped La2O2CO3/La2O3
nano/microcrystals, with interesting optical properties. In addition, as further confirmation of the
great interest in rare-earth carbonates, first Kaczmarek et al. [1] and then Kim et al. [14] very recently
authored two systematic reviews concerning the synthesis, properties, and applications of this class
of materials. Hydrothermal treatment is a well-known method for synthesizing nanosized functional ceramic
materials with tunable morphology; some of its most relevant applications are in the synthesis of
zirconia-based ceramics [15–17], ceria-based ceramics [18,19], perovskite-type structure RECrO3 [20],
and titania-based ceramics [21] etc. 1. Introduction In several previous studies [18,22,23], we showed that hydrothermal
treatment at 120 ◦C of products obtained by mixing rare-earth nitrate solution with ammonium carbonate
solution caused the formation of carbonate-based crystalline phases with substantial differences in
terms of composition, crystal structure, and powder morphology, as a function of the nature of the
rare-earth used, the molar ratio between carbonate anions and rare-earth cations (this parameter
is indicated by “R” in the following), and of the duration of the hydrothermal treatment. Keeping
in mind the great interest in cerium-based products, in these works we mainly focused on cerium
carbonates, both doped and codoped, by systematically investigating the effects of time and R-value. Therefore, continuing these studies, in the present work we aimed to analyze the hydrothermal
synthesis of other rare-earth carbonates in detail, focusing especially on the carbonates in order to
detect both their stability, as a function of the rare-earth used, and their best synthesis conditions. In fact, whilst there are a lot of reports concerning the synthesis of rare-earth hydroxycarbonates
(see for example [3,4,7–12,14,18,22,23]), to the best of our knowledge there are very limited studies
focused on the synthesis methods and characterization of rare-earth carbonates, especially those with a
tengerite-type structure. Furthermore, most of these studies are rather outdated [24] and often report
contradictory results, and discussions, concerning the compositions and properties of the rare-earth
carbonates, caused by a lack of structural data [25]. As further confirmation, even in the overview
of rare-earth carbonate crystal structures found in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD)
database and reported by Kaczmarek et al. [1], the only card related to a tengerite-type carbonate is the
one for Y2(CO3)3·2H2O. Our results show that, as a function of the rare-earth used and the duration of hydrothermal treatment,
it is possible to synthesize rare-earth hydroxycarbonates, hydrated rare-earth carbonates, biphasic products
and even amorphous phases. In particular, with the proposed hydrothermal treatment it is possible to
synthesize (in the absence of any additive) the hydrated rare-earth carbonate, RE2(CO3)3·2-3H2O with a
tengerite-type structure with a very peculiar morphology, for all the rare-earths, ranging from neodymium
to erbium and also for yttrium, through careful selection of the duration of the treatment. The effects of
the nature of the rare-earth and the duration of hydrothermal treatment were systematically studied and a
possible mechanism of the transformations involving the rare-earth carbonates is proposed. 2. Materials and Methods Rare-earth (III) nitrates (i.e., RE(NO3)3·xH2O 99.9% from Sigma Aldrich, Milan, Italy, with x = 5 or
6 depending on the rare-earth), as metal precursors, and ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3 99.0%,
Fluka-Honeywell, Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany), as the precipitating/mineralizing agent, were
used as raw materials for the hydrothermal syntheses. All the chemicals were used as received without
any further purification. 3 of 17 Materials 2019, 12, 2062 Regardless of the rare-earth precursor used, the procedure for the hydrothermal syntheses was
always the same, and it is described as follows: Regardless of the rare-earth precursor used, the procedure for the hydrothermal syntheses was
always the same, and it is described as follows: (a)
The proper amount of rare-earth nitrate was dissolved in deionized water to obtain a 0.1 M
solution (solution A) and ammonium carbonate was dissolved in deionized water to obtain a
0.5 M (solution B). Both solutions were vigorously stirred for 1 h to favor the homogenization. (a)
The proper amount of rare-earth nitrate was dissolved in deionized water to obtain a 0.1 M
solution (solution A) and ammonium carbonate was dissolved in deionized water to obtain a
0.5 M (solution B). Both solutions were vigorously stirred for 1 h to favor the homogenization. (b)
The proper volume of solution B was quickly added to the selected volume of solution A,
maintained under mild stirring, in order to reach R = 2.5, where R is the molar ratio between
carbonate ions and rare-earth cations. When solution B was added to solution A, a white
precipitate formed instantly. (c)
The as-prepared suspensions were immediately transferred into Teflon vessels (60 mL), which were
then sealed and held in outer stainless-steel pressure vessels for the hydrothermal treatment. The
treatment was carried out in an air-thermostatted rotating oven at 120 ◦C and 25 rpm to allow the
complete homogenization of the system during the process. (d)
After the selected reaction times, the vessels were quenched with cold water and the resulting
products were recovered by vacuum filtration, repeatedly washed with deionized water, and finally
dried overnight at 80 ◦C in static air. The various synthesized samples were identified with a label
reporting the rare-earth symbol and the duration of the treatment; as an example, sample Pr8h
indicates the sample was obtained using Praseodymium nitrate as the precursor, with R = 2.5,
and hydrothermally treated at 120 ◦C for 8 h. 2. Materials and Methods Several durations of the hydrothermal treatment were selected as a function of the rare-earth used,
varying in the range 2–210 h. Furthermore, some selected experiments were carried out with the same
procedure but using R = 10 as molar ratio carbonate/rare-earth cation, with the aim of highlighting
the effect of a large excess of carbonate anions. In this case R10 was added to the label of the sample,
so the label Yb210hR10 indicates the sample was obtained using Ytterbium nitrate as the precursor,
with R = 10, and hydrothermally treated at 120 ◦C for 210 h. All samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) using a diffractometer Miniflex
600 (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) to detect the crystalline phases. The lattice parameters for the various samples
were extracted by the unit cell refinement procedure using the ReX 0.9.0 Rietveld refinement software [26]. Instrumental broadening was characterized by means of an Y2O3 standard (99.9% from Sigma Aldrich,
Milan, Italy) assuming a Pseudo-Voigt peak profile convoluted with an axial-divergence asymmetry
function [27]. Average volume-weighted crystallite size was calculated by means of the standard integral
breadth model described in [28], in the approximations of pure Lorentzian size broadening and isotropic
crystallite shape. Tengerite-type phases were modeled starting from the reference Y2(CO3)3·2H2O crystal
structure reported in [29]; peak intensities were directly extracted in the refinement by using an empty
cell, symmetry-constrained model as described in [30]. Hydroxycarbonate phases, on the other hand,
were simulated starting from the REOHCO3 crystal structures in the literature [31,32] and replacing the
RE atom in the structure according to the compound of interest. The thermal behavior of the samples was investigated through simultaneous differential thermal
analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) with a TGA/DSC 2 STARe analyzer (Mettler-Toledo,
Columbus, OH, USA) in air, with a heating rate of 10 ◦C/min up to 1200 ◦C and α-Al2O3 was used as
a reference. The morphology of the powders was observed with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Phenom ProX equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS) system (Phenom-World
BV, Eindhoven, The Nederland). 3. Results As also reported in the literature [10,33], regardless of the actual rare-earth nitrate used in the
precipitation, the as-formed precipitates, i.e., the precursors of the hydrothermal syntheses, were all
amorphous or nearly amorphous in nature and formed by nanosized spherical-like particles bundled in 4 of 17 Materials 2019, 12, 2062 rounded clusters. During the hydrothermal treatment they went through very different crystallization
paths and morphological modifications as a function of both RE3+ cation and the aging duration. Figure 1 shows the diffraction patterns of all the samples treated for 8 h. For sake of clarity, Figure 1 is
divided into four panels each reporting one typical behavior exhibited after 8 h of treatment: type-A
behavior characterized by the presence of one crystalline phase (“H”) related to La, Ce, Pr (Figure 1A);
type-B behavior with the presence of two crystalline phases, “H” and “T” for Nd and “H” and “*” for
Sm (Figure 1B); type-C behavior characterized by the presence of one crystalline phase (“T”) related to
Gd, Dy, Ho, Er and Y (Figure 1C); and finally, type-D behavior related to Yb (Figure 1D). Materials 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW
4 of 17
crystallization paths and morphological modifications as a function of both RE3+ cation and the aging
duration. Figure 1 shows the diffraction patterns of all the samples treated for 8 h. For sake of clarity,
Figure 1 is divided into four panels each reporting one typical behavior exhibited after 8 h of
treatment: type-A behavior characterized by the presence of one crystalline phase (“H”) related to
La, Ce, Pr (Figure 1A); type-B behavior with the presence of two crystalline phases, “H” and “T” for
Nd and “H” and “*” for Sm (Figure 1B); type-C behavior characterized by the presence of one
crystalline phase (“T”) related to Gd, Dy, Ho, Er and Y (Figure 1C); and finally, type-D behavior
l t d t Yb (Fi
1D) (
g
)
Figure 1. Diffraction patterns of samples synthesized at 8 h; the patterns are grouped into four panels
in which the behavior is analogous. T, stands for the phase with a tengerite-type structure and, H,
stands for hexagonal-hydroxycarbonate. (A): La, Ce and Pr (only H-phase); (B): Nd and Sm (two-
phases products); (C): Gd, Dy, Y, Ho and Er (only T-phase); (D): Yb, amorphous phase. 3. Results The inset in
Figure 1C is the direct comparison related to the (123) peak of tengerite-type crystal structure. First of all, it can be observed that, with the exclusion of Yb, for all other RE the amorphou
precursor fully crystallizes in a short time, i.e., within 8 h, during the hydrothermal treatment at 12
Figure 1. Diffraction patterns of samples synthesized at 8 h; the patterns are grouped into four panels in
which the behavior is analogous. T, stands for the phase with a tengerite-type structure and, H, stands
for hexagonal-hydroxycarbonate. (A): La, Ce and Pr (only H-phase); (B): Nd and Sm (two-phases
products); (C): Gd, Dy, Y, Ho and Er (only T-phase); (D): Yb, amorphous phase. The inset in Figure 1C
is the direct comparison related to the (123) peak of tengerite-type crystal structure. First of all, it can be observed that, with the exclusion of Yb, for all other RE the amorph
recursor fully crystallizes in a short time, i.e., within 8 h, during the hydrothermal treatment at 120 Figure 1. Diffraction patterns of samples synthesized at 8 h; the patterns are grouped into four panels
in which the behavior is analogous. T, stands for the phase with a tengerite-type structure and, H,
stands for hexagonal-hydroxycarbonate. (A): La, Ce and Pr (only H-phase); (B): Nd and Sm (two-
phases products); (C): Gd, Dy, Y, Ho and Er (only T-phase); (D): Yb, amorphous phase. The inset in
Figure 1C is the direct comparison related to the (123) peak of tengerite-type crystal structure. Figure 1. Diffraction patterns of samples synthesized at 8 h; the patterns are grouped into four panels in
which the behavior is analogous. T, stands for the phase with a tengerite-type structure and, H, stands
for hexagonal-hydroxycarbonate. (A): La, Ce and Pr (only H-phase); (B): Nd and Sm (two-phases
products); (C): Gd, Dy, Y, Ho and Er (only T-phase); (D): Yb, amorphous phase. The inset in Figure 1C
is the direct comparison related to the (123) peak of tengerite-type crystal structure. 3. Results First of all, it can be observed that, with the exclusion of Yb, for all other RE the amorphous
precursor fully crystallizes in a short time, i.e., within 8 h, during the hydrothermal treatment at 120
First of all, it can be observed that, with the exclusion of Yb, for all other RE the amorphous
precursor fully crystallizes in a short time, i.e., within 8 h, during the hydrothermal treatment at 120 ◦C. First of all, it can be observed that, with the exclusion of Yb, for all other RE the amorphous
precursor fully crystallizes in a short time, i.e., within 8 h, during the hydrothermal treatment at 120
First of all, it can be observed that, with the exclusion of Yb, for all other RE the amorphous
precursor fully crystallizes in a short time, i.e., within 8 h, during the hydrothermal treatment at 120 ◦C. 5 of 17 Materials 2019, 12, 2062 On one hand, these results seem interesting because in the literature the hydrothermal crystallization of
rare-earth carbonates is generally reported at higher temperatures and often at longer times than those
used in this work [34,35]. On the other hand, the different behavior found for ytterbium compared to the
other rare-earths is frequently reported in literature [14,36]. Thus, the Yb-based precursor did not show
any crystallization after an aging of 8 h (Figure 1D). In order to induce the hydrothermal crystallization
of some Yb carbonate-based compound, we extended the treatment duration up to 48 h, in the same
conditions, however, the sample was still amorphous (See Figure 2b). Furthermore, by using a large
excess of ammonium carbonate, i.e., with R = 10, after 48 h only incipient crystallization occurred
and a nearly identical result was obtained even prolonging the treatment to 210 h, (see Figure 2c,d,
respectively). Due to the very broad peaks and the large overlap with the amorphous halos present
in the pattern, the phase identification is very difficult. 3. Results However, on the basis of the TG and of the
DTG, reported in Figure 3, it could be inferred that sample Yb48R10 is a hydrated yttrium carbonate,
with the formula Yb2(CO3)3·2H2O; in fact, the weight loss measured in Figure 3 is 29.7%, a value very
close to the theoretical one equal to 29.8%, and the thermal decomposition occurred in three events,
as typical for hydrated rare-earth carbonate, even if no hypothesis on the crystal structure of that phase
could be formulated. °C. On one hand, these results seem interesting because in the literature the hydrothermal
crystallization of rare-earth carbonates is generally reported at higher temperatures and often at
longer times than those used in this work [34,35]. On the other hand, the different behavior found for
ytterbium compared to the other rare-earths is frequently reported in literature [14,36]. Thus, the Yb-
based precursor did not show any crystallization after an aging of 8 h (Figure 1D). In order to induce
the hydrothermal crystallization of some Yb carbonate-based compound, we extended the treatment
duration up to 48 h, in the same conditions, however, the sample was still amorphous (See Figure
2b). Furthermore, by using a large excess of ammonium carbonate, i.e., with R = 10, after 48 h only
incipient crystallization occurred and a nearly identical result was obtained even prolonging the
treatment to 210 h, (see Figure 2c,d, respectively). Due to the very broad peaks and the large overlap
with the amorphous halos present in the pattern, the phase identification is very difficult. However,
on the basis of the TG and of the DTG, reported in Figure 3, it could be inferred that sample Yb48R10
is a hydrated yttrium carbonate, with the formula Yb2(CO3)3·2H2O; in fact, the weight loss measured
in Figure 3 is 29.7%, a value very close to the theoretical one equal to 29.8%, and the thermal
decomposition occurred in three events, as typical for hydrated rare-earth carbonate, even if no
hypothesis on the crystal structure of that phase could be formulated yp
y
p
Figure 2. Diffraction patterns of Yb-based products for several durations: (a) 8 h with R = 2.5, (b) 48 h
with R = 2.5, (c) 48 h with R = 10, and (d) 210 h with R = 10. Figure 2. 3. Results Diffraction patterns of Yb-based products for several durations: (a) 8 h with R = 2.5, (b) 48 h
with R = 2.5, (c) 48 h with R = 10, and (d) 210 h with R = 10. Figure 2. Diffraction patterns of Yb-based products for several durations: (a) 8 h with R = 2.5, (b) 48 h
with R = 2.5, (c) 48 h with R = 10, and (d) 210 h with R = 10. Figure 2. Diffraction patterns of Yb-based products for several durations: (a) 8 h with R = 2.5, (b) 48 h
with R = 2.5, (c) 48 h with R = 10, and (d) 210 h with R = 10. 6 of 17
6 of 17 Materials 2019, 12, 2062 Figure 3. Thermogravimetric (TG) and TG derivative of sample Yb48hR10. 70
75
80
85
90
95
100
-0.0008
-0.0007
-0.0006
-0.0005
-0.0004
-0.0003
-0.0002
-0.0001
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Mass [%]
Mass derivative [1/°C]
Mass [%]
Mass derivative [1/°C]
Temperature [°C]
Figure 3. Thermogravimetric (TG) and TG derivative of sample Yb48hR10. Figure 3. Thermogravimetric (TG) and TG derivative of sample Yb48hR10. Figure 3. Thermogravimetric (TG) and TG derivative of sample Yb48hR10. All the rare-earths belonging to the group with type-C behavior (Gd, Dy, Ho, Er and Y) exhibit
a very similar diffraction pattern (see Figure 1C), the only differences being a non-negligible shift in
the peaks position, better highlighted in the inset at about 30° 2, and some dissimilarities in the
relative intensity of the XRD peaks. As is well known, Y does not belong to the lanthanides, but is
included in the rare-earth group because of its similar properties. As confirmation of this, the
hydrothermal behavior of the Y-based precursor was very similar to that of the Gd, Dy, Ho and Er
precursors, and the fact that the ionic radius of Y3+ (0.1019 nm in VIII coordination) is included
between Ho3+ (0.1015 nm in VIII coordination) and Dy3+ (0.1027 nm in VIII coordination) is further
strong evidence of the central role of the ionic radius on the hydrothermal transformations. Focusing
on the Y-pattern in Figure 1C, we see that all present peaks can be assigned to the hydrated yttrium
carbonate, with the chemical formula Y2(CO3)3·2H2O, ICDD, International Centre for Diffraction Data,
card number 81-1538, a mineral known as tengerite-(Y) [30]. 3. Results Although, to the best of our knowledge,
corresponding cards do not exist in the current database of crystal structures for the other rare-earth
carbonates with a tengerite-type structure, it can be reasonably assumed that for Gd, Dy, Ho, and Er,
hydrated normal carbonates analogous to Y have also been formed via the hydrothermal process. Actually, in a rather old work by Wakita and Nagashima [24], crystallographic data for several rare-
earth carbonates attributed to a tengerite-type structure were reported; however they do not seem
reliable, based on those of tengerite-(Y) (compare data reported in [24], with data in [30] and in the
ICDD card number 81-1538). However, a detailed analysis of the structural features of the samples in
Panel C was outside the aim of this work and will be addressed in a forthcoming study. For the
purpose of the present study, the precise determination of the lattice parameters of the tengerite-type
structure was sufficient in order to link the ionic radii with the lattice parameters for the rare-earths
showing C-behavior. As the term tengerite-(RE) has been approved only for RE = Y, in the following
for indicating the hydrated RE2(CO3)3 with a tengerite-type crystal structure we use the notation
“tengerite-(RE)” (note the double quotations) for RE other than Y. The crystallographic data of the
samples in Figure 1, Panel C, determined using the software ReX are reported in Table 1. The unit
cell edges are slightly different from the ones of tengerite-(Y), yet perfectly justifiable considering the
difference in ionic radius among Y3+ and the other rare-earth cations. All the rare-earths belonging to the group with type-C behavior (Gd, Dy, Ho, Er and Y) exhibit a
very similar diffraction pattern (see Figure 1C), the only differences being a non-negligible shift in the
peaks position, better highlighted in the inset at about 30◦2θ, and some dissimilarities in the relative
intensity of the XRD peaks. As is well known, Y does not belong to the lanthanides, but is included
in the rare-earth group because of its similar properties. 3. Results In order to assess the global consistence of the data in Table 1, in which the lattice parameters of
“tengerite-(Nd)” and of “tengerite-(Sm)” are also reported (see below for discussion about treatments
on Nd and Sm precursors), the plot of unit cell volume as a function of the rare-earth ionic radius
raised to cubic power is displayed in Figure 4; the resulting nearly perfect linear regression confirms
further the validity of the hypothesis that all these materials share the same crystal structure, i.e.,
a tengerite-type structure. In order to assess the global consistence of the data in Table 1, in which the lattice parameters of
“tengerite-(Nd)” and of “tengerite-(Sm)” are also reported (see below for discussion about treatments
on Nd and Sm precursors), the plot of unit cell volume as a function of the rare-earth ionic radius
raised to cubic power is displayed in Figure 4; the resulting nearly perfect linear regression confirms
further the validity of the hypothesis that all these materials share the same crystal structure, i.e., a
tengerite-type structure. Figure 4. Unit cell volumes of “tengerite-(RE)” rare-earth carbonates as a function of ionic radius
raised to cubic power. 820
840
860
880
900
920
940
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
y = 582.74 + 249.87x R= 0.99897
Unit cell volume [A
3]
r
3 [A
3]
Nd
Dy
Gd
Ho
Er
Y
Sm
Figure 4. Unit cell volumes of “tengerite-(RE)” rare-earth carbonates as a function of ionic radius raised
to cubic power. Figure 4. Unit cell volumes of “tengerite-(RE)” rare-earth carbonates as a function of ionic radius
raised to cubic power
Figure 4. Unit cell volumes of “tengerite-(RE)” rare-earth carbonates as a function of ionic radius raised
to cubic power. Finally, the thermal behavior of these materials was highlighted via TG analysis, with the
corresponding thermogravimetric plots very similar for all the samples. In Figure 5 a representative
sample is shown, the plot related to Er8h which exhibits a global weight loss of 30.1%, divided into
three distinct steps perfectly compatible with the following thermal decomposition mechanism
proposed for the rare-earth carbonates [14]:
Finally, the thermal behavior of these materials was highlighted via TG analysis, with the
corresponding thermogravimetric plots very similar for all the samples. 3. Results As confirmation of this, the hydrothermal
behavior of the Y-based precursor was very similar to that of the Gd, Dy, Ho and Er precursors, and the
fact that the ionic radius of Y3+ (0.1019 nm in VIII coordination) is included between Ho3+ (0.1015 nm
in VIII coordination) and Dy3+ (0.1027 nm in VIII coordination) is further strong evidence of the
central role of the ionic radius on the hydrothermal transformations. Focusing on the Y-pattern in
Figure 1C, we see that all present peaks can be assigned to the hydrated yttrium carbonate, with the
chemical formula Y2(CO3)3·2H2O, ICDD, International Centre for Diffraction Data, card number
81-1538, a mineral known as tengerite-(Y) [30]. Although, to the best of our knowledge, corresponding
cards do not exist in the current database of crystal structures for the other rare-earth carbonates
with a tengerite-type structure, it can be reasonably assumed that for Gd, Dy, Ho, and Er, hydrated
normal carbonates analogous to Y have also been formed via the hydrothermal process. Actually, in a
rather old work by Wakita and Nagashima [24], crystallographic data for several rare-earth carbonates
attributed to a tengerite-type structure were reported; however they do not seem reliable, based on
those of tengerite-(Y) (compare data reported in [24], with data in [30] and in the ICDD card number
81-1538). However, a detailed analysis of the structural features of the samples in Panel C was outside
the aim of this work and will be addressed in a forthcoming study. For the purpose of the present
study, the precise determination of the lattice parameters of the tengerite-type structure was sufficient
in order to link the ionic radii with the lattice parameters for the rare-earths showing C-behavior. As the term tengerite-(RE) has been approved only for RE = Y, in the following for indicating the
hydrated RE2(CO3)3 with a tengerite-type crystal structure we use the notation “tengerite-(RE)” (note
the double quotations) for RE other than Y. The crystallographic data of the samples in Figure 1,
Panel C, determined using the software ReX are reported in Table 1. The unit cell edges are slightly
different from the ones of tengerite-(Y), yet perfectly justifiable considering the difference in ionic
radius among Y3+ and the other rare-earth cations. Materials 2019, 12, 2062 7 of 17 Table 1. Lattice parameters and unit cell volume of rare-earth carbonates with tengerite-type structure. 3. Results Parameters
Nd8h
Sm8h
Gd8h
Dy8h
Y8h
Ho8h
Er8h
a (nm)
0.62634(1)
0.62129(1)
0.61618(4)
0.61108(5)
0.60893(7)
0.60904(2)
0.60689(9)
b (nm)
0.94542(5)
0.93644(4)
0.92922(6)
0.92109(3)
0.91735(9)
0.91818(6)
0.91519(4)
c (nm)
1.55881(2)
1.54165(2)
1.52944(6)
1.51600(8)
1.51102(2)
1.51100(4)
1.50603(5)
Cell Volume (nm3 × 1000)
923.06(9)
896.93(9)
875.72(2)
853.30(9)
844.07(8)
844.97(5)
836.49(8)
structure. Parameters
Nd8h
Sm8h
Gd8h
Dy8h
Y8h
Ho8h
Er8h
a (nm)
0.62634(1)
0.62129(1)
0.61618(4)
0.61108(5)
0.60893(7)
0.60904(2)
0.60689(9)
b (nm)
0.94542(5)
0.93644(4)
0.92922(6)
0.92109(3)
0.91735(9)
0.91818(6)
0.91519(4)
c (nm)
1.55881(2)
1.54165(2)
1.52944(6)
1.51600(8)
1.51102(2)
1.51100(4)
1.50603(5)
Cell Volume
(nm3 × 1000)
923.06(9)
896.93(9)
875.72(2)
853.30(9)
844.07(8)
844.97(5)
836.49(8) Table 1. Lattice parameters and unit cell volume of rare-earth carbonates with tengerite-type structure. Parameters
Nd8h
Sm8h
Gd8h
Dy8h
Y8h
Ho8h
Er8h
a (nm)
0.62634(1)
0.62129(1)
0.61618(4)
0.61108(5)
0.60893(7)
0.60904(2)
0.60689(9)
b (nm)
0.94542(5)
0.93644(4)
0.92922(6)
0.92109(3)
0.91735(9)
0.91818(6)
0.91519(4)
c (nm)
1.55881(2)
1.54165(2)
1.52944(6)
1.51600(8)
1.51102(2)
1.51100(4)
1.50603(5)
Cell Volume (nm3 × 1000)
923.06(9)
896.93(9)
875.72(2)
853.30(9)
844.07(8)
844.97(5)
836.49(8)
In order to assess the global consistence of the data in Table 1, in which the lattice parameters of
“tengerite-(Nd)” and of “tengerite-(Sm)” are also reported (see below for discussion about treatments
on Nd and Sm precursors), the plot of unit cell volume as a function of the rare-earth ionic radius
raised to cubic power is displayed in Figure 4; the resulting nearly perfect linear regression confirms
further the validity of the hypothesis that all these materials share the same crystal structure, i.e.,
a tengerite-type structure. structure. Parameters
Nd8h
Sm8h
Gd8h
Dy8h
Y8h
Ho8h
Er8h
a (nm)
0.62634(1)
0.62129(1)
0.61618(4)
0.61108(5)
0.60893(7)
0.60904(2)
0.60689(9)
b (nm)
0.94542(5)
0.93644(4)
0.92922(6)
0.92109(3)
0.91735(9)
0.91818(6)
0.91519(4)
c (nm)
1.55881(2)
1.54165(2)
1.52944(6)
1.51600(8)
1.51102(2)
1.51100(4)
1.50603(5)
Cell Volume
(nm3 × 1000)
923.06(9)
896.93(9)
875.72(2)
853.30(9)
844.07(8)
844.97(5)
836.49(8)
In order to assess the global consistence of the data in Table 1, in which the lattice parameters of
“tengerite-(Nd)” and of “tengerite-(Sm)” are also reported (see below for discussion about treatments
on Nd and Sm precursors), the plot of unit cell volume as a function of the rare-earth ionic radius
raised to cubic power is displayed in Figure 4; the resulting nearly perfect linear regression confirms
further the validity of the hypothesis that all these materials share the same crystal structure, i.e., a
tengerite-type structure. Table 1. Lattice parameters and unit cell volume of rare-earth carbonates with tengerite-type structure. structure. 3. Results P
t
Nd8h
S
8h
Gd8h
D 8h
Y8h
H 8h
E 8h In order to assess the global consistence of the data in Table 1, in which the lattice parameters of
“tengerite-(Nd)” and of “tengerite-(Sm)” are also reported (see below for discussion about treatments
on Nd and Sm precursors), the plot of unit cell volume as a function of the rare-earth ionic radius
raised to cubic power is displayed in Figure 4; the resulting nearly perfect linear regression confirms
further the validity of the hypothesis that all these materials share the same crystal structure, i.e.,
a tengerite-type structure. In order to assess the global consistence of the data in Table 1, in which the lattice parameters of
“tengerite-(Nd)” and of “tengerite-(Sm)” are also reported (see below for discussion about treatments
on Nd and Sm precursors), the plot of unit cell volume as a function of the rare-earth ionic radius
raised to cubic power is displayed in Figure 4; the resulting nearly perfect linear regression confirms
further the validity of the hypothesis that all these materials share the same crystal structure, i.e., a
tengerite-type structure. In order to assess the global consistence of the data in Table 1, in which the lattice parameters of
“tengerite-(Nd)” and of “tengerite-(Sm)” are also reported (see below for discussion about treatments
on Nd and Sm precursors), the plot of unit cell volume as a function of the rare-earth ionic radius
raised to cubic power is displayed in Figure 4; the resulting nearly perfect linear regression confirms
further the validity of the hypothesis that all these materials share the same crystal structure, i.e.,
a tengerite-type structure. In order to assess the global consistence of the data in Table 1, in which the lattice parameters of
“tengerite-(Nd)” and of “tengerite-(Sm)” are also reported (see below for discussion about treatments
on Nd and Sm precursors), the plot of unit cell volume as a function of the rare-earth ionic radius
raised to cubic power is displayed in Figure 4; the resulting nearly perfect linear regression confirms
further the validity of the hypothesis that all these materials share the same crystal structure, i.e., a
tengerite-type structure. 3. Results In Figure 5 a representative
sample is shown, the plot related to Er8h which exhibits a global weight loss of 30.1%, divided into three
distinct steps perfectly compatible with the following thermal decomposition mechanism proposed for
the rare-earth carbonates [14]: 𝐸𝑟2(𝐶𝑂3)3 ∙2𝐻2𝑂→ Er2(𝐶𝑂3)3 + 2𝐻2𝑂↑
Er2(𝐶𝑂3)3 → Er2𝑂2𝐶𝑂3 + 2𝐶𝑂2 ↑
Er2𝑂2𝐶𝑂3 → Er2𝑂3 + 𝐶𝑂2 ↑
Er2(CO3)3·2H2O →Er2(CO3)3 + 2H2O ↑
Er2(CO3)3 →Er2O2CO3 + 2CO2 ↑
Er2O2CO3 →Er2O3 + CO2 ↑ 8 of 17
2 of 17 Materials 2019, 12, 2062
Materials 2019, 12, x FOR Figure 5. Thermogravimetric plot of sample Er8h. 65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Mass [%]
Temperature [°C]
Figure 5. Thermogravimetric plot of sample Er8h. Figure 5. Thermogravimetric plot of sample Er8h. Figure 5. Thermogravimetric plot of sample Er8h. Figure 5. Thermogravimetric plot of sample Er8h. Figure 5. Thermogravimetric plot of sample Er8h. The theoretical total weight loss of the previous reactions, i.e., 30.5%, was in very good
agreement with the measured value; furthermore, the partial weight losses associated with the three
distinct decomposition steps, clearly visible in Figure 5, agree well with the values corresponding to
the reported mechanism, for which the theoretical weight losses are in the order of 6.5%, 16.0% and
8.0%. The other samples in Figure 1C show very similar TG plots (not reported here) exhibiting
weight loss very close to the theoretical one, even if the water molecules can be slightly different from
2 (for example in the case of sample Gd8h, the “tengerite-(Gd)” has 2.5 water molecules). This point
is not surprising as on one hand the water content in a product obtained starting from an aqueous
solution can slightly vary as a function of several parameters [37], and on the other hand, the chemical
formula of rare-earth carbonates is generally reported as RE2(CO3)3·2-3H2O [30]. Therefore, we can
suppose that the rare-earths with ionic radius included in the range 0.1–0.106 nm form via
hydrothermal treatment, in our chemical-physical conditions, a hydrated carbonate with the chemical
formula RE2(CO3)3·2-3H2O and a tengerite crystal structure. No other phase appeared through
decreasing or increasing the duration of the treatment, except that when the duration was too brief
the amorphous precursor was not able to fully crystallize, as happened, for example, for Er with a 2
h treatment. 3. Results To display the behavior of rare-earths in Figure 1C as a function of the duration of the
hydrothermal treatment, the diffraction patterns of the Er-based precursor at various times are
displayed in Figure 6. After 2 h, the sample is crystallized in the tengerite-type structure, even though
the presence of some residual amorphous phase clearly appears; to highlight the presence of the
amorphous halos in the diffraction patterns, the intensity axis in Figure 6 is in square root scale. Also,
after 4 h a small amount of amorphous phase is probably present, whereas for longer durations
“tengerite-(Er)” is fully crystallized. These results allow us to suppose that the phase with the
tengerite-type structure is the equilibrium one—or maybe a metastable phase but with very slow
transformation kinetics— in the chemical–physical conditions of the hydrothermal treatment. Figure
6 also shows the morphology of the samples obtained with Er after 4 h and 48 h, these micrographs
perfectly confirming the diffraction data. In fact, “tengerite-(Er)” is constituted by very large acicular
particles (see micrograph at 48 h in Figure 6), with a length of several tenths of micrometers, width
of some micrometers, and thickness of only a few hundreds of nanometers (see also inset in SEM
micrograph of Er48h). This peculiar morphology remains essentially unchanged from 2 h up to 48 h,
although with increasing treatment duration a noticeable increase of crystal size is found from the
diffraction patterns. In fact, average volume-weighted crystallite size values, as refined in the
Rietveld analysis, are 266, 320, 484 and >1000 nm for 2 h, 4 h, 8 h and 48 h samples respectively,
The theoretical total weight loss of the previous reactions, i.e., 30.5%, was in very good agreement
with the measured value; furthermore, the partial weight losses associated with the three distinct
decomposition steps, clearly visible in Figure 5, agree well with the values corresponding to the
reported mechanism, for which the theoretical weight losses are in the order of 6.5%, 16.0% and 8.0%. The other samples in Figure 1C show very similar TG plots (not reported here) exhibiting weight
loss very close to the theoretical one, even if the water molecules can be slightly different from 2 (for
example in the case of sample Gd8h, the “tengerite-(Gd)” has 2.5 water molecules). 3. Results In fact, average
volume-weighted crystallite size values, as refined in the Rietveld analysis, are 266, 320, 484 and
>1000 nm for 2 h, 4 h, 8 h and 48 h samples respectively, indicating remarkable grain growth occurring 9 of 17 Materials 2019, 12, 2062 during the hydrothermal aging. It needs to be pointed out that these values are indicative of the
average dimension of perfectly coherent (defect-free) crystalline domains, and are not necessarily
correlated with the macroscopic particle size as observed by SEM. In fact, the acicular particles are very
likely polycrystalline aggregates experiencing, however, internal crystallite growth or coalescence with
treatment time. However, when a residual amorphous phase is present, as in samples Er2h and Er4h,
this phase exhibits a very different morphology. In fact, by careful analysis of the SEM micrograph
of sample Er4h, two different types of particles can be observed; i.e., the acicular particles associated
with “tengerite-(Er)”, and the extremely small and rounded particles covering the acicular particles,
associated with the amorphous phase (see also inset in SEM micrograph of Er4h). This hypothesis is
supported by the absence of the small rounded particles in samples Er48h as well as by evidence in the
literature [10,11]. These results suggest that the very large particles of “tengerite-(Er)” probably grew
via a step-by-step mechanism in which the amorphous particles of precursor were dissolved, exploiting
their relatively higher solubility, and then reprecipitated on the surface of the acicular particles, thereby
enlarging them. Materials 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW
3 of
out that these values are indicative of the average dimension of perfectly coherent (defect-fr
crystalline domains, and are not necessarily correlated with the macroscopic particle size as observ
by SEM. In fact, the acicular particles are very likely polycrystalline aggregates experiencin
however, internal crystallite growth or coalescence with treatment time. However, when a residu
amorphous phase is present, as in samples Er2h and Er4h, this phase exhibits a very differ
morphology. In fact, by careful analysis of the SEM micrograph of sample Er4h, two different typ
of particles can be observed; i.e., the acicular particles associated with “tengerite-(Er)”, and
extremely small and rounded particles covering the acicular particles, associated with the amorpho
phase (see also inset in SEM micrograph of Er4h). This hypothesis is supported by the absence of
small rounded particles in samples Er48h as well as by evidence in the literature [10,11]. 3. Results This point is not
surprising as on one hand the water content in a product obtained starting from an aqueous solution
can slightly vary as a function of several parameters [37], and on the other hand, the chemical formula
of rare-earth carbonates is generally reported as RE2(CO3)3·2-3H2O [30]. Therefore, we can suppose
that the rare-earths with ionic radius included in the range 0.1–0.106 nm form via hydrothermal
treatment, in our chemical-physical conditions, a hydrated carbonate with the chemical formula
RE2(CO3)3·2-3H2O and a tengerite crystal structure. No other phase appeared through decreasing or
increasing the duration of the treatment, except that when the duration was too brief the amorphous
precursor was not able to fully crystallize, as happened, for example, for Er with a 2 h treatment. To display the behavior of rare-earths in Figure 1C as a function of the duration of the hydrothermal
treatment, the diffraction patterns of the Er-based precursor at various times are displayed in Figure 6. After 2 h, the sample is crystallized in the tengerite-type structure, even though the presence of
some residual amorphous phase clearly appears; to highlight the presence of the amorphous halos in
the diffraction patterns, the intensity axis in Figure 6 is in square root scale. Also, after 4 h a small
amount of amorphous phase is probably present, whereas for longer durations “tengerite-(Er)” is fully
crystallized. These results allow us to suppose that the phase with the tengerite-type structure is the
equilibrium one—or maybe a metastable phase but with very slow transformation kinetics— in the
chemical–physical conditions of the hydrothermal treatment. Figure 6 also shows the morphology of
the samples obtained with Er after 4 h and 48 h, these micrographs perfectly confirming the diffraction
data. In fact, “tengerite-(Er)” is constituted by very large acicular particles (see micrograph at 48 h in
Figure 6), with a length of several tenths of micrometers, width of some micrometers, and thickness
of only a few hundreds of nanometers (see also inset in SEM micrograph of Er48h). This peculiar
morphology remains essentially unchanged from 2 h up to 48 h, although with increasing treatment
duration a noticeable increase of crystal size is found from the diffraction patterns. 3. Results These resu
suggest that the very large particles of “tengerite-(Er)” probably grew via a step-by-step mechani
in which the amorphous particles of precursor were dissolved, exploiting their relatively high
solubility and then reprecipitated on the surface of the acicular particles thereby enlarging them y,
p
p
p
,
y
g
g
Figure 6. Diffraction patterns (a) and SEM micrographs of samples containing Er synthesized at 4 h
(b) and 48 h (c). Figure 6. Diffraction patterns (a) and SEM micrographs of samples containing Er synthesized at 4 h (b)
and 48 h (c). Th
th
ith th l
t i
i
di
i
L
C
d P
h
ti
i
di
i l Figure 6. Diffraction patterns (a) and SEM micrographs of samples containing Er synthesized at 4
(b)
d 48 h ( )
Figure 6. Diffraction patterns (a) and SEM micrographs of samples containing Er synthesized at 4 h (b)
and 48 h (c). (b) and 48 h (c). The rare-earths with the largest ionic radius, i.e., La, Ce, and Pr whose cationic radius is larg
than 0.1126 nm, are all crystallized as hexagonal hydroxycarbonate h-RECO3OH after 8 h, as evide
i
th
di
diff
ti
tt
i
Fi
1A I
f
t
ll th XRD
k f
d f
L
C
The rare-earths with the largest ionic radius, i.e., La, Ce, and Pr whose cationic radius is larger
than 0.1126 nm, are all crystallized as hexagonal hydroxycarbonate h-RECO3OH after 8 h, as evident in
the corresponding diffraction patterns in Figure 1A. In fact, all the XRD peaks found for La, Ce, and Pr (b) and 48 h (c). The rare-earths with the largest ionic radius, i.e., La, Ce, and Pr whose cationic radius is larg
than 0.1126 nm, are all crystallized as hexagonal hydroxycarbonate h-RECO3OH after 8 h, as evide
in the corresponding diffraction patterns in Figure 1A In fact all the XRD peaks found for La C
The rare-earths with the largest ionic radius, i.e., La, Ce, and Pr whose cationic radius is larger
than 0.1126 nm, are all crystallized as hexagonal hydroxycarbonate h-RECO3OH after 8 h, as evident in
the corresponding diffraction patterns in Figure 1A. 3. Results In fact, all the XRD peaks found for La, Ce, and Pr Materials 2019, 12, 2062 10 of 17 can be assigned to ICDD card numbers 62-0030, 62-0031, and 62-0024 respectively, which are all related
to the corresponding hexagonal hydroxycarbonate, with space group number 174 [31,32,38]. As further
confirmation, the lattice parameters determined by unit cell refinement are shown in Table 2, and they
are all very close to the theoretical values reported in the corresponding ICDD cards; in addition, the cell
volume decreases with the decreasing cationic radius. When varying the duration of the treatment, some
rather complex behavior emerged, especially for short duration hydrothermal treatment; in the case of
Ce this has been described in great detail in [23] whereas in the case of Pr, it is disclosed by the diffraction
patterns in Figure 7. Samples Pr2h and Pr4h (see corresponding diffraction patterns in Figure 7) are
very probably both biphasic, with one phase being h-PrCO3OH in both the samples. The second phase
for sample Pr4h can be reasonably associated with “tengerite-(Pr)” according to the main peak at about
11◦2θ and the two peaks at about 22◦2θ, all marked with a “T” in Figure 7 and also with the presence of
acicular particles in the morphology of this sample (see corresponding SEM micrograph in Figure 7b–e). In contrast, the presence in the diffraction pattern of Pr2h of all the main peaks of orthorhombic
PrCO3OH, ICDD card number 26-1349, clearly suggest that the second phase in sample Pr2h is such
a polymorph. However, when prolonging the treatment beyond 8 h, the only phase present for Pr
is h-PrCO3OH. The morphology of Pr-based samples is revealed by SEM micrographs displayed in
Figure 7 in correspondence with the diffraction patterns. Very interesting considerations can be drawn
from them. Firstly, the equilibrium phase, i.e., h-PrCO3OH, is formed by very small spherical-like
particles bundled in rounded clusters which tend to break with as the hydrothermal treatment proceeds
(compare SEM for Pr48h and Pr8h), confirming previous results related to h-CeCO3OH prepared
with the same process. Furthermore, for short durations the hydrothermally synthesized products
are biphasic, and consequently, in addition to the rounded particles, in the morphology of sample
Pr4h some acicular-like particles also appear (see SEM for Pr4h in Figure 7 in which some acicular
particles are highlighted by ovals), reasonably attributable to the minority “tengerite-(Pr)” phase. 3. Results Thus, the phase transformations during the hydrothermal aging of Nd-precursor at 120 ◦C are perfectly
congruent with its intermediate position in the rare-earth series. Nd behavior can be summarized
as follows: the first formed phase is the hydrated carbonate, then it evolves rather quickly into
hydroxycarbonate and after 16 h this last transformation is completed. The morphological evolution,
highlighted by the SEM micrographs displayed in Figure 8b–d, entirely confirms this hypothesis. In fact,
he sample Nd4h is formed only by acicular particles with a length of some tenths of micrometers
see 4 h micrograph in Figure 8b) whereas the sample Nd16h is formed only by submicrometric
spherical-like particles (see 16 h micrograph in Figure 8d); in contrast, the sample Nd8h is formed by
both acicular particles and spherical-like ones. Figure 7. Diffraction patterns (a) and SEM micrographs of samples containing Pr synthesized at various
durations: 2 h (b), 4 h (c), 8 h (d) and 48 h (e). T stands for “tengerite-(Pr)” phase, H stands for
hexagonal-hydroxycarbonate and O stands for orthorhombic-hydroxycarbonate. Finally, a further different situation is obtained for Nd and Sm (Figure 1B). Both Nd8h and
Sm8h are formed by two crystalline phases: the carbonate with a tengerite-type structure, and the
hydroxycarbonate. For Nd8h the presence of two phase is evident, but also for Sm8h careful inspection
of its diffraction pattern reveals the presence of a second phase in addition to the “tengerite-(Sm)”. In fact, the small XRD peaks marked by the “*” in Figure 1B, patterns related to Sm, are attributable
to orthorhombic SmCO3OH, isostructural to orthorhombic NdCO3OH (ICDD card number 27-1296). Therefore, the type-B behavior is intermediate to type-A and type-C. The behavior of Nd was analyzed
in more detail and the results related to 4 h and 16 h, under the same conditions of hydrothermal
treatment, are displayed in Figure 8. Here, the diffraction pattern of Nd4h clearly reveals that it is
constituted only by “tengerite-(Nd)” whereas the one for Nd16h shows only the peaks of h-NdCO3OH. Thus, the phase transformations during the hydrothermal aging of Nd-precursor at 120 ◦C are perfectly
congruent with its intermediate position in the rare-earth series. Nd behavior can be summarized
as follows: the first formed phase is the hydrated carbonate, then it evolves rather quickly into
hydroxycarbonate and after 16 h this last transformation is completed. 3. Results However, in sample Pr2h, no evident morphological differences among the particles appear, indicating
that, due to the rather incomplete crystallization of the sample (see Figure 7) related to the short
duration of the treatment, o-PrCO3OH and h-PrCO3OH show a similar morphology, very probably
resembling that of the precursor. In summary, the phase transformations occurring in Pr-based
precursors seem to involve two metastable phases, an orthorhombic hydroxycarbonate [32] (indicated
by “O” in Figure 7b) and the “tengerite-(Pr)” (indicated by “T” in Figure 7c), that quickly transform
into hexagonal hydroxycarbonate which is the only phase present after 8 h. Table 2. Lattice parameters and unit cell volume of RECO3OH. Table 2. Lattice parameters and unit cell volume of RECO3OH. Parameters
La8h
Ce8h
Pr8h
a (nm)
1.26415(9)
1.25302(4)
1.24543(9)
c (nm)
1.00053(9)
0.99603(7)
0.99183(6)
Cell Volume (nm3 × 1000)
1384.74(1)
1354.33(0)
1332.34(2) 11 of 17
in
nto Materials 2019, 12, 2062
Figure 7b) and th Figure 7. Diffraction patterns (a) and SEM micrographs of samples containing Pr synthesized at various
durations: 2 h (b), 4 h (c), 8 h (d) and 48 h (e). T stands for “tengerite-(Pr)” phase, H stands for
hexagonal-hydroxycarbonate and O stands for orthorhombic-hydroxycarbonate. Figure 7. Diffraction patterns (a) and SEM micrographs of samples containing Pr synthesized at various
durations: 2 h (b), 4 h (c), 8 h (d) and 48 h (e). T stands for “tengerite-(Pr)” phase, H stands for
hexagonal-hydroxycarbonate and O stands for orthorhombic-hydroxycarbonate. Finally, a further different situation is obtained for Nd and Sm (Figure 1B). Both Nd8h and
Sm8h are formed by two crystalline phases: the carbonate with a tengerite-type structure, and the
hydroxycarbonate. For Nd8h the presence of two phase is evident, but also for Sm8h careful inspection
of its diffraction pattern reveals the presence of a second phase in addition to the “tengerite-(Sm)”. n fact, the small XRD peaks marked by the “*” in Figure 1B, patterns related to Sm, are attributable
o orthorhombic SmCO3OH, isostructural to orthorhombic NdCO3OH (ICDD card number 27-1296). Therefore, the type-B behavior is intermediate to type-A and type-C. The behavior of Nd was analyzed
n more detail and the results related to 4 h and 16 h, under the same conditions of hydrothermal
reatment, are displayed in Figure 8. Here, the diffraction pattern of Nd4h clearly reveals that it is
constituted only by “tengerite-(Nd)” whereas the one for Nd16h shows only the peaks of h-NdCO3OH. 4 Di
i
4. Discussion 4. Discussion
The crystallization path during the hydrothermal treatments carried out in the present study (T
= 120 °C, R = 2.5, dilute solutions etc.) strongly depends on the selected rare-earth. However, by
carefully analysing the results, and considering the behavior of rare-earth carbonates in aqueous
solution, a comprehensive interpretation of the whole set of results can be proposed. As is well-
known [10], at ambient conditions lighter rare-earths (La-Eu) form octahydrate carbonates with a
lanthanite structure which readily hydrolyse to hydroxycarbonate, while the heavier rare-earths
carbonates have tengerite-type structures which are more resistant to hydrolysis. Conversely, at
temperatures close to 100 °C, all rare-earth carbonates should hydrolyse in water, being
hydroxycarbonates in the stable phases. Furthermore, on one hand the carbonates have Ksp much
lower than those of the corresponding hydroxycarbonates [10], and on the other hand the
morphology modifications occurring between the amorphous precursors and the corresponding
crystalline products clearly suggest a dissolution-precipitation mechanism for the hydrothermal
crystallization. Thus, taking all the above into account, we can suppose that irrespective of the actual
rare-earth present in the amorphous precursor, the first step of the hydrothermal crystallization is
the formation of non-equilibrium phases, such as orthorhombic hydroxycarbonates or hydrate
The crystallization path during the hydrothermal treatments carried out in the present study
(T = 120 ◦C, R = 2.5, dilute solutions etc.) strongly depends on the selected rare-earth. However,
by carefully analysing the results, and considering the behavior of rare-earth carbonates in aqueous
solution, a comprehensive interpretation of the whole set of results can be proposed. As is
well-known [10], at ambient conditions lighter rare-earths (La-Eu) form octahydrate carbonates with a
lanthanite structure which readily hydrolyse to hydroxycarbonate, while the heavier rare-earths
carbonates have tengerite-type structures which are more resistant to hydrolysis. Conversely,
at temperatures close to 100 ◦C, all rare-earth carbonates should hydrolyse in water, being
hydroxycarbonates in the stable phases. Furthermore, on one hand the carbonates have Ksp much
lower than those of the corresponding hydroxycarbonates [10], and on the other hand the morphology
modifications occurring between the amorphous precursors and the corresponding crystalline products
clearly suggest a dissolution-precipitation mechanism for the hydrothermal crystallization. 3. Results The morphological evolution,
highlighted by the SEM micrographs displayed in Figure 8b–d, entirely confirms this hypothesis. In fact,
the sample Nd4h is formed only by acicular particles with a length of some tenths of micrometers
(see 4 h micrograph in Figure 8b) whereas the sample Nd16h is formed only by submicrometric
spherical-like particles (see 16 h micrograph in Figure 8d); in contrast, the sample Nd8h is formed by
both acicular particles and spherical-like ones. 12 of 17
6 of 17 Materials 2019, 12, 2062
Materials 2019 12 x FO Figure 8. Diffraction patterns (a) and SEM micrographs of samples containing Nd synthesized at
various durations: 4 h (b), 8 h (c) and 16 h (d). T stands for tengerite phase and H stands for hexagonal-
hydroxycarbonate. Figure 8. Diffraction patterns (a) and SEM micrographs of samples containing Nd synthesized
at various durations: 4 h (b), 8 h (c) and 16 h (d). T stands for tengerite phase and H stands
for hexagonal-hydroxycarbonate. Figure 8. Diffraction patterns (a) and SEM micrographs of samples containing Nd synthesized at
various durations: 4 h (b), 8 h (c) and 16 h (d). T stands for tengerite phase and H stands for hexagonal-
hydroxycarbonate. Figure 8. Diffraction patterns (a) and SEM micrographs of samples containing Nd synthesized
at various durations: 4 h (b), 8 h (c) and 16 h (d). T stands for tengerite phase and H stands
for hexagonal-hydroxycarbonate. 4 Di
i
4. Discussion Thus,
taking all the above into account, we can suppose that irrespective of the actual rare-earth present
in the amorphous precursor, the first step of the hydrothermal crystallization is the formation of
non-equilibrium phases, such as orthorhombic hydroxycarbonates or hydrate carbonate, as suggested
by the present results (see Figures 1, 7 and 8) and also considering the results reported in [23]. carbonate, as suggested by the present results (see Figures 1, 7 and 8) and also considering the results
reported in [23]. I
(L
C
P ) th
ilib i
h
i kl
t d i
ithi
8
In some cases (La, Ce, Pr) these non-equilibrium phases are very quickly converted, i.e. within 8 h
of hydrothermal aging, into the corresponding hydroxycarbonates. In other cases (from Gd to Er), 13 of 17 Materials 2019, 12, 2062 this transformation is extremely slow, or even does not occur at all, whilst the acicular particles grow
at the expense of the amorphous phase via a step-by-step mechanism; as a consequence, we were
not able to observe the formation of the hydroxycarbonates. In intermediate cases (Nd and Sm) the
hydrolysis rate of carbonate is slow enough that after aging for 8 h more phases could be detected. In addition, the diffraction pattern of Sm after 8 h (Figure 1B) suggests that its behavior is more similar
to the samples with C-behavior, although further confirmation is necessary, whereas the behavior
of Nd closely resembles that of Pr, only with a lower transformation rate (compare Figure 8c with
Figure 7c). Finally, in the case of Yb, the amorphous phase is also stable for very long durations of
treatment, possibly because of the very slow dissolution kinetics of Yb-based compounds. p
y
y
p
Therefore, it appears clear that the transformations in the hydrothermal treatments lasting 8 h
gradually change, moving along the rare-earth group, even if some “discontinuities” in the behavior
emerge, as seen between Nd and Sm, and between Er and Yb; and possibly also between Sm and Gd. In other words, we can identify a first group (from La to Nd) with the same behavior even if with a
gradually changing rate of transformation; a second group (from Sm, or Gd, to Er) in which, again,
there is the same behavior with a gradually changing rate; and a third group, formed only by Yb in our
experimentation, with a further different behavior. 4 Di
i
4. Discussion Fi
9 U it
ll
l
f l
th
id
b
t
f
ti
f t
i
b
Figure 9. Unit cell volumes of lanthanide carbonates as a function of atomic number. g
Considering that the Y-based precursor behaves analogously to rare-earth with similar ionic
radius, one can suppose that the size of the cation RE3+ plays a crucial role in the hydrothermal
synthesis of rare-earth carbonates. In other words, we could explain the different results of the
hydrothermal treatments as a function of the rare-earth on the basis of the well-known lanthanide
contraction law. In fact, the larger the size of the cation RE3+, the faster the kinetics of the hydrothermal
transformations, which should result in to the hydroxycarbonates formation. In this regard, Yb
(having the smallest size among the studied rare-earths), exhibits the slowest kinetics and, in fact, the
product remains significantly amorphous even after aging for 210 h. Furthermore, Er crystallization
(having the second smallest cation size) was more difficult than the other rare-earths with type-C
behavior, requiring 8 h of treatment for its full crystallization. However, an opposite behavior
occurred for La, Ce and Pr, i.e., the largest cations, in which the hydroxycarbonates were formed
within 8 h, or even less. In conclusion, the limit value for the ionic radius of RE3+ to ensure full
Considering that the Y-based precursor behaves analogously to rare-earth with similar ionic radius,
one can suppose that the size of the cation RE3+ plays a crucial role in the hydrothermal synthesis
of rare-earth carbonates. In other words, we could explain the different results of the hydrothermal
treatments as a function of the rare-earth on the basis of the well-known lanthanide contraction law. In fact, the larger the size of the cation RE3+, the faster the kinetics of the hydrothermal transformations,
which should result in to the hydroxycarbonates formation. In this regard, Yb (having the smallest
size among the studied rare-earths), exhibits the slowest kinetics and, in fact, the product remains
significantly amorphous even after aging for 210 h. Furthermore, Er crystallization (having the second
smallest cation size) was more difficult than the other rare-earths with type-C behavior, requiring 8 h
of treatment for its full crystallization. However, an opposite behavior occurred for La, Ce and Pr, i.e.,
the largest cations, in which the hydroxycarbonates were formed within 8 h, or even less. 4 Di
i
4. Discussion In conclusion,
the limit value for the ionic radius of RE3+ to ensure full crystallization in the 8 h hydrothermal
treatment was 0.1 nm. crystallization in the 8 h hydrothermal treatment was 0.1 nm. A possible explanation of this strong effect of the cationic radius on the hydrothermal behavior
could lie in the increasing covalent (less basic) character of the bonds that occurs when decreasing
the cationic size of the rare-earths, according to the well-known Fajans’ rule. A higher covalent
character of bonds, strictly related to both cation size and charge, could hinder the dissolution–
precipitation mechanism, which is the basis of the hydrothermal transformations, thus making
A possible explanation of this strong effect of the cationic radius on the hydrothermal behavior
could lie in the increasing covalent (less basic) character of the bonds that occurs when decreasing the
cationic size of the rare-earths, according to the well-known Fajans’ rule. A higher covalent character
of bonds, strictly related to both cation size and charge, could hinder the dissolution–precipitation
mechanism, which is the basis of the hydrothermal transformations, thus making achievement of the
equilibrium condition, i.e., the formation of the hydroxycarbonates, more difficult. achievement of the equilibrium condition, i.e., the formation of the hydroxycarbonates, more
difficult. Therefore, in order to explain the behavior during the hydrothermal treatment, not only the
b h
f h
E
l
h
ld b
d
d b
l
h d
l
f h
bl
Therefore, in order to explain the behavior during the hydrothermal treatment, not only the
behavior of the cation RE3+ in solution should be considered, but also the dissolution of the metastable
solid phases formed (amorphous and crystalline). 4 Di
i
4. Discussion The division of lanthanides into several groups
based on the formed products and the formation kinetics is well known. For example, Mai et al. [39]
reported that in the synthesis of NaREF4 three different groups of lanthanides were revealed: (i) Pr
and Nd, (ii) from Sm to Tb, and (iii) from Dy to Lu and Y. On the other hand, the double-double
effect, based on quantum mechanical interelectronic repulsion energy of the f-electrons [40] from a
phenomenological point of view results in the main division of the whole group of f-electron elements
(f0–f14) into two subgroups, f0–f7 and f7–f14, and in the further internal division of each of the two
subgroups by the f3–f4 and f10–f11 pair, respectively [41]. The presence of this effect can be highlighted
by a plot of a suitable property vs. atomic number. Properties such as free energies of complex formation
and extraction, enthalpies and entropies of extraction, free energy of crystallization, free energy of
hydration of lanthanide ions, and unit cell volumes of lanthanide and actinide compounds are all used
to show this effect [40,42]. Considering our experimental results, the last property can be used for
testing the double-double effect, at least for “tengerite-(RE)” with RE from Nd to Er. Thus, in Figure 9
we have replotted Figure 4, but removing Y, which is not a lanthanide, and using the atomic number
as the x-axis. The plot is a nearly perfect line and is very different from the unit cell volumes data
reported in [43] related to several rare-earth compounds. Our results seem to suggest that there is no
“discontinuity” inside the series of lanthanide carbonates synthesized via hydrothermal treatment,
whereas on the contrary, the “discontinuities” appear with reference to the formed phase, as happens
in correspondence with Nd and in correspondence with Er. These further “discontinuities” were also
confirmed by Müller et al. [44] who claimed that sudden changes in properties and stability constants
of lanthanide-coordination compounds were not only found around gadolinium but were also reported
to occur with neodymium or erbium. 14 of 17
8 of 17 Materials 2019, 12, 2062
Materials 2019, 12, x FOR Figure 9. Unit cell volumes of lanthanide carbonates as a function of atomic number. Figure 9. Unit cell volumes of lanthanide carbonates as a function of atomic number. solid phases form
5. Conclusions Funding: This research received no external funding. Acknowledgments: The authors thank Luciana Cimino for her technical assistance with SEM analysis. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. solid phases form
5. Conclusions 5. Conclusions
The hydrothermal aging of amorphous precursors formed by precipitation with ammonium
carbonate of rare earth nitrates leads to different results according to the lanthanide contraction law
The hydrothermal aging of amorphous precursors formed by precipitation with ammonium
carbonate of rare-earth nitrates leads to different results according to the lanthanide contraction
law. In this work, we have found the suitable chemical–physical conditions for the synthesis of a 15 of 17 Materials 2019, 12, 2062 rare-earth carbonate with a tengerite-type structure, with the chemical formula RE2(CO3)3·2-3H2O,
and characterized by acicular-like morphology, for rare-earths from Nd to Er. By considering that the
stable form of rare-earth carbonates in aqueous environment of the hydrothermal treatment is the
hydroxycarbonate, we have showed that with the decrease of the rare-earth ionic radius, the kinetics
of this transformation slow down. Additionally, albeit the hydrothermal treatment was carried out
at 120 ◦C, for several rare-earths the hydroxycarbonate was not formed at all, even in the case of
prolonged treatments. In particular, for rare-earths of larger size (La, Ce, Pr), the hydroxycarbonates
were readily formed after a short time. The same final products were also obtained for rare-earths of
intermediate size (Nd), even though longer treatments were needed. In contrast, for the smaller size
rare-earths (Y is included in this class), the carbonate in the form of tengerite was quickly formed (i.e.,
within 2 h), with it being stable after very long periods. Therefore, it is possible to synthesize carbonates
of various rare-earths in this way, with a simple and cheap process in an aqueous environment. It is
probable that these are metastable phases, but that their transformation kinetics are extremely slow
because of the chemical properties induced by their smaller ionic radius. Finally, for the smallest
rare-earth, i.e., Yb, the kinetics of dissolution are so slow that Yb-based carbonate is not able to fully
crystallize in the chemical–physical conditions of the adopted hydrothermal treatment, even after very
long durations. Only an incipient crystallization (i.e., not yet fully complete) of the Yb-based carbonate
occurred with a far more concentrated solution and longer duration of treatment. Author Contributions:
Conceptualization, G.D.A. and L.S.; Methodology, M.B.; Formal Analysis, M.B.;
Investigation, L.S. and C.F.; Resources, R.C. and G.D.A.; Data Curation, C.F.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation,
G.D.A., L.S., and M.B.; Writing—Review and Editing, R.C.; Supervision, G.D.A. Funding: This research received no external funding. Funding: This research received no external funding. Author Contributions:
Conceptualization, G.D.A. and L.S.; Methodology, M.B.; Formal Analysis, M.B.;
Investigation, L.S. and C.F.; Resources, R.C. and G.D.A.; Data Curation, C.F.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation,
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diffraction data. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2009, 42, 538–539. [CrossRef] 27. Finger, L.W.; Cox, D.E.; Jephcoat, A.P. A correction for powder diffraction peak asymmetry due to axial
divergence. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 1994, 27, 892–900. [CrossRef] 28. Balzar, D.; Audebrand, N.; Daymond, M.R.; Fitch, A.; Hewat, A.; Langford, J.I.; Le Bail, A.; Louër, D.;
Masson, O.; McCowan, C.N.; et al. Size-strain line-broadening analysis of the ceria round-robin sample. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2004, 37, 911–924. [CrossRef] 29. Jansen, J.; Peschar, R.; Schenk, H. On the determination of accurate intensities from powder diffraction data. I. Whole-pattern fitting with a least-squares procedure. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 1992, 25, 231–236. [CrossRef] 17 of 17 Materials 2019, 12, 2062 30. Miyawaki, R.; Kuriyama, J.; Nakai, I. The redefinition of tengerite-(Y), Y2(CO3)3·2-3H2O, and its crystal
structure. Am. Mineral. 1993, 78, 425–432. 31. Michiba, K.; Tahara, T.; Nakai, I.; Miyawaki, R.; Matsubara, S. Crystal structure of hexagonal RE(CO3)OH. Z. Krist-Cryst. Mater. 2011, 226, 518–530. [CrossRef] 32. Tahara, T.; Nakai, I.; Miyawaki, R.; Matsubara, S. Crystal chemistry of RE(CO3)OH. Z. Krist-Cryst. Mater. 2007, 222, 326–334. [CrossRef] 33. Accardo, G.; Dell’Agli, G.; Mascolo, M.C.; Spiridigliozzi, L.; Yoon, S. Controlled Coprecipitation of Amorphous
Cerium-Based Carbonates with Suitable Morphology as Precursors of Ceramic Electrolytes for IT-SOFCs. Materials 2019, 12, 702. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 34. References Nakagawa, K.; Tezuka, Y.; Ohshima, T.; Katayama, M.; Ogata, T.; Sotowa, K.-I.; Katoh, M.; Sugiyama, S. Formation of cerium carbonate hydroxide and cerium oxide nanostructures by self-assembly of nanoparticles
using surfactant template and their catalytic oxidation. Adv. Powder Technol. 2016, 27, 2128–2135. [CrossRef] 35. Hrizi, F.; Dhaouadi, H.; Touati, F. Cerium carbonate hydroxide and ceria micro/nanostructures: Synthesis,
characterization and electrochemical properties of CeCO3OH. Ceram. Int. 2014, 40, 25–30. [CrossRef] 36. Nagashima, K.; Wakita, H.; Mochizuki, A. The Synthesis of Crystalline Rare Earth Carbonates. Bul
Soc. Jpn. 1973, 46, 152–156. [CrossRef] 36. Nagashima, K.; Wakita, H.; Mochizuki, A. The Synthesis of Crystalline Rare Earth Carbonates. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1973, 46, 152–156. [CrossRef]
37
D ll’A li G M
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l 7. Dell’Agli, G.; Mascolo, G.; Mascolo, M.C.; Pagliuca, C. Drying Effect on Thermal Behaviour and Struct
Modification of hydrous Zirconia Gel. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 2008, 91, 3375–3379. [CrossRef] 38. Michiba, K.; Miyawaki, R.; Minakawa, T.; Terada, Y.; Nakai, I.; Matsubara, S. Crystal structure of
hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce) from Kamihouri, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. J. Miner. Petrol. Sci. 2013, 108,
326–334. [CrossRef] 39. Mai, H.X.; Zhang, Y.W.; Si, R.; Yan, Z.G.; Sun, L.D.; You, L.P.; Yan, C.H. High-Quality Sodium Rare-Earth
Fluoride Nanocrystals: Controlled Synthesis and Optical Properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 6426–6436. [CrossRef] 40. Mioduski, T.; Siekierski, S. The application of the double-double effect to the determination of the lanthanide
aquo-ion structures. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1975, 37, 1647–1651. [CrossRef] 41. Siekierski, S.; Fidelis, I. Chapter 8 Extraction Chromatography of Lanthanides. J. Chromatogr. Lib. 1975, 2,
226–253. 42. Siekierski, S. The double-double effect in Racah parameters of lanthanide(III) ions. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1981,
43, 3381–3383. [CrossRef] 43. Siekierski, S. The shape of the lanthanide contraction as reflected in the changes of the unit cell volumes,
lanthanide radius and the free energy of complex formation. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1971, 33, 377–386. [CrossRef] 44. Müller, D.; Knoll, C.; Herrmann, A.; Savasci, G.; Welch, J.M.; Artner, W.; Ofner, J.; Lendl, B.; Giester, G.;
Weinberger, P.; et al. Azobis [tetrazolide]-Carbonates of the Lanthanides—Breaking the Gadolinium Break. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2018, 19, 1969–1975. [CrossRef] © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
| 49,862 |
https://github.com/dan2dev/blueprint/blob/master/packages/select/test/omnibarTests.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-other-permissive
| 2,019 |
blueprint
|
dan2dev
|
TSX
|
Code
| 72 | 142 |
/*
* Copyright 2018 Palantir Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
*
* Licensed under the terms of the LICENSE file distributed with this project.
*/
import { mount } from "enzyme";
import * as React from "react";
import { Omnibar } from "../src";
import { selectComponentSuite } from "./selectComponentSuite";
describe("<Omnibar>", () => {
// must have query to show any items
selectComponentSuite(props => mount(<Omnibar {...props} isOpen={true} overlayProps={{ usePortal: false }} />));
});
| 40,220 |
https://openalex.org/W2964157602
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
Public Domain
| 2,019 |
The Altered Transcriptome and DNA Methylation Profiles of Docetaxel Resistance in Breast Cancer PDX Models
|
Jorge Gómez-Miragaya
|
Occitan
|
Spoken
| 360 | 1,177 |
Supplementary Figure S4
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
VHIO-127
Sensitive
VHIO-98
A
B
Sensitive
IDB-01
IDB-02
IDB-09
HCI-001
BCM-4664
BCM-9161
VHIO-98
VHIO-127
VHIO-270
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
C
D
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
R1 26 CpG
RD1 76 CpG
RD1 76 CpG
R1 26 CpG
IDB-01
IDB-02
IDB-09
Resistant
Residual disease Supplementary Figure S4
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
VHIO-127
Sensitive
VHIO-98
A
B
Sensitive
IDB-01
IDB-02
IDB-09
HCI-001
BCM-4664
BCM-9161
VHIO-98
VHIO-127
VHIO-270
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
C
D
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
R1 26 CpG
RD1 76 CpG
RD1 76 CpG
R1 26 CpG
IDB-01
IDB-02
IDB-09
Resistant
Residual disease Supplementary Figure S4
A
Sensitive
IDB-01
IDB-02
IDB-09
HCI-001
BCM-4664
BCM-9161
VHIO-98
VHIO-127
VHIO-270
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
RD1 76 CpG
Residual disease Supplementary Figure S4 Supplementary Figure S4 0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
VHIO-127
Sensitive
VHIO-98
B
R1 26 CpG
IDB-01
IDB-02
IDB-09
Resistant B A VHIO-127
Sensitive
VHIO-98
Sensitive
IDB-01
IDB-02
IDB-09
HCI-001
BCM-4664
BCM-9161
VHIO-98
VHIO-127
VHIO-270
C
D
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
PDX
Clinical samples
Cohort 1
Cohort 2
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
RD1 76 CpG
R1 26 CpG
IDB-01
IDB-02
IDB-09
Resistant
Residual disease
IDB-01
IDB-02
IDB-09
HCI-001
BCM-4664
BCM-9161
VHIO-98
VHIO-127
VHIO-270
Residual disease/non-responder
Sensitive/responder
PDX
Clinical samples
Cohort 1
Cohort 2
IDB-01
IDB-02
IDB-09
VHIO-98
VHIO-127
Residual disease/non-responder
Sensitive/responder C
D
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
PDX
Clinical samples
Cohort 1
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
RD1 76 CpG
R1 26 CpG
IDB-01
IDB 02
HCI-001
BCM 4664
VHIO-98
VHIO 127
Residual disease/non-responder
Sensitive/responder
PDX
Clinical samples
Cohort 1
IDB-01
IDB 02
VHIO-98
VHIO 127
Residual disease/non-responder
Sensitive/responder C
D
C
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
RD1 76 CpG C
C l C
D
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
RD1 76 CpG
R1 26 CpG D D
0.2
0.8
β−Value
Color Key
R1 26 CpG PDX
Clinical samples
Cohort 1
Cohort 2
IDB-01
IDB-02
IDB-09
HCI-001
BCM-4664
BCM-9161
VHIO-98
VHIO-127
VHIO-270
Residual disease/non-responder
Sensitive/responder PDX
Clinical samples
Cohort 1
Cohort 2
IDB-01
IDB-02
IDB-09
VHIO-98
VHIO-127
Residual disease/non-responder
Sensitive/responder
| 10,460 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.