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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://github.com/LenkasetSong/Core2D/blob/master/src/Core2D/Containers/Options.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
Core2D
|
LenkasetSong
|
C#
|
Code
| 1,522 | 3,780 |
// Copyright (c) Wiesław Šoltés. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Core2D.Path;
using Core2D.Shape;
using Core2D.Shapes;
using Core2D.Style;
namespace Core2D.Containers
{
/// <summary>
/// Project options.
/// </summary>
public class Options : ObservableObject, ICopyable
{
private bool _snapToGrid = true;
private double _snapX = 15.0;
private double _snapY = 15.0;
private double _hitThreshold = 7.0;
private MoveMode _moveMode = MoveMode.Point;
private bool _defaultIsStroked = true;
private bool _defaultIsFilled = false;
private bool _defaultIsClosed = true;
private bool _defaultIsSmoothJoin = true;
private FillRule _defaultFillRule = FillRule.EvenOdd;
private bool _tryToConnect = false;
private BaseShape _pointShape;
private ShapeStyle _pointStyle;
private ShapeStyle _selectionStyle;
private ShapeStyle _helperStyle;
private bool _cloneStyle = false;
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets how grid snapping is handled.
/// </summary>
public bool SnapToGrid
{
get => _snapToGrid;
set => Update(ref _snapToGrid, value);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets how much grid X axis is snapped.
/// </summary>
public double SnapX
{
get => _snapX;
set => Update(ref _snapX, value);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets how much grid Y axis is snapped.
/// </summary>
public double SnapY
{
get => _snapY;
set => Update(ref _snapY, value);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets hit test threshold radius.
/// </summary>
public double HitThreshold
{
get => _hitThreshold;
set => Update(ref _hitThreshold, value);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets how selected shapes are moved.
/// </summary>
public MoveMode MoveMode
{
get => _moveMode;
set => Update(ref _moveMode, value);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets value indicating whether path/shape is stroked during creation.
/// </summary>
public bool DefaultIsStroked
{
get => _defaultIsStroked;
set => Update(ref _defaultIsStroked, value);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets value indicating whether path/shape is filled during creation.
/// </summary>
public bool DefaultIsFilled
{
get => _defaultIsFilled;
set => Update(ref _defaultIsFilled, value);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets value indicating whether path is closed during creation.
/// </summary>
public bool DefaultIsClosed
{
get => _defaultIsClosed;
set => Update(ref _defaultIsClosed, value);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets value indicating whether path segment is smooth join during creation.
/// </summary>
public bool DefaultIsSmoothJoin
{
get => _defaultIsSmoothJoin;
set => Update(ref _defaultIsSmoothJoin, value);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets value indicating path fill rule during creation.
/// </summary>
public FillRule DefaultFillRule
{
get => _defaultFillRule;
set => Update(ref _defaultFillRule, value);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets how point connection is handled.
/// </summary>
public bool TryToConnect
{
get => _tryToConnect;
set => Update(ref _tryToConnect, value);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets shape used to draw points.
/// </summary>
public BaseShape PointShape
{
get => _pointShape;
set => Update(ref _pointShape, value);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets point shape style.
/// </summary>
public ShapeStyle PointStyle
{
get => _pointStyle;
set => Update(ref _pointStyle, value);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets selection rectangle style.
/// </summary>
public ShapeStyle SelectionStyle
{
get => _selectionStyle;
set => Update(ref _selectionStyle, value);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets editor helper shapes style.
/// </summary>
public ShapeStyle HelperStyle
{
get => _helperStyle;
set => Update(ref _helperStyle, value);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets value indicating whether style is cloned during creation.
/// </summary>
public bool CloneStyle
{
get => _cloneStyle;
set => Update(ref _cloneStyle, value);
}
/// <inheritdoc/>
public virtual object Copy(IDictionary<object, object> shared)
{
throw new NotImplementedException();
}
/// <summary>
/// Creates a new <see cref="Options"/> instance.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>The new instance of the <see cref="Options"/> class.</returns>
public static Options Create()
{
var options = new Options()
{
SnapToGrid = true,
SnapX = 15.0,
SnapY = 15.0,
HitThreshold = 7.0,
MoveMode = MoveMode.Point,
DefaultIsStroked = true,
DefaultIsFilled = false,
DefaultIsClosed = true,
DefaultIsSmoothJoin = true,
DefaultFillRule = FillRule.EvenOdd,
TryToConnect = false,
CloneStyle = false
};
options.SelectionStyle =
ShapeStyle.Create(
"Selection",
0x7F, 0x33, 0x33, 0xFF,
0x4F, 0x33, 0x33, 0xFF,
1.0);
options.HelperStyle =
ShapeStyle.Create(
"Helper",
0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
1.0);
options.PointStyle =
ShapeStyle.Create(
"Point",
0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
1.0);
options.PointShape = RectanglePointShape(options.PointStyle);
return options;
}
/// <summary>
/// Creates a new <see cref="BaseShape"/> instance.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="pss">The point shape <see cref="ShapeStyle"/>.</param>
/// <returns>The new instance of the <see cref="BaseShape"/> class.</returns>
public static BaseShape EllipsePointShape(ShapeStyle pss)
{
var ellipse = EllipseShape.Create(-4, -4, 4, 4, pss, null, true, false);
ellipse.Name = "EllipsePoint";
return ellipse;
}
/// <summary>
/// Creates a new <see cref="BaseShape"/> instance.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="pss">The point shape <see cref="ShapeStyle"/>.</param>
/// <returns>The new instance of the <see cref="BaseShape"/> class.</returns>
public static BaseShape FilledEllipsePointShape(ShapeStyle pss)
{
var ellipse = EllipseShape.Create(-3, -3, 3, 3, pss, null, true, true);
ellipse.Name = "FilledEllipsePoint";
return ellipse;
}
/// <summary>
/// Creates a new <see cref="BaseShape"/> instance.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="pss">The point shape <see cref="ShapeStyle"/>.</param>
/// <returns>The new instance of the <see cref="BaseShape"/> class.</returns>
public static BaseShape RectanglePointShape(ShapeStyle pss)
{
var rectangle = RectangleShape.Create(-4, -4, 4, 4, pss, null, true, false);
rectangle.Name = "RectanglePoint";
return rectangle;
}
/// <summary>
/// Creates a new <see cref="BaseShape"/> instance.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="pss">The point shape <see cref="ShapeStyle"/>.</param>
/// <returns>The new instance of the <see cref="BaseShape"/> class.</returns>
public static BaseShape FilledRectanglePointShape(ShapeStyle pss)
{
var rectangle = RectangleShape.Create(-3, -3, 3, 3, pss, null, true, true);
rectangle.Name = "FilledRectanglePoint";
return rectangle;
}
/// <summary>
/// Creates a new <see cref="BaseShape"/> instance.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="pss">The point shape <see cref="ShapeStyle"/>.</param>
/// <returns>The new instance of the <see cref="BaseShape"/> class.</returns>
public static BaseShape CrossPointShape(ShapeStyle pss)
{
var group = GroupShape.Create("CrossPoint");
var builder = group.Shapes.ToBuilder();
builder.Add(LineShape.Create(-4, 0, 4, 0, pss, null));
builder.Add(LineShape.Create(0, -4, 0, 4, pss, null));
group.Shapes = builder.ToImmutable();
return group;
}
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="SnapToGrid"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializeSnapToGrid() => _snapToGrid != default(bool);
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="SnapX"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializeSnapX() => _snapX != default(double);
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="SnapY"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializeSnapY() => _snapY != default(double);
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="HitThreshold"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializeHitThreshold() => _hitThreshold != default(double);
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="MoveMode"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializeMoveMode() => _moveMode != default(MoveMode);
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="DefaultIsStroked"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializeDefaultIsStroked() => _defaultIsStroked != default(bool);
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="DefaultIsFilled"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializeDefaultIsFilled() => _defaultIsFilled != default(bool);
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="DefaultIsClosed"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializeDefaultIsClosed() => _defaultIsClosed != default(bool);
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="DefaultIsSmoothJoin"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializeDefaultIsSmoothJoin() => _defaultIsSmoothJoin != default(bool);
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="DefaultFillRule"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializeDefaultFillRule() => _defaultFillRule != default(FillRule);
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="TryToConnect"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializeTryToConnect() => _tryToConnect != default(bool);
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="PointShape"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializePointShape() => _pointShape != null;
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="PointStyle"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializePointStyle() => _pointStyle != null;
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="SelectionStyle"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializeSelectionStyle() => _selectionStyle != null;
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="HelperStyle"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializeHelperStyle() => _helperStyle != null;
/// <summary>
/// Check whether the <see cref="CloneStyle"/> property has changed from its default value.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Returns true if the property has changed; otherwise, returns false.</returns>
public virtual bool ShouldSerializeCloneStyle() => _cloneStyle != default(bool);
}
}
| 29,171 |
https://github.com/varunjha089/TheNativeScriptBook/blob/master/Chapter8/observable-example/app/main-page.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
TheNativeScriptBook
|
varunjha089
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 77 | 233 |
var observableModule = require("data/observable");
var view = require ("ui/core/view");
exports.onLoaded = function(args){
var page = args.object;
var pet = new observableModule.Observable();
var label = view.getViewById(page, "title");
var bindingOptions = {
sourceProperty: "Name",
targetProperty: "text"
};
label.bind(bindingOptions, pet);
pet.set("Name", "Riven");
pet.set("Type", "Dog");
pet.set("Age", 3);
pet.on("propertyChange", function(eventData){
var changedPet = eventData.object;
console.log("Your pet is a " + changedPet.Type + " named " + changedPet.Name + " and is " + changedPet.get("Age") + " years old.");
});
pet.set("Age", 4);
}
| 5,093 |
https://github.com/uprtcl/js-uprtcl-core/blob/master/cortex/src/recognizer/pattern-recognizer.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
js-uprtcl-core
|
uprtcl
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 289 | 706 |
import { injectable } from 'inversify';
import { Pattern } from '../types/pattern';
import { Behaviour } from '../types/behaviour';
import { Entity } from '../types/entity';
@injectable()
export class PatternRecognizer {
patterns!: Pattern<any>[];
/**
* Recognizes which registered patterns match the given object
* @param object
*/
public recognize<T>(object: T): Pattern<T>[] {
if (!object) {
throw new Error('The given object was not defined');
}
const recognizedPatterns = this.patterns
.filter((pattern) => pattern.recognize(object))
.map((p) => ({ ...p }));
return recognizedPatterns as Pattern<T>[];
}
/**
* Recognizes all behaviours for the given object, flattening the array
*
* @param object object for which to recognize the behaviour
*/
public recognizeBehaviours<T>(object: T): Behaviour<T>[] {
const patterns: Pattern<T>[] = this.recognize(object);
const behaviours = patterns.map((p) => p.behaviours);
return ([] as Behaviour<T>[]).concat(...behaviours);
}
/**
* Gets all the behaviours that the pattern with the given type implements
*
* @param type type of the pattern of which to return the behaviours
*/
public getTypeBehaviours<T>(type: string): Behaviour<T>[] {
const patterns = this.patterns.filter((pattern) => pattern.type === type);
const behaviours = patterns.map((p) => p.behaviours);
return ([] as Behaviour<T>[]).concat(...behaviours);
}
/**
* Recognizes the type of the given entity
*
* @param entity to recognize the type for
* @throws error if no pattern recognized the given entity
* @throws error if two patterns with different types recognized the given entity
*/
public recognizeType<T>(entity: Entity<T>): string {
const patterns: Pattern<Entity<T>>[] = this.recognize(entity);
const types: string[] = patterns.map((p) => p.type).filter((t) => !!t) as string[];
if (types.length === 0) {
throw new Error(`No entity found to recognize object ${JSON.stringify(entity)}`);
}
const abmiguousError = types.length > 1 && !types.every((t) => types[0]);
if (abmiguousError) {
throw new Error(
`Ambiguous error recognizing entity: ${parent.toString()}. These two types recognized the object ${types.toString()}`
);
}
return types[0];
}
}
| 11,573 |
https://github.com/peterdsharpe/AeroSandbox/blob/master/studies/TurbojetStudies/make_fit_thrust.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-proprietary-license, LicenseRef-scancode-other-permissive
| 2,023 |
AeroSandbox
|
peterdsharpe
|
Python
|
Code
| 166 | 616 |
from get_data import turbojets, turbojets
import aerosandbox as asb
import aerosandbox.numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import aerosandbox.tools.units as u
df = pd.DataFrame({
# "OPR" : turbojets["OPR"],
"Weight [kg]" : turbojets["Dry Weight [lb]"] * u.lbm,
"Dry Thrust [N]": turbojets["Thrust (dry) [lbf]"] * u.hp,
# "Thermal Efficiency [-]": 1 / (43.02e6 * turbojets["SFC (TO) [lb/shp hr]"] * (u.lbm / u.hp / u.hour)),
}).dropna()
##### Do Power fit
target = "Thrust [N]"
def model(x, p):
return (
p["a"] * x ** p["w"]
)
fit = asb.FittedModel(
model=model,
x_data=df["Weight [kg]"].values,
y_data=df["Dry Thrust [N]"].values,
parameter_guesses={
"a": 1e4,
"w": 1,
},
# residual_norm_type="L1",
put_residuals_in_logspace=True,
verbose=False,
)
print(f"Fit for {target}:")
print(fit.parameters)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import aerosandbox.tools.pretty_plots as p
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
plt.scatter(
df["Weight [kg]"],
df["Dry Thrust [N]"],
alpha=0.4,
s=10,
label="Data"
)
x = np.geomspace(
df["Weight [kg]"].min(),
df["Weight [kg]"].max(),
100
)
y = fit(x)
plt.plot(
x, y,
alpha=0.7,
label="Model Fit"
)
plt.xscale("log")
plt.yscale("log")
p.show_plot(
"Turbojet: Thrust Model\nInputs: Weight",
xlabel="Engine Weight [kg]",
ylabel="Engine Dry Thrust [N]",
)
| 7,109 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhambet%20Kopeev
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Muhambet Kopeev
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhambet Kopeev&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 392 | 584 |
Muhammet Jumanazaruly Kopeev (, , romanized: Mūhammet Jūmanazarūly Kopeev; born 15 November 1949) is a Kazakhstani politician who served as a member of the Senate of Kazakhstan from 29 November 2005 to 24 November 2011 and was its Deputy Chair. Prior to that, he was Minister of Emergency Situations from 30 September 2004 to 11 August 2005 and was a member of the Mazhilis from 1996 to 2004 where he was Mazhilis Deputy Chair from 1 December 1999 until 2004.
Biography
Early life and education
Muhammet Kopeev was born to a Muslim Kazakh family in the village of Rudnik in Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan. He is the son of Fariza and Jumanazar Kopeev. In 1972, he graduated from the Satbayev University with a degree mining engineering. From 1983 to 1985, Kopeev attended the Alma-Ata Higher Party School where he earned degree in political science and then in 1998 from the Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University where he specialized in law.
Career
From 1973 to 1976, Kopeev was mining foreman, Secretary of the Komsomol Committee of the Dzhezkazgan Mining Trust. He then worked as a Secretary and First Secretary of the Nikolsk City Committee of the Leningrad Komsomol Committee until he became the instructor of the Dzhezkazgan Regional Party Committee in 1980. From 1985, Kopeev was the Second Secretary of the Dzhezdinsky District Party Committee. In 1986, he became the Chairman of the Qarajal City Executive Committee and from 1989, was the Head of Department of the Dzhezkazgan Regional Party Committee.
In 1991, Kopeev was appointed as the Chairman of the Administrative Council of the Jairem-Atasui Consolidated Economic Zone and was the Head of the Qarajal City Administration from 1992 until becoming a member of the Mazhilis in 1996 where he was member of the Finance and Budget Committee. On 1 December 1999, Kopeev was elected as the Mazhilis Deputy Chair where he served the post until he was appointed as Minister of Emergency Situations on 30 September 2004.
On 29 November 2005, he was appointed as member of the Senate of Kazakhstan and from 1 December 2005 was its Deputy Chair until being dismissed as Senator on 24 November 2011.
References
1949 births
Living people
People from Karaganda Region
Government ministers of Kazakhstan
Ministers of Emergency (Kazakhstan)
Members of the Mazhilis
Members of the Senate of Kazakhstan
20th-century Kazakhstani politicians
21st-century Kazakhstani politicians
| 15,152 |
AS/1889/AS_18890201/MM_01/0002.xml_2
|
NewZealand-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,889 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,654 | 2,667 |
Finance. —The statement of accounts for the year ended December 31, 1888, showed liabilities, £849 1s 2d; assets, £94 9s 6d; and it was stated that St. Matthew's Endowment Fund amounts to £1,200, less one-fifth diverted to All Saints' Bell Fund Account showed: To cash in bank, £4 14s 3d; owing from General Account, £355 9s 4d; total, £541 3s 7d. The Sunday-school balance-shoot showed: Receipts, £15 on 4d; expenditure, £17 19a 10d. The receipts on Church Account were £1,177 43 4d, and the expenditure £1,118 2s 7d, leaving a clear balance of £65 la 9d. St. Matthew's Stone Church Building Fund Account was as follows:—Dr.-1888—To amount in hand, 31st December, 1887, £119 8s 9d; to amount invested on landed security, do., £15,046; insurance, etc., on investments repaid, £20 4s 3d; interest on investments, £925 5s lid; total, £16,110 18s lid. Cr.: 1888—By paid insurances, &c, on investments, £15 is 10d; paid commission collecting interest, £46 5s Id; sub-dry petty expenses, it 2s Id: in vested on landed security, £15,170; amount in bank, £830 5s lid: Total, £16,110 18s lid. Mr. Doonin said that in making reference to the accounts he kept in view the arduous duties of Dr. Hooper.—Dr. Hooper said he wished no reference be his arduous duties. He had done simply his duty, and as so much fault had been found with him he hoped somebody else would do the work next year.—Mr Doonin insisted that he did not say one word against the work done by the church wardens. —Mr Burt said that he made the liabilities over £1,000. The church owed £150 on St. Thomas's account, which was not set down as a liability, and there was also an amount of interest due.—Dr. Hooper said were adopted, were adopted. Officers. Before the election of officers took place, Rev. Mr. Tebb thanked both wardens for the assistance they had given during the year. He nominated Mr. Rogers as clergyman's churchwarden during the ensuing year, and in doing so stated that the accounts showed the true state of the case. —Mr. Doonin proposed Dr. Hooper as parish warden, and Dr. Hooper declined, remarking that the office was a very thankless one. —Mr. Massey pointed out the report was the report of the vestry, and not of the church wardens. Votes of thanks were accorded to the Parochial Fund Augmentation Committee, to the church-wardens and outgoing officers' and proceedings terminated with devotional exercises. THAMES NOTES. (by telegraph.) Thames, this day. Sir Wm. Fox and Mr T. W. Glover are expected to arrive here on the 15th instant, on behalf of the New Zealand Alliance. Mr Chas. Rhodes, manager of the Paeroa branch of the Bank of New Zealand, is suffering from scarlet fever, and also two of his children. Mr Fen ton, teller of the Bank of New Zealand here, is in temporary charge of the Paeroa branch. WARDEN'S COURT. At the Warden's Court yesterday several applications were adjourned:—Protection was granted as follows: T. A. Dunlop, Queen of Beauty, Waibekauri, four months; J. Brown, two months' protection for New Zealand Mining Proprietary claim, Waibekauri. THAMES DRAINAGE BOARD. The usual monthly meeting of the above Board was held yesterday at Mr D. G. MacDonnell's office, Insurance Buildings, Queen street. Present: Messrs J. M. Lennox (Chairman), Brodie, Comer, Morrin, Sprate McGowan, Frater, Turtle, and W. S. Wilson. The Chairman thanked the Board for the honor they had done him in re-electing him Chairman. Cambria G.M. Company's Assessment. —The legal manager of the Cambria Company appealed against the assessment levied on their Company for drainage rates. Last year they had been excessively assessed above £6 per month, and had paid all but the December month, and he asked for a remission of that month's contribution, or that the Board should be levied on the present assessment of £20 per month. He also claimed a reduction of the present assessment from £20 per month to £10. The Chairman considered that the Cambria had a real grievance, but pointed out that the Board had no power to decrease an assessment, when fixed, although they might increase it. He suggested that for the ensuing year the reduction was agreed to on the motion of Mr Morrin, seconded by Mr Spratb. Waiotahi and Manctkau Companies.—Mr F. A. White wrote objecting to the assessment of £12 per month on the Manukau Company and of £60 per month on the Waiotahi Company, and at his request he was allowed to speak in support of his objections. In the case of the Manukau a reduction of £7 was claimed, and in regard to the Waiotahi a reduction was asked. Mr White pointed out in regard to the Waiotahi blsab last year their assessment was £70 per month, and this year it was £60. Mr White said that the directors considered the Waiotahi blsab last year their assessment was £70 per month, and if the Manukau was reduced to £7 they would be satisfied. Finally, it was agreed to reduce the assessment of The Waiotahi to £50 per month, and the Hab of the Manukau to £9. Tenders.—Tenders were received for delivery of coal at the Grahamstown Wharf, as follows:--Peter Maxwell, Bay of Islands coal, 18s 9d ; Kamo coal, 13s ; Whauwhau, 12s 10d. J. Craig, Bay of Islands, 18s 4d; Kamo, 13s 6d; Dickey, Verran and Co., Kamo, 13s 6d ; Bay of Islands, 18s 6d ; New castle, 19s 6d ; Whauwhau, 13s 4d. James Smith, Bay of Islands, 18s 6d ; Whauwhau, 12s 4d ; Kairo, 13s 5d ; Newcastle, 20s. & Short, Kamo, 13s 3d ; Bay of Islands, 18s 6u ; Mr Morrin moved that Dickey and Verran's tender be accepted, as they had given great satisfaction last year, but the amendment, proposed by Mr Prater, was seconded by Mr Wilson, "The master be accepted," was carried. Tender for carting coal at per bon from the Grahamstown Wharf to the works were opened, as follows:--Peter Maxwell, 2s; Charles Short, 2s; James Rickett, & 2d ; Dickey, Verran and Co., 2s Id. Maxwell's bender, being the lowest, was accepted. Extra Boiler, — Two boilers were offered, one by Messrs A. and G. Price M £140, and the other by Mr Judd at £130. As the manager recommended the former, it was accepted, subject to the standing pressure test. Of 451b to the square meter, The Thames members were authorized to call for, and accept, tenders for setting the boiler in brick, and Price's offer to provide fittings, gauges, etc., at £50, was accepted. Increase of Contributions.— A letter was received from the Thames Borough Council, notifying that Council had resolved that their contribution for the present year would be £15 per month (ib was £10 before). The Chairman said it was very satisfactory to see that Council come forward with an offer to increase their contribution without being asked, and, on the motion of Wilson, a vote of thanks was accorded to the Thames Borough Council for the generous action. TENEMENTS HOLIDAYS NOW OVER. During 17 years' experience of New Zealand trade, we never knew such a rush before. For weeks before the holidays we were reluctantly compelled to turn customers away. And yet there are croakers who believe the country is going to Hados! EVERYTHING FRESH AND NEW FOR THE MIDSUMMER TRADE. Colonial Tweed Suit to measure from £2.00 to $30.00. Good Business Suit to measure from £30.00 to $30.00. Trousers to measure from £10.00 to $30.00. Trousers to measure from £10.00 to $30.00. Ladies' Riding Habits to measure from £30.00 to $30.00. THE AUCKLAND G. MOBRIDE, Importer, Manufacturer, Merchant Tailor. Naval and Military Contractor. THE LARGEST TAILORING CONCERN IN NEW ZEALAND. HEAD OFFICE: CUSTOMS, STREET, OPPOSITE UNION BANK. IN THE ASSIGNED STOCK OF J. G. BROWN & CO., Karangahape Road, D.C. AGENCY. Begs to Announce his QUALITY OF THE ABOVE STOCK COMMENCES ON WEDNESDAY. IMMENSE REDUCTIONS! KARANGAHAPE Patent Toothache Treatment of All Diseases, Medical and without internal medicine, sold at Kidd and Wildman's. Auckland; post free, 7a7 Regal's Spectacles to all eyes. T_T F. WINDSOR, JUL* SURGEON DENTIST (by exam.), SFIE-RTLAND-STREET, OPPOSITE ©.P. O., (Late of the Firm of Kempt and Windsor). I beg to inform the Patients of the late firm of Kempt and Windsor, that all agreements entered into by them will be completed by me, and all work executed by them will be repaired and kept in order by me as though the firm were still in practice. First-class work in every case guaranteed. Terras TelouhouQ 077. "Vt'o'T ICB O_' REM OVAL " L * Mk T. TRAFFORD. The oldest-established Surgeon Dentist of 18 years, Desires to inform his patients and friends that he has removed from Wakefield-street to more central offices, QUEEN-STREET (over Wayto's). Bookseller, opposite Wyndham-street; Professional Hours: 9 a.m. till p.m. Box 329. Telephone 435. P E A U O C X, -* • OPTICIAN, Mathematical and Nautical Instrument Maker, SHORTLAND-STREET. Always in Stock—Spectacles and Eyeglasses of every kind; an accurate fit guaranteed Opera Glasses of superior quality Telescopes, Binocular Field Glasses, and Microscopes, powerful and cheap Theodolites, Mining Compasses, Abney Levels Drainage Levels, Prismatic Compasses, Drawing Instruments, Scales, Parallel Rulers, Ships' Logs, Sextants, Compasses, Binnacles Barometers. Thermometers, Hydrometers Electric Bells, Batteries, and Fittings Magnetic and Galvanic Medical Machines Magic Lanterns and Slides, Hand Magnifiers Streo'sopes and Slides, Graphoscopes and Slides, Graphoscopes and Slides, Magnetometers Just Received— Settlers' Telescopes, powerful, portable, and cheap, list Settlers' Aneriod Barometers, strong and good, 26s 6d Settlers' Microscopes, magnifying 1,730 times, 22s 6d. Also, Steam and Electro Motor Working Models and Steamers Instruments of every kind repaired. OPPOSITE THE POST-OFFICE. Complete Sets of Photographic Apparatus for Beginners. Moderate in price. ADVICE TO OUR GIRLS and numerous other Hints; also Society Gossip from all parts of New Zealand, together with special Articles on Household Management, in the "Family Friend," a splendid weekly budget for the home circle. Now ready. Buy it and take it home.
| 9,221 |
https://github.com/haithemSG/Mysoulmate/blob/master/src/Business/AdvertBundle/Resources/views/Default/create.html.twig
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Mysoulmate
|
haithemSG
|
Twig
|
Code
| 41 | 121 |
{% extends 'business_base.html.twig' %}
{% block title %}Advert | Create{% endblock %}
{% block page_title %}Advert creation form{% endblock %}
{% block page_path %}
<li class="breadcrumb-item">Advert</li>
<li class="breadcrumb-item active">Create</li>
{% endblock %}
{% block body %}
<p>TestAds Form</p>
{% endblock %}
| 11,690 |
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouvres-en-Xaintois
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Rouvres-en-Xaintois
|
https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rouvres-en-Xaintois&action=history
|
Basque
|
Spoken
| 349 | 1,010 |
Rouvres-en-Xaintois Frantziako udalerria da, Vosgeak departamenduan dagoena, Ekialde Handia eskualdean. 2013an biztanle zituen.
Demografia
Biztanleria
2007an Rouvres-en-Xaintois udalerrian erroldatutako biztanleak 295 ziren. Familiak 132 ziren, horien artean 40 pertsona bakarrekoak ziren (12 bakarrik bizi ziren gizonak eta 28 bakarrik bizi ziren emakumeak), 44 seme-alabarik gabeko familiak ziren, 40 seme-alabak dituzten bikoteak ziren eta 8 seme-alabak dituzten guraso-bakarreko familiak ziren.
Biztanleriak, denboran, ondorengo grafikoan ageri den bilakaera izan du:
Erroldatutako biztanleak
<noinclude>
Etxebizitza
2007an 144 etxebizitza zeuden, 131 familiaren etxebizitza nagusia ziren, 8 bigarren erresidentzia ziren eta 5 hutsik zeuden. 138 etxeak ziren eta 6 apartamentuak ziren. 131 etxebizitza nagusietatik 115 bere jabearen bizilekua ziren, 11 alokairuan okupaturik zeuden eta 5 doan lagata zeuden; 1ek gela bat zuen, 7 etxek bi zituzten, 3 etxek hiru zituzten, 43 etxek lau zituzten eta 77 etxek bost zituzten. 90 etxek euren parking plaza propioa zuten azpian. 66 etxetan ibilgailu bat zegoen eta 51 etxetan bat baino gehiago zituzten.
Biztanleria-piramidea
2009an sexu eta adinaren araberako biztanleria-piramidea hau zen:
Ekonomia
2007an lan egiteko adina zuten pertsonak 186 ziren, horien artean 134 aktiboak ziren eta 52 inaktiboak ziren. 134 pertsona aktiboetatik 125 lanean zeuden (68 gizon eta 57 emakume) eta 10 langabezian zeuden (6 gizon eta 4 emakume). 52 pertsona inaktiboetatik 22 erretiraturik zeuden, 7 ikasten zeuden eta 23 "bestelako inaktibo" gisa sailkaturik zeuden.
Diru sarrerak
2009an Rouvres-en-Xaintois udalerrian 136 unitate fiskal zeuden, 320,5 pertsonek osaturik. Pertsona bakoitzeko diru-sarrera fiskalaren mediana urteko 18.022 euro zen.
Ekonomia jarduerak
2007an zeuden 7 komertzioetatik, 1 janari enpresa zen, 1 eraikuntza enpresa zen, 2 ibilgailuen saltze eta konpontze enpresak ziren, 2 ostalaritza eta jatetxe enpresak ziren eta 1 «beste zerbitzu jarduera batzuk» multzoan sailkatutako enpresa zen.
2009an norbanakoentzat zegoen zerbitzu bakarra iturgina zen.
2009an zeuden 2 establezimendu komertzial guztiak harategiak ziren.
2000. urtean Rouvres-en-Xaintois udalerrian 5 nekazaritza-ustiategi zeuden.
Hezkuntza eta osasun ekipamenduak
2009an lehen-hezkuntzako eskola bat zegoen.
Gertuen dauden herriak
Diagrama honek gertuen dauden herriak erakusten ditu.
Erreferentziak
Kanpo estekak
Résumé statistique INSEEren udalerriko estatistiken laburpena.
Évolution et structure de la population INSEEren udalerriko datuen fitxa.
France par comune Frantziako udalerri guztietako datu zehatzak mapa baten bitartez eskuragarri.
Vosgeetako udalerriak
| 42,795 |
https://github.com/yenly/coding-fonts/blob/master/src/code_samples/code_samples.11tydata.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
coding-fonts
|
yenly
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 14 | 44 |
module.exports = {
permalink: process.env.ELEVENTY_ENV === 'production' ? false : '/code_samples/{{ page.fileSlug }}/'
}
| 11,186 |
2014/32014D0056(01)/32014D0056(01)_CS.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,014 |
None
|
None
|
Czech
|
Spoken
| 1,056 | 2,868 |
L_2015053CS.01002101.xml
25.2.2015
CS
Úřední věstník Evropské unie
L 53/21
ROZHODNUTÍ EVROPSKÉ CENTRÁLNÍ BANKY (EU) 2015/297
ze dne 15. prosince 2014,
kterým se mění rozhodnutí ECB/2010/23 o přerozdělování měnových příjmů národních centrálních bank členských států, jejichž měnou je euro (ECB/2014/56)
RADA GUVERNÉRŮ EVROPSKÉ CENTRÁLNÍ BANKY,
s ohledem na statut Evropského systému centrálních bank a Evropské centrální banky, a zejména na článek 33.2 a článek 32.7 tohoto statutu,
vzhledem k těmto důvodům:
(1)
Rozhodnutí ECB/2010/23 (1) zakládá mechanismus pro slučování a přerozdělování měnových příjmů z operací měnové politiky.
(2)
S ohledem na rozhodnutí ECB/2014/40 (2) a rozhodnutí ECB/2014/45 (3) je třeba upravit odděleně vedená aktiva tak, aby byl zohledněn objem realizovaných zisků a ztrát, které plynou ze zcizení cenných papírů držených pro účely měnové politiky, za období od okamžiku zcizení do konce daného čtvrtletí.
(3)
Vzhledem k tomu, že úroky z operací měnové politiky se splatností jeden rok nebo delší se slučují před jejich výplatou na konci operace, měla by být provedena úprava výpočtu základny pasiv a odděleně vedených aktiv podle příloh I a II rozhodnutí ECB/2010/23.
(4)
Rozhodnutí ECB/2010/23 je třeba odpovídajícím způsobem změnit,
PŘIJALA TOTO ROZHODNUTÍ:
Článek 1
Změna
Přílohy I a II rozhodnutí ECB/2010/23 se nahrazují textem uvedeným v přílohách I a II tohoto rozhodnutí.
Článek 2
Vstup v platnost
Toto rozhodnutí vstupuje v platnost dnem 31. prosince 2014.
Ve Frankfurtu nad Mohanem dne 15. prosince 2014.
Prezident ECB
Mario DRAGHI
(1) Rozhodnutí ECB/2010/23 ze dne 25. listopadu 2010 o přerozdělování měnových příjmů národních centrálních bank členských států, jejichž měnou je euro (Úř. věst. L 35, 9.2.2011, s. 17).
(2) Rozhodnutí ECB/2014/40 ze dne 15. října 2014 o provádění třetího programu nákupu krytých dluhopisů (Úř. věst. L 335, 22.11.2014, s. 22).
(3) Rozhodnutí Evropské centrální banky (EU) 2015/5 ze dne 19. listopadu 2014 o provádění programu nákupu cenných papírů krytých aktivy (ECB/2014/45) (Úř. věst. L 1, 6.1.2015, s. 4).
PŘÍLOHA I
„PŘÍLOHA I
STRUKTURA ZÁKLADNY PASIV
A.
Do základny pasiv se zahrnují výhradně tyto položky:
1.
Bankovky v oběhu
Pro účely této přílohy ‚bankovky v oběhu‘ v roce přechodu na hotovostní euro pro každou národní centrální banku vstupující do Eurosystému:
a)
zahrnují bankovky, které národní centrální banka vydala a které znějí na národní měnovou jednotku, a
b)
se musí snížit o hodnotu neúročených úvěrů v souvislosti s předzásobenými eurobankovkami, které ještě nebyly připsány na vrub (část položky 6 aktiv HR).
Po příslušném roce přechodu na hotovostní euro pro každou národní centrální banku znamenají ‚bankovky v oběhu‘ výhradně bankovky znějící na euro.
Je-li dnem přechodu na hotovostní euro den, kdy je TARGET2 uzavřen, zahrne se závazek národní centrální banky, jenž vyplývá z eurobankovek, které byly předzásobeny podle obecných zásad ECB/2006/9 a které se dostaly do oběhu přede dnem přechodu na hotovostní euro, do základny pasiv (jako součást korespondentských účtů v položce 10.4 pasiv HR), a to až do okamžiku, kdy se tento závazek stane součástí závazků uvnitř Eurosystému z transakcí TARGET2.
2.
Závazky v eurech vůči úvěrovým institucím eurozóny související s operacemi měnové politiky, včetně:
a)
běžných účtů včetně požadavků na minimální rezervy podle článku 19.1 statutu ESCB (položka 2.1 pasiv HR);
b)
vkladů v rámci vkladové facility Eurosystému (položka 2.2 pasiv HR);
c)
termínových vkladů (položka 2.3 pasiv HR);
d)
závazků z reverzních operací jemného dolaďování (položka 2.4 pasiv HR);
e)
závazků z vyrovnání marže (položka 2.5 pasiv HR).
3.
Závazky z vkladů vůči protistranám Eurosystému, u nichž došlo k selhání, které byly překlasifikovány z položky 2.1 pasiv HR.
4.
Závazky národních centrálních bank uvnitř Eurosystému vyplývající z emise dluhových cenných papírů ECB podle kapitoly 3.3 přílohy I obecných zásad ECB/2011/14 (1) (položka 10.2 pasiv HR).
5.
Čisté závazky uvnitř Eurosystému z eurobankovek v oběhu včetně těch, které vyplývají z použití článku 4 tohoto rozhodnutí (součást položky 10.3 pasiv HR).
6.
Čisté závazky uvnitř Eurosystému z transakcí TARGET2 úročené referenční sazbou (část položky 10.4 pasiv HR).
7.
Naběhlé úroky, které každá národní centrální banka eviduje ke konci čtvrtletí ze závazků z měnové politiky se splatností jeden rok nebo delší (součást položky 12.2 pasiv HR).
B.
Výše základny pasiv každé národní centrální banky se počítá v souladu s harmonizovanými účetními zásadami a pravidly stanovenými v obecných zásadách ECB/2010/20.
(1) Obecné zásady Evropské centrální banky ECB/2011/14 ze dne 20. září 2011 o nástrojích a postupech měnové politiky Eurosystému (Úř. věst. L 331, 14.12.2011, s. 1).“
PŘÍLOHA II
„PŘÍLOHA II
ODDĚLENĚ VEDENÁ AKTIVA
A.
Odděleně vedená aktiva zahrnují výhradně tyto položky:
1.
Úvěry v eurech úvěrovým institucím eurozóny související s operacemi měnové politiky (položka 5 aktiv HR).
2.
Cenné papíry držené pro účely měnové politiky (část položky 7.1 aktiv HR).
3.
Pohledávky uvnitř Eurosystému z převodu devizových rezerv kromě zlata na ECB podle článku 30 statutu ESCB (část položky 9.2 aktiv HR).
4.
Čisté pohledávky uvnitř Eurosystému z eurobankovek v oběhu včetně těch, jež vyplývají z použití článku 4 tohoto rozhodnutí (součást položky 9.4 aktiv HR).
5.
Čisté pohledávky uvnitř Eurosystému z transakcí TARGET2 úročené referenční sazbou (část položky 9.5 aktiv HR).
6.
Zlato včetně pohledávek ve zlatě za ECB ve výši umožňující každé národní centrální bance vést odděleně část svého zlata, odpovídající uplatnění jejího podílu v klíči upsaného základního kapitálu na celkovou výši zlata odděleně vedeného všemi národními centrálními bankami (položka 1 aktiv a část položky 9.2 aktiv HR).
Pro účely tohoto rozhodnutí se zlato oceňuje cenou zlata v eurech za jednu ryzí unci k 31. prosinci 2002.
7.
Pohledávky z eurobankovek, které byly předzásobeny podle obecných zásad ECB/2006/9 a které se poté dostaly do oběhu přede dnem přechodu na hotovostní euro (do dne přechodu na hotovostní euro část položky 4.1 aktiv HR a poté součást korespondentských účtů v položce 9.5 aktiv HR), avšak pouze do okamžiku, kdy se tyto pohledávky stanou součástí pohledávek uvnitř Eurosystému z transakcí TARGET2.
8.
Nevyrovnané pohledávky, které vznikají v důsledku selhání protistran Eurosystému v kontextu úvěrových operací Eurosystému, a/nebo finanční aktiva nebo pohledávky (vůči třetím osobám) přivlastněné a/nebo nabyté v souvislosti s realizací zajištění poskytnutého protistranami Eurosystému, u nichž došlo k selhání v kontextu úvěrových operací Eurosystému, které byly překlasifikovány z položky 5 aktiv HR (část položky 11.6 aktiv HR).
9.
Naběhlé úroky, které každá národní centrální banka eviduje ke konci čtvrtletí z aktiv z měnové politiky se splatností jeden rok nebo delší (součást položky 11.5 aktiv HR).
B.
Hodnota odděleně vedených aktiv národních centrálních bank se počítá v souladu s harmonizovanými účetními zásadami a pravidly stanovenými v obecných zásadách ECB/2010/20.“.
| 15,661 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2400307
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Tegernbach (Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm)
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 162 | 512 |
Tegernbach (Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm)
Siedlung in Deutschland
Tegernbach (Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm) liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm
Tegernbach (Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm) Staat Deutschland
Tegernbach (Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm) geographische Koordinaten
Tegernbach (Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm) ist ein(e) Siedlung
Tegernbach (Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm) Zeitzone UTC+1, betroffener Zeitraum Normalzeit
Tegernbach (Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm) Zeitzone UTC+2, betroffener Zeitraum Sommerzeit
Tegernbach (Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm) Commons-Kategorie Tegernbach (Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm)
Tegernbach (Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm) VIAF-Kennung 233892330
Tegernbach (Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm) Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/1232hss3
Tegernbach (Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm) GND-Kennung 4684380-2
Tegernbach (Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm) OpenStreetMap-Knotenkennung 27433584
Tegernbach
nederzetting in Duitsland
Tegernbach gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm
Tegernbach land Duitsland
Tegernbach geografische locatie
Tegernbach is een woonplaats
Tegernbach tijdzone UTC+1, geldig in periode standaardtijd
Tegernbach tijdzone UTC+2, geldig in periode zomertijd
Tegernbach Commonscategorie Tegernbach (Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm)
Tegernbach VIAF-identificatiecode 233892330
Tegernbach Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/1232hss3
Tegernbach GND-identificatiecode 4684380-2
Tegernbach OpenStreetMap-identificatiecode voor knoop 27433584
| 19,034 |
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breistroff-la-Grande
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Breistroff-la-Grande
|
https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breistroff-la-Grande&action=history
|
Uzbek
|
Spoken
| 44 | 141 |
Breistroff-la-Grande Fransiyaning Lotaringiya mintaqasida joylashgan kommunadir. Moselle departamenti Thionville-Oost tumani tarkibiga kiradi.
Aholisi
526 nafar aholi istiqomat qiladi (2005). Aholi zichligi — har kvadrat kilometrga 49,6 nafar kishi.
Geografiyasi
Maydoni — 10,6 km2. Dengiz sathidan 157 – 242 m balandlikda joylashgan.
Manbalar
Moselle shaharlari
| 25,773 |
https://github.com/apiel/bass/blob/master/instrument/kick/io_audio_kick.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
bass
|
apiel
|
C
|
Code
| 43 | 225 |
#ifndef IO_AUDIO_KICK_H_
#define IO_AUDIO_KICK_H_
#include <Adafruit_SSD1306.h>
#include <Arduino.h>
#include <Audio.h>
#include "../io_audio_base.h"
#include "./io_audio_kick_core.h"
#include "./io_audio_kick_ui.h"
class IO_AudioKick
: public IO_AudioKickCore,
public IO_AudioBase<IO_AudioKickCore, IO_AudioKickCoreUI> {
public:
IO_AudioKick() {
coreUI = new IO_AudioKickCoreUI(this);
seq = new IO_AudioSeq<IO_AudioKickCore>(this);
seqUI = new IO_AudioSeqUI<IO_AudioKickCore>(seq);
}
};
#endif
| 35,038 |
US-69418410-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,010 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,726 | 7,392 |
FIG. 16A depicts the shape of a natural lens capsule in an accommodated state with the anterior curvature radius AR in the range of 10 mm. The posterior curvature radius PR in the range of 6 mm. FIG. 16B illustrates a sectional shape of one embodiment of a lens implant 100 with a recessed anterior portion 111 wherein the anterior radius AR again is in the range of 10 mm and the posterior radius PR in the range of 6 mm—the same as in FIG. 16A. FIG. 17 illustrates an exemplary range of shapes (anterior curvatures AC, AC′ and AC″) that fall within the scope of the invention wherein the periphery 110 of the implant monolith 100 and the posterior surface 106 have the same shape and radii as a natural lens capsule. In FIG. 17, the central lens is within a recess which has a continuous 360° smooth arcuate transition from the non-optic optic portion 124 to the optic portion 125 to prevent unwanted reflections, wherein the multiple radii of the transition are from about 0.01 mm to 10 mm, or from about 0.05 mm to 5 mm. The recess of the anterior lens surface from that anterior-most plane of the lens can have a depth of at least 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm and 4 mm.
Of particular interest, an optic monolith 100 of the invention in FIGS. 16B and 17 has a non-optic portion 124 with a central anterior optic region 125 that is from about 4.5 mm. to 7 mm. in diameter wherein the anterior optic curvature is recessed from the anterior-most plane of the peripheral or non-optic portion 124. By this means, the anterior curvature AC of the optic monolith portion can be steepened with a radius of less that 10 mm. More preferably, the deformable curvature AC in it memory shape has a radius of less that about 9 mm; and more preferably less than 8 mm. FIG. 17 illustrates that there are a range of surface curvatures about the implant periphery and anterior surface 114 that transition to the recessed optic portion and the deformable anterior curvature AC.
As will be described below, the implant and method of the invention (whether the implant cooperates with a drop-in lens or comprises an integrated optic monolith): (i) provide a resilient elastomeric monolith wherein 100% of the peripheral body portion and surface region 110 that comprises a force-application structure to apply forces to the capsular sac 101 to return the implant-capsule complex to its accommodated shape; (ii) provide a body having a resilient deformable-stretchable surface 110 that applies forces to the capsule in a continuum of surface vectors indicated at V in FIG. 18 about 360° of the inner surface of the capsular relative to axis 115. In FIG. 18, a selected hypothetical area 120 of the surface region 110 is shown as it deforms in multiple surface vectors to stressed condition 120′, with vectors V indicating the stress and restorative forces about the boundary between the implant and capsule 101 (see FIG. 18).
Of particular interest, this aspect of the present invention distinguishes the implant body 100 from other IOL implants in the patent literature that attempt to prop open the capsule 101. In the patent literature and published patent disclosures, the prior art designs simply use one form or another of “leaf spring” type members that bend or flex about an apex within the sac to deliver 2D forces as indicated in FIGS. 19A and 19B. The IOL designs in the patent literature and FIGS. 19A and 19B by their very nature must “slip” within the lens capsule 101 and thus cannot optimize force transduction from the zonules through the capsule to the implant. None of the IOL designs in the patent literature has an implant body with a 360° continuous peripheral engagement surface for providing force application means to apply restorative forces in a continuum of surface vectors V (FIG. 18) to insure that slippage about the implant boundary cannot occur. The illustration of FIG. 19A depicts the leaf-spring type haptics 121 a of the lens designs of Woods in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,790,847; 6,217,612; 6,299,641; and 6,443,985, and Sarfarazi in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20040015236; 20030130732; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,423,094 and 6,488,708. The illustration of FIG. 19B depicts the leaf-spring type haptics 121 b of Zadno-Azizi et al in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20030078657; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,899,732; 7,087,080; 6,846,326; 7,226,478; and 7,118,596. The factor of slippage, at the scale of the implant and the limited forces that must be captured and transduced by the system, is a large component in a force transduction system for providing a high amplitude accommodating lens.
As defined herein, referring to FIG. 17, an exemplary optic monolith 100 has a peripheral non-optic portion 124 and a central optic region indicated at 125 that ranges from about 4.5 to 7.0 mm in diameter. In this disclosure, the term axis and its reference numeral 115 are applied to both the natural lens capsule and the implant body 100, and the term axis generally describes the optical axis of the vision system. The axial dimension AD refers to the dimension of the capsular implant or implant/lens capsule complex along axis 115.
A principal objective of the invention is optimizing force transduction, by which is meant that the implant is designed to insure that zonular tensioning forces are transduced (i) from the zonules to the sac, (ii) from the sac to the implant surface region 110 without slippage, and (iii) from the surface region 110 to an adaptive optic body within the central optic region 125 of the body. It is a further objective to insure that ciliary muscles, zonules and the entire physiologic accommodative mechanism, including vitreous displacement, remains intact and functional throughout the life of the patient. To accomplish these objectives, the implant body 110 is dimensioned to match the natural lens capsule to thus preserve zonular connections to the sac, which in turn it is believed will optimally maintain ciliary muscle function. Referring again to FIGS. 15A and 15B, one embodiment of implant body 100 has a peripheral surface region 110 that in its memory shape in 360° corresponds to the shape of natural, young accommodated lens capsule (FIG. 15A). Likewise, in its temporary stressed shape under zonular tensioning (FIG. 15B), the implant body 100 defines a controlled shape peripheral surface 110 in 360° that corresponds to the shape of natural disaccommodated lens capsule. By designing the memory and temporary shapes of the implant monolith to mimic a natural lens capsule in 360°, the zonular attachments can be preserved which, in turn, will optimize force transduction from the zonules to the capsule and to the implant body 100.
In FIG. 15A, the implant monolith 100 is shown in perspective view as it would appear in a memory, unstressed state which is dimensioned to provide the implant-capsular sac complex with the shape of a natural lens capsule, excepting the open anterior portion that corresponds to the capsularhexis. The implant of FIGS. 15A and 15B thus comprises an annular open-centered polymer body 100 with a peripheral surface region 110 that is dimensioned to engage the equatorial and peripheral portion of the capsular sac—and provide the capsule complex with the desired memory (accommodated) shape and stressed (disaccommodated) shape. The structure and modulus of the implant body 100 is described further below, but it can be understood that body 100 then can function and as actuation mechanism for deforming or actuating the shape of the central optic region 125 that is rotationally symmetric about axis 115. The implant body 100 provides the implant-capsule complex with the stress-absorbing and stress-releasing characteristics of a young, still accommodating lens, and also can adapt the shape and/or translation of a central lens.
As can be seen in FIGS. 15B and 15C, the inner surface 130 of body 100 is actuated in 360° between the radial dimensions indicated at RD and RD′. In one embodiment depicted in FIGS. 15B and 15C, the implant monolith 100 is adapted to receive a flexible drop-in accommodating IOL 135 shown in phantom view. In FIGS. 15B and 15C, the drop-in intraocular lens has peripheral haptics 136 that engage an engagement structure 138 such as groove or notch that may be annular or a plurality of cooperating features to engage haptics 136 of the lens 135. For example, two, three or four or more haptic elements 136 of IOL 135 can engage the annular engagement structure 138, by springably engaging the groove, or by locking into the groove by rotation or a spring-clip arrangement or any other lock-in structure. Alternatively, the engagement structure can carry means for photothermal or photochemical attachment of the peripheral haptics 136 with the engagement structure 138 by post-implant actuation with a light source.
Still referring to FIGS. 15B and 15C, the implant body 100 can be of any suitable polymer having a selected elastic modulus in the range between 1 KPa and 2000 KPa, or between 10 KPa and 500 KPa, or between 20 KPa and 200 KPa. In one embodiment, the polymer is a shape memory polymer that provides the desired modulus in its memory shape. In another embodiment, the adaptive implant has an anisotropic modulus and is fabricated as described previously. Thus, the adaptive implant body comprises an elastomeric body having a specified elastic modulus in its equilibrium memory shape that imparts to a capsular sac periphery its natural shape in an accommodated state. The body is deformable to a disequilibrium stressed shape in responsive to equatorial tensioning, the monolith capable of applying restorative forces of 1 to 3 grams to move the monolith toward the equilibrium shape from the disequilibrium shape. Further, elastomeric body has an interior structure wherein 100 per cent of a peripheral surface region of the monolith applies restorative forces to an interface with the capsular sac. In another embodiment, the adaptive implant has at least one exterior 360° edge feature 139 for posterior and/or anterior capsular opacification (FIG. 15C).
Now turning to FIG. 20, another embodiment of adaptive optic is depicted wherein the implant comprises an elastomer monolith 140 that defines two elastomer block or body portions. The peripheral block portion indicated at 100′ is substantially similar to implant body 100 of FIGS. 15A-15C. The second block portion 145 comprises an adaptive optic or lens for refracting light. The lens portion 145 is of an ultralow modulus polymer that can be “actuated” or “deformed” by the shape change of interface 55 between the blocks 100′ and 145—wherein interface 55 is as described above in the exemplary elastomer monoliths of FIGS. 2A through 14B. The interface 55 also can be compared with the inner surface 130 of implant body 100 as in FIGS. 15A-15C. In this embodiment, the lens portion 145 comprises a polymer having a selected elastic modulus that is less than 1000 KPa, or less that 500 KPa, or less that 200 KPa.
In FIG. 20, the adaptive optic block or deformable lens body 145 is symmetric for refraction of light relative to optical axis 115, and is depicted as positive power lens although negative power lenses fall within the scope of the invention to cooperate with a piggy-back or drop-in lens (see FIGS. 15B-15C). Of particular interest, this embodiment of monolith 140 defines at least one interior, on-axis, rotationally symmetric interface 55 between at least two elastomeric block portions, 100′ and 145, wherein each block portion has a different Young's modulus. It has been modeled that the peripheral block portions 100′ can function in effect as an actuator to cause substantial deformation of at least the anterior surface 155 of the lens. The elastomeric monolith has an equilibrium memory shape as in FIG. 20 and is deformable to the disequilibrium temporary shape (phantom view in FIG. 20), wherein the memory shape provides a selected focusing power and the disequilibrium temporary shape provides a lesser focusing power. The elastomeric optic monolith moves from its equilibrium memory shape to the disequilibrium temporary shape of FIG. 20 in response to equatorial tensioning forces as well as vitreous displacement. The adaptive system also can function to flex the posterior surface 160 of the lens, and for this reason the higher modulus material is preferentially thinned about the axis to induce central posterior surface steepening. In any of these embodiments, at least the peripheral block (or a portion thereof) can be fabricated of a shape memory polymer as described above. Thus, the non-planar on-axis, rotationally symmetric interface 55 between the two block portions is adapted for force transduction from the higher modulus block peripheral block 100′ to the lower modulus adaptive optic block 145. It should be appreciated that any of the feature and shapes for enhancing optic deformation (soft elastomer cams etc.) of FIGS. 4A-14 can be provided in the interface 55. The lens body can be substantially deformed by less than 3 grams of radial forces, or less than 2 grams of radial forces, or less than 1 gram of radial forces.
In one embodiment, either or both the anterior and posterior surfaces 155 and 160 provide the optic with a negative spherical aberration, at least in the stressed temporary shape of FIG. 21. This aspect of the invention provides a higher order aberration correction that has been found important for contrast sensitivity and is the only higher order aberration correction that is rotationally symmetric about the optic axis 115. Additionally, the lens can be provided with a controlled deformable-shape surface layer indicated at 162 in FIG. 21. The tensioned shape can be designed to provide deformable layer with the negative spherical aberration, or a selective surface modification could cause the same desired result. In other words, the anisotropic modulus or varied stiffness of the layer 162 can induce the negative spherical aberration in the controllably deformable surface. Adaptive optic algorithms developed for flex surface mirrors can be utilized to engineer anisotropic modulus or varied stiffness (flex characteristics) of the deformable surface or surfaces.
The embodiments of FIGS. 20-21 again illustrate that the anterior surface of the optic block 145 is recessed relative to the anterior-most plane 164 of the implant 140 in its memory shape. This allows for a hypersteepened curvature of anterior surface AC as described previously. If such a steep anterior curvature were provided in a continuous smooth curve 165 (FIG. 16A), it would impinge upon the iris and not function. Thus, the recessed anterior surface AC can provide a very steep curvature for increasing dioptic power. FIGS. 22A-22B depict a similar embodiment wherein the arcuate trough 170 about the anterior surface of low modulus lens block 145 can comprise a stiffened or higher modulus portion 175 that can “rotate” somewhat upon zonular excursion and equatorial tension to function as a lever means (cf. FIGS. 6A-7B) on the low modulus displaceable block 145 to axially lift and displace the polymer about the periphery of the optic portion 125 to thereby move the anterior surface from a steep curvature (FIG. 22A) to a highly flattened curvature (FIG. 22B). This effect would not be possible if the anterior surface of the lens had a smooth curvature—without the recessed anterior surface 165′ as in FIG. 16B. The scope of this aspect of the invention includes fabricating an intraocular lens dimensioned for implantation in a capsular sac, wherein an interior of the lens includes a displaceable media deforming the lens surface to provide first and second powers, and wherein the lens surface is configured for high amplitude axial deformation by the displaceable media about a periphery of the optic portion and configured for low amplitude axial deformation about the optical axis.
In another embodiment of FIGS. 23A and 23B, implant 140 comprises an elastomeric monolith again formed of a first monolith or block for transferring forces about interface 55 to the second monolith block to alter at least one property thereof, wherein the first and second monolith blocks, 100′ and 145, each have a different elastic modulus. In the embodiment of FIG. 23A, it can be seen that the interface 55 provides shape features for surface deformation and flattening about trough 170 wherein the features extend across a substantial interior region of the lens or project or extend into the interior of the low modulus optic block 145. Of particular interest, the elastomeric structure in its resting state provides at least one mechanical form having a rotationally symmetric structure that is adapted for gaining mechanical advantage in transferring forces to the second monolith block 145 from the first monolith block 100′. In other words, the mechanical form or forms 180 are capable of transferring forces at least in part from a first vector to an orthogonal vector—that is from an equatorial vector to a more axial vector. As can be seen in FIGS. 23A and 23B, the mechanical form 180 has the effect of a lever arm or cam in displacing the anterior surface AC of a peripheral region of the optic block 145 to cause hyper-flattening when under equatorial tensioning (FIG. 23B). In related embodiments, the elastomeric structure can have any mechanical form such as at least one of a lever, a fulcrum, a cam, a pivot or the like. In all the above embodiments, the elastomeric blocks within the central optic region are transparent index-matched elastomers. The embodiment of FIGS. 23A-23B can be compared to the structures of the cartoons of FIGS. 6A-9, all of which can be provided as a continuous feature about 360° of the interface 55 or can be provided as a plurality of about 30 to 100 radially spaced apart features in the interface 55 between the polymer blocks 100′ and 145.
In another embodiment in FIG. 24, the adaptive optic 140 again comprises an elastomeric monolith having an optical axis 115 wherein the monolith defines at least one interior non-planar on-axis, rotationally symmetric interface 55 between at least two block portions (100′ and 145) wherein each portion has a different Young's modulus. In the embodiment of FIG. 24, the adaptive optic monolith has an equilibrium resting memory shape. Each block portion, if de-mated from one another, would have a resting memory or repose shape. However, the assembled and bonded-together blocks causes the lower modulus block 145 to be in a substantial disequilibrium or tensioned shape. In other words, the adaptive optic has at least one interface therein that defines a stress continuum between the at least two block portions for adapting the shape of the lens in response to applied forces. The monolith body then trends toward a bi-stable type of body—wherein a certain degree of zonular tensioning will deform block 100′ to certain extent and then the built in stress in optic block 145 will apply additional impetus to cause anterior curvature flattening. The scope of the apparatus and method of the invention includes providing and implanting an intraocular lens with first and second body portions (e.g., a peripheral lens body portion and a central lens body portion) that each have a repose state, and wherein the body portions are coupled so that one body portion is in a repose or equilibrium state while the other body portion is in a tensioned or disequilibrium state in the accommodated configuration and in the disaccommodated configuration. This system and method allow for very slight forces of zonular excursion and vitreous displacement to move the lens between the accommodated and the disaccommodated configurations.
FIG. 25 depicts an alternative embodiment of deformable lens 140 that includes an interior block of a low modulus displaceable media 145 about optical axis 115. In this embodiment, the symmetric interface 55 between elastomeric block portions 100′ and 145 defines an actuator element 182 (or a plurality of radially spaced apart elements 182) that can have the aspects of any of the actuator elements shown in FIGS. 6A, 6B, 7A, 7B, 8 and 9. It can be understood that accommodating forces can cause movement of the actuator element or elements 182 to cause substantial deformation of at least the anterior curvature AC of the lens. Again, the arrows in FIG. 25 indicate that accommodating forces will cause substantial amplitude of deformation of the displaceable material 145 about of the periphery of the optic portion 125 and limited amplitude of deformation about the optical axis 115.
FIGS. 26A and 26B depict an alternative embodiment of lens 140 that again includes an interior block of a low modulus polymer 145 about optical axis 115. This embodiment again includes a symmetric interface 55 between elastomeric body portion 145 and an actuator feature, but in this case the actuator includes a displaceable media in the form of any index-matched fluid 184. In FIG. 26A, when the resilient polymer body is in its equilibrium or unstressed configuration, it can be seen that fluid or flowable media 184 is carried in a chamber 185 and more particularly a peripheral chamber portion 186 of the fluid-tight chamber 185. The use of a displaceable fluid 184 can allow for deformation of the surface curvature in the same manner as an ultralow modulus polymer, or allow for greater amplitude of deformation. As can be seen in FIG. 26B, the application of disaccommodating forces indicated by the block arrows (with dashed-line) about the non-optic portion 124 will cause inward displacement of flowable media 185 to increase the fluid volume in the inward chamber portion 188. In this embodiment, the chamber 185 comprise an annular interior region about axis 115 wherein the central portion of lens surface layer 190 is coupled to or bonded to interior elastomeric body portion 145 in constraining portion 192 which thus constrains the amplitude of deformation of the surface 190 about axis 115. At the same time, the more peripheral portion of the surface layer is unconstrained to allow it to substantially deform to flatten the lens and reduce the lens power. FIGS. 27A-27B illustrate another similar embodiment of lens 140 that differs only in that another interior chamber 195 is provided that carries a displaceable flowable media 185. In all other respects, the lens of FIGS. 27A-27B is similar to that of FIGS. 26A-26B.
FIGS. 28A and 28B depict an alternative embodiment of lens 200 that is similar to that of FIGS. 15A-15C in that the lens implant has first and second components 205A and 205B that are interlocked after each component is injected independently into the capsular sac. The sequential introduction of first and second matable components thus allows for a smaller diameter injector. In one embodiment as in FIG. 28A, the first component 205A comprises an implant body as in FIG. 15C that has a peripheral portion 110 and posterior surfaces 206 for engaging the capsular sac shown with a dashed line. In the embodiment of FIG. 28A-28B, the first component 205A includes a deformable lens 210 that has a deformable anterior surface 190 that can be deformed by means of the displaceable fluid in peripheral chamber portion 186 that can be displaced to inward chamber portion 188, as in the embodiment of FIGS. 26A-26B. In this embodiment, the flow of fluid between the peripheral and inward chamber portions occurs within channels 212 wherein the peripheral portion of the lens is constrained by constraining structure or bond regions indicated at 222. The constraining structure 222 is depicted in the form of a bond between surface portions of polymeric substrates, but the scope of the invention extends to any form of constraining structure 222 which allows for a flow path within or proximate thereto, such as webs, tethers, foams, microfabricated materials, microchanneled materials and the like. Thus, the embodiment of FIGS. 28-28B provides a lens surface 190 with an unconstrained central portion and a constrained peripheral portion, which is the reverse of FIGS. 26A-26B. In the embodiment of FIGS. 28A-28B, the inward chamber portion about axis 115 is configured to alter the power of a negative power lens, which cooperates with the positive power lens 240 of second components 205B. The second component 205B is a fixed power drop-in lens than can be interlocked with first component 205A at interlock features 242, which can be of any type referred to above. In FIG. 28B, in can be seen that optic 210 and its deformable anterior surface 190 is actuated into space 244 between the lenses to flatten the negative power lens. At least one port 248 is provided around the interlock features of the lens components to allow aqueous flow into and about space 244. FIG. 29 depicts an alternative embodiment of lens 300 that is similar to the embodiments of FIGS. 20-28B which includes an implant surface shape that is configured to better respond to pressures caused by vitreous displacement that assist moving a natural lens capsule from a disaccommodated shape to an accommodated shape. Modeling suggests that impingement by ciliary muscles 302 on the gel-like vitreous body 305 (ciliary muscle surface movement from CM to CM′) causes anterior and inwardly directed forces that will vary over the posterior surface of the lens capsule, which forces also will differ over time as a patient's vitreous changes in its viscous properties. For this reason, as depicted in FIG. 29, the posterior surface of the lens 300 can have a flattened portion or plane 310 that extends annularly about axis 115 wherein plane 310 enhances the forces that are applied peripherally and inwardly to the lens 300 to assist in moving the lens toward its accommodated shape, and causes lesser anterior-directed forces to be applied to the central lens portion about axis 115. The vitreous can be considered an axisymmetric body wherein ciliary muscle impingement directs forces inwardly to the axis of the vitreous body wherein inward vitreous displacement exactly at the axis 115 is zero. Thus, anterior displacement of the vitreous will be greater at distances extending away from the axis 115. In one embodiment depicted in FIG. 29, the flattened plane 310 is substantially flat as indicated by line P in FIG. 29, or the flattened plane 310 can be concave as indicated by line P′ in FIG. 29, or can have a curvature that is substantially less than the central lens portion indicated at 312 in FIG. 29.
In another aspect, the business methods of fabricating and marketing accommodating intraocular lenses call with scope of the invention. One business method includes (i) fabricating an intraocular lens configured for implantation in a capsular sac, wherein the lens has interior displaceable media for adjusting a deformable lens surface between first and second powers, (ii) configuring a deformable lens surface for high amplitude axial deformation by the displaceable media about a periphery of a central optic portion and configuring the lens surface for low amplitude axial deformation about optical axis of the central optic portion, and (iii) collaboratively or independently, marketing the intraocular lens. In this business method, the fabricating step includes fabricating the displaceable media from a polymer having a modulus of less than 1000 KPa, less than 500 KPa and less than 100 KPa. An alternative business method includes fabricating the lens with a displaceable media that includes at least one interior chamber in the lens that carries flowable media.
In another aspect of the invention, a business method includes (i) fabricating an intraocular lens configured for implantation in a capsular sac, wherein the lens has a monolithic form with an exterior surface that continuously engages the interior of a capsular sac except the capsularhexis, (ii) configuring the lens with a central optic portion that is deformable between a first power and a second power in response to physiologic accommodating and disaccommodating forces applied to the lens capsule wherein the anterior surface of the optic portion is recessed within the monolithic form, and (iii) collaboratively or independently, marketing the intraocular lens. In another aspect of the invention, a business method includes (i) fabricating an intraocular lens configured for implantation in a capsular sac, wherein the lens has a monolithic form with an exterior surface that continuously engages the interior of a capsular sac except the capsularhexis, and wherein the form defines at least one interior on-axis, rotationally symmetric interface between at least two elastomeric blocks wherein each block has a different Young's modulus, and (ii) collaboratively or independently, marketing the intraocular lens.
In another aspect of the invention, a business method includes (i) fabricating an intraocular lens configured for implantation in a capsular sac, wherein the lens has a monolithic form with an exterior surface that continuously engages the interior of a capsular sac except the capsularhexis, and wherein the form defines a rotationally symmetric interface between at least two elastomeric blocks wherein one block is a shape memory polymer, and (ii) collaboratively or independently, marketing the intraocular lens.
The following commonly-owned U.S. Provisional Patent Applications are incorporated by reference herein and made a part of the specification: Appln. No. 60/547,408 filed Feb. 24, 2004, titled Ophthalmic Devices, Methods of Use and Methods of Fabrication; Appln. No. 60/487,541, filed Jul. 14, 2003, titled Ophthalmic Devices, Methods of Use and Methods of Fabrication; Appln. No. 60/484,888, filed Jul. 2, 2003, titled Ophthalmic Devices, Methods of Use and Methods of Fabrication; Appln. No. 60/480,969, filed Jun. 23, 2003, titled Ophthalmic Devices, Methods of Use and Methods of Fabrication; Appln. No. 60/353,847, filed Feb. 6, 2002, titled Intraocular Lens and Method of Making; Appln. No. 60/362,303, filed Mar. 6, 2002, titled Intraocular Lens and Method of Making; Appln. No. 60/378,600, filed May 7, 2002, titled Intraocular Devices and Methods of Making; Appln. No. 60/405,471, filed Aug. 23, 2002, titled Intraocular Implant Devices and Methods of Making, Appln. No. 60/408,019, filed Sep. 3, 2002, titled Intraocular Lens, and Appln. No. 60/431,110, filed Dec. 4, 2002, titled Intraocular Implant Devices and Methods of Making.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the exemplary systems, combinations and descriptions are merely illustrative of the invention as a whole, and that variations in the dimensions and compositions of invention fall within the spirit and scope of the invention. Specific characteristics and features of the invention and its method are described in relation to some figures and not in others, and this is for convenience only. While the principles of the invention have been made clear in the exemplary descriptions and combinations, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that modifications may be utilized in the practice of the invention, and otherwise, which are particularly adapted to specific environments and operative requirements without departing from the principles of the invention. The appended claims are intended to cover and embrace any and all such modifications, with the limits only of the true purview, spirit and scope of the invention.
1. An accommodating intraocular lens (“AIOL”), comprising: an optic portion comprising first and second displaceable media which define an interface therebetween; and a peripheral portion which is adapted to interact with the optic portion in response to forces on the peripheral portion to change the power of the AIOL.
2. The AIOL of claim 1 wherein the interface is rotationally symmetric about a central axis of the AIOL.
3. The AIOL of claim 1 wherein the first displaceable media comprises a displaceable fluid.
4. The AIOL of claim 3 wherein the second displaceable media comprises a displaceable fluid.
5. The AIOL of claim 1 wherein the first displaceable media comprises a low modulus polymer.
6. The AIOL of claim 5 wherein the second displaceable media comprises a second low modulus polymer.
7. The AIOL of claim 1 wherein the first displaceable media is different than the second displaceable media.
8. The AIOL of claim 1 wherein the peripheral portion is adapted to interact with the optic portion in response to capsular forces to change the curvature of the interface between the first and second displaceable media, to thereby change the power of the AIOL.
9. The AIOL of claim 1 wherein the first displaceable media is an anterior displaceable media and the second displaceable media is a posterior displaceable media.
10. The AIOL of claim 1 wherein the peripheral portion comprises a haptic which interfaces with the first displaceable media.
11. The AIOL of claim 10 wherein the peripheral portion comprises a plurality of haptics which interface with the first displaceable media.
12. The AIOL of claim 1 wherein the peripheral portion is adapted to respond to forces generated from ciliary muscle movement to change the power of the AIOL.
13. An accommodating intraocular lens (“AIOL”), comprising: an optic portion comprising an anterior portion of displaceable media and a posterior portion of displaceable media, wherein the anterior and posterior portions of displaceable media define an interface therebetween; and at least one haptic which is adapted to interact with the optic portion such that forces on the at least one haptic cause a change in curvature of the interface, thereby changing the power of the AIOL.
14. The AIOL of claim 13 wherein the anterior portion of displaceable media comprises a displaceable fluid.
15. The AIOL of claim 14 wherein the posterior portion of displaceable media comprises a displaceable fluid.
16. The AIOL of claim 13 wherein the displaceable media in the anterior portion is different than the displaceable media in the posterior portion.
17. The AIOL of claim 13 wherein the at least one haptic is adapted to respond to forces generated from ciliary muscle movement to change the power of the AIOL.
18. A method of providing an accommodative response in an eye, comprising: providing an accommodative intraocular lens comprising an optic portion with first and second displaceable media which define an interface therebetween, and a peripheral portion which interacts with the optic portion in response to forces on the peripheral portion to change the power of the AIOL; implanting the accommodative intraocular lens within the eye; and allowing the peripheral portion to respond to forces thereon to interact with the optic portion to thereby change the power of the AIOL.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the allowing step comprises allowing the peripheral portion to respond to forces thereon to change the curvature of the interface between the first and second displaceable media to thereby change the power of the AIOL.
20. The method of claim 18 wherein the allowing step comprises allowing the peripheral portion to respond to forces generated from ciliary muscle movement to change the power of the AIOL..
| 1,918 |
https://github.com/appleDev20/Automate-it/blob/master/Chapter05/support.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Automate-it
|
appleDev20
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Python
|
Code
| 187 | 608 |
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
import config, time, gmail
#Auto respond to the customer email
def send_email(strTo):
strFrom = config.fromaddr
msgRoot = MIMEMultipart('related')
msgRoot['Subject'] = 'Thanks for your ticket'
msgRoot['From'] = strFrom
msgRoot['To'] = strTo
#Add text message to the MIME object
msgRoot.preamble = 'This is a multi-part message in MIME format.'
msgAlternative = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
msgRoot.attach(msgAlternative)
msgText = MIMEText('This is the alternative plain text message.')
msgAlternative.attach(msgText)
msgText = MIMEText('Hi there, <br><br>Thanks for your query with us today.'
' You can look at our <a href="https://google.com">FAQs</a>'
' and we shall get back to you soon.<br><br>'
'Thanks,<br>Support Team<br><br><img src="cid:image1">', 'html')
msgAlternative.attach(msgText)
#Add logo image to the auto response
fp = open('google.png', 'rb')
msgImage = MIMEImage(fp.read())
fp.close()
msgImage.add_header('Content-ID', '<image1>')
msgRoot.attach(msgImage)
#Start SMTO Server and respond to the customer
import smtplib
server = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com', 587)
server.starttls()
server.login(config.fromaddr, config.password)
server.sendmail(config.fromaddr, config.toaddr, msgRoot.as_string())
server.quit()
#Infinite loop to read the inbox for new emails
#every 60 seconds (1 minute)
while True:
g = gmail.login(config.fromaddr, config.password)
#Pickup unread emails from your inbox
mails = g.inbox().mail(unread=True)
mails[-1].fetch()
from_ = mails[-1].fr
#Respond to the request that came in
send_email(from_)
time.sleep(60)
| 24,026 |
https://github.com/Matrixeigs/EnergyManagementSourceCodes/blob/master/unit_commitment/test.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
EnergyManagementSourceCodes
|
Matrixeigs
|
Python
|
Code
| 10 | 39 |
from unit_commitment.test_cases.case24 import case24
from pypower.runopf import runopf
case=case24()
runopf(case)
| 49,242 |
198800490509
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,988 |
Association U.S.E.P. de Méjannes-lès-Alès
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 11 | 18 |
développement et pratique des activités sportives et socioculturelles à l'école primaire
| 42,158 |
US-201213562115-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,012 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,430 | 2,959 |
The invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and so forth, which perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in local and/or remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
An exemplary system for implementing various aspects of the invention may include a general purpose computing device in the form of a computer. Components may include, but are not limited to, various hardware components, such as a processing unit, data storage, such as a system memory, and a system bus that couples various system components including the data storage to the processing unit. The system bus may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus also known as Mezzanine bus.
The computer typically includes a variety of computer-readable media. Computer-readable media may be any available media that can be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, and removable and non-removable media, but excludes propagated signals. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by the computer. Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above may also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. Computer-readable media may be embodied as a computer program product, such as software stored on computer storage media.
The data storage or system memory includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM). A basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM. RAM typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by a processing unit. By way of example, and not limitation, data storage holds an operating system, application programs, and other program modules and program data.
Data storage may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only, data storage may be a hard disk drive that reads from or writes to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, a magnetic disk drive that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk, and an optical disk drive that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile optical disk such as a CD ROM or other optical media. Other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media that can be used in the exemplary operating environment include, but are not limited to, magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards, digital versatile disks, digital video tape, solid state RAM, solid state ROM, and the like. The drives and their associated computer storage media provide storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer.
A user may enter commands and information through a user interface or other input devices such as a tablet, electronic digitizer, a microphone, keyboard, and/or pointing device, commonly referred to as mouse, trackball or touch pad. Other input devices may include a joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. Additionally, voice inputs, gesture inputs using hands or fingers, or other natural user interface (NUI) may also be used with the appropriate input devices, such as a microphone, camera, tablet, touch pad, glove, or other sensor. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit through a user input interface that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus via an interface, such as a video interface. The monitor may also be integrated with a touch-screen panel or the like. Note that the monitor and/or touch screen panel can be physically coupled to a housing in which the computing device is incorporated, such as in a tablet-type personal computer. In addition, computers such as the computing device may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers and printer, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface or the like.
The computer may operate in a networked or cloud-computing environment using logical connections to one or more remote devices, such as a remote computer. The remote computer may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer. The logical connections may include one or more local area networks (LAN) and one or more wide area networks (WAN), but may also include other networks. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.
When used in a networked or cloud-computing environment, the computer may be connected to a public or private network through a network interface or adapter. In some embodiments, a modem or other means for establishing communications over the network. The modem, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus via a network interface or other appropriate mechanism. A wireless networking component such as comprising an interface and antenna may be coupled through a suitable device such as an access point or peer computer to a network. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. It may be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.
What is claimed is:
1. A method, comprising: performing a first detection of a first user's interaction with a device within a vehicle, wherein the first user is a not a driver of the vehicle; identifying a state of the first user; making a first set of commands available to the first user based, at least in part, upon a first distraction level associated with the first user's state, wherein the first set of commands includes two or more commands; performing a second detection of a second user's interaction with the device, wherein the second user is a not a driver of the vehicle, and wherein a second user's position relative to the first user does not change between the first detection and the second detection; identifying a state of the second user; and making a second set of commands available to the second user based, at least in part, upon a second distraction level associated with the second user's state, wherein the first set of commands is a non-empty subset of the second set of commands, and wherein the distraction level of the second user is greater than the distraction level of the first user.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second users' states include the first and second users' respective positions relative to the device.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising using one or more sensors configured to identify the users' states.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the one or more sensors are selected from the group consisting of: a camera, a microphone, an acoustic sensor, a sonar sensor, a radar sensor, a light sensor, an electronic device detector, a skeletal tracking device, and a user physiological sensor.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a first graphical user interface to the first user based upon the first user's status and providing a second graphical user interface to the second user based upon the second user's status, wherein the first graphical user interface has fewer graphical features than the second user interface.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the graphical features are selected from the group consisting of: a user interface menu, a screen flow, an arrangement of user interface components, a menu order, or a group of inputs on a display.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein making the first set of commands available to the first user further comprises selecting a first interaction set from a plurality of interaction sets, the first interaction set defining two or more allowed interactions between the first user and the device, and wherein making the second set of commands available to the second user comprises selecting a second interaction set from the plurality of interaction sets, the second interaction set defining one or more other different interactions between the second user and the device.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the state of the first user includes identifying the first user as a front-seat passenger, and wherein identifying the state of the second user includes identifying the second user as a backseat passenger.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the first and second interaction sets include physiological sets used to monitor physiological factors of the first and second users.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising disabling one or more device capabilities in response to the state of the first user.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the identifying the state of the first user includes identifying the first user as a child passenger, and wherein identifying the state of the second user includes identifying the second user as an adult passenger.
12. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining that the first user is attempting to assume the status of the second user between the first detection and the second detection, and maintaining the first set of commands available to the first user.
13. A method, comprising: defining sets of interactions that can be used with a device within a vehicle, each set of interactions associated with a particular state of one of a plurality of operators allowed to access the device; performing a first detection of an attempt to access the device by a first one of the plurality of operators; identifying a state of the first operator as an adult passenger; selecting a first one of the sets of interactions based upon the first operator's state; performing a second detection of an attempt to access the device by a second one of the plurality of operators, wherein the first and second operator states include the first and second operator's respective positions relative to the device; identifying a state of the second operator as a child passenger, wherein the first and second operator's respective positions relative to the device do not change between the first and second detections; and selecting a second one of the sets of interactions based upon the second operator's state, wherein the first set of interactions is a non-empty subset of the second set of interactions, and wherein the state of the first operator and the state of the second operator indicate the first operator is more distracted than the second operator.
14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: identifying a second operator's input; providing a first response to the second operator's input; identifying a first operator's input, wherein the first operator's input includes a same instruction as the second operator's input; and providing a second response to the first operator's input, wherein the second response is different from the first response.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein the sets of interactions comprise one or more of: speech inputs, gesture inputs, action inputs, human interface device inputs, or user physiological inputs.
16. The method of claim 13, wherein the operator's state is determined using one or more of: skeletal tracking, weight sensors, video sensors, light sensors, audio sensors, acceleration sensors, electronic device sensors, sonar, or radar.
17. The method of claim 13, further comprising: allowing the first operator to interact with the device using the first set of interactions and no other inputs for a predetermined period of time.
18. A device disposed within a motor vehicle, the device comprising: a user interface configured to receive user inputs; one or more sensors configured to determine a user's position within the motor vehicle; and a user-interface controller coupled to the user interface and to the one or more sensors, the user-interface controller configured to: modify the user interface to make available a first set of selected inputs based upon a first user's position within the motor vehicle indicating that the first user is a front-seat passenger; and modify the user interface to make available a second set of selected inputs based upon a second user's position within the motor vehicle indicating that the second user is a backseat passenger, wherein the first set of selected inputs is a non-empty subset of the second set of selected inputs.
19. The device of claim 18, the user-interface controller further configured to modify the user interface to make available a third set of selected inputs based upon a third user's position within the motor vehicle, wherein the third set of inputs includes fewer inputs than the first set of inputs..
| 37,647 |
MyreurDesHistors4_5
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,877 |
Ly myreur des histors, chronique de Jean des Preis dit d'Outremeuse, publiée par Stanislas Bormans
|
Jean des Preis d'Outremeuse, 14th c.; Bormans, Stanislas, 1835-1912
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,513 | 10,274 |
9 Fantastique, sorcellerie. • 5e déduire, se divertir, se conduire. "Marison, littérature chagrin; ici, admiration. Sont reconnaissants, disent, racontent. Lisez cheveur, cheveu, Valenciennes; fantaisie du scribe pour valet ou haitiéz, sain, bien portant. En wallon liévaltel? Digitized by Google LIVRE DEUXIÈME, compte par nom et sous nom tous ceux dont Ogier fut extrait de part son père et sa mère; et ils sont tous merveillés. Et quand Morgane oublie de compter le lignage Ogier, elle vient à la paroi de la salle et dit : « Je vois que la pointe vague jusque-là. » Alors fut la paroi toute blanche sans pointe, et elle dit : « Or soit tous points la pure vérité du lignage Ogier. » Tout fut apparu ce que Morgane a vu compter, sans prendre ni mètre. Puis vint à l'autre paroi blanche et dit : « Je souhaite qu'il apparaisse dans la paroi le ymage de flor de lis, le plus excellent, forts, preux, hardi, lointain et prodigue. » Dont s'aparut le ymage d'Ogier tout entier, l'écu à son côté, aux léopards; et avait dessus sa tête écrit : « Ogier. » Alors vint de jardin et entra au palais; et Artus et Gawain se sont mis devant lui en genoue. Li Danois le voit, se courant, et les levait sus tantot hâtivement et dit : « Messieurs, sachiez que je ne suis pas là pour vous demander ainsi. » Aussitôt s'assied Ogier de le côté de l'eau, et ont parlé devant et derrière tant que Ogier dit : « Sire roi de Bretagne, j'ai bien vu les édifices de votre pays tous, et suis informé par l'écriture de votre temps et de la prophétie de vous chevaliers et de vous devanciers; si vous prête que me déplaisiez dire qui fut le plus preux. » Répondit le roi : « Tristan était celui qui entrait les pestandais, outragés ; et s'en fit plus de XL ordres, qu'il disait qu'il avait nom Palamedes; je ne saurais dire que Tristan ne fut le plus preux, et puis Lancelot et Palamedes, Blois, Hector; et tous furent bons; mais Morgane, ma sœur, vous dirait bien par la fable. » Et Morgane sautait sur, si vint à la paroi et dit que là apparent le meilleur chevalier de temps d'Arthur, de part Dieu le Père, Fils et Saint-Esprit. Aussitôt s'apparut là Tristan tout premier, puis Lancelot, après Palamedes; et l'ombre Galaad s'apparut en un angle; et chacun des autres s'inclina et lui fit révérence, et ils restèrent; et Ogier le vit, si sourit. Ensi demorèrent la chose. Après ont mis les tables, et ont chacun le sien pour li; et Morgane mit sur la table Ogier la mappemonde que Merlin fit à son temps, et à Morgane il donna et lui dit qu'elle gardât bien, car sous li ne lui montrait. Du passé et de l'avenir. Tome IV. La conjonction et paraît être de trop. Il entreprenait les actions difficiles, excessives. A quoi rattacher ce dernier membre de phrase? Chronique de Jean d'Outremer. Il paraît mangier nuls hons tristes, ne qui onques se mellat de meurtre, de l'archer, de fausseté; ne qui onques eust peur en elle, ne estour, dont le sien cœur nullement lui fuist, ne pour bataille onques fuir voulut, la mappa mue et sa couleur norrice, et puis semble qu'il brûle et bruise : "expliquez-lui", a dit Lancielot, à Tristan et à Galaad ; mais il brûle par semblant. Et Ogier mangea sus par loisir, mais il ne se muet jamais, plutôt s'éclara plus blanche et luisante qu'avant, après manger. Morgan appela ses damanes et lui montra la nappe, et dit : "ce n'est pas possible qu'on puisse manger plus personne." Là est Ogier demeurait longuement, jusqu'à tant qu'il revint en Franche par nécessité; et est tout du temps en joie, paix et sainteté; et a tout rempli ses deux mains d'anneaux d'or à pierres précieuses, et quitta vingt ains avoir; passait huit jours, il ne savait où il était, il a tout oublié le monde. Forte chose est à croire et se n'était point que Dieu est tout puissant et parfait, si peut faire encore plus grande s'il lui plût, tant comme en moi le crois à mésaise; car qui veut, il le croit; qui ne veut, nul; mais qui me traite à croire, est ce que j'ai dit de Dieu, et que il ne fait rien qu'il ne fâche en nom de Dieu le Père, Fils et Saint Esprit. Or me voudrais taire ici, et laisser Ogier sans plus parler de lui jusqu'à lointains temps. — Et le duc Buevon, le fils Ogier, et les autres princes se merveloyaient fort de Ogier qu'ils n'y revenaient pas, ou aux mains les moins sages qu'il a vu là transfus; mais c'est pour rien : ils sont noyés. Et Guillaume d'Orange et tant que Guillaume dit : « Si je puis conquisse la bataille en Ali... » La bataille d'Alixant, je voudrais aller comme pèlerin à saint Sepulcre, et y vais voir Ogier; et vous veniez avec, si le resterions. » Et Bueve le va tôt exécuter. — En l'an un.vi. c'est-à-dire, l'an VIII de XCVI depuis, le jour de saint Michel, fut l'essour en Alixant; et qui le veut savoir pleinement, si lise la geste Guillaume d'Orange, si le trouverait assez près des chroniques. 5 Par loisier, à son aise. 11 Asseis près des croniques, c'est-à-dire que, 6 II est difficile de croire. dans la geste de Guillaume d'Orange, on trouvera 7 MS. P. comme à moy, le creroye; quant à moi ; à peu près la réalité des faits, j'y croirais avec peine. Digitized by LIVRE DEUXIÈME. 59 chesti an meisme morut Ànseis, lî rois d'Espangne; si fut rois ses fis Mon d'Anéroïdes Guyon, et rois de Morinde ses fis Johain, qui astoit li dois miedre cheP>Kne raliers de monde; et ausi astoit Thiris, li bastart, qui rois astoit de Conindre. Et alat Gandise demoreis 1 à Morinde avecque se filh Johain, qui n'estoit point marieis; mains ses frères, li rois d'Espangne, astoit ma rieis et avoit I mult belle moilhier qui fut nommée Lubias , filhe al roy d'Aragonne. Mains Johains oit après à moilhier Labanie, le filhe le roy Ray mon de Navaire, qui mort astoit a dont 5 mains ches fis, qui astoit frères Gandise de part la mere, si visquat, et astoit rois de 'Navaire qui mors astoit adont. En Testeur en Alichant si provarent si bien * Lolhar, Peppin et Loys, fis Lôys l'emperere, qui leur 8 les cédai leurs terres ensi qu'il h les >avoit partit, assavoir l'emperere de Romme à Lothaire ou Lohier, ch'est tout I, le roy aime de Franche à Peppin, le royalme de Aquitaine à Loys; et détient pour li Borgongne, qu'il donatà Charle-leuwiui» chaut, son jovene filh; et se trahit demoreir avecque li en Bourgongne. Si alat premiers à Romme et fist coroneir emperere Lothare par le main le pape Sergiiens *; et ilh coronat li meisme Peppin, et le fist consacreir à Rains. Ensi renunchat as armes Loys, qui visquat puis III ans; et usoit toudis Foi.iwf. Peppins, le roi de France, ses fils, de son conseil. — Après, en cet an même, le XIIe jour de mois de mars, mandat le duc de Bourbon le Danois tous ses amis prochains, assavoir le roi ou le duc d'Auvergne et tous les autres, et les dit qu'ils voulaient aller voir oui et remédier à chercher et amener feu son fait son péritre Ogier; et on ne savait de mort ni de vie. Si voulait en leur chercher Ogier. Présente ordinairement de ses enfants, dont ils avaient deux beaux fils, et la mère enchantée. « Et ce que j'ai tant cherché, ce fait Guillaume, le marché al corps, qui moi créant de sa soif, devant princes et seigneurs assis, que, passé l'histoire d'Alichan, il viendrait avec moi s'il avait victoire; dont il a sa soif menacée si que faux et trahit. » Lisez demain, 5 avril 823, par le pape Pascal Ier. Provarent si bien, approuvèrent chacun leur partie, à savoir le partage fait par le roi Louis de ses États. Voy. ci-dessus, p. 83. Leur, alors. Surnom donné à Guillaume d'Orange. Lothaire fut couronné empereur à Rome le 5 mai 843. gardons qu'il est si je reviens jamais, je li montrerai. Or vous saisissez que je laisse à gouverner Ourie de Beavier et Ogier, mon fils aîné, la comté de Lothain et la comté de Luxembourg et la principauté de Liège; et je laisse encore le royaume de Frise, car mes pères s'y sont fait couronner, à toutes ses appartenances de Frise et Westphalie et Hollande et Zélande. Item, je laisse Guyon, mon autre fils, la comté de Flandre à toutes ses appartenances, où il y a XIV comtés. Item, le reste, le duché de Champagne, le comté de Nantes, Maine en Brie, Beauvais et aussi Beauvoir tout, et tout le reste de mes possessions je le laisse à l'enfant que ma dame porte, une ou plusieurs. Et fais exécuter de mon testament le roi Ourie, ma dame et mes enfants; et réserve en mes dispositions le vicariat à ma dame. Ensi fit Bueve son testament, et s'appréhanda et se movit à l'homme. Le XXVIe jour de mars, sur l'an VIIIe et Heure arrive à Acre. XCVII, il monta sur mer et nagait tant qu'il vint en Asie; jusqu'à palais sont venus, et se salua le roi et lui dist : « Fis suit Ogier, qui a pris l'herbier avec que vous; voir le vin, car il ne veut venir à mes mandements. » Le roi entendra, si eut grand peur, si crains que Ogier soit noyé à l'enfer quand il n'est en Franche. Adonc Buevon fit dit : « Sires et cousins, à bien vengenez vos blessures, par le saint Sacrement ; Ogier est rassuré en Franche : il a passé demi an, et le mande par quatre princes qui vinrent ici à belle compagnie, et avec eux il présenta six de mes hommes. » Bueve l'entend, se lamentait de pitié et fait un fort duel ; et jure qu'il ne rentrerait en France si aurait trouvé son père. Alors astoient là Gaitier et Fouquier, les deux maîtres de temples et hospices, et disent : « Sire, il a six mois que je suis en Chypre, à Niccosse ; là vit Ogier, qui faisait baptiser un grand géant qu'il avait conquis et sa gent tueait, qui voulaient le roi Henri de Chypre chassé de son pays ; je m'en pars quand je eusse accompli mon fait et assassiné Ogier. » Bueve l'entend, se lève, et se va vers Chypre. Il y sont venus, se sont vus, et l'ont accueilli bien. Puis en Chypre, monte sur son cheval le matin et s'en va vers Chypre. Ils y sont venus, se sont vus, et l'ont accueilli bien. trouvait le roi et parlait à lui, et demandait nouvelles d'Ogier. Répondit Henri : « Vraiment, Ogier me socorroît si comme noble prince; si le voulait tenir de li pour festoyer mains il n'aurait pas demeuré, car il avait le convoitise de rager tantôt en Franche; et me montra IV chevaliers par lesquels ses fils Bueve l'avaient remandés. » Bueve l'entendit, si fut triste; et rentra es navires le lendemain, se nagant par la mer. À tant vinrent en île de Bogant; là ont trouvé jusques à 110 compagnons que le père avait laissés noyés. Quant Bueve les vit, si dit : « Par ma foi, ces sont chrétiens. » Puis il regarda avant, si vit Symon et Gatier, le valant René après, et Foucar, les IV messagers qu'il avait envoyés à son père. Quant ils les virent, si furent couronnés; et les connurent à leur blason. Et retourna es navires et se va nagant vers Acre; mais l'orage se levait, si orrible qui les jeta en royaume de Morimonde; en tout le monde n'est pas si mal dressé, car ce sont tous sarrazins et juifs; gens dont on ne respecte li roi. Les marins furent en bien trouble et disent Bueve : « Nous sommes entre païens. Regardez là Dormay, la cité royale; nous n'avons nul hôte à nos desirs, et ne pourrions être partis de ici pour le vent, car nous serions en péril. » — Donc nous convient, dit Bueve, de combattre. » À tant se arma basément. Li rois Gerçons était en son château, et voit la nave où Bueve et sa gens Caville entre were et étaient; si fit armé des Sarrazins et les dist qu'ils croyaient ches toiens. Et chis s'en vont et ont assailli Buevon et sa gens, qui se sont bien défendus. Là fut un fort essor des tours; si furent li X sarrazins désarmés, et leur navi effondrée et tous noyés; et dit li histoire que Bueve tua bien de sa main IX, et coupât le bord de navi si puissamment que le fond entra dedans; ensi fut effondrée. À tant revinrent XX d'autres, qui assaillirent nous barons, qui se défendirent bien; mais ils ne purent endurer le force, et fut Bueve pris, et de sa gens jusqu'à XIIII. Li rois Gerçons les demande que ils sont, et Bueve dit : « Je suis le fils Ogier le Danois, qui est dechu de mère passés, si vois après; si nos chi at geté le vent d'orage. » Or nous as pris, si nous laisse aller. » Répondit li rois : « Si tu es fils Ogier, allez tu n'en pourrais, car ils ont mon chien Brunehaut devant lï. » Fête de joie. » Borch, borth, planches, bord (anglais board). Selon nos désirs. Le MS. P. a bort. Digitized by "Rome; et tu le comparais le mort de li." Et dit Buevon: "Fais armer X ou XX ou XXX hommes contre moi seul; qui dit que mes perils ne fussent rien qu'ils ne fussent à l'honneur, je le prouverai; et si tous ne les conquis à une seule fois, si suis tantôt pendus." Et dit le roi: "Je n'en ferai rien, ains vous mettrai en ma charte." Adonc les fit tous mettre en charte. Mais Buevon fut vaincu, et mis à mort par XX des Sarrazins qui lui étaient adversaires. Après, le roi fit entrer dans la charte mille Sarrazins qui par force les misent en cheville, de pieds et de mains liés, et livrés à la mort, de si selle ont en leurs jambes, et gruelles dans leurs mains. Il porta de l'armement de metal, de IIII doigts d'épice. A tant se commencèrent à plaindre, et Buevon les dit un jour: "Taissez, barons, car je vous chasserais hors de ciens." L'histoire dit que en tout le monde n'était si fort homme que Buevon, mieux que Samson et Hercules, II hommes sur ses mains tenir voulut." Buevon met à terre ses deux palms, si passant sur deux hommes armés; il les levait et rassurait à terre trois fois ou quatre; et rompait quatre fers de chevaux; homme et cheval coupait; et osait bien soixante hommes assauter ou plus, quand il était coroché. Et faisant les anciens tournois par vive force, et les chevaux à volonté séparer en attelés. Que vous dirai-je? Tout va consommer ; tu sais sur ce, tous à leur volonté. Et il y avait six portes de métal sur lesquelles il ne voulait briser, se par nuit nom, pour le charbonnier qui les apportait de jour à manger. Et les païens sont en palais, parlant des chrétiens, et disent que Bueve est digne de couronner, et qu'il était le meilleur de monde; et dit le roi : « Je l'ai vu faire en Aiglentine, eue du roi, » achetant plus d'armes que vous ne médierez de chrétiens. » Aiglentine, la fille du roi, qui était si belle pucelle que nulle plus, entend comment ils l'ont pris; si l'ennemi a tant forcé qu'il ne peut durer, et dit que 15 Que les dix meilleurs d'entre vous n'ont fait des chrétiens. Dure, endurer. Digitized by LIVRE DEUXIÈME. 63 S'il le veut emmener et espérer quant elle serait baptisée. Le chartrier s'en va, et lui dit qu'il aime Bévon et qu'il convient qu'il soit de sa partie, et le désirerait bien; et celui-ci répond qu'il le ferait volontiers. « Or nous, dit-il, si les autres sont dans ma chambre. » Et celui-ci s'en va dans la chartre; de six portes ne trouva que deux qu'il ne soit débrisées et abattues et à terre sachant. À tant se sème le chartrier et dit à Bévon : « Sire, la fille de roi vous aime et vous mande tous dans sa chambre; et je suis avec vous, et je veux croire Dieu. » Alors s'en vont avec lui et elle le délivre. Ils viennent dans la chambre; et Bévon voit la pucelle, se lève, et le baisa; maintes paroles y eut entre eux, dont je ne m'attdis; car ils sont accordés que dès lors qu'ils viennent en France, qu'ils l'espouseraient; et ils les doivent délivrer de la prison. Après ont mangé et bu, et puis ont fait le mariage et confirmé: Bévon et la dame-selle s'éprirent l'un l'autre charnellement. Bévue appelle la damoiseule, car ils n'étaient plus belle pucelle, et lui dit qu'il les rende armes et chevaux; une grande écrin lui donna la belle desarmée, et lui fit les rendre armes et chevaux. Les Sarrasins alors l'escouchent et allaient hurtant l'anneau du jour; la belle parle à nos barons et dit : « Allez-nous, car nous avons perdu » Alors montent et s'en vont, cinq cents soudards d'armes en état avec lui. portant, et d'or et d'argent assis. Ils vinsent à la porte, et le charrier de garde appelé : « Donne-moi, dit-il, les clefs ; le roi m'envoie à Tours pour prendre au matin tous les prisons. » Et chargé tantôt les clefs, et il ouvre la porte, et puis s'en vont tous. Mais Aquilant, qui à l'houve se battait et hochait l'anneau : ce Trahi, trahi ! » par la cité crieait. Aussitôt esvoient les Sarassins bien armés ; et chargés comment le chartrier et Aiglentine ont libéré les prisons, et s'en vont. Aussitôt sont armés et brochent après, et le roi en tête devant, qui crie Beuvaon, Beuve l'entend, si est retourné et jette par terre de l'épée, si ôte le roi. Aussitôt vinsent les autres; là où le pauvre est tour de garde contre douze; mais Beuvaon était trop puissant; si fussent tous si ferais, ils auraient ôté tous les gardes. Assaut sur les Sarrazins, en fut mors grande partie. Et XXXVI hommes vinrent à Bueve, justement à une fois; mais ils ne l'ont mis de son cheval; et à la vérité dire, ils avaient plus forte d'Ogier; mais encore cordèrent ils fut desconfits, et toute sa gente mors, car XXI Sarrazins vinrent tous nouveaux. Et Bueve se fit en forêt qui là était; les Sarrazins le suivaient, mais Bueve avait trop bon cheval; si l'attirèrent et font ensellemé le dromadaire; si monta sus Corenbon. Alors le font par le détroit Marisnon, pour en informer Gorlibant de Cordon qu'ils assaillaient Buevon; et ceux-ci s'en vont plus tôt courant que ne vole la chasse, car les dromadaires seraient plus tôt allés X lieues que les chevaux les lieuves. Aiglentine est devant le chartrier et Guyonnet et les pucelles; si ont tant de chevaliers qui sont venus sur mer; si ont trouvé le sceur qui possède les possessions, et était le vieux homme. Le chartrier le tua, et fit entrer tous là-dedans et dit : « Autrement ne pourons échapper par terre ; et je sais bien mariner, si vous saurai bien mener par mer. » Mais ils nagèrent droit, et Guyon prit mal sur mer, si mourut. Buevon va; parmi Corbon s'en va passer, et les païens le regardent. Il a mangé et bu, et repoussé, et donné à son cheval fourrure et avoine. Et Aiglentine nagait tant qu'elle est venue à Acre; en la cité sont entrés et ont pris l'hospitalité. En palais vont racontant, et trouvent le roi; se le allaient demandant baptême; et il les donne, car ils croient en Dieu. Et dit le roi : « Dont venez-vous? » Et le chartrier lui expose déclarant tout le fait de Buevon. Le roi l'entend, se va son visage senglant et dit: « Je vais ce qu'astôt requérant, répondant jusqu'à huit jours, » car ma dame la reine est malade. » Ensi demeurent la chose; et le roi ne transcendait encore que huit jours. Et Corbon va brochant son dromadaire tant qu'il trouve Garliquant; se lui fait son message et lui l'entend; sa gens va criant, si prend cent hommes et se va enchantant; à château de Tangier vient; là, il y convient passer Buevon, qui le lendemain vint là, et n'avait point de lanche; si l'ont sus couru; il se défend, et en a tué soixante, et les autres soixante s'enfuient. Et Bueve s'en va brochant fortement; et Colon broche son dromadaire et dit qu'il yait à Malebech, et qu'il yait encore assaut. Buevon défait ses ennemis Buevon. À tant s'en va et vient au château, et fit tant que le castellan mis. dont il est parlé page 60. 5 Répiter ou mettre en répit, ajourner. * MS. P. poissons. 6 Là, il prend le parti d'attendre que Berne vienne. Digitized by Google LIVRE DEUXIÈME. 65 vint à LX homme courir sus Bue von; mains illes desconfit; et ses chevaux furent saisis à mort. Si vint à Corbon, et les tue; et prend le dromedaire et monte sus, si s'en va brochant tant que illes vint à Coupe, la cité; dehors brochât, à Gibelet s'en vint à la nuit; si est entré en désert. Là passait Bueve, mainte roche n'avait Y dont il fut beaucoup troublé, car il avait XXX plaies; par les narines le sang rieux, et saignait tant à cette fois et par ses plaies, qui ne sont médicées qu'après être pâles couleur; et si affaiblit fortement. Que vous dirai-je? Tous les visages pâles, et il est pris de grief maladie qui a nom corneille. Le duc le voit, si fait peur et prie Dieu qu'il ne meurt mie jusqu'à tant qu'il venge en terre baptisée. Après repos, si est entré en Galabie; les dromadaires ont fait grande émeute; par le marché s'en va tierce levée, et fête chez les stallions de bœufs qui avaient l'habitude de leur pain, si reverse tout à terre, et rangants fait-il un grand étour. Mie; plus de XL en a ôté la vie aux dromadaires; il prend en sa main et s'en va; et la gens le maudit. Et il passe à Suiemont, qui est de royaume d'Atre, et puis aigle après à Tripoli et à Danube, qui est de côté d'Atre, en rivage, à II lieues; et vient à Atre le XIIIe jour ou XIIIe mois. Bueve arrive à Acre, après le Pentecôte, sous l'an dessus. Si veut chevaler avant, car il pense encore être en terre des Sarisins, quand il voit les pasturages par leur de Dieu. Adonc a demandé à eux comment a nom cette ville; et ils disent : « Acre. » Adonc vint Bueve à Acre, et desquand au palais et entra; si trouva le roi très espérancé. Il se lève, si a salué et accueilli Bueve, et là lui demanda comment il est sorts des Sarisins. Fin. Là, il comptait Bueve tout son fait, et dit au roi : « Comment savez-vous mon fait? » Dit le roi : « Un Sarasin qui venait ici, qui amenaît la plus belle pucelle de monde et la plus gracieuse. » Dit Bueve : « Je sais bien qui c'est. » Et là il prit une grande foiblement; le roi le voit, et la maladie. Giblet, Gibelay ou Zibellet, ville de la Phénicienne, aujourd'hui ruinée, entre Tripoli et Bayrat. Mainte roche n'ait; roche peut signifier : château ; aille est la 3ème personne de l'indicatif présent de aier, aider. Je ne comprends pas le sens. Raier, couler. Ses blessures n'étaient pas soignées, pansées. Corenche, diarrhée. En ramie, aramie, tumulte, combat. Slalt, étaux, boutiques. Hânie, étalé. On dit à Liège hâgni. Estournie, tumulte, lutte. Il ne peut s'agir ici que de Bueve. BIS. P. eau as pris, qui se comprend mieux, mais n'est pas une tournure habituelle à notre auteur. CHRONIQUE DE JEAN DOU TREMEUSE. Perchait, si le fait coucher; si au mandait ses maîtres qui l'ont vu et dit que il est mort sans se reposer. Le roi en fut dolent. Digitized by Google Ensi est Bueve en maladie grande, et il est pris de fièvre continue. Et Agrétine a lieu de la renommée Bueve, se rend à palais, il et le chartrier devant lui; et le salue de Dieu. Bueve l'escarde, se dit : "Ah! Belle, comment êtes-vous venue ?", Et celle-ci dit tout ce qu'il a fait. et Bueve, mon Dieu, a dit : "Je ne sais autre chose que vous prête pour moi, car je suis mort; si vous commande à Dieu." L'armée s'en part le XXVIIIe jour du mois de juin; et fut enseveli dans l'église Sainte-Croix, et fut fait les services et exécutions en tous cas si comme il se serait à lui. Après écrit le roi en France au roi, et à Bruges à Sibille, le mois de Buevon, de tout en tout, de l'heure qu'il se parti de Flandre jusqu'à sa mort, car Buevon lui avait dit; et inséra dans cette lettre l'anneau d'or qui avait été Buevon, que sa fille lui avait donné, et envoyait avec ses armes et épée, et envoyait le roi d'Acre épousé par VI chevaliers. Après a fait baptiser le roi Agrétine et le chartrier Agrétine, et les autres pucelles, et épousa Agrétine; et si conquista toute Normandie, le règne qui avait été Agrétine. Le IIIe fils Anseis, le roi d'Espagne, savoir le II légitime et le bastard, furent à la conquête, et firent tant de beaux faits d'armes qu'à merveille, et conquirent plusieurs pays et îles de mer qu'ils apportaient au roi d'Espagne, si qu'ils contenaient dans les chroniques d'Espagne, que nous ne pensions jamais avoir, fors aval et amont, et aussi de Brabant, de Flandre à tous ses appendices, et de Angleterre et plusieurs autres enfants de Beaujoir. — Or disons des messagers qui sont venus à Bruges; ils ont trouvé la comtesse de Beaujoir et ses enfants, Ogier et Guys, qui étaient donnés pour marie; et ce que Bueve avait été oultremer était justifié à eux, si avait Charte et Beaumont donné autre pourture. Les messagers l'ont salué et puis lui disent que le duc Buevon est mort, et lui donnent les lettres que on a lu; dont on fait du chagrin tout à pleurer. 8 Comment l'auteur peut-il renvoyer à ces chroniques qu'il déclare n'avoir pu se procurer? Il les avait laissées à son fils. LIVRE DEUXIÈME. 67 Ne passait rien sans lui, ils les recueillirent, et les rendirent à son fils si c'était contre les désirs des enfants. En ce même an, le roi Louis commença à fonder Moncleire-le-Sec, et Sainte-Eusebe d'Evreux et Sainte-Cornille; si souvent tant d'ouvriers qu'ils eurent fait en XIII mois et demi. — Item, l'an VIII et XCVIII furent les années. conquis par bataille le Danemark; si assiégeaient leurs rois Gaufred, le fils de Guy, Rollon, roi de Danemark, le frère Ogier; si fut ôté, lui et sa gens; et avait eu XII ans de guerre contre de Rollo et Godefroy, les ducs des Norvégiens; si furent rois de Danemark, et les croyaient tous. — Item, en cet année même, alla le roi Ouri de Beauvais et mena avec lui Ogier, son neveu, en Frise; et voulut prendre à l'origine de la royauté. Mais ils lui refusèrent, et dirent par cela qu'il ne pouvait avoir raison puisqu'il le demandait; et ils répondirent que ils avaient reçu le trône de la royauté de la main de seigneurs de France et d'Allemagne par le trépas de son père Bueve, le fils d'Ogier. À tant, ils répondirent enfin que Bueve ne fut jamais leur roi ni n'eut rien à leur terre; mais Ogier, le excellent et le champion de Dieu, les avait reconquis contre les Norvégiens, et devait être leur roi et seigneur naturel, qui les avait donné lettres que ne l'en donnerait à personne. Et serait notre roi tant qu'il vivrait; et nous lui jurons que tant qu'il vivrait, nous n'irions à aucun autre roi de lui; et il en voulait ouïtement le trépas. "Réspondez, Ouri : "Il est mort." Si vous le pouvez prouver par suffisant témoignage, qui eussent la connaissance, qui aient été présent à sa mort, et où il est inhumé et où il est enseveli, et de quelle mort il est mort, nous vous reconstruisserons volontiers, partant que le corps porte son propre nom; mais pour toute déstruction de corps et biens, nous ne reconstruissons qu'autant de force que dit est. "Et nous vous disons tout maintenant, dit Ouri, car nous aurons bien parlé de ce qui est notre." Et les Frisons répondirent : "Quand vous nous dites cela, aussi nous vous direz; et ne vous doutez, car si nous vous assailliez, nous nous défendrons bien, soyez certains." Alors sont partis; et les Frisons demeurèrent alors dans des fortes places du monde; et encore est-il plus maintenant, car ils sont entrés en œuvre et en guerre contre les Normands. Suppléez en. • MS. 40463 : demeurèrent adonc en une des vierges. Cfr. p. 66. Ogier, le fils de Beuve, neveu d'Ouri de Baplus, hors pays del monde. Tempête de neige. Pote de neige. Livre de l'office de Pélagius, par Strabus. Léon V, pape. L'an Ville XCIX. Mort du roi Louis. Digitized by Google Chronique de Jean d'Outremer. ont fait digues et encloués ens l'aigle si subtilement qu'ils fissent si fort lieu qu'ils ne sont mie à conquérir par homme mortel ; car ils nouseraient tout le monde s'ils seissaient devant ; et aussi est ce forsché de la mère qui bat là, qu'ils n'y ont entrée, qui trop forte ne soit, si que puis l'ont ensaié cheaux qui droit y clamaient, ensi que vous orez ci après. — En cette année même, grand tempête eut en France de neige, grêle, et grandes piquées de glace chancelait, de large 6 pieds et de long 15 pieds et d'épaisseur 2 pieds; et fut devant le solstice d'été, c'est à entendre quand les jours prennent échance en été, qui se fait 10 jour avant le Saint-Jean-Baptiste, ainsi que Martin le raconte en ses chroniques. — En cet an fit Strabus, le disciple Rabain, qui était un grand clerc renommé, un livre de l'office de l'engle, qui transmit à Louis, le roi de France. — En cette année, le second jour de mars, mourut le pape Serge, qui fut enseveli en l'englise Saint-Pierre. Après sa mort fut le siège vacant 6 jour, et puis fut consacré pape Jean, un moine de l'englise Saint-Martin, qui se situe à Rome près de l'englise Saint-Pierre; et fut appelé Louis le V e ; et était de la nation de Rome, avait ses prénom nom Radulph ; et tient le siège 6 ans, 11 mois et 15 jours. — Item, l'an 8 e et 99, entrant l'empereur de Rome en royaume d'Allemagne sans difficulté ni obstacle, et le commença à conquérir sur son frère Pépin, disant que la partition que leurs pères avaient faite ne lui plaisait pas, car il voulait avoir le royaume d'Allemagne avec l'empire. Le sens paraît être : Ce qui fait que la Frise est très-forte. Ensai, éprouvé. MS. 40463 : prennent leurs tanche, s'arrêtent. Walafride Strabus ou Strabon, bénédictin du IXe siècle, écrivit un livre De offiis divinis. Lisez maladie. Louis le Débonnaire mourut le 20 juin 840, dans une île du Rhin au-dessous de Mayence. MS. 40463 ajoute : quant il fut fait évêque de Messe. Digitized by LIVRE DEUXIÈME. plus jeunes que le roi Charles, si avait de l'âge au jour de l'obit du roi Louis cent et LIII ans; et ne vivant après Louis que II ans. Noblesse et grandeur des exèques furent faites par l'évêque Drogne pour son neveu Louis; et Lothaire, qui était en Allemagne, vint aux exèques tous vêtus de noir drap; et après se retirer en leur pays sans grever adont. Il y a grande discordance dans les chroniques de la date de l'obit de Louis le roi, car frère Bernard Guy, médecin, enquêta des hérésies en royaume de France, députés par le saint siège de Rome, et après évêque de Londres (je ne sais dire en français), écrit qu'il dit que Charles mourut l'an 871, et Louis, ses fils, l'an 879; après dit Martin que Charles mourut l'an 872, et Louis l'an 882 et III; et Vincent dit : l'an 872 et XI, mourut Charles, et Louis l'an 882 et XLI; et encore dit qu'Charles mourut l'an 873 et XIII, et Louis l'an 879 et XL. Par ce moyen, je croit que l'on se souvient maintenant de mettre les données ainsi que fait maintenant, surtout tous les historiens. Ce roi Louis fut un homme débonnaire et simple, qui lava de bonnes constitutions dans son règne; mais il fut aussi confronté à de grandes adversités, car il avait confronté et désamour de ses enfants, l'une après l'autre et tous ensemble; par quoi après sa mort mourut si grande animosité entre ses enfants qu'ils en furent bien vengeés, si comme vous ores. En cette année même asséz le duc de Beaujolais, Olivier, et Ogier le comte de Lorraine et voulait de Liège, Tallissait, s'avançait en Frise; mais quand ils virent où ils étaient XV jours, si vont ouvrir leurs camps, et l'ennemi vint en l'ost par nuit, si perdirent bien XL hommes; si se mirent à fuir. Item, l'an de l'Incarnation IXe, en mois de mai, mourut Gaufrois le Vêve, comte de Huy; car Basins fut le premier, qui fut fait l'an VIIIe et XV, et régnât VIIIe ans; puis fut le second Jean le généreux, qui fut fils de Radus des comtes de Huy. Suppléez guerre. Lisez leurs, à savoir les Frisons. Digitized by Google CHRONIQUE DE JEAN D'OUTREMEUSE. Près, si régnât XXI ans; et li thiers fut Radus, H fis Johains, qui régnât XXV ans; li quars, Ogier de Preis, le fis Radus, XV ans régnât; chis acquist grans biens à la conteit de Huy; et Gaufrais que j'ai dit, fut V e , qui XVI ans régnât; puis fut Johains des Preis, ses fis, fais comtes VI e ; XXI ans régnât. Conquêtes des Danois Celui temps conqueraient les Norvégiens et les Danois à la loi Mahomet et des Norvégiens. Ils se battaient, et jurent qu'ils conquerraient Rome et toute la royauté de France et d’Allemagne, et mêleraient à Paris l’image de Mahomet et la fêta sera célébrée trois fois par an, s'ils les voulaient aider; et étaient bien préparés. Ils conquirent le règne de Bohême tout en cet an, si en Galice et en Languedoc du duché; mais mirent longtemps à conquérir. — Item, en cet an recommencèrent à discorder et guerroyer fortement et chaudement les enfants de Louis II de France, qui avaient donné part Lothaire, l'empereur, et Louis III, roi de Aquitaine, et de l'autre part Pépin, roi de France, et Charles le Chauve, de Bourgogne seigneur; si eurent maintes batailles ensemble; et régnant comme empereur Lothaire ou Lothier, ce fut tout, IX ans, et Pépin régnant XII en France, dont ils avaient déjà régné 1 an. Et je le dis partant que les chroniques ne sont mises tous concordants en bataille. Ils eurent maintes batailles ensemble, et par séparément il y eut une droit à Argenton, qui dura de matin jusqu’à nonne; et là furent faites si grandes occurrences de gens qu’il ne furent jamais faites en royaume de France, devant ni après, car on s’alit en san et pied profundément. Lothaire fut défait, et s’enfuit en Allemagne, et en fut piteux. XX ans après France se affaiblie était, par tant que c’était merveille, car toute la flor de Rome, d’Allemagne, de Saxe, de Bourgogne, de France, d’Aquitaine était près de toute fin; et tant en fut morts que on ne les pût mérer le nombre des princes, barons et chevaliers qui là furent tués; ce ne fut rien de la bataille sur Saint-Quentin, de Charles contre Ogier, au reward de celle-ci, et fut accordé beaucoup grand celle-là. Et de ce furent les IIIs princes de France si ennemis qu’ils ne savaient qu’ils les avaient avenus; et pleuraient le fait et priaient Dieu de les venger. Fontaine-en-Puisaye (dans l'Auxerrois), que en comparaison de celle-là, Charles-le-Chauve et Louis de Bavière rencontrèrent, le 25 juin 841, sur l'empereur Lothaire. Ancordont, néanmoins, toutefois, furent les princes et prélats qui les accueillirent, et jurèrent de tenir les paccords qu'ils feraient, et d'entrer en la cité de Verdun sans fors issir tant qu'ils neauraient fait l'accord; si le lisent en telle manière que vous l'avez, jasache que aussi chroniques disent d'une autre manière. La part Peppin fut Franche occidentale; c'est ce qui est de la mère Noûde jusqu'à la rivière de Meuse; et Lothaire avait le partie d'Orient, ainsi de Lorraine de chà le Rhin; et de là, Charles-le-Chauve avait Aquitaine; et Lothaire demeurait l'empire de Rome et ses appendices, l'Italie et Provence, et la partie de France qui est entre l'Est et le Rhin, que l'on appelait Thuringie alors, combien que nous l'avons appelé Lotharingie pour mieux entendre la matière; car Lothaire lui donna son nom, Lotharingie, et après son nom en français, qui est Lorraine, appelé Lotharingie; car Lothaire est latin, c'est Lorraine en français. — Des noms de Lorraine Item, on trouve des chroniques, que j'ai vues, qui disent : ce n'est pas fabuleux que ce nom de Lotharingie puisse avoir été divisé en plusieurs états; car à l'époque Godefroi de Bologne, qui allait outre mer, ensi que vous l'orez ci-après, l'empereur de Rome rendit ce nom de Lotharingie au duc de Lorraine; et fut appelé dès lors de Lotharingie. Mains vérifier est à ce contradictoire, car il y a grande différence entre ces deux dictions ou ces deux noms, Lotharingie et Lorraine; et Lorraine prit son nom à Lothringen, qui fut le premier duc de Lorraine à l'époque du roi régnant à Tongres, si comme j'ai déjà dit des seus; et était dessous le roi de Luxembourg longtemps avant que Dies fut né; si fut le plus grands et puissants de monde, car sa terre measured à Bohême, et était ensi enclose tout Ardennes et Luxembourg et Limbourg et toutes ses parties, ensi que j'ai dit dessus. Si avint, si comme j'ai déjà dit, qui parvint au compte de Lothaire, qui par la noblesse de son grand nom de Lotharingie étant écrit dès puis après duc de Lotharingie et comte de Lotharingie; et maintenant écrit duc de Lotharingie, de Luxembourg et de Brabant; et le maintient tout ainsi, et n'ajouta rien de la duché de Lotharingie que le vieux mur qui est sur le territoire de Lotharingie, devant Arras: il n'y a que la Moselle entre.
| 44,528 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113613608
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Platygaster achterbergi
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 2 | 8 |
Platygaster achterbergi
| 26,165 |
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuko%20Jurong
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Meuko Jurong
|
https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meuko Jurong&action=history
|
Dutch
|
Spoken
| 25 | 58 |
Meuko Jurong is een bestuurslaag in het regentschap Pidie Jaya van de provincie Atjeh, Indonesië. Meuko Jurong telt 225 inwoners (volkstelling 2010).
Plaats in Atjeh
| 7,161 |
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
هلالکلا
|
https://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=هلالکلا&action=history
|
Persian
|
Spoken
| 47 | 158 |
هلالکلا، روستایی است از توابع بخش لالهآباد شهرستان بابل در استان مازندران ایران.
جمعیت
این روستا در دهستان کاریپی قرار دارد و بر اساس سرشماری مرکز آمار ایران در سال ۱۳۸۵، جمعیت آن ۷۹۳ نفر (۲۰۷خانوار) بودهاست.
منابع
شغل اصلی مردم روستای هلالکلا برنج کاری میباشد.
هلالکلا
| 6,966 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35945889
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
Steve, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2161664
|
English
|
Spoken
| 201 | 276 |
Status 500 when accessing Coldfusion 10 REST service
Server Setup:
-Windows Server 2008
-IIS 7
-Coldfusion 10
We have developed a Coldfusion REST service.
This service works when files are uploaded to the server and the Coldfusion REST service is restarted/refreshed. I test the end points and they all work.
The first thing next day, I test the end points and they do not work. The return is “Status 500 - The page … can not be displayed.”
I do not believe this to be a IIS problem/issue. If the files are re-uploaded and the REST service is once again restarted/refreshed the end points will start to work again. Funny thing is, just refreshing the REST service will not make the end points start working… the files must be re-uploaded first.
Has anyone experienced this?
Does anyone have any suggestions?
I was wondering, could this be an Application timeout issue?
I have a feeling that the virus scanner on the server may be the cause of the REST services going unresponsive over the course of the night.
Are there certain directories that should not be scanned by a virus scanner?
When the REST services are compiled(restInitApplication) where do they compile to?
| 1,632 |
https://github.com/backpaper0/spring-boot-sandbox/blob/master/batch-example/src/test/java/com/example/chunk/ChunkExampleTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
spring-boot-sandbox
|
backpaper0
|
Java
|
Code
| 54 | 257 |
package com.example.chunk;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.batch.core.Job;
import org.springframework.batch.core.JobParameters;
import org.springframework.batch.core.launch.JobLauncher;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit.jupiter.SpringJUnitConfig;
@SpringJUnitConfig
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = WebEnvironment.NONE)
class ChunkExampleTest {
@Autowired
private JobLauncher jobLauncher;
@Autowired
private ChunkExample example;
@Test
void chunkExampleJob() throws Exception {
final Job job = example.chunkExampleJob();
final JobParameters jobParameters = new JobParameters();
jobLauncher.run(job, jobParameters);
}
}
| 37,900 |
https://github.com/FalseReality/FFF/blob/master/extensions/tasks/tasks.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
FFF
|
FalseReality
|
Python
|
Code
| 450 | 1,707 |
import asyncio
import json
from datetime import datetime
from discord.ext import commands, tasks
from util import Handlers
class Tasks(commands.Cog, name="Tasks"):
"""
This cog handles all the tasks which are executed every x time and stores the data in the database.
"""
def __init__(self, fff):
self.fff = fff
self.skyblock = Handlers.SkyBlock(self.fff.config['hypixel']['key'], self.fff.session)
self.mojang = Handlers.Mojang(self.fff.session)
self.spreadsheet = Handlers.Spreadsheet(self.fff.bot_config['spreadsheet_key'])
self.hypixel_guild_id = self.fff.config['hypixel']['guild_id']
self.min_total_slayer_xp = self.fff.config['requirements']['min_total_slayer_xp']
self.min_average_skill_level = self.fff.config['requirements']['min_average_skill_level']
self.guild_loop.start()
def cog_unload(self):
"""
Cancel the loop when the cog unloads
"""
self.guild_loop.cancel()
@tasks.loop(minutes=20.0)
async def guild_loop(self):
"""
Automatically updates the cache and the database every 20 minutes
"""
# to prevent random Hypixel API crashes from breaking the bot, I put had this in try and except
try:
self.fff.logger.info("Caching data and updating the database...")
await self.spreadsheet.auth()
users = self.spreadsheet.get_all_users()
hypixel_guild = await self.skyblock.get_guild(self.hypixel_guild_id)
data = {}
for member in hypixel_guild['members']:
uuid = member['uuid']
rank = member['rank'].lower()
try:
username = await self.mojang.get_player_username(uuid)
except json.decoder.JSONDecodeError:
# I honestly have no idea why this even happens, but it might just be Mojang rateliminting us
username = "<UNKNOWN>"
try:
hypixel_profile = await self.skyblock.get_hypixel_profile(uuid)
except TypeError:
# I have no idea why this error happens, but if it does I'll just give it the Jayevarmen stats
hypixel_profile = await self.skyblock.get_hypixel_profile("fb768d64953945d495f32691adbb27c5")
try:
profiles = await self.skyblock.get_profiles(uuid)
except Exception as error:
self.fff.logger.error(error)
profiles = await self.skyblock.get_profiles("fb768d64953945d495f32691adbb27c5") # Jayevarmen
try:
profile = self.skyblock.calculate_latest_profile(profiles, uuid)
cute_name = self.skyblock.get_profile_name(profile)
average_skill_level = self.skyblock.calculate_profile_skills(
profile,
hypixel_profile,
uuid
)['average_skill_level']
skill_level_xp = self.skyblock.calculate_profile_skill_xp(profile, uuid)
skill_average = round(float(average_skill_level), 1)
slayer_xp = self.skyblock.calculate_profile_slayers(profile, uuid)['total']
if skill_average >= self.min_average_skill_level and slayer_xp >= self.min_total_slayer_xp:
passes_reqs = True
else:
passes_reqs = False
except (KeyError, TypeError, ValueError):
skill_average = None
slayer_xp = None
passes_reqs = False
skill_level_xp = None
cute_name = None
try:
discord_connection = hypixel_profile['socialMedia']['links']['DISCORD']
except KeyError:
discord_connection = None
try:
paid = users[uuid]['paid']
paid_to = users[uuid]['paid_to']
except (TypeError, KeyError):
paid = False
paid_to = None
await asyncio.sleep(2.5) # Max 120 requests per minute, so we should send less than 2 per second
data[uuid] = {
"username": username,
"discord_connection": discord_connection,
"rank": rank,
"paid": paid,
"paid_to": paid_to,
"skill_average": skill_average,
"skill_level_xp": skill_level_xp,
"slayer_xp": slayer_xp,
"passes_reqs": passes_reqs,
"cute_name": cute_name
}
if skill_level_xp is not None:
skill_level_xp = "{...}"
self.fff.logger.debug(
f"{username} | {uuid} | {discord_connection} | {rank} | {paid} | "
f"{paid_to} | {skill_average} | {skill_level_xp} | {slayer_xp} | {passes_reqs}"
)
cache = self.fff.cache.get()
cache['guild_data'] = data
history_data = data.copy()
timestamp = datetime.now().timestamp()
for member in history_data.keys():
history_data[member]['timestamp'] = int(timestamp)
try:
cache['guild_data_history'][str(timestamp)] = history_data
except KeyError:
cache['guild_data_history'] = {str(timestamp): history_data}
async with self.fff.pool.acquire() as conn:
await self.fff.database.set_guild_data(conn, cache['guild_data'])
await self.fff.database.set_guild_data_history(conn, cache['guild_data_history'])
# this formats the data correctly
guild_data = await self.fff.database.get_guild_data(conn)
guild_data_history = await self.fff.database.get_guild_data_history(conn)
self.fff.cache.set(
{
"guild_data": guild_data,
"guild_data_history": guild_data_history
}
)
self.fff.logger.info("Successfully updated the cache and the database!")
except Exception as error:
raise error
| 37,354 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral%20Kaas
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Admiral Kaas
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Admiral Kaas&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 28 | 81 |
Admiral Kaas may refer to:
Frederik Christian Kaas (1725–1803), Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy admiral
Frederik Christian Kaas (1727–1804), Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy admiral
Ulrich Kaas (1677–1746), Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy admiral
| 19,826 |
https://github.com/Xyclade/smile/blob/master/SmileNLP/src/test/java/smile/nlp/pos/HMMPOSTaggerTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,015 |
smile
|
Xyclade
|
Java
|
Code
| 700 | 2,036 |
/*******************************************************************************
* Copyright (c) 2010 Haifeng Li
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*******************************************************************************/
package smile.nlp.pos;
import smile.validation.CrossValidation;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.AfterClass;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.junit.Test;
import smile.math.Math;
/**
*
* @author Haifeng Li
*/
public class HMMPOSTaggerTest {
List<String[]> sentences = new ArrayList<String[]>();
List<PennTreebankPOS[]> labels = new ArrayList<PennTreebankPOS[]>();
public HMMPOSTaggerTest() {
}
/**
* Load training data from a corpora.
* @param dir a file object defining the top directory
*/
public void load(String dir) {
List<File> files = new ArrayList<File>();
walkin(new File(dir), files);
for (File file : files) {
try {
FileInputStream stream = new FileInputStream(file);
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(stream));
String line = null;
List<String> sent = new ArrayList<String>();
List<PennTreebankPOS> label = new ArrayList<PennTreebankPOS>();
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
line = line.trim();
if (line.isEmpty()) {
if (sent.size() > 0) {
sentences.add(sent.toArray(new String[sent.size()]));
labels.add(label.toArray(new PennTreebankPOS[label.size()]));
sent.clear();
label.clear();
}
} else if (!line.startsWith("===") && !line.startsWith("*x*")) {
String[] words = line.split("\\s");
for (String word : words) {
String[] w = word.split("/");
if (w.length == 2) {
sent.add(w[0]);
int pos = w[1].indexOf('|');
String tag = pos == -1 ? w[1] : w[1].substring(0, pos);
if (tag.equals("PRP$R")) tag = "PRP$";
if (tag.equals("JJSS")) tag = "JJS";
label.add(PennTreebankPOS.getValue(tag));
}
}
}
}
if (sent.size() > 0) {
sentences.add(sent.toArray(new String[sent.size()]));
labels.add(label.toArray(new PennTreebankPOS[label.size()]));
sent.clear();
label.clear();
}
reader.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println(e);
}
}
}
/**
* Recursive function to descend into the directory tree and find all the files
* that end with ".POS"
* @param dir a file object defining the top directory
**/
public static void walkin(File dir, List<File> files) {
String pattern = ".POS";
File[] listFile = dir.listFiles();
if (listFile != null) {
for (File file : listFile) {
if (file.isDirectory()) {
walkin(file, files);
} else {
if (file.getName().endsWith(pattern)) {
files.add(file);
}
}
}
}
}
@BeforeClass
public static void setUpClass() throws Exception {
}
@AfterClass
public static void tearDownClass() throws Exception {
}
@Before
public void setUp() {
}
@After
public void tearDown() {
}
/**
* Test of learn method, of class HMMPOSTagger.
*/
@Test
public void testWSJ() {
System.out.println("WSJ");
load("D:\\sourceforge\\corpora\\PennTreebank\\PennTreebank2\\TAGGED\\POS\\WSJ");
String[][] x = sentences.toArray(new String[sentences.size()][]);
PennTreebankPOS[][] y = labels.toArray(new PennTreebankPOS[labels.size()][]);
int n = x.length;
int k = 10;
CrossValidation cv = new CrossValidation(n, k);
int error = 0;
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
String[][] trainx = Math.slice(x, cv.train[i]);
PennTreebankPOS[][] trainy = Math.slice(y, cv.train[i]);
String[][] testx = Math.slice(x, cv.test[i]);
PennTreebankPOS[][] testy = Math.slice(y, cv.test[i]);
HMMPOSTagger tagger = HMMPOSTagger.learn(trainx, trainy);
for (int j = 0; j < testx.length; j++) {
PennTreebankPOS[] label = tagger.tag(testx[j]);
total += label.length;
for (int l = 0; l < label.length; l++) {
if (label[l] != testy[j][l]) {
error++;
}
}
}
}
System.out.format("Error rate = %.2f as %d of %d\n", 100.0 * error / total, error, total);
}
/**
* Test of learn method, of class HMMPOSTagger.
*/
@Test
public void testBrown() {
System.out.println("BROWN");
load("D:\\sourceforge\\corpora\\PennTreebank\\PennTreebank2\\TAGGED\\POS\\BROWN");
String[][] x = sentences.toArray(new String[sentences.size()][]);
PennTreebankPOS[][] y = labels.toArray(new PennTreebankPOS[labels.size()][]);
int n = x.length;
int k = 10;
CrossValidation cv = new CrossValidation(n, k);
int error = 0;
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
String[][] trainx = Math.slice(x, cv.train[i]);
PennTreebankPOS[][] trainy = Math.slice(y, cv.train[i]);
String[][] testx = Math.slice(x, cv.test[i]);
PennTreebankPOS[][] testy = Math.slice(y, cv.test[i]);
HMMPOSTagger tagger = HMMPOSTagger.learn(trainx, trainy);
for (int j = 0; j < testx.length; j++) {
PennTreebankPOS[] label = tagger.tag(testx[j]);
total += label.length;
for (int l = 0; l < label.length; l++) {
if (label[l] != testy[j][l]) {
error++;
}
}
}
}
System.out.format("Error rate = %.2f as %d of %d\n", 100.0 * error / total, error, total);
}
}
| 37,281 |
https://github.com/sddev-dotnet/azure-blob-storage-repository/blob/master/lib/Contracts/StorageModel.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
azure-blob-storage-repository
|
sddev-dotnet
|
C#
|
Code
| 55 | 112 |
using System;
namespace SDDev.Net.ContentRepository.Contracts
{
public class StorageModel : IStorageModel
{
public string FileName { get; set; }
public StorageLocation Location { get; set; }
public DateTime CreatedDateTime { get; set; }
public string StoragePath { get; set; }
public FileType FileType { get; set; }
public long FileSize { get; set; }
}
}
| 18,090 |
https://github.com/qluvio/bitmovin-player-ui/blob/master/src/ts/components/component.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
bitmovin-player-ui
|
qluvio
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 2,187 | 4,563 |
import {Guid} from '../guid';
import {DOM} from '../dom';
import {EventDispatcher, NoArgs, Event} from '../eventdispatcher';
import {UIInstanceManager} from '../uimanager';
import { PlayerAPI } from 'bitmovin-player';
/**
* Base configuration interface for a component.
* Should be extended by components that want to add additional configuration options.
*/
export interface ComponentConfig {
/**
* The HTML tag name of the component.
* Default: 'div'
*/
tag?: string;
/**
* The HTML ID of the component.
* Default: automatically generated with pattern 'ui-id-{guid}'.
*/
id?: string;
/**
* A prefix to prepend all CSS classes with.
*/
cssPrefix?: string;
/**
* The CSS classes of the component. This is usually the class from where the component takes its styling.
*/
cssClass?: string; // 'class' is a reserved keyword, so we need to make the name more complicated
/**
* Additional CSS classes of the component.
*/
cssClasses?: string[];
/**
* Specifies if the component should be hidden at startup.
* Default: false
*/
hidden?: boolean;
/**
* Specifies if the component is enabled (interactive) or not.
* Default: false
*/
disabled?: boolean;
}
export interface ComponentHoverChangedEventArgs extends NoArgs {
/**
* True is the component is hovered, else false.
*/
hovered: boolean;
}
/**
* The base class of the UI framework.
* Each component must extend this class and optionally the config interface.
*/
export class Component<Config extends ComponentConfig> {
/**
* The classname that is attached to the element when it is in the hidden state.
* @type {string}
*/
private static readonly CLASS_HIDDEN = 'hidden';
/**
* The classname that is attached to the element when it is in the disabled state.
* @type {string}
*/
private static readonly CLASS_DISABLED = 'disabled';
/**
* Configuration object of this component.
*/
protected config: Config;
/**
* The component's DOM element.
*/
private element: DOM;
/**
* Flag that keeps track of the hidden state.
*/
private hidden: boolean;
/**
* Flat that keeps track of the disabled state.
*/
private disabled: boolean;
/**
* Flag that keeps track of the hover state.
*/
private hovered: boolean;
/**
* The list of events that this component offers. These events should always be private and only directly
* accessed from within the implementing component.
*
* Because TypeScript does not support private properties with the same name on different class hierarchy levels
* (i.e. superclass and subclass cannot contain a private property with the same name), the default naming
* convention for the event list of a component that should be followed by subclasses is the concatenation of the
* camel-cased class name + 'Events' (e.g. SubClass extends Component => subClassEvents).
* See {@link #componentEvents} for an example.
*
* Event properties should be named in camel case with an 'on' prefix and in the present tense. Async events may
* have a start event (when the operation starts) in the present tense, and must have an end event (when the
* operation ends) in the past tense (or present tense in special cases (e.g. onStart/onStarted or onPlay/onPlaying).
* See {@link #componentEvents#onShow} for an example.
*
* Each event should be accompanied with a protected method named by the convention eventName + 'Event'
* (e.g. onStartEvent), that actually triggers the event by calling {@link EventDispatcher#dispatch dispatch} and
* passing a reference to the component as first parameter. Components should always trigger their events with these
* methods. Implementing this pattern gives subclasses means to directly listen to the events by overriding the
* method (and saving the overhead of passing a handler to the event dispatcher) and more importantly to trigger
* these events without having access to the private event list.
* See {@link #onShow} for an example.
*
* To provide external code the possibility to listen to this component's events (subscribe, unsubscribe, etc.),
* each event should also be accompanied by a public getter function with the same name as the event's property,
* that returns the {@link Event} obtained from the event dispatcher by calling {@link EventDispatcher#getEvent}.
* See {@link #onShow} for an example.
*
* Full example for an event representing an example action in a example component:
*
* <code>
* // Define an example component class with an example event
* class ExampleComponent extends Component<ComponentConfig> {
*
* private exampleComponentEvents = {
* onExampleAction: new EventDispatcher<ExampleComponent, NoArgs>()
* }
*
* // constructor and other stuff...
*
* protected onExampleActionEvent() {
* this.exampleComponentEvents.onExampleAction.dispatch(this);
* }
*
* get onExampleAction(): Event<ExampleComponent, NoArgs> {
* return this.exampleComponentEvents.onExampleAction.getEvent();
* }
* }
*
* // Create an instance of the component somewhere
* var exampleComponentInstance = new ExampleComponent();
*
* // Subscribe to the example event on the component
* exampleComponentInstance.onExampleAction.subscribe(function (sender: ExampleComponent) {
* console.log('onExampleAction of ' + sender + ' has fired!');
* });
* </code>
*/
private componentEvents = {
onShow: new EventDispatcher<Component<Config>, NoArgs>(),
onHide: new EventDispatcher<Component<Config>, NoArgs>(),
onHoverChanged: new EventDispatcher<Component<Config>, ComponentHoverChangedEventArgs>(),
onEnabled: new EventDispatcher<Component<Config>, NoArgs>(),
onDisabled: new EventDispatcher<Component<Config>, NoArgs>(),
};
/**
* Constructs a component with an optionally supplied config. All subclasses must call the constructor of their
* superclass and then merge their configuration into the component's configuration.
* @param config the configuration for the component
*/
constructor(config: ComponentConfig = {}) {
// Create the configuration for this component
this.config = <Config>this.mergeConfig(config, {
tag: 'div',
id: '{{PREFIX}}-id-' + Guid.next(),
cssPrefix: '{{PREFIX}}',
cssClass: 'ui-component',
cssClasses: [],
hidden: false,
disabled: false,
}, {});
}
/**
* Initializes the component, e.g. by applying config settings.
* This method must not be called from outside the UI framework.
*
* This method is automatically called by the {@link UIInstanceManager}. If the component is an inner component of
* some component, and thus encapsulated abd managed internally and never directly exposed to the UIManager,
* this method must be called from the managing component's {@link #initialize} method.
*/
initialize(): void {
this.hidden = this.config.hidden;
this.disabled = this.config.disabled;
// Hide the component at initialization if it is configured to be hidden
if (this.isHidden()) {
this.hidden = false; // Set flag to false for the following hide() call to work (hide() checks the flag)
this.hide();
}
// Disable the component at initialization if it is configured to be disabled
if (this.isDisabled()) {
this.disabled = false; // Set flag to false for the following disable() call to work (disable() checks the flag)
this.disable();
}
}
/**
* Configures the component for the supplied Player and UIInstanceManager. This is the place where all the magic
* happens, where components typically subscribe and react to events (on their DOM element, the Player, or the
* UIInstanceManager), and basically everything that makes them interactive.
* This method is called only once, when the UIManager initializes the UI.
*
* Subclasses usually overwrite this method to add their own functionality.
*
* @param player the player which this component controls
* @param uimanager the UIInstanceManager that manages this component
*/
configure(player: PlayerAPI, uimanager: UIInstanceManager): void {
this.onShow.subscribe(() => {
uimanager.onComponentShow.dispatch(this);
});
this.onHide.subscribe(() => {
uimanager.onComponentHide.dispatch(this);
});
// Track the hovered state of the element
this.getDomElement().on('mouseenter', () => {
this.onHoverChangedEvent(true);
});
this.getDomElement().on('mouseleave', () => {
this.onHoverChangedEvent(false);
});
}
/**
* Releases all resources and dependencies that the component holds. Player, DOM, and UIManager events are
* automatically removed during release and do not explicitly need to be removed here.
* This method is called by the UIManager when it releases the UI.
*
* Subclasses that need to release resources should override this method and call super.release().
*/
release(): void {
// Nothing to do here, override where necessary
}
/**
* Generate the DOM element for this component.
*
* Subclasses usually overwrite this method to extend or replace the DOM element with their own design.
*/
protected toDomElement(): DOM {
let element = new DOM(this.config.tag, {
'id': this.config.id,
'class': this.getCssClasses(),
});
return element;
}
/**
* Returns the DOM element of this component. Creates the DOM element if it does not yet exist.
*
* Should not be overwritten by subclasses.
*
* @returns {DOM}
*/
getDomElement(): DOM {
if (!this.element) {
this.element = this.toDomElement();
}
return this.element;
}
/**
* Merges a configuration with a default configuration and a base configuration from the superclass.
*
* @param config the configuration settings for the components, as usually passed to the constructor
* @param defaults a default configuration for settings that are not passed with the configuration
* @param base configuration inherited from a superclass
* @returns {Config}
*/
protected mergeConfig<Config>(config: Config, defaults: Config, base: Config): Config {
// Extend default config with supplied config
let merged = Object.assign({}, base, defaults, config);
// Return the extended config
return merged;
}
/**
* Helper method that returns a string of all CSS classes of the component.
*
* @returns {string}
*/
protected getCssClasses(): string {
// Merge all CSS classes into single array
let flattenedArray = [this.config.cssClass].concat(this.config.cssClasses);
// Prefix classes
flattenedArray = flattenedArray.map((css) => {
return this.prefixCss(css);
});
// Join array values into a string
let flattenedString = flattenedArray.join(' ');
// Return trimmed string to prevent whitespace at the end from the join operation
return flattenedString.trim();
}
protected prefixCss(cssClassOrId: string): string {
return this.config.cssPrefix + '-' + cssClassOrId;
}
/**
* Returns the configuration object of the component.
* @returns {Config}
*/
public getConfig(): Config {
return this.config;
}
/**
* Hides the component if shown.
* This method basically transfers the component into the hidden state. Actual hiding is done via CSS.
*/
hide() {
if (!this.hidden) {
this.hidden = true;
this.getDomElement().addClass(this.prefixCss(Component.CLASS_HIDDEN));
this.onHideEvent();
}
}
/**
* Shows the component if hidden.
*/
show() {
if (this.hidden) {
this.getDomElement().removeClass(this.prefixCss(Component.CLASS_HIDDEN));
this.hidden = false;
this.onShowEvent();
}
}
/**
* Determines if the component is hidden.
* @returns {boolean} true if the component is hidden, else false
*/
isHidden(): boolean {
return this.hidden;
}
/**
* Determines if the component is shown.
* @returns {boolean} true if the component is visible, else false
*/
isShown(): boolean {
return !this.isHidden();
}
/**
* Toggles the hidden state by hiding the component if it is shown, or showing it if hidden.
*/
toggleHidden() {
if (this.isHidden()) {
this.show();
} else {
this.hide();
}
}
/**
* Disables the component.
* This method basically transfers the component into the disabled state. Actual disabling is done via CSS or child
* components. (e.g. Button needs to unsubscribe click listeners)
*/
disable(): void {
if (!this.disabled) {
this.disabled = true;
this.getDomElement().addClass(this.prefixCss(Component.CLASS_DISABLED));
this.onDisabledEvent();
}
}
/**
* Enables the component.
* This method basically transfers the component into the enabled state. Actual enabling is done via CSS or child
* components. (e.g. Button needs to subscribe click listeners)
*/
enable(): void {
if (this.disabled) {
this.getDomElement().removeClass(this.prefixCss(Component.CLASS_DISABLED));
this.disabled = false;
this.onEnabledEvent();
}
}
/**
* Determines if the component is disabled.
* @returns {boolean} true if the component is disabled, else false
*/
isDisabled(): boolean {
return this.disabled;
}
/**
* Determines if the component is enabled.
* @returns {boolean} true if the component is enabled, else false
*/
isEnabled(): boolean {
return !this.isDisabled();
}
/**
* Determines if the component is currently hovered.
* @returns {boolean} true if the component is hovered, else false
*/
isHovered(): boolean {
return this.hovered;
}
/**
* Fires the onShow event.
* See the detailed explanation on event architecture on the {@link #componentEvents events list}.
*/
protected onShowEvent(): void {
this.componentEvents.onShow.dispatch(this);
}
/**
* Fires the onHide event.
* See the detailed explanation on event architecture on the {@link #componentEvents events list}.
*/
protected onHideEvent(): void {
this.componentEvents.onHide.dispatch(this);
}
/**
* Fires the onEnabled event.
* See the detailed explanation on event architecture on the {@link #componentEvents events list}.
*/
protected onEnabledEvent(): void {
this.componentEvents.onEnabled.dispatch(this);
}
/**
* Fires the onDisabled event.
* See the detailed explanation on event architecture on the {@link #componentEvents events list}.
*/
protected onDisabledEvent(): void {
this.componentEvents.onDisabled.dispatch(this);
}
/**
* Fires the onHoverChanged event.
* See the detailed explanation on event architecture on the {@link #componentEvents events list}.
*/
protected onHoverChangedEvent(hovered: boolean): void {
this.hovered = hovered;
this.componentEvents.onHoverChanged.dispatch(this, { hovered: hovered });
}
/**
* Gets the event that is fired when the component is showing.
* See the detailed explanation on event architecture on the {@link #componentEvents events list}.
* @returns {Event<Component<Config>, NoArgs>}
*/
get onShow(): Event<Component<Config>, NoArgs> {
return this.componentEvents.onShow.getEvent();
}
/**
* Gets the event that is fired when the component is hiding.
* See the detailed explanation on event architecture on the {@link #componentEvents events list}.
* @returns {Event<Component<Config>, NoArgs>}
*/
get onHide(): Event<Component<Config>, NoArgs> {
return this.componentEvents.onHide.getEvent();
}
/**
* Gets the event that is fired when the component is enabling.
* See the detailed explanation on event architecture on the {@link #componentEvents events list}.
* @returns {Event<Component<Config>, NoArgs>}
*/
get onEnabled(): Event<Component<Config>, NoArgs> {
return this.componentEvents.onEnabled.getEvent();
}
/**
* Gets the event that is fired when the component is disabling.
* See the detailed explanation on event architecture on the {@link #componentEvents events list}.
* @returns {Event<Component<Config>, NoArgs>}
*/
get onDisabled(): Event<Component<Config>, NoArgs> {
return this.componentEvents.onDisabled.getEvent();
}
/**
* Gets the event that is fired when the component's hover-state is changing.
* @returns {Event<Component<Config>, ComponentHoverChangedEventArgs>}
*/
get onHoverChanged(): Event<Component<Config>, ComponentHoverChangedEventArgs> {
return this.componentEvents.onHoverChanged.getEvent();
}
}
| 43,807 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20528824
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Kuido Merits
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 585 | 1,449 |
Kuido Merits
Eesti ajakirjanik
Kuido Merits üksikjuht nähtusest inimene
Kuido Merits amet ajakirjanik
Kuido Merits amet autor
Kuido Merits amet diplomaat
Kuido Merits pilt Merits, Kuido.IMG 4588.JPG, ajahetk 2015
Kuido Merits sugu meessoost
Kuido Merits sünnikuupäev 1962
Kuido Merits LCCN n2016064547
Kuido Merits kodakondsus Eesti
Kuido Merits VIAF 211147543449353190365
Kuido Merits perekonnanimi Merits
Kuido Merits GND 1114841595
Kuido Merits Commonsi kategooria Kuido Merits
Kuido Merits eesnimi Kuido
Kuido Merits varjunimi Wido Moritz
Kuido Merits sünnikoht Võru
Kuido Merits õppinud haridusasutuses Tartu Ülikool
Kuido Merits
periodista estonio
Kuido Merits instancia de ser humano
Kuido Merits ocupación periodista
Kuido Merits ocupación autor
Kuido Merits ocupación diplomático
Kuido Merits imagen Merits, Kuido.IMG 4588.JPG, fecha 2015
Kuido Merits sexo o género masculino
Kuido Merits fecha de nacimiento 1962
Kuido Merits identificador de autoridades de la Biblioteca del Congreso de EE. UU. n2016064547
Kuido Merits país de nacionalidad Estonia
Kuido Merits identificador VIAF 211147543449353190365
Kuido Merits apellido Merits
Kuido Merits identificador GND (DNB) 1114841595
Kuido Merits categoría en Commons Kuido Merits
Kuido Merits nombre de pila Kuido
Kuido Merits identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJk8YxpWbpbyG8GXJRRVG3
Kuido Merits seudónimo Wido Moritz
Kuido Merits lugar de nacimiento Võru
Kuido Merits educado en Universidad de Tartu
Kuido Merits
Estonian journalist, writer and diplomat
Kuido Merits instance of human
Kuido Merits occupation journalist
Kuido Merits occupation author
Kuido Merits occupation diplomat
Kuido Merits image Merits, Kuido.IMG 4588.JPG, point in time 2015
Kuido Merits sex or gender male
Kuido Merits date of birth 1962
Kuido Merits Library of Congress authority ID n2016064547
Kuido Merits country of citizenship Estonia
Kuido Merits VIAF ID 211147543449353190365
Kuido Merits family name Merits
Kuido Merits GND ID 1114841595
Kuido Merits Commons category Kuido Merits
Kuido Merits given name Kuido
Kuido Merits WorldCat Entities ID E39PBJk8YxpWbpbyG8GXJRRVG3
Kuido Merits pseudonym Wido Moritz
Kuido Merits place of birth Võru
Kuido Merits educated at University of Tartu
Kuido Merits
gazetar estonez
Kuido Merits instancë e njeri
Kuido Merits profesioni gazetar
Kuido Merits profesioni autor
Kuido Merits profesioni diplomat
Kuido Merits imazh Merits, Kuido.IMG 4588.JPG, data 2015
Kuido Merits gjinia mashkull
Kuido Merits data e lindjes 1962
Kuido Merits Library of Congress ID n2016064547
Kuido Merits shtetësia Estonia
Kuido Merits VIAF ID 211147543449353190365
Kuido Merits mbiemri Merits
Kuido Merits GND ID 1114841595
Kuido Merits kategoria në Commons Kuido Merits
Kuido Merits emri Kuido
Kuido Merits pseudonimi Wido Moritz
Kuido Merits vendi i lindjes Võru
Kuido Merits arsimuar në Universiteti i Tartusë
Kuido Merits
journalist uit Estland
Kuido Merits is een mens
Kuido Merits beroep journalist
Kuido Merits beroep auteur
Kuido Merits beroep diplomaat
Kuido Merits afbeelding Merits, Kuido.IMG 4588.JPG, tijdstip 2015
Kuido Merits sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Kuido Merits geboortedatum 1962
Kuido Merits LCAuth-identificatiecode n2016064547
Kuido Merits land van nationaliteit Estland
Kuido Merits VIAF-identificatiecode 211147543449353190365
Kuido Merits familienaam Merits
Kuido Merits GND-identificatiecode 1114841595
Kuido Merits Commonscategorie Kuido Merits
Kuido Merits voornaam Kuido
Kuido Merits WorldCat Entities-identificatiecode E39PBJk8YxpWbpbyG8GXJRRVG3
Kuido Merits pseudoniem Wido Moritz
Kuido Merits geboorteplaats Võru
Kuido Merits opleiding gevolgd aan Universiteit van Tartu
Kuido Merits
periodista estonianu
Kuido Merits instancia de humanu
Kuido Merits ocupación periodista
Kuido Merits ocupación autor
Kuido Merits ocupación diplomáticu
Kuido Merits imaxe Merits, Kuido.IMG 4588.JPG, data 2015
Kuido Merits sexu masculín
Kuido Merits fecha de nacimientu 1962
Kuido Merits identificador d'autoridá de la Biblioteca del Congresu d'EEXX n2016064547
Kuido Merits país de nacionalidá Estonia
Kuido Merits identificador VIAF 211147543449353190365
Kuido Merits apellíu Merits
Kuido Merits identificador GND 1114841595
Kuido Merits categoría de Commons Kuido Merits
Kuido Merits nome Kuido
Kuido Merits seudónimu Wido Moritz
Kuido Merits educáu en Universidá de Tartu
| 6,189 |
https://openalex.org/W2321627344
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,012 |
Development of the Concept and Implementation of National Forest Programs with Reference to Croatia
|
Marko Lovrić
|
English
|
Spoken
| 9,583 | 16,340 |
Abstract National Forest Program (NFP) does not have a
clear-cut definition, for it is a “generic expression for
a wide-range of approaches towards forest policy for-
mulation, planning and implementation at the sub-
national and national levels” [1]. In a broader under-
standing it is not even a document, but an iterative
process of goal setting, policy planning and imple-
mentation within a wide participatory context [2-4]. This is also in line with the position of the Ministerial
Conferences on the Protection of Forests in Europe
(MCPFE), which defines NFP as a “…participatory,
holistic, inter-sectoral and iterative process of policy
planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation
at the national and/or sub-national level in order to
proceed towards the further improvement of sustain-
able forest management…” [5]. More narrow defini-
tion of it, stemming from the review of NFP docu-
ments in Europe, would state that NFP is a mid-term
strategic planning document of (usually) ten year va-
lidity in which actions set by the long-term Strategy
are disseminated through a participatory process into
concrete indicators, which have its financial resources,
deadlines, implementing agencies and verifications of
completion. Background and purpose: National forest programs have
been promoted by the international forest policy sphere
as a preferred form of policy process by which the sustain-
able forest management should be reached on national
level. As such, it has received a lot of attention in the in-
ternational legislation and has been important part of the
forest policy dialogue. This paper examines the national
forest programs from the side of its theoretical develop-
ment, and how it has been transposed from the interna-
tional sphere onto the national domains. Materials and methods: Paper examines international leg-
islation refereeing to the national forest programs, and
provides an overview of its development. Comparative
analysis of national forest program processes in Europe
has been made, along with presentation of different na-
tional approaches to it. Topic-related scientific literature
has been analyzed, with special emphasis on its proce-
dural elements. Results and conclusions: International legislation shows
great coherence regarding the development of the con-
cept of national forest programs. The same coherence is
present in the scientific community, but not among the
forest policy practitioners, which is reflected by a great va-
riety of developments of national forest programs across
Europe. Ivan Martinić Faculty of Forestry,
University of Zagreb
Svetošimunska 25
10000 Zagreb
Croatia Croatian Forest
Research Institute
Vilka Novaka 50c
42000 Varaždin
Croatia Croatian Forest
Research Institute
Cvjetno naselje 41
10450 Jastrebarsko
Croatia Croatian Forest Research
Institute
Vilka Novaka 50c
42000 Varaždin
Croatia
markol@sumins.hr Development of the Concept and Implem Development of the Concept and Implem I S S N 1 8 4 7 - 6 4 8 1 Professional paper MATERIAL AND METHODS International legislation that has references to NFPs
has been analyzed on global, pan-European, EU and
Croatian level. Analysis shows the development of
the concept on different levels and the similarities be-
tween the approaches. The data base of the United Nations Economic Com-
mission for Europe (UNECE) of reports on the pan-
European Qualitative indicators for sustainable forest
management and national implementation of com-
mitments of the Ministerial Conference on the Protec-
tion of Forests in Europe has been analyzed. Elements
of the analysis were: relation of the strategic docu-
ments to a formal NFP process; inclusion of stakehold-
ers in the policy formulation; balance of economic,
social and environmental sides of the sustainability in
the policy; uptake of MCPFE instruments. A compara-
tive analysis of development of the NFP processes in
32 European countries has been made. The NFP docu-
ments referenced in the UNECE’s data base have been
analyzed, and a short overview of examples of differ-
ent development paths of the national NFP processes
has been presented, i.e. the cases of Kirgizstan, Fin-
land, Switzerland, Slovenia, Serbia, and the Federation
of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, in the international processes referring
to NFP (IPF/IFF/UNFF and MCPFE) there is no mention
on the reasons why the “principles of NFP” should be
used in order to reach vague goals as defined by FAO. This lack of explanation makes NFP and its theoretical
foundation a normative and politically defined con-
cept [3]. The abstract and imprecise nature of goals
and principles of NFPs is the reason why there is no
general understanding on the role and the specific
content of NFP among the forest policy practitioners
in Serbia [8], Germany and Bulgaria [9], or even across
Europe [10]. However, this is not the case with the
scientific community. Although it is not possible to
draw a causal relation to the NFP, there is nonethe-
less a direct complementary link [11] to the new gen-
eral paradigm of forest planning [12], in which policy
process is characterized by a bargaining system with
participation of all relevant actors that strive for a
consensual solution within an iterative, fragmented
planning process. These are the characteristics of pol-
icy process through which international forest policy
sphere is trying to incorporate itself onto the national
forest policy sphere. The strong international focus in
NFP process may be caused by many reasons. MATERIAL AND METHODS Aside
from the reason of increasing the rationality of man-
agement of forests resources, other reason could be
expansion of influence of international organizations
onto the national forest policy domain, which should
be viewed in the context of failure to produce so far
an internationally binding document on forests. And
yet another reason could be the inclusion of interests
of environmentalists groups onto the national forest
policy formulation [13]. Scientific literature on NFP has been analyzed, and
emphasis has been given on the definition, principles
and rationale of the NFP. Critical discussion on the
concepts related to procedural elements of the NFP
has been made, notably the participation, legitimacy
and power. Article ends with a series of recommenda-
tion for improving the formulation of NFP documents,
with special reference to Croatia. Abstract This variety is not as important as are the proce-
dural aspects of the process, which promote mode of gov-
ernance in line with the new general paradigm of forest
planning. The article critically reviews the procedural and
outcome elements of national forest programmes, which
are then analysed in the context of Croatian perspectives
for a formal process of a national forest program. The goal of NFP process is country-driven forest sec-
tor development, in which the implementation of in-
ternational forest-related obligations is embedded in. Although the country-leadership is one of the basic
principles of NFP, there is a wide range of global initia-
tives to support its development [4]. In this context
NFP is a policy process, and in which there are outputs
to each phase of its policy cycle (analysis, formulation,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation). The aim Keywords: National forest program, participation, power
relations 49 M. Lovrić, N. Lovrić, D. Vuletić, I. Martinić • Decentralization refers to the co-ordination of ac-
tors operating at different levels. • Decentralization refers to the co-ordination of ac-
tors operating at different levels. of the paper is to review the scientific literature on the
NFP, its national implementation in selected countries
and to critically review its procedural and outcome
characteristics. These findings are then commented in
the context of Croatian perspectives on a formal NFP
process. • Long term, iterative and adaptive planning takes
account of failure to achieve goals, as well as of
the changing environment and allows for flexibil-
ity and adjustment in NFPs. Along with the principles of NFP, there is also an
understanding on what the goal of NFP is, and it can
be defined as “… to promote the conservation and
sustainable use of forest resources to meet local, na-
tional and global needs, through fostering national
and international partnerships to manage, protect
and restore forest resources and land, for the benefit
of present and future generations” [7]. On the concept of NFP There is broad common understanding on what the
principles of a NFP are, both on the global [1] and on
the European [5] level. The presence of these elements
in national forest policy is what defines an NFP, and
summed up, these principles are [6]: summed up, these principles are [6]: summed up, these principles are [6]: Whatever the underlying causes for NFPs are, it
can be stated that theoretically the essence of NFP is
about policy change in usually hierarchical govern-
mental organizations, which consists out of redefin-
ing roles and responsibilities of institutional actors,
changing the relationships between stakeholders and
transforming the public forestry sector organizations. • Public participation is the key to the coordination
of participants who seek to use forests for their
specific interests. • Holistic and intersectoral co-ordination should
ensure that those sectors affecting, and those af-
fected by forest management have an input to
the policy process. 50 Development of the Concept and Implementation of National Forest Programs with Reference to Croatia This new mode of governance that NFPs promote can
be seen as an informal network of public and private
actors which co-operatively strive for the realization
of a common benefit – the sustainable forest man-
agement [6]. It is important to recognize that by fol-
lowing “principles of NFPs”, the policy formulation
process in fact produces new knowledge and brings
about new capacities, thus incorporating goal setting
into the process, and making the process itself as the
central component, and not the agreed upon docu-
ment. On a more theoretical level it can be stated that
the NFP process has moved away from the “classical
policy planning (implementing public goals through
state administration based on rational choice among
alternatives [14]) and onto the concepts of commu-
nicative action [15] and deliberative democracy [16,
17]. This trend is also present in the forest policy
science itself, as the “old” idioms (interest groups,
power, public administration) and theories (positiv-
ism) have been replaced by new idioms (governance,
policy discourses) and theories (neo-institutionalism,
discourse theory [18, 19]). In this context the NFP
process should not be based on formal bureaucratic
organization, but on a collaborative model of organi-
zation with coordinative, directive and team elements,
whose general structure is constant, but the members
and the content of its elements vary over time [20]. The most important prerequisite for such structure are
strong participatory mechanisms. On the concept of NFP action programs and/or plans for the management,
conservation and sustainable development of forests”
was formulated. Same commitment was further on
developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests
(IPF), The Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF),
the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF; all suc-
ceeding one another) and the Commission for Sus-
tainable Development’s (CSD) first working group
for forests. The basic message was that NFPs should
be a national framework for the implementation of
forest-related commitments stemming out of UNCED
[13]. The most comprehensive product of these ef-
forts is the 270 IPF/IFF Proposals for action [27] that
were produced between the years 1995 and 2000. The implementation of (150) IPF Proposals for ac-
tion through NFPs can be clustered into the following
groups, which appropriately depict the basic pillars of
NFP process [28]: 1. Develop and implement a holistic national forest
program which integrates the conservation and
sustainable use of forest resources and benefits
in a way that is consistent with national, sub-na-
tional and local policies and strategies - measures
17a, 70a, 77f and 146e; 2. Develop and implement national policy goals and
strategies for addressing deforestation and forest
degradation in a participatory manner - measures
29a and 29b; 3. Improve cooperation and coordination systems
in support of sustainable forest management
within national forest programs which involve all
stakeholders including indigenous people, forest
owners and local communities in forest decision
making - measures 17b, 17f, 17h, 40e and 77f; International legislative
framework of NFPs At the fourth MCPFE held in 2003 in
Vienna NFP was the central topic, as in the Vienna Liv-
ing Forest Summit Declaration [34] NFP was endorsed
as a means for inter-sectoral cooperation. The signa-
tory parties of the Resolution V1 [5] commit them-
selves to use the MCPFE Approach to NFPs, which is
annexed to the Resolution. Other resolutions of the
Vienna MCPFE in the same context endorse NFPs as
method of implementation of different segments of
sustainable forest management (Resolution V3 for so-
cial and cultural dimensions of SFM, Resolution V4 for
biological diversity and Resolution V5 for implemen-
tation of obligations stemming from the UNFCCC). Similar mode of endorsement of NFP was pres-
ent also in the fifth MCPFE held in Warsaw in 2007,
where in the Warsaw Declaration [35] signatory
states commit themselves to promotion of NFPs,
and in the Resolution W2 [36] commit to coordina-
tion of forest and water resources through NFPs
and integrated water resources management plans. The strategic importance of NFPs to forestry sector in
Pan-European context is evident from the Oslo Minis-
terial Decision [37] from the sixth MCPFE held in Oslo
in 2011, in which the developed and implemented
NFPs in all European countries is the first goal of for- estry for the year 2020. The EU policy shared the same
approach to the NFP as did the MCPFE in the pan-Eu-
ropean context, as the EU Forest strategy [38] identi-
fied NFPs as a framework through which forest-related
international commitments should be implemented. The same statement was made in the EU Forest action
plan [39]. The Action plan also states that the develop-
ment of NFPs should be done through application of
the open method of coordination, which is a method
based on voluntary actions of the member states of the
European Union, and on its soft law (quasi-legal instru-
ments which are not legally binding) mechanisms, such
as criteria and indicators, benchmarking, best practices
and broad participation. Participation and legitimacy
in NFP process From the perspective of public administration, there
are three rationales why public participation should be
included in environmental decision making [21]; it en-
hances information basis and the scrutiny of environ-
mental matters, it is a part in the well-established in-
ternational human right legislation, and it constitutes
a prerequisite for legitimacy, i.e. public acceptance of
decision. Based on Aarhus convention [22] and other
legislative acts, the same author gives a series of rec-
ommendations for participators decision making with-
in a NFP process, which are presented in Table 1. Since NFP process should cover wide range of topics
through usage of participatory mechanisms, the issue
of legitimization of the NFP process arises. This could
be solved [23] by making the scope of the process re-
stricted just to its participants, or making the process
“Pareto efficient”, i.e. to reallocate forest resources in
such a way that at least one party is better off, without International legislative
framework of NFPs Five years later in the Resolution L2 [31] the Pan-
European (quantitative) Criteria and Indicators for
Sustainable Forest Management (C&I for SFM [32])
were endorsed as a reference framework for the for-
mulation of NFPs. The NFP was gaining momentum in
the MCPFE process, as it was recognized as the first
qualitative indicator in the Improved Pan-European
Criteria and indicators for Sustainable Forest Man-
agement [33]. At the fourth MCPFE held in 2003 in
Vienna NFP was the central topic, as in the Vienna Liv-
ing Forest Summit Declaration [34] NFP was endorsed
as a means for inter-sectoral cooperation. The signa-
tory parties of the Resolution V1 [5] commit them-
selves to use the MCPFE Approach to NFPs, which is
annexed to the Resolution. Other resolutions of the
Vienna MCPFE in the same context endorse NFPs as
method of implementation of different segments of
sustainable forest management (Resolution V3 for so-
cial and cultural dimensions of SFM, Resolution V4 for
biological diversity and Resolution V5 for implemen-
tation of obligations stemming from the UNFCCC). Similar mode of endorsement of NFP was pres-
ent also in the fifth MCPFE held in Warsaw in 2007,
where in the Warsaw Declaration [35] signatory
states commit themselves to promotion of NFPs,
and in the Resolution W2 [36] commit to coordina-
tion of forest and water resources through NFPs
and integrated water resources management plans. The strategic importance of NFPs to forestry sector in
Pan-European context is evident from the Oslo Minis-
terial Decision [37] from the sixth MCPFE held in Oslo
in 2011, in which the developed and implemented
NFPs in all European countries is the first goal of for- the Resolution H3 [30], in which the members of the Eu-
ropean Community commit themselves to assist coun-
tries with economies in transition to develop their NFPs. Five years later in the Resolution L2 [31] the Pan-
European (quantitative) Criteria and Indicators for
Sustainable Forest Management (C&I for SFM [32])
were endorsed as a reference framework for the for-
mulation of NFPs. The NFP was gaining momentum in
the MCPFE process, as it was recognized as the first
qualitative indicator in the Improved Pan-European
Criteria and indicators for Sustainable Forest Man-
agement [33]. International legislative
framework of NFPs The origins of the NFP process can be found in
Tropical Forestry Action Program (TFAP), which was
an international response to the growing awareness
on deforestation. The TFAP was promoted by the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na-
tions (FAO) and the World Resources Institute (WRI),
which were supported by the World Bank (WB) and
the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The TFAP were a technocratic planning tool, imple-
mented by external staff, and focused mainly on
the forestry sector and its’ financial support [26]. This lineage can be seen as in 1999 FAO had defined
NFP as an instrument for coordinating external as-
sistance for a implementation of a strategic forestry
documents on a national level [8], and seven years
later [4] has moved to the broad definition from the
beginning of this text. It can be stated that generally
TFAP failed, due to the restricted point of view, lim-
ited agenda, fading sense of national ownership and
donor-dependency [4]. 4. Develop and apply criteria for effectiveness and
adequacy of forest programs - measures 58d and
71b; 5. Monitor and evaluate implementation progress
of a national forest program including the use of
criteria and indicators for sustainable forest man-
agement - measures 17a, 17d and 71b; 6. Develop and promote the concept and practice
of partnership, including partnership agreements,
between all actors in the implementation of na-
tional forest programs - measures 17a, 17i, 40g,
40n, 46e and 77c. Further call for implementation of the IPF/IFF Pro-
posals for action was made in the Non-legally Binding
Instrument on All Types of Forests [29]. The same doc-
ument also states that NFPs should be integrated with
instruments of sustainable development and poverty
reduction. At the United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development (UNCED) in 1992, within the Chap-
ter 11 of the Agenda 21, a commitment to the de-
velopment and implementation of “national forestry The importance of NFPs is also recognized within
Forests Europe (formerly known as the MCPFE) policy
process. The first mention of NFP in MCPFE process is in 51 M. Lovrić, N. Lovrić, D. Vuletić, I. Martinić the Resolution H3 [30], in which the members of the Eu-
ropean Community commit themselves to assist coun-
tries with economies in transition to develop their NFPs. TABLE 1 Participatory mechanisms exercised through
NFP process may lack democratic legitimization, since
stakeholders enrolled in it are “neither democratically
authorized nor accountable to the population” [24]. One way of circumventing this problem would be
opening up of the process to the public, but that would
cause serious difficulties in the organization of the
process, and would probably be met by a resistance of
the representatives of stake-holding groups. Such un-
restricted public access to the NFP process would also
negate representatives, as it would allow some actors
to expand their bargaining power simply by delegating
additional participants. Learning from the NFP process
in Germany, Elasser [24] argues that public acceptance
of forest policy goals could by more improved by ap-
propriately altering the partly incorrect public image
of forestry, rather than with providing detailed infor-
mation about specific goals and their background. Additional problem arise if unanimity is used, since
the probability of reaching any decision decreases
with the increase in the number of participants, thus
perpetuating status quo. Pragmatic solution to these
issues would be loosening the conditions of unanimity
and unrestricted access when the progress in the NFP
process is blocked. Other solutions to the veto situa-
tion would be [23]: The issue on what NFP is has made it difficult to list
which countries have it. One viable source for such list
on the pan-European scale is the data base of reports
on the pan-European Qualitative indicators for sus-
tainable forest management and national implemen-
tation of commitments of the Ministerial Conference
on the Protection of Forests in Europe, which belongs
to the UNECE [41]. From this data base Table 2 was
compiled, which provides some insight into the status
of NFPs in Europe Although the basis for this table are national reports
of the respective ministries to the UNECE, the data
presented in it should not be taken for granted, as the
analysis of the documents referenced in the reports
show that the criteria upon which they are character-
ized as a NFP or other types of documents is not clear. Examples issues are the categorizations forest Strate-
gies as formal NFPs in Croatia and Macedonia [42], or
German classification of their formal NFP [43] as being
a similar to NFP. Finland can be considered as a pioneer of formal
NFP process [44]. TABLE 1 Finnish NFP 2010 [45] was formu-
lated in 1999 through broad public participation (38
experts, 59 public forums with 2900 participants that
resulted in 190 written opinions), through strong co-
operation with six other ministries and both private
and public sector, and which was accompanied by for-
mulation of 13 regional forest programs. The general
orientation of this NFP is presented in the first sen-
tence of the summary, as the documents covers “…
forest utilization as seen from economic, ecological,
social and cultural perspective”. The same perspective
is kept in the strategic aims of the program, as 7 out
of 10 are primary economic. The document was re-
vised in 2005 – 2008 period, when Finland’s NFP 2015
was made [46]. The new program states the reasons
for the revision: “… the impacts of global competi-
tion and Russian wood duties as well as climate and
energy policy decisions of the EU”. The funding needs
of the new program also reflect these reasons, as now
only minor role is played by the Ministry of Agriculture
of Forestry. Accordingly, the general orientation has
also changed, and it is now “… to increase welfare
from diverse forests”, and only half of the strategic
aims are primary economic. • issue decomposition
tracing the specific element of the issue that
blocked the progress, and then removing it. • issue linkage
linking the specific element with many other, mak-
ing the entire package beneficial to all groups. The same paper also states a series of procedural
strategies for circumventing vetoes: concealing the is-
sue behind vague or ambiguous wording; presiding
from binding agreement to a more general notice of
attention; putting the disagreement into brackets for
later treatment and stating both views in the proposal
of the document. These are just some of the proce-
dural elements that the national leadership of the NFP
process gives governments considerable discretion to
change the relations among actors and ideas, thus af-
fecting in a considerable way the policy outcome [25]. TABLE 1 1Type of document – formal NFP process; Process guided by NFP principles; similar process; none of the above
INITIATION PHASE
PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF
THE PROCESS
OUTCOME AND IMPLEMENTATION
Political commitment to implementation of the
decision
Early participation
Participation in developing
the outcome
Sufficient financial resources
Genuine opportunity
to participate
Participation in implementation
Cross-sectoral representation
Access to information
Implementation has taken into
account outcome of participation
Independent
moderator / facilitator
Standardized rules for
participation
Legal review if implementation violates
decision
Agreement of sharing information and recogni-
tion of a long-term scope
Code of conduct
Transparent implementation
and monitoring
Procedures for monitoring
and evaluation
TABLE 1
Recommendations for high participation in NFP process (based on [21]) 52 Development of the Concept and Implementation of National Forest Programs with Reference to Croatia 70 partner countries, and 19 activities through 4 re-
gional initiatives [40]. making anyone worse off. The practice has showed that
this issue is usually resolved by broad stakeholder and
public participation, which could have similar issues on
its own. Participatory mechanisms exercised through
NFP process may lack democratic legitimization, since
stakeholders enrolled in it are “neither democratically
authorized nor accountable to the population” [24]. One way of circumventing this problem would be
opening up of the process to the public, but that would
cause serious difficulties in the organization of the
process, and would probably be met by a resistance of
the representatives of stake-holding groups. Such un-
restricted public access to the NFP process would also
negate representatives, as it would allow some actors
to expand their bargaining power simply by delegating
additional participants. Learning from the NFP process
in Germany, Elasser [24] argues that public acceptance
of forest policy goals could by more improved by ap-
propriately altering the partly incorrect public image
of forestry, rather than with providing detailed infor-
mation about specific goals and their background. Additional problem arise if unanimity is used, since
the probability of reaching any decision decreases
with the increase in the number of participants, thus
perpetuating status quo. Pragmatic solution to these
issues would be loosening the conditions of unanimity
and unrestricted access when the progress in the NFP
process is blocked. Other solutions to the veto situa-
tion would be [23]: making anyone worse off. The practice has showed that
this issue is usually resolved by broad stakeholder and
public participation, which could have similar issues on
its own. Overview of NFP selected process p
The organization that is a global leader in endors-
ing the NFP on a global scale is the FAO and its NFP
Facility. The Facility has been established in 2002 with
the goal of supporting stakeholder involvement in the
forest policy process. Majority of their activities are set
in South America, Africa and Southeast Asia. Up to
March 2012 they have implemented 749 activities in From all the NFP documents enlisted in the UNECE
data base the Swiss NFP for the 2004-2015 period
[47] has gone the farthest as regards to the opera-
tionalization of the strategic aims and in the scope
of participation. Each objective has its indicator with 53 M. Lovrić, N. Lovrić, D. Vuletić, I. Overview of NFP selected process Martinić TABLE 2
Status of implementation of NFPs in Europe Country
Type of
docu-
ment1
Start of the
process /
year of the
most recent
document
Inclu-
sion of
stake-
holders
(out
of 10
groups)
Uptake
of
MCPFE
instru-
ments
(out of
6)
Country
Type of
docu-
ment1
Start
of the
process
/ year of
the most
recent
document
Inclusion
of stake-
holders
(out
of 10
groups)
Uptake of
MCPFE in-
struments
(out of 6)
Albania
guided
by
1995/2005
2
5
Macedonia
formal
2006/2006
5
2
Austria
formal
2003/2005
10
6
Republic of
Moldova
similar
2001/2001
6
0
Belarus
guided
by
2007/2007
2
1
Monte-
negro
guided by 2006/2008
6
1
Belgium
Similar
2009/2011
9
4
Norway
guided by 1998/2009
6
2
Bulgaria
guided
by
2006/2006
9
3
Poland
similar
1997/2005
2
2
Croatia
formal
2003/2003
6
1
Portugal
guided by 1996/2006
6
1
Cyprus
formal
2000/2002
5
1
Romania
similar
2000/2005
9
1
Czech
Republic
formal
2003/2008
6
5
Russian
Federation
-
2007/2008
5
1
Denmark
formal
2001/2001
9
1
Slovak
Republic
formal
2006/2007
4
4
Finland
formal
1993/2008
9
2
Slovenia
formal
1997/2007
9
3
France
formal
2006/2006
6
4
Spain
similar
1999/2008
6
5
Germany
Similar
2008/2008
-
0
Sweden
similar
2008/2008
9
1
Hungary
formal
2004/2007
4
2
Switzerland
formal
2004/2004
10
3
Italy
Similar
2008/2009
5
4
Turkey
formal
2004/2004
1
3
Latvia
guided
by
1998/1998
7
3
United
Kingdom
similar
2003/2003
4
2
Lithuania
formal
2002/2007
6
2
Ukraine
guided by 2002/2010
5
3
TABLE 2
Status of implementation of NFPs in Europe
1 Type of document – formal NFP process; Process guided by NFP principles; similar process; none of the above, Perhaps an unique example of a NFP process is the
Kyrgyz one, in which a full logical sequence of policy
documents and reforms has been made [48]. Entire
process was performed with the assistance of the Kyr-
gyz-Swiss Forestry Support Program (1995-2009), by
whose help the entire organizational structure of the
sector has changed [49]. concrete target value, strategic direction, list of mea-
sures, implementing agency with list of partners and
follow-up measures. The document was developed
in 2002 and 2003 by six working groups comprising
out of 130 experts, organized according to the Pan-
European Criteria and indicators for Sustainable For-
est Management. Overview of NFP selected process There were also an NFP Forum with
28 decision makers, and a series of 35 seminars and
workshops with 3400 participants. The result was an
NFP document with balanced ecological, economical
and social components. The formulation of strategic documents was done
through the usage of a “mixed method” of decision
making [50], by which the deductive instrumental 54 Development of the Concept and Implementation of National Forest Programs with Reference to Croatia (“top-down”) approach is combined the communica-
tive (“bottom-up”) approach. Practically this means
the application of through negotiations between all
interest groups in all steps of instrumental rationality
(identification of problems, formulation of objectives,
selection of means and implementation, monitoring
and evaluation). Conceptually a sequence of policy re-
form can be represented by a “double spiral of power
re-distribution” [50], in which the first outward spiral
is characterized by a policy learning process, and is
followed by an inward spiral characterized by policy
negotiation. made [56] The document is essentially a list of sector-
specific, ecologically oriented broad guidelines with
indicators that have no threshold values, and with no
financial frame of implementation. Although opera-
tional plan with concrete measures and responsible
actors was set to supplement the NFP, until now such
document was not made. NFP process of Serbia can be characterized as a pro-
cess of change. It began in 2003 with FAO’s project
“Institution development and capacity building for
NFP of Serbia” and continued in 2005 with another
FAO’s project “Forest sector development in Serbia”. The most important outcomes of the projects [57]
were the Draft National Forest Policy, which was ad-
opted in 2006 as a Strategy, and the fourth draft of
the Law on Forests, which didn’t came into power so
far. At the same time the project of the Norwegian
Forestry Group “Program for forest sector of Serbia”
focused on more technical aspects of policy change,
such as development of cost-effective forest manage-
ment, development GIS capacities, national forest
inventory and forest certification. All of those have
strengthened and changed institutional environment
of the forest sector in Serbia, and strive to a goal of
National forest program in compliance to the proce-
dural requirements of new modes of governance and
adherence to the international forest-related commit-
ments. So far such document has not been made. The National Concept (i.e. Overview of NFP selected process a strategy) for Forestry
Development was made in 1999, and since it com-
prised mostly out of short-term provisions, it was re-
vised in 2004. National forest program was made the
same year [52] which disseminated the 10 strategic
lines in finer detail. The NFP explicitly specifies the
need for Integrated Management Plans as a basic tool
for its practical implementation at the sub-national
level [48], and sets a clear division between control/
regulation responsibilities and economic function
that should be privatized. The essence of the ten stra-
tegic lines was also kept in the National Action Plan
(NAP) [53], which regulated the development of the
sector in the period 2006-2010. Both NFP and NAP in
Kyrgyzstan have clearly defined implementing agen-
cies, expected results, indicators, resources and time
frame. The NFP process in the Federation of Bosnia is much
more focused than in Serbia, in which the outline of
the NFP document [58] has been made with balanced
aims and list of thematic areas. Strong participation
is present in many detailed sub-sectoral progress re-
ports that have operational action plans with indica-
tors, deadlines and implementing agencies; however
so far there is no unifying text. The organizational changes that were introduced
by the NAP led the sector to the increasing of author-
ity of the central administration. However, the imple-
mentation of the NAP can be characterized as poor
[49]. The strategic documents were not followed by
a new law that would support it, and the same situa-
tion is with by-laws. In 2011, the state forest imple-
menting agency had staff of 11, and so the field-level
forestry enterprises played a key role in the sector. These organizations had too poor funding to improve
the status of forest, and very low salaries of its em-
ployees stimulated illegal logging [49]. In this case
it seems that when the donor-driven “by-the-book
type” reforms ended, the strategic determinants of
the sector failed to cope with the day-to-day reality
of a transition country. Power relations and
procedural design of NFP p
g
Power distribution among participants of the NFP
process is an important factor contributing to the in-
fluence of stakeholders to the NFP process, and thus
to the degree of realization of their interest in the
outcome document. Most probably any NFP process
will contain uneven distribution of representation of
interests, due to the facts that specialized interest
groups are more likely to be organized than general
interests [59], and that costs and benefits of partici-
pation differ among interest groups [23]. One way
of managing power misbalance would be designing
the participatory and procedural aspects of NFP on a
strong foundation in stakeholder analysis that makes
the power relations overt; an example of which could
be the work of International Institute for Environment
and Development [60]. Another issue would be the A good example of different type of progression in
formal NFP is Slovenia, who’s first NFP [54] is in fact a
strategy [55] with a strong ecological orientation. The
Strategy was accompanied with an Operational Pro-
gram of forest development 1996-2000, which only
provided a financial framework for the goals set in
the Strategy. Second NFP process started in 2005, and
in 2007, with the help of five thematic workshops
and 14 regional forums, Slovenian second NFP was 55 M. Lovrić, N. Lovrić, D. Vuletić, I. Martinić Not taking enough account of the power rela-
tions among stakeholders may even cause writing
of an obituary to the NFP concept itself [60], as the
Finnish NFP 2010 with its strong adherence to pro-
cedural justice produced symbolic NFP program
dominated by neo-corporatist network of key forest
policy stakeholders that pushed for enlargement of
timber production subsidies [63, 64]. In Germany the
NFP process was used by the forestry coalition to stall
at that time powerful nature conservation coalition
in a long lasting negotiation process, with the goal
of perpetuating the status quo. In Bulgaria the NFP
process was understood by three different coalitions
(state forestry, private forestry and the nature protec-
tion) as a tool to transform their policy core beliefs
into public policy – and when it became obvious that
this could not happen, the process was abandoned
[10]. Power relations and
procedural design of NFP The examples described above show that usage
of the deliberative mode of governance (and all of its
principles that the scientific literature suggests) does
not guarantee outcome justice in a NFP process, and
that just as easily due to the determinants of power
misbalance mean the consolidation of power of the
major stakeholders. principal-agent problem [61], by which the represen-
tatives of stakeholder groups may have little bargain-
ing power, and that they may have their self-interest
that diverge from the interests of their principals. This
problem can be circumvented if the process is com-
posed out of high-ranking representatives that have
more discretionary power. principal-agent problem [61], by which the represen-
tatives of stakeholder groups may have little bargain-
ing power, and that they may have their self-interest
that diverge from the interests of their principals. This
problem can be circumvented if the process is com-
posed out of high-ranking representatives that have
more discretionary power. Goals within NFP process may be weakly defined,
because powerful users of forests are opposed to
further regulation through binding decisions, and so
goal setting and inter-sectoral coordination within
a NFP process may have just symbolic success in a
form of a binding document that will not produce
and substantial change. As such, the NFP document
can be used by those leading the process as a tool by
which they can raise public demand for their specific
interests (as opposed to similar strategic documents
from other sectors). Based on regional planning ex-
periences from 11 Central European Countries, Krott
[62] makes the following recommendations for the
formulation of NFP: • Focus on selected goals in which broad coordi-
nation of stakeholders can be achieved, in order
to ensure at least some binding potential of the
document. The power relations among national stakeholders
are not only determinant of the NFP process. The reli-
ance on externally funded projects in the short run
produces an NFP process characterized with strong
procedural justice (as in Kyrgyz and Serbian case), but
in the long run halts the process when the funding
ends; as in Serbia it is unclear whether a document
more substantive than the Strategy will be made, and
the implementation of the strategic documents in
Kyrgyzstan is under question. Perspectives of NFP
development in Croatia Another momentum may
be the strengthening of the nature protection sector,
notably the State institute on nature protection [74]
which may through the upcoming implementation of
the EU nature protection network – Natura 2000 may
have significant impact on the NFP and the forestry
sector in general. Further perturbations may come in
raising the importance of economic viability of forests
due to the general stagnating economic situation in
Croatia, which would then ease the access of some
members of the forestry coalition to the central gov-
ernment. The national economic situation together
with the upcoming accession to EU may raise the im-
portance of the elements outside of the policy sub-
system to a level in which the power relations and
conflicts [71] may not play the leading role (as in the
case of second Finnish NFP). As stipulated previously, making the conflicts overt
and recognizing the power relations among stake-
holders is a prerequisite for a NFP which is not just
symbolically accepted; otherwise these factors will
impede its implementation. And as the theory behind
NFP suggest, we should step out the frame of classi-
cal, instrumental rationality (practical solution gained
through participatory formulation and participation)
onto the communicative rationality, in which there
is a continuous exchange between stakeholders that
leads to change and adaptation of institutional ar-
rangements. In this light the lack of ratification or
the implementation of NFPs may not be considered
negatively, for it is the process itself that is most im-
portant, as is represents the true test of “failure” or
“success”. The time for evaluation of the current stra-
tegic forestry goals in Croatia has clearly come, and
for its policy subsystem to enter an inward spiral of
negotiations that would result in a formal NFP. And
regardless on the specifics of the outcome document,
such process is needed as it would bring about insti-
tutional arrangements fitting to the current situation. Within the conceptual framework of Advocacy Co-
alition Framework [72], the NFP process in Croatia
would have to encompass conflicts between different
core beliefs and/or policy core beliefs of different co-
alitions (namely coalitions of forestry and nature pro-
tection) that would be impervious to policy oriented
learning. Perspectives of NFP
development in Croatia national legislation both in its outcomes and in the
process itself (i.e. usage of qualitative C&I for SFM as
a policy platform). However, overly relying on external
factors may impede one of the basic principles of NFP
– country leadership, and thus lower the implementa-
tion of NFP on symbolic level once the funding ends. Strategic planning of the forestry sector is defined
by the National Forest Policy and Strategy [68], which
categorizes its activities into three time-categories:
short-term (2003-2006), mid-term (2006-2008) and
long-term (2008-). The activities are defined with re-
spect to the strategic documents of the nature pro-
tection sector and international commitments, dis-
seminated into the following topics: Management of
forest ecosystems; Forest administration and legisla-
tion; Non-wood forest products; Forest based indus-
try; Environment and physical planning; Education,
research and international cooperation; Public rela-
tions. Assessment of the current situation transpar-
ently points to different issues, such as overlapping of
different parts of state administration, restructuring
of the Croatian Forests Ltd. (the state forest manage-
ment company), management problems of private
forests, under-managed non-wood forest products
and the status of the wood-processing industry. How-
ever, unlike the realistic depiction of the status-quo,
the strategic activities have been defined in an over-
ambitious manner, and thus mostly have not been
implemented. Although there is no explicit mention
of NFP in the Strategy, it is defined as a principle in-
strument of the national forest policy in the Law on
forests [69]. Croatia so far does not have an NFP. Ac-
cording to intermediary assessment of the Strategy
[70]. 49% of the short-term activities and 33% of
mid-term and long-term activities have been imple-
mented. Due to the changes that have had happened
from the defining of the Strategy [71] and its par-
tial implementation, there is a need for a process in
which new goals for the forestry sector are to be set. Another momentum that could influence the NFP
process are the external perturbations that may weak-
en the cohesion of the forestry coalitions, as parts of
it (such as representatives of private forests, parts of
the scientific community and private consulting com-
panies) may modify their policy beliefs in order to
reduce the uncertainty caused by the possible reor-
ganization of the state forest management company
– Croatian Forests Ltd., or by the further diminishing
of the “green tax” (OKFŠ). Power relations and
procedural design of NFP • Make clear to forest users that the NFP process
is a tool by which the sector will cope actively
with demands and restrictions coming from its
surrounding – this will diminish their rejection of
additional regulation. • Combine the NFP formulation with the modern-
ization of the state forest enterprise – with clearly
defining the multiple productions of forests (such
as recreation, nature protection and non-wood
forest products). With this strategy specific state
budgets can be formulated, and NFP could help
legitimize the demands of the state forest enter-
prise towards the public funds and the central
government – and by doing so, NFP would gain a
powerful supporter. The usage of NFP as a mechanism for implemen-
tation of international legislation is evident in all re-
viewed European examples. However the uptake of
MCPFE instruments (most notably C&I for SFM) is not
pronounced. Although the C&I for SFM are extensive-
ly used in the mostly technical reporting on forests
[65, 66], from the data base of the UNECE of reports
on the pan-European Qualitative indicators for SFM
and national implementation of commitments of the
MCPFE it is evident that they are not widely recog-
nized as a platform upon which national forestry pro-
cesses are built. This situation is currently being re-
searched within the “CI-SFM” (Implementing Criteria
and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management in
Europe) project led by the EFICENT-OEF office of the
European forest institute [67], The qualitative C&I for
SFM are recognized in the international forest policy
domain, as they are one of the platforms for the ne-
gotiations on a legally binding agreement of forests
in Europe. • Mediation – Use NFP as a mediator between all
forest users, and so maintains its political influ-
ence. Mediation has its problems, since it re-
quires social skills not common to foresters, and
that certain interest groups and other parts of
state administration might become aware of the
power and increase in competence that the me-
diator role brings, and thus they might challenge
it. • Use NFP as an innovation tool for bringing about
new products that are specific to forestry – ex-
amples of the stated may be creation of a market
for the vast forest-related data contained within
the information system of the state forest man-
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| 39,749 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassispira%20annella
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Crassispira annella
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crassispira annella&action=history
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English
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Spoken
| 169 | 324 |
Crassispira annella is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.
Description
The length of the shell attains 8 mm; its diameter 3 mm.
Distribution
Fossils have been found in Pliocene strata of the Bowden Formation of Jamaica; also on Saint Thomas; age range: 3.6 to 2.588 Ma
References
W. P. Woodring. 1928. Miocene Molluscs from Bowden, Jamaica. Part 2: Gastropods and discussion of results. Contributions to the Geology and Palaeontology of the West Indies. Contributions to the Geology and Palaeontology of the West Indies
W. P. Woodring. 1970. Geology and paleontology of canal zone and adjoining parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Eulimidae, Marginellidae to Helminthoglyptidae). United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 306(D):299–452
A. J. W. Hendy, D. P. Buick, K. V. Bulinski, C. A. Ferguson, and A. I. Miller. 2008. Unpublished census data from Atlantic coastal plain and circum-Caribbean Neogene assemblages and taxonomic opinions.
External links
Fossilworks : Crassispira annella
annella
Gastropods described in 1928
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bub_gb_xLVb6fXPgRYC_6
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French-PD-diverse
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Voyage en Espagne (Tras los montes)
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Gautier, Théophile, 1811-1872
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French
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Spoken
| 7,352 | 11,661 |
Il y a peut-être quelques exceptions, mais en petit nom bre. N'allez pas vous imaginer que les habitations des gens de la haute classe soient meublées avec plus de goût et de richesse. Ces descriptions, de l'exactitude la plus scrupu leuse, s'appliquent à des maisons de gens ayant voiture et huit ou dix domestiques. Les stores sont toujours baissés, les volets à moitié fermés, de sorte qu'il reste dans les ap partements une espèce de tiers de jour auquel il fau s'accoutumer pour savoir discerner les objets, surtou lorsque l'on vient du dehors; ceux qui sont dans la cham bre voient parfaitement, mais ceux qui arrivent sont aveu gles pour huit ou dix minutes, surtout lorsqu'une des piè Digitized by Google VOYAGE EN ESPAGNlî. 107 ces précédentes est éclairée. On dit que d'habiles mathé maticiennes ont fait sur cette combinaison d'optique des calculs dont il résulte une sécurité parfaite pour un tête à-tête intime dans un appartement ainsi disposé. La chaleur est excessive à Madrid, elle se déclare tout d'un coup sans la transition du printemps; aussi dit-on, à propos de la température de Madrid : Trois mois d'hiver, neuf mois d'enfer. On ne peut se mettre à l'abri de cette pluie de feu, qu'en se tenant dans des chambres basses, oùrègne une obscurité presque complète, et où un perpétuel arrosage entretient l'humidité. Ce besoin de fraîcheur a fait naître la mode des bucaros, bizarre et sauvage raffi nement qui n'aurait rien d'agréable pour nos petites maî tresses françaises, mais qui semble une recherche du meilleur goût aux belles Espagnoles. Les buca?*os sont des espèces de pots en terre rouge d'A mérique, assez semblable à celle dont sont faites les che minées des pipes turques; il y en a de toutes formes et de toutes grandeurs; quelques-uns sont relevés de filets de dorure et semés de fleurs grossièrement peintes. Comme on n'en fabrique plus en Amérique, les bucaros commen cent à devenir rares, et dans quelques années seront in trouvables et fabuleux comme le vieux Sèvres; alors tout le monde en aura. Quand on veut se servir des bucaros, on en place sept ou huit sur le marbre des guéridons ou des encoignures, on les remplit d'eau, et on va s'asseoir sur un canapé pour attendre qu'ils produisent leur effet et pour en savourer le plaisir avec le recueillement convenable. L'argile prend alors une teinte plus foncée, l'eau pénètre ses pores, et les bucaros ne tardent pas à entrer en sueur et à répandre un parfum qui ressemble à l'odeur du plâtre mouillé ou d'une cave humide que l'on n'aurait pas ouverte depuis longtemps,. Cette transpiration des bucaros est tellement abondante, qu'au bout d'une heure la moitié de l'eau s'est évaporée ; celle qui reste dans le vase est froide comme la Digitized by Google 108 VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE glace, et a contracté un goût de puits et de citerne assez nauséabond, mais qui est trouvé délicieux par les aficio nados. Une demi-douzaine de bucaros suffit pour impré . gner l'air d'un boudoir d'une telle humidité, qu'elle vous saisit en entrant; c'est une espèce de bain de vapeur à froid. Non contentes d'en humer le parfum, d'en boire l'eau, quelques personnes mâchent de petits fragments do buca7vs, les réduisent en poudre et finissent par les avaler. J'ai vu quelques soirées ou tertulias, elles n'ont rien de remarquable ; on y danse au piano comme en France, mais d'une façon encore plus moderne et plus lamentable, s'il est possible. Je ne conçois pas que des gens qui dan sent si peu ne prennent pas franchement la résolution de ne pas danser du tout, cela serait plus simple et tout aussi amusant; la peur d'être accusées de boléro, de fandango ou de cachucha, rend les femmes d'une immobilité par faite. Leur costume est très-simple, en comparaison de celui des hommes, toujours mis comme des gravures de modes. Je fis la même remarque au palais de Villa-Her mosa, à la représentation au bénéfice des enfants trouvés, Ninosde la Cuna, où se trouvaient la reine mère, la petite reine et tout ce que Madrid renferme de beau et grand monde. Des femmes deux fois duchesses et quatre fois marquises avaient des toilettes que dédaignerait à Paris une modiste allant en soirée chez une couturière ; elles ne savent plus s'habiller à l'espagnole, mais elles ne savent pas encore s'habiller à la française, et, si elles n'étaient pas si jolies, elles courraient souvent le risque d'être ridi cules. Une fois seulement, à un bal, je vis une femme en basquine de satin rose, garnie de cinq à six rangs de blonde noire, comme celle de Fanny Elssler dans le Diable boi teux ; mais elle avait été à Paris, où on lui avait révélé le costume espagnol. Les tertulias ne doivent pas coûter très-cher à ceux qui les donnent. Les rafraîchissements y brillent par leur absence : ni thé, ni glace, ni punch ; seu lement sur une table, dans un premier salon, sont dispo VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. 109 sés une douzaine de verres d'eau, parfaitement limpide, avec une assiette ù'azucarillos ; mais on passe générale ment pour un homme indiscret et sur sa bouche, comme dirait la madame Desjardins de Henri Monnier, si l'on pous sait le sardanapalisme jusqu'à sucrer son eau; ceci se passe dans les maisons les plus riches : ce n'est pas par avarice, mais telle est la coutume; d'ailleurs la sobriété érémitique des Espagnols s'accommode parfaitement de ce régime. Quant aux mœurs, ce n'est pas en six semaines que l'on pénètre le caractère d'un peuple et les usages d'une so ciété. Cependant l'on reçoit de la nouveauté une impres sion qui s'efface pendant un long séjour. Il m'a semblé que les femmes, en Espagne, avaient la haute main et jouissaient d'une plus grande liberté qu'en France. La contenance des hommes vis-à-vis d'elles m'a paru très humble et très-soumise ; ils rendent leurs devoirs avec une exactitude et une ponctualité scrupuleuses, et expriment leurs flammes par des vers de toute mesure, rimés, asso nants, sueltos et autres; dès l'instant qu'ils ont mis leur cœur aux pieds d'une beauté, il ne leur est plus permis de danser qu'avec des trisaïeules. La conversation des femmes de cinquante ans, et d'une laideur constatée, leur est seule accordée. Ils ne peuvent plus faire de visites dans les mai sons où il y a une jeune femme : un visiteur des plus assi dus disparaît tout à coup et revient au bout de six mois ou d'un an; sa maîtresse lui avait défendu cette maison : on le reçoit comme s'il était venu la veille; cela est par faitement admis. Autant que l'on en peut juger à la pre mière vue, les Espagnoles ne sont pas capricieuses en amour, et les liaisons qu'elles forment durent souvent plusieurs années. Au bout de quelques soirées passées dans une réunion, les couples se discernent aisément et sont visibles à l'œil nu. — Si l'ov veut avoir madame **% il faut inviter M.***, et réciproquement ; les maris sont admirablement civilisés et valent les .maris parisiens les plus débonnaires : nulle apparence de cette antique jalou 10 Digitized by 110 VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. sie espagnole, sujet de tant de drames et de mélodrames. Pour achever d'ôter l'illusion, tout le monde parle français en perfection, et, grâce à quelques élégants qui passent l'hiver à Paris et vont dans les coulisses de l'Opéra, le rai le plus chétif, la marcheuse la plus ignorée, sont parfai tement connus à Madrid. J'ai trouté là ce qui n'existe peut être en aucun autre lieu de l'univers, un admirateur pas sionné de mademoiselle Louise Fitzjames, dont le nom nous servira de transition pour passer de la tertulia au théâtre. Le théâtre del Principe est d'une distribution assez com mode; on y joue des drames, des comédies, des saynètes et des intermèdes. J'y ai vu représenter une pièce de don Antonio Gil y Zarate, Don Carlos el Heschizado, charpen tée tout à fait dans le goût shakspearien. Don Carlos res semble fort au Louis XIII de Marion de Lorme, et la scène du moine, dans la prison, est imitée de la visite de Claude Frollo à la Esmeralda dans le cachot où elle attend la mort. Le rôle de Carlos est rempli par Julian Roméa, acteur d'un admirable talent, à qui je ne connais pas de rival, excepté Frédérik Lemaître, dans un genre tout opposé; il est im possible de porter l'illusion et la vérité plus loin.Mathilde Diez est aussi une actrice de premier ordre : elle nuance avec une délicatesse exquise et une finesse d'intention surprenante. Je ne lui trouve qu'un défaut, c'est l'extrême volubilité de son débit, défaut qui n'en est pas un pour les Espagnols. Don Antonio Guzman, le gracioso, ne seraitdé placé sur aucune scène; il rappelle beaucoup Legrand, et, dans certains moments, Arnal. On donne aussi au théâtre del Principe des pièces féeriques, entremêlées de danses et de divertissements. J'y ai vu représenter, sous le titre de la Pata de Cabra, une imitation du Pied de Mouton, joué autrefois à la Gaieté. La partie chorégraphique était sin gulièrement médiocre : les premiers sujets ne valent pas les simples doublures de l'Opéra ; en revanche, les com parses déploient une intelligence extraordinaire ; le pas Digitized by Google VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. 111 des Cyclopes est exécuté avec une précision et une netteté rares : quant au baile national, il n'existe pas. On nous avait dit à Vittoria, à Burgos et à Valladolid, que les bon nes danseuses étaient à Madrid ; à Madrid, l'on nous a dit que les véritables danseuses de cachucha n'existaient qu'en Andalousie, à Séville. Nous verrons bien ; mais nous avons peur qu'en fait de danses espagnoles, il ne nous faille en revenir à Fanny Elssler et aux deux sœurs Noblet. Dolorès Serrai, qui a fait une si vive sensation à Paris, où nous avons été un des premiers à signaler l'audace passionnée, la souplesse voluptueuse et la grâce pétulante qui caracté risaient sa danse, a paru plusieurs fois sur le théâtre de Madrid sans produire le moindre effet, tellement le sens et l'intelligence des anciens pas nationaux sont perdus en Espagne. Quand on exécute la jotà aragonesà, ou le boléro, tout le beau monde se lève et s'en va ; il ne reste que les étrangers et la canaille, en qui l'instinct poétique est tou jours plus difficile à éteindre. L'auteur français le plus en réputation à Madrid est Frédéric Soulié ; presque tous les drames traduits du français lui sont attribués : il paraît avoir succédé à la vogue de M. Scribe. Nous voilà au courant de ce côté ; il s'agit d'en finir avec les monuments publics : ce sera bientôt fait. Le pa lais de la reine est un grand bâtiment très-carré, très-so lide, en belles pierres bien liées, avec beaucoup de fenê tres, un nombre équivalent de portes, des colonnes ioniques, des pilastres doriques, tout ce qui constitue un monument de bon goût. Les immenses terrasses qui le soutiennent et les montagnes chargées de neige de la Guadarrama sur lesquelles il se découpe, rehaussent ce que sa silhouette pourrait avoir d'ennuyeux et de vulgaire. Vélasquez, Maella, Bayeu, Tiepolo y ont peint de beaux plafonds plus ou moins allégoriques ; le grand escalier est très-beau, et Napoléon le trouva préférable à celui des Tuileries. Le bâtiment où se tiennent les cortès est entremêlé de flî VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. colonnes pœstumniennes et de lions en perruque d'un goût fort abominable : je doute qu'on puisse faire de bonnes lois dans une architecture pareille. En face de la chambre des cortès s'élève au milieu de la place une statue en bronze de Miguel Cervantes ; il est louable sans doute d'élever une statue à l'immortel auteur du Don Quichotte, mais on aurait bien dû la faire meilleure. Le monument aux victimes du Dos de Mayo est situé sur le Prado, non loin du musée de peinture; en l'aper cevant, je me suis cru un instant transporté sur la place de la Concorde à Paris, et je vis, comme dans un mirage fantastique, le vénérable obélisque de Luxor, que jusqu'à présent je n'avais jamais soupçonné de vagabondage ; c'est une espèce de cippe en granit gris, surmonté d'un obélisque de granit rougeâtre assez semblable de ton à celui de l'aiguille égyptienne ; l'effet est assez beau et ne manque pas d'une certaine gravité funèbre. Il est à re gretter que l'obélisque ne soit pas d'un seul morceau; des inscriptions en l'honneur des victimes sont gravées en lettres d'or sur les côtés du socle. Le Dos de Mayo est un épisode héroïque et glorieux, dont les Espagnols abusent légèrement ; on ne voit partout que des gravures et des tableaux sur ce sujet. Vous n'avez pas de peine à croire que nous n'y sommes pas représentés en beau : on nous a faits aussi affreux que des Prussiens du Cirque Olympique. L'Armeria ne répond pas à l'idée que Ton s'en fait. Le musée d'artillerie de Paris est incomparablement plus riche et plus complet. Il y a peu d'armures entières et d'un assemblage authentique à l'Armeria de Madrid. Des casques d'une époque antérieure et postérieure sont placés sur des cuirasses d'un style différent. On donne pour raison de ce désordre que, lors de l'invasion des Français, on cacha dans des greniers toutes ces curieuses reliques, et que là elles se confondirent et se mêlèrent sans qu'il ait été possible ensuite de les réunir et de les remonter avec certitude. Ainsi il ne faut en aucune façon se fier aux indi Digitized by Google VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. 113 cations des gardiens. On nous fit voir comme étant la voi ture de Jeanne la Folle, mère de Charles-Quint, un car rosse en bois sculpté d'un admirable travail, et qui évi demment ne pouvait remonter plus haut que le règne de Louis XIV. La carriole de Charles-Quint, avec ses coussins et ses courtines de cuir, nous paraît beaucoup plus vrai semblable. Il y a très-peu d'armes moresques : deux ou trois boucliers, quelques yatagans, voilà tout. Ce qu'il y a de plus curieux, ce sont les selles brodées, étoiiées d'or et d'argent, écaillées de lames d'acier, qui sont en grand nombre et de formes bizarres ; mais il n'y a rien de cer tain sur la date et sur la personne à laquelle elles ont appartenu. Les Anglais admirent beaucoup une espèce de fiacre triomphal en fer battu offert à Ferdinand vers 4823 ou 4824. Indiquons en passant, et pour mémoire, quelques fon taines d'un rococo très-corrompu, mais assez amusant, le pont de Tolède, d'un mauvais goût, très-riche et très orné, avec cassolettes, oves et chicorées, quelques églises bariolées bizarrement et surmontées de clochetons mosco* vîtes, et dirigeons-nous vers le Buen-Retiro, résidence royale située à quelques pas du Prado. Nous autres Fran çais, qui avons Versailles, Saint-Cioud, qui avons eu Marly, nous sommes difficiles en fait de résidences royales ; le Buen-Retiro nous paraît devoir réaliser le rêve d'un épicier cossu : c'est un jardin rempli de fleurs communes, mais voyantes, de petits bassins ornés de rocailles et de bossages vermiculés avec des jets d'eau dans le goût des devantures des marchands de comestibles, de pièces d'eau verdâtres où flottent des cygnes de bois peints en blanc et vernis, et autres merveilles d'un goût médiocre. Les naturels du pays tombent en extase devant un certain pavillon rustique bâti en rondins, et dont l'intérieur a des prétentions assez indoues; le premier jardin turc, le jar din turc naïf et patriarcal, avec kiosques vitrés de car reaux de couleur, par où l'on voyait des paysages bleus, 10. Digitized by Google 114 VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. verts et rouges, était bien supérieur comme goût et comme magnificence. Il y a surtout un certain chalet qui est bien la chose la plus ridicule et la plus bouffonne que Ton puisse imaginer. A côté de ce chalet se trouve une étable garnie d'une chèvre et de son chevreau empaillés, et d'une truie de pierre grise tetée par des marcassins de la même matière. A quelques pas du chalet, le guide se dé tache, ouvre mystérieusement la porte, et, quand il vous appelle et vous permet enfin d'entrer, vous entendez un bruit sourd de rouages et de contre-poids, et vous vous trouvez face à face avec d'affreux automates qui battent le beurre, filent au rouet, ou bercent de leurs pieds de bois des enfants de bois couchés dans leurs berceaux sculptés ; dans la pièce voisine, le grand-père malade est couché dans son lit, — sa potion est à côté de lui sur la table ; Ton a poussé le scrupule jusqu'à poser sous la cou chette une urne indescriptible, mais fort bien imitée; voilà un résumé fort exact des principales magnificences du Retiro. Une belle statue équestre en bronze de Phi lippe V, dont la pose ressemble à la statue de la place des Victoires, relève un peu toutes ces pauvretés. Le musée de Madrid, dont la description demanderait un volume entier, est d'une richesse extrême : les Titien, les Raphaël, les Paul Véronèse, les Rubens, les Vélasquez, les Ribeira et les Murillo y abondent; les tableaux sont fort bien éclairés, et l'architecture du monument ne man que pas de style, surtout à l'intérieur. La façade qui donne sur le Prado est d'assez mauvais goût ; mais en somme la construction fait honneur à l'architecte Villa Nueva, qui en a donné le plan. — Le musée visité, allez voir au cabi net d'histoire naturelle le mastodonte ou dinotkerium gi gantœum, merveilleux fossile avec des os comme des bar res d'airain, qui doit être pour le moins le behemot de la Rible, un morceau d'or vierge qui pèse seize livres, les gongs chinois dont le son, quoi qu'on en dise, ressemble beaucoup à celui des chaudrons dans lesquels on donne un Digitized by Google VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. III coup de pied, et une suite de tableaux représentant toutes les variétés qui peuvent naître du croisement des races blanches, noires et cuivrées. N'oubliez pas à l'académie trois admirables tableaux de Murillo : la Fondation de Sainte-Marie Majeure (deux sujets), Sainte Elisabeth la vant la tête à des teigneux ; deux ou trois admirables Ri beira ; un Enterrement du Greco, dont quelques portions sont dignes du Titien ; une esquisse fantastique du même Greco, représentant des moines en train d'accomplir des pénitences, qui dépassent tout ce que Lewis ou Anne Rad cliffe ont pu rêver de plus mystérieusement funèbre ; et une charmante femme en costume espagnol, couchée sur un divan, du bon vieux Goya, le peintre national par excel lence, qui semble être venu au monde tout exprès pour recueillir les derniers vestiges des anciennes mœurs, qui allaient s'effacer. Francisco Goya y Lucientes est le petit-fils encore recon naissable de Vélasquez. Après lui viennent les Aparicio, les Lopez ; la décadence est complète, le cycle de l'art est fermé. Qui le rouvrira ? C'est un étrange peintre, un singulier génie que Goya ! — Jamais originalité ne fut plus tranchée, jamais artiste espagnol ne fut plus local. — Un croquis de Goya, quatre coups de pointe dans un nuage d'aqua-tinta en disent plus sur les mœurs du pays que les plus longues descriptions. Par son existence aventureuse, par sa fougue, par ses ta lents multiples, Goya semble appartenir aux belles épo ques de l'art, et cependant c'est en quelque sorte un contemporain : il est mort à Bordeaux en 1828= Avant d'arriver à l'appréciation de son œuvre, esquis sons sommairement sa biographie. Don Francisco Goya y Lucientes naquit en Aragon de parents dans une position de fortune médiocre, mais cependant suffisante pour ne pas entraver ses dispositions naturelles. Son goût pour le dessin et la peinture se développa de bonne heure. 11 voyagea, étudia à Rome quelque temps, et revint en Digitized by Google VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. Espagne, où il fit une fortune rapide à la cour de Char les IV, qui lui accorda le titre de peintre du roi. Il était reçu chez la reine, chez le prince de Bénavente et la duchesse d'Albe, et menait cette existence de grand seigneur des Rubens, des Van Dyck et des Velasquez, si favorable à Fépanouissement du génie pittoresque. Il avait, près de Madrid , une casa de campo délicieuse, où il donnait des fêtes et où il avait son atelier. Goya a beaucoup produit ; il a fait des sujets de sain teté, des fresques, des portraits, des scènes de mœurs, des eaux-fortes, des aqua-tinta, des lithographies, et par tout, même dans les plus vagues ébauches, il a laissé l'em preinte d'un talent vigoureux ; la griffe du lion raie tou jours ses dessins les plus abandonnés. Son talent, quoique parfaitement original, est un singulier mélange de Vélas quez, de Rembrandt et de Reynolds ; il rappelle tour à tour ou en même temps ces trois maîtres, mais comme le fils rappelle ses aïeux, sans imitation servile, ou plutôt par une disposition congéniale que par une volonté for melle. On voit de lui, au musée de Madrid, le portrait de Charles IV et de la reine à cheval : les têtes sont merveil leusement peintes, pleines de vie, de finesse et d'esprit; un Picador et le Massacre du 2 mai, scène d'invasion. Le duc d'Ossuna possède plusieurs tableaux de Goya, et il n'est guère de grande maison qui n'ait de lui quelque por trait ou quelque esquisse. L'intérieur de l'église de San Antonio de la Florida, où se tient une fête assez fréquen tée, à une demi-lieue de Madrid, est peint à fresque par Goya avec cette liberté, cette audace et cet effet qui le caractérisent. A Tolède, dans une des salles capitulaires, nous avons vu de lui un tableau représentant Jésus livré par Judas, effet de nuit que n'eût pas désavoué Rembrandt, à qui je l'eusse attribué d'abord, si un chanoine ne m'eût fait voir la signature du peintre émérite de Charles IV. Dans la sacristie de la cathédrale de Séville, il existe aussi Digitized by Google VOVAGE EN ESPAGNE. 117 un tableau de Goya, d'un grand mérite, sainte Justine et sainte Ruffme, vierges et martyres, toutes deux filles d'un potier de terre, comme l'indiquent les aicarazas et les can taros groupés à leurs pieds. La manière de peindre de Goya était aussi excentrique que son talent : il puisait la couleur dans des baquets, l'ap pliquait avec des éponges, des balais, des torchons, et tout ce qui lui tombait sous la main ; il truellait et maçon nait ses tons comme du mortier, et donnait les touches de sentiment à grands coups de pouce. A l'aide de ces procédés expéditifs et pérèmptoires, il couvrait en un ou deux jours une trentaine de pieds de muraille. Tout ceci nous paraît dépasser un peu les bornes de la fougue et de l'entrain; les artistes les plus emportés sont des lécheurs en comparaison. Il exécuta, avec une cuiller en guise de brosse, une scène du Dos de May os, où l'on voit des Français qui fusillent des Espagnols. C'est une œuvre d'une verve et d'une furie incroyables. Cette curieuse peinture est reléguée sans honneur dans l'antichambre du musée de Madrid. L'individualité de cet artiste est si forte et si tranchée, qu'il nous est difficile d'en donner une idée même ap proximative. Ce n'est pas un caricaturiste comme Hogarth, Bamburry ou Cruishanck : Hogarth, sérieux, flegmatique, exact et minutieux comme un roman de Richardson, lais sant toujours voir l'intention morale; Bamburry et Cruis hanck, si remarquables pour leur verve maligne, leur exa gération bouffonne, n'ont rien de commun avec l'auteur des Caprichos. Callot s'en rapprocherait plus, Callot, moi tié Espagnol, moitié Bohémien; mais Callotest net, clair, fin, précis, fidèle au vrai, malgré le maniéré de ses tour nures et l'extravagance fanfaronne de ses ajustements; ses diableries les plus singulières sont rigoureusement possi bles ; il fait grand jour dans ses eaux-fortes, où la recherche des détails empêche l'effet et le clair-obscur, qui ne s'ob tiennent que par des sacrifices. Les compositions de Goya Digitized by 118 VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. sont des nuits profondes où quelque brusque rayon de lumière ébauche de pâles silhouettes et d'étranges fan tômes. C'est un composé de Rembrandt, de Watteau et des songes drolatiques de Rabelais; singulier mélange! Ajou-* tez à cela une haute saveur espagnole, une forte dose de l'esprit picaresque de Cervantes, quand il fait le portrait de la Escalanta et de la Gananciosa, dans Rinconete et Cortadillo, et vous n'aurez encore qu'une très-imparfaite idée du talent de Goya. Nous allons tâcher de le faire comprendre, si toutefois cela eét possible, avec des mots. Les dessins de Goya sont exécutés à l'aqua-tinta, repi qués et ravivés d'eau-forte ; rien n'est plus franc, plus libre et plus facile ; un trait indique toute une physionomie, une traînée d'ombre tient lieu de fond, ou laisse deviner de sombres paysages à demi ébauchés; des gorges de sierra, théâtres tout préparés pour un meurtre, pour un sabbat ou une tertulia de Bohémiens ; mais cela est rare, car le fond n'existe pas chez Goya. Comme MichelAnge, il dédaigne complètement la nature extérieure, et n'en prend tout juste que ce qu'il faut pour poser des figures, et encore en met-il beaucoup dans les nuages. De temps en temps un pan de mur coupé par un grand angle d'om bre, une noire arcade de prison, une charmille à peine indiquée; voilà tout. Nous avons dit que Goya était un caricaturiste, faute d'un mot plus juste. C'est de la cari cature dans le genre d'Hoffmann, où la fantaisie se mêle toujours à la critique, et qui va souvent jusqu'au lugubre et au terrible ; on dirait que toutes ces têtes grimaçantes ont été dessinées par la griffe de Smarra sur le mur d'une alcôve suspecte, aux lueurs intermittentes d'une veilleuse à l'agonie. On se sent transporté dans un monde inouï, impossible et cependant réel. — Les troncs d'arbre ont l'air de fantômes, les hommes d'hyènes, de hiboux, de chats, d'ânes ou d'hippopotames; les ongles sont peut-être des serres, les souliers à bouffettes chaussent des pieds de Digitized by Google TOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. 119 bouc; ce jeune cavalier est un vieux mort, et ses chausses enrubanées enveloppent un fémur décharné et deux mai gres tibias; — jamais il ne sortit de derrière le poêle du docteur Faust des apparitions plus mystérieusement si nistres. Les caricatures de Goya renferment, dit-on, quelques allusions politiques, mais en petit nombre ; elles ont rap port à Godoï, à la vieille duchesse de Benavente, aux fa voris de la reine, et à quelques seigneurs de la cour, dont elles stigmatisent l'ignorance ou les vices. Mais il faut bien les chercher à travers le voile épais qui les obombre. — Goya a encore fait d'autres dessins pour la duchesse d'Albe, son amie, qui n'ont point parus, sans doute à cause de la facilité de l'application. — Quelques-uns ont trait au fanatisme, à la gourmandise et à la stupidité des moines; les autres représentent des sujets de mœurs ou de sorcellerie. Le portrait de Goya sert de frontispice au recueil de son œuvre. C'est un homme de cinquante ans environ, l'œil oblique et fin, recouvert d'une large paupière avec une patte-d'oie maligne et moqueuse, le menton recourbé en sabot, la lèvre supérieure mince, l'inférieure proémi nente et sensuelle ; le tout encadré dans des favoris mé ridionaux et surmonté d'un chapeau à la Bolivar; une physionomie caractérisée et puissante. La première planche représente un mariage d'argent, une pauvre jeune fille sacrifiée à un vieillard cacochyme et monstrueux par des parents avides. La mariée est char mante avec son petit loup de velours noir et sa basquine à grandes franges, car Goya rend à merveille la grâce andalouse et castillane ; les parents sont hideux de rapa cité et de misère envieuse. Ils ont des airs de requin et de crocodile inimaginables; l'enfant sourit dans des larmes, comme une pluie du mois d'avril ; ce ne sont que des yeux, des griffes et des dents; l'enivrement de la parure empêche la jeun* fille de sentir encore toute l'étendue de Digitized 120 VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. son malheur. — Ce thème revient souvent au bout du crayon de Goya, et il sait toujours en tirer des effets pi quants. Plus loin, c'est cl coco, croque-mitaine, qui vient effrayer les petits enfants et qui en effraierait bien d'autres, car, après l'ombre de Samuel dans le tableau de la Py thonisse d'Endor, par Salvator Rosa, nous ne connaissons rien de plus terrible que cet épouvantait. Ensuite ce sont des majos qui courtisent des fringantes sur le Prado; — de belles filles au bas de soie bien tiré, avec de petites mules à talon pointu qui ne tiennent au pied que par l'ongle de l'orteil, avec des peignes d'écaillé à galerie, découpés à jour et plus hauts que la couronne murale de Cybèle; des mantilles de dentelles noires disposées en capuchon et je tant leur ombre veloutée sur les plus beaux yeux noirs du monde; desbasquines plombées pour mieux faire ressortir l'opulence des hanches, des mouches posées en assassines au coin de la bouche et près de la tempe; des accroche cœurs à suspendre les amours de toutes les Espagnes, et de larges éventails épanouis en queufe de paon ; ce sont des hidalgos en escarpins, en frac prodigieux, avec le chapeau demi-lune sous le bras et des grappes de brelo ques sur le ventre, faisant des révérences à trois temps, se penchant au dos des chaises pour souffler, comme une fumée de cigare, quelque folle bouffée de madrigaux dans une belle touffe de cheveux noirs, ou promenant par le bout de son gant blanc quelque divinité plus ou moins suspecte ; — puis des mères utiles, donnant à leurs filles trop obéissantes les conseils de la Macette de Régnier, les lavant et les graissant pour aller au sabbat. — Le type de la mère utileest merveilleusement bien rendu par Goya, qui a, comme tous les peintres espagnols, un vif et pro fond sentiment de l'ignoble ; on ne saurait imaginer rien de plus grotesquement horrible, de plus vicieusement dif forme ; chacune de ces mégères réunit à elle seule la lai deur des sept péchés capitaux ; le diable est joli à côté de cela. Il y a surtout une planche tout à fait fantastique qui est bien le plus épouvantable cauchemar que nous ayons ja mais rêvé; — elle est intitulée : Y aun no se van. C'est effroyable, et Dante lui-même n'arrive pas à cet effet de terreur suffocante; représentez-vous une plaine nue et morne au-dessus de laquelle se traîne péniblement un nuage difforme comme un crocodile éventré; puis une grande pierre, une dalle de tombeau qu'une figure souffre teuse et maigre s'efforce de soulever. — La pierre, trop lourde pour les bras décharnés qui la soutiennent et qu'on sent près de craquer, retombe malgré les efforts du spec tre et d'autres petits fantômes qui roidissent simultané ment leurs bras d'ombre; plusieurs sont déjà pris sous la pierre un instant déplacée. L'expression de désespoir qui se peint sur toutes ces physionomies cadavéreuses, dans ces orbites sans yeux, qui voient que leur labeur a été inu tile, est vraiment tragique; c'est le plus triste symbole de l'impuissance laborieuse, la plus sombre poésie et la plus amère dérision que l'on ait jamais faites à propos des morts. La planche Buen viage, où l'on voit un vol de dé mons, d'élèves du séminaire de Barahona qui fuient à tire-d'aile, et se hâtent vers quelque œuvre sans nom, se il )igitized by Google 122 VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. fait remarquer par la vivacité et l'énergie du mouve' ment. Il semble que Ton entende palpiter dans l'air épais de la nuit toutes ces membranes velues et onglées comme les ailes des chauves-souris. Le recueil se termine par ces mots : Y es or a. — C'est l'heure, le coq chante, les fan tômes s'éclipsent, car la lumière paraît. — Quant à la portée esthétique et morale de cette œu vre, quelle est-elle? Nous l'ignorons. Goya semble avoir donné son avis là-dessus dans un de ses dessins où est re présenté un homme, la tête appuyée sur ses bras et autour duquel voltigent des hiboux, des chouettes, des coqueci grues. — La légende de cette image est : El sueno de la razon produce monstruos. C'est vrai, mais c'est bien sé vère. Ces Caprices sont tout ce que la Bibliothèque royale de Paris possède de Goya. Il a cependant produit d'autres œuvres : la Tauromaquia, suite de 33 planches, les Scènes d'invasion qui forment 20 dessins, et devaient en avoir plus de 40; les eaux-fortes d'après Velasquez, etc., etc. La Tauromaquia est une collection de scènes représen tant divers épisodes du combat de taureaux, à partir des Mores jusqu'à nos jours. — Goya était un aficionado con sommé, et il passait une grande partie de son temps avec les toreros. Aussi était-il l'homme le plus compétent du monde pour traiter à fond la matière. Quoique les atti tudes, les poses, les défenses et les attaques, ou, pour parler le langage technique, les différentes suertes et co gidas soient d'une exactitude irréprochable, Goya a ré pandu sur ces scènes ses ombres mystérieuses et ses cou leurs fantastiques. — Quelles têtes bizarrement féroces ! quels ajustements sauvagement étranges! quelle fureur de mouvement ! Ses Mores, compris un peu à la manière des Turcs de l'empire sous le rapport du costume, ont les physionomies les plus caractéristiques. — Un trait égratigné, une tache noire, une raie blanche, voilà un personnage qui vit, qui se meut, et dont la physionomie Digitized by G VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. 123 se grave pour toujours dans la mémoire. Les taureaux et les chevaux, bien que parfois d'une forme un peu fabu leuse, ont une vie et un jet qui manquent bien souvent aux bêtes des animaliers de profession : les exploits de Gazul, du Cid, de Charles-Quint, de Romero, de l'étudiant de Falces, de Pepe Mo, qui périt misérablement dans l'arène, sont retracés avec une fidélité tout espagnole. — Comme celles des Caprichos, les planches de la Tauromaquia sont exécutées à Faquatinta et relevées d'eau-forte. Les Scènes d'invasion offriraient un curieux rapproche ment avec les Malheurs de la guerre, de Callot. — Ce ne sont que pendus, tas de morts qu'on dépouille, femmes qu'on viole, blessés qu'on emporte, prisonniers qu'on fu sille, couvents qu'on dévalise, populations qui s'enfuient, familles réduites à la mendicité, patriotes qu'on étrangle, tout cela traité avec ces ajustements fantastiques et ces tournures exorbitantes qui feraient croire à une invasion de Tartares au quatorzième siècle. Mais quelle finesse, quelle science profonde de l'anatomie dans tous ces grou pes qui semblent nés du hasard et du caprice de la pointe ! Dites-moi si la Niobé antique surpasse en désolation et en noblesse cette mère agenouillée au milieu de sa famille devant les baïonnettes françaises ! — Parmi ces dessins qui s'expliquent aisément, il y en a un tout à fait terriblé et mystérieux, et dont le sens, vaguement entrevu, est plein de frissons et d'épouvantements. C'est un mort à moitié enfoui dans la terre, qui se soulève sur le coude, et, de sa main osseuse, écrit sans regarder, sur un papier posé à côté de lui, un mot qui vaut bien les plus noirs du D?nte : Nada (néant). Autour de sa tête, qui a gardé juste assez de chair pour être plus horrible qu'un crâne dépouillé, tourbillon nent, à peine visibles dans l'épaisseur de la nuit, de mons trueux cauchemars illuminés çà et là de livides éclairs. Une main fatidique soutient une balance dont les plateaux se renversent. Connaissez-vous quelque chose de plus sinistre et de plus désolant? Digitized 194 VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE Tout à fait sur la fin de sa vie,, qui fut longue, car il est mort à Bordeaux à plus de quatre-vingts ans, Goya a fait quelques croquis lithographiques improvisés sur la pierre, et qui portent le titre de Dibersion de Espana ; — ce son/ des combats de taureaux. Oh reconnaît encore, dans ces feuilles charbonnées par la main d'un vieillard sourd de puis longtemps et presque aveugle, la vigueur et le mou vement des Caprichos et de la Tauromaquia. L'aspect de ces lithographies rappelle beaucoup, chose curieuse ! la ma nière d'Eugène Delacroix dans les illustrations de Faust. Dans la tombe de Goya est enterré l'ancien art espagnol, le monde à jamais disparu des toreros, des majos, des ma ndas, des moines, des contrebandiers, des voleurs, des al guazils et des sorcières, toute la couleur locale de la Pé ninsule. — Il est venu juste à temps pour recueillir et fixer tout cela. Il a cru ne faire que des caprices, il a fait le portrait et l'histoire de la vieille Espagne, tout en croyant servir les idées et les croyances nouvelles. Ses caricatures seront bientôt des monuments historiques. L'Escurial. — Les voleurs. Pour aller à l'Escurial, nous louâmes une de ces fantas tiques voitures chamarrées d'amours à la grisaille et autres ornements pompadour dont nous avons déjà eu l'occasion de parler; le tout attelé de quatre mules et enjolivé d'un zagal assez bien travesti. L'Escurial est situé à sept ou huit lieues de Madrid, non loin de Guadarrama, au pied d'une chaîne de montagnes; on né peut rien imaginer de plus aride etde plus désolé que la campagne qu'il faut traverser Digitized by Google VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. pour s'y rendre : pas un arbre, pas une maison ; de gran des pentes qui s'enveloppent les unes dans les autres, des ravins desséchés, que la présence de plusieurs ponts dé signe comme des lits de torrents, et çà et là une échappée de montagnes bleues coiffées de neiges ou de nuages. Ce paysage, tel qu'il est, ne manque cependant pas de gran deur : l'absence de toute végétation donne aux lignes de terrain ime sévérité et une franchise extraordinaires; à mesure que Ton s'éloigne de Madrid, les pierres dont la campagne est constellée deviennent plus grosses et mon trent l'ambition d'être des rochers ; ces pierres, d'un gris bleuâtre, papelonnant le sol écaillé, font l'effet de verrues sur le dos rugueux d'un crocodile centenaire ; elles décou lent mille déchiquetures bizarres sur la silhouette des col lines, qui ressemblent à des décombres d'édifices gigantes ques. A moitié route, au bout d'une montée assez rude, l'on trouve une pauvre maison isolée, la seule que l'on rencon tre dans un espace de huit lieues, en face d'une fontaine qui filtre goutte à goutte une eau pure et glaciale ; l'on boit autant de verres d'eau qu'il s'en trouve dans la source, on laisse souffler les mules, puis l'on se remet en route; et vous ne tardez pas à apercevoir, détaché sur le fond vapo reux de la montagne, par un vif rayon du soleil, l'Escu rial, ce Léviathan d'architecture. L'effet, de loin, est très beau : on dirait un immense palais oriental : la coupole de pierre et les boules qui terminent toutes les pointes, con tribuent beaucoup à cette illusion. Avant d'y arriver, l'on traverse un grand bois d'oliviers orné de croix bizarrement juchées sur des quartiers de grosses roches de l'effet le plus pittoresque; le bois traversé, vous débouchez dans le village, et vous vous trouvez face à face avec le colosse, qui perd beaucoup à être vu de près, comme tous les co lussesde ce monde. La première chose qui me frappa, ce fut l'immense quantité d'hirondelles et de martinets qui tournoyaient dans l'air par essaims innombrables, en pous 14. 126 VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. sant des cris aigus et stridents. Ces pauvres petits oiseaux semblaient effrayés du silence de mort qui régnait dans cette Thébaïde, et s'efforçaient d'y jeter un peu de bruit et d'animation. Tout le monde sait que l'Escurial fut bâti à la suite d'un vœu fait par Philippe II au siège de Saint-Quentin, où il fut obligé de canonner une église de Saint-Laurent; il promit au saint de le dédommager de l'église qu'il lui en levait par une autre plus vaste et plus belle, et il a tenu sa parole mieux que ne la tiennent ordinairement les rois de la terre. L'Escurial, commencé par Juan Bautista, terminé par Herrera, est assurément, après les pyramides d'É gypte, le plus grand tas de granit qui existe sur la terre ; on le nomme en Espagne la huitième merveille du monde ;* chaque pays a sa huitième merveille, ce qui fait au moins trente huitièmes merveilles du monde. Je suis excessivement embarrassé pour dire mon avis sur l'Escurial. Tant de gens graves et bien situés, qui, j'aime à le croire, ne l'avaient jamais vu, en ont parlé comme d'un chef-d'œuvre et d'un suprême effort du génie humain, que j'aurais l'air, moi pauvre diable de feuille toniste errant, de vouloir faire de l'originalité de parti pris et de prendre plaisir à contre-carrer l'opinion générale; mais pourtant, en mon âme et conscience, je ne puis m'empêcher de trouver l'Escurial le plus ennuyeux et le plus maussade monument que puissent rêver, pour la mortification de leurs semblables, un moine morose et un tyran soupçonneux. Je sais bien que l'Escurial avait une destination austère et religieuse ; mais la gravité n'est pas la sécheresse, la mélancolie n'est pas le marasme, le re cueillement n'est pas l'ennui, et la beauté des formes peut toujours se marier heureusement à l'élévation de l'idée. L'Escurial est disposé en forme de gril, en l'honneur de saint Laurent. Quatre tours ou pavillons carrés repré sentent les pieds de l'instrument de supplice ; des corps l de logis relient entre eux ces pavillons, et forment l'en Digitized by Google VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. 117 cadrement; d'autres bâtiments transversaux simulent les barres du gril; le palais et l'église sont bâtis dans le man che. Cette invention bizarre, qui a dû gêner beaucoup l'ar chitecte, ne se saisit pas aisément à l'œil, quoiqu'elle soit très-visible sur le plan, et, si l'on n'en était pas prévenu, on ne s'en apercevrait assurément pas. Je ne blâme pas cette puérilité symbolique dans le goût du temps, car je suis convaincu qu'une mesure donnée, loin de nuire à un artiste de génie, l'aide, le soutient et lui fait trouver des ressources à quoi il n'aurait pas songé; mais il me semble qu'on aurait pu en tirer un tout autre parti. Les gens qui aiment le bon goût et la sobriété en architecture, doivent trouver FEscurial quelque chose de parfait, car la seule ligne employée est la ligne droite, le seul ordre, l'ordre do rique, le plus triste et le plus pauvre de tous. Une chose qui vous frappe d'abord désagréablement, c'est la couleur jaune-terre des murailles, que l'on pour rait croire bâties en pisé, si les joints des pierres, marqués par des lignes d'un blanc criard, ne vous démontraient le contraire. Rien n'est plus monotone à voir que ces corps de logis à six ou sept étages, sans moulures, sans pilas tres, sans colonnes, avec leurs petites fenêtres écrasées qui ont l'air de trous de ruches. C'est l'idéal de la ca serne et de l'hôpital; le seul mérite de tout cela est d'être en granit. Mérite perdu, puisque à cent pas de là on peut le prendre pour de la terre à poêle. Là-dessus est accroupie lourdement une coupole bossue, que je ne sau rais mieux comparer qu'au dôme du Val-de-Grâce, et qui n'a d'autre ornement qu'une multitude de boules de gra nit. Tout autour, pour que rien ne manque à la symétrie, l'on a bâti des monuments dans le même style, c'est-à-dire avec beaucoup de petites fenêtres et pas le moindre orne ment; ces corps de logis communiquent entre eux par des galeries en forme de pont, jetées sur les rues qui condui sent au village, qui n'est aujourd'hui qu'un monceau de ruines. Tous les alentours du monument sont dallés en Digitized 4S8 VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. granit, et les limites sont marquées par de petits murs de trois pieds de haut, enjolivés des inévitables boules à chaque angle et à chaque coupure. La façade, ne faisant aucune espèce de saillie sur le corps du monument, ne rompt en rien l'aridité de la ligne et s'aperçoit à peine, quoiqu'elle soit gigantesque.
| 41,284 |
https://github.com/shfong/naga/blob/master/tests/test_nbgwas.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
naga
|
shfong
|
Python
|
Code
| 74 | 440 |
from nbgwas import Nbgwas
import pytest
import pandas as pd
def test_init():
g = Nbgwas()
assert g.snps.snp_table is None
assert g.genes.table is None
assert g.network is not None
assert g.snps.protein_coding_table is None
empty = pd.DataFrame()
snp_df = pd.DataFrame([], columns=list('ABC'))
pc_df = pd.DataFrame([], columns=list('ABC'))
gene_df = pd.DataFrame([], columns=list('AB'))
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
Nbgwas(snp_level_summary="my_file_link")
Nbgwas(gene_level_summary="my_file_link")
Nbgwas(network="my_uuid")
Nbgwas(protein_coding_table="my_file_link")
Nbgwas(snp_level_summary=empty)
Nbgwas(snp_level_summary=snp_df)
Nbgwas(protein_coding_table=pc_df)
Nbgwas(gene_level_summary=gene_df)
Nbgwas(
snp_level_summary=snp_df,
snp_chrom_col='A',
bp_col='B',
snp_pval_col='C'
)
Nbgwas(
gene_level_summary=gene_df,
gene_col='A',
gene_pval_col='B',
)
Nbgwas(
protein_coding_table=pc_df,
pc_chrom_col='A',
start_col='B',
end_col='C',
)
| 7,905 |
lesoriginesdela03flacgoog_6
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French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,886 |
Les origines de l'ancienne France
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Flach, Jacques, 1846-1919
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Latin
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Spoken
| 7,516 | 12,619 |
l'.ir une charte de Tan 1092 le uionnMèrede Saint -Serniu s»» fait céder Umis églises privées avec le? <lr.»it> qui y appendetit pour les démolir et !■•* remplacer |»aruue éghsr uiiiqu** ^paroisse iii'itirtstiquc', •• en tenon» ut de his tribus a-cclesiis efliciatur utia. » <Append. au Cartul. de Saint-Sertiin, ch. n* IX, p. »9n. 408 L1VRK IV. CHAPITRE I. d'appui pour des conquêtes futures1. Dans le présent, ce qu'on a pris pour une concordance de la souveraineté ter ritoriale avec le ressort ecclésiastique (comitatus diocèse ou pagus) ou avec les divisions administratives de l'empire carolingien (vicaria = centena ou pagus minor), n'est le plus souvent qu'une référence dans le langage populaire et le langage des chartes à une époque ancienne, référence né cessaire pour se reconnaître topographiquement, archaïsme que M. Longnon a signalé pour le pagus dès l'époque ban que*, et qui paraît de tous points analogue à celui que les lieux dits de nos campagnes constituent de nos jours en rappelant des divisions domaniales et agronomiques dès longtemps évanouies. L'ancien réseau administratif romain et franc qui se survivait en partie dans l'organisation de l'église, et doot celle-ci en tout cas conserva le souvenir, fut une sorte de grille qui permettait de retrouver sur le territoire et de relier entre eux les fragments épars de souveraineté dont la réunion formait le comitatus, le viceco mitât us, la vicaria, etc., ou, pour parler plus distinctement encore, les petits groupes ethniques ou domaniaux et les familles iso lées soumis à une même domination. Entendre par comté une souveraineté d'un seul tenant conduit en général à l'un ou l'autre de ces deux résultats. Ou bien l'historien, ne trouvant rien dans les documents qui lui permette de fixer des limites précises3, conclut de l'existence d'un comiiatusk » T. Il p. 2.",. * « Les rédacteurs des chartes rappelaient fréquemment encore le nom du payus administrativement supprimé, nom dont l'emploi cons titue alors, au point de vue historique, un véritable archaïsme. » Longnon, Atlas histor., p. 90. * I-es anciens chroniqueurs eux-m^mes n'y voient pas clair ou s'y trompent. La Chronica de yestis cotis. Atideyavorum raconte que Thibaut d»* Mois, prisonnier en 10 14, de Geoflroi Martel, dut pour recouvrer sa liberté prêter 15 serments, dont le premier constituait un abandon de la Touraine, civitas Turonensis, et le deuxième fixait les limites du comitatus (Chroniques des comtes d'Anjou, p. ii3). DU GROUPEMENT TERRITORIAL. 109 l'existence d'un comlé territorial et l'identifie a priori avec l'ancien pagus et avec le diocèse !, ou bien, il s'en tient scru puleusementaux indications topographiques que les Charles loi livrent et alors qu'est-il en mesure Je nous offrir? une énumération de villes, de castra et de villages1, et l'aveu que l'acception des mots comitatus, pagus, vicaria, etc9 n'a rien de constant ni de fixe, que ces mots sont pris sans cesse et indifféremment l'un pour l'autre, et qu'en définitive ce qui prévaut c'est l'emploi de termes vagues et élasti ques qui, tels que patrie, pays, seigneurie, territoire, bourg, etc., peuvent s'appliquer à tout3. L'histoire de ces 15 serments est en soi assez extraordinaire et d'au tant plus suspecte que la chronique est de plus d'un siècle posté rieure aux événements. Prenons-la néanmoins telle quelle. Nous con statons alors que la délimitation du comitatus est empruntée à une description de la Touraine qui se retrouve en termes identiques, mais complète, dans la chronique attribuée à Jean de Marnioutier (Chroniques de Touraine, p. 293). Or voici comment l'éditeur des Chroniques de Touraine, M. Salmon, la juge : « L'auteur assigne h la province de Touraine des limites que viennent contredire tous les autres documents » p. xciv-v). 1 Cest le raisonnement que fait, si excellent érudit qu'il soit, l'é diteur du Cartulaire de Saint -Se min de Toulouse, M. le chanoine I)ouais : « Les chartes indiquent d'ordinaire les confronta des terres qui font l'objet d'une donation, d'un achat, d'une mise en gage ou en emphytéose. Mais il est rare qu'elles désignent le territoire auquel ces terres appartenaient... Les indications relatives aux divisions territoriales n'abondent point. Toutefois si l'on s'arrête aux titres de comte el de vicomte qui sont donnés à certains j»erson nages, nn petit élargir le cadre de ces renseignements. Os titres, consùlerés en eux mJmes, rappku.ixt les divisions territoriales; et il est réunis île dire qu'au xi# et au m# siècle, ils répondaient encore k une réalité ac tuelle et vivante : le comte de Poitiers, par exemple, possédait le comté de Poitiers, et le comte de Toulouse, le comte de Toulouse, etc. En rapprochant ces deux ordres de renseignements on arrive h relever dans le Cartulaire les divisions territoriales suivantes, etc. » tlntrod. p. cxxiu). ' V. par exemple la composition et circonscription des comtes dans la préface du CartuL de Saint-Victor de Marseille, I, p. lxi suiv. ' » L'impression qui reste lorsqu'un a regardé aux diverses indica HO LIVRE IV. — CHAPITRE I. La raison de ce phénomène est simple. Les limites territoriales où le pouvoir s'exerce sont essentiellement mobiles1. La population ne cesse de s'é tions géographiques du Cartulaire, c'est qu'en général, les rédacteurs ont pris l'un pour l'autre, sans s'en préoccuper beaucoup, les sens respectifs de pagus, de comitatus, de vicariaetde territorium (Douof Introd. au Cartul. de Sauxillanges p. xiv. — Même remarque sur le Cartul. de Brioude). « Les noms anciens de divisions régionales commençaient au xi siècle à perdre en Saintonge leur signification précise... Nos cartu laires n'ont rien de bien précis relativement aux divisions adminis tratives, etc. » (Grasilier, Cartulaires de la Saintonge. Proie*., p. vi). « Il résulte de plusieurs exemples assez caractéristiques que les li mites de quelques-unesau moins des circonscriptions {pagus, ministe rium, vicaria, etc.) et leurs chefs-lieux n'avaient rien de fxe. On re marque fréquemment que les mêmes localités sont placées tantôt dans Tune tantôt dans l'autre ». (Desjardins, introduct. au Cartul. de Con ques, p. xxxvin). « Toutes délimitations autres que les délimitations ecclésiastiques disparurent, et l'oubli dans lequel elles tombèrent fut si grand que, quand par hasard on voulut les rappeler, on ne les désigna plus que sous le nom de regio, misterium ou ministerium » (Garnier, Chartes bourguignonnes, p. 54-55). Je pourrais multiplier ces citations : je me contente de rappeler cette remarque beaucoup trop méconnue de Guérard : « au milieu du bouleversement qui précède la chute de la seconde race, on vit naî tre des comtés qui ne renfermèrent assez fréquemment qu'une ville, un bourg, un château. En un mot la cité seule forma d'abord le comté, puis le pagus obtint ce titre, puis la centaine et la vicairie, enfin la ville et le simple fief » (Essai sur les divisions territoriales, p. 53-54). 1 Voyez t. I, p. 167 et suiv. Les meilleurs de nos historiens en ont eu conscience. « Le comté est devenu flottant dans ses limites terri toriales et le pouvoir comtal lui-môme s'est divisé », dit M. Pfister (Uo bert le Pieux, p. 118) et M. Luchaire dans son dernier ouvrage : « Le comté ou le duché du xi* siècle n'était guère qu'une juxtaposition de petits fiefs, plus ou moins étrangers et hostiles les uns aux autres » [Hist. de France, II, p. 285). « Au xi# siècle... le caractère ethnique dominait... Au xn1' siècle... le duché ou le comté devient un pouvoir réel, s'exerçunt dans des limites géographiques mieux déterminées » (Ibid., p. 284). DU GROUPEMENT TERRITORIAL. 111 tendre ou de se resserrer, de se disperser ou de s'agglo mérer. Autour de chaque canton ou pays (pagus) tradi tionnel, comme autour de chaque banlieue de village ou de chaque domaine un peu étendu1, il existe une rooe vague et neutre. C'est la marche de la seigneurie. Sur cette marche les seigneurs bien avisés, tels que Foul que Nerra, construisent une ceinture de forts qui consti tuent à la fois une digue et un centre de rayonnement Mais il n'est pas moins essentiel qu'ils en bâtissent à l'intérieur du pays pour maintenir la population en des cadres plus étroits. Ce sont les vraies divisions adminis tratives de ce temps1, quoique sans limites préfixes. Elles sont créées à l'aide d'un noyau de résistance qui est un foyer d'expansion. De môme que pour chaque domaine important, la villa a dû se transformer en caste II um, centre de l'exploitation, de môme dans chaque circonscription sei gneuriale, dans chaque domination ou po test as, il a fallu un point fixe fortifié qui contraignît à graviter autour de 1 Considérez mu* potestas immuue composée d'une villa avec les villulst qui eu dé|>endeut. L'immunité ne s'étend que jusqu'aux clô tures des champs. Au delà rè^ne un terrain va^uo qui peut être l'ob jet d'ujtrisio et sur lequel la vicairie, la justice, peut appartenir au prince. Le vicaire ne manque p;is d'empiéter sur l'immunité et il ar rive alors que le prince cède son droit de vicairie à l'immuniste. La sei gneurie immune n'en a que «les limites plus indécises. Cent ce qui s>*l passé, par exemple, |mur la patentas d*Ant<»ni appartenant à Saint-Germain-des-Prés Voyez 3 chartes du roi Hubert, II. F. X, p. 612, 623 et Mister, p. LVD." * Cl. Vita AtUlelmi (Mal». SB. VI. 2, 897) : « lient us A. ingenui late conspicuus, de Castro quodam Lusduno nomine «Loudun) qu«>d «itum est in confinio quo limitatur l'ictaviensis nec non Andejraven sis pajrus. » Les éditeurs îles cnrtulaires ont f^rt bien remarqué que les village* situés sur les contins d'un partis sont souvent considérés comme des dépendancns d'un |«u/us voisin -Voyez, par exerap'e, Hagut, Introd. an eart. de SaintVincent de Mâcon, p. cxcix). 1 El en effet 1rs cfutellenies deviendront prévôtés, les grandes pl.i ces fortes, capitales île province, etc. 112 LIVRE IV. — CHAPITRE I. lui la population que Ton ne pouvait enfermer dans des conflns géographiques. La territorialité se ramène donc, en grande partie1, au rattachement des diverses classes et groupes d'habitants à des espèces de blockhaus {caste lia, oppida, castra). Dans le cartulaire de Grenoble nous voyons toutes les paroisses d'un pagus rattachées à 22 caslella ou castra*. Dans le cartulaire de Savigny, 12 paroisses sont rattachées à un château3. Tout château fait l'office, suivant son im portance, soit du chef-villa soit du chef-manse d'où dépen dent des villages, des hameaux, des granges, des chau mières isolées, des censitaires de tout ordre et de toute catégorie. 11 est le caput, le chef d'une exploitation politi que. 11 représente la territorialité comme la maison et l'en clos représentaient dans le principe la propriété foncière. Et c'est ainsi que le manoir s'essaie, si je puis dire, à son rôle de chef, de tète de fiefs territoriaux, ou de capitale de comté et de baronnie. La puissance du roi, du prince, do seigneur, se mesurait donc au nombre des oppida dont il disposait4. Son grand objectif était d'avoir des hommes 1 C'est ici qu'il faut tenir compte d'un autre noyau protecteur, l'asile religieux, la sauveté abornée par des croix (T. II, p. 459 suiv.), et sous certaines réserves p. 111, note 1) l'immunité, quand les chartes de concession en fixaient les limites Cf. par exemple, la charte suivant* accordée par le comte Etienne aux moines de Saint Jean-lei-Blois : « EgoStephanus cornes... addo totamconsuetudinemquam in manu mea habeo a porta Scti Solennis usque ad albam spinam, a via public* uscpie in Ligerim, et forum ad festivitatem S1 Johannis, eo siquidem modo ut nullus ministrorum meorum intra terminum istum manum mitlat Si'd omnia forofacta ante monachos discutiantur... Burgumquo que S1 Joannis ita quiet uni et absolutum esse volo ut nemo qui ibi conversetur mihi vel ministris ineis aliquid consuetudinarie reddaL » (1089, Bernier, Hist. de Mois, p. 13;. « Cartul. de Grenoble, p. 12 (ch. de Pascal, 1107). 3 Cartul. de Savigny, vers l'an 1000, p. 233. 4 Un seigneur puissant était celui qui « Mult aveit par la terre ebas tels e forz maisuns » (Waee, Roman de Rou, II, v. 529, p. 57f éd. Andresen). Le comté d£ Vermandois est le type d'une domination étendue DU GROUPEMENT TERRITORIAL. 113 Odèles à qui il pût les confier (estage) et c'est pour les recruter qu'il donnait largement argent, bénéfices et hon neurs. Par là s'élaborait la charpente, l'ossature des prin cipautés, qui, une fois suffisamment développée et complé tée, transformera le droit sur la population en un droit sur le territoire. Mais pour que ce résultat soit atteint il faudra éliminer, au prix de longues luttes, tous les castella soit de petits seigneurs indigènes soit de seigneurs étrangers à la région qui s'y étaient intercalés1. Que s'est-il, en effet, passé? Le propriétaire de la villa fortifiée ou du château fort est parvenu à dominer sur un rayon beaucoup plus vaste que son domaine9. Un chef de bande, après s'être établi sur une roche, où il ne tirait sa subsistance que du pillage4, étend sa propriété sur les alentours4, comme le proprié consistant surtout en villes ou châteaux. Cf. les 34 castella de la sei gneurie de Bellesme et les détails qu'Orderic Vital nous donne à leur sujet : « Kobertus Belesmensis in eminenti loco, qui Furcas vulgo dicitur, castellum condidil et illuc habitatores Vinacii transtulit, omnes flnitimos tyrannide sua sibi subiyere sategit. Aliud quoque op pidum, quod (Castellum (iunteriî nuncupatur... construxit per quod Holmetiamregioncm sibi. licet injuste, penitus subjuyare putavit. Sic~. pêne per totam... Norman ni ara paribus suis ubstitit et collimiïaneos omnes comprimerc coepit •• lOrderic Vital, III, p. 358 9). — «Triginta IV castella inutiitissima possidebal, multisque millibus homiiium do minatu praeemincbat »» Jbùt.% p. 423). — « IVovinciales... sub juj^o ejussua colla, licet inviti,flt*xerunt. ejque non tam amore quam timoré, penitus adhaeseruiit » (Ibid., IV, p. 182). 1 Voyez les textes citls note 4. 1 a. Diplôme d* Henri I, H. F. XI, p. 651. • Girard de Viane, p. 4, 7. 4 Nîbil Deo acceptius, si etîeratam pra*donum rabiem ab inuocen* lis vulgi oppressiune compfsceret. (juorum magna pars in paludibus, sive rupibus, firmissinui tibi receptacula communiverant ; quibus frtli aliéna per circuitum prmdia usurpaverant, incotas possession* pri tatos intolerabili servit uti atUlixerant... Ha*c nempe oppidula multis ante «ecuns, sed tuuc plurimum damnosa, decernit vindex Dei, si posstl, Huiho coxquare, et ab his latrociniis fatiyatam diu pairiam F. Tuas III. S 114 LIVRE IV. — CHAPITRE I. taire de la villa sa domination. Ainsi, par un phénomène fréquent dans la nature, où l'agent destiné à disparaître commence par travailler dans le sens même de sa destruc tion future, le château fort se trouve être tout ensemble un instrument grossier de protection et de groupement, et un obstacle à l'harmonie sociale et à l'unité territoriale. Celle-ci ne pourra être réalisée qu'à ses dépens. Et c'est pourquoi on verra les Capétiens du xii* siècle si fort occupés de détruire les châteaux forts, et les ducs de Normandie, dès le xi*, les saisir dans leurs mains puis santes. 11 importe, d'après ce qui vient d'être dit, de ne pas se méprendre sur le sens des données topographiques que les chartes renferment. Le « comitatus » ne désigne pas plus un comté territorial que la « vicaria » ne désigne, en règle, une justice territoriale, encore que la topographie fournisse des points de Repère pour retrouver les sujets ou les justiciables personnels1. « In comitatu », par exem ple, voulait dire régulièrement « sous la domination de tel comte, commandant à tel groupe d'hommes, ayant son principal centre de domination dans tel château ou telle ville », à moins que la désignation se référât à une division purement conventionnelle ou traditionnelle ayant perdu liberare » (Vie de Vason, évoque de Liège, par Anselme et Alexandre de Liège, avant 1056, Migne, 142, col. 744). « Cum audisset (Robert us rex) in partibus istis quosdam exister*, qui circumquaque res aliénas violenter rapientes, ut liberius impune que retinerent, firmitates et caste lia nova sibi construxerant » (ViU Garnerii praepositi, Duchesne, IV, p. 145). 1 Points de repère souvent fort incertains. Ainsi, dans une contes tation entre l'abbaye de Marmoutier et un seigneur au sujet d'un© vigue rie, la justice aux quatre cas est reconnue à ce dernier, mais seulement quand un ingénu est en cause, et les deux ressorts sont délimités par ces termes fort élastiques de la sentence :« Hœcvero difÛnitioet ter minatio vicarise est a ripa Ligeris usque ad terminum terra) Vtndo cinensis. » (D. Housseau, II, n° 367, publié par Lex, Eudes de Blois, p. 145) (1015-1023). DU GROUPEMENT TERRITORIAL. 115 toute signification politique. Dès la seconde moitié du ix° siècle, le comté était désigné par le nom du comte, et non pas le comte par le nom du comté, tandis que le pagus portait une dénomination traditionnelle1. Au xi° siècle le comte prend comme l'évêque le nom du principal groupe de population qui dépend de lui, ou le nom de son prin cipal casirum comme l'évêque celui de sa ville épis copale *. Le « comitatus » comprenait donc tout ce qui, hommes, biens, droits, prestige, autorité, dépendait du comte, exac tement comme les droits les plus divers, sur les indivi dus les plus disséminés, formaient le complexe de la villa. Les agglomérations locales constituaient les noyaux ethni ques du comitatus, et les régions environnantes, où les historiens ont vu le territoire du comté, des zones de pro tectorat ou simplement d'influence, analogues, dans une certaine mesure, à celles que les nations modernes se disputent dans des pays neufs ou disloqués. Le noyau lui-même n'était pas compacte, puisque les droits de sei gneurie et de souveraineté s'étendaient rarement à l'en semble de l'agglomération, puisqu'ils étaient morcelés, émiettés, dans les villes, les châteaux mêmes et les villas. Ce morcellement, je l'ai indiqué, ne faisait pas ob stacle au groupement personnel par le lien de la foi lige naturelle et de la recommandation, mais il s'oppo sait nettement à tout groupement territorial d'une large portée. Et, en effet, si l'idée de territorialité s'est imposée avec tant de force aux historiens c'est qu'ils ont cru que les 1 Voyex notamment, à ce point de vue, la liste des missi et des «tssaftea dans le Capitula re missorum SUvactnse (Capit. II, p. 175 «76 ,853). 1 Dans le Cartul. de SaintVictor de Marseille, sur 2T» comtés qui y figurent « 23 portent le nom de la cité épiscopale qui leur sert de ca pitale • (IntrodM p. lvii). 116 LIVRE IV. — CHAPITRE I. ducs, comtes et vicaires carolingiens avaient reçu leur honor à titre de fief territorial, viager d'abord, héréditaire ensuite, ou bien qu'ils avaient usurpé, sous la forme de droits territoriaux, les attributs de la souveraineté. En réa lité c'est sur un groupement personnel que le régime sei gneurial s'est échaffaudé ; c'est comme droits personnels, et non comme droits territoriaux, que les droits régaliens retenus par le roi ou appropriés par les ducs, comtes et seigneurs, devinrent droits seigneuriaux. Un passage fort précieux de la vie de saint Géraud met le premier point en très claire évidence. C'est le chapitre 32 du Livre I '. Nous y apprenons que Guillaume le Pieux, comte d'Auvergne, qui s'était érigé duc des Aqui tains, s'efforçait de détacher les vassaux royaux de la mi litia du roi, pour les incorporer à la sienne par la recom mandation1. Ainsi : 1° le vasselage continuait a s'établir par la recommandation, indépendamment de tonte con cession de bénéfice; 2° les seigneurs qui s'arrogèrent le ducatus, en dehors de la Francie, ne cherchèrent pas i transformer leur principat en un honor royal, en un grand fief héréditaire, de manière à refouler au rang d'arrière 1 Migne, 133, col. 660-661 : « Nam reipublicae statu jam nimis turbato, regales vassos insolentia marchionum sibi subjugaverat... Willelmus plane dux Aquilanorum, vir bonus et per multa laudabilis, cum tandem vehementer invaluisset, non minis quidem sed pracibos agebat, ut Geraldus a regia militia discedens, sese eidem commeod*» ret. Sed ille, favore comitis nu per usurpato, nequaquam consentit Ne potem tamen suum nomine R. eidem cum ingenti militum numéro commendavit. » * Voyez aussi le chap. 35. « L'nde et Ademarus cornes vehementer instabat, ut eum suae ditioni subdidisset, quod nullo equidem pteto extorquere potuit. Non solum quippe eidem A. sed nec WiUeJmo quidem duci, qui tune majore rerum affluentia potiebatur, se commen dare assensus est Credo Mardocheum vir iste meditabatur, qui sn perbo Aman se submittere, honoremque regibus a Deo collatum pea* bere contempsit. » Adémar s'était emparé de Poitiers en chassant les troupes du roi Eudes qui avait occupé la ville. Sur ces événement* (800-892), voir Favre, Eudes, p. iiô-448. DU GROUPEMENT TERRITORIAL. !!7 vassaux du roi ses vassaux directs. Mais ils détachèrent ces vassaux de la fidélité royale pour en faire des vas saux personnels, sauf à demander ultérieurement, quand leur puissance se serait solidifiée, une sorte de confirmation souveraine de leur dignité, qu'il faut se garder de prendre pour l'investiture d'un fief territorial Quant à la naissance des droits seigneuriaux, j'ai montré déjà dans le premier volume combien elle avait été frag mentaire, mais il importe de compléter cet exposé en véri fiant, à l'aide des documents, que la conséquence logiquequi devait sortir de là, — le caractère personnel et non terri torial des droits de souveraineté — en est bien réellement sortie9. Pour cela je passerai en revue les principaux de ces droits, en commençant par l'un des plus frappants, 1 C'est en ce sens que les deux compétiteurs à la couronne, Eudes et Charles le Simple, ont pu successivement ratifier l'usurpation de Guillaume le F*ieux. — D'après Mabille, celui-ci aurait pris, dès 893, le titre de duc d'Aquitaine (iVour. Huit, du Languedoc, II, p. 286), et son cousin Ebles, comte de Poitiers, en 927 {Ibût., p. 288). D. Yaissette parle, mais hypothétiquement, des confirmations royales (III, p. 51). * Des anciens historiens d»» nos institutions c'est Chantereau I>»fèvn» qui s'est le plus approcha de la vérité sur cette question capitale : « Les ducs et les comtes, dit-il, se résolurent de faire plu sieurs parts et portions de leur duchez et comtez, selon qu'Us estoient séparez par bourgs et villages, et les donnèrent à ceux qui estoient plus capables de les servir... Aux uns ils donnoient un bourg avec l'acceds de plusieurs villages qu'ils en faisoient dépendre, aux autres ils ne donnoient qu'un village : en quoy faut entemlre qu'ils ne don noient en ces bourgs et villages que ce gui leur apjMirtenoit ... les terres et les héritages qu'ils y pou voient avoir, et les dnùcts de cens et rentes qui leur estoient deubs par les habilans, à cause des terres et héritages qu'ils (les habitants possédoient dans les bourgs et villages, lesquels cens et rentes n estoient rien autre chose que les prestations en deniers, grains, poules et chapons, que te peuple payoit de toute ancienneté pour la nourriture et tentretenement du duc ou du comte; car les terres et héritages des bourgs et villages iTappartenoienl pas au duc ou au comte, mais aux habitans... >» (Chaotereau-Lefèvre, Traité des fiefs. I*aris, IW2, p. 75-76). U8 LIVRE IV. — CHAPITRE I. le droit de gîte et de procuration. L'absence de terri torialité ne se reflétera-t-elle pas aussi clairement dans Tor dre économique1 que nous venons de la constater dans Tordre politique, si nous montrons que le prince ne com mande qu'à des sujets disséminés et que, pour vivre sur la population, il est obligé de se transporter de lieu en lieu*? 1 L'absence de territorialité se lie étroitement à l'état économique que nous aurons à décrire au livre VI, à la mobilité de la population, des demeures, des conditions sociales. La population ondule et se déplace, la maison de bois, meuble bien plus qu'immeuble, comme du temps des Germains, se démonte, se transporte ailleurs sur chariots (j'en fournirai des preuves saisissantes), enfin la condition des per sonnes est flottante et mobile. Ce dernier aspect a été admirablement aperçu et caractérisé par Lehuërou, un de nos plus profonds histo riens du droit, auquel il serait grand temps de rendre pleine justice : « La mobilité des situations, dit-il, est une des conditions de la bar barie, et la principale préoccupation de ceux qui travaillent à la faire cesser consiste à classer les intérêts à mesure qu'ils se produisent, à fixer tes individus autour des intérêts existants et à empêcher que la société ne flotte perpétuellement entre la passion du jour et le caprice du lendemain » (Institut, carolingiennes, p. 14-45). * On pourrait appliquer ici au pouvoir royal ou princier ce que Hariulf, dans la vie de saint Amoul, dit du pouvoir épiscopal : « Non sedes episcopum, sed episcopus sedem facit, et rirtus majettatis per loca non scinditur » (Vita Arnulfi, Mabillon, SB. VI, 2, p. 532). 119 CHAPITRE II LA SEIGNEURIE PERSONNELLE. Les principaux revenus, les revenus réguliers de la seigneurie, du senioratus, étaient des contributions en na ture. La condition matérielle des populations, la rareté du numéraire et des échanges le voulaient, et comme cette situation était ancienne, la nécessité du présent trouvait sa justification dans un passé immémorial. Les droits anti ques se continuaient sous une forme nouvelle, en de nou velles et plus nombreuses mains. Ainsi en était-il des droits de gfte, de palefroi1, legs de l'administration romaine, du droit de prise né d'un abus du fonctionnarisme franc contre lequel les capitulaires ne cessent de fulminer1. Ainsi en fut-il aussi du conjecius ou dispensa qui, dans l'ordre laïque, de la circada et du synodus qui, dans Tor dre ecclésiastique, tenaient lieu du droit de gite et de ses accessoires. Quand le chef carolingien, roi, comte ou évéque, résidait sur son domaine, dans une de ses villae, son entretien (dispensa, pas lus, stipendiant) et celui de sa curia, de sa suite, de sa maisnie, étaient assurés par les contributions en nature tirées du domaine lui-môme, soit sur l'heure, soit sous forme de provisions qu'avaient accumulées les soins de ses ministeriales ou ministri (procuratores, vil lici, etc). Il était interdit en conséquence aux fonction naires qui se trouvaient chez eux, in domibus, de prélever 1 Voyez T. I, p. 345 auiv. 1 a. Upil. 850, cap. 4 (II, 87"), 88», cap. 1 (II, 105;. J20 LIVRE IV. — CHAPITRE II. aucune contribution publique sur les sujets du roi. Telle était si bien la règle que, quand le comte ou l'évoque était chargé d'un missaticum en une région sise à proximité d'un de ses bénéfices, il n'avait pas le droit de réquisitionner quoique ce fût en qualité de missus1. C'est que le bénéfice constituait alors un stipendium, un salaire, un honoraire. Mais quand ce même fonctionnaire, ou le roi en personne, étaient appelés au loin, il fallait bien qu'on pourvût à leur entretien par des contributions levées sur les habitants. Il ne suffisait pas de leur reconnaître un droit à Vhospi tium, à la procuration puisque leur séjour pouvait se pro longer et épuiser rapidement les ressources du lieu où ils prenaient gîte, et que du reste une suite considérable, aux dents d'autant plus longues que le rang était plus élevé, les accompagnait et avait droit, elle aussi, à l'entretien. — Pour éviter les abus, les rois carolingiens fixèrent par des tractoriœ individuelles et par des règlements généraux * le montant des fournitures quotidiennes que le missus pou vait réclamer, suivant qu'il était évêque ou abbé, comte, minislerialis ou vassus. Ces contributions (conjectus) de vaient être acquittées par les habitants proportionnelle ment à l'étendue de leurs possessions, à leurs ressources et à leur condition1. A l'époque où, par l'affaiblissement et la décadence do 1 Capit. 819, cap. 26 (I, 291) : « Ut misai nostri qui vel episeopi vel abbates vel comités sunt, quamdiu prope suum beneficium /ke rinty nihil de aliorum conjecto accipiant. » * Capit. missorum 819, cap. 29 (I, 291). — Cf. Ducange, *• Corn* jectus; Brunner, Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, II, p. 231 et suiv. 1 On peut d'une part l'induire du mode d'assiette de la contribu tion (conjectus) exceptionnelle qui fut levée en 866 et en 877 pourpayer le départ des Normands (Annales de Saint-Bertin, ad an. 866. p. 153 154, Capitul. 877, II, p. 354), d'autre part du conjectus analogue à celui du missus qui fut accordé à l'éveque quand il faisait la risite annuelle de son diocèse (circuitio), ou qu'il tenait un synode (Capit. 844, cap. 4. II. 257). LA 8BIGNBURIB PERSONNELLE. 121 pouvoir royal, le missaticum devint permanent1, les comtes qui avaient été chargés d'assurer la rentrée des fournitures, des conjectus, dus aux missi, les gardèrent pour eux mêmes, se les attribuèrent. Ils purent se donner pour des missi*. Souvent leurs pères l'avaient été, et le bénéfice n'était plus un stipendium de nature à Taire obstacle à cette perception. Mais ils Turent loin de pouvoir s'assurer l'intégralité de l'impôt. Ils durent le partager avec de nom breux compétiteurs. D'abord le roi lui-même retint ici une part importante de ses droits'. La présence de la ma jesté royale, le prestige séculaire qui rayonnait de sa per sonne en ravivait la source, et nous retrouverons le droit de gtte comme une des principales ressources de la royauté sous les premiers Capétiens. Les comtes eurent à partager en outre soit avec les évoques, leurs égaux, soit avec leurs subordonnés, les ministeriales ou ministri qui directement avaient fait la levée du conjectus pour le compte des missi* et qui réussirent ensuite à en retenir des lambeaux pour eux-mêmes et pour leurs successeurs. Les circadm des évêques subirent un sort analogue. Elles se morcelèrent en partie au profit des officiers ec clésiastiques et des archidiacres, à mesure que les tournées épiscopales (circuitiones) se firent de plus en plus rares. Si le droit à l'impôt d'entretien se décomposait de la 1 Voyei Brunner, op. cit., Il, p. 196. * Le comte duit être considéré en fait comme un missu* permanent. Les évêques d'Italie furent di'clan's tels par le GipiX. Papiense de Tan 876, cap. 12 (H. 103 : <• Ipsi nihilominu* episcupi sin^uli in suo episc'ipio missatici nostri potestate et auctoritate fungantur. »» * Cf. le stipendium impériale du Cnpitul. italien de 898, cap. 8 (II, 110, 10). * CapituL 865, cap. 16, 11,332 : « Ut ministri comitum in unoquo que romitatu dispensant missorum nostmrum a quibuscumque dan débet recipiant... et ipsi ministerialibus missorum nostr. eam reddant. Missi autem nostri provideant ne pro bac occasione inde ministri co mitum amplius, nisi quantum in tractona nostra continetur inde e xi gant. .. 122 LIVRE IV. — CHAPITRE II. sorte, il en advint de même de son assiette. Au lieu de por ter sur l'ensemble d'une population, d'un comté, d'un dio cèse, le fardeau, — par l'effet des nombreuses immunités, des résistances victorieuses de protecteurs intéressés, des transactions et des partages, — retomba tout entier sur les terres ou les habitants que Ton pouvait recenser, sur les plus pauvres souvent, entre lesquels il se répartissait. Tel devait deux œufs, tel autre une poule ou un quartier de porc. Sous l'action de ce double morcellement, actif et passif, les conjectus ressemblèrent aux cens et aux redevances dus au propriétaire foncier, aux redevances personnelles ou foncières des tenanciers, des hommes propres et des serfs. Mais l'assimilation n'alla pas jusqu'à la confusion. Il aurait fallu pour cela que la territorialité restât leur base commune et c'est l'inverse que nous venons de con stater. Les conjectus devinrent donc des droits seigneu riaux, distincts en principe des droits domaniaux, mais que tous les grands propriétaires s'efforcèrent d'acquérir et que les immunistes réussirent le mieux à s'approprier1. Ce qui s'est passé pour les impôts en nature se produisit de même pour le cens proprement dit. Les immunités di minuent, directement ou indirectement9, le nombre des personnes et des biens desquels le roi ou le prince peuvent exiger la capitation ou l'impôt foncier. Leurs droits passent aux immunistes, comme ils sont lacérés et accaparés par les usurpateurs. Ils deviennent entre ces nouvelles mains des droits seigneuriaux personnels quand ils ne se coofoo 1 C'est de la sorte que le conjectus se retrouve dans le polyptyque d'Irminon (XIII, 64, éd. Longnon, II, p. 192), où l'on n'a pas vu, semble-t-il, sa vraie signification. — La ponctuation du texte doit être changée. Le conjectus ne porte pas sur Yavena, mais sur les trois poules, etc., en conformité parfaite avec le capitul. de 819, cap. 29 (pulli très, ova quindecim,. * Malgré les prohibitions des capitulaires. Cl. édit de Pistée, cap. 28 (II, p. 322). LA, SEIGNEURIE PERSONNELLE. 123 dent pas avec les droits domaniaux. Ainsi voyons-nous que le droit i Vobseguium (à un cens probablement) des hommes libres, des franci, qui viennent s'établir sur les terres en friche et sans maître entourant les domaines de l'immuniste, est reconnu à ce dernier et que des terrm francorum sont englobées dans son domaine1. Bien plus, les parcelles de droits qui restent aux mains du roi éprou vent une destinée analogue, deviennent droits seigneu riaux ou domaniaux. Les /ranci, ou liberi du roi, au lieu d'être des contribuables, sont maintenant des censitaires plus ou moins asservis1. La capitation se restreint à des gens de condition, condiiionates, l'impôt foncier à des terres censéables, terrât cerisaies; tous deux se fixent coutumièrement. La taille et les aides ne furent pas davantage un impôt territorial. Us restèrent longtemps un impOt purement personnel, et quand ils devinrent partiellement un droit réel, ils ne s'étendirent pas pour cela à des ensembles de territoires. Leur source incontestable se trouve dans les dona, dans les présents que les Francs avaient coutume d'of frir à leurs chefs1. Mais dès le îx* siècle, les dons ne furent plus spontanés. Ils étaient provoqués ou commandés. Us étaient réclamés des hommes qui, unis au chef par un lien de fidélité plus étroite, ne pouvaient les refuser. On les ap pela precest precaria, questa, collecta, collectiones, quasi' deprecando', etc. Les rois francs les demandèrent à leurs •H. F.t T. IX, p. 420 E. (H81). 1 c Villam... cura omnibus consuetudinariis exactiunibus ab hit eliam qui Francorum nomine conseil tur pro debito cxipendis »» (hi plome du roi Robert (1005) II. F., X, p. 585). Cf. Chronique de saint Bénigne de Dijon, p. ItKi-IGfc : •• Cum mancipiis utriu.tquc sexus plu rimis, et omnes redditus et consuetudines, quas détient ipsi servi et ancilla**, et etiam î II î qui Franco* $e dicunt. »» • T. I, p. 340. 4 Le nom de talia provient, comme je loi montre* (T. I, p. 344 de U rnmptabilité naïve ^ consacrée, du reste, encore par notre Code ci il. 124 LIVRE IV. — CHAPITRE II. vassi, à époques fixes ou dans des circonstances solennelles, et ceux-ci firent de même vis-à-vis de leurs propres fidèles. C'était surtout à raison du mundium familial qu'ils étaient dus dans le principe, et c'est pourquoi les capitulai res dé fendirent aux officiers royaux de les réclamer pour leur propre compte du peuple '. Mais les puissants ne se laissè rent pas arrêter par ces défenses. En obligeant leurs te nanciers-vassaux, par des demandes sans réplique, à des dons qui ne pouvaient être appelés ainsi que par une amère dérision, ils en firent leurs hommes propres, homi nesproprii ou potestatis. Moins la résistance était possible, plus complets furent l'appropriation et l'asservissement. La questa fut due A volonté par le serf, à certains cas par l'homme qui avait gardé quelque personnalité. C'est donc bien un droit per sonnel, variable, distinct suivant les catégories de person nes, s'appliquantà tels individus ou groupes d'individus et non à un territoire qui se constitua sous le nom de taille1. Un phénomène analogue, et par le fait plus singulier, s'est produit pour les impôts indirects. Ceux-là aussi se transformèrent en droits personnels, saufàreprendre, dans certains cas et sous certaines conditions, un caractère réel. Prenons le plus important de ces impôts, le ton lieu, sous son acception la plus large. Non seulement par des immu nités plénières, mais par des exemptions partielles variant à l'infini, il se trouva restreint à des catégories générales ou particulières d'individus, aux catégories générales de marchands étrangers, d'aubains, de juifs, etc., aux caté art. 1333) des deux moitiés d'un bâton qu'on entaille. C'est ce que confirme l'emploi au xi#-xn« siècle, dans le sens de taille, du mot dica (du grec Aïx», mi-partie) (Cf. Orderic Vital, III, p. 424). « T. I, p. 342. • Cela ressort clairement d'un diplùme du roi Robert en faveur de l'abbaye de Micy (1022) : « Concedimus etiam eis ut hamines nastri. liberi et servi, qui manserint, vel domos habuerint in terris eorum, omnes penitus consuetudines et ex nomine taliam quemadmodum proprii homines eorum perpetuo reddant » (H. F. X. p. G06). LA SEIGNEURIE PERSONNELLE. 125 gories spéciales d'hommes de tel seigneur. Ce n'était donc plus rentrée sur un territoire, plus ou moins vaste, ni la vente dans toute l'étendue de ce territoire, que le tonlieu frappait, c'étaient des personnes déterminées qui le devaient et souvent à un tout autre que le seigneur qui commandait dans le lieu où le droit était levé. Quand, par exemple, le seigneur de Talmond fonde l'abbaye de Sainte Croix, il décide que le tonlieu {vendu) de toute vente de bétail faite dans sa seigneurie par un homme de Sainte Croix sera acquis à l'abbaye1. 11 n'excepte que les ventes faites au marché public. Le tonlieu, en effet, se générali sait 4 nouveau en s'incorporant à un lieu déterminé, en se localisant (enceinte de marché, zone étroite de péage, etc.). Mais s'il cessait par là d'être un droit purement personnel, il oe devenait pas un droit territorial, ni même un véritable, jus dominât ionis, il devenait un droit réel d'une espèce I « Si homo Scie Crucis vendiderit bovem vel vaccam, aut aliquaro aliam pecuariam, in toto honore mco, non reddat venditionem nisi Scte Cruci et ejus abbati. » (Cartui. de Talmond, vers 1049, p. 68). Cl. la condition faite aux cursores établis dans la cité de Poitiers. Ils doivent la vcnda au comte quand ils vendent dans le bourg de Moutier-Neuf et en même temps ils la doivent aux moines (1087, Besly, p. 406). En 1081-1088, le comte de Mortagne abandonne le tonlieu aux moines de Cluny pour leur bourg de Saint-Denis, près Nogent-le Rotrou, en se réservant ce qui proviendrait de ses bourgeois et de leurs commis ou encaisseurs « excepto de burzesos meos .probable ment pour buryesos proprios et receptarios qui stant cum eis in pro prio burgo meo di* Nogenti castro » (Ch. de Cluny, IV, p. 741). II «*st a remarquer que li»s marchands formaient de véritables grou pes personnels, placés sous une protection spéciale, jouissant de privilèges ou de dispenses eu échange desquels ils avaient des obli gations définies. Ainsi dans un diplôme de Philippe I*r, l'abbé de Saint Médard conteste avec succès à Albéric de Couci le droit de justiflcare ou d'inquietare, allant ou revenant, les marchands {me rcatoret) des quatre comtés de No von, Vermandois, Amiens, San t ers, parce qu'ils S'jnt placés sous la ganle (procuratio) d'un moine qui doit s'oc cuper de tout cp qui les touche (1066, Mabillou, De re diplom., p 585). 126 LIVRE IV. — CHAPITRE II. particulière, un jus pr opter rem, beaucoup plus qu'un jtu in re. Et ainsi s'explique que deux droits aussi dissemblables que le tonlieu (vendœ) et les laudamenta, laudes (finan ces prélevées par le concédant d'un bénéfice en échange de son consentement à la vente par le bénéficier1}, le premier portant exclusivement sur des valeurs mobi lières, le second souvent sur des immeubles, l'un droit seigneurial, l'autre droit domanial, aient pu se fondre en un seul et donner naissance aux lods et ventes. Le droit mobilier de venda avait pris couleur foncière en se locali sant, et le droit foncier de « laudes » s'était mobilisé par les concessions totales ou partielles, qui le faisaient circuler comme valeur de patrimoine, et personnalisé par les autorisations générales d'acquérir qui en dispensaient des privilégiés. En définitive, la territorialité va partout se rétrécissant ou se repliant sur elle-même. Vous en demandez la cause? Elle est dans sa subordination aux groupements fonda mentaux que nous allons étudier. « Cf. T. I, p. 374. 127 CHAPITRE III LES GROUPEMENTS FONDAMENTAUX. 1. — LE GROUPEMENT ETHNIQUE1. « Les habitants des Gaules, ai-je dit au premier volume de cet ouvrage1, étaient groupés encore par nationalités secondaires, au point de vue de l'autorité dont ils rele vaient, bien qu'ils ne le fussent pas d'une manière rigou reuse au point de vue de leur répartition sur le sol. Au x9 siècle on se rattachait bien moins à une province d'ori gine qu'à un groupe ethnique (gem patria) ». J'ai montré ensuite1 que dans chaque région, petite ou grande, il existe un élément ethnique traditionnel qui lui imprime son caractère distinctif et fait l'unité de la population. Autant il serait faux de parler à cette époque d'une nation fran çaise, allemande ou italienne, autant est incontestable l'existence d'un nombre inBni de petites patries, depatriae' 1 II eiiste, «le notre temps, une tendance fâcheuse à confondre le grotq* ethnique avec l'espèce, le peuple avec la race. Ce sont pour tant tl»*« notions profondément distinctes. Le groupe ethnique est un groupe social, la race un groupe anthropologique. Le groupe ethni que peut être composa de nombreuses espaces, races ou variétés hu maines. Il est base" sur la communauté de langue, de mœurs, de croyances, de sentiments et d'institutions traditionnels, et peut ainsi s* fuUliviser en sous-groupes nombreux que, pour plus de simplicité, j'appellrrai souvent groupes ethniques, d'autres fois, pour plus de clarté, groupes partie ularistes. 1 T. I, p. 16H. * T. II, p. 20 et suiv. 4 L'expression se trouve au pluriel (voyez Ducange, v* Patria^. — Blé répond tour à tour à jHttjus, a comitatus [cowu$ patrim Amibù» 128 LIVRE IV. — CHAPITRE III. d'une infinité de génies, de peuples répandus sur la sur face du territoire. Leur origine, comme race, pouvait être étrangement mêlée, mais le caractère dominant, physique ou moral, en bien ou en mal1, servait de critérium distinc nensis. Ducange, Comtes d'Amiens, p. 156), à regio, à provincia, à diocèse (Cart. SaintJean-d'Angély, P» 126 r°. Cbn. M26 v» fin xi» s.), etc. Les membres d'un même groupe sont les patrienses (Ducange, h. v°; Hariulf, Chron. de saint Riquier, p. 141). On pourrait appliquer aux patriœ du haut moyen âge ce que M. Tarde dit de la cité antique : « Plus nous remontons dans le passé, plus les types de civilisation «ont nombreux et localisés : chacun d'eux re présenté par une cité ou une tribu est comme un îlot de sécurité et d'harmonie logique qui tend à s'étendre dans un océan d'insécurité et d'anarchie. Peu à peu ces îlots se rejoignent et grâce à l'extension plus rapide de l'un d'eux forment un continent » [Transform. du pou» voir, p. 205-206). 1 A travers tout le moyen fige les traits populaires distinctifs des « nations » petites ou grandes se sont conservés comme des sobri quets et transmis dans les MSS. J'ai retrouvé ainsi dans un MS. du x"-xie siècle, provenant de l'abbaye de Fleury, et conservé à la Bi bliothèque de Berne (n° 48), un tractatus de vitiis et virtutibus ge* tium, curieux pour l'état des esprits et, qu'à ce titre, je transcris : « De vitiis yentium. Invidia judeorum, perfidia persarum. Stulticia œgyptiorum. Fallalia grecorum. Sevitia sarracendorum, superbia ro manorum. Levitas chaldeorum. Varietas afrorum. Gula gallorum, vaoa glossa longobardorum. Crudelitas (H)unorum. Inmunditia suavorum. Ferocitas en interligne nobilitas) francorum. Stulticia sasonorum. Luxuria normannorum (en surcharge). Libido scottorum. Vinolentia spanorum. Duricia pictorum. Ira brittanorum. Spurcicia sclavorum. De bonis naturis yentium. Hebreorum p... ntia (prudenUa?) Persa rum stabilitas, œgyptiorum sollertia, grscorum sapientia, romanorum gravitas. Chaldeorum sagacitas, afrorum ingenium, gallorum firmitas, francorum fortitudo, saxonorum instancia. Vuasconorum agilitas, scot torum fidelitas. Spanorum argutia, brittanorum hospitalités... Tullius marcusdixit : Grecusante causam. Francus in causam, Romanus pott causam, Francus gravis, Romanus levis, Afrus versipellis. » (f*t r*). On peut rapprocher de ce texte l'extrait d'un MS. anglo-saxon de l'an 1064 que vient de publier M. Omont (Bibl. Ecole des chartes, janvier-avril, 1901, p. 69-70) : « Victoria Aegiptiorum, invidia judeo rum, sapientia gr&'corum, crudelitas pictorum, fortitudo romanorum. Largitas langobardorum. Gulla gallorum, superbia vel ferocitas Fran LB8 GROUPEMENTS FONDAMENTAUX. 129 tif et se survit, par le fait, aujourd'hui même dans les diversités provinciales. Les groupes ethniques ou particularistes se trouvaient soumis à des chefs qui s'étaient imposés à eux ou àqui ils s'é taient donnés, chefs qui ne gouvernaient pas des territoires, mais qui commandaient à des hommes. C'étaient là par excellence les groupes naturels. Us allaient depuis la famille proprement dite jusqu'à la nation. Us s'élargissaient ou se rétrécissaient, se subdivisaient et s'amalgamaient en des groupes artificiels qui tendaient à se substituer à eux ou à se les subordonner. La famille naturelle s'élargit en clan vassalique ou en commune rurale et urbaine, le chef d'une patria en englobe d'autres dans sa domination. En sens contraire, le groupe ethnique étendu se fractionne en des agglomérations plus petites auxquelles la valeur person nelle et la fortune d'un homme fournissent le noyau d'une cristallisation indépendante. Dans cette reconstitution so ciale la configuration du sol, la communauté d'intérêts créée par l'échange, le négoce, l'industrie; la similitude de genre de vie, de coutumes, de préjugés; la résistance à un ennemi commun; la poursuite d'un commun idéal jouent un rôle prépondérant.
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https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulces-Monclin
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CC-By-SA
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Saulces-Monclin
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https://vec.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saulces-Monclin&action=history
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Venetian
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Saulces-Monclin el xe on comun de 811 abitanti del departemento de Ardennes che el fa parte del rejon Grand Est in Fransa.
Evołusion demogràfega
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Comuni del departemento de Ardennes
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adg9530.0001.001.umich.edu_2
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A memorial record of the New York branch of the United States Christian commission
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United States Christian commission. New York branch
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No part of their work, pei-haps, conferred upon the soldiers and sailors more pleasure and benefit, or was more fruitful of good results every way, than this provision for their reading. The Committee were most fortunate in having as the Chairman of the Committee on Publications, Dr. Oliver Bronson, of New- York. Though in feeble and felling health, he devoted all his time and strength to this work. Besides carefully selecting from the issues of the different societies, and of the various publishing houses m the city, he had several small books and tracts prepared, with special application to the men in service. Every thing in this department came under his personal supervision and Tare. In view of his efficient services, the General Board unanimously adopted the following resolution : -Resolved, That the thanks of this Commission are justly due, and they are hereby presented to Oliver Bronson, M.D., for his unwearied zeal and attention as Chairman of the Committee on Publications ; tor the time, patience, and labor expended, and the judgment exhibit- ed by him in the selection of the various publications, and the care exercised by hini in their distribution. This resolution but expressed the true sentiments of every mem- ber of the Board. ®f iho ^. ^. (fh^istian (fommieeion, 29 In this connection, it is proper to state, that from the American Bible Society, the Committee received, without charge, a full sup- ply of Bibles and Testaments, so that the Commission became a most efficient agency for the distribution of the Word of God. They also received from the Evangelical Knowledge Society grants of Prayer-Books equal to their demands. From other societies, grants were made, from time to 'time, of their publi- cations. To select, commission, and send forth persons to act as delegates, was a most important and delicate duty. These persons would represent, on the one hand, the Commission and the Christian and patriotic sentiment of the people ; and, on the other, they would have to accommodate themselves to the rules of the military and naval service, commend themselves and their work to the officers in charge, and minister acceptably to the physical, mental, and religious wants of the men. It would devolve upon a delegate to go wherever his services might be needed, to take charge of whatever stores might be sent to him, to be ready at all times to aid the surgeons, to cooperate with the chaplains, to visit the hospitals, and not unfrequently to act as a common nurse ; to dispense delicacies to those who needed them, to distribute proper reading matter, to receive and transmit to distant friends messages of business or affection, to hold religious services, to converse and pray with the sick and dying, and to bury the dead. In a word, to carry to the soldier and the sailor, in all the circumstances of his temptation, danger, trial, and suffering, the ministrations of sympathy and love, the influences of home, and the blessings and hopes of the Gospel of his Saviour. It would be his mission to go forth, in the spirit of his Divine Master, and 30 M mmw^^l leoottd of the % '^. Bttanoh do, without fee or reward, what he could for the bodies and souls of his fellow-men. Such was the work proposed. Could it be done ? Were the men to be had ? Would they volunteer their services ? These were the questions to be solved. After duly weighing the whole matter, the Committee made their appeal. They sent it through the country. At once, there was a full- hearted response. Every mail brought the names of those v/ho were willing to enter the service. Clergymen, with the consent and approbation of their congregations, placed themselves at the disposal of the Committee. Physicians, lawyers, merchants, me- chanics, and students did the same. Yery soon, the difficulty was, not to obtain delegates, but to make a proper selection from among those who offered their services. It should have been stated that, as a rule, no compensation was paid for the services of delegates — a moderate sum was allowed to meet their actual expenses. As the field of operations was for the most part in the distant South, it became necessary to accept only such delegates as could give from six to twelve months to the work. The length of service, and the peculiar exposures of a Southern climate, presented many difficulties which had to be met. There were those who could easily arrange to be absent from their homes for a few weeks, but comparatively few who could give the time which this distant and protracted labor required. And yet, with the favor of God, these obstacles were overcome. Faithful and devoted men were found ready to undertake this self sacrificing, and, in many respects, most difficult work. It is not too much to say, and it is but just to say it, that in no part of the country were the objects of the Commis- sion more effectively and satisfactorily accomplished, than in these distant fields. It will interest the reader to know more in detail the plan by which the delegates carried out the purposes of the Committee. Q){ the ^. $\ $hvii$iian (^ommi$$ion» 31 This will be shown by presenting the operations of the service under the general head of departments of SLafior* For the sake of greater efficiency, the general field was divided into distinct departments — eacli department bearing a particular name. Over each department, a suitable person was appointed, to act as agent. All the delegates for a given department were under the supervision of this agent, whose duty it was to assign them their particular work, and furnish them with such supplies as tliey might need. All the forts, hospitals, troops, and shipping within the department were to be provided for. This agent was in constant communication with the office in JSTew-York, receiving such supplies of stores and reading matter as Ms department might require, and rendering, monthly, an account of all the work under his care. By this arrangement, the Committee always knew what was wanted and where it was wanted. If a given department needed more delegates, or stores of a particular kind, the demand could be promptly met. For instance, after any of the heavy bat- tles in Eastern Yirginia, it was known that the hospitals at Nor- folk and Portsmouth would be crowded. To the Agent at Norfolk stores of every needed kind were immediately sent, and sent in large quantities. He was authorized, also, to procure and supply bountifully the sick and wounded Avith the fresh fruits of that region. So, also, when it was known that General Sherman would soon appear on the Atlantic coast with his legions of war-worn veterans, large supplies of clothing, and articles of comfort and convenience of every kind, were forwarded to the agents of the Commission, ready to be distributed among the troops upon their arrival. 32 M mmoY^nl Beootid of the % y. Bijan^h The Departments of Labor may be numbered as follows : 1. The forts, camps, naval and military hospitals in New- York, and in the neighborhoods and towns from fifteen to twenty miles from the city. Of these, there were some twenty, embracing, on an average, from ten to fifteen thousand men. 2. The ships of war, with their transports leaving the Navy- Yard of Brooklyn. There were about five hundred and eighty ships and thirty-four thousand seamen. These constituted the larger part of the naval force of the United States. 3. The Department of Eastern Virginia, embracing Norfolk, Portsmouth, and the fleets coming to and departing from that port. The Eev. E. N. Crane was the Agent, and had his head- quarters at Norfolk. The number of delegates varied from six to twelve. This department was administered with great system and economy. 4. The Department of North-Carolina, embracing all the terri- tory within the Union lines south of Virginia. The headquarters were at Newbern. The following persons acted as agents. Eev. Jacob Best, Eev. John C. Taylor, Eev. A. S. Lovell, and the Eev. Washington Eodman. The number of delegates varied from ten to eighteen. The labors of this department were most difiicult and arduous. After the fall of Wilmington, and the approach of General Sherman's army, all the hospitals were crowded with the sick and wounded, and the delegates were taxed to the utmost of their abilities. 5. The Department of the South, embracing all the territory within the Union lines in South-Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Headquarters at Hilton Head. The agents were Eev. W. H. Tay- lor, Eev. Joseph Henson, and Eev. Dwight Spencer. Number of delegates varied from ten to fifteen. The affairs of this department were conducted in a most satisfactory manner. ^{ the ^, $. (?h^i$iian Commission. 33 6. The Department of the Gulf, including all points within the Union lines, from Key West, on the east, to the Eio Grande, on the west ; the Lower Mississippi, as far north as Port Hudson, and also the Eed Eiyer region, as far as the Union forces held pos- session. The headquarters were at New-Orleans. For a few months, the Eev. J. F. Sutton acted as agent. He was succeeded by Dr. J. V. 0. Smith, whose medical knowledge and eminent administrative abilities, peculiarly fitted him for this most responsible position. For two years and a half he conducted the affairs of his depart- ment, not only to the entire satisfaction of the Committee, but to the great comfort and benefit of the soldiers and sailors who came within the limits of his field. He was most ably seconded by a corps of twenty or more delegates, some of whom continued in the service for two years or more. In this connection, it should be stated, that while persons from all professions and callings offered their services, and rendered most essential aid, by far the larger number were clergymen. The Committee soon discovered that, as a rule, clergymen were more acceptable to the men, and consequently more efficient than any others. The soldiers and sailors, whatever might be their habits, were more disposed to listen to the instructions of the clergy ; and in sickness and sorrow, they were deeply grateful for their minis- trations. This feeling, which everywhere manifested itself, was a most striking and gratifying testimony to the position and influ- ences of the Christian ministry. Many of the clergy gave from six to twelve months, and some from a year and a half to two years. It has been the invariable testimony of all thus engaged, that no portion of their ministry has been so profitable to themselves, or so useful to their fellow-men, as the time spent in the service of the Commission. 3 34 M ^?emorjial Bew^d of the % ¥. Bnanoh The following extracts, taken almost at random from the cor- respondence of the delegates, show the nature and importance of the work accomplished. It has already been stated that the field of operations was, for convenience and efficiency, divided into distinct departments, and that over each department an agent was placed, urider whose super^ vision the work was carried on. The following report from the Agent of Eastern Virginia, gives a fair idea of the systematic and thorough manner in which every thing was done : " Branch Office, 9 Granby Street, ) " Norfolk, March 8, 1865. j '''•Secretary United States Christian Coymnission: "Dear Sir : According to instructions, I present the following re- port of the Christian Commission's work in the District of Eastern Virginia for the montlis of January and February, 1865, with a pass- ing reference to previous months. " This district comprises the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, and the defenses, consisting of a regular line of earthworks, around them ; the outposts and picket-stations, located at intervals out to and at Suffolk, and up the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal to Currituck ; and, on the eastern shore of Virginia, the Portsmouth Navy- Yard, and vessels constantly entering, lying at, and leaving the port ; the two army hospitals and the naval hospital in Portsmouth, and the army hospital and two prisons in Norfolk ; Fortress Monroe and the adja- cent camps and hospitals, and the vessels lying in Hampton Roads ; Newport News, where there is a colored recruiting camp; Yorktown, Gloucester Point, and Williamsburgh. Within this circuit we have probably reached, with our supplies and labors, during the past two months, over twenty thousand soldiers and sailors, not including those engaged in the Wilmington expedition, with which we sent a delegation of five clergymen, Avhose labors in the fleet occupied re- X^i the t{t. $, f hmsiiau (gommi$$iou. 35 spectively from two to six weeks, closing toward the end of Jan- uary. "Eight clerical and two lay delegates have labored under my di- rection during the time over which this report extends, namely : " Rev. R. B. G , who reported for duty in this district Decem- ber ninth, 1863, being located most of the time at the army lines near Portsmouth, until December twelfth, 1864, when he left for Roanoke Island in the Xewbern District, with the object of establishing a Christian Commission station there. He left for home early in Feb- ruary, 1865. " Rev. L. S , who had been laboring in this district very effi- ciently to^^wmmer, reported here for duty a second time, October sixth, 1864, and was engaged in the Portsmouth Hospital until ISTovember second, when he went to New-York to arrange matters in reference to the Wilmington fleet delegation. Being taken ill, he did not re- turn until November twenty-seventh. He w^as then engaged in pre- paring for the expedition. The fleet, with our delegation on board, sailed for Fort Fisher December fourteenth. Mr. S returned to Norfolk in the hospital-ship Fort Jackson December twenty-ninth, and, receiving a letter informing him of the dangerous illness of his daughter, started immediately for home. He returned the latter part of January, and resumed the position of temporary chaplain on board the United States steamer Colorado, (upon which he had entered early in December.) A few days after, he sailed on this vessel to New -York. " Rev. E. P. W reported for duty at this office November six- teenth, 1864, and was engaged in hospital labor until the middle of December, Avhen he entered the Wilmington fleet delegation as tem- porary chaplain on board the United States steamer New Ironsides, in which he went down to Fort Fisher, and was present at the first bombardment. He was very cordially received by the ship's com- pany, had commenced to labor in social meetings for prayer and Bible instruction among the men, and had distributed several packages of ]-eading matter, and some sanitary stores, when, after a fortnight's labor, he was disabled by sickness, and returned to Norfolk Decem- ber thirtieth. He was quite ill and unable to do much active duty for a week or ten days. He, however, rendered me valuable assist- 3G M Wl^mmM Beoov^d of the % ¥. Btianoh ance in the office until the middle of January, after which time he was very actively and efficiently employed in hospital visitation, and in holding services at various points at Norfolk and Portsmouth until February twentieth, when he closed his labors and left for home. He was, from the first, a most faithful and useful delegate. "Rev. C. H. B reported for duty at this office I^ovember twenty-third, 1864, and was engaged in the Portsmouth hospitals, in camp, and on vessels at the navy-yard until December twelfth, when he entered the Wilmington fleet delegation as temporary chaplain on board the United States steamer Powhatan, which position he occu- pied until the close of his term of service, holding regular Sabbath services and social meetings for prayer and religious conference among^ the men almost dailv, and distributing: reading: matter and stores to the extent w^e w^ere able to supply them. During the last fortnight, he was engaged most of the time in assisting the Rev. W. L. T , Agent at the Christian Commission quarters at Fort- ress Monroe. He closed his labors February fourteenth. No dele- gate in this district has been more zealous and efiective, and the la- bors of none have been more signally blessed. He bore all his ex- penses, and upon leaving, handed a donation of ten dollars to Mr. H , to purchase delicacies for several patients in the naval hos- pital. I am happy to learn that he thinks of entering again upon the work of the Commission, and hope he may return to this district. " Rev. H. D. B , formerly Chaplain of the One Hundred and Sixty-seventh Xew-York volunteers, reported for duty at this office De- cember seventeenth, 1864, and was engaged in labors at the Portsmouth hospitals until January second, 1865, when he went dow^n to join the fleet delegation then lying off Beaufort, N". C, to take the place of the Rev. E. P. W as temporary chaplain on the New Ironsides, and \aboT in iutie fteeib geTiexaWy, ^^ lie TCL\gti\. ^Yid oppoY Wm\.y . H^ ^v^?> thus engaged until January fourteenth, when he returned to Norfolk, and has since been working miscellaneously at the Portsmouth and N'orfolk hospitals, prison-camps, and on board vessels, holding occa- sional religious services, and distributing reading matter and stores, but mainly occupied in teaching colored soldiers in two wards of Balfour Hospital, where his labors have probably been the most use- ful. He purposes to return Korth soon to take a pastoral charge. ^)i the t^. $, fht[i$iian (Commission. 37 " Rev. B. B rejjorted for duty at this office December twenti- eth, 1864, and was actively and steadily at work in the Balfour Hospital until January second, when he took the hospital steamer Fort Jack- son, in company with Mr. B , for the Wilmington fleet, to fill the place of temporary chaplain on board the United States steamer Colorado, during Mr. S 's absence at the Korth. He remained on board until January tenth, laboring acceptably among the sailors, holding occasional prayer-meetings, and distributing reading matter. He then rejoined the Fort Jackson, and was present at the second bombardment and the capture of Fort Fisher. He returned to Norfolk on the same vessel in care of the wounded, in which work his efficiency and devotion enlisted the warmest commendation and thanks of the surgeon and other officers. He arrived here January eighteenth, and has since been regularly employed at the navy-yard, visiting and dis- tributing reading matter, and holding religious services on board the vessels. He has secured a sub-repository for supplies in one of the navy-yard buildings and is carrying on the work with vigor and success. When joined by Mr. B , as I hope he soon may be, they will be able to occupy the field thoroughly, and, I trust, with blessed results. " Rev. C. D. W reported for duty at this office [N'ovember twenty-third, 1864, and spent a few days in laboring in the Portsmouth hospitals. On N"ovember twenty-eighth, he took Mr. G 's place at Fort Hazlett, on the army lines near Portsmouth, to labor in the detach- ments of troops holding this line of defenses, and the cavalry picket- posts toward and at SuffiDlk, numbering in all from twenty-five hun- dred to three thousand men, for which work Government placed a horse at his disposal. The Rev. P. S. E having been recently appointed Chaplain of the Thirteenth Xew-York Heavy Artillery, which is the main force holding this line, and Mr. W having been appointed Chaplain of the Third N^ew-York Cavalry — the main force manning the picket-posts — the necessity of a delegate at this point has ceased for the present, though the frequent military changes may cause it to arise again. "Rev. W. R- reported for duty January twenty-ninth, 1865, and has, during the month of February, been constantly engaged in hospital visitation, and the distribution of reading matter and stores, 38 M flfemoiiial Beoor.d of tha 1i ¥. Br^anoh and preacliiiig in the hospitals and on vessels at the navy-yard, and on two Sabbaths in St. Paul's Church, Norfolk. His courteous man- ners, sterling ability, and discretion tell effectively in our work here, elevating its tonc^ and causing it to be more highly appreciated. Sup- plies to a considerable amount in value have been sent us through his influence. " Mr. W. P reported at this oflice for duty as a lay delegate November twenty-seventh, 1864. The project of Mr. S , who recommended his appointment, was, that he should join the Wilming- ton fleet delegation, especially to take charge of the supplies, and aid in their distribution ; but the original plan of locating all the dele- gates on board the hospital-ship, to work from that base among the vessels of the fleet, having been changed, and the clerical delegates posted as temporary chaplains on separate vessels, there seemed to be no proper position in the fleet to which Mr. P could be as- signed. He was, therefore, engaged in assisting Mr. T , Agent at Fortress Monroe, in forwarding supplies to and from our Norfolk oflice, in which he rendered very useful and timely service, and was one of our most faithful and indefatigable delegates. He left for home January thirtieth, closing his term of service in connection with this office. "Mr. W. H reported at this oflice for duty as a lay delegate September flrst, 1864, and has to the present time been employed as my oflice-assistant, and engaged, whenever he could be spared from office duties, in hospital visitation. Although not sufliciently educat- ed to attend to accounts or correspondence, (in which I often feel the need of help,) he is, in other respects, a faithful and efficient worker. He is especially adapted to hospital visitation, having a peculiar tact in winning the good- will of the patients, and admirable discrimina- tion and discretion in furnishing them just the supplies they need, as well as in religious conversation and general spiritual ministi'ations. I Avould here repeat the suggestion, made in a recent letter, that, as soon as some suitable person can be engaged to assist me in the office, Mr. H be relieved from this duty, in order that he may devote himself to hospital work. His labors in that department of our fleld would, I doubt not, be abundantly blessed. " My own labors, froni the time I was cqmmissioned as Agent for l^f the '(fj> $. (?h;|i$tian $ommv$$ioi^« 39 this district, September lifteeiith, 1863, have consisted in a general superintendence of Christian Commission operations in this region. For the first eight months, I was located at the United States Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, Ya., performing the duties of chaplain, as well as those of Christian Commission Agent, attending to hospital visitation, conducting a daily evening service in the hospital at five o'clock. I also, for three months, performed chaplain's duty in Balfour Army Hospi- tal, Portsmouth, spending two or three mornings weekly in visitation, and conducting three or four services on the Sabbath ; also sustaining a morning and evening Sabbath service and a social service on Thurs- day evenings, in the Christian Commission Chapel, Portsmouth. I also officiated at the funerals in both hospitals. The Rev. M. E. W-^ and Mr. H. B. A were my only assistants until June, 1864, excejDting the Rev. Mr. G ^, whose services, however, were confined strictly to the army lines near Portsmouth. As our work in- creased, and larger invoices of supplies were sent to this district, the necessity arose for larger office accommodation than the ISTaval Hos- pital could furnish, and we removed to our present location, 'No, 9 Granby street, Norfolk, where we occupy a house assigned us by the military authorities, thus far rent free. We have, besides, received all necessary Government facilities for carrying on our work. Our office has become an established and well-known institution of the city, and our band of laborers increased from one to ten. I am now constantly occupied in office duties, receiving and issuing supplies, conducting correspondence with the New- York office, with delegates, chaplains, and others, keeping the office accounts, and visiting, as I have time and opportunity, various points at which delegates are la- boring, and conducting two or three Sabbath services in the Norfolk prisons and hospital. "The above I have given as a cursory glance at our work from the beginning of my agency in this district, introductory to a regular series of monthly reports. " I subjoin a statistical report of our work in this district for the months of January and February, except that of the Wilmington fleet delegation and of Rev. Mr. Walker of the army lines near Ports- mouth, of which no statistics have been furnished me : 40 M ^?emor^ial Kecoiiti of the % f. l^v.^mh January. February. Religious services, (mostly on Sabbath,) 20 37 Hospitals visited and supplied, 13 13 Prisons " " " 3 8 Regiments, detachment visited, 43 66 Vessels " 14 65 Boxes and packages sent from office, 189 267 Weekly and monthly religious papers distributed, 27,406 32,563 Books and Tracts " 4,924 12,044 Bibles and Testaments " 740 433 " Decided religious interest has been apparent in the car-house ward of Balfour Hospital, (a large building at some distance from the other hospital buildings,) and on board the United States steamers Powhatan and New Ironsides, and there is good evidence of several conversions, especially on the Powhatan, under the labors of Mr. B . Our work in the navy is greatly increasing in extent and interest, and in its appreciation among the officers and men. We have, within the last month, held frequent Sabbath services on ves- sels lying at the navy-yard, and applications are frequently made at our office for supplies of reading matter for vessels arriving at or leaving port. This being one of the principal naval stations of the country, the importance of our 7iav7/ work here, which is especially committed to the New- York Branch of the Christian Commission, can scarcely be over-estimated ; and amidst all the changes that may take place, our armi/ work will probably not diminish, but rather in- crease, for a year to come, even though the end of the war may be near at hand, on account of the military as well as the naval import- ance of this point. " Our sanitary supplies have been distributed by the delegates with good judgment, and special care has been taken to see that they did reach those for whom they were intended. They have brought com- fort and relief to many suffering ones, and the work of the Christian Commission in ministering to both body and soul has been most gratefully appreciated and acknowledged. " Respectfully submitted. E. N. Ckane, "Agent IT. S. Christian Commission for Eastern Virginia." W tl>o ^, ^, (?hi;i$iian $ommi$$ion. 41 A delegate from Eastern Virginia writes : "Portsmouth, Ya. " I beg to make a brief report of my work in Portsmouth under the direction of your efficient Agent at ISTorfolk. I devoted myself to the hospitals in Portsmouth, especially the Seaboard Hospital and the Baptist Church Hospital, distributing a large amount of reading matter, talking with the men, and giving out sanitary stores, such as fresh vegetables, wines, crutches, fans, handkerchiefs, etc. On the first Sunday I preached in two prisons, the colored hospital, and the Union Church ; on the second Sunday, in three hospitals. The atten- tion was very serious indeed, and we all enjoyed the occasion. All meet the agents of the Christian Commission with the heartiest wel- come, and the men are remarkably open to religious influence. My labor has been the most jDleasant I ever enjoyed. I would call your attention to the earnest need of one or two permanent delegates in Portsmouth, where there are about two thousand sick and wounded. There is a great want of Bibles, Testaments, hymn-books, and of sanitary stores, which last are indispensable to the spiritual Avork in the hospitals. "The second day after I left ISTew-York, I found myself busy among soldiers on the steamer, talking and reasoning with them on points of morality and on the subject of being prepared to die. Af- terward, on the way up the James River, an Episcopal brother and myself performed public service among the soldiers, and after the service distributed books and tracts, all apparently Avith acceptance and profit. At the front, near Point of Rocks, work was demanding attention. In the hospital there — an old farm-house — some of our suffering boys received from us, thankfully, this one an orange, that one a lemon, another a good tract, and another a word of exhortation. While there, some sixty to seventy-five wounded soldiers came by from another part of the field in ambulances. We made and gave them a pailful of lemonade, and a pretty good supply of oranges, thus cheering many a soldier's heart. " Continued service not being needed at that time on the front, on the next day I had a very attentive audience of about thirty soldiers, the captain of the steamer and some of his men being also present. 42 M M^mmM Becor^d ol the B. ¥. Btjanch " On my way from Fort Monroe to Baltimore, I found myself in company with upward of three hundred, among whom it was not convenient to have any public service ; but learning that they were nearly all very scarce of funds, and many of them, for a day or more, had been without a supply of food, and not knowing of any way to procure a supply, I was happy in directing them to a saloon where a meal is given by the generous proprietors and patrons of it to tlie defenders of our country as they pass by. In PJiiladelphia, on my Avay home, I found it for edification, in a weekly prayer and confer- ence meeting, to speak in behalf of our suffering soldiers. Other in- stances of the same kind might be mentioned, since my return and before. My preaching from cot to cot of course was an every-day service, and I don't feel prepared to speak of the number of times I was thus employed. " Services of this kind are sometimes very highly esteemed, not only by the soldier addressed and prayed for, but by those in his im- mediate vicinity. " At the request of the chaplain, I acted in his stead one evening, and called on a soldier very ill. Soon after I spoke to him, he asked me to pray for him. I inquired into his state of mind. Every thing appeared to be right, except that he did not feel prepared to say that he was a Christian. I explained to him that if he was intelligently and sincerely looking to Christ for salvation, he was a Christian. I inquired if he recollected any instance in the New Testament where our Lord disappointed any w^ho came to Him sincerely asking a favor for themselves or friends. lie answered, 'No. I declared to him that Christ was the same now as then ; and that if he were sincere in his application, he ought not to doubt his acceptance. And I asked him if he felt sure in reference to his own sincerity. He promptly and with apparent sorrow replied that he was sincere. I exhorted him to fear not. I then announced to those around, (I had not been among them before,) that their very fjeble friend had wished me to pray for hi!n, and made a few remarks and then prayed, with solemn attention all round. I called in a day or two afterward, to see the man I had prayed for. I was informed by those near his cot that he was dead ! And said one of them ; ' Sir, your visit and prayer the other nii^ht saved him !' I mention this to show the high, and, in ^i the ^. ^. ^hr^istian (Commission. 43 this case, the over-estiaiate given by our suiFering boys to the ser- vices of faithful ministers." The following extracts are taken from the correspondence of delegates laboring in different parts of the field: A delegate writes from the "Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, Va. : " This is one of the largest naval hospitals in the United States. It has at present over three hundred wounded naval officers and men — the cured leaving, and others arriving continually. ISTo chaplain was here to sympathize and pray with them, to point them to the Lamb of God, and smooth their dying pillow, and transmit their last remembrances to loved ones at home. " Most of my labor is with individual sufferings and necessities of body and soul. My first inquiry was for the most fital cases. Two of these I had barely time to warn of their danger and urge to repent, before their eyes closed in death. Others of special interest I will mention. J. C , a young man whose parents reside in l^ew- York, had an arm torn off by a shell which killed his brother and tw^o others. These three lie buried here. He was a member of the Sun- day-school of the Memorial Church, corner of Hammond street and Waverley Place. I found him deeply interested in the salvation of his soul, and in a few days was enabled to inform his pious parents that their poor wounded son v/as rejoicing in a hope in Christ. " F. B is a man of family, from Brooklyn, over fifty years of age. Rapid consumption set in after an injury ; has been given up by the surgeons. Though here but a few days, he has found his Saviour. I have witnessed repentance in many a sinner ; but such brokenness of spirit, such love to Jesus, such trust in Him, would cause any Christ- ian to weep for joy with him, as I have done. . . . . " I have started tw^o prayer-meetings daily, at six a.m. and six p.m. They are well attended by those who can leave their couches. Last evening there were about one hundred present. At the close more than a dozen rose and asked to be prayed for. I have appointed an inquiry-meeting at one p.m., daily. My service on the Sabbath is at halfpast two p.m., the morning being wholly taken 44 M PB$morial Keoord of the % ¥. Biianoh ujD by the surgeons in the wards. This service is well attended by surgeons, officers, and men, and very solemn." At a later period the same delegate writes : " Our services in a church opened for us by General Yiele, have been very gratifying. In the evening the house was so full that the doorway, porch, and Avindows outside were surrounded by those un- able to -procure seats. The audience was very attentive, and tarried after service to sing and greet each other." A delegate writes from the Naval Hospital, Norfolk, Va. : " The Spirit of God is here, of a truth. There have been several conversions within a few days. One, an old man of sixty-four, a remarkable instance of the power of the grace of God. He was the greatest reprobate in the whole ward, and almost defied God. Yes- terday lie found peace in believing. He has been in the service thirty years, has doubled the capes of both hemispheres twenty-one times. I sent, this morning, a letter to his pious wife in Philadelphia, an- nouncing the glad tidings of his conversion. " Our library succeeds admirably^ The volumes were all taken, and many more would have been, could we have supplied them. We have them elegantly catalogued and numbered. It is carried through all the wards twice a week, and is very popular .and useful. In fact, it promises more than any other instrumentality of the press we have employed. Many thanks and blessings have been expressed to the Commission for the generous and early response made to our appli- cation." A delegate writes from Fort Jefferson, Tortugas, Fla., in refer- ence to a box of books sent by the Commission : "I had notified our men that a box of fresh religious books was coming, and as my stock of reading matter had nearly run out, and all eyes were eagerly looking for the vessel, it was not necessary for me, when she discharged her cargo, to look after my box. As soon as it appeared, with my name on, marked from the Christian Com- mission, some half-a-dozen of the men brought it to my quarters, say- W the tfl. $. (Jhtjiatian f ommisaion. 45 ing : ' Here, Chaplain, is tlie box of books ; and if you clo not consider it rude, we should like some right off.' I promptly complied with their request, and since then have been busily engaged in distributing the contents of the box. Our soldiers in this department are becom- ing great readers, and it gives me great pleasure to see how the dif- ferent companies emulate each other. Our books, papers, and tracts are also received by the prisoners— of whom we have one hundred and forty— with great thankfulness." ^ A delegate, after visiting various places on the Lower Missis- sippi, writes : "We found upward of twenty-five hundred sick and wounded in the hospital at Baton Bouge. One man told me it did him more good to see us there on our errand of mercy, than it would to obtain his discharge. I found him dying. He expressed a hope that he had given his heart to Christ. I staid with him all night, and the next day cut off a lock of his hair, and took his dying message to his friends. " At Port Hudson I spent several days in the front. On the morn- ing of the engagement, I started for Springfield Landing for supplies. When I reached the telegraph station my horse gave out. While waiting for a wagon, Dr. R , Medical Director of one of the divisions, asked me to take charge of this station, where I give to all the wounded, as they pass by, iced drink and refreshments. Some fifteen hundred have already been relieved in this Avay." [The letter was dated Lilly Station, and Avritten in lead pencil, " after the rush of ambulance-wagons past the station was over."] Some months later, another delegate writes : " At Baton Rouge I attended a meeting in the Barracks Hospital. 4G M ^omomal Beoori4 of the M 1. Br^anch The room Avas crowded. A large part of the audience consisted of pious soldiers, many of them recently converted. They spoke freely and prayed fervxmtly. I made visits to the hospital wards, making distributions in all cases to officers and soldiers, hearing, everywhere, deep interest manifested in our work, and testimony to its great value, and observing a general disposition to afford us every assistance. " The next Sabbath morning I preached at Port Hudson. Though the morning was showery, officers and men came out well. On Mon- day I attended a devotional meeting of the chaplains and instructors. They all united in a cordial testimony to the value of the Christian Commission to them ; urging further aid, more frequent visits, and larger supplies, particularly of books and papers. These chaplains are faithful working men, preach regularly, hold social meetings, dis- tribute reading, teach school. They spoke of the cooperation of their officers, and how eager they Avere to obtain reading matter. " I landed at Donaldsonville on Sunday morning, at eight o'clock. Was cordially received by the Colonel. He assisted me in the dis- tribution of books and papers, and sent his orderly to give notice for preaching, and at eleven o'clock drum beat church-call. He, with his staff, and a good number of the troops, attended. I was told that many of them had heard no preaching for years ; some, proba- bly, never. All listened respectfully, some with deep interest. How they crowded around my box! In a few minutes all the German, French, and Roman Catholic Testaments were gone, and not a tenth supplied ; then a large quantity of English Testaments, and papers, tracts, leaflets, etc., indefinitely. They had never before been sup- plied or even visited." The agent having for a time the charge of the Department of IsTorth Carolina, gives the following general account of the work : "On arriving in North-Carolina as agent of the United States Christian Commission, I found the work of the Commission carried on at four principal points, namely, ISTewbern, Goldsborough, Wil- mington, and Raleigh. I directed the work, and resided, during my term of service, chiefly at the first-named place, making brief visits to the other localities, as occasion required. The duties of the office ^)i the '^, ^, ($\\x\\$i\m (Commission. at Kewberii were discharged by myself and several able assistants, and were of the deepest interest, our calls amounting to no less than four and five hundred, and, in one instance, to six hundred soldiers in a single day. Many of these applicants were needy men of Sher- man's and Schofield's armies, and others were released prisoners from Wilmington, Andersonville, and Columbia, whose claims to sympa- thy and assistance, arising from long months of suffering, made it a sacred duty to minister to their relief. It was a touching sight to behold — these men as they entered our office and made their simple requests, asking, in the great majority of cases, for some article of trifling value, such as a shirt, a pair of shoes, or a comb ; or else as eagerly desiring to be furnished with either a pocket Testament or some religious paper, after naming one that had been familiar to them at their homes. They seemed fully impressed with the value, and were peculiarly affected by what may be called the parental character of the Commission, in making provision, as it did, for even their smallest wants. The coldest-hearted contributor to the charity would have had his eyes moistened inevitably, at hearing the daily repetition of requests preferred in this modest and hesitating way : ' You can't give me a few dried apples, can you ?' ' I'd like to have a little blackberry syrup, if you have any.' ' The only thing I want is a pair of suspenders.' ' Can you spare me one of those little combs ?' It can not be unworthy of re-cord — and the mention of the fact will give pleasure, I am sure, to thousands of generous workers— that the comfort-bags and their contents — evidences of a love that never wea- ried — were fully appreciated by these noble men. It was amusing to hear the articles in question called for by such a strange variety of appellations. One wanted ' a comfort-bag,' another ' a housewife,' another ' a work-bag,' while still another asked for ' a needle-album,' this last evidently giving himself no little credit for originating so clever a name. " Copies of the Bible and of the Testament were also thankfully received. Great numbers of men returning to their distant homes applied for these, and for a few small religious books, ' for the child- ren,' showing clearly that through months and years of hardship and exposure to manifold temptations, they still retained fond memories of home. Our stock of Bibles having been quite exhausted toward 48 M ^emoijial Beoor^a of tho li ¥. BnanoH the close of our stay, I was obliged to write orders for these upon the Commission officers at Richmond, Baltimore, and other Northern cities, so eager was the desire of many of these heroes to have a Bible to carry home from the war. " In how many humble cottages of the various States of the Union are these precious books now treasured and reverently handled, and what countless thrilling memories will they awaken, as they speak — as no other Bibles can speak to their possessors — the words of eternal life! " Beside office distribution, much was also accomplished in the way of furnishing reading matter — chiefly in the form of tracts and news- papers — to soldiers in the hospitals and camps, and to those arriving or departing on the cars. "The work performed in connection with the branch offices of Goldsborough, Wilmington, and Raleigh, was of like character to that which I have referred to, except that at these there were larger facilities for the important work of outdoor and indoor preaching than w^ere available at N'ewbern, where the throng of applicants and constant demands from the various stations threw so large an amount of office-labor upon a willing but overburthened force. " With regard to the delegates with whom it was my privilege to be associated, I can only say that they toiled faithfully and inces- santly in what was, to them, a labor of love, several of them working on with unflagging energy, until prevented, by utter prostration of bodily strength, from Avorking any longer in the cause. While it would give me great pleasure to name all of these brethren, and to specify the service of each, I can not omit to mention the names of Brothers Thomas, Dinsmore, and Gregory, of the office at Wilming- ton ; Brothers Downey, Cochran, and Allen, at Raleigh ; Brothers Noble, Weed, Andrews, Campbell, Sultzer, and Garland, at New- bern ; and Brothers Pierce and Sellick at Goldsborough ; all of whom put forth their best exertions, and merit the warmest praise. The services of Brother Gregory, at Wilmington, were greater than those of any other, from the circumstance that his opportunities were larger, and were fully and enthusiastically embraced. Among the sick and dying of the returned prisoners, brought into Wilmington, and forming a dismal caravan of woe, beside' the bed of each ghastly ^)t the ^. g. ^htjistian $ommi$$ion. 49 sufferer, in all the indescribable fearfulness of those flmtastic, horrid scenes, this strong-hearted man passed Avith words of tenderest con- solation, and with precious deeds of love.
| 4,562 |
https://github.com/voidcontext/stockpile/blob/master/core/src/main/scala/vdx/stockpile/DeckInterpreter.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
stockpile
|
voidcontext
|
Scala
|
Code
| 132 | 574 |
package vdx.stockpile
import cats.data.Kleisli
import cats.syntax.applicative._
import cats.syntax.foldable._
import cats.syntax.monoid._
import cats.{Applicative, FlatMap, Foldable, Id}
import vdx.stockpile.Card.{DeckListCard, InventoryCard}
import vdx.stockpile.cardlist.CardList
import vdx.stockpile.instances.cardlist._
import vdx.stockpile.pricing.CardPrice
trait DeckInterpreter extends DeckAlgebra[Id, CardList, DeckListCard, InventoryCard, CardPrice[DeckListCard]] {
override implicit def applicativeF: Applicative[Id] = cats.catsInstancesForId
override implicit def flatMapF: FlatMap[Id] = cats.catsInstancesForId
override implicit def cardListFoldable: Foldable[CardList] = vdx.stockpile.instances.cardlist.cardListFoldable
override def cardsOwned(inventory: Inventory): Kleisli[Id, DeckList, DeckList] = Kleisli { deckList: DeckList =>
deckList
.foldLeft(CardList.empty[DeckListCard]) { (list, card) =>
val totalNumOfHaves = inventory.filter_(_.name == card.name).map(_.count).sum
list.combine(CardList(card.withCount(Math.min(card.count, totalNumOfHaves))))
}
.pure[Id]
}
override def cardsToBuy(inventory: Inventory): Kleisli[Id, DeckList, DeckList] = Kleisli { deckList: DeckList =>
deckList
.foldLeft(CardList.empty[DeckListCard]) { (list, card) =>
list.combine(
CardList(
inventory
.filter_(_.name == card.name)
.foldLeft(card) { (card, inventoryCard) =>
card.withCount(card.count - inventoryCard.count)
}
)
)
}
.pure[Id]
}
override def priceCard: Kleisli[Id, DeckListCard, CardPrice[DeckListCard]] = ???
}
| 21,484 |
https://github.com/crowdbotics-apps/proj-30267/blob/master/screens/Beneficiary(146:2727)1256802_146_2727/index.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
FTL, AML, RSA-MD
| null |
proj-30267
|
crowdbotics-apps
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 1,989 | 11,140 |
import React from "react"
import {
View,
Image,
ImageBackground,
TouchableOpacity,
Text,
Button,
Switch,
TextInput,
StyleSheet,
ScrollView
} from "react-native"
import Icon from "react-native-vector-icons/FontAwesome"
import { CheckBox } from "react-native-elements"
import { connect } from "react-redux"
import {
widthPercentageToDP as wp,
heightPercentageToDP as hp
} from "react-native-responsive-screen"
import { getNavigationScreen } from "@modules"
export class Blank extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.state = {}
}
render = () => (
<ScrollView
contentContainerStyle={{ flexGrow: 1 }}
style={styles.ScrollView_1}
>
<View style={styles.View_2} />
<View style={styles.View_146_2728}>
<View style={styles.View_I146_2728_12_9}>
<Text style={styles.Text_I146_2728_12_9}>Benificiaries </Text>
</View>
</View>
<ImageBackground
source={{
uri:
"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/figma-alpha-api/img/1e0a/1524/3edf82b0df80ffbe695b85125e525ddf"
}}
style={styles.ImageBackground_146_2729}
/>
<ImageBackground
source={{
uri:
"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/figma-alpha-api/img/3d83/45bb/2dbd92e178b38ed129c1b9171bc74205"
}}
style={styles.ImageBackground_146_2730}
/>
<ImageBackground
source={{
uri:
"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/figma-alpha-api/img/10b7/d2ca/90cbfcf4468ae814ae396ec876b7af00"
}}
style={styles.ImageBackground_146_2731}
/>
<View style={styles.View_146_2732}>
<Text style={styles.Text_146_2732}>
Home Payment and Transfer Payout{" "}
</Text>
</View>
<ImageBackground
source={{
uri:
"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/figma-alpha-api/img/b402/317f/cad1674112f8af50f176b989a298f7ac"
}}
style={styles.ImageBackground_146_2733}
/>
<ImageBackground
source={{
uri:
"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/figma-alpha-api/img/b402/317f/cad1674112f8af50f176b989a298f7ac"
}}
style={styles.ImageBackground_146_2734}
/>
<TouchableOpacity
style={styles.TouchableOpacity_146_2735}
onPress={() =>
this.props.navigation.navigate(getNavigationScreen("33_209"))
}
/>
<View style={styles.View_146_2738}>
<Text style={styles.Text_146_2738}>Recipient Name</Text>
</View>
<View style={styles.View_149_2756}>
<Text style={styles.Text_149_2756}>Recipient Name</Text>
</View>
<ImageBackground
source={{
uri:
"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/figma-alpha-api/img/8306/3570/59a74ed2874c4a92d909866db06a0cad"
}}
style={styles.ImageBackground_149_2719}
/>
<ImageBackground
source={{
uri:
"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/figma-alpha-api/img/8306/3570/59a74ed2874c4a92d909866db06a0cad"
}}
style={styles.ImageBackground_149_2755}
/>
<View style={styles.View_149_2720}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2720_24_62}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2720_24_63} />
<View style={styles.View_I149_2720_24_64}>
<Text style={styles.Text_I149_2720_24_64}>Nickname</Text>
</View>
</View>
</View>
<View style={styles.View_149_2758}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2758_24_62}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2758_24_63} />
<View style={styles.View_I149_2758_24_64}>
<Text style={styles.Text_I149_2758_24_64}>Nickname</Text>
</View>
</View>
</View>
<View style={styles.View_149_2747}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2747_24_62}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2747_24_63} />
<View style={styles.View_I149_2747_24_64}>
<Text style={styles.Text_I149_2747_24_64}>Account Number</Text>
</View>
</View>
</View>
<View style={styles.View_149_2798}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2798_24_62}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2798_24_63} />
<View style={styles.View_I149_2798_24_64}>
<Text style={styles.Text_I149_2798_24_64}>Account Number</Text>
</View>
</View>
</View>
<View style={styles.View_149_2731}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2731_24_62}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2731_24_63} />
<View style={styles.View_I149_2731_24_64}>
<Text style={styles.Text_I149_2731_24_64}>Entity Type</Text>
</View>
</View>
</View>
<View style={styles.View_149_2782}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2782_24_62}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2782_24_63} />
<View style={styles.View_I149_2782_24_64}>
<Text style={styles.Text_I149_2782_24_64}>Entity Type</Text>
</View>
</View>
</View>
<View style={styles.View_149_2739}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2739_24_62}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2739_24_63} />
<View style={styles.View_I149_2739_24_64}>
<Text style={styles.Text_I149_2739_24_64}>Bank Country/Region</Text>
</View>
</View>
</View>
<View style={styles.View_149_2790}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2790_24_62}>
<View style={styles.View_I149_2790_24_63} />
<View style={styles.View_I149_2790_24_64}>
<Text style={styles.Text_I149_2790_24_64}>Bank Country/Region</Text>
</View>
</View>
</View>
<ImageBackground
source={{
uri:
"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/figma-alpha-api/img/977c/7c2a/4997d793f416704d8102e1b235583c54"
}}
style={styles.ImageBackground_150_2743}
/>
<ImageBackground
source={{
uri:
"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/figma-alpha-api/img/977c/7c2a/4997d793f416704d8102e1b235583c54"
}}
style={styles.ImageBackground_150_2744}
/>
<ImageBackground
source={{
uri:
"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/figma-alpha-api/img/db7c/6fcb/cddd145eee017c79e5e39404046bc74b"
}}
style={styles.ImageBackground_151_2743}
/>
<ImageBackground
source={{
uri:
"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/figma-alpha-api/img/db7c/6fcb/cddd145eee017c79e5e39404046bc74b"
}}
style={styles.ImageBackground_151_2744}
/>
<View style={styles.View_146_2739}>
<View style={styles.View_I146_2739_12_141}>
<View style={styles.View_I146_2739_12_142}>
<View style={styles.View_I146_2739_12_143} />
<ImageBackground
source={{
uri:
"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/figma-alpha-api/img/f017/180b/5ad32115e745e732d6d68b43f01e3ee1"
}}
style={styles.ImageBackground_I146_2739_12_144}
/>
<View style={styles.View_I146_2739_12_145} />
</View>
<View style={styles.View_I146_2739_12_146}>
<ImageBackground
source={{
uri:
"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/figma-alpha-api/img/4fee/9e86/92da37511c5df705e82285af379e3659"
}}
style={styles.ImageBackground_I146_2739_12_147}
/>
</View>
<View style={styles.View_I146_2739_12_151}>
<ImageBackground
source={{
uri:
"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/figma-alpha-api/img/a60f/13cf/1b8dc0b1c1e531d5aaff2f6b97a471f0"
}}
style={styles.ImageBackground_I146_2739_12_152}
/>
</View>
</View>
<View style={styles.View_I146_2739_12_157}>
<View style={styles.View_I146_2739_12_158}>
<Text style={styles.Text_I146_2739_12_158}>9:27</Text>
</View>
</View>
</View>
</ScrollView>
)
}
const styles = StyleSheet.create({
ScrollView_1: { backgroundColor: "rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)" },
View_2: { height: hp("127.59562841530054%") },
View_146_2728: {
width: wp("39.46666666666667%"),
height: hp("5.46448087431694%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("36%"),
top: hp("19.808743169398905%"),
backgroundColor: "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)"
},
View_I146_2728_12_9: {
flexGrow: 1,
width: wp("38.4%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("-3.7333333333333343%"),
top: hp("0.819672131147545%"),
justifyContent: "center"
},
Text_I146_2728_12_9: {
color: "rgba(51, 51, 51, 1)",
fontSize: 19,
fontWeight: "400",
textAlign: "center",
fontStyle: "normal",
letterSpacing: -0.36,
textTransform: "none"
},
ImageBackground_146_2729: {
width: wp("25.866666666666667%"),
height: hp("6.693989071038252%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("-0.26666666666666666%"),
top: hp("5.46448087431694%")
},
ImageBackground_146_2730: {
width: wp("5.866666666666666%"),
height: hp("3.0054644808743167%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("80.26666666666667%"),
top: hp("8.19672131147541%")
},
ImageBackground_146_2731: {
width: wp("5.447619120279948%"),
height: hp("1.7759562841530054%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("91.2%"),
top: hp("8.743169398907105%")
},
View_146_2732: {
width: wp("50.13333333333333%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("5.6000000000000005%"),
top: hp("14.071038251366119%"),
justifyContent: "flex-start"
},
Text_146_2732: {
color: "rgba(51, 51, 51, 1)",
fontSize: 8,
fontWeight: "500",
textAlign: "left",
fontStyle: "normal",
letterSpacing: 0,
textTransform: "none"
},
ImageBackground_146_2733: {
width: wp("0.8%"),
height: hp("0.9562841530054645%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("14.399999999999999%"),
top: hp("14.48087431693989%")
},
ImageBackground_146_2734: {
width: wp("0.8%"),
height: hp("0.9562841530054645%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("45.33333333333333%"),
top: hp("14.48087431693989%")
},
TouchableOpacity_146_2735: {
width: wp("25.6%"),
minWidth: wp("25.6%"),
height: hp("3.278688524590164%"),
minHeight: hp("3.278688524590164%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("13.600000000000001%"),
top: hp("40.30054644808743%"),
backgroundColor: "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)"
},
View_146_2738: {
width: wp("30.4%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("11.200000000000001%"),
top: hp("28.825136612021858%"),
justifyContent: "flex-start"
},
Text_146_2738: {
color: "rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)",
fontSize: 11,
fontWeight: "400",
textAlign: "left",
fontStyle: "normal",
letterSpacing: 0,
textTransform: "none"
},
View_149_2756: {
width: wp("30.4%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("11.200000000000001%"),
top: hp("76.91256830601093%"),
justifyContent: "flex-start"
},
Text_149_2756: {
color: "rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)",
fontSize: 11,
fontWeight: "400",
textAlign: "left",
fontStyle: "normal",
letterSpacing: 0,
textTransform: "none"
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ImageBackground_149_2719: {
width: wp("4.8%"),
height: hp("2.459016393442623%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
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left: wp("5.6000000000000005%"),
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},
ImageBackground_149_2755: {
width: wp("4.8%"),
height: hp("2.459016393442623%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("5.6000000000000005%"),
top: hp("76.91256830601093%")
},
View_149_2720: {
width: wp("93.06666666666666%"),
height: hp("6.0109289617486334%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("3.4666666666666663%"),
top: hp("34.2896174863388%"),
backgroundColor: "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)"
},
View_I149_2720_24_62: {
flexGrow: 1,
width: wp("93.06666666666666%"),
height: hp("6.0109289617486334%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("0%"),
top: hp("0%"),
backgroundColor: "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)"
},
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width: wp("93.06666666666666%"),
height: hp("6.0109289617486334%"),
top: hp("0%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("0%"),
backgroundColor: "rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)",
borderColor: "rgba(212, 212, 212, 1)",
borderWidth: 1
},
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width: wp("19.466666666666665%"),
minWidth: wp("19.466666666666665%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
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justifyContent: "flex-start"
},
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fontStyle: "normal",
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},
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marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("3.4666666666666663%"),
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backgroundColor: "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)"
},
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position: "absolute",
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top: hp("0%"),
backgroundColor: "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)"
},
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width: wp("93.06666666666666%"),
height: hp("6.0109289617486334%"),
top: hp("0%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("0%"),
backgroundColor: "rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)",
borderColor: "rgba(212, 212, 212, 1)",
borderWidth: 1
},
View_I149_2758_24_64: {
width: wp("19.466666666666665%"),
minWidth: wp("19.466666666666665%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("3.2000000000000006%"),
top: hp("1.912568306010911%"),
justifyContent: "flex-start"
},
Text_I149_2758_24_64: {
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fontSize: 11,
fontWeight: "400",
textAlign: "left",
fontStyle: "normal",
letterSpacing: 0,
textTransform: "none"
},
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height: hp("6.0109289617486334%"),
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marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("3.4666666666666663%"),
top: hp("62.841530054644814%"),
backgroundColor: "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)"
},
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flexGrow: 1,
width: wp("93.06666666666666%"),
height: hp("6.0109289617486334%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("0%"),
top: hp("0%"),
backgroundColor: "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)"
},
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width: wp("93.06666666666666%"),
height: hp("6.0109289617486334%"),
top: hp("0%"),
marginLeft: 0,
marginTop: 0,
position: "absolute",
left: wp("0%"),
backgroundColor: "rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)",
borderColor: "rgba(212, 212, 212, 1)",
borderWidth: 1
},
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const mapDispatchToProps = () => {
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export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Blank)
| 31,547 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1sico%20capitalino%20%28homonymie%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Clásico capitalino (homonymie)
|
https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clásico capitalino (homonymie)&action=history
|
French
|
Spoken
| 83 | 149 |
Clásico capitalino peut désigner :
le Clásico capitalino, l'opposition entre les clubs de football mexicains du Club América et des UNAM Pumas ;
le Clásico capitalino, l'opposition entre les clubs de football colombiens de l'Independiente Santa Fe et des Los Millonarios ;
le Clásico capitalino, l'opposition entre les clubs de football équatoriens du Deportivo Quito et du Liga de Quito.
Classico capitalino peut désigner :
le Classico capitalino, l'opposition entre les clubs de football italiens du Milan AC et de l'AS Rome.
H
| 19,202 |
https://github.com/kfaustino/meetup/blob/master/spec/support/meetup.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, MIT
| 2,010 |
meetup
|
kfaustino
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 24 | 99 |
def meetup_api_key
"meetup_key"
end
def meetup_url(url)
"http://api.meetup.com#{url}"
end
def fixture_file(filename)
return '' if filename == ''
file_path = File.expand_path('../../fixtures/' + filename, __FILE__)
File.read(file_path)
end
| 35,184 |
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A1
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
אפרודיסיאס
|
https://he.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=אפרודיסיאס&action=history
|
Hebrew
|
Spoken
| 779 | 2,760 |
אפֿרודיסיאס (ביוונית עתיקה: Ἀφροδισιάς, Aphrodisiás) הייתה עיר עתיקה בדרום מערב אסיה הקטנה בחבל הארץ ההיסטורי קאריה, מחוז אַיידין בטורקיה של היום, כ-200 ק"מ דרומית-מזרחית לאיזמיר. אזורהּ מתנשא לגובה של כ-600 מטר מעל פני הים והוא משופע בנהרות ובמקורות מים. על פי העדויות הארכאולוגיות, היה האתר מיושב מאז התקופה הנאוליתית, והגיע לשיאו בתקופה הרומית כאשר במקום שגשגה עיר גדולה.
אפרודיסיאס הוכרזה כאתר מורשת עולמית של אונסק"ו ב-2017.
אטימולוגיה
מקור השם בפולחן הפולחן והיופי של האלה היוונית אפרודיטה הממשיך במקום מסורות אנטוליות קדמוניות. האתר נודע בשמות שונים בתקופה שלפני הכיבוש ההלניסטי של האזור במאה השנייה לפני הספירה, ובמאה השביעית לספירת הנוצרים נקראה העיר בשם סטַאורוֹפּוּליס, "עיר הצלב" (Stauroúpolis ,Σταυρούπολις). שמו של הכפר הטורקי הסמוך גיירה, שנבנה בחלקו על עתיקות אפרודיסיאס, הוא אולי גלגול שמו של חבל הארץ העתיק קאריה.
תולדות העיר
אין עדויות ברורות לתפקודו של האתר ואופיו בתקופות שקדמו לשלטון הרומי, אולם על פי הממצאים הארכאולוגיים ניתן להבחין באופיו הפולחני. במאה השנייה לפני הספירה, עם העברת השליטה באזור לידי רומא, היישוב במקום התפתח לכדי עיר, ובתחילת המאה הראשונה לפני הספירה כבר אפשר לראות מטבעות הנושאים את שם העיר ואזכורים שונים של העיר בכתבים שונים של התקופה.
לאחר רציחתו של יוליוס קיסר, נשארה העיר נאמנה לאוקטביוס ולאנטוניוס, ועקב כך נבזזה על ידי תומכיו של פומפיוס. אוקטביוס, לימים אוגוסטוס קיסר, אחרי עלותו לשלטון, דאג לתגמל את העיר על נאמנותה, והעניק לאפרודיסיאס מידה רבה של עצמאות, פטור ממסים ואת הזכות להעניק מקלט מדיני במקדשיה. כמו כן הוא שלח את אחד מעבדיו המשוחררים זוילוס (Zoilus), בן העיר אפרודיסיאס שהספיק לצבור ממון רב לאחר שזכה בחירותו, לשמש כאיש הקשר שלו באפרודיסיאס. תמיכה זו תרמה רבות למוניטין של העיר.
אפרודיסיאס שגשגה לאורך רוב התקופה הרומית, כאשר הקיסרים דואגים לחדש את זכויותיה. העיר קנתה לה שם ברחבי האימפריה הרומית לא רק הודות לפולחן אפרודיטה, אלה גם כיצרנית פסלי שיש, וזאת בזכות מכרות אבן השיש האיכותי בקרבתה. העיר נודעה במלומדים שהתגוררו ופעלו בה, בהם אלכסנדר מאפרודיסיאס שפעל במאה השנייה לספירה.
בדומה לגורלן של ערים רבות, היחלשות האימפריה הרומית נתנה את אותותיה גם באפרודיסיאס. הפיכת הנצרות לדת השלטת תרמה אף היא לירידת קרנה של העיר על מרכזהּ הפולחני הפגני.
אפרודיסיאס ממוקמת באזור מוּעד לרעידות אדמה. רעשים קשים במיוחד פקדו אותה במאה הרביעית ובמאה השביעית לספירה. הרעידות גרמו לשינויים במפלס מי התהום והעיר בחלקה הייתה נתונה להצפות. מעידות על כך מערכות הניקוז שנבנו בה כדי להחזירה לתקנהּ. רעידת האדמה במאה השביעית, שבה סבלה העיר מהפלישה הפרסית ומהעדר שלטון מרכזי יציב, גרמו להידרדרותה.
אתר העיר העתיקה יושב בדלילות אחרי ירידתה, במאה השלוש עשרה ננטש עקב המלחמות בין הסלג'וקים לבין עצמם ולבין האימפריה הביזנטית. היישוב חוּדש במאה החמש עשרה, ובימינו מצוי בחלק מאתרו הכפר הטורקי גיירה.
חפירות
אתר אפרודיסיאס היה ידוע למטיילים מערביים במאות ה-18 וה-19 שהגיעו למערב טורקיה. העיר הוזכרה במספר כתבים, אך החפירה הארכאולוגית הראשונה נערכה רק ב-1904 על ידי מהנדס הרכבות הצרפתי גודן (Paul Augustin Gaudin). החפירות נמשכו לאורך המאה העשרים ונחשפו מונומנטים רבים, ובהם תיאטרון, אצטדיון, מרחצאות, פרופילאה, טטרפילון, סבסטיאון (מקדש לקיסרים מן השושלת היוליו-קלאודית), מקדש אפרודיטה, בסיליקות, כנסיות, שרידי החומות, מגדלים, אודיאון (ראה פירוט להלן) ועוד.
האודיאון
מקור השם אודיאון (אודיטוריום) במילה היוונית אודה (שירה), שכן ייעודו המקורי היה מופעי שירה ומוזיקה. האודיאון הוא תיאטרון קטן, שלא נועד לקהל המוני, וייחודו בכך שהיה מקורה. האודיאון באפרודיסיאס התגלה ב-1962, כ-40 מטרים דרומית למקדש אפרודיטה, וככל הנראה נבנה מעל גימנסיון שיצא מכלל שימוש. מיקומו המרכזי וחזיתו הפונה אל האגורה מעידים כי שלא שימש רק לאירועים מוזיקליים, אלא גם כבּוּלֵטֶריוֹן (bouleuterion) לצורך ישיבות מועצת העיר והתכנסויות ציבוריות. בין האלמנטים העיצוביים נמנים רצפת פסיפס opus sectile, צורות הנדסיות ושילובים של אבני שיש לבנות וכחולות. האודיאון כולל שתי קומות ונועד להכיל 1700 אנשים. הגג נתמך ככל הנראה בקורות עץ רחבות. לאחר רעידת האדמה הקשה במאה הרביעית עבר המבנה כמה שינויים: שורות מושבים אחת הוסרה בסמוך לאורקסטרה על מנת לאפשר ניקוז מי תהום שהחלו לפעפע בעקבות רעש האדמה; לאחר שהגג נחרב הוסב האוידאון למבנה פתוח. עם זאת המשיך לשמש להתכנסויות. גם שורות המושבים העליונית קרסו ונותרו לשימוש המושבים התחתונים, רצפת האורכסטרה ושורת חדרים אחורית (תחתונה). הכניסה לבניין מן האגורה הייתה דרך פורטיקו, שנתמך על ידי עמודים יוניים נושאי כותרות קורינתיות. החלל קושט בפסלים של שועי העיר ודמויות שונות אחרות. בין הפורטיקו לבמה עבר מסדרון שתיפקד כ'מאחורי הקלעים' ואיפשר לאמנים להתארגן בין הופעות. על הטיח של המסדרון נמצאו פרטי גרפיטי רבים ובהם איור של בחור רוכב על סוס. עם ירידת קרנה של העיר, הפכו חדריו של האודיאון כיקבים ובתי בד.
בשנת 1979 נפתח באתר אפרודיסיאס מוזיאון האוצר ומציג ממצאים רבים שעלו בחפירות.
לקריאה נוספת
Erin, K.T. 1986. Aphrodisias: City of Venus Aphrodite. New York.
Bier, L. 2008. The Bouleuterion. In: Ratte, C. and Smith, R.R.R. eds. Aphrodisias Papers, 4 : New research on the city and its monument. Portsmouth Erin, K.T. 1989. Aphrodisias: A Guide. Istanbul.
קישורים חיצוניים
צילומי האתר
הטיול הווירטואלי
ערים עתיקות שנהרסו
טורקיה: אתרים ארכאולוגיים
אתרים ארכאולוגיים רומיים
האימפריה הביזנטית: יישובים
| 26,384 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonium%20spectabile
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Limonium spectabile
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https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limonium spectabile&action=history
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Swedish
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Spoken
| 49 | 104 |
Limonium spectabile är en triftväxtart som först beskrevs av Eric R.Svensson Sventenius, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Günther W.H. Kunkel och Per Øgle Sunding. Limonium spectabile ingår i släktet rispar, och familjen triftväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Bildgalleri
Källor
Externa länkar
Rispar
spectabile
| 26,005 |
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelburg
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Angelburg
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https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelburg&action=history
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Portuguese
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Spoken
| 24 | 59 |
Angelburg é um município da Alemanha, no distrito de Marburg-Biedenkopf, na região administrativa de Gießen , estado de Hessen.
Municípios do distrito de Marburg-Biedenkopf
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https://github.com/ywtnhm/joffice/blob/master/src/test/java/com/palmelf/test/admin/BookTypeDaoTestCase.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
joffice
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ywtnhm
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Java
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Code
| 38 | 174 |
package com.palmelf.test.admin;
import com.palmelf.eoffice.dao.admin.BookTypeDao;
import com.palmelf.eoffice.model.admin.BookType;
import com.palmelf.test.BaseTestCase;
import javax.annotation.Resource;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.test.annotation.Rollback;
public class BookTypeDaoTestCase extends BaseTestCase {
@Resource
private BookTypeDao bookTypeDao;
@Test
@Rollback(false)
public void add() {
BookType bookType = new BookType();
this.bookTypeDao.save(bookType);
}
}
| 21,319 |
https://github.com/depthmind/compiled-spring/blob/master/depthmind-core/src/main/java/com/depthmind/synchronize/SyncTest.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
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compiled-spring
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depthmind
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Java
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Code
| 36 | 109 |
package com.depthmind.synchronize;
/**
* @author liuhan
*/
public class SyncTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
}
public void test() {
synchronized (this) {
System.out.println("11");
}
}
public synchronized void test1() {
System.out.println("11");
}
}
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US-1913764672-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 1,913 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 972 | 1,297 |
Device for attracting attention.
J. A. PARTINGTON.
DEVICE FOR ATTRAGTING ATTENTION. APPLICATION FILED APR. so, 1913.
1,096, 1 22. a n d May 12, 1914.
WITNESSES ATTORNEY UNITED STATES'PATENT ()FFIGE.
JACK ALLAN PABTINGTON, OF SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA.
I DEVICE FOR ATTBACTING ATTENTION.
To all whom it may concern:
Be it known that I, JACK ALLAN PARTING- TON, a citizen of the United States, and resident of the city and" county of San Francisco, State of California','haveinvented certain new and useful Improvements in Devices for Attractin Attention, of which the following is a specification.
My invention relates to the art of attracting attention, and especially to that division of the art which deals with the presentation of advertising matter. Its object is to rovide a new and useful means for attractmg attention to a display surface, particularly to screens for exhibiting moving pictures during intermissions. At such times it has become quite common to fill in the intervals between the films by throwing advertisements on the screen; but hitherto there has been no auxiliary means for keeping at tention directed to the screen beyond the inherent attractiveness of the advertisements themselves. I have discovered that if a clock-face is pictured on the screen, and the hour and minute pointers are moved over the surface of the clock and then stopped in position to show the correct time at any moment, the desired attention is secured, especially if the minute hand keeps moving.
My invention therefore consists in broad terms of means for throwing a picture of a clock face ,on a picture screen, means for throwin on said clock-face the shadow of moving hour and minute hands, and means for moving said shadow.
it also consists in a stereopticon slide frame, a stereopticon plate of a clock-face,
movable hour and minute pointers between the light and the screen, a clock-train for moving said pointers supported said frame, and hand-operated means for actuating said clock-train.
' It also consists in the novel parts, combinations and arrangements set forth in the following description, articularly pointed out in the claims and ilustrated in the accompanying one sheet of drawing, of which Figure l is a front elevation of a stereopticon slide showing the clock-face plate in position, and the hands pointing a time; Fig. 2 is a rear elevation of the same slide, the clock-face indicated and the hands moved to another position; and Fig. 3 is a detail view somewhat enlarged of the mechanism for moving the hands.
I Specification of Letters Patent. Application filed Apri180, 1913. Serial No. 784,672.
Patented May 12, 1914.
The same symbol of reference marks the same part in whichever View said partmay appear.
Referring to thedrawing, A is a stereopticon slide on which a plate 1 is mounted.
The plate carries a picture 2 of a clock-face; and between the plate and thelight the handsB, 4, are secured .to the clock-train 5 in the housing 6. The clock-train mechanism and housing are supported by an arm 7 fixed to the frame, and serving also to support a rotatable rod 8 which extends through the frame and ends in a thumb nut 9 at the outer extremity, and in a pinion 10 at the inner. Pinion 1O meshes with gear 11 of the clock train and thus allows the hands to be turned by the thumb-screw.
To use my device, the slide is put in place on a stereopticon, the hands being prefer-- ably located between the light and the plate, although the location on thevopposite side of the plate would stillthrow the shadow, so 1 do not wish to be confined to the precise location stated. The hands 3 and 4 are then moved over the surface of the plate, and their shadows move over the picture screen until they are stopped at the points indicating the correct time. If attention is desired to be maintained for several minutes, the hands are given movements in any desired way, and experiment shows that the desired effect of fixing attention on the screen is thereby secured. The dark space on the plate is provided for hiding the mechanism and its housing 6 and the rod is brought in over the l in TX so that the moving mechanism is not apparent. The screen can then be covered with projected advertisements arranged within the visual angle, about or Within the clock-face picture.
Having described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States, modifications within the scope of the claims being expressly reserved, is:
1. in attention attracting device comprising a stereopticon slide having a clock-face plate, pointers for indicating time movable over the surface of said plate, supports fixed to said slide, clock-train mechanism for moving said pointers carried by said supports, and a rotatable rod extending beyond the frame of the slide having at its inner end a gear meshing with said clock-train and at its outer end a thumb nut.
2. An attention attracting device comprising a stereopticon slide having a clockface plate, pointers for indicating time movable over the surface of said plate, mechanism for moving said pointers located near-the center .1 of the clock-face, and means on said plate for obscuring the shadow of the mechanism.
3. A stereopticon slide having a clock face with the characters near the outer portion of the plate, means to obscure the central portion of said clock face, two pointers for indicating the time movable over the clock face, mechanism for moving said pointers located near the center of the clock face he- In testimony whereof, I have hereunto signed my name in the presence of two witnesses, at the cit and county of San Francisco, this 22nd ay of April, 1913.
JACK ALLAN PARTINGTON.
Witnesses:
FRANK P. MEDINA, F. C. BLUMBERG.
| 7,482 |
halfcenturyitsh00wilkgoog_6
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US-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,853 |
Half Century: Its History, Political and Social
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,180 | 10,629 |
Sir Gfeorge Pkwottf which stung eight hundred men into desertion, and involved himself at last in trouble from which a sudden natural death was deemed a tinidy escape. Further retribution for the wanton destruction of Washington was sufiBred at New Orleans, the attack on which swamp- suiTonnded city [December, 1814] cost the lives of Fakenham and Gibbs (officers who had highly distinguished themselves in European warfare), picked off by KjmtDeky rifles, and of two thousand unfortunate men. The disaster was at onee augmented and relieved by the circumstance, that peace had been oondnded two months before its occurrence. The north-eastern states had brought their aversion to the war to the length of refusing to contribute to its conduct, and the threat of making a separate peace with Great Britain. Foreign trade was literally annihilated — fourteen hundred American mer- chantmen had appeared ae prizes in the London ** Gazette." Happily, our war party could no longer find a pretence for continuing hostilities, and the Emperor Alexander — ^with whom the American war party had contracted a suspicious friendship— mediated on behalf of the States. Negotiations were carried on first at Gottenburg, afterwards at Ghent, and termi- nated in a treaty which left the questions the war was started to decide absolutely untouched. No nrention was made of the words that had drawn two brother nations into a conflict bitter and cruel beyond ordinary wars, as are usually the quarrels of near relatives over those of ordinary men. The boundary of Maine question was left to trouble another generation ; but a clause was inserted to the perfect observance of which a great peacemake|(has repeatedly appealed as a justification of his doctrines-— namely, tiiat neither nation should keep an armed ship on those inland seas which lie between their respective territories. Never did a war, in its origin, conduct, and conclusion, more loudly testify to the folly and wickedness of carrying international disputes to the bloody arbitrament of gunpowder and steel — ^to the brute force of military strength, or the infernal craft of military skill. A few words on our internal history during the last three years oi this dismal period are now required of us. The Perceval administration was justly • Mr. Ck>bdeii, at the Wrexham peace-meeting, Noyember, 1350 78 HISTORY OF THE HALF CENTUBY. [PEBIGD I mourned as the last truly Protestant and Tory cabinet With its snooessor was introduced that policy of concession and temperate conserTatism whldi had its highest type in the great statesman who has recently departed, bat who was then commencing public life. The Catholic question was no longer tabooed in the cabinet, now that the monarch was virtually defunct; so that when Canning proposed, in the summer of 1812, to engage the House to the discussion of the subject the following year, Castlereagh redeemed the pledge he and his great master had given and broken, by voting for the motion, which was carried by the triumphant majority of two hundred and thirty-five to one h Jidred and six. In the Upper House, the Mazqaii of Wellesley introduced a similar resolution ; three cabinet ministerB spoke in its favour ; and it was lost by only one vote. A general election — ^Parlia- ment having sat six sessions — ^which ensued in the same year, amidst intense excitement, resulted in a House less favourable to the Catholic daims. When Grattan introduced a bill based on Canning's resolution of the pre- vious session, the fint division, after a fierce debate of four nights, showed a majority of only forty. In committee, the Speaker, Mr. Abbott, pas- sionately opposed the bill, declaring that, under its sanction, the Crown itself might be Catholic, and moved the omission of the vital clause — that which admitted Catholics to Parliament; and, unhappily, succeeding by a majority of four, the bill was abandoned. This retrogression had more to do than was apparent with ab extra influences. Concessions at home alternated with victories abroad. The retreat from Moscow and the march on Paris deferred for twenty years the triumph of a cause that seemed beyond the fear of reverse. All domestic interests were forgotten in the exultation of victory in the greatest conflict of modem times. Wellington, for some time subject to ignorant and unjust detraction, sud- denly became the object of universal and extravagant praise. In 1811, young Mr. Peel displayed his sagacity and generosity in defending him — in 1814, Canning and Grattan eulogized him in their most eloquent strains, " The mighty deluge,'' said the former, ** which overwhelmed the continent, begins to subside ; the limits of nations are again visible ; the spires and turrets of old establishments reappear above the sub^|^g wave. To whom, under God, do we owe this ? To the illustrious Wellington — whose admirable designs, whose rapid executions, whose sagacious combinations of means to an end, the completeness of whose plans, whose thunderbolt of war at last launched upon the foe, has furnished this country with the most ample basis she ever yet possessed for a secure and glorious peace." The formal thanks of both Houses embodied the panegyrics of their leading orators, and were personally acknowledged. All the titles of the peerage, with permission to cover his breast with foreign decora- tions, were bestowed upon the illustrioua soldier. Nor with these CHAP. X.] HISTO&Y OF THE HALF CENTUST. 79 honorary rewtrds did the admiring gratitude of Parliament and peo- ple content itMlf. In suocessiye sums, four hundred thousand pounds were Toted to Wellington for his services. Large are the rewards of peace to the few who have headed the hosts andsurviyed the vicissitudes of yann I But Inge as are those rewards, they constitute only a fraction of the sum total of a nation's ** glory bill" Every attempt to represent to the mind the cost of this twenty years' war, is utterly inadequate. CHAPTER X. HOW XilTIOXS BT7RTXTK CBnES— STATISTICAL DATA— FSOOSESS OP POPULATION, AKD OP PArPERISH AXD CROOE— THB USB OF PRICKS, BXTT NOT OP WAOBS— XZTKMBITE USE OP HACHIXERT, AND ITS XrPSCT ON THB POOK— XXPORTS AND IMPORTS— BEVKNUE AND DEBT — FAPER-HONET AND THB UNKINO-PUND— UTZBATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART. ** When, previous to the Revolution," — says Chateaubriand, speaking; " from the tomb" (" M^moires d'outre Tombe")— " I read in history of publio 80 HISTOBY or THE HALF CENTURY. CPEBIOD I. itoubles in diffnent nations, I could not conceive how people could Kafe tausted in those tunes." A similar difficulty must have been experienced by the thottght&d reader of the foregoing^ pages, as it had often prevloiialy beta lelt by the writer. '^The Revolution made me comprehend the posstb^ty of such a mode of li&. The moments of crisis produce a redoubled vitality in the life of man. The struggle and the shock form a transitory combina- tion which does not allow of a moment of ennmJ* We shall probably find in the answer of the brilliant Frenchman to his own question, the solution of the problem we have used his words to describe. We shall find that, notwithstanding the tremendous sacrifices which England made, and the sufferings she endured, through the first fifteen years of the nineteenth century, she progressed beyond former parallel in those particulars to which peace is usually considered all but essentialr— in population, in agricultural productiveness, in foreign trade; but, at the same time, in crime and pauperism ; and that, moreover, while the amount of her burdens was exaggerated, her energy was stimulated, was followed by a perilous collapse, and has entailed upon posterity incumbrances not inherited from prior ages. The following statistics — extracted from Porter's "Progress of the Nation" — ^are the essential data of our investigation. Deficient as they ob- viously are, they bear the highest reputation-^and the reign of the statis- ticians dates only from within the last ten years. For convenience (Prefer- ence and remark they are divided into two classes : — Yean. Pojmlfttion of Great Britain. GiomiDitinaiits in England&Wales. Poor and County Bates. Average priee of Wheat. 1800 1801 1808 1803 1801 1805 18<)a 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 10,680,000 10.880,000 10,492.646 11.007,000 11.200.000 11,404,000 11,600.000 11,850,000 7,164 6,390 7,818 £ 4,017,871 4V077*,89i 6V656',i65 6,294,68i 5.418,846 B. d. 127 128 6 67 3 60 69 6 86 88 78 2 85 3 108 112 1<8 118 120 85 76 The first class of facts are those relating to population, pauperism, crime, and the price of wheat. These have a close and e£fective relation to one another. The popular doctrine concerning them is substantially correct — ^however unsatisfactory, or rather incomplete, in its theoretic develop- ment, to the social philosopher — ^that the increase of the first-named (popu« CHAF. Z.1 HISTOBY OF THE HALF CENTUBT. 81 lation) 18 ugnifieant of prosperity; and that the increase of the latter three, u mutually eonwqiienty as well as invariably coincident The " true law of population " it may be, is yet to be ascertained— whether a high or low pbysical condition be more fkvourable to the propagation of the species, may, perhaps, still be qoestioned. The troth probably is, that while the latter is more prolific^ its productions are feeble and short-liTed — ^that poverty has many more children than wealth or competence, but that they perish as of a rot; that the balance is thus preserved, and human productiveness pre« vented hem outstripping the provision, or rather capability, of Nature. So long^ therefore, as year by year a steady increase of population is observable, it is assumed that no serious interruption has been offered to the natural pro- gress of a nation. Applying this first test, we detect no indication of national sufiSBring during the war, but the reverse. The numerical growth of the people, it will be observed, was uninterrupted, either by the deso- lations of the war, or the unseen operations of domestic distress. The census was taken in 1801, and again in 1811; in both cases, the figures given above include the army and navy, in which there were, at the first date, 470,598— at the latter, 640,500 ; and the increase per cent, between the two periods was 14.3. The next test we apply, that of pauperism, is conclusive in the opposite direction. The increase of pauperism, evinced by the rapidly augmented amounts of poor and county rates, is indisputable proof of the distressed condition of the working classes. fust, that at the middle of the last centnry wheat stood at Hiirty diillixigs ptf quarter, axkd the mxal labouier's wages at six shillings per we^ — ^at tiie beginning of tiie {Hresent oenlnrj, the former was a himdred and twenty, the latter ten, and never loee, through the whole period, abov^ eleven or twelve. With this vras going on a seandaloas pioeess — stimulated by the enormously high value of land anditsprodaee — ^theeodoeore of common land, not for the benefit of the people, but of landlords. Between 1800 and 1810, 1,5501,010 acres were thus appropriated ; and the system progressed at the same rate till the .enactment of tiie corn-laws in 1815, and after. The very extensive introduction t>f mechanical as a substitute for manual labour, also eonixi- boted largely to the disasters of the poor. Where it did not iSaxow out of employment altogether, and inflict entire destitution, it lessened means too scanty before — stopped the cottage dami^'s spinning-wheel, if it didnot silence the weaver's loom. However gieat the benefits ultimately conferred upon the nation by that memorable change, there can be no doubt that its inunediste effect upon a class— «nd that the largest and most helpless — ^was severely disastrous. The remarks of Mr. Doubleday on the genaml subject and thii particular crisis, are as truthful as they are emphatic : — " Under a proper sys- tem the employment of machinery cannot be an evil; but where the value of everything is measured, as in Eng^d, by money, and by money alone — where the consequ^ices of things, as respects national morality, or national happiness, are put aside as unworthy of notice amidst the calculadon of profits and the summing up of pounds sterling— 4he8e inventions may, and do, bring with them many evils. So it was in this instance. No one deemed the labourers who were thus deprived of employment worth a thought. Instead of being- cared for, they were left to the comfort of a metaphor, and told to open or seek out new channels of industry." * So severe and extensive was the distress inflicted by this transition from one epoch to another of our industidal history, that through the vrinter of 1811, and half the following year, the northern and midland counties were the scene of continual outrages — known as the Loddite, or machine-breakings riots — and the " comfort" administered vras not even that of a '* metaphor," but a special commission, penal enactments, and numerous executions. We pass on to a second class of facts — ^those relating to the industry, commerce, Revenue, and debts of the nation : — • Ftnaaoit], M onttwy, ud Stetistkri Hiitorj of Bogtand, p. IB^ HUTOBr (a THE HALF dBXTDST^ y„. M.h Pnxliiu SipotHd. r^Tz Importiu Offl^l nine. .™,„. NiUimilCebL i IMT IMi 1 t^S7Ei,4M S8.M1,5S0 i«,3ns,s;3 iS.lOiHl »8,4H291 !is5oi.«a 34,143,581 M.U3.11B 36,a«S,J49 ti,i-M,4sa 60,847,706 jt79S,D!ie <I2.»98,181 sa.MS.4M ff!ju.sta lis 71.1HM3 H7,147,1B4 41T,(I4S,4H1I iiS Mi.«M,m MI,7 13,073 604;M7,474 Bl .789,TO1 (134.3(1 ,SM n ,»a ,44S «6 ,4I)9,MS 740,0! .Mi 7S2,Bi ,iM S10,3i ,34I> "ks The fint of duae colunma tells its own tale of agricultural actiritj', and QhutaatM Ibt ■boTe-XLGntiinied molliplication of encIoBUie acts. The export and impcct zatnnu ahow luiir for awhile Napoleon's continental eyatem TBtaided tbi lUipenion thiongh Eoiope of the productions of out manD&c- toTing eoagj, A great proportion of the valne pnt down went ovet to Xoith and SoBtb Aourien; with the states of which latter a gambling trade was outied on, to feeoil on the apeculatots ; and another large proportion to the eolaniec «« had t&ken from France and her alliea. But withal, there in* a fast accomnlatuui of manufactuied goods in the warehoiues of Lan- cashire, The qnantities of cotton, flax, &c., wrought up, were immense. The consnmpdon of raw cotton at five difleient periods was as foUowg :^ InlTSfi 17,M2^1bs. In HOI 64,203,433 Iba. InlSOfi 56,873,163 Ibi. In 1810 123,701,82a Ibi. iilSlfi 92,525,951 IbB. To the Terenne and debt a oommon remark ia a[^cable — that enomionslj lai^ at was their raal amonnt, the nominal was much exaggerated. The papeic-money with which the Bonk of Eng^d and its proTincial ofispring deluged the country^the Bank Bealziction Act (such was tha uinomer of the edint which releaied the Bank from the obligation it could no longer meet) being prolonged from aeaaion to session, and until aiz months after the deolaration of peaoB-7«nd which flawed back upon the Treasury, both H taxes and loans, wai in reality far below its Jegsl value. Its depredation below the coined standard is abundantly proved by the inoon- teitabla bet, that the exportation of gold and silver was severely prohibited ; and that at the same time the one-poand note contd be bought for sixteen nlvor ahflliiigB, the goldw gninea would fetch readily a one-^osd ncto «adt. 84 HISTORY OF THE HALF CENTXTRY. [PERIOD I. seTen shillings. Lord King, one of the " conTertible economists," brought the question to an issue, by giiring notice to his tenants [1810] that he would receive his rents only in gold; and that again was mot by Parliament declaring Bank of England notes a legal tender — as they continue to this day. As the paper-money was thrown upon the market, general prices of course rose. Every one had notes, and was ready to part with them for more substantial commodities, the latter naturally rising in value as their purchase-money became plentiful. How huge a robbery was perpetrated on the nation when the loans thus borrowed in depreciated paper were acknow- ledged, and saddled on future generations, at standard money value, may easily be calculated. Of the debt, it should also here be recalled to memory, that it was the professed, and possibly the sincere, intention of Pitt, to effect its extinction with his own generation. Had he survived to witness the success of the great — ^the greatly criminal — design of restoring by force of foreign arms the Bourbons, which meaner men accomplished, perhaps he would have prevailed with the nation to give a fairer trial to that Sinking Fund which it is now the fashion to deride. Great financial authorities had laid down the principle of what has perplexed so many juvenile arithmeticians in its school-book form — the astounding results of compound interest. So long as there was any surplus, however small, the system was sound and practicable, just and beneficial. But when money came to be regularly borrowed for the very purpose of lying at interest to pay off former loans, the thing was suspected to be a juggle. Large sums were so applied, however, year by year, till the conclusion, and some ten years beyond the conclusion, of the war; as we shall hereafter have occasion to observe. Our remaining space would scarcely permit the enumeration of the eminent men in literature, science, and the arts, who adorned this troublous period — nor adorned alone, but, as the stars were fabled to do, influenced as well as enlightened. Their number and works are strikingly illustratiTe of the aid which great men draw from, and the influence they exert upoor their age. The effect of the French Revolution upon the higher intellects of Europe, was like that produced by immersing a red hot wire in a jar of oxygen gas. The enthusiasm natural to genius was inflamed by ccntact with the fiery vapours evolved by the shock of wide-spread social convul- sions. With the dawn of the century rose, conspicuous and powerful, that marvellous triumvirate — ^Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey ; — presently^ that self-elected tribunal, which vindicated its presumption by the blows it inflicted ; — again, that band of sweet, soft singers stigmatized as the " Cockney school ; *' — and, anon, as if to avenge the derision of their milder brethren, the school anathematized as the ** Satanic." Nor were these all. Belonging to neither of these companies, nor constituting another, were Scott, Campbellf CHAP. X.] HI8T0BT OF THE HALF CENTUBT. 85 and Moore. The " Laken ** gave tlie first and most decitive proof of the influence of the F^eh Revolution on the mind of educated English youth. The homely hut rohnst Tersification of Cowper and Crabhe, which had Bupervened npon the elegant inanity and feeble artificiality of a previous age, was supplanted in turn by a poetry that took its inspiration immediately from Nature and the human heart — from Nature in her Alpine simplicity and grandeur; from hearts baptized with the afflatus of new, sublime hopes, quickly succeeded by* the sorrows of doubt and disappointment. Scott's metrical romances embodied and fed the chivalric spirit which a general war naturally revived; and Campbell's lyrics were the pseon of each successive triumph, and the dirge of lamented deaths. Leigh Hunt softened with the beauty of his Italian fancies, and Charles Lamb with his own genial spirit, the fierceness of public passions. Byron flung the heat of an orientalized imagination and of mental suffering into the war of social elements, and possessed with a sentimental misanthropy the youthful multi- tude whom public and real wrongs had failed to excite. Shelley sang with self-consuming energy in strains of the highest poetry, and assailed every institution and belief with a vehemence that bad no particle of bitterness. The ** Edinbuigh Review" originated with men of another class of mind. It was in November 1802 that the first number of that celebrated journal appeared — written by Jefirey, Horner, Sidney Smith, and Dr. Thomas Browne, whose names indicate the variety of their subjects. Taylor, of Norwich, the precursor of German students, Henry Brougham, and Sir James Mackin- tosh, were shortly after added to its staff. Their success and partizan power soon excited to rivalry ; of which the " Quarterly Review" and the "Eclectic*' were the earliest forms. The former enlisted the pens of Gifford and Southey — the latter won literary celebrity from the splendid articles contri- buted by John Foster, who had made himself famous by the publication of his ** Essays," and subsequently of ** Popular Ignorance." Among political vmters, Malthus, Bentham, and Cobbett, claim mention here. The first- named put forth, at the beginning of the century, that ill-famed book which, whatever its fallacies, and however revolting its conclusions, has the high merit of fairly placing before the thinking part of the community a branch of science supremely important to the public weal. Bentham originated a school in moral and political philosophy which, how- ever defective in theory, has contributed greatly to human advance- ment. The impress of Cobbett's power is still upon the national mind. His thorough, intense nationality — his robust logic and fierce invective — ^bis grave mistakes and stupid prejudices — unconquerable energy and perse- verance, whether In his self-education or in his public career — all contributed to his mighty influence. He unquestionably did more, by his Protean publications, to educate'.that mass of English radicalism w\\vc^\i\i'QA\)QrcL&>3S^ 86 HXITOBT OF TSQB HALF CBNTUXT. [PEEIOD L against Torj abaolutLsm and Whig^finaGty, than anj man af Ids ag«. If in the ranki of seiaDoe -we point only to Hezaehel, Br. Jennery and Sir Humphrey DaTf, we ladioate, at once, tiw trimnpha tiiat were made in pfayakal knowledge, and the coBEunenoement of that application of tha lofticBt &ct» to hjomMe naea, which made tboae divoteriea aa benafisial to the many at they were honourable to the iUaitrioiia few* If in painting and axdiitectuxe no greater namea stand forth than tibos& of Wilkie and Nadi, they suggest a reflection appropriate to thia whole renew — the painter sought his subjects in the scene* of home^ the festifities, oaresy. There was also springing up among the educated, a kindly perception of the necessity and justice of diffusing knowledge among the labouring classes. And in every group of " the common people," thus compassionated and cared for, there was one, at least, whose self-culture and self-reiq^t, nourished by democratic convictions, and excited by the great events enacting around, seemed to stretch forth open hands, on behalf of his fellows, to all who would aid them ; — prefiguring that fusion of all classes into one true brotherhood, which we verily believe is nearer to-day, in 1851, than in 1815 — as verily as we believe that the sun and earth have fulfilled through that interval their i^pointed journeys, if without haste, yet without pause. PERIOD THE SECOND.— 1815 to 1830. CHAPTER I. TEM maUt AT FSAd— ZBB 8RT£ZMX3(T OF XUBOFX BT THX COKOBXSS OF TXSinrA— FRA2TCI— mOJLUm AXD TBS XmHXKLAin>8— KXrBKA, AlfD FEITSSIA— THX QVMMXX COlTFXDnUTIOir— 4PAIK Am FOKTIWAI^'-SWmnLAZn)— XTALT— aCZLT AND ITAPLIS— na mAR AXS WOSKXNG OF ''The world was at peace" — ^that is, kings were no longer in open hostility with kings. They were feasting at each other's hoards, while their armies were plod^g homeward and their people remingling like parted waters. The secret treaty of February was suppressed. Nothing remained but to carry out the principles of that of June — to settle Europe, and to govern its respecUre states, in the spirit of that famous Alexandrine declaration which we have ahready listened to with astonished incredulity. The twenty years' war of nations had ceased — ^that of classes, opinions, interests, was at once resumed. That we may pursue without interruption the troubled stream of our own English politics, let us observe here, with careful distinctness, the arrange- ments effected in pursuance of the treaty of the Ck>ngress of Vienna. Tint, as to France. " Indemnities for the past and securities for the future," was the principle on which she was treated by the allies. Seven hundred millions of francs were exacted by the great powers as her penalty for having put them a second time to the trouble of enthroning the Bour- bons; and about as much more in separate compensations to the lesser states. Large as the amount sounds, it was less than half the sum which our Chancellor of the Exchequer raised by loan and extra taxes in 1814-15 : victory was far more expensive to us than crushing defeat to France. An army of occupation — a hundred and fifty thousand strong — ^the command of which was given to Wellington, was to garrison her fortresses, and be main- tained at her expense, for five years. No further cession of territory was claimed ; the indemnity was to be paid by instalments ; but the works of art taken from Italy and Germany were to be returned : so that, altogether, her terms were rather degrading than burdensome. She was still a noble kingdom. Thirty millions of subjects were left to her, of the fifty or sixty millions over whom Napoleon dominated. There were then thirty-two millions of people to be provided by the Con- gress with new boundaries and new governments. The five millions inhabit- 88 HISTORY OF THE HALF CENTURY. [PERIOD XL iDg Holland and the Low Countries were compacted into the kingdom of the Netherlands, under William of Orange ; in spite of the fact that they were two races, with ineradicable differences, which forced in 1830 the re- cognition of Belgic independence. But it was wanted to establish a strong frontier between France and North Germany ; so the Flemings were con- sdidated with the Dutch, and England ga^e up her share of the indemnity (four or five millions sterling) thft the Prince of Orange might repair his ruined fortresses. The provinces on the left of the Rhine, which France had taken from the German empire under her First Consul, were given to Prussia, with those which she surrendered at the peace of Tilsit, half of Saxony, and a share of the Duchy of Warsaw, containing a million of Polish subjects — the re- mainder Russia annexed, with the gift of a constitution that was not made to live. Russia also gained Finland, to compensate Sweden for which she was confirmed in the possession of Norway, to which she had forced Den- mark to agree in the early part of the previous year. The re-distribution of the German states it is difficult to make intelligible. The petty princes and counts " mediatized** by Napoleon were permitted to retain their status. The Rhenish Confederation was also maintained, in- stead of reviving the old Germanic empire. Thirty-nine states constituted this celebrated pact — ^Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, Wurtem- burg, Baden, the Electorate of Hesse, Darmstadt, Holstein (represented by its Duke, the King of Denmark, who was permitted to retain Schleswig, though ;closely connected, socially with Holstein, and as eager to join the Confederation ; whence the struggle that has but lately terminated), Luxem- bourg (giving a place among the German princes to its Duke, the King of the Netherlands), with a number of petty dukedoms, and the free towns of Lubeck, Frankfort-on-the-Maine, Bremen, and Hamburg. In the Diet, or parliament of the representatives of these states, which was to sit in permanence at Frankfort, the eleven states we have mentioned were to have one vote each ; the secondary states a half or a fourth of a vote each ; all the free towns, one — making in all seventeen votes. On constitu- tional questions a new arrangement, jcalled the plenum, was to prevail — the six states of the highest rank were to have four votes each, three duke- doms two each, and all the remaining princes one each; thus further increasing the influence of the great powers. Austria, besides, was to be permanent president of the Diet. On fundamental matters, unanimity was required. The members of the Confederation bound themselves to form no foreign alliances against the body, or against any one or more of its members* The fortresses of Luxembourg, Mayence, and Landau, were taken possession of as the common property of the Confederation, and garrisoned by its troops. CEAP. L] HISTOBY of THE IIALF CEXTDBY. 89 Spain and Portugal were restored to their former monarchs, without change of boondary, and with the addition of constitutions. Switzerland remained a confederation of twenty-two cantons ; regaining with her lost members, Jesuitiflm and oligarchy. Austria reassumed the iron crown of Lombardy, with the added gem of long-coveted Venice ; besides Dalmatia, the Tyrol, and all that she had lost by successiTe treaties with Napoleon. Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Placentia, were restored to the different scions of the House of Hapsburg. The kingdom of Sardinia reappeared, enlarged and strengthened by the annexation of the ancient republic of Gtenoa. To complete the dissipation of the vision of Italian independence, Naples was restored to its Bourbon king, Ferdinand. For some years that royal voluptuary, and his fury of a wife, the sister of Maria Antoinette, with their children and son-in-law, Louis Philippe, had reigned in Sicily alone ; and there only by the protection of British forces, and the aid of an annual British subndy of three or four hundred thousand pounds. In 1811, Lord William Bentinck was sent as envoy extraordinary and commander-in-chief to this court of Palermo ; and it was discovered that her Sicilian Majesty, Carolina, was plotting with Napoleon for the surrender of the British forces. Her anbsidy was stopped, a number of her agents seized, and eventually a constitution, modelled with ludicrous exactness upon our own, imposed upon the royal &mily; as much to restrain the treachery of the Queen as to gratify the patriotic and popular demands. Louis Philippe, after playing £ast and loose with the Sicilian liberals for some time, took himself off; and Ferdinand had no sooner got rid of his unwelcome protectors, than he re- voked the constitution by a decree, and permitted Carolina to glut her womanly vengeance ; which obliged us English to interfere, and insist on her retirement. Still Murat held Naples, and it would have been difficult to dislodge him, had he not struck, with premature impetuosity, on behalf of his old master, on learning the escape from Elba. Then his banner of " L'Independenza dell' Italia" was unfurled in vain. Lord William Bentinck had hoisted the same delusive flag; but, alas for his sincerity! hoisted it beside the black banner of Austrian despotism. Ferdinand was restored to his double kingdom ; and the Pope being re-seated in St Peter's chair, Italy was again prostrate beneath tiie feet of king and priest. As was, indeed, all Europe. The arrangement we have thus explained was the completest restoration of despotism conceivable ; and the most monstrous wrong ever perpetrated by a conspiracy of rulers upon their subjects. There was not a popular interest consulted — not a promise redeemed — ^not a race liberated — in this famous settlement. The people of the continent — the landwehr of Prussia, the students of Germany, the Tyrolese, the Lithuanian peasants, the patriots of the peninsula and of Italy — ^who had risen when they found that Napoleon, lYie c\i«&\^^T q!L 90 HI8I0BT OF THE HALF CENBUBY. [PSBIOD H. their kings, had become also their own enemy --these brave and generous people were eT«rywkere the subject oi profound and bittrar disappointment. They, and the lands from wlddi they had chased the conqueror, were lotted out among the members of two or three famUiw; and for the one great despot, who might hsve ruled them well, was substituted a multitude of little tynmts. One's pen seems to grow hot with indignatiMi as it tiaeet the results of this gigantic impositiQn. To descend to particulars. — 'Fnm» seemed defiimred over to little and etil souls. Talleyrand was displaced from the cabinet of the sovereign he had raised from d^radation, to make room for a Bassiaa nominee. The personal clemency of Louis did not restrain the veogeance of his relatires. Ney, Lab^oy^re, and Lavalette, were the principal of those mari^ed for death. The latter escaped tiirough the heroism of his wife, and the chivalry of two British officeo. LabMoyto and Ney were shot — in spite of the ^peal made by the latto: to the military oonvention for tiie surrender of Pans, and to the personsl generosity of WdHngtoQ ; on whose fame it is an indelible blot, that that appeal was made in vaiOi Tlie charter, substantially the constitntion of 1*^9, was accepted by the Sling, and observed with tolerable fid^ty. The foreign a^ect of his reign was sucdi, that at tile Congress of Aiz-lft-Chapdk, held in the autumn of 1818, the allied powers withdrew their army of occupation, though only three out of the five years had expired. — In Spain, Ferdinand entered with such malignant alacrity upon his woAl of revenge, suppresring the Cortes, and imprisoning its members, thst Wellington interfered to secure a modified constitution, thoi^ not to prevent the re-establishment of the Inquisition. — ^In Italy, Mnnt fell a victim to his own wrong -headedness, and the fury of his successfol enemies. Madly attempting the recovery of his kingdom, he was follen upon, stabbed, shot, and tortured by his captors, and executed by order of Ferdinand of Naples. Liberals received even worse treatment than Bonapartists. Whoever were suspected oi desiring a constitution— even though they had invited the return of Ferdinand — were subjected to surveillance, exile^ imprisonment, or death. The Carbonari — an extensive secret association, aiming at the independence of Italy, or at least iti constitutional government — ^it was determined to suppress ; but in propor- tion to the tyranny exercised, the more widely did they extend, under dijfferent names, and affiliated with the secret association oi the Guelph% in the Papal states.— One oi the articles of the German Conledention expressly declared, ** each of the Confederated States will grant a constitu- tion to tile people;" another, placed all C^iristian sects on an equality; and a third, guaranteed the freedom oi the press. These sc^enm engage- ments were flagrantly violated. Austria and Prussia, it need aearoely be said, gave no constitution. The leaser states delayed as long as posoUe^ GSilV&i HBSOn 09 THE SALF GIirnTBT. 91 or pvnnlgKted lyiteiw whieh might be oharBctniied, u wu that of NiiMj ■» **» moM of de^Mtum imdflr aeonititutioiud fom." This ww graated m mikf m September, 1814. That of the Netheriandi was eitnfclMieif m 181^ aad oonferred soch privileges npon the Dutch as at ons» eetnsged Ae Belgians. The Universities and the " Tubengund," or "League of Virtue** — a society similar to the Garbonarir— of which Kbmer and Lutzlow were members ; in which, says Richter, lay " the icUa of the war — a uDiversal enthusiasm elevated to a noble self-consciousness — ^the conviction that in the nature of things, no power merely military, no cunning of the most refined despotism, ean, in the long run, triumph over native freedom of thought and tried force of will" — these noble institutions, comprising the venerable and the yonthfdl genius of Germany, were mercilessly attacked. Many who had dii- tingoished themselves in patriotic song and fight, were immured in dungeons as traitrars and rebels. The students held great gatherings in October, 1817, to celebrate the third centenary of the Reformation ; committed to the iameiy as Lather did the I^ope's bull, a number of servile works, " filled with anger tiiat the same reformation required of the Church by Luther shoold be sanctioned, bat at the same time refused, by the State ;" and hoisted for the fest time the German tricolor — black, red, and yellow — which we shall see hereafter aplifted by kings, and again proscribed as a traitorous symboL These proceedings were made the subject of formal complaint to the CoDgiess of Aix-1»-Chapelle, by the Czar's minister. Kotiebne, the German dramatist, then resident at Mannheim, published a weekly paper, filled with ridicule and denunciation of the patriotic spirit, and kept up secret -92 HISTOBT OF THB ^ALF CENTUBT. [PBBIOD n. communications with St. Petersburg. The discovery of this so inflamed the students^ that one of them, named Sand, " noted for piety and industry/' fanatically resolved on the destruction of this supposed enemy of his country. He accomplished his frenzied purpose in March, 1819, and was beheaded in the following year. What were the general results of his fatal delusion, we shall see when we arrive, in the order of narration, at that period — ^which it will be found of advantage thus to have anticipated. And how were these deeds of the Holy Alliance regarded in England? Not, it must be confessed, with the general detestation they deserved* The people were not at first sensible of the deep and lasting disgrace incurred by the statesmen of England in lending her name and forces to this compre- hensive despotism. A party there assuredly was, who protested that France should be left to the free choice of her own government ; that the allied sove- reigns, and not the re-elected Emperor, were the disturbers of the peace of Europe — ^who, much as they hated his crimes, and deplored the perversion of his noble powers, mingled contempt with aversion for the meanness and cruelty which deported him to Helena — who bewailed that the diplomatists of Protestant, constitutional England, had fastened on the continent the Inqoi- sition, Jesuitism, and the Bourbons — and who foresaw, in the Rhenish Confederation, the artful enslavement of Germany for another generation. Grey and Holland in the one House, Brougham, B^milly, and Homer in the other, gave utterance to these sentiments with a distinctness and fervour that gained them honour beyond the power of subsequent mistakes and faults to cast away. Whitbread was foremost in the expression of honest scorn, but perished by his own hand, a few days after the battle of Waterloo — Canning would have been, but that he had been degraded and silenced. His known necessities prompted the offer, and permitted the acceptance, of a mission to Lisbon, in the early part of 1814, which re- plenished his means but destroyed his independence; and in June, 1816, he joined the Ministry. To him it was given, in after days, to repair, to carry to a noble height, his tarnished reputation for a patriotic and liberty-loving spirit. We shall see him, after the Congress of Verona, partially, at least, removing from the national escutcheon the deep stain put upon it by Castlereagh at the Congress of Vienna. We shall see a revival of that ancient English spirit which, under Cromwell, made this island the terror of foreign tyrants, and the refuge of their escaped victims; and which to-day gives promise, by its sympathy with the stnigglers of Hungary and Italy, of Holstein and Hesse Cassel, to unite ere long with liberated Europe in solemnly consuming, like Luther and the students, the parchment fetters which the kings of 1815 bound upon the limbs and soul of humanity and upon the future. CHAFIEB n. THX TSAimnOX, THE PL4exnB OF PUCHTT— HOW THX COBN-LAW OF 1815 WAI CA&BXZD— PftO* PHD30 ntOmr AOAIHSX THX SMAOTMSNT of SCABCITT — its SFXBBT ILLXTnXATIOX— xgxo* XAinr IMFATUXOB of taxation— ABOUnOK of THX niOOKX-TAX— BOTAL PBOFUOACT— w*»»T*<i» OOP THX FBlHOXflB CHABLOTTX TO PBIKGX LXOPOLD. Some excuse for the indifference of the English people to the political; fate of their continental brethren, is to be found in the severity of Ihe^ own "transition from war to peace" — a phrase invented by Lord Castlereagh, at once to aoconnt for and solace their sufferings. The universal rejoicings over the return of peace had not subsided, when the bitter discovery began to be made, that peace did not necessarily bring with it the blessings of plenty and chet^ness — or, what was more singular and melancholy, that to a large, and the most powerful, class of the community, plenty and cheap* neas were the very reverse of blessings. So early as 1813, the sight of a bonntifiil harvest excited apprehensions, in the agricultural mind, for the maintenance of the prices to which the agricultural interest had fully acenstomed itself; and the nearer prospect of open markets raised that apprehension to determined self-defence. A select committee of the House of Commons reported, that while the export duty of Is. per quarter, imposed on wheat by the corn-law of 1670, might with safety be rescinded, the pro- hibitory duty on importation, which was fixed by the same law at 80s. per quarter, should be carried up to 105s. 2d. per quarter ! It was subsequently agreed, that wheat at 84s. should be admitted on the payment of 2s. 6d. per quarter. There were numerous petitions against this proposed perpetua- tion of war prices — the populace had gazed and shouted at the illuminated devices of a large loaf and a full pot of beer ; and their disappointment was ready to vent itself in violence ; — so the positive enactment of the measure was permitted to stand over till the session of 1815. The landlords, urged on by their excited tenants, would then put up with no procrastina- tion. Shiploads of French com and fruit, of Dutch butter and cheese, with herds of cattle and flocks of poultry, were at hand, waiting only till English wheat, now at GOs., should rise to 66s., and realize that mysterious danger, open ports. The invasion of food was met as would have been an armed insurrection, or any emergency that called for repressive promptitude. The sliding-scale corn-law of 1815 — fixing 80s. as the lowest point at which importation could take place — was hurriedly carried by large majorities,. with little discossioni in the face of earnest petitions from the comm^m^ 94 HISTOBT OF THE HALF GENTUBT. [PEBIOD H. and manofactiiring towns, and, literally, with the Houses sarroanded by soldiery. It would be unjust to represent these proceedings as the result of unmixed selfishness on the one side, or of enlightened foresight on the other. While the agricultural party had plausible reasons for alarm^ and the substantial justice of their demands was conceded by the leaders of the economists y merchants and numu&ctnreis were as tenacious of protection on their own 'behalf as hofidle to its increase on that of the agiiculturists; it was ooly a little band of wealthy landowners and emiiient statesmen wiio pcofcested against sacrificing the interests of all classes^ and of futurity^ to the exigency of « dass and of an hoos. If the pkitociacy of Lcmdon and Lancidiire iwere^dissatisfifid at all with Gastlereagh's pacificaticm, it was becawft he htd exacted from the oontiaental powers no commereial tmtiesin£nPQar of importationi from England ; — ^&ey would almost hare armed tibeir w o r kin g psc^ had our porta been as open in 1814 to Prench silk as to FrcDdi com.
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US-89977497-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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English
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Spoken
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Silver halide photographic material and photographic element
ABSTRACT
A silver halide photographic material which has a layer containing a swellable inorganic stratifying compound.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a photographic element and, in particular, a photographic element in which the diffusion of a photographically useful compound is controlled and/or a photographic element in which the storage stability of a photographically useful compound is improved.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In a silver halide photographic field, a photographic element such as a light-sensitive element, an image-receiving element, etc., are constructed by introducing various photographically useful compounds into a hydrophilic colloid layer to express various photographic functions.
As a method of introducing photographically useful compounds into a hydrophilic colloid layer which is a photographic element, photographically useful compounds are dissolved in water and directly added to a coating solution when they are soluble in water. On the other hand, when they are insoluble in water, any of the following methods has been adopted: (1) they are dissolved in an organic solvent which is miscible with water and directly added to a coating solution, (2) they are dissolved in an organic solvent which is immiscible with water, emulsified and dispersed in a protective colloid solution and added to a coating solution (an emulsifying dispersion method), (3) they are finely dispersed in water or a protective colloid solution in a solid state by a mill, etc., and added to a coating solution as a solid dispersion (a solid dispersion method), or (4) they are added to a coating solution as a latex or added by being impregnated in a latex.
The photographically useful compounds which are added to each photographic element layer by various methods as described above are, in general, used by being fixed in that layer. However, they diffuse between layers during storage before and after processing and various problems arise, for example:
(1) Color mixing occurs by the diffusion of the coloring material added to and fixed in an emulsion layer or a coloring material layer as an emulsified product to the adjacent layers which differently colors. A countermeasure is usually taken to this problem, for example, the oil/binder ratio of the layer to which a coloring material is added is made small, the thickness of the interlayer is made thick, or a coloring material or the oil for dissolving the coloring material is highly polymerized. However, any of these countermeasures is accompanied by bad effects such that coloring capability is deteriorated, the diffusion of a dye is inhibited in the case of a diffusion transfer system, or the curling property is deteriorated due to the increase of a film thickness.
(2) An additive which affects photographic properties, such as a development inhibitor, a development accelerator, a reducing agent or a dye, diffuses to adjacent layers depending on the storing conditions and often causes the deterioration of photographic properties. To prevent this problem, countermeasures such as the increase of the molecular weight of the additive, the introduction of a hydrophobic group, the increase of the thickness of the interlayer, and the like are taken. However, these countermeasures are accompanied by bad effects such that the effect of the additive is reduced, and the curling property is deteriorated due to the increase of a film thickness.
(3) When a photographic material is stored, in particular, under a high humidity condition, the additive diffuses all over the layer and is precipitated on the surface. As a result, chalking fault occurs. In general, binders are selected and the addition amounts thereof are increased for solving this problem. However, such countermeasures are not sufficient to solve this problem, and a bad effect such that the curling property is deteriorated due to the increase of a film thickness occurs.
Further, even if the above problems do not occur by the diffusion between layers of the compounds added by themselves, the following problems arise by the diffusion of oxygen, water vapor, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, etc., from the air into layers.
(4) The compounds contained are oxidized by oxygen and deteriorated or photodiscoloration is accelerated by the irradiation of light in the presence of oxygen. To prevent such problems, an antioxidant and an ultraviolet absorber are added, or a protective layer or an interlayer of a polymer having low permeability of oxygen are provided, but the effects are not always sufficient and also the curling property is deteriorated.
(5) The compounds added are deteriorated under a high humidity condition.
(6) A trace amount of nitrogen oxides or sulfur oxides in the air diffuses in a film and reacts with the compounds contained in the photographic element, as a result, problems such as coloration, discoloration, degeneration and the like arise.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for solving various problems caused by the diffusion between layers of various additives and photographically useful compounds added to photographic elements or the diffusion of various gases in the air (oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, etc.) into photographic element layers, without changing the structures of additives themselves, also without changing the composition of the layer to which additives are added, or without deteriorating the curling property due to the increase of the film thickness of the interlayer.
The above object of the present invention was achieved by a silver halide photographic material or a photographic element of the following (1) to (6).
(1) A silver halide photographic material comprising a support having provided thereon at least one light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer, wherein at least one layer of said silver halide photographic material comprises a swellable inorganic stratifying compound.
(2) A silver halide photographic material as described in (1) above, which further comprises at least one light-insensitive layer and wherein said swellable inorganic stratifying compound is contained in at least one light-insensitive layer.
(3) A photographic element which comprises a support having provided thereon a light-sensitive element comprising at least one light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer and an image-receiving element receiving a silver image or a dye image formed in said light-sensitive element, wherein at least one layer of said photographic element comprises a swellable inorganic stratifying compound.
(4) The photographic element as described in (3) above, wherein said swellable inorganic stratifying compound is contained in at least one light-insensitive layer.
(5) A photographic element which comprises a support having provided thereon a light-sensitive element comprising at least one light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer and a processing element which is capable of being closely contacted with said light-sensitive element during development to have a function to supply components necessary for development to said light-sensitive element, a function to remove components which are unnecessary after development from said light-sensitive element or both of said functions, wherein at least one layer of said photographic element comprises a swellable inorganic stratifying compound.
(6) The photographic element as described in (5) above, wherein contains said swellable inorganic stratifying compound is contained in at least one light-insensitive layer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results in Example 1, wherein the axis of ordinate indicates optical density and the axis of abscissa indicates the addition amount of the compound according to the present invention to the photographic material.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention will be described in detail below.
Examples of swellable inorganic stratifying compounds for use in the present invention include swellable clay minerals, e.g., bentonite, hectorite and montmorillonite, swellable synthetic mica, swellable synthetic smectite, etc. These swellable inorganic stratifying compounds have a laminated structure comprising layers of a unit crystal lattice having a thickness of from 10 to 15 Å and the metal atom substitution in the lattice is extremely large compared with other clay minerals. As a result, the lattice layer becomes short of positive electric charge and cations such as Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, etc., are adsorbed between layers to compensate for this shortage. These cations intercalating between layers are called exchangeable cations and exchanged for various cations. In particular, when cations adsorbed between layers are Li⁺ and Na⁺, ion radius thereof is small and, therefore, the bond between stratifying crystal lattices is weak. Accordingly, lattice layers are swollen by water to a great extent. When the layers are sheared at that state, crystals are easily cleaved and stable sol is formed in water. Bentonite and swellable synthetic mica have such a tendency markedly and are preferred for the object of the present invention. In particular, swellable synthetic mica is preferably used.
Examples of swellable synthetic mica for use in the present invention include:
Na tetrasic mica, NaMg₂.5 (Si₄ O₁₀)F₂,
Na or Li teniorite, (NaLi)Mg₂ Li(Si₄ O₁₀)F₂,
Na or Li hectorite (NaLi)₁ /3Mg₂ /3Li_(1/3) (Si₄ O₁₀)F₂.
The swellable synthetic mica preferably used in the present invention has a thickness of from 1 to 50 nm and a plane face size of from 1 to 20 μm. For controlling diffusion, the thickness is preferably as thin as possible, and the plane face size is preferably as large as possible within the range not deteriorating the smoothness and the transparency of the face coated. Accordingly, the aspect ratio is 100 or more, more preferably 200 or more, and particularly preferably 500 or more.
The addition amount of the swellable inorganic stratifying compound for use in the present invention is, when diffusion is controlled by using it in an interlayer or a protective layer, from 50 to 500 mg/m², preferably from 100 to 300 mg/m². When the compound is used to improve the film quality, the amount may be selected arbitrarily in the range of from 5 to 5,000 mg/m² according to purposes.
As the surface of the swellable inorganic stratifying compound for use in the present invention is charged with minus charge, it is not preferred to contain polymers having a cation site and cationic surfactants in the same layer with the swellable inorganic stratifying compound.
Gelatin is preferably used as the binder for the layer which contains the swellable inorganic stratifying compound for use in the present invention, but other hydrophilic colloids can also be used. Examples thereof include proteins such as gelatin derivatives, graft polymers of gelatin and other high polymers, albumin and casein; sugar derivatives such as cellulose derivatives (e.g., hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and cellulose sulfate, sodium alginate), and starch derivatives; and various kinds of synthetic hydrophilic high polymers of homopolymers or copolymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, partially acetalated polyvinyl alcohol, poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, and polyacrylamide.
Acid-processed gelatin can be used as well as lime-processed gelatin, and hydrolyzed product of gelatin and enzyme degraded product of gelatin can also be used. As gelatin derivatives, products obtained by reacting gelatin with various compounds, e.g., acid halide, acid anhydride, isocyanates, bromoacetic acid, alkane sultones, vinyl sulfonamides, maleinimide compounds, polyalkylene oxides, and epoxy compounds can be used.
As the refractive index of the swellable synthetic mica for use in the present invention is about 1.53, polymers having the same degrees of refractive indices are preferably used as binders in combination. As the refractive index of gelatin is from 1.53 to 1.54, it is particularly preferably used as a dispersion polymer of swellable synthetic mica or a binder.
The amount of the binder to be used in the layer to which the swellable inorganic stratifying compound for use in the present invention is added is from 1 to 2,000 weight parts, preferably from 10 to 1,000 weight parts, and particularly preferably from 25 to 500 weight parts, per 100 weight parts of the swellable inorganic stratifying compound.
The method of dispersing the swellable inorganic stratifying compound for use in the present invention is described below. From 5 to 10 weight parts of the swellable inorganic stratifying compound is added to 100 weight parts of water, taken to water sufficiently, swollen and dispersed using a disperser. Examples of dispersers for use in the present invention include various kinds of mills which disperse compounds mechanically by directly applying power, high speed agitating dispersers having high shearing force, and dispersers applying superhigh ultrasonic energy, specifically a ball mill, a sand grinder mill, a visco mill, a colloid mill, a homogenizer, a dissolver, a Polytron, a homomixer, a homoblender, a Keddy mill, a jet agitator, a capillary emulsifying apparatus, a liquid siren, an electromagnetic skewing ultrasonic wave generator, and an emulsifying apparatus equipped with a Paulman whistle.
The above-dispersed dispersion having from 5 to 10 wt % has high viscosity or is in a gel state and has extremely good storage stability. When this dispersion is added to a coating solution, it is diluted with water, sufficiently stirred, then added.
As the surface of the swellable inorganic stratifying compound for use in the present invention is charged with minus charge, adsorption of a cationic surfactant onto the surface makes the surface hydrophobic. When such a swellable inorganic stratifying compound-having hydrophobic surface is used, the compound is dispersed after being swollen with a solvent sufficiently miscible with the hydrophobic part of the cationic surfactant adsorbed onto the surface, then a binder solution is added to the compound to thereby prepare a coating solution.
The layer to which the swellable inorganic stratifying compound for use in the present invention is incorporated is not particularly limited as long as it is at least one photographic element, e.g., a surface protective layer, an emulsion layer, an interlayer, an undercoat layer, a backing layer, or other auxiliary layers, but is preferably a light-insensitive layer, in particular, a surface protective layer or an interlayer.
Examples of photographically useful compounds which can be used in the present invention include a dye image-forming coupler, a dye image donative redox compound, an antistaining agent, an antifoggant, an ultraviolet absorber, a discoloration inhibitor, a nucleating agent, a physical development speck, a silver halide solvent, a bleaching accelerator, a dye for filter and a precursor thereof, a dye, a pigment, a sensitizer, a hardening agent, a brightening agent, a desensitizer, a developer, an antistatic agent, an antioxidant, a developer scavenger, a latex, a dye capturing agent (a mordant, etc.), a development accelerator, a development inhibitor, a base or a base precursor, a thermal solvent, a toning adjustor, an oil for dispersion used as a medium for dispersing these compounds, a silver halide, and an organic silver salt. These compounds are described in Research Disclosure (RD), No. 17643, ibid., No. 18716 and ibid., No. 307105.
A part of these compounds are described below.
a) Dye Image-Forming Coupler
A compound which forms a colored or colorless dye upon coupling with the oxidation product of an aromatic primary amine development agent is called a coupler. Yellow, magenta, cyan and black couplers are useful as couplers.
Oil-protect-type acylacetamide based couplers are representative as yellow couplers which can be used in the present invention. Specific examples thereof are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,407,210, 2,875,057 and 3,265,506. As 2-equivalent yellow couplers, oxygen atom-releasing yellow couplers disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,408,194, 3,447,928, 3,933,501 and 4,022,620, and nitrogen atom-releasing yellow couplers disclosed in JP-B-58-10739 (the term "JP-B" as used herein means an "examined Japanese patent publication"), U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,401,752, 4,326,024, RD, No. 18053 (April, 1979), British Patent 1,425,020, published West German Patent Application (OLS) Nos. 2,219,917, 2,261,361, 2,329,587 and 2,433,812 can be cited as representative examples. α-Pivaloylacetanilide based couplers are excellent in fastness of colored dye, in particular, light fastness. On the other hand, high color density can be obtained from α-benzoylacetanilide based couplers.
Of these couplers, for example, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,933,501, 4,022,620, 4,326,024, 4,401,752, 4,248,961, JP-B-58-10739, British Patents 1,425,020, 1,476,760, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,973,968, 4,314,023, 4,511,649, and EP-A-249473 are preferred.
As magenta couplers which can be used in the present invention, oil-protect type indazolone based or cyanoacetol based (preferably 5-pyrazolone based and pyrazoloazole based, such as pyrazolotriazoles) couplers can be cited. From the viewpoint of the hue of colored dye and color density, couplers substituted with an arylamino group or an acylamino group at the 3-position of 5-pyrazolone couplers are preferred, and representative examples thereof are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,311,082, 2,343,703, 2,600,788, 2,908,573, 3,062,653, 3,152,896, 3,936,015, etc. As a releasing group of 2-equivalent 5-pyrazolone based couplers, nitrogen atom-releasing groups disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,619 and arylthio groups disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,351,897 are preferred. Further, high color density can be obtained by 5-pyrazolone based couplers having a ballast group disclosed in European Patent 73636.
As pyrazoloazole based couplers, pyrazolobenzimidazoles disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,369,879, pyrazolo 5,1-c! 1,2,4!triazoles disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,725,067, and pyrazolopyrazoles described in RD, No. 24220 (June, 1984) can be cited. In view of less side absorption of yellow of colored dye and light fastness, imidazo 1,2-b!pyrazoles disclosed in European Patent 119741 and pyrazolo 1,5-b! 1,2,4!triazole disclosed in European Patent 119860 are preferred.
Of the above, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,310,619, 4,351,897, European Patent 73636, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,061,432, 3,725,067, RD, No. 24220 (June, 1984), JP-A-60-33552 (the term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application"), RD, No. 24230 (June, 1984), JP-A-60-43659, JP-A-61-72238, JP-A-60-35730, JP-A-55-118034, JP-A-60-185951, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,500,630, 4,540,654, 4,556,630, and WO 88/04795 are particularly preferred.
Cyan couplers which can be used in the present invention include oil protect type naphthol based and phenol based couplers, such as naphthol based couplers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,474,293, and oxygen atom-releasing type 2-equivalent naphthol based couplers disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,052,212, 4,146,396, 4,228,233 and 4,296,200 can be cited as preferred representative examples thereof. Further, specific examples of phenol based couplers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,369,929, 2,801,171, 2,772,162, and 2,895,826. Cyan couplers fast to humidity and temperature are preferably used in the present invention. Representative examples thereof include phenol based cyan couplers having an alkyl group such as an ethyl group or more at the meta-position of the phenol nucleus disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,002, phenol based cyan couplers substituted with a 2,5-diacylamino group disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,772,162, 3,758,308, 4,126,396, 4,334,011, 4,327,173, West German Patent 3,329,729, and JP-A-59-166956, and phenol based cyan couplers having a phenylureido group at the 2-position and an acylamino group at the 5-position disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,446,622, 4,333,999, 4,451,559 and 4,427,767.
Naphthol based couplers substituted with a sulfonamido group, an amido group or the like at the 5-position disclosed in JP-A-60-237448, JP-A-61-153640 and JP-A-61-14557 are particularly excellent in fastness of developed color images and preferred. In addition, pyrazoloazole based couplers disclosed in JP-A-64-553, JP-A-64-554, JP-A-64-555 and JP-A-64-556 and imidazole based couplers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,672 can also be used.
Of these, particularly preferred are those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,052,212, 4,146,396, 4,228,233, 4,296,200, 2,369,929, 2,801,171, 2,772,162, 2,895,826, 3,772,002, 3,758,308, 4,334,011, 4,327,173, West German Patent 3,329,729, EP-A-121365, EP-A-249453, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,446,622, 4,333,999, 4,775,616, 4,451,559, 4,427,767, 4,690,889, 4,254,212, 4,296,199, and JP-A-61-42658.
Representative examples of polymerized dye-forming couplers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,451,820, 4,080,211, 4,367,282, 4,409,320, 4,576,910, British Patent 2,102,137 and EP-A-341188.
Couplers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,366,237, British Patent 2,125,570, European Patent 96570 and West German Patent 3,234,533 are preferred as couplers which can give the colored dyes having an appropriate diffusibility.
Colored couplers for correcting the unnecessary absorption of colored dyes are disclosed in RD, No. 17643, item VII-G, ibid., No. 307105, item VII-G, U.S. Pat. No. 4,163,670, JP-B-57-39413, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,004,929, 4,138,258, and British Patent 1,146,368 and preferably used. Moreover, couplers correcting the unnecessary absorption of colored dyes by fluorescent dyes released upon coupling reaction disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,774,181, and couplers having a dye precursor group capable of forming a dye upon reaction with a developing agent as a releasing group disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,120 are also preferably used.
Compounds which release photographically useful residual groups upon coupling reaction are also preferably used in the present invention. Development inhibitor-releasing (DIR) couplers as disclosed in the patents described in the above RD, No. 17643, item VII-F, ibid., No. 307105, item VII-F, JP-A-57-151944, JP-A-57-154234, JP-A-60-184248, JP-A-63-37346, JP-A-63-37350, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,248,962 and 4,782,012 are preferably used. Further, bleaching accelerator-releasing couplers described in RD, No. 11449, ibid., No. 24241, and JP-A-61-201247 are effective for shortening the processing time of the processing step having bleaching ability, in particular, they are very effective when added to a photographic material using tabular silver halide grains. As couplers which imagewise release a nucleating agent or a development accelerator at development time, those disclosed in British Patents 2,097,140, 2,131,188, JP-A-59-157638, and JP-A-59-170840 are preferred. Moreover, compounds which release a fogging agent, a development accelerator, a silver halide solvent, etc., by the oxidation reduction reaction with the oxidized product of a developing agent as disclosed in JP-A-60-107029, JP-A-60-252340, JP-A-1-44940, and JP-A-1-45687 are also preferred.
In addition, as the couplers which can be used in the photographic material of the present invention, there can be cited competitive couplers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,130,427, etc., multiequivalent couplers disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,283,472, 4,338,393, 4,310,618, etc., DIR redox compound-releasing couplers, DIR coupler-releasing couplers, DIR coupler-releasing redox compounds, DIR redox-releasing redox compounds disclosed in JP-A-60-185950 and JP-A-62-24252, etc., couplers which release dyes showing restoration of color after elimination disclosed in EP-A-173302 and EP-A-313308, ligand-releasing couplers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,555,477, leuco dye-releasing-couplers disclosed in JP-A-63-75747, and fluorescent dye-releasing couplers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,774,181.
Two or more of the above couplers and the like can be used in combination in the same layer for satisfying the characteristics required of the photographic material.
b) Dye Image Donative Redox Compound
As other water-insoluble compounds which can be used in the present invention, a dye image donative redox compound for use in a color diffusion transfer photographic material (for wet development and heat development) can be cited. Specifically, the compound is represented by the following formula (LI):
(Dye-Y).sub.n --Z (LI)
wherein Dye represents a dye group, a dye group or a dye precursor group temporally shortwaved; Y represents a single bond or a linking group; Z represents a group having the nature of making a difference in diffusibility of the compound represented by (Dye-Y)_(n) --Z corresponding to or counter-corresponding to light-sensitive silver salt having imagewise a latent image, or the nature of releasing Dye and making a difference in diffusibility between the released Dye and (Dye-Y)_(n) --Z, and n represents 1 or 2, and when n is 2, two (Dye-Y)'s may be the same or different.
Specific examples of the dye donative compounds represented by formula (LI) include the compounds in the following (i) to (v). Further, compounds in (i) to (iii) are compounds which form a diffusible dye image (a positive dye image) counter-corresponding to the development of silver halide, and compounds in (iv) and (v) are compounds which form a diffusible dye image (a negative dye image) corresponding to the development of silver halide.
(i) Dye developers of which dye component is linked with a hydroquinone based developer as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,134,764, 3,362,819, 3,597,200, 3,544,545 and 3,482,972. These dye developers are diffusible under an alkaline condition but become non-diffusible when reacted with silver halide.
(ii) Non-diffusible compounds which release a diffusible dye under an alkaline condition but lose such capabilities when reacted with silver halide, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,503,137, can also be used. Examples thereof include compounds which release a diffusible dye by the intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,980,479, and compounds which release a diffusible dye by the intramolecular rearrangement reaction of an isooxazolone ring as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,199,354.
(iii) Non-diffusible compounds which release a diffusible dye by reacting with the reducing agent remained without being oxidized by development can also be used as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,290, EP-A-220746, U.S. Pat. No. 4,783,396, and JIII Journal of Technical Disclosure (Kokai Giho) 87-6199.
Examples thereof include compounds which release a diffusible dye by the intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction after being reduced disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,139,389, 4,139,379, JP-A-59-185333 and JP-A-57-84453, compounds which release a diffusible dye by the intramolecular electron transfer reaction after being reduced disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,232,107, JP-A-59-101649, JP-A-61-88257, and RD, No. 24025 (1984), compounds which release a diffusible dye by the cleavage of a single bond after being reduced disclosed in West German published patent application 3,008,588A, JP-A-56-142530, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,343,893 and 4,619,884, nitro compounds which release a diffusible dye after accepting an electron disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,223, and compounds which release a diffusible dye after accepting an electron disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,609,610.
Further, more preferred are compounds having an N--X bond (X represents an oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom) and an electron attractive group in one molecule disclosed in EP-A-220746, JIII Journal of Technical Disclosure (Kokai Giho) 87-6199, U.S. Pat. No. 4,783,396, JP-A-63-201653 and JP-A-63-201654, compounds having an SO₂ --X bond (X represents the same meaning as above) and an electron attractive group in one molecule disclosed in JP-A-1-26842, compounds having a PO--X bond (X represents the same meaning as above) and an electron attractive group in one molecule disclosed in JP-A-63-271344, and compounds having a C--X' bond (X' represents the same meaning as X or --SO₂ --) and an electron attractive group in one molecule disclosed in JP-A-63-271341. In addition, compounds which release a diffusible dye by the cleavage of a single bond after being reduced by a π bond conjugated with an electron accepting group disclosed in JP-A-1-161237 and JP-A-1-161342 can also be used.
Of the above, compounds having an N--X bond and an electron attractive group in one molecule are particularly preferred. Specific examples of such compounds are Compounds (1) to (3), (7) to (10), (12), (13), (15), (23) to (26), (31), (32), (35), (36), (40), (41), (44), (53) to (59), (64) and (70) disclosed in EP-A-220746, and Compounds (11) to (23) disclosed in JIII Journal of Technical Disclosure (Kokai Giho) 87-6199.
(iv) Couplers which have a diffusible dye as a releasing group and release the diffusible dye by the reaction with the oxidized product of a reducing agent (DDS couplers). Specific examples are disclosed in British Patent 1,330,524, JP-B-48-39165, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,443,940, 4,474,867 and 4,483,914.
(v) Compounds which are reductive against silver halide and organic silver salt and release a diffusible dye when the object is reduced (DRR compounds). These compounds are preferred became the problem of the contamination of an image by the oxidized decomposed product of a reducing agent does not arise because no other reducing agents are required. Representative examples thereof are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,928,312, 4,053,312, 4,055,428, 4,336,322, JP-A-59-65839, JP-A-59-69839, JP-A-53-3819, JP-A-51-104343, RD, No. 17465, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,725,062, 3,728,113, 3,443,939, JP-A-58-116537, JP-A-57-179840, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,626. Specific examples of DRR compounds are disclosed in columns 22 to 44 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,626, and Compounds (1) to (3), (10) to (13), (16) to (19), (28) to (30), (33) to (35), (38) to (40), and (42) to (64) disclosed in the above patent are preferred above all. Compounds disclosed in columns 37 to 39 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,408 are also useful.
c) Organic or Inorganic Dye or Pigment
Dyes or pigments for use in the present invention include organic or inorganic dyes or pigments, such as azo based, azomethine based, oxonol based, cyanine based, phthalocyanine based, quinacridone based, anthraquinone based, dioxazine based, indigo based, perynone.perylene based, titanium oxide, iron oxide based, chromium oxide, carbon black, or the other dyes or pigments. In addition, any of known dyes conventionally used as coloring agents and mixtures thereof can be used. In the present invention, these dyes or pigments can be used in any form such as in an aqueous pasty state immediately after production or in a powdery state. Oil-soluble dyes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,420,555, JP-A-61-204630 and JP-A-61-205934 can also be used.
Useful dyes for use in the present invention may be any of various known dyes having structures such as an arylidene compound, a heterocyclic arylidene compound, anthraquinones, triarylmethanes, an azomethine dye, an azo dye, a cyanine dye, a merocyanine dye, an oxonol dye, a styryl dye, a phthalocyanine dye, an indigo dye or the like.
The arylidene compound is of the structure in which an acid nucleus and an aryl group are bonded by one or more methine groups.
Examples of the acid nucleus include 2-pyrazolin-5-one, 2-isooxazolin-5-one, barbituric acid, 2-thiobarbituric acid, benzoylacetonitrile, cyanoacetamide, cyanoacetanilide, cyanoacetate, malonate, malondianilide, dimedone, benzoylacetanilide, pivaloylacetanilide, malononitrile, 1,2-dihydro-6-hydroxypyridin-2-one, pyrazolidine-3,5-dione, pyrazolo 3,4-b!pyridine-3,6-dione, indane-1,3-dione, hydantoin, thiohydantoin, 2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one, etc.
Examples of the aryl group include a phenyl group, which is preferably substituted with an electron donative group such as an alkoxyl group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, etc.
The heterocyclic arylidene compound is of the structure in which an acid nucleus and a heterocyclic aromatic ring are bonded by one or more methine groups.
Examples of the acid nucleus are the same as described above.
Examples of the heterocyclic aromatic ring include pyrrole, indole, furan, thiophene, pyrazole, coumalin, etc.
The anthraquinones represent anthraquinones substituted with an electron donative group or an electron attractive group.
The triarylmethanes represent compounds having the structure in which three substituted aryl groups (they may be the same or different) are bonded to one methine group, e.g., phenolphthalein.
The azomethine dye is a dye of the structure in which an acid nucleus and an aryl group are linked by an unsaturated nitrogen linking group (an azomethine group). Examples of acid nuclei include those known as photographic couplers in addition to the above. Indoanilines also belong to an azomethine dye.
The azo dye represents an azo dye of the structure in which aryl groups or heterocyclic aromatic groups are linked by an azo group.
The cyanine dye represents a cyanine dye in which two basic nuclei are bonded by one or more methine groups. Examples of basic nuclei include a quaternary salt, such as oxazole, benzoxazole, thiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, quinoline, pyridine, indolenine, benzindolenine, benzoselenazole, imidazoquinoxaline, etc., and pyrylium.
The merocyanine dye represents a merocyanine dye in which the above basic nucleus and an acid nucleus are bonded by a double bond, or bonded by one or more methine groups.
The oxonol dye is an oxonol dye in which two of the above acid nuclei are bonded by a methine group(s) of one, or an odd number of three or more.
The styryl dye is a styryl dye in which the above basic nucleus and an aryl group are bonded by two or four methine groups.
The phthalocyanine may be or may not be coordinated with a metal.
The indigo may be a substituted or unsubstituted indigo and thioindigo is also included.
When oil-soluble dyes are used as a filter dye or an antihalation dye, an effective arbitrary amount can be selected but they are preferably used in the amount such that the optical density falls within the range of from 0.05 to 3.5. The time of addition may be at any stage before coating.
Specific addition amount of these dye varies depending on the kinds of dyes, dispersion polymers or dispersing methods, but is generally from 10⁻³ g/m² to 3.0 g/m², and particularly preferably from 10⁻³ g/m² to 1.0 g/m².
d) Oil for Dispersion
A high boiling point organic substance (an oil for dispersion) substantially insoluble in water and having a boiling point of 190° C. or more at atmospheric pressure is preferably used for controlling the precipitation of crystals when a water-insoluble photographically useful compound is finely dispersed in an aqueous medium. In addition, it is sometimes required to include an emulsified dispersion of a high boiling point organic substance (an oil for dispersion) for various purposes, such as the adjustment of the modulus of elasticity of the film constituting a photographic element, the capture of oil-soluble substances, the adjustment of contact capability or adhesive capability. Such organic substance can be selected from among carboxylates, phosphates, carboxylic acid amides, ethers, phenols, anilines, substituted hydrocarbons, and surface inactive hydrophobic organic polymers. Specific examples include di-n-butyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, dimethoxyethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl adipate, diisooctyl azelate, tri-n-butyl citrate, butyl laurate, di-n-butyl sebacate, tricyclohexyl phosphate, tri-n-butyl phosphate, triisooctyl phosphate, N,N-diethylcaprylic acid amide, N,N-dimethylpalmitic acid amide, n-butyl(m-pentadecyl)phenyl ether, ethyl(2,4-di-tert-butyl)phenyl ether, 2,5-di-tert-amylphenol, 2-n-butoxy-5-tert-octylaniline, paraffin chloride, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate, poly(N-tert-butylacrylamide) and poly(N-tert-octylacrylamide).
The above oils for dispersion may be used in combination with a low boiling point organic solvent which is immiscible with water (having a boiling point of 130° C. or less at 1 atm.) or an organic solvent which is miscible with water. For increasing the stability of the dispersion obtained, a water-immiscible or water-miscible organic solvent, which is used for dissolving a photographically useful compound to make a solution, may be removed by distillation, preferably distillation under reduced pressure or ultrafiltration, or by other known methods.
Examples of such organic solvents include, e.g., propylene carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl propionate, sec-butyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, cyclohexanone, dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide. A preferred addition amount of organic solvents is from 0.1 to 100 times of the weight of the water-insoluble photographically useful compound to be dispersed.
e) Latex
Examples of monomers for polymer latexes for use in the present invention include, e.g., acrylate, methacrylate, crotonate, vinyl ester, maleic diester, fumaric diester, itaconic diester, acrylamides, methacrylamides, vinyl ethers, styrenes, etc.
Specific examples of these monomers include: as acrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, acetoxyethyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, 2-methoxy acrylate, 2-ethoxy acrylate, and 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate; as methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and 2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate; as crotonate, butyl crotonate and hexyl crotonate; as vinyl ester, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl methoxyacetate, and vinyl benzoate; as maleic diester, diethyl maleate, dimethyl maleate, and dibutyl maleate; as fumaric diester, diethyl fumarate, dimethyl fumarate, and dibutyl fumarate; and as itaconic diester, diethyl itaconate, dimethyl itaconate, and dibutyl itaconate.
As acrylamides, acrylamide, methylacrylamide, ethylacrylamide, propylacrylamide, n-butylacrylamide, tert-butylacrylamide, cyclohexylacrylamide, 2-methoxyethylacrylamide, dimethylacrylamide, diethylacrylamide, and phenylacrylamide; as methacrylamides, methylmethacrylamide, ethylmethacrylamide, n-butylmethacrylamide, tert-butylmethacrylamide, 2-methoxymethacrylamide, dimethylmethacrylamide, and diethylmethacrylamide; as vinyl ethers, methyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, hexyl vinyl ether, methoxyethyl vinyl ether, and dimethylaminoethyl vinyl ether; and as styrenes, styrene, methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, trimethylstyrene, ethylstyrene, isopropylstyrene, butylstyrene, chloromethylstyrene, methoxystyrene, butoxystyrene, acetoxystyrene, chlorostyrene, dichlorostyrene, bromostyrene, methyl vinyl benzoate, and 2-methylstyrene can be cited.
Polymers consisting of these monomers may be homopolymers or copolymers. Binary or ternary copolymers of acrylate, methacrylate, styrenes, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid; copolymers of styrenes and butadiene; and polyvinylidene chlorides are preferably used.
In a photographic element of the system of transferring the mobile dye released by development into an image-receiving element, a dye-capturing agent is incorporated into the photographic element as follows.
(1) A dye-capturing agent is incorporated into a dye element as a dye-fixing agent (a mordant).
(2) A dye-capturing agent is incorporated into an interlayer or a protective layer in a photographic element for the purpose of lowering Dmin (the density of white background).
(3) A dye-capturing agent (in particular, a tertiary amine type polymer latex) is incorporated into a processing solution (into a pod) of a diffusion transfer type color instant photographic element for the purpose of preventing post-transfer of a dye.
A water-soluble polymer mordant, an oil-soluble polymer mordant, and a latex mordant are preferably used as a dye-capturing agent in these uses, in particular, a polymer latex mordant is preferably used for the above uses (2) and (3).
The polymer mordants herein means polymers containing a tertiary amino group, polymers having a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moiety, and polymers containing quaternary cationic groups of these compounds. Further, a polymer mordant containing imidazole or a derivative group thereof is superior in light fastness and preferably used.
Polymers containing a vinyl monomer unit having a tertiary amine group are disclosed in JP-A-60-60643 and JP-A-60-57836, and specific examples of polymers containing a vinyl monomer unit having a tertiary imidazole group are disclosed in JP-A-60-118834, JP-A-60-122941, JP-A-62-244043, JP-A-62-244036, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,282,305, 4,115,124 and 3,148,061.
Specific examples of polymers containing a vinyl monomer unit having a quaternary imidazolium salt are disclosed in British Patents 2;056,101, 2,093,041, 1,594,961, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,124,386, 4,115,124, 4,273,853, 4,450,224, and JP-A-48-28225.
In addition, specific examples of polymers containing a vinyl monomer unit having a quaternary ammonium salt are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,709,690, 3,898,088, 3,958,995, JP-A-60-57836, JP-A-60-60643, JP-A-60-122940, JP-A-60-122942 and JP-A-60-235134.
Free radical polymerization of an ethylenically unsaturated solid monomer is initiated by the addition to the molecule of a monomer of a free radical formed by thermal decomposition of a chemical initiator, function of a reducing agent (a redox initiator) in an oxidizing compound, or physical function, e.g., radiation of ultraviolet ray or other high energy, high frequency, etc.
Examples of primary chemical initiators include persulfate (ammonium and potassium persulfate), hydrogen peroxide, 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovalerianic acid) (these are water-soluble), azoisobutyronitrile, benzoyl peroxide, chlorobenzoyl peroxide, and other compounds (these are water-insoluble).
Usual redox initiators include hydrogen peroxide-ferrous salt, potassium persulfate-potassium bisulfate, cerium salt alcohol, etc.
Examples and functions thereof of initiators are described in F. A. Bovey, Emulsion Polymerization, pp. 59 to 93, Interscience Publishes Inc;, New York (1955).
A compound having surface activity is used as an emulsifying agent, preferably a soap, sulfonate, sulfate, a cationic compound, an amphoteric compound, and high molecular protective colloid are cited. Examples of these groups and functions are described in Belgische Chemische Industrie, Vol. 28, pp. 16 to 20 (1963).
Specific examples of polymer latexes which can be used in the present invention are shown below, but the present invention is not limited thereto. ##STR1## Specific examples of polymer latex mordants ##STR2## f) Silver Halide and Organic Silver Salt
Silver halide which can be used in the present invention may be any of silver chloride, silver bromide, silver iodobromide, silver chlorobromide, silver chloroiodide, and silver chloroiodobromide.
A silver halide emulsion for use in the present invention may be of a surface latent image type or of an internal latent image type. The internal latent image type emulsion is used as a direct reversal emulsion by combining a nucleating agent and light fogging. The emulsion may be a so-called core/shell type emulsion in which the interior and surface of the grains may be comprised of different phases. Silver halide emulsion may be monodisperse or polydisperse or monodisperse emulsion may be used in admixture. A grain size is from 0.1 to 2 μm, particularly preferably from 0.2 to 1.5 μm. Silver halide grain may have a cubic form, an octahedral form, a tetradecahedral form, a tabular form of high aspect ratio, or any other form.
Specifically, any of silver halide emulsions disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,500,626, column 50, 4,628,021, RD, No. 17029 (1978) and JP-A-62-253159 can be used.
Silver halide emulsions may be used without after-ripening but is generally chemically sensitized. In ordinary emulsions for light-sensitive materials, known sulfur sensitization, reduction sensitization, noble metal sensitization and selenium sensitization, etc., can be used alone or in combination. These chemical sensitization can be conducted in the presence of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound (ref. JP-A-62-253159).
The coating amount of the light-sensitive silver halide for use in the present invention is from 1 mg/m² to 10 g/m², calculated in terms of silver.
Silver halide for use in the present invention may be spectrally sensitized by methine dyes and the like, examples thereof include a cyanine dye, a merocyanine dye, a complex cyanine dye, a complex merocyanine dye, a holopolar cyanine dye, a hemicyanine dye, a styryl dye, and a hemioxonol dye Specifically, sensitizing dyes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,257, JP-A-59-180550, JP-A-60-140335, and RD, No. 17029 (1978), pp. 12 and 13 can be cited.
These sensitizing dyes may be used alone or in combination. A combination of sensitizing dyes is often used for the purpose of supersensitization.
Dyes which themselves do not have a spectral sensitizing function or compounds which substantially do not absorb visible light but show supersensitization can be incorporated in the emulsion with sensitizing dyes (e.g., those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,641 and JP-A-63-23145).
These sensitizing dyes may be added to an emulsion before, during or after chemical ripening, alternatively they may be added before or after nucleation of silver halide grains according to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,183,756 and 4,225,666. The addition amount is, in general, from 10⁻⁸ to 10⁻² mol per mol of the silver halide.
When the light-sensitive element according to the present invention is processed in heat development, organic metal salts may be used as an oxidant in combination with light-sensitive silver halide. Of such organic metal salts, organic silver salt is particularly preferably used.
Examples of compounds which can be used for forming the above organic silver salt oxidant include benzotriazoles, fatty acid, and other compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,626, columns 52 and 53. The silver salt of carboxylic acid having an alkynyl group such as phenylpropiolic acid silver disclosed in JP-A-60-113235 and acetylene silver disclosed in JP-A-61-249044 are also useful. Two or more organic silver salts may be used in combination.
The above organic silver salts can be used in combination in an amount of from 0.01 to 10 mol, preferably from 0.01 to 1 mol, per mol of the light-sensitive silver halide. The total coating amount of the light-sensitive silver halide and the organic silver salt is appropriately from 50 mg/m² to 10 g/m² calculated in terms of silver.
g) Reducing Agent
Other photographically useful compound which can be used in the present invention is a reducing agent and reducing agents known in the photographic field can be used. In addition, the dye donative compounds having reductivity described above can be included in the reducing agent (in such a case, other reducing agents can be used in combination). Further, reducing agent precursors which themselves do not have reductivity but show reductivity during the process of development by the action of a nucleophilic reagent or heat can also be used.
Examples of reducing agents which can be used in the present invention include reducing agents and reducing agent precursors disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,500,626, columns 49 and 50, 4,483,914, columns 30 and 31, 4,330,617, 4,590,152, JP-A-60-140335, pp. 17 and 18, JP-A-57-40245, JP-A-56-138736, JP-A-59-178458, JP-A-59-53831, JP-A-59-182449, JP-A-59-182450, JP-A-60-119555, from JP-A-60-128436 to JP-A-60-128439, JP-A-60-198540, JP-A-60-181742, JP-A-61-259253, JP-A-62-244044, from JP-A-62-131253 to JP-A-62-131256, and EP-A-220746, pp. 78 to 96.
Combinations of various reducing agents as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,039,869 can also be used.
When diffusion resisting reducing agents are used, if required, an electron transferring agent and/or a precursor of an electron transferring agent can be used in combination to accelerate electron transfer between a diffusion resisting reducing agent and developable silver halide.
The electron transferring agent or the precursor thereof can be selected from among the above-described reducing agents or precursors thereof. It is preferred for the electron transferring agent or the precursor thereof to have transferability larger than that of the diffusion resisting reducing agent (an electron donor). Particularly preferred electron transferring agents are 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidones or aminophenols.
In the above-described reducing agents, diffusion resisting reducing agents (electron donors) to be used in combination with an electron transferring agent are those substantially not to transfer in the layer of a photographic element, preferably hydroquinones, sulfonamidophenols, sulfonamidonaphthols, compounds disclosed in JP-A-53-110827 as electron donors, and the above-described diffusion resisting dye donative compounds having reductivity can be cited.
The addition amount of reducing agents is from 0.001 to 20 mols, particularly preferably from 0.01 to 10 mols, per mol of silver.
Reducing agents may be incorporated into a light-sensitive element, or may be contained in a rupturable container as a component of a processing composition and supplied to a light-sensitive element (and a dye-fixing element) at processing time. The former is suitable for heat development processing and the latter is preferably adopter for a color diffusion transfer process in which processing is conducted at room temperature.
h) Other Photographically Useful Compounds
Examples of other photographically useful compounds which can be used in the present invention include an antifoggant and a development inhibitor represented by, e.g., mercaptotetrazoles, mercaptotriazoles, mercaptopyrimidines, mercaptobenzimidazoles, mercaptothiadiazoles, benzotriazoles, imidazoles, etc.; a developer such as p-phenylenediamines, hydroquinones, p-aminophenols, etc.; a developing adjuvant, e.g., pyrazolidones; a nucleating agent, e.g., hydrazines, hydrazides, etc.; a silver halide solvent, e.g., hypo, etc.; a bleaching accelerator, e.g., aminoalkylthiols, etc.; and dyes, e.g., an azo dye, an azomethine dye, etc. In addition, precursors of the above photographically useful compounds, compounds having a redox function capable of releasing the above photographically useful compounds with the progress of development, e.g., in addition to the above-described dye compounds for a color diffusion transfer light-sensitive element, DIR- or DAR-hydroquinones can also be cited as photographically useful compounds.
These photographically useful compounds can be bonded via a timing group and examples of such timing groups include groups which release a photographically useful compound by the intramolecular ring closing reaction as disclosed in JP-A-54-145135, groups which release a photographically useful compound by the intramolecular electron transfer as disclosed in British Patent 2,072,363 and JP-A-57-154234, groups which release a photographically useful compound being accompanied by the separation of carbon dioxide gas as disclosed in JP-A-57-179842, and groups which release a photographically useful compound being accompanied by the separation of formaldehyde as disclosed in JP-A-59-93442.
As a method for dispersing a water-insoluble photographically useful compound of the above photographically useful compounds, a representative method is an oil-in-water dispersion method using a high boiling point solvent in the presence of a dispersant.
Specifically, a dispersion can be prepared by mixing a water-insoluble photographically useful compound, which is maintained at a solution state by any of the following methods, with water or a hydrophilic colloid aqueous solution in the presence of a dispersant. The following dispersers can be used for further finely dispersing dispersion grains, if necessary.
As dispersers, there are high speed agitating type dispersers having high shearing force, and dispersers applying superhigh ultrasonic energy. Specifically, a colloid mill, a homogenizer, a capillary type emulsifying apparatus, a liquid siren, an electromagnetic skewing type ultrasonic wave generator, and an emulsifying apparatus equipped with a Paulman whistle. High speed agitating type dispersers preferably used in the present invention are dispersers whose main part bearing dispersing function rotates at a high speed in a solution (from 500 to 15,000 rpm, preferably from 2,000 to 4,000 rpm) such as a dissolver, a Polytron, a homomixer, a homoblender, a Keddy mill, and a jet agitator. High speed agitating type dispersers for use in the present invention are called a dissolver or a high speed impeller disperser, and the disperser equipped with an impeller comprising an axle rotating at a high speed equipped with serrated blades bent upward and downward alternately as disclosed in JP-A-55-129136 is one preferred example.
| 25,189 |
https://github.com/patrickneubauer/XMLIntellEdit/blob/master/individual-experiments/SandboxProject/src/com/example/example/with/anyfeature/impl/AnyfeatureFactoryImpl.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
XMLIntellEdit
|
patrickneubauer
|
Java
|
Code
| 309 | 978 |
/**
*/
package com.example.example.with.anyfeature.impl;
import com.example.example.with.anyfeature.*;
import org.eclipse.emf.ecore.EClass;
import org.eclipse.emf.ecore.EObject;
import org.eclipse.emf.ecore.EPackage;
import org.eclipse.emf.ecore.impl.EFactoryImpl;
import org.eclipse.emf.ecore.plugin.EcorePlugin;
/**
* <!-- begin-user-doc -->
* An implementation of the model <b>Factory</b>.
* <!-- end-user-doc -->
* @generated
*/
public class AnyfeatureFactoryImpl extends EFactoryImpl implements AnyfeatureFactory {
/**
* Creates the default factory implementation.
* <!-- begin-user-doc -->
* <!-- end-user-doc -->
* @generated
*/
public static AnyfeatureFactory init() {
try {
AnyfeatureFactory theAnyfeatureFactory = (AnyfeatureFactory)EPackage.Registry.INSTANCE.getEFactory(AnyfeaturePackage.eNS_URI);
if (theAnyfeatureFactory != null) {
return theAnyfeatureFactory;
}
}
catch (Exception exception) {
EcorePlugin.INSTANCE.log(exception);
}
return new AnyfeatureFactoryImpl();
}
/**
* Creates an instance of the factory.
* <!-- begin-user-doc -->
* <!-- end-user-doc -->
* @generated
*/
public AnyfeatureFactoryImpl() {
super();
}
/**
* <!-- begin-user-doc -->
* <!-- end-user-doc -->
* @generated
*/
@Override
public EObject create(EClass eClass) {
switch (eClass.getClassifierID()) {
case AnyfeaturePackage.DOCUMENT_ROOT: return createDocumentRoot();
case AnyfeaturePackage.ELEMENT1: return createElement1();
case AnyfeaturePackage.PROPERTIES: return createProperties();
case AnyfeaturePackage.ROOT_ELEMENT_TYPE: return createRootElementType();
default:
throw new IllegalArgumentException("The class '" + eClass.getName() + "' is not a valid classifier");
}
}
/**
* <!-- begin-user-doc -->
* <!-- end-user-doc -->
* @generated
*/
public DocumentRoot createDocumentRoot() {
DocumentRootImpl documentRoot = new DocumentRootImpl();
return documentRoot;
}
/**
* <!-- begin-user-doc -->
* <!-- end-user-doc -->
* @generated
*/
public Element1 createElement1() {
Element1Impl element1 = new Element1Impl();
return element1;
}
/**
* <!-- begin-user-doc -->
* <!-- end-user-doc -->
* @generated
*/
public Properties createProperties() {
PropertiesImpl properties = new PropertiesImpl();
return properties;
}
/**
* <!-- begin-user-doc -->
* <!-- end-user-doc -->
* @generated
*/
public RootElementType createRootElementType() {
RootElementTypeImpl rootElementType = new RootElementTypeImpl();
return rootElementType;
}
/**
* <!-- begin-user-doc -->
* <!-- end-user-doc -->
* @generated
*/
public AnyfeaturePackage getAnyfeaturePackage() {
return (AnyfeaturePackage)getEPackage();
}
/**
* <!-- begin-user-doc -->
* <!-- end-user-doc -->
* @deprecated
* @generated
*/
@Deprecated
public static AnyfeaturePackage getPackage() {
return AnyfeaturePackage.eINSTANCE;
}
} //AnyfeatureFactoryImpl
| 32,115 |
https://github.com/AlexMisha/gns/blob/master/build.gradle
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,018 |
gns
|
AlexMisha
|
Gradle
|
Code
| 108 | 445 |
ext {
compileSdkVersion = 28
minSdkVersion = 27
targetSdkVersion = 28
androidxVersion = '1.0.0'
androidxTestVersion = '1.1.0-alpha1'
roomVersion = '2.1.0-alpha02'
lifecycleVersion = '2.0.0'
constraintLayoutVersion = '1.1.3'
junitVersion = '4.12'
dataBindingVersion = '3.1.4'
retrofitVersion = '2.4.0'
glideVersion = '4.8.0'
espressoVersion = '3.1.0-alpha1'
androidktxVersion = '1.0.0'
kotlinTestVersion = '3.1.7'
mockitoVersion = '2.7.19'
mockitoAndroidVersion = '2.21.0'
}
buildscript {
ext.kotlinVersion = '1.3.0'
ext.gradlePluginVersion = '3.1.4'
repositories {
google()
jcenter()
}
dependencies {
classpath "com.android.tools.build:gradle:$gradlePluginVersion"
classpath "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-gradle-plugin:$kotlinVersion"
}
}
allprojects {
repositories {
google()
jcenter()
maven { url "https://jitpack.io" }
maven { url "https://clojars.org/repo/" }
maven { url "https://maven.google.com" }
}
apply from: "$rootDir/ktlint.gradle"
}
task clean(type: Delete) {
delete rootProject.buildDir
}
| 30,169 |
https://github.com/railsbros-dirk/zaubereinmaleins/blob/master/src/js/confetti_cannon.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
zaubereinmaleins
|
railsbros-dirk
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 42 | 176 |
/* eslint-env browser */
import "confetti-js";
class ConfettiCannon extends HTMLElement {
connectedCallback() {
const canvas = this.querySelector("canvas");
this.generator = new ConfettiGenerator({ target: canvas.getAttribute("id"), clock: 50 });
document.addEventListener("fireCannon", this.fireCannon.bind(this));
document.addEventListener("holdFire", this.holdFire.bind(this));
}
fireCannon() {
this.generator.render();
}
holdFire() {
this.generator.clear();
}
}
window.customElements.define("confetti-cannon", ConfettiCannon);
| 30,442 |
bub_gb_fMepycbD9dMC_6
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,716 |
Histoire du clergé seculier et regulier. Des congregatons de chanoines & de clercs, & des ordres religieux de l'un & de l'autre sexe, qui ont été établi à present. Contenant leur origine, leur fondation leur progrès ... Avec des figures qui représentent les differens habillemens de ces ordres & congregations. Tome premier
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,622 | 13,098 |
Le Pievôt exerce une Jurifdiction fpirituelle dans l'étendue de fa Prévôté. Il ne reconnoît que le Pape dont il relevé immédiatement. Il confe-e les Bénéfices & fait toutes les fonctions qui nt font point attachées au caractère Epif copal ; L'habillement de ces Chanoines ne diffère de celui d;s Eccleiiaftiques que par un petit Scapu laire d< lin , de la largeur de deux doigts qu'ils mettent fur leur foutane. AuChceurils portent pendanil'Eré un Surplis, & l'Hyver un Rochet, avec uflCamail noir par defl'us. L 4 Lei Digitized by Google j68 JSfhirt du Cltrgé ' Les Chanoints Réguliers du Mont Saint-Eloy d'Arras, & de S, Aubert de Cambra*. onzième Siècle, * T E Mont Saint-Eloy, qui eft une fameufc ■—Abbaye fituée près d'Arras ,a été ainiî apel lé parce que Saint-Eloy fuivant l'ancienne tra dition, s'y retiroit quelquefois lorfqu'il le fe paroit du monde pour vaquer plus librement aui eïercices de l'Oraifon & de la contempla tion. 11 y en a qui prétendent qu'il y ft bâtir une Chapelle & qu'il y aflembla dix ou douie perfonnes qui y vivoient comme des Eimites. Saint Vindicien Evêque de Cambray édifie de leur converfation s'y retiroit ibuvent, k vou lut même être enterré dans cette Eglife, qui ayant depuis été brûlée & ravagée avec x>ut le païs par les Normans, environ l'an SSo. fût abandonnée; en forte que ce lieu dev.nt un defert plein d'épines & de ronces, doni la fe pulture de Saint Vindicien fût couverte. Elle demeura inconnue jufqu'à ce que Dieu l'eût miracul eu fanent découverte du tems d; i'Evë que Fulbert l'un de fes Succeifeurs qui y fit bâ tir une nouvelle Eglife qu'il contacta ai l'hon neur des Apôtres Saint Pierre & Sai,K Pau|, aiant été aflilté par les libéralités del'Jcmpereur Qthon fon parent. Et aulieu des Emites qui j y étoiénr par le pafle* il y mit huit Chanoines Séculiers qui y demeurèrent jufqu'enl'an 1066. on environ , que Saint Lietbert aùiîi Evcque de . J ' ' ■ ' Cam Diiitized by Google 17° TSfloire du Cierge Cimbray, voiant qu'ils s'acquittoient mal de leur devoir , les en fit fortîr , & fubftitua en leur place des Chanoines qui'vivoient en com mun, aufquels il donna pour premier Abbé Jean. Robert le Frifon Comte de Flandres aug menta la Fondation de cette Eglife , comme avoient fait l'Evéque Fulbert & les Seigneurs deCouffi. L'Abbé Jean gouverna cette Abbaye endant quarante ans & l'an 1219. Richard de aiTy l'un de fes Succefîeurs fit bâtir l'Eglife en l'état qu'on la voit prefentement. Ce Monafteredevint comme un Seminairede Saints Evéques & de Grands hommes. Hugues troifiéme Abbé affilia au Concile deLatran te nu fous le Pape Innocent 11. RadulphcfonSuc celïeur aflliïa à celui de Tours fous le Pape A lexandre III. L'Abbé Jean II. obtint du Pape Lucius III. la permiiïion de pouvoir porter la I Mitre & les autres ornemens Pontificaux , Ôt fût , pourvu" par le Pape d'un Evéché en Orient. E tienne de Firmomont lëizicme Abbé affilia au Concile de Lyon, & ne voulut point accepter l'EvÊché d'Arras qu'on lui offrit. Le Pape A drien IV. fût élevé pendant fa jeuueiTe dans cette Abbaye d'où font fortis plufieurs Evêqnes, Elle avoir des Conftitutions particulières quifu' I rent reçûës par pluiieurs autres Communautés de Chanoines Réguliers des Pats Bas, & en Fran ce par ceux de Saint Jean des Jumeaux. La mime année 1066. que Saint Lietbertmît des Chanoines vivant en commun & dans une entière defapropriatinn au Mont Saint-Eloy, il en mit auffi dans l'Abbaye de Saint Aubert, fituée à Cambray, dont il ôca les Chanoines qui ne voulurent point renoncer 'à la propriété & Dpized t>y Google Séculier & Rigulitr. iji vivre en commun : il donna à ces nouveaux Chanoines, Bernard pour premier Abbé, &fes Succeffeurs dévoient être élus & tirés du Corps du Chapitre auquel il donna pouvoir de confé rer les Prébendes. Il y a de l'apparence que ces Chanoines avoient les mêmes Conftitutions, puifqu'ils avoient le même Fondateur, & le mê me habit. Cet habit eft violet, & les Chanoines ont un Rochet par deffus. Au Chœur ils mettent un Aumuce noire fur le bras pendant l'Eté, ce la Chape noire pendant l'hiver avec un grand Ca mail. Les Novices portent encore la robe de peaus qui étoit commune autrefois à tous les Chanoines & s'apelloitP*//i«*»*,.d'où vient le nom Superpelliceum ou Surplis. Digitized by Google 171 Hfîoire du Cierge' Les Chanoines Réguliers de Saint Denis de Rheims, onzième Siècle. Etce Abbaye a été fondée par le Grand ^ J Hincmar Archevêque de Rheims fous le reçue de Charles le Chauve, à l'honneur de Saint Denis. Il y mit les Reliques de Saint Rigobert qui avoit auljTi été Archevêque de Rheims & il y établit une Congrégation de Chanoines pour y faire l'Office divin. Ce Monaftere qui étoit hors de la Ville ayant été ruiné par Jes guerres, Gervaife Archevê que de Rheims en 1067. voulut le rétablir en fa première fplendeur & le transférer dans la Ville & il y mit des Chanoines Réguliers fous la Règle de Saint Augulïin. Ces Chanoines ont retenu les derniers l'an cien habit des Chanoines fans en changer la forme , favoir le grand Surplis defeendant jufques à terre & l'Hyver la Chape par deflus fans aucune ouverture pour palfer les mains. Henry de Maupas Evéque du Puy qui étoit Abbé de cette Abbaye fit en forte d'y intro duire la Reforme de la Congrégation de Fran ce & elle y tût unie le tréize Août 1633. Les Chanoines quittèrent alors leur ancien habit , qui étoit incommode & prirent celui de Sainte Geneviève, ou de la Congrégation de France. Nous avons fait graver la figure d'un an cien Chanoine de Saint Denis de Rheims en habit d'Eté. L'habit d'Hiver eft femblable à celui de la Figure d'un Ancien Chanoine. Les Digirizèd by Google CHANiRjJG-ie S!D:ENIS««*tEIMS : en Champagne . ■ v Digilized by Google 1/4 ' Bftoire du Clergé Les Chanoines Réguliers de Saint Jean des Vignes à Sotjfons. onzième Siccle. L'Abbaye de Saint Jean des Vignes à SoîA fons fût fondée par Hugues Seigneur de Château Thierry l'an 1076. fous le règne de ■ Philippe I. Roi de France qui aprouva cette fondation la même année & l'an 1088. & par Henri Evéque de Sortions qui voulant aufli fa vorifer ces Chanoines Réguliers, leur donna une Prébende dans l'Eglife Cathédrale du con tentement de fes Chanoines. Odon fût le premier Abbé qui aptes avoir gouverné ce Monallere pendant treiic ans mourut l'an to8S. & eût pour Succeffcur Roger fous lequel Urbain II. aprouva les Conftitu tions qui avoïent été drefiees pour cette Ab baye, ordonnant qu'elles y feroient iuviolable ment obfervées. Quoique les Bénéfices qui font pofledés par les Chanoines Réguliers, foient appelles Prieurés, il n'en eft pas de mé-, me parmi les Chanoines Réguliers de Saint : Jean des Vignes, qui félon l'ancienne tradition: de l'Abbaye n'ont que cinq Prieurés qui lai font anneiés & aufquels ils donnent ce nom à cau fe qu'anciennement ils étoient poiïèdés par des Chanoines Séculiers. .On ne laifle pas néan moins de donner !e titre de Prieurs aux Curés qui deffervent les ParohTes. Le Pape Lucius 111. permit qu'il y eût dans ebacune de ces Paroifies trois où quatre Cha. ■ noi Digitizad by Google | Digitized by Google iy6 Hifioire du Cierge' naines, que l'Abbé n'a point droit de rapcller au Cloître ni de les retirer de leur Bénéfices que pour de grands crimes : ce qui eft de (îngu lier dans cette Congrégation, c'eft que ces mi mes Beneficiers affilient à l'Eleûion du Grand Prieur, de l'Abbaye dé Saint Jean des Vignes n'y aiânt plus prefentement qu'un Abbé Com mendataire, & qu'ils peuvent même être élus: mais cette fuperiorité ne dure que trois ans, après lefquels ils retournent à leurs Béné fices. Cette Abbaye fouffrit beaucoup de dommage par les Hérétiques Calvinïftes. L'an ij68.lorf qu'ils prirent la Ville de Soiflbns,îls ruinèrent entièrement le Monaftere & l'Eglife & contrai gnirent les Religieux de fauver leur vie par la fuite. Un de ces Chanoines nommé Savreux, durant cette guerre s'étant retiré de l'Abbaye de Soïffons alla chercher un afyle en ETpagne, où il fût dans la fuite Chapelain du Roï, qui le pourvût d'une Abbaye en Sicile. Cet Abbé fit Mtir un Hôpital à Madrid pour les François , dont il donna le gouvernement aux Chanoines de Saint Jean des Vignes qui y envoyèrent d'eux Chanoines. Ils ont été longtems en poffefiîon de cet Hôpital. Les Chanoines Réguliers de Saint Jean des Vignes avoient autrefois la direction d'un Col lège à Soiflons qui avoir été fondé par Au bert Doîen de la Cathédrale. Celte Maifon fût cédée aux Minimes l'an lySf. Le Collège de Beauvais à Paris à été fondé à condition que l'Abbé de Saint Jean des Vignes en auroit foin & auroit droit d'y nommer les Bourfiers, de les corriger , de les ôter , & de.leur faire. pb Digitized by Google Séculier & Régulier. tjj bbfetver les conditions de la fondation. Par mi les vingt quatre Boureiers il peut y avoir un Chanoine. Il y a eu trente & un Abbés Ré guliers. Après la mort de Pierre Bazin qui fût le dernier , le Cardinal Charles de Bourbon fût nommé par le Roi & depuis ce tems-là il y a toujours eu des Abbei Commendataires. L'an 15-66. !a Manfe Abbatiale fût feparée de la Conventuelle; l'Abbé ell le premier Chanoine de l'Eglife Cathédrale de faim Gervais de Soif fons. Cette Maifon a toujours regardé Î"E* vêque de Soiflbns comme Supérieur; Elle n'a jamais été unie à aucune Congrégation, & n'a point fouffert de Reforme étrangère : Elle fût enfermée dans la Ville en ijji. fous le rè gne de Henry II. Elle a donné un fuffra gant à l'Evêché de SoilTons & treize Abbez Réguliers à d'autres Abbayes tant en France qu'eu Flandre & en Sicile. Le Confeil de la Maifon efï compofé de quatre Anciens, ou Senieurs qui font élusdans les Chapitres Généraux, ils font pris tant du corps des Bénéficiera que de ceux qui compo fent la Communauté. Tous les ans à la faint Martin d'hiver ils fe trouvent en l'Abbaye pour y recevoir les comptes des Officiers de la Mai fon, & dans cette alTemblée ils remédient aui tbus qui peuvent s'être glifles dans les Obfer vances Régulières. Matines fedifent tous les jours à minuit dans cette Abbaye, & l'Office Canonial s'y fait pen dant tout le jour avec beaucoup d'édification j on n'y mange de la viande que trois fois la Se maine, le Dimanche, le Mardi,& le Jeudi : l'abtïi nence y cft obfervée depuis le jour de Saint M Mw Digitized by Google l 7 8 Hiftoire du Cierge Martin onze Novembre jufqu'à l'Avant & de puis l'Avant jufqu'à Noël on jeune. L'abltï nence recommence à la Sepruagefime , & le jeune depuis le Lundi d'après la Quinquagefimc jufqu'à Pâques. Les jours déjeune tant del'E glife que de la Règle font égaui pour la colla tion. Autrefois on ne prenoit rien lefoir, à prefent on va au Réfectoire après avoir enten du lire aus pulpitres, qui font dans le Cloître un Chapitre de l'Imitation de Jcfus-Chrift : on y entre en habit de Chœur , chacun fe met félon fon rang , & le dernier Novice après avoir fait une profonde inclination au Grand Prieur, lui demande en Latin la permiilïon au nom de toute la Communauté de manger du pain; on en fert à chacun, & on boit un peu de vin une fois feulement; on ne fert «i nap pes, ni ferviettes, ni portions de vin à ces col lations, & en quelque tems que ce foit il n'y a jamais de recréation. On tient tous les trois ans le Chapitre Ge neral vers la Fête de la Pentecôte. Quand le tems aproche, te Grand-Prieur de Saint Jean envoyé un mandement à tous les Beneficiers& Vicaires de la Campagne, pour fe trouver au Chapitre; ils s'y rendent la veille du jour in diqué pour les premières Vêpres; ils fe trou vent tous à Matines à minuit. Le landemain ils affilient à la Proceflîon en Chapes; laMeflè du Saint Efprit eft enfuite chantée folemnelle ment à la fin de laquelle on fe irouve au Cha pitre, où après les prières accoutumées , un Chanoine fait un difeours en Latin fur un point de la Règle. Le Grand-Prieur parle enfuite fur le fujet du Chapitre, après quoi l'on pro Digitized by Google Séculier fjr Régulier. tytj cède à l'clcflion d'un Grand -Prieur qui eft enfuïte conduit au Palais Epifcopal pour avoir la confirmation de l'Evéque de Soiffons ; ce GrandPrieur eft triennal , & fait régulièrement la virile pendant ces trois ans dans tous les Bénéfices Réguliers qui dépendent de l'Abbaye. 11 y en a trente trois dans l'Evêchc de Soiffons, & deux dans celui de Meaux qui ne peuvent être poffedés que par des Chanoines Réguliers Profés de cette Maïfon, & qui ne font point fujets aux induits & aux grades , comme il a été jugé par Arrêt du Grand Confeil du der nier Décembre 1683. L'habillement ordinaire de ces Chanoines Réguliers , qu'ils portent dans la maïfon & par tout, eft une Soutane blanche fermée par devant communément fans boutons: par def fous ils ont un habit noir ou brun, c'eftà-dire des bas noirs ou bruns, une calotte & unevcfte de même couleurIls portent par deffus cette Soutane blanche un Rochet : anciennement ils n'avoient point d'autre couverture fur leur tê te que leur Aumuffe, comme la portent encore les Novices de cette Maïfon. Les autres por tent prefenrement un Camail pendant l'Hiver, c'eftàdire, depuis la veille de la Touffaints après Vêpres jufqu'à la veille de Pâques a complie ïnclufivemeni , & en Eté ils fe fervent du Bon net quarré. L'habit de Cheeur en Eté eft fur la Soutane blanche & fur le Rochet un Surplis qui avoir autrefois les manches rondes, mais qui les a prefentement longues depuis 169?que l'on changea, la forme pour fe c^fornier aux Chanoines de la Cathédrale A: Soiffons. Le Di'gitized by Google 180 Hffioire du Clergé Rochct des Novices n'eft point pliiTé autour du cou : & autrefois celui des Chanoines, ni les Aubes & les Surplis dont ils fe fervoient ne l'étoient point auifi. Ils portent au Chœur un Aumuce noire fur le bras gauche, ancien nement ils le portoient en Eté & en Hiver; puis qu'avant l'ufage des Bonnets quarré on le portoit toujours fur la tête, & quand on le mettoit fur le bras l'extrémité d'enhaut qui fer voit à couvrir la tête fe mettoit toûjours en dehors. L'Aumuce fe porte fur le bras gauche en Eté non feulement au Chœur , mais par tout dans la Maifon tant la nuit que le jour. L'Aumuce eft noire au dehors & blanche en dedans , c'ed-à-dire qu'elle eft faite de patte d'Agneaux de Lombardie de couleur noire au dehors & fourrées de peaux d'Agneaux blancs en dedans. Les Novices la portent de même & ils la mettent fur la tête à PEglife & ail leurs. Mais les Chanoines portent en Eté le Bonnet quarré. En Hiver ils ont fur la Soutane blanche & le Rochet une Chape d'étoffe noire. Elle étoit autrefois différente pour la figure de celle qu'ils portent aujourdhuij car le Chaperon & le Manteau tenoient enfemble , & elle étoit femblable à celle que portent les Chanoines de Notre-Dame de Rheims, à la referve que le Manteau defeendoit plus bas & n'étoit point fourré. Us ont changé la figure de cette Cha pe en 1676. pour fe conformer aux Chanoi nes de Ja Cathédrale de Soiiïbns. L'habit de campagne, lorfqu'ils' font en voyages , eft l'habit ordinaire excepté que la Soutane bl^die eft retrouiïce. Ils peu vent Digitized by Google Séculier & Régulier, 181 vent aufîî 6ter entièrement la Soutane blan che & mettre le Rochet fur la velle noire, & par délias une Soutanelle noire , comme il fût réglé au Chapitre General du mois de Juin 1613. M 3 Ln Digitized by Google Hifloire du Clergé Les Chanoines Réguliers de fEgtife Cathédrale de Pampelune. onzîeme Siècle. ■|5 ferre Evoque de Pampelune établit des Cha noines Réguliers dans fa Cathédrale l'an 1087. comme "il paroît par l'aâe de cet établif fement, où l'on voit qu'il prit l'avis & le con feil de l'Abbé de Saint Pons deTornieres,dont il étoit Religieux, du Prieur de Saint Saturnin de Touloufe, de l'Archevêque d'Auche & de quelques autres Evêques, Abbés, & perfonnes Relîgieufes. 11 leur donna de gros revenus, & établit autant de Chanoines que ces revenus pouvoient en entretenir. Il y mit douze digni tés ; entre autres un Chambrier qui devoit avoir foin de donner le neceflaire à la Com munauté, un Infirmier, un Treforier ; & le Prieur qui devoit avoir fa place immédiatement après l'Evéque. Le Roi Dom Sancheï,& fon fils Dom Pier re confirmèrent les donations que leurs Prede cefleurs avoient faites à cette Eglife, & même en firent de confiderables à caufe de la vie exemplaires de ces Chanoines. Le même Dom Sanchez ordonna la même année 1087. que tous les Prêtres des Eglifes voifines, qui pour toient voir les Clochers de cette Cathédrale ou entendre le fon des Cloches, y viendroient le jour des Rameaux à la bénédiction des Palmes , le Samedi Saint à la benedidion des fonds Bap tiftnaux & le Mercredi des Rogations. Urbain Digitized by Google I 184 Hifiaire du Clergé II. confirma toutes les Donations, qui furent faites à cette Kg 1 i le , la reçût fous fa proteclkii & aprouva les Reglemens que l'Evêquc Pierre avoir faits. Les Chanoines de la Cathédrale de Painpe lune ne firent pas d'abord profciilon de la Rè gle de Saint Augullin; car il n'en eft point fait mention dans la profeflion qu'ils faifoieni en, ce tems là dont la formgle eft raportécparSan doval Evique de même Eglife. Les Chanoi nes Réguliers des autres Eglifes ne rrconnoif foient point auffi alors d'autre Règle que celle des Canons. La formule des vœux de ceux de la Cathédrale de Cueiica, qui fe trouve dais ancien Pontifical de plus de cinq cens ans, eft femblable à celle des Chanoines de Pampeli ne, & dans l'une & dans l'autre ils font apet lez Chanoines & Moines, pareequ' alors, com me nous avons dit le nom de Moine étoiï com mun aux Chanoines & aux autres Religieux. Leur habit conlîfte en un Surplis fans man ches avec un AumuiTe noire fur les Epaules pendant ]e tems de l'Eté; & l'Hiver une graiv de Chape noire & un Camail avec une fourrure par devant. Lorfqu'ils forteiit, ils ont un pe tit Scapulaire deilus leur Soutane noire. le* Digitized Google Séculier & Régulier. i8y Les Chanoines Réguliers de la Cathé drale d'Vfez, <& de Pamiers. onzième Siècle. T 'Eglife d'Ufez eft une des plus anciennes -'-'de France , puifque le Catalogue de fes Evéques remonte jufqu'au cinquième fiécle. H y a de l'apparence que le Cierge 1 ou Chapitre de cette Eglife fût d'abord comme celui de tou tes les autres Eglifes EpifcopalesdeFrance,où les Chanoines pratiquoienc la vie commune, félon les Règles des Canons. Depuis il devint Régulière; futvit la Règle de Saint Auguftin, lorfque la plûpart des Chanoines qui vivoient en commun prirent le nom de Réguliers, & fe glorifièrent d'avoir eû Saint Auguftin pour Pè re. Les Eglîfes Epïfcopales de Languedoc & de Provence , qui firent la même chofe , formè rent avec celle d'Ufez une efpece de Congré gation. Elle avoit des Statuts communs, on y tenoit des Chapitres Généraux, & on y éli foit des Vifiteurs. Dans la fuite cette Congré gation a été détruite & toutes ces Eglifes ont été fecularîfées. 11 n'y a eu que celles d'Ufez & de Pamiers qui jufqu'à prefent ont été Ré gulières, & les defordres des guerres, joints à l'herelïe qui a dominé ft longtems en ce païs aiant fait fouvent abandonner aux Chanoines les Obfervances Régulières, elles ont eu be foin de tems en tems de Reforme. Nicolas Grîllet Eveque d'Ufez fit venir l'an 1640. les Chanoines Réguliers de la Congrégation de M s Fran Digirized by Google lié Htfloire du Clergé France pour rcnouvelier dans fon Eglife le premier efprit de l'Ordre Canonique. Us y ont demeuré pendant quelques années , & vi voient félon les Obfervances de la Congré gation de France , dépendant du General de cette Congrégation , qui y envoi'oit des Religieux , & les rappelioit, lorfqu'il le ju geoit à propos; mais le Concordat qui avoît été paifé entre l'Evcque d'Ufci & les Chanoi nes Réguliers de !a Congrégation de France a été cafté" , il y a environ quarante ans , par un Arrêt contradictoire du Confcil d'Etat du Roi, qui a remis cette Eglife dans l'état, où elie cft aujourd'hui. M. Michel Poncet de la Rivière, qui eft prefentement Evéque d'Ufez a donné des Conftitutions particuliers à fes Chanoines; mais il n'a pû les obliger à vivre en commun , ce que pratiquent ceui de Pa jniers. L'Habit des Chanoines d'Ufei confifte en nne Soutane blanche avec un rabat comme les Ecclefïaftiques , & lorfqu'ïls fortent, ils ont un Manteau noir. Ceux de Pamiers font habillés de noir & ont une banderole de lin qu'ils por tent en écharpe, & les uns & les autres ont au Chœur un Surplis , avec une Aumufle grife fur le bras. Anciennement ceui d'Ufez portoient un Surplis tout fermé fans manches à la ma nière des anciennes Chafubles et commelepor■ tent les Chanoines de Sainte Croix de Conim bre en Portugal , ceui de Clofterneubourg en Allemagne, & de plufieurs autres Eglifes (f Ita lie & d'Allemagne. Le, Digitized by Google Digilized by Googk 188 Hifhirt du Cierge Let Chanoines Réguliers des Congrégations de Marbacb <*r d'Arouaife. onzième Siècle. T E Clergé d'Allemagne & particulièrement d'Alface étant tombé dans un grand re lâchement pendant les differens que l'Empereur Henri IV. eût avec le Pape Grégoire VU. un faint homme nommé Manegolde de Lutem bach retira plufieurs Eccleiialïiqucs de leur de reglemens & les détourna du Schïfme, contre lequel il commença à prêcher publiquement environ l'an 1093. avec beaucoup de fuccès. Il le trouva plufieurs Prêtres qui après leur con version fe retirèrent dans les bois & les folîtu des pour éviter la perfecutïon & pour ne point communiquer avec ceux qui étoient du parti de l'Empereur. Manegolde en raffembla quel ques-uns avec lefquels il voulut vivre en com mun fuivant l'exemple des Apôtres 3c les Chré tiens de la primitive Eglife. Il fît à ce fujet bâ tir un Monaftere à Marbach ville d'Alface, liant été aidé dans cette fainte entreprise par un Gentilhomme du pais nommé Burchard de Gebeluifler, qui contribua beaucoup à l'édifice de ce Monaftere dont Manegolde fût premier Prévôt. Ils renoncèrent à toute propriété, ne man geoient point de viande ne portoient point de linge, gardoient un étroir iilence, & prati quoient beaucoup de mortifications ce qui les r-ndit fi recommendables, que plufieurs autres Mo Digitized by Google 1 5 o Hifloire du Clergé Monafteress s'étant joints à celui de Marbach, il devint Chef d'une Congrégation très-confi■ derable, qui commença à fuivte la Règle de -f ■ Saint Auguuïn dans le douzième fiécle à l'exemple des autres Communautés de Chaj noînes qui avoient embraffé ladefapropriation. Maubrune dit qu'il y a eu près de trois cens Monafteres qui en dépendaient. Mais cette Congrégation, qui a été fi florifTante, eft pre fentement fur le pié de celle de Saint Victor à Paris & de quelques autres qui font def unies & dontil ne refte plus que l'Abbaye qui en étoit le Chef qui ait confervé les an ciennes pratiques & Conftitutions de l'Ordre, ce d'où dépendent quelques Prieurés qui ne font que de fimples Cures. L'Abbaye de Marbach en a plufieurs, & eft en pofieffion conjointe ment avec les Chanoines Réguliers de la Con grégation de Lorraine , de la Cure de Saint Louis à Strasbourg. L'Habit de ces Chanoines eft noir avec une banderole de lin lorfqu'ils ne font point dans j l'Abbaye; mais dans l'Abbaye ils ont une Sou tane blanche avec un Rochet par deflus. Ils j portent l'Eté au Chœur une Aumufte noire j fur les épaules qui pend en pointe derrière le I dos, & defcendunpeuplusbasquela ceinture, s'atachant par devant avec un ruban bleu ; & ils ; ont pour armes d'azur à un cœur de gueules couronné d'or. La Congrégation d'Arotiaife eût auffi pour un de fes Fondateurs un faint homme qui ne fût pas animé d'un moindre zele, & qui aiant été élevé au Cardinalat par le Pape Pal chai II. & fait Evéque de Paleftrine , fût emploie" • ■ — WC.. Digitized by Google Séculier & Régulier. ip[ par ce Pontife en plufieurs légations pour fou tenïr l'intérêt de l'Eglife contre l'Empereur Henri IV. Aroiiaife iîtué proche Bapaume en Artois étoit un lieu qui fervoit de retraite aus vo leurs ; mais environ l'an 1090. il fût fanrific par la demeure de trois faims Ermites , fa vorr Heldemar de Tournay, Conon ou Con rad qui fût depuis Cardinal & Roger d'Arms, qui bâtirent en ce lieu un Oratoire qu'ils dé dièrent en l'honneur de la Sainte Trinité & de Saint Nicolas, Lambert Evéque d'Arras confirma cet établiflement par fes lettresdu zr. Oâobre 1097. adreifées à Conon , qui e(t qualifié de fondateur de ce Mçnaftere dans fou Epitaphe raportéparM.M. de Sainte Marthe. Hildcmar fût le Premier Prévôt, Richer le fécond , &Ger vais letrciiîéme: ce dernier prit !a qualité d'Ab bé qui a été donné à fes Succcfieurs. Cette Congrégation étoit chef de vingt-huit Moua(ieres;mais il y a longtems qu'elle ne fublif te plus,& le dernier Chapitre General fetînt l'an 1470. Les Monafteres deHennin Leïtardàtroîs lieuës de Douay, de Saint Nicoias à Tournay , de Choques & de Marelles en Artois en depen doient, aulîi bien que ceux de Wernellon, Zuue beck &Soetendal en Flandres,de Saint Jean de Vaîenciennes,de Saint Crefpin& de Saint Léger à Soiifons. Elleavoit aufli quatre Prieurés en Ir lande, deux à Dublin , un à Rathoy dans le Comté deKeri&àRathkele dans le Comté de Limerik, & quelques autres en Angleterre. Ils étoient habillés de blanc, & au raport da Cardinal de Vitry , ils étoient auileres,ne man geoient point de viande, ne portoient point de Iinge,&gardoiemunétrolt iilence. Les Digiîized by Google ipz BJÎohe du Clergé . Les Chanoines de Saint Antoine de Pïennois, onzième Siècle. T 'Ordre de Saint Antoine de Viennois a eu -'-'pour Fondateur un Gentilhomme du Dau phiné nommé Gafton , qui s'étant retiré avec fon Fils au bourg de Saint Didier-la Mothe y fit bâtir un Hôpital auprès de l'Eglife de ce Saint, qui avoit été commencée par jocclin puif fant Seigneur du Dauphiné pour y mettre le Corps de Saint Antoine qu'il avoit avorté de Conftantinople. Ce fût l'an toof. que Galion & fon fils quittèrent leurs habits mondains pour fe revêtir d'humbles habits noirs marqués d'un Tau bleu & qu'ils portoient en Email à la ma nière des Chevaliers. Six autres perfonnes fe joignirent bien-tôt à eux & formèrent une Com munauté. Ils eierçoient PHofpitalité avec beaucoup de Charité envers les Pèlerins qui venoient de toutes parts vifiter les Reliques de Saint Antoine, Urbain II. aprouva cette Sain te Société dans le Concile de Cletmont , & l'avantagea de beaux Privilèges. On les apella Frères, 6: Grand -Maître le Supérieur auquel ils obéiiToient. Gafton fût le premier élevé ,à cette dignité qu'il exerça jufqu'à fon décès qui arriva l'an 1120. Falcon feptiéme GrandMaître fit bâtir une nouvelle Eglife, n'en ayant point eu jufqu'a lors de particulière. Les Be'nediâïns de l'Ab baye de Montmaïour, qui étoient en poffellion de Digilized by Google CHA-RREG:iel'OHD:Ae S^NTdeVlEIWr Digilized by Google 194 Hiftoire du Clergé de celle que Jocelin avoit commencée, s'yop poferent. Il y eût procès entre eux qui fût por té par devant Humbert Archevêque de Vienne. Ce Prélat prononça en faveur des Hofpitaliers, confacra la nouvelle Eglife , qui fût dédiée à la Sainte Vierge, & y célébra la première MeiTè. Le mime Grand-Maître obtint d'Honorius III. la permifiîon pour tous les Frères de faire les trois vœux de Religion, ce que le Pape leurac corda par fes Lettres de l'an 1118. ainii les Frères de Saint Antoine avoient toujours vécu dans cet Ordre, qui avoit commencé en ioof. fans y être engagés par aucun vœu jufqu'à cet te année 1218. Aymond de Montanay XVII. Grand-Maître aïant acheté la Seigneurie de Saint Antoine, le Pape Bonîface VIII. l'an 1197confirma l'E glife de Saint Antoine avec tous fes Droits & toutes fes Jurifdi étions aux Frètes de l'Hôpi tal. Il changea le titre , qui étoit Prieuré en Abbaye ; ordonnant que les Frères vivraient fous la Règle de Saint Auguftin fans néanmoins quitter le Tau, qu'ils porieroïent attaché fur leurs habits ; qu'ils s'apelleroienr Chanoinei Réguliers ; que leur Chef prendrait la qualité d'Abbé & que tous les Religieux & toutes les Maifons de cet Ordre , en quelqu'endroit qu'ils fe trouvaient en dépendraient, & relèveraient de l'Abbaye qu'il déclarait Chef de tout l'Or dre ( & la foumettoit entièrement au Saint Siège. Ces nouveaux Chanoines Réguliers prirent grand foin de remplir leurs devoirs , ce quoi S -un des principaux fût de chanter l'Office au œur.ils n'abandonnèrent pas pour celal'hof pi Digitized by Google Séculier & Régulier. ipj pîtalïté; au contraire leur ïele redoubla, il y en avoit toujours un nombre pour voir li tou tes choies le faifoient dans un bon ordre & li les malades étoient bien foulages. On entre* tenoit plufieurS Frères Convers à ce fujet. Dans ia l'uire du tems il te glifla plufieurs abus dans la plupart de leurs Maiibns, qui avoient litres de Commenderies. Les Supérieurs vi Voient en véritables Commandeurs, regardoieni ies Maiibns dont ils avoient la conduite, com me des Bénéfices qu'ils pollcdoient 5 vie & les refienoleat même fans la participation & l'ap probation de l'Abbé. Antoine Tolofain XXIII. Abbé, travailla long-tems pour reformer ces defordres, il ne pût néanmoins exécuter fou deflein. Ce ne fût que l'an 1616. dans le Chapitre General de l'Ordre qu'on prit les menues neceffaires pour y réutlir à la follicitation d'Antoine Brunei de Grammout qui en étoit pour lors Abbé, à quoi contribua beaucoup le R. P. Senneian perfona ge d'une iinguliere pieté, dont le xele fût fé condé par l'autorité du Roi Louis XIII. qui ordonna l'an 1618. que la Reforme fût intro duite dans tous les Monaiteres. Ce ne fût néanmoins que Tan 1650. qu'on reçût les nou velles Confirmions qu'on avoit dteffées dans le Chapitre General « qui avoient été aprou vées parle PapeUrbain VIII. S'il y a quelques Maiibns hors de France , qui ne les ont pas re çues, elles ne laiffentpas de reconnoîtie l'Abbé de Saint Antoine pour Chef & Supérieur de tout l'Ordre, dont la place eil prêtent émeut occupée par le Révérend Pere Jean d'Anihon qui fût élû l'an 1702. N 2 Cet Digitized by Google rpS Hifîoire du Clergé Cet Ordre jouît de beaucoup de Privilèges qui lui ont été accordés par plufieurs Souve rains Pontifes. Un très-grand nombredePrin ces ont témoigné l'eftime qu'ils en faifoient par les grands biens dont-ils l'ont enrichi. L'an 1306. le Dauphin de Vienne, du confentement unanime de toute la NoblciTe, accorda à l'Ab bé la féance dans les Etats du Dauphiné im médiatement après PEvÈque de Grenoble, & le Droit d'y prelider en Pabîence de ccPrelat,qui en ell PreJîdent né. L'Empereur Maxîmih'en I. pour faire con noître combien il diftinguoit cet Ordre, lui donna pour armes, l'ail ijoi. celles de l'Em pire, favoir un Aigle éploié de fable, becqué, membré, & diademé de gueules, timbré d'une Thiare Impériale d'or, & fur l'ettomac un E cuflbn d'or à un Tau d'aiur. Charles Roi de Jerufalem & de Sicile , étant en P Abbaye de Saint Antoine prit en fa pro tection les Religieux de cet Ordre , comme il paroît par les Lettres du 4. Mars Jac ques aulïi Roi de Jerufalem & de Sicile, outre les Fondations qu'il fit à l'Abbaye, recomman da à fes héritiers & à fes Successeurs, d'avoir toûjours une particulière dévotion à Saint An toine, & de porter toûjours pendu au cou un Tau d'Or & une petite clocheite qui eft le fym bole de ce Saint, pour qui il avoir une grande vénération, comme il paroît par fon Telia ment fait en l'an 1403. La dévotion que l'on porroit à ce Saint , étoit autrefois fi grande, que Caliïtejl. & Martin V. Papes. Jules II. & Léon X. lorfqu'ils étoient Cardinaux, Six Rois de France , grand nombre d'autres Rois Digitizedby.Googli Séculier & Régulier. -jyj & Souverains, de Reines & de Princefles, de 'Cardinaux, & de Prélat, & une infinité d'au tres perfonnes du premier rang, ont-été vifiter enpeifonnes fes facrées Reliques, & le concours de Peuple y éioit ri grand , qu'Aimar Falcon, qui écrivoit en 15-33. allure qu'en une feule année il avoit vû venir dans l'Eglife de ce Saint, plus de dix mille Italiens , tx une multitude iî nombreufe d'AIlemans & de Hongrois que leurs troupes parouToient autant de petites ar mées. Quoiqu'il y ait un grand nombre de Maifons de cet Ordre dans tous les Roiaumes de la Chrétienté, il n'y a néanmoins que celles de France qui aient reçû la Reforme, quatre en Italie & en Allemagne, qui font en tout trente trois , aufquelles l'Abbé pourvoit de Religieux. Ils pofledoient autrefois de grands biens; mais dans ces derniers liécles les guerres des Héréti ques en ont enlevé une grande partie, & la principale cloche de Geneve,parfoninfcription fait foy qu'elle a autrefois apartenu à cet Or dre. L'an ij-ôi. ils pillèrent PAbbayedeSaint Antoine; elle fût trois fois abandonnée à leur fureur , & ces malheurs en attirent d'autres fur tout l'Ordre par la ruine de la plupart de fes Maifons & par l'ufurpation de leurs biens. Outre les Cardinaux Jean Trivulce Milanois , & François de Tournon,qui font fortis de cet Ordre, il a encore fourni des Evêques aux E elifes de Turin , de Beiieres , de Tarantaife,de Viviers , de Cahots , & de Genève dont le Siège eft encore occupé aujourdhui par Michel Gabriel de Roffillon, N 3 Ces Digitized by Google Hiftoire du Clergf Ces Religieux font habillés de noir, à peu près comme les Prêtres Séculiers , & ont fur leur Soutane & leur Manteau, du côté gauche un T bleu. Depuis quelques années lis le con forment dans quelques-unes de leurs Maifons aux Chanoines de l'Eglife Cathédrale des lieux où elles font lituées , pour l'habillement de Chœur, t-,int l'Hiver que l'Eté. Ain.fi dans le Diocèfe de Tool , ils ont pendant l'Hiver un Camail avec de petites bandes rouges, & pen dant l'Eté une Aumuife grile. Dans le Diocè fe de Marfeille ils ont pendant l'Hiver un Ca mail doublé & bordé d'une fourure grife. Ils ont à Paris auflî pendant l'Hiver un grand Camai! noir avec la Chape comme les Chanoines de la Cathédrale ; mais ils ne fe font pas conformés à eux pour l'Au mufle pendant l'Eté : car ils en ont prifes de blanches mouchetées de noir & doublées d'une fourrure noire mouchetée de blanc. Ils ont confervé dans d'autres Maifons & même dans l'Abbaye de Saint Antoine leur an cien habillement d'Eglife , qui confjite dans une Chape noire feulement & un Bonnet quarré qu'ils portent au Chœur tant l'Hiver que l'Eté. Quant à leurs Obfervances ils mangent de la viande quatre fois la femaine, & fonrabftinence tous les Mercredis de l'année. Outre les jeunes de l'Eglife, î!s jeûnent encore pendant l'Avant & les veilles de certaines Fê tes dans le cours de l'année. Leur General elt perpétuel , le Chapitre Ge neral fe tient tous les trois ans, & on y élit les Supérieurs des Maifons, qui la plûpait ont |c titre de Comme nd eut s. Séculier & Régulier. ipj, Les Chanoines Réguliers de St. Jean de Chartres. onzième Siècle. T E Monaftere de Saint Jean de Chartres eût *-'pour Fondateur le Bienheureux Yves Pré vôt de Beauvais, qui -ayant été élû Evëque de Chartres fitvenir en la Ville Epifcopale des Chanoines de fon Monaftere de Saint Quentin l'an 1097. qu'il établît en FEglife de Saint Jean de la Vallée qui étoîent au bas de la Ville & hors des murs. Il leur donna des revenus con sidérables pour leur fublillance, entre autres le Prieuré de Saint Etienne, qui émit dans l'en ceinte de la Ville & les Annates des Prébendes des Chanoines qui viendroient à décéder, qui eftun Droit dont les Chanoines Réguliers jouïf fent en plufieurs Cathédrales de France. Cette Abbaye aiant été ruinée l'an 1^62. par tes Hé rétiques, elle fût depuis tranfportée au Prieuré de Saint Etienne dans l'eneeïnture de la Ville, où elle a été rebâtie par les Chanoines Réguliers de la Congrégation de France qui y furent éta blis en 1624. par Leonore d'Eframpes Eveque de Chartres. Le fécond Abbé de Saint Jean de Char tres, nommé Etienne, étant allé en la Terre Sainte fût élû Patriarche de Jerufalem par les Chanoines Réguliers qui dcikrv oient l'Eglïfe Patriarchale de cette fainte Crté. Ces Chanoines ont pris l'habillement de la Congrégation de France , & ont quitté l'an N 4 cien Digitized by Google 200 Hifiahre du Clergé rien habit , qui confiftoit en une Soutane de ferge blanche avec un Rochet & un Chaperon noir fur l'épaule au lieu d'Aumuflè , ce qui leur étoit commun avec les Chanoines Ré guliers de Saint Acheul d'Amiens , de Sain te Barbe en Auge , fit quelques autres , quî ont été auffi unis à 1% Congrégation de France. " Digitized by Googli GhÂN:Re&: ieS^EANde CHARTRKS — '%2 Digitized by Google 20ï Hiftoire du Clergé Les Chanoines Réguliers de Saint Quentin de Béarnais. onzième Siècle. T 'Abbaye de Saint Quentin eft fort ancienne, y avoit des Chanoines du tems du Bien heureux Yves Evoque de Chartres, Fondateur de l'Abbaye de Saint Jean de Chartres, dont nous avons parlé dans l'article précèdent. A vant qu'il fût parvenu à la dignité Epifcopale, il avoit exercé l'Office de Prévôt dans l'Abbaye de Saint Quentin deBeanvais, où il avoit été élevé , & où il n'avoir pas peu contribué à éta blir le bon ordre fi laDifciplineReguliere,qui y ttoit tellement en vigueur, que lorsqu'il fe vit fur le Siège Epifcopal de Chartres, il vou lut avoir auprès de foi des Chanoines de fbn premier Monaftere, & qu'il leur procura dans fon Diocèfe & dans la Ville même de Char tres un établillèment confiderable. Cette Abbaye dans ces derniers fîécles a cm bràifé, comme plulîeurs autres du Roiaume, la Reforme de la Congrégation de France, & elle y èfi prefentement unie. Les Chanoines en ont pris la manière de vivre & l'habit, ayant quitté celui qu'ils portoient aupara vant. Voici la figure de cet habillement que Scoo nebeek nous a donné, & qui ne fe trouvepoint dans les autres Auteurs. Il conlîltoit en une robbe noire & un fcapulaire que les Chanoines met "Digitized by Google Digitized by Google 104 Hifioire iu Cterge' mettoient ordinairement par de/Tous le bras, comme on le peut voir dans la Figure. Nous avons crû ne devoir point feparer le Monaltere de Saint Quentin de celui de Saint Jean de Chartres , celui-ci ayant tiré fon ori gine du premier, dont nous ignorons le teins de ta Fondation & où la Règle de Saint Au guflin n'a été introduitequ'au onzième fiécie& apparemment par le Bienheureux Yves qui ça (îtoit Prévôt. Digilized by£o"OgIe Séculier cÎT Régulier. lof Les Chanoines Réguliers de Saint Cofme lez, Tburs. onzième Siècle. T Es Chanoines Réguliers de Saint Cofme Ici Tours font du nombte de ceux qui, aïanc trouvé la Règle de Saint Benoît trop auftere, ont fecoue" le joug de cette fainte Règle pour en fuivre une plus douce qui eti celle de Saint Au guftin & ont ptis le titre de Chanoines Régu liers. Hervé qui étoit Treforier de Saint Mar tin de Tours au commencement du onzième fiécle, fe retira dans une ifle de la Loire pro che de Tours & y bâtit une petite Eglifc fous le nom de Saint Cofme, avec un petit Mo naftere, où il mena une vie retirée. Les Cha noines de Tours l'aiant obligé de retourner chez eux il les pria de donner cette Ifle avec le Monaftere qu'il y avoit bâti aux Moines de Marmoutier , ce que ces Chanoines accordè rent; & comme cette Ifle appartenoît à Hugues Cellerier de Saint Martin, il y confentit àuffi. Ainli cette Ifle qui prit le nom de Saint Cofme, à caufe de l'Eglife dédiée à ce faim, qui y avoit été bâtie par Hervé Treforier de Saint Martin, fût donnée aux Religieux de Marmoutier ï condition qu'il y en auroit au moins douze qui y demeureroiont & y feroient l'Office di vin. Nous ne favons point en quelle année ni comment les Religieux qui y étoienr, quittèrent la Règle de Saint Benoît pour prendre celle de Saint Auguilin& vivre en Chanoines Réguliers. On croit que ce tûtlur lafinduonzicnieliCcIe. Digilized by Cooglt 10S Hifloire du Cierge' Ces Chanoines ont toûjours dépendu de ceux de Saint Martin, & n'ont point reconnu la Jurifdicliûti des Archevêques de Tours, quede puis 1708. que les Chanoines de Saint Martin, qui avoient une Jurifdi£rion prefque Epifcopale dans une partie de la Ville de Tours, l'aiant perdue & aianc été fournis à celle de l'Arche vêque de Tours , ce Frelat a aufii droir de vifi le chez les Chanoines de Saint Cofme. C'elr dans leur Eglife que l'on prétend que Berenger Archidiacre d'Angers & EcolâtredeSaintMar tîn de Tours fût enterré. Il fût le premier qui ofa dire que le Sacrement de l'Autel n'c'toît que la figure du Corps de notre Seigneur , & il at taqua les Mariages légitimes fit le Baptême des Enfans. Le Pape Léon IX. à qui l'Herefie de Berenger avoir été déférée, fit tenir un Conci le à Rome l'an îofo. où elle fût condamnée pour la première fois, elle le fût enfuite dans ceux de Brione, de Vcrceii , de Plaifance , de Tours, & de Rome fous Nicolas II. Dans ce lui de Tours tenu l'an 105-4. avoit abjuré fes erreurs, & les Légats du Pape l'avoient reçû à la Communion de PEglife. 11 fit aufli la même chofe dans celui de Rome l'an toyo. où le Car dinal Humbert ayant drefTé une formulede Foi, il la figna & jetta au feu les Livres qui' conte* noient fon erreur; mais à peine le Concile fût il terminé qu'il écrivit contre cette Profeflîon de Foi, & chargea d'injures le Cardinal qui l'avoit dreiTée. Au Concile qui fe tint encore i Rome l'an 1079. fous le Pape Grégoire VII. Berenger reconnut encore fa faute & demanda pardon. On lui fit ligner une profcflion de foi : mais à peine fût il arrivé en France qu'il publia un Digitized by Google CHAN:REC.UL:deS!C0SMElezT0URS. Digilized by Google Z08 1 Hiftoire du Cierge' un autre Ecrit contre cette dernière profeffion de foi. L'anné lui van te 1080. l'on tint un Con cile à Bourdeaux, où affilièrent deux Légats du Saint Siège. Berenger amené apparemment par l'Archevêque de Tours y rendit raifon de fà Fqï, foit pour confirmer la profeffion qu'il a voit fait a Rome foit pour retracter fon dernier Ecrit, & depuis ce Concile i! n'eft plus parlé de lui jufqu'à fa mort qui arriva le f. Janvier 1088. Il mourut dans la Communion de l'Eglife & l'on croît qu'il fût enterré dans l'Eglife de Saint Cofme lei Tours, où il s'étoit retiré, & y avoit mené une vie pénitente. Ce Prieuré apartenoit pour lors aux Moines de Marmoutier félon le témoignage du Savant Pere Mabillon. Ce fût peu de tems après que fe forma la Communau té des Chanoines Réguliers de Saint Cofme que quelques-uns raportent à l'an 109;. Le Poète Ronfard, qui avoir été Prieur Coin me nda taire de Saint Cofme y eft enterré dans un magnifi ÏueTombeau. Il mourut le 17. Décembre 158/. ]es Chanoines font habillés comme les Eccle -fialliques, & mettent feulement fur leurs man ches une bande de Toile de la largeur de qua tre doigts. Au Choeur ils portent un Surplis avec an Aumufle fur le bras & un Bonnes quarré. Le* Digilized Séculier & Régulier! Les Chanoines Réguliers en Angleterre & leur Reforme par le Cardinal de Volfey. T Es Chanoines Réguliers ne furent introduits J -'cn Angleterre qu'au commencement du douzième Siècle, et on reconnoît qu'ils furent établis à Cloceftcr vers l'an 1109. & enfuite à Londres. On les apelloit Chanoines noirs pour les diltingucr de ceux des Congrégations de Saint Viâor , d'Arouaife & de Prémon tré. L'an ij-iq. Le Cardinal de Volfey, entre prit la Reforme de tous les Monafteres en vertu d'une Bulle de Léon X. qu'il avoit obtenue la même année, foit véritablement qu'il y eût beaucoup de defordres parmi eux, ou que ce Cardinal ambitieux, qui de très-bas lieu étoit devenu Archevêque d'York, Miniftre d'Etat, Chancelier , & Légat à Latcre du Saint Siè ge en Angleterre, eût voulu profiter des biens de quelques-uns de ces Monafteres en les faifant iupprimer , & par ce moien fatis faire fa vanité & fon ambition, comme écrit un Auteur moderne. 11 commença par la Reforme des Chanoines Réguliers, it dans les Regîemens & Statuts qu'il arefla pour cet ef fet., il affeéta, un grand Zelc pour le rctablif fement de la Dîfcipline Régulière. Il ordonna entre autres chofes que tous les Chanoines Réguliers d'Angleterre, même des Congrégations de Saint Victor, d'Aroiiaife , de douzième Siècle.
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CHAPTER XXIII DISPELLING THE CLOUDS DURING the night the clouds rolled away, and Sunday morning dawned warm and clear. It was good to be abroad, so Douglas thought, as he walked along the road with his violin under his arm. It would soon be time for the shoe-maker to begin his morning service, and he knew how Joe and his wife would enjoy a little music. He had not seen the former since Fri- day afternoon, and he was most anxious to learn the outcome of his struggle between right and wrong. He found Mrs. Benton in the sitting-room, rocking herself to and fro in a splint-bottom chair. Her face was thin and care-worn, and her hair seemed whiter than the last time he had seen her, and he truthfully divined the cause. Mrs. Benton's face brightened as her visitor entered the room, and she at once offered him a chair. "It is good of you to come this morning, sir," she told him. ''I did not wish to miss the service," Douglas replied. "I thought you might like me to play a little," and he pointed to the violin which he had placed upon the table. "I fear there will be no service this morning," and a troubled expression came into Mrs. Benton's eyes as she spoke. "Joe's been very strange of late, and has 225 226 THE UNKNOWN WRESTLER not been able to settle down to his work. He can't eat nor sleep, and I am greatly worried about him." "He is grieving, I suppose." "Yes, about poor Jean." "Has he seen her lately?" "Not since Friday. He may have gone to see her this morning, though, for he left here about half an hour ago, but he didn't tell me where he was going. He seems like a man in a dream." "He didn't go down the road, Mrs. Benton, or I should have seen him, I was sitting in front of Jake's house reading for some time before I left to come here. ' ' "Oh, he didn't go that way, sir. There is a short- cut across the hills, though it has not been used much of late. The path goes up just in front of our house to the top of the hill, and then turns to the left. Joe took that this morning, though I do not know why, as he has not travelled that way for years. Perhaps he wishes to be alone. I hope he is not going to do any- thing desperate. He is so down-hearted and strange that I feel terribly worried about him." "I am going over to Mrs. Dempster's to-day," Doug- las replied, "as she sent word for me to come and see her as soon as possible. I might as well go across the hills if you think I can find my way. Perhaps I shall meet your husband." "That will be very good of you," and Mrs. Benton's face somewhat brightened. "You should have no trouble about finding the way, for as soon as you reach the top of the hill you will obtain a splendid view of the river and the surrounding country. Even if you cannot find any path up there, you ought to be able to see Mrs. Dempster's house off in the distance." DISPELLING THE CLOUDS 227 "I shall make out all right, I am sure," Douglas replied, as he rose to go. "I have never been out on the hills, so it will be nice to get the view from the top." He found the climb a long and tiresome one. The hot sun seemed to strike the hillside with extra in- tensity, and there was not a breath of wind abroad. Once he sat down under the shade of an old fir tree and mopped his hot face with his handkerchief. Even from here the view of the river was magnificent, and what must it be from the summit? When at length he gained the top, he stopped and looked around. Then an exclamation of surprise and awe burst from his lips at the entrancing panorama which was thus suddenly presented to his view. Miles and miles of the river, unruffled by a breath of wind, lay glittering in the sunshine. Acres of meadow land, dotted with houses, and broken by tracts of forest, stretched out before him. Peace was upon land and river. It was a magic world upon which he gazed with the ardent soul of a lover of things beautiful and grand. Having thus rested and revelled in Nature's mar- vellous handiwork, he turned and looked across the hills toward Mrs. Dempster's house. As he did so his eyes caught sight of a lone figure sitting upon a rock some distance away. Feeling sure that it was the shoe- maker, he hurried forward and in a few minutes was by his side. Joe did not seem at all surprised at the young man '3 presence, although his weary face bright- ened a little. "It is a great view from here," Douglas began. "I have never seen anything like it." "What do you see?" the old man asked. 228 THE UNKNOWN WRESTLER ''Why, the river, and that fine stretch of country to the right and left." "Yes, I suppose you're right, though I have not no- ticed them this morning. I have been seeing other things." "What things?" Douglas enquired, as he sat down upon the rock by Joe's side. "Jean, of course. My Jean and all her troubles are ever before me. I can see nothing else. How can I?" "But you should, Mr. Benton. Surely you have not forgotten?" "Forgotten what?" "The strength which has been your stay for long years. You remember how sad and dreary was the world yesterday. How dismal everything appeared, with not a glimpse of the blue sky. But look now at all this," and Douglas threw out his hand in an eloquent gesture. ' ' See what a change has taken place in a short time. The greyness is gone, and look how blue is the sky, and how bright and warm the sun. Surely He who is able to effect such a marvellous change in Nature in such a few hours, will not forsake His servant in the hour of need. Cheer up, sir, and do not be so down- hearted. Though things seem dark now, yet hope for the best, and trust that the clouds will scatter and the shadows will flee away. ' ' "Your words are full of wisdom," Joe slowly replied, "and you speak like a man who has known trouble. But have you ever experienced a father's sorrow at the loss of a darling child? Can you look back through the years and see that child pure and beautiful, loving and true, making the home ring with her happy laugh- ter and joyous ways? Then at last to see her degraded, DISPELLING THE CLOUDS 229 ' half-demented, a total wreck, with all parental love crushed out of her heart like my Jean over there? Have you known any sorrow like that, young man?" "No, indeed I have not," Douglas emphatically re- plied. "Your trouble is truly great. But why give up in despair? Jean is still alive, and she may yet re- turn to her former ways. She is in the depths now, but this Valley of Achor may be to her a door of hope, as it was to the woman we read of in the Bible. Sup- pose we visit her now, and learn how she is getting along? She may have changed as much since you saw her last as Nature has changed since yesterday." Douglas rose to his feet and picked up his violin. "Come," and he laid his hand affectionately upon the old man's shoulder, "let us go together. "We may be able to cheer her up a bit." "Without a word Joe rose slowly to his feet and walked along by Douglas' side. Over the hill they moved and then down into the valley below. The path, now worn deep by the feet of cows, for this region was pasture land, wound through a swamp where they had to pick their way owing to the water which settled here. Up a steep bank they scrambled, and when they at last gained the top they came in sight of JMrs. Dempster's house but fifty yards beyond. The widow was sitting under the shade of an apple tree near the front door, with Empty lying full length upon the ground by her side. They were both some- what startled and surprised at the sudden appearance of the two men from such an unexpected quarter. "Well, bless my stars!" Mrs. Dempster exclaimed, ris- ing quickly and giving the shoe-maker her chair. "Ye look fagged out, poor man, an' no wonder fer comin' 230 THE UNKNOWN WRESTLER over the hills. It's not often any one travels that way now, though John always took that short-cut to the store when he was alive. He was a great man fer short-cuts, was John. I wish Empty here was more like his pa." "I don't like short-cuts," her son replied. "Ye don't see nuthin', an' ye don't hear nuthin'." "An' ye can't tell nuthin'," his mother retorted. "That's why ye don't like short-cuts." "I believe you sent for me, Mrs. Dempster," Doug- las remarked. "I was sorry I could not come sooner." "Oh, there was no special hurry. A day or two doesn't make much difference. But I thought if ye brought ye'r fiddle an' played a little it might cheer the poor lassie up a bit." "How is she?" Joe eagerly asked, leaning forward so as not to miss a word. * ' Doin ' as well as kin be expected. She 's alone now, ' ' and the widow's voice became low. "But I guess it's all fer the best. I wasn't in the least surprised, con- siderin' what she's gone through. It'll be as much as she kin do to make her own way in life, an ' I told her so jist as soon as she was willin' to listen to reason." "Is she much depressed?" Douglas asked. "All the time, sir, an' that's what worries me. She broods an' broods, an' sighs an' sighs, poor thing, till my heart aches fer her." "And nothing will cheer her up?" "Nuthin' that me an' Empty kin do an' say, so that's the reason why I sent fer you. I thought mebbe a little music might have some effect. I've heard read from the Bible in church that when old King Saul was down in the dumps, an' dear knows he deserved to be, the cloud passed from his mind when David, the shepherd DISPELLING THE CLOUDS 231 lad, brought his harp an' played before him. Now, sez I to meself , sez I, ' if that old feller with all his cuss- edness could be cured in that way, why can't a poor, dear, troubled lassie like Jean Benton?' An' so sez I to Empty, 'Go an' see if that wrestler won't come,' sez I. "We've always called ye 'the wrestler,' sir, since ye put Jake Jukes on his back. ' Mebbe he'll bring his fiddle an' play a few old-fashioned tunes to chase the shadder from the poor thing's brain. I hope ye won't mind." **Not at all," Douglas replied. "I shall be only too pleased to do anything I can. Shall I go into the house?" "I've been thinkin' that mebbe it would be better to play out of doors. Her winder is open, so if ye'd jist go under the shade of that tree there, she'd hear ye quite plain, but won't be able to see ye. I don't want her to think that the music is fer her special benefit." Following Mrs, Dempster's directions, Douglas went to the tree and leaning his back against the bole began to play a number of old familiar hymns. It was a peculiar situation in which he thus found himself, and he wondered what the result would be. He had entered enthusiastically into the widow's little plan, and he never played so effectively as he did this morning. He felt that a great deal was at stake, and he must do his best. He recalled how a certain woman had taken him to task when she learned that he played the violin, which she called the "devil's snare*' for luring people to destruction. He had tried to reason with the woman, but to no avail. He believed if she knew what a bless- ing his playing had been to so many people she would really change her mind. Douglas had been playing for some time when his 232 THE UNKNOWN WRESTLER attention was attracted by the shoe-maker, who had risen from the chair and was walking toward the house. No sooner had he entered by the back door than Mrs. Dempster followed. Douglas went on with his music, at the same time wondering what was in their minds. He had not long to wait, however, for presently the widow came to the door and beckoned him to come. He at once obeyed, and crossed over to where she was standing. "Don't make any noise," she warned, "but f oiler me. I want to show ye something." Tiptoeing across the floor, Mrs. Dempster led him to the door of the little room where the invalid was lying. Pausing just at the entrance and looking in, the sight which met his eyes was most impressive. Bending over the bed was Joe with his face close to Jean's, whose arms were clasped about her father's neck. They were both sobbing, though neither uttered a word. Douglas grasped the whole situation in an instant, and turning, he quietly retreated through the kitchen and out of doors. He was at once joined by Mrs. Demp- ster. Tears were streaming down her cheeks, and Doug- las' own eyes were moist. "What d'ye think of that, now?" the good woman questioned. "We have no business to be there," was the solemn reply. ' ' That is too sacred a scene for inquisitive eyes. We must leave them alone." "It was the music which done it, sir; I knew it would. ' ' "Not altogether, Mrs. Dempster, Not altogether." "Ye think the Good Lord had a hand in it, too?" "Yes, I have no doubt about it." CHAPTER XXrV EMPTY HEARS SOMETHING IT was past mid-day, and Douglas was about to leave for home when Mrs. Dempster detained him. ''Don't go yit, sir," she told him. "Stop an' have a bite with us. Empty '11 feel mighty pleased if ye will. We haven't much for dinner, but ye'r welcome to what we have, an' we'll eat it right under the shade of that big apple tree. We ginerally do that on bright Sun- days, f er dear knows we eat often enough in the house. ' ' The widow was greatly pleased when Douglas con- sented to sta}^, and at once roused her son to action. "Hi, thar, Empty," she called, "wake up an' git a hustle on. I want a pail of water, an' then ye kin carry out the dishes. I do believe that boy'd sleep all the time," she grumbled. Nevertheless, she watched him with motherly pride as he slowly rose from the ground, stretched himself and looked around. "Ain't dinner ready yit, ma?" he asked. "I'm most starved t' death." ' ' No, it ain 't, an ' it won 't be to-day if ye don 't hurry. We've special company fer dinner an' I want ye to behave yerself. If ye do, I'll give ye an extry piece of strawberry shortcake." Douglas was greatly amused at the conversation and candour of the mother and son. They understood each other perfectly, and were not the least bit abashed at 233 234 THE UNKNOWN WRESTLER the presence of strangers. There was no polished veneer about the widow's hospitality. She did not pretend to be what she was not. She knew that she was poor and was not ashamed of it. She was perfectly natural, and indulged in no high-flown airs. But Mrs. Dempster was a good manager, a capable housekeeper and an excellent cook. The table-cloth she spread upon the grass under the tree was spotless. "We used this on our weddin' day," she informed Douglas who was watching her. "Dear old Parson Winstead married us in the church, an' then he came over an' had dinner with us. Me an' John had the house all fixed up, an' some of the neighbours helped with the dinner. My, them was great days," and she gave a deep sigh as she stood for a moment looking ofiE across the field. "We was all equal then, jist like one big, happy family, an' good Parson Winstead was to us like a father. But, goodness me! if I keep gassin' this way, dinner '11 never be ready," and she hurried off to the kitchen. When Mrs. Dempster brought Joe from the house he was a greatly changed man. His step was elastic, his head erect and his eyes shone with a new hope. He ate well, too, almost the first he had eaten in several days, so he informed his companions. It was a pleasant company which gathered under the shade of the old apple tree. Empty had received his second piece of strawberry shortcake, and was satisfied. When dinner was over, he once more stretched himself out upon the ground and resumed the sleep which his mother had disturbed. During the meal Mrs. Dempster had been flitting to and fro between the house and the apple tree. There EMPTY HEARS SOMETHING 235 was always something she had to attend to, so she ex- plained when Douglas remonstrated, telling her that she should eat something herself, and never mind the rest. But she would not listen, as she had to look after the fire, get a plateful of doughnuts, and most impor- tant of all, to see how the invalid was making out with her dinner. "The poor dear has eaten more than she has any- time since she's been sick," she told them with pride, after one of her visits to the house. "An' there's a little tinge of colour, too, in her white cheeks, an' she really smiled an' thanked me when I took her in her dinner. ' ' "That is encouraging, isn't it?" Douglas asked. Joe said nothing though his eyes never left the widow 's face, and he listened almost breathlessly to her slightest word about Jean. "It is a good sign," Mrs. Dempster replied, as she sat upon the ground and poured for herself a cup of tea. "An' it's another good sign that she wants to see you, sir." "See me!" Douglas exclaimed in surprise. "Why is that a good sign ? " \ " 'Cause she hasn't wanted to see any one since she's been sick." "What does she want to see me for?" "To thank ye for playin', most likely. She made me tell her who it was, as she was most curious to know. She's takin' an interest in things now, an' that's en- couragin '. ' ' When Mrs. Dempster had finished her dinner, she rose to her feet and informed Douglas that she was ready to take him to see Jean. 236 THE UNKNOWN WRESTLER cc 'You jist make yerself comfortable, Joe, an' 111 be back in a jiffy. Lean aginst that tree an' rest ye'r poor old back. It's always good to have something to lean aginst. Since John died Empty 's the only thing I've got to lean aginst, though I must say he's mighty wobbly at times." Douglas followed Mrs. Dempster into the little bed- room off the kitchen where the invalid girl was lying. He was somewhat startled by the marked contrast be- tween Jean's white face and her jet-black hair which was flowing over the pillow in rich confusion. She smiled as she reached out her thin hand and welcomed the visitor. ''Ye'd better set right down here, sir," Mrs. Demp- ster advised, as she drew up a chair. "I'm goin' to leave yez to have a nice little chat while I clear up the dinner dishes. It'll do ye a heap of good, won't it, dear ? ' ' and she stroked Jean 's head. ' ' But ye mustn \ talk too much," Douglas glanced around the little room. It was a cosy place, and the partly-opened window let in the fresh air from the surrounding fields, together with the sound of the twitter of birds and the hum of bees. "This was my room," the widow explained, "until Jean took possession of it. She wanted to stay right close to me an' wouldn't go to the spare-room off the parlour. I haven't had time to fix it up, an' I've asked Empty time an' time agin to git somethin' to put over that stove-pipe hole in the wall, an' that one in the ceilin '. But my land ! ye might as well save ye 'r breath as to ask that boy to do anything. But, there now, 1 must be off." EMPTY HEARS SOMETHING 237 The good woman's face was beaming as she left the house and went back to the apple tree. "Where's Empty?" she demanded of Joe, when she discovered that the lad was nowhere to be seen. "I don't know," was the reply. "He got up just after you left, but I didn't notice where he went." "That's jist like the boy. He's never around when he's wanted. He does try my patience at times," and the widow gave a deep sigh as she began to gather up the dishes. In the meantime, Jean and Douglas were engaged in an earnest conversation. It was somewhat con- strained at first, but this feeling shortly vanished. "It was so good of you to play for me," Jean re- marked. "I feel better than I have for days. I guess the music has chased the clouds away." "I am so thankful that I have been able to help you," Douglas replied. "You have had a hard time of late." "Indeed I have. It seems to me that I have had a terrible dream. Oh, it was horrible." "You must forget all about that now, and get well as soon as possible." "Why should I get better? What have I to live for?" "You must live for your parents' sake, if for noth- ing else. They have been heart-broken over you." "I know it, I know it," and Jean placed her hands to her face as if to hide a vision which rose suddenly before her. "But you do not know my past life. You have little idea how I have suffered, both mentally and bodily." ' ' Perhaps I understand more than you imagine. Any- 238 THE UNKNOWN WRESTLER way, I know how you looked the night I dragged you out of the water at Long Wharf." Douglas never forgot the expression which over- spread Jean's face as he uttered these words. Her large dark eyes grew wide with amazement and a name- less terror. She clutched the bed-clothes with her tense hands, and made a motion as if to rise. "Please do not get excited. Miss Benton," he urged. "I would not mention this now, only there is much at stake, and I want your assistance." "And it was you who saved me?" she gasped. "Yes, with the help of an old tug-boatman. I saw Ben Stubbles push you off the wharf into the harbour and then leave you to your fate. ' ' " Oh ! " It was all that Jean could say, as the terrible memory of that night swept over her. "Have you seen Ben lately?" Douglas asked. "Not since the night of the dance at the hall." "There is good reason why he doesn't come to see you, is there not?" ' ' Indeed there is, ' ' and Jean 's eyes flashed with a sud- den light of anger. "Nell Strong has taken him from me; that's what she has done. Oh, I'll get even with her yet." "You are altogether mistaken. Ben is the one to blame. Miss Strong has not wronged you. She dis- likes the man, and has refused to have anything more to do with him." "But why did she meet him night after night by that old tree in front of her home, tell me that ? ' ' "She was afraid of the Stubbles, both father and son. Simon Stubbles has a mortgage on the Strong place, and if she turned Ben away and would not meet EMPTY HEARS SOMETHING 239 him, the little home would have been taken. Miss Strong has done it now, however, and so I suppose the home will go." "Are you sure of what you say?" Jean asked in a low voice. "Yes, I am certain. Ben has been using every effort to win Miss Strong, and he is very angry at me because he imagines that I have turned her against him. The professor and his daughters have been very kind to me, and on several occasions I have been at their house. Once, on my way home, Ben had two men lying in wait for me with clubs. Fortunately, I was able to defend myself, and so escaped serious injury." "Are you positive it was Ben who set them on?" Jean asked. "Oh, yes, there is no doubt about it. I found a let- ter from him in the pocket of the coat of one of the men who attacked me. I have the coat now in my possession as well as the letter. The latter speaks for itself." "And so Ben did that!" Jean murmured to herself. "But that is not all. Miss Benton. You have heard, I suppose, what he did Friday night?" "Yes, Mrs. Dempster has told me all about it. And you think Ben was back of that, too?" "Indeed he was. The two men we caught said so, and they are to swear to it at the trial, and bring the other men who were with them." "Will there be a trial?" "It will be held to-morrow in the hall at the Corner. I am going to put a stop to such attacks and bring the guilty ones to task, if it is at all possible. It is a very strange thing for one family to rule a community like 240 THE UNKNOWN WRESTLER this, persecute innocent men, and drive them from the parish. It is a mystery to me that the people have per- mitted it for so long." "Who will conduct the trial?" Jean enquired. "Squire Hawkins. He is the only Justice of the Peace here." "But he won't dare do anything to Ben. He is frightened almost to death of the Stubbles." "I know he is, and for that reason I want your as- sistance." "What can I do?" Jean asked in surprise, "You can tell what Ben did to you at Long Wharf. That will prove what a villain he really is. Why, he intended to drown you that night, and he would have succeeded if I had not happened to be present. You can make your sworn statement to Squire Hawkins who can come here, so it will not be necessary for you to go to the trial." Jean buried her face in her hands at these words and remained very silent. Douglas watched her for a few minutes, and a deep pity for this unfortunate woman came into his heart. ' * Come, ' ' he urged, ' ' won 't you back me up ? I have entered into this fight and need all the assistance I can get. If I am defeated, no one will dare to undertake such a thing again." : "I can't do it," Jean moaned. "Oh, I can't tell on Ben." "WTiy not? He tried to drown you, and he cares for you no longer. He is a menace to the whole com- munity. ' ' "I know it, I know it," the girl sobbed. "But I shall never tell on Ben, no, never." EMPTY HEARS SOMETHING 241 "But he has ruined your whole life, remember, and he may ruin others as innocent as you were, if he is not stopped. Think of that." "Haven't I thought of it day and night, until I have been about crazy? But it is no use, I cannot tell on him." "And are you willing to let him go free that he may do the same villainous things in the future that he has done in the past ? A word from you will stir the parish to its very depths. If the people only knew what Ben did to you at Long Wharf that night, they would rise and drive him from the place. If I told what I know they would not believe me. But if you confirm what I say, that will make all the difference." "Please do not urge me," Jean pleaded. "I cannot do it." "You must love him still." "No, I do not love him now," and the girl's voles was low. "What hinders you, then, from telling?" "It is the love I had for him in the past. That is one of the sweet memories of my life. Nothing can ever take it from me. No matter what he has done, and no matter what may happen to me, it is something to look back upon those days which are almost sacred to me now. But there, it is no use for me to say any- thing more. It is difficult for me to explain, and harder, perhaps, for you to understand." With a deep sigh of weariness, Jean closed her eyes and turned her face on the pillow. Knowing that noth- ing more could be accomplished, and chiding himself that he had tired her, Douglas rose to go. "Just a moment, please," Jean said, as she again 242 THE UNKNOWN WRESTLER opened her eyes. * ' Are you sure that Nell does not care for Ben? Tell me once more." "Miss Strong told me so herself," Douglas replied. Then in a few words he related the scene that had taken place in front of the Jukes' house on Friday afternoon. "Doesn't that prove the truth of what I have said?" he asked in conclusion. "Thank you very much," was the only reply that Jean made, as she again closed her eyes and turned her face toward the wall. It was about the middle of the afternoon when Empty came out of the house and strolled over to where his mother was sitting alone under the apple tree. "Where in the world have you been?" she demanded as he approached. "Asleep," and the boy gave a great yawn and stretched himself. "Well, I declare! When will ye ever git enough sleep? Ye '11 have nuthin' but a sheep's head if ye keep on this way." Empty made no reply as he sat down upon the ground by his mother's side. He was too happy to take offence at anything she might say. He had heard a great piece of news through the stove-pipe hole in the ceiling of the little bedroom. Empty had a reputation to sustain, and his conscience never troubled him as to how his news was obtained. CHAPTER XXV PERVERTING JUSTICE DOUGLAS did not remain long at Mrs. Dempster's after his conversation with Jean. Bidding the widow and Joe good-bye, he made his way swiftly across the fields by a well-worn path to the main highway. He was anxious to see Nell as she had been much in his mind since the night of the attack. To his joy, he found her sitting alone by the big tree on the shore with a book lying open in her lap. An expression of pleas- ure overspread her face as she welcomed her visitor, and offered him a chair by her side. ''Father was sitting here," she explained, "but he became unusually sleepy this afternoon, so he is now lying down in the house. Nan is out in the boat with Sadie Parks, a girl friend, gathering water-lilies, so I have been having a quiet time all by myself." ' ' A most remarkable thing for you, is it not ? ' ' Doug- las asked, mentally blessing the professor for becoming sleepy, and Nan for going for the lilies. ' ' It certainly is. It has been a long time since I have not read to father every Sunday afternoon." It seemed to Douglas as if heaven had suddenly opened to him as he sat there by Nell's side. She looked more beautiful than ever, so he thought, clad in a simple dress of snowy whiteness, open at the throat, exposing a little gold cross, pendant from a 243 244 THE UNKNOWN WRESTLER delicate chain fastened around her neck. Her dark, luxuriant hair was brushed carefully back, though a few wayward tresses drifted temptingly over cheek and brow. Her dark sympathetic eyes beamed with inter- est as Douglas related his experiences of the day, and his conversation with the invalid girl. "I am so thankful that Jean knows the truth," she quietly remarked when Douglas had finished. "But isn't it terrible what Ben did to her at Long Wharf! I knew he was bad, but I had no idea he would do such a thing as that." Further private conversation was now out of the question on account of Nan's arrival with her girl friend. She was carrying a large bunch of dripping white water-lilies, which she flung down upon the ground. "My, what a nice little cosy time you two are hav- ing," she exclaimed. "It is too bad that you have to be disturbed." "It certainly is," Douglas laughingly replied. "We were quite happy here by ourselves. Why didn't you stay longer out on the river?" "Because I don't like to see people too happy, that is the reason," and Nan flopped herself down upon the ground, and began to weave a wreath of lilies with her deft fingers. "Come, Sadie," she ordered, "you make one, too. My, it's hot! Nell's always cool and never flustered," she continued, as she snapped off a stem and tucked a lily into its proper place. "It's necessary for some one to be cool," her sister replied. "I do not know what would happen if I didn't try to keep my senses." Nan merely tossed her head and went on with her PERVERTING JUSTICE 245 work. She was certainly a remarkable specimen of healthy, buoyant girlhood, with face aglow and eyes sparkling with animation. What a subject she would make for an artist, Douglas mused as he watched her as she worked and talked. "There," Nan at length cried, as she held up her finished wreath for inspection. "Give it to the fairest, sir," she dramatically demanded. "The Judgment of Paris, eh?" Douglas smiled. "No; your judgment." "That would be rather embarrassing, would it not?" "I dare you to do it," and she dangled the wreath before him, "Come, come, Nan," Nell chided. "Don't be fool- ish. You make Mr. Handyman feel badly." "That's just what I want to do. He has neglected me, and I want to punish him." "Give me the wreath," and Douglas stretched out his hand. Rising to his feet, he placed the beautiful lilies upon Nell's head, and then stepped back to view the effect. "There," and he turned to Nan, "I have accepted your dare, so I hope you are satisfied." "You mean thing!" the girl pouted. "I don't want anything more to do with you. Come, Sadie, let's go for a walk. "We're not wanted here." "You must not go now. Nan," her sister ordered. "It will soon be tea time, and I want you to help me. Father will be awake soon." The time sped all too quickly for Douglas, and he wondered what would happen before he should spend another such pleasant afternoon with Nell. She did not remove the wreath he had placed upon her head until 246 THE UNKNOWN WRESTLER that evening after he had left her at the cottage door. Then she placed it in a dish of water to keep the lilies fresh as long as possible in memory of that happy day. A strange happiness possessed her, and her heart was full of peace such as she had never before experi- enced. Douglas had the feeling that he was now nearing a crisis in his sojourn at Rixton, and the next morning he told Jake that he had better get another man to help him. "What! Surely ye'r not goin' to leave us, are ye?" Jake exclaimed. "Not just yet," Douglas informed him. "But I may not be able to give you full service for a while. And, besides, if this trial should go against me, I may be forced to leave the place after all. If Squire Hawkins fails to give justice and allows Ben to go free, what am I to do?" Douglas merely asked this to see what Jake would say. "So ye think that Hen Hawkins might not give ye justice, eh? Is that what's botherin' ye?" "Oh, it's not bothering me very much, only it might shorten my stay here, that's all. It will be no use for me to remain in this place with all the people against me. I can go elsewhere." "The hull people '11 not be aginst ye," and Jake brought his big fist down upon the kitchen table with a bang. "Mebbe they'll have a few things to say if Hen Hawkins isn't on the square. I know that him an' the Stubbles eat out of the same trough. But great punkins! they'll dance on the same griddle if they're not keerful." Douglas was surprised at the number of men gath- PERVERTING JUSTICE 247 ered at the hall when he and Jake arrived that after- noon. Most of them were sitting or standing in little groups outside, discussing the one important question of the day. Just what they were saying he could not tell, as the time had come for the trial to begin and the men flocked into the building. Squire Hawkins was sitting on the platform, and by his side was his clerk with pen and paper before him, ready to take down the evidence. "Guess the Squire has closed his store this after- noon," Jake whispered to his companion. "He's got his clerk with him to do the writin'." Douglas noticed that Ben Stubbles was not in the hall, but he saw Tom and Pete with the other men who had taken part in the attack, sitting in the front seat. Had Ben been summoned? he wondered. He wanted the rascal to be present to hear all that would be said. The trial was the most peculiar and interesting one Douglas had ever witnessed. Squire Hawkins did not know how to conduct the case, but what he lacked in knowledge he made up in words and a pompous man- ner. He was feeling his importance on this occasion, and was determined to make the most of it. Rising to his feet, he stated the charges that had been made against Tom Totten and Pete Rollins. Then he or- dered the offenders to come forward. "You have heard the charges made against you, have you not?" he asked. "We have," was the reply. "Are you guilty or not guilty?" "Guilty, sir." This candid admission was a surprise to the Squire, as he had expected that the men would emphatically 248 THE UNKNOWN WEESTLER deny the charges. He was not prepared for this, and hardly knew how to proceed. He frowned, twisted in his chair, and felt most uncomfortable. The staring and gaping audience greatly embarrassed him. ''S-so you confess your guilt, eh?" he at length stammered. "Yes, sir; we do." "Are you not afraid of the consequences?" "What are they?" "W-well, I h-have to see about that. I'm not just sure yet. But why did you make the attack upon Mr. Handyman 1 ' ' "We were ordered to do so, sir," Tom replied. "H'm, I see," and the Squire rubbed his chin thoughtfully with his right hand. He was thinking clearly now, and realised how necessary it was for him to be most discreet with his questions. "Were there just two of you?" he presently asked. "No, sir." "Who were the others?" "They can speak for themselves, sir." No sooner had the words left Tom's mouth than four men stepped forward. "And were you in the trouble, too?" the Squire questioned. "Yes, sir," the spokesman replied. "We was with Tom an' Pete. We're guilty, too." "Well, I must say you are a fine bunch of night- hawks," and the Squire gave a slight, sarcastic laugh. "You should be thoroughly ashamed of yourselves." "We're more'n ashamed, sir," Tom replied; "we're disgusted. ' ' "Disgusted at what?" PERVERTING JUSTICE 249 "At makin' sieh fools of ourselves, an' bein' tlie tools of another." "But you are responsible men, and why do you try to shift the blame to other shoulders?" the Squire stern- ly demanded. "Because we'd been drinkin', sir. "We really didn't know what we was doin' that night. The whiskey was given us an' we was ready for any divilment. That's the long and short of it." Squire Hawkins now rose slowly to his feet and looked upon the audience before him. "Gentlemen," he began, "I do not see any reason why I should prolong this enquiry. These men have confessed everything, and there is nothing more for me to do except to impose the penalties. I shall be very lenient as this is the first time they have been brought before me. But I wish to warn you all that if I am called upon to deal with such a case again, I shall be very severe." No sooner had the Squire sat down, than Douglas was on his feet. He had listened with almost incredu- lous amazement to the way in which the enquiry had been conducted, and he knew that if some one did not interfere, the one who was really guilty would escape. "May I be allowed to speak?" he asked. "Yes, I suppose so, providing you are brief and to the point," was the somewhat reluctant assent. "I have been very much surprised at this enquiry," Douglas began, "and I wish to call attention to certain matters which have been passed over without any con- sideration at all. These men before you, sir, have pleaded guilty to the charges which I made against them. They have confessed that they were given liquor 250 THE UNKNOWN WRESTLER and ordered to attack me last Friday night. But you have not asked them who the person is who ordered the attack and gave them the whiskey. Is it not right that you should do so, sir, that we may know who was really at the bottom of that cowardly affair?" "Hear, hear," came from several in the audience. "You are right. Let us know the person's name." "Your question has no bearing upon this case," Squire Hawkins angrily replied. ' ' These offenders have acknowledged their guilt, and they alone are the re- sponsible ones and must bear the whole blame." "But why did they attack me?" Douglas asked. "They had no ill will against me; they were merely tools in the hands of another. The one who set them on evidently wished to do me an injury. He is the guilty one, and I demand that you inquire who he is." "Then you can keep on demanding," was the surly response. "I am conducting this case and not you." A murmur of disapproval passed through the audi- ence, and several cries of ' ' Shame ' ' were heard. Squire Hawkins was feeling very angiy and at the same time uneasy. He was between two fires. He was afraid of the people, and yet he had a greater fear of the Stub- bles. As he hesitated, not knowing what to do, Tom Totten cleared his throat and turned partly around. "If yez want to know who put us on to that nasty job, I '11 tell yez, ' ' he began. ' ' It was Ben Stubbles who did it. He gave us the whiskey, an' ordered us to way- lay Jake Jukes' hired man an' beat him up. That's God's truth, an' we are all ready to swear to it," During the inquiry Ben had entered the hall and remained near the door. He listened to all that took place with much amusement. He felt perfectly secure PERVERTING JUSTICE 251 and trusted to Squire Hawkins to shield him from any blame. He enjoyed Douglas' apparent defeat when his request was refused. But Tom's voluntary information was entirely unexpected. He had never for an instant imagined that the man would dare make such a state- ment. His momentary consternation gave way to furi- ous anger and he at once hurried up the aisle.
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British credit in the last Napoleonic war
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72 EFFECTS OF THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM point as it had done in 1797. During the first years of the Napoleonic war, 1803-8, it tended to increase and was at £7,855,470 in the February of the latter year. But the full effects of the Continental System were then being felt, and in the beginning of 1809 we find that the reserve had dropped to £4,488,700 and continued steadily down- wards until 1815 when it was only £2,036,910\ The increasing anxiety of the government is clearly shown in the instructions sent by the Customs Board to their local ofiicers as to the special care to be taken to prevent the illicit export of gold from England. In March 1797, just after the stoppage of the Bank, they had drawn attention to this matter, and in the autumn of 1808 they found it necessary to send out reminders of the warning. From this time until 1811 followed a series of similar orders at extraordinarily frequent intervals, sometimes conveying special information as to particular attempts which are expected to be made to export gold to Holland, Heligoland and France. In addition, commanders of cruisers and other officers are enjoined "to have a constant and watch- ful attention to Vessels, which are departing or may have cleared out from this kingdom, particularly when bound to the continent of Europe ; and also to Boats proceeding from the coasts when any ground of suspicion may arise ; and in all such cases most strictly to rummage, with a view to discover if any Coin of the realm, or any Bullion without entry are illegally conveying therefrom ^" Any drain of gold, legitimate or illegitimate was difficult to ^ Pari. Papers, 1832 (722), vi., Appendix V, Committee on Bank Charter, pp. 505 — 9. 2 Ibid., 1810-11 (103) X., pp. 247—9, Corresp. of Commissioners of Cvxtoma. ON BRITISH CREDIT 73 make good, as the importations, which in the nineties had generally amounted to over £2,000,000 in a year, were seriously falling off. For the year ending February 1811 no gold was brought into the Mint from abroad though £316,935. 13s. Qd. was coined from ingots previously imported^; in the same period £174,500 worth of gold was deposited in the bullion office of the Bank, but on the other hand £227,311 was delivered out, of which £48,627 worth was bar gold for exportation^. It may well be doubted if the government could have survived the strain had Napoleon succeeded in maintaining his attack until the outbreak of the American war. As supplies of gold became harder to obtain, the expenses abroad could only be met with the greatest difficulty. In Portugal Sir Arthur Wellesley found him- self ternbly handicapped by shortness of money. In June 1809 he writes to Lord Castlereagh,"! was in hopes that I should have marched before this time, but the money is not yet arrived.... I am apprehensive that you will think I have delayed my march unnecessarily since my arrival upon the Tagus. But it was, and is, quite impossible to move without money. Not only were the officers and soldiers in the greatest distress, and the want of money the cause of many of the disorders of which I have had occasion to complain ; but we can no longer obtain the supplies of the country, or command its resources for the 1 Pari. Papers, 1810-11 (17), x., pp. 191—3, Gold imported into the Mint. 2 Ibid. (21), X., p. 303, Gold in the Bullion Office of the Bank. The Bupposition that the gold in the country was practically exhausted is borne out by the fact that in the two years following the war, 1815 and 1816, no gold was either imported into or coined by the Mint. 74 EFFECTS OF THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM transport of our own supplies either by land or by water.. .. I hope that you will attend to my requisitions for money ; not only am I in want, but the Portuguese government, to whom Mr Villiers says that we owe £125,000. I repeat, that we must have £200,000 a month, from England, till I write you that I can do without it ; in which sum I include £40,000 a month for the Portuguese government, to pay for twenty thousand men. If the Portuguese government are to receive a larger sum from Great Britain, the sum to be sent to Portugal must be proportion- ably increased. Besides this, money must be sent to pay the Portuguese debt and our debts in Portugal. There are, besides, debts of Sir John Moore's army still due in Spain, which I am called upon to pay. In short, we must have £125,000, and £200,000 a month, reckoning from the beginning of May^" The Peninsula had not yet been recognised as the chief seat of war, and money was freely spent on other objects, such as the Walcheren expedition* and vast sums were also required in other places for the navy, the garrisons and the foreign subsidies. Matters did not improve in course of time, and in 1810 Napier tells us that " the country, inundated with banknotes, was destitute of gold. Napoleon's continental system burthened commerce, the exchanges were continually rising against England, and all the evils which, sooner or later, result from a factitious currency were too perceptible to be longer disregarded I" This was serious enough at home, and credit and paper money were of no value in Spain. Nor did things improve as time went on. In 1813 the Duke of Wellington found his financial situation almost 1 Napier, Peninsular War, Vol. ii., Appendix XIV. - Ibid., Book XI., ch. ii., p. 384. ON BRITISH CREDIT 75 desperate, as he was deeply in debt and " could scarcely stir out of his quarters on account of the multitude of creditors waiting at his door for payment of just claims," and this was the moment chosen by the government, which was supplying him with only £100,000 a month, to send out Colonel Bunbury, Under-Secretary of State, to protest against his expenses^ The large importations of com, necessitated by the years of scarcity from 1809 to 1811, of course added enormously to the British expenditure, as had been the case also in France immediately before the Revolution. The exchanges remained steadily adverse to Great Britain and prevented the influx of bullion which should have eased the position of the Bank. "The unusually large government expenditure abroad, and the extraordinary sums paid for freights to foreigners, during the greater part of the interval under consideration, while the Continent was almost hermetically sealed against exports from this country (so that a vast amount of transatlantic produce and manufactured goods, which would, in an ordinary state of commercial intercourse, have served to discharge the greater part or the whole of those payments, were locked ' Napier, Peninsular War, vi., p. 468. When Wellington entered France he adopted an ingenious plan for avoiding the difficulties of the exchange, which often caused quarrels between the troops and the shop- keepers. "Knowing that in a British army a wonderful variety of knowledge and vocations good and bad may be found, he secretly caused the coiners and die-sinkers amongst the soldiers to be sought out, and once assured that no mischief was intended them, it was not difficult to persuade tbeni to acknowledge their peculiar talents. With these men lie established a secret mint at which he coined gold Napoleons, marking them with a private stamp and carefully preserving theii- just fineness and weight, with a view to enabling the French government, when peace should be established, to call them in again." Napier, vi., p. 518. 76 EFFECTS OF THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM up and unavailable) account for the great pressure upon, and the low state of, the exchanges, without the supposition that an excess of paper (except by mere comparison with its standard), was the originating and determining cause of that depression^" The currency was depreciated, and prices rose, but Tooke shows that there was a similar rise of general prices in France also ; and the scarcity of corn which helps to account for it, was an anxiety to Napoleon, who had experienced serious inconvenience from this cause, and seems to have greatly dreaded a recurrence of if^, and his own experience must have brought home to him how indispensable corn was in England. But the depreciation of our paper, which did not become really noticeable till 1808, more than ten years after the Cash Suspension, is not satisfactorily accounted for by the note issues of the Bank alone, and it seems likely that the operation of the decrees on the gold reserve was a con- tributory cause, even though it is true that the main sources of British revenue were not affected by the interruption of commerce with Europe ^ As the stability of the government survived the finan- cial crisis, so was it sufficient to resist the social disorders which resulted from the general distress due to the war and to the rapid industrial changes. In many cases this led to serious rioting, as the Treaty of 1786 had done in France. But there was one most important difference ; for in England the discontented and starving workmen turned, not to the government, but vented their indigna- 1 Tooke, History of Prices, Vol. i.. Part IV., p. 375. ^ Corresp., xv., pp. 35, 185. ' D'lvemois, Effets du Blocus Continental, p. 37, n., and Rose, Eng. Hist. Beview, August 1893, p. 271. ON BRITISH CREDIT 77 tion upon their employers or upon the machinery to which they attributed their hardships. The Luddite Riots of 1811, serious as they were, did not directly threaten the existence of the government as the French government had been threatened by the thousands of paupers gathered at Montmartre. The States General in their war on privi- lege and trade restrictions had swept away at once the guilds by which the masters still regulated their different trades ; and the rules of these corporations were replaced by police regulation, wages were to be fixed by the magis- trates and general supervision exercised by the municipal authorities^ The place of the private employers and cor- porations was to be taken by the State, and the workers of each trade in turn sent a deputation to the Louvre demanding a minimum wage ; Paris was full of unem- ployed and martial law had to be invoked to deal with the riots in the streets". The English workmen, unaccustomed to the constant interference of a highly centralised govern- ment, did not turn upon it in vengeance when trouble came. Private employers and private fortunes suffered severely but the public credit was still maintained. 1 Levasseur, Histoire de I'industrie en France, pp. Ill sqq. 2 Ibid., pp. 136—8. CHAPTER VIII CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM AS AN ATTACK ON BRITISH CREDIT If we examine further into the results of the war, we find that it brought its compensations. The country had large sources of revenue which Napoleon's system did not touch, and on some classes the war conferred consider- able benefits. We find in the first place that agiiculture became wonderfully prosperous, in many years the war gave a practical monopoly to the home producer, and the price of corn was often extremely high, owing to a suc- cession of bad years. Under this stimulus additional land was brought under cultivation and demanded additional labour. Rents rose, and the landed classes, on whom all the chief burden, not of taxation only, but of poor relief fell, enjoyed an unlooked for prosperity. Larger farms were created, and the work of enclosure went on rapidly ; this in itself gave a large amount of employment, and the improvements resulted in doubling the yield of corn and the weight of the fleece and greatly increasing the supply of meat, in short there was a rapid growth of agricultural wealths The Report on the state of commerce 1810-11 1 Kose, Eng. Hist. Rev., 1893, p. 721. FAILURE OF THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM 79 mentions, among the troubles of the manufacturer obliged to stop his work for a time, that " his workmen get dis- persed throughout the country, and he cannot collect them again but at considerable trouble and expense ^" and it is reasonable to suppose that many of these men, who would not be able to find work in other towns, returned to the old rural life which they may have formerly forsaken. They were not yet so completely divorced from the land as to make this impossible, and the system which was growing up of large farms in constant need of hired labour lent itself to the process, as the French system of small peasant proprietors working their own land did not. The factory system too, with all its disadvantages, and the extraordinary expansion of commerce which followed the Industrial Revolution, did enable the country to bear a very much larger burden of taxation than would have been possible before, and this in turn seems to have acted as an incentive to further enterprise and economy. Napoleon was not alone in his failure to appreciate this effect of the wonderful discoveries of the period, through which the fears of ruin and bankruptcy caused by the rapid increase of the debt have been falsified I Then again, although the regular export trade to Europe was seriously curtailed, other branches of com- merce increased enormously. Though miscalculation and speculation rendered this in itself a danger to the stability of trade and to credit, yet the real wealth of the country continued to grow. The construction of the West India Docks gave facilities for an enormously increased trade, 1 Reports, 1810-11 (52), ii., p. 368, Committee on Commercial Credit, 1811. 2 McCulloch, Taxation and Funding System, Part III., ch. i., p. 411. 80 FAILURE OF THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM not only between Great Britain and America, but with all parts of the worlds " Since the opening of the West India and London Docks," we read, " Great Britain has, under the provisions of the Warehousing Acts, become a free port, into which foreign goods of almost every description may be brought, and safely deposited, and from whence they may be exported again without payment of importa- tion duties. This country, possessing peculiar advantages for foreign Commerce, the consequence of such facility to introduce goods from all parts of the world has been, that the merchants of other countries, whether neutrals, enemies, or allies, have been eager to avail themselves of every opportunity of sending their goods hither. From Spain, for instance, such goods as have not been imported on British Account, the Spanish Merchants have been anxious to send here for safety and for sale." " From Europe the importations from places from which the British flag is excluded, have been immense ^" In spite of Napoleon trade was still carried on with Europe, and the enormous trade which went on with the rest of the world was not under his control. In 1812, when war broke out with the States, the Continental System was already a failure. It is evident that Napoleon had miscalculated his own power and the strength of British commerce. The Empire over sea lent its aid, and British fleets not only kept the sea for British commerce, but by conquest continually opened to it new territories. The new and dangerous 1 Dr Chalmers published a pamphlet to prove that her own resources were sufi&cient to make England independent of foreign commerce. Hanna, Memoirs, pp. 124 sq. 2 Reports, 1810-11 (52), ii., pp. 370 — 1, Committee on Commercial Credit, 1811. OF THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM 81 credit system showed an unexpected strength, and the people, in their utmost need, still did not imitate the starving mobs which ushered in the French Revolution. Here was his great mistake ; for though his attack had its effect upon commercial credit and it was impossible for the Bank, which must first of all support the Government, to supply private traders also, and though the people suffered terribly, yet his main purpose was not attained, he could not impair confidence in the stability of the British govern- ment. The history of the National Debt in Britain may tell of a constantly increasing burden of taxation, a burden still felt a century after the Berlin Decree, it may tell of mismanagement and extravagant or ridiculous finance and show how imperfectly credit was understood by those in power, but it does not tell of failure and dishonesty. " It is by the violation of its engagements," says a critic of D'Hauterive, " by the breach of public faith, that a govern- ment contracts the most intolerable burdens, and dries up the most plentiful resources'," and the British public did not look back, like that of France, upon a long series of bankruptcies and repudiations, and their confidence survived even the Suspension of Cash Payments. Well might a Frenchman wonder " how in the one country in the world which has the most payments to renew, the largest number of salaries to pay and the greatest amount of exchange, the government, the consumers, the manu- facturers, and all the different purveyors had been able to fulfil their engagements, keep their credit intact, preserve all their mutual relations and maintain in every detail of social life their customary regularity-." That crisis showed 1 Herries in preface to Gentz, State of Europe, p. Ixxxvi. * Mollien, op, cit,, i., p. 189. 82 CAUSES OF THE FAILURE the public spirit of the people, who rose at once to the occasion, meetings were assembled of merchants, magis- trates and others who pledged themselves to support the Bank and to take the incontrovertible paper as readily as gold. And they were as good as their word ; paper fell, but not as the assignats had fallen, and individuals like Lord King, who understood the situation and sought to protect themselves, were prevented by legislation from setting the example of distrust. A later writer gives three reasons for the success of the Suspension^, the stupidity of the people, their patriot- ism and the extreme cunning of their rulers. The first and third we may set aside, and, considering the spirit of our fathers, ask ourselves if they were not better men than we. At any rate they saw the war through, and so the modern Cambridge historian may blame the excessive confidence which led Napoleon hopefully to undertake the impossible ; but by faith the impossible is wrought, and faith and circumstance had already carried him from the depths of poverty and isolation to the highest pinnacle of power ; and, with him, France. Who shall say how narrow is the margin of chance between the genius and the dupe, or what would have been the fate of Britain if the long- suffering of Russia had outlasted that of the United States ? Be that as it may, for us the moral is the same. Napoleon applied his system at the one period when we were best qualified to resist it*, and we did so with success. But the years that have passed, with all their changes, find us no less exposed than we were in his days to an attack upon credit. Our credit system was British in 1 Doubleday, Financial Hist, of Emj., p. 143. 2 Rose, Eng. Hist. Rev., 1893, p. 721. OF THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM 83 Napoleon's time, now it is Imperial and international, and so much the greater would its fall be. In time of peace our gold reserve is liable to be dangerously depleted, and any serious drain upon it would be infinitely more alarm- ing if we were at the same time undergoing a political or military crisis, while the activity of the press makes it less probable that among the mass of people patriotism would be reinforced, as in 1797, by ignorance of the true state of affairs. The mere panic caused by the outbreak of a great European war would be likely to cause a run upon the banks, even apart from the interruption of business which would necessarily follow ^ The story of the Napoleonic wars shows that this is not an imaginary danger. Our economic life is now even more complex, our food supply less secure, our minds less accustomed to the idea of war and our commercial and banking transactions far more widespread than they were a century ago, and though no new Napoleon can shut the world against us, the end might be attained by other means or might come upon us of itself The Emperor attacked us before the opportunity was fully come ; but we should be wise to take the warning to heart and to prepare ourselves by increasing our reserve and strengthening our financial as well as our military and diplomatic position, lest our neglect should prove the opportunity of a lesser man. 1 Sir K. Giffen, The Times, 26 March 1908. 6—2 APPENDIX DES FINANCES DE LANGLETERRE CHAPITRE PREMIER De la Dette. — Du Rapport de son capital avec la valeur des proprietes foncieres. — Des Arrerages de la Dette. — De leur Rapport avec le revenu ou la, rente des terres. — De I'Ac- croissement de la Dette, compare avec celui de la richesse nationale. La situation des finances de I'Angleterre est-elle bien connue? Affirmer que non, a tout I'air d'un paradoxe. En effet, les comptes des ministres sont publics, leurs operations consenties par le parlement, leurs calculs debattus par une opposition toujours prete a jeter I'alarme : he bien, nialgre tant de moyens propres k eclairer un peuple calculateur, la verite semble lui avoir dchappe jusqu'a ce jour. L'ignorance complete des resultats qu'ont amenes les fausses mesures du dernier ministere pent seule expliquer la security des Anglais, et I'engouement de quelques etrangers pour leur systeme financier. S'il fallait chercher les causes de cette illusion dont la duree aura ^td trop longue pour la nation britannique, serait-il done si difficile de les trouver? Que, pendant la derni^re guerre, le cabinet de Saint-James ait aflfecte un ton hautain qui impose toujours k la multitude ; qu'il se soit livr6 a de vastes projets sans s'embarrasser de ce que devait couter leur 86 DES FINANCES DE l'aNGLETERRE execution ; qu'il ait brigu6 I'honneur de donner des subsides a de grandes puissances, et ait paru les armer a son gr6 ; que ses flottes aient obtenu d'inesperes succis, dus tantot k I'habi- lete de sa marine, tant6t a la faiblesse de celle des autres peuples, et quelquefois a la defection d'une partie de leurs hommes de mer ; que, lorsque les Anglais dominaient sur I'Ocean, il en soit r^sulte pour leur commerce Stranger un accroissement momentane, il y avait dans toutes ces circon- stances de quoi exalter au dernier point la vanity d'un peuple qui se place sans hesiter au premier rang. Lorsque ensuite le dernier chancelier de I'echiquier venait demander de nou- velles taxes, on I'entendait parler avec assurance des ressources de r^tat : de pr^tendus tableaux de tous les revenus, produits ou capitaux dont se compose la rich esse nationale, etaient pr^sentes par lui ou par les ^crivains de la tresorerie ; et, dans la deception universelle, personne ne s'avisait de chercher ce qu'il y avait d'hypothetique, d'exagere ou de purement nominal dans toutes ces valeurs. Ce qui n'a pas encore ete fait va I'etre aujourd'hui ; et cet ecrit, tout court qu'il est, doit donner le bilan de I'Angleterre. Sans doute, dans I'exaraen de ses finances, le premier pas a faire est de constater I'etendue de la dette publique. Je sais bien que c'est une opinion qu'on cherche k repandre, que le capital de cette dette est indifferent, et qu'on ne doit s'occuper que des arrerages ou annuit^s dont il est cause ; mais I'erreur est visible. Chez une nation oii le gouverne- ment pretend jouir d'un grand credit, les arrerages de la dette doivent etre en rapport avec I'etendue du capital. D'ailleurs, depuis 1786, son extinction graduelle est promise a la nation ; I'etablissement du sinking-fund est regarde par les proneurs de M. Pitt comme son plus grand titre a la reconnaissance publique. Or I'epoque de la liberation totale de la dette doit 6tre certainement d'autant plus eloignee, que son capital est plus considerable. DES FINANCES DE L'ANGLETERRE 87 Voici maintenant I'apper^u du montant de la dette au mois de fevrier 1802^: Dette fondle. Gelle fondee avant 1793. liv. sterl. La dette fondee avant la guerre, deduction faite des 39,885,308 liv, sterl. d'effets rachetes par les commissaires au rachat de la dette, et de 18,344,702" 1, st. qui leur ont et6 passes k raison du land-tax rachete, montait au premier fevrier 1802 k 180,344,792 Celle fondee depuis 1793. La dette fondee depuis la guerre, y compris le montant des sommes empruntees pendant la derniere session, deduction faite de 20,490,003 liv. sterl. rachetes par les commissaires au rachat de la dette, se montait au P'' fevrier 1802 a . 338,138,360 518,483,152 Annuites. Au 1" fevrier 1793 les longues annuites liv. sterl. existantes formaient une charge annuelle de . 1,373,550 Sur quoi il s'en etait eteint au P"" fevrier 1802 pour 123,477 Et une partie ^tait k la charge de I'Irlande. II restait au P'' fevrier 1802, dMuction faite de ces deux objets, en charge annuelle . . . 1,015,410 Au 1''' fevrier 1802 les courtes annuites, celles a vie, accord ^es depuis 1793, formaient une charge annuelle de 543,103 ' [The figures are given in Tierney's and Addington's Finance Resolutions ; Hansard, Pari. Hist., xxxvi. 2 This should be 18,001,148. It has evidently been erroneously copied from the following figure. A. C] 88 DES FINANCES DE l'ANOLETERRE Dette non fondle. Ut. sterl. Au P' f^vrier 1802 la dette flottante ou non fondte, consistant en billets de I'^chiquier et de la marine, en arri^r^s des depenses de I'arm^e, de I'artillerie, du casernement et de la liste civile, montait k 18,913,867 Ainsi en r^sumant ces trois articles : 1«> La dette fondee, de 518,483,152 2*" Les longues annuites, en ^valuant leur capital a vingt-cinq annees de leur charge an- nuelle 25,385,250 3° La dette non fondle, de U8,913,867 Le total general de la dette, non compris 543,103 liv, sterl. de courtes an- Uv. sterl. nuites, ^tait, au l^'' fevrier 1802, de . . ^ 562,782,269 de francs. ou a peu pr^s 13,506,774,466 Pour juger combien le capital de la dette* dont on veut detoumer les regards est, au contraire, fait pour exciter les ^ [The figure in Hansard is 19,309,912, and the total is therefore correspondingly larger than that given by Lasalle. A. C] ^ II y a plusieurs observations a faire sur le montant du capital de ladite dette de la Grande-Bretagne. 1° Les Anglais ont I'habitude de retrancher de cette dette 29,850,633 liv. sterl. qui sont au compte de I'lrlande et de I'empereur ; mais je n'ai pas cru devoir suivre leur exemple. La Grande-Bretagne est garante de ces deux emprunts, et elle est tenue d'en servir les interets, sauf k elle a porter dans son actif ce qui liu est possible d'en recouvrer; mais il parait, par les d6bats meme de la chambre des communes, que, I'an pass^, I'Autriche a fait ^prouver des retards a I'^chiquier. En cas d'une m^sintelligence ou rapture entre cette puissance et I'Angleterre, la pre- miere continuerait-elle a solder les arrerages d'un emprunt contracts pour soutenir une guerre oii elles etaient toutes deux parties ? et une des conditions du rapprochement qui surviendrait ne pourrait-elle pas etre que I'Angleterre demeurerait seule charge de la dette? II est encore, DES FINANCES DE L'ANGLETERRE 89 alarmes de la nation britannique, il faut le comparer k la valeur de toutes les proprietes foncieres de la Grande-Bre- tagne. Lorsqu'en 1798 M. Pitt fit adopter Vincome-tax, il pr^senta le calcul de tous les produits territoriaux et industriels de la Grande-Bretagne^, parmi lesquels le revenu des terres de I'Angleterre figure pour 25 millions ; mais jamais le produit de Vinconie-tax, qui devait rapporter 10 millions, n'a rempli les esperances donn^es par le ministre. D^s la premiere ann^e, son produit ne s'est pas eleve au-dela de 7 millions et demi, — et, I'an dernier, M. Addington annonga qu'il attein- drait avee peine 5 millions et demi. M. Beecles*, dans le temps, contredit les assertions du chancelier de I'echiquier, et porta a 20 millions seulement le revenu des proprietaires. J'adopterai cette evaluation comme s'accordant mieux que celle de M. Pitt avee le deficit de la taxe. Le revenu des terres de I'Ecosse pent etre consid^re comme montant au quart de celui des terres de I'Angleterre. sans doute, dans I'ordre des possibles que la Grande-Bretagne prenne pour son compte la dette irlandaise ; ce sacrifice sera peut-etre sugg^r^ au minist^re et au parlement comme un moyen de populariser en Irlande la reunion. 2° M. Addington, en 1801, il est vrai, n'a portd la dette publique qu'^ 400 millions ; mais d'abord il a omis dans ses calculs la dette flottante, qui 6tait alors un objet de pres de 28 millions. II a 6galement omis les annuites, sur le fondemeut qu'elles sont una charge temporaire. II a d^duit aussi, sur le capital de la dette, les prets faits k I'empereur et a I'Irlande. Enfin il a retranch^ du capital de la dette fondle depuis 1798 la partie de cette dette qui devait etre rembours^e avee Vincome-tax, et montait a 56 millions et demi. Si Ion r6tablit ces quatre articles, formant un objet de 138 millions sterlings, et qu'on leur ajoute I'emprunt de 25 millions de la derniere session, on trouve un total g^n^ral semblable k celui que j'ai pr^sent(^ ci-dessus. ' [Hansard, Pari. Hist., xxxiv., pp. 11 sqq. '^ H. Beeke, Observations on the produce of the Income Tax. A. C] 90 DES FINANCES DE l'ANGLETERRE En multipliant les 20 millions, montant de celui-ci, par 26, selon la niethode d' Arthur Young, et les 5 millions de celui d'Ecosse par 22, ainsi que I'a fait M. Beecles, la valeur de toutes les terres cultiv^es des deux royaumes se trouve Stre de 640 millions sterl. Si ensuite cette evaluation est rapproch^e des 562, mon- tant du capital de la dette, on trouve que le sol de toute la Grande-Bretagne presente un gage k peine suffisant a sea creanciers. Maintenant il faut chercher le rapport entre le revenu des terres et les arrerages de la dette. On vient de voir que ce revenu, en Angleterre et en Ecosse, monte a 25 millions. Or, au 5 Janvier 1802, selon M. Addington, I'interet de la dett€ publique fondee, frais d'administration et du sinking-fund, deduction liv. sterl. faite des int^rets payables par I'Irlande, etait de ^22,444,764 L'interet des effets publics crdds pendant la demi^re session, de 665,422 L'interet des billets de I'echiquier, de . . . 750,000 liv. sterl. Total .... "23,860,186 de francs, ou a peu pres 552,644,464 La difference entre le revenu de toutes les terres et des arrerages annuels n'est done h, I'avantage du revenu que d'^ peu pres un million sterling, ou 24 millions de francs. On est mene a un resultat bien Strange. Les Anglais vantent sans cesse la situation de leur agriculture ; et la presque totality du revenu de leur sol est employee k acquitter les arrerages de leur dette. L' Angleterre, regardee corame la terre de la liberte, n'est done, h, vrai dire, qu'une espece de glebe dans la mouvance des creanciers de I'etat, et cultivee k 1 [A mistake for 22,444,564, making the total only 23,859,986. A. C] DES FINANCES DE l'aNGLETERRE 91 leur profit; en aucun lieu peut-etre, et k aucune ^poque, un chieftain ou laird n'a demande k ses serfs une aussi grande part dans le produit de leurs champs : aux exactions de la tyrannie feodale a succede pour I'Angleterre le fleau de sa dette publique. Un avenir encore plus dur attend la Grande-Bretagne ; il lui est annonc^ par la rapidite de I'accroissement de sa dette : on ne saurait trop observer son effrayante progression pendant les six guerres qui ont eu lieu depuis son origine. A la fin de la guerre couimencee en 1688, liv. sterl. et terniinee en 1697 par le traite de Riswick, la dette etaitde ^ 21,515,742 A la fin de la guerre terminee en 1713 par la paix d' Utrecht, la dette s'eleva a .... 53,681,076 Pendant les dix-sept annees qui s'ecoulerent depuis 1723 jusqu'en 1739, la dette fut r^uite de 8,328,354 1. st. Ainsi, au commencement de la guerre de 1739, elle etait de H6,954,624 A la fin de cette guerre, terminee en 1748 par le traite d'Aix-la-Chapelle, la dette se trouva de '78,293,3ia Une nouvelle reduction eut encore lieu par suite de celle des interets et de I'emploi d'un fonds d'amortissement. A I'ouverture de la guerre conimencee en 1755, la dette (5tait de » 7 2, 289,6 73 A la fin de cette guerre, terminee en 1763 par le traitd de Paris, la dette fondee etait de 122,603,336 1. sterl.; mais la dette non fondle et les valeurs portees a compte dans cette annee et la suivante elevferent la dette, en 1764, k . . '146,816,182 J [Hamilton, Debt, p. 65. •* Hamilton gives £46,449,568. 3 Hamilton gives only 133,954,270. A. C] 92 DBS FINANCES DE l'ANGLETERRE Au commencement de la guerre de rAm^ri- Uv. aterl. que, en 1775, ladette ^taitde '129,146,322 Apres la cessation de cette guerre, terminee en 1783 par la paix de Versailles, celle non fondee ne cessa de s'accroitre jusqu'en 1786, ^poque k laquelle la dette ^tait de . . , . 238,231,248 Les aunuites longues et courtes et annuit^s k vie raontaient, k cette epoque, k 1,373,550 liv. sterl. Depuis 1786 jusqu'au commencement de 1793, il avait et^ rachet^ par les commissaires aux rachats de la dette pour 10,242,100 liv. sterl. d'effets publics, et il s'etait ^teint pour 79,880 liv. sterl. d'annuites. Au 5 Janvier 1793 la dette se trouva etre de ^227,989,148 Les annuit^s montant a 1,293,670 liv. sterl. Au P'' fevrier 1802 les commissaires aux rachats de la dette avaient rachet^ pour 39,885,308 liv. sterl. d'effets. II leur avait ete transporte pour 18,001,148 liv. st. d'effets publics pour le land-tax rachet^. II s'etait, en outre, ^teint pour 125,707 liv. sterl. d'annuites ; ce qui avait reduit I'ancienne dette k 180,344,792 liv. sterl. Les commissaires avaient encore rachete pour 20,490,003 liv. sterl. d'effets crees depuis le P"" fevrier 1793; et, malgr^ ces rachats et extinctions, au 1^^ fevrier 1802 la dette montait k . . '562,782,269 II suit de ce tableau que chacune des precedentes guerres a constamment augmente la dette de moitie ; mais que, 1 [In Hamilton 122,963,254. ^ Hamilton, p. 65. 2 Hamilton, p. 65, and Hansard, xxxvi., p. 903. A. C] DES FINANCES DE L'ANGLETERRE 93 pendant la dernifere, la progression a ^te plus forte, et que la dette s'est accrue des trois quarts. En supposant que, lors de la premiere guerre, les causes de cette augmentation agissent, comme elles I'ont fait depuis 1793 jusqu'en 1802, k la fin de cette guerre le capital de la dette devra §tre d'^ peu pres un milliard quatre cent millions sterling, ou de trente-quatre milliards de francs, portant un interet d'environ soixante millions sterling, ou diun milliard quatre cent quarante millions de francs. Je veux me livrer a toutes les hypotheses ; peut-etre pretendra-t-on que I'accroissement du revenu des terres et des profits du commerce mettra la Grande-Bretagne en etat de supporter un pareil fardeau. II est connu que, lorsque les financiers anglais sont presses sur I'augmentation de leur dette, ils argumentent de celle de la richesse nationale. Ceux qui ont etudie la marche des societes ont remarque que I'epoque oil leurs progres sont plus rapides est precis^- ment celle ou elles commencent a en faire. Ces progres se ralentissent ensuite ; la societe devient en quelque sorte stationnaire, jusqu'au moment oil elle se precipite dans un etat veritablement retrograde. Mais, sans tenir aucun compte de cette observation, je suppose que la Grande-Bretagne marche vers une augmentation de richesse du mdme pas qu'elle a marche pendant le dix-huitieme si^cle ; le pass4 peut faire conjecturer I'avenir. Gregory King, I'un des meilleurs arithmeticiens politiques qu'ait eus I'Angleterre, evalua, sous la reine Anne, le revenu des terres k 14 millions sterl. ; en 1776, Adam Smith le porta a 20 millions; et Ton a vu qu'en 1800, selon les calculs de M. Pitt, rectifies par ceux de M. Beecles, il devait ^tre estime a 25 millions. D'apres les tables de Whitworth, les exportations de I'Angleterre, en 1701, niontaient a 7,621,053 1. st. ; mais, orsqu'en 1798 la taxe sur les convois fut «5tablie, elle donna 94 DES FINANCES DE L'ANGLETERRE lieu k une evaluation plus exacte des marchandises export^es. Leur valeur, qu'on avait toujours suppose n'etre que de 30 pour 100 au-dessus des declarations faites aux douanes, fut portee k 70. II est evident que la difference devait etre encore plus grande au commencement du siecle. La raison en est bien simple ; la fraude avait plus d'attraits : beaucoup de marchandises exportees ^taient charg^es de droits exor- bitans. On sait que le ministre Walpole est le premier qui ait con9u I'idee de ne point mettre de taxes, a leur sortie, aux objets provenant des manufactures anglaises, pour faciliter leur debit chez I'^tranger. Ce n'est done pas s'^loigner de la verite, que d'avancer que les tables de Whitworth n'ont indique que la moitie de la valeur des marchandises exportees en 1701, et on ne risque rien de la porter ici liv. sterl. pour une somme de 16,000,000 En 1801, d'aprfes la rectification due k la taxe des convois, et le prix des assurances, I'ex- portation des marchandises manufacturees dans la Grande-Bretagne a ete d'un peu moins de . ^42,000,000 Qu'on se rappelle qu'a la fin de la guerre terminee en 1698, le capital de la dette montait a 21,000,000 Ainsi, dans le cours d'un siecle, le revenu des terres de la Grande-Bretagne n'a pas tout a fait augment^ de moiti^ ; ses exportations ont k peu prfes triple, et le capital de la dette publique est devenu vingt-huit fois plus considerable. Oil done est cette correlation tant annoncee entre la richesse nationale et I'augmentation de la dette ? Ce serait un acte de demence sans doute, que d'avancer qu'au bout de dix ans, dur^e commune d'une guerre, I'Angleterre, dej^ chargee envers ses creanciers de 555 millions d'arrerages, pourra prendre encore, sur ses revenus territoriaux et les 1 [Pari. Hist., xxxvi., p. 908. A. C] DES FINANCES DE L'ANGLETERRE 95 profits de son commerce, un autre milliard et plus pour les interets de sa nouvelle dette. Mais ce qui doit arriver est facile k prevoir. Apr^s avoir mis en usage toutes les inven- tions de la plus apre fiscalite et tous les subterfuges d'une mauvaise foi deguisee, le ministere sera oblige d'avouer sa d^tresse, et de manquer publiqueraent k ses engagemens. Anglais, la seule idde d'une banqueroute vous revolte ; un moment, et vous allez voir que cette banqueroute est dejil commencee. CHAPITRE II Eocamen du Systeme financier de V Angleterre. — Sea vices. — Ahus que les Anglais ont fait du Credit public. — Exces des Taxes sur les Objets de consommation. — Rencherisse- ment prodigieux des Denrees en Angleterre. — Situation de la Banque. — Rapport entre les Charges puhliques et la Richesse nationale. — Moyens pris pour eteindre la Dette. Deja de grandes puissances ont ete accablees du poids de leurs dettes, et plusieurs ont recouru au triste expedient d'une banqueroute ouverte ou deguisee; mais nulle part la dette n'a absorb^ une portion aussi considerable de la fortune publique qu'elle le fait en Angleterre, et les Anglais le doivent sur-tout aux vices de leur systeme financier. Les depenses d'un etat se divisent en depenses ordinaires et extraordinaires. Dans les premieres se trouve oompris tout ce que coute le gouvernement civil, radministration interieure, celle de la justice, et le maintien des forces de terre et de mer jugfes necessaires pendant la paix. Les depenses extraordinaires ne se composent gu^re que de celles de la guerre. C'est pour me servir d'une expression consacr^e par I'usage, que je donne le nom d'extraordinaire a ce genre de depenses. L'etat de guerre est devenu presque habituel pour I'Europe, par la frequence de ses retours ; et Ton doit compter que, sur un siecle, il y a k peu prfes cinquante annees de guerre ^ ^ Depuis la revolution en 1688, jusqu'en 1702, c'est-A-dire pendant I'espace de cent quatorze ans, 1' Angleterre a eu cinquante-cinq annees de guerre. DES FINANCES DE L'ANGLETERRE 97 Commun^ment un etat satisfait k ses d^penses ordinaires avec des taxes ; quelquefois il ajoute a celles-ci le revenu des domaines, qui sont sa propriete ou celle de son chef. L'Angle- terre est peut-etre la seule puissance en Europe obligee de recourir, en temps de paix, k des emprunts; et c'est d^ja un prejuge defavorable contre son systeme financier. II ne se presente que trois moyens, k I'aide desquels un etat puisse couvrir ses ddpenses extraordinaires ; leur emploi depend de sa situation politique, et peut-etre encore du caractere de ceux qui sont a la tete de son gouvernement. Le premier est une augmentation de taxes, connue, dans la plupart des etats, sous le nom d'imp6t ou de taxe de guerre ; mais les depenses extraordinaires sont commun^ment trop multipliees, pour qu'une taxe de cette nature ne porte que sur les revenus deja absorbes en grande partie par les inipots habituels. La taxe extraordinaire atteint done les capitaux ; alors cesse une grande partie du travail qu'ils mettaient en mouvement, et une portion considerable de la nation tombe dans la misei'e. Au poids de la taxe, il faut encore ajouter la rigueur que le fisc est contraint d'employer dans sa per- ception. D'ailleurs, la rentree d'une taxe exige au moins I'espace d'une annee, tandis que la plupart des depenses necessaires pour une campagne doivent etre faites avant son ouverture ; aussi presque tous les gouvernemens, ou ne se servent point de la taxe de guerre, ou ne I'emploient que comme un moyen subsidiaire.
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dumas-03761615-Medecine_ThEx_GALLIEN_Yves_DUMAS.txt_1
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Impact des opioïdes dans les urgences françaises de 2010 à 2018 : l'utilisation du système de surveillance OSCOUR. Médecine humaine et pathologie. 2022. ⟨dumas-03761615⟩
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a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privé
Par Yves GALLIEN IMPACT DES OPIOÏDES DANS LES URGENCES FRANÇAISES DE 2010 A 2018 : L’UTILISATION DU SYSTEME DE SURVEILLANCE OSCOUR Dirigée par M.
le Docteur Yann LE STRAT JURY M. le Professeur Loïc Josser
an Président M. le Docteur Yann Le Strat Directeur M. le Professeur Nicolas Authier Membre du jury M. le Docteur Gilles Viudes Membre du jury M. le Docteur Youri Yordanov Membre du jury A
VERTISSEMENT
Cette thèse d’exercice est le fruit d’un travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et réalisé dans le but d’obtenir le diplôme d’Etat docteur en médecine. Ce document est mis à disposition de l’ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l’auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D’autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt toute poursuite pénale. Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. Articles L 122.4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. Articles L 335.2 ‐ L 335.10 Remerciements
À M. le Professeur Loïc Josseran, d’avoir accepté de présider le Jury et de juger mon travail. Merci pour votre engagement dans notre formation d’interne de santé publique en tant que coordonnateur, nous permettant l’accès à des expériences riches et variées. Merci d’avoir construit le système OSCOUR, outil unique de par son historique et ses possibilités d’exploitation, presque infinies. À M. le Professeur Nicolas Authier, à M. le Docteur Youri Yordanov, à M. le Docteur Gilles Viudes, pour avoir accepté de juger de ce travail et du compagnonnage dont vous faites preuve. Vos expertises respectives et vos regards croisés sur ce sujet. À M. Le Docteur Yann Le Strat, précieux directeur de thèse, merci de m’avoir donné l’opportunité de travailler sur ce sujet, d’avoir accepté de m’encadrer à partir du moment où j’ai franchi les portes de Santé publique France et d’avoir continué après pour ce travail. J’espère avoir la chance de travailler à nouveau ensemble au cours de ma carrière. À toutes les personnes rencontrées lors de l’internat, leur partage d’expérience et leur bonne humeur lors des 6 mois partagés, m’ayant permis de grandir à leur côtés dans leur bienveillance. Merci aux Professeurs Sylvie Chevret et Matthieu Resche‐Rigon pour m’avoir transmis leur rigueur et la passion des statistiques et à l’ensemble du SBIM. Un sentiment très fort pour l’équipe du CCS, aux chefs, Ami, Bernadette (et ses filles Elisa et Lucile), Caroline, Clément, pour cette immersion pendant cette période inédite. Remerciements aux équipes de Santé publique France, sans qui cette thèse n’aurait pas eu lieu, Céline, Marie‐Michèle, l’ensemble de la DATA et ceux m’ayant accueilli plus récemment, Arnaud, Nelly et toute la Cellule Régionale. À mes très chers amis, pour leur support, leurs échanges qui m’ont fait grandir, pour les moments heureux mais aussi difficiles. Aux copains d’Ophiucus, Hugo, Guillaume, Vincent, Antoine pour tous ces bons souvenirs, cette ambiance de travail et de partage, à tous ces moments de détente, passés et futurs. À Aliénor, team survie, au combat contre le vertige malgré un coaching intensif, qui m’aura aussi permis de faire ces belles rencontres autour du galopin de veau, Inès, Sander, Mehdi. À tous ceux rencontrés à Bichat, au Tutorat ou aux Caves, à commencer par la toujours parisienne Camille et nos soirées de dernière minute, et tous les maintenant expatriés, ceux de Lyon et leurs soirées mémorables (Antoine et nos expéditions extrêmes, Rémi et son cerf‐volant), ceux de Nantes ou de Vendée pour leur accueil, Juliette, Léa, Lorraine, de Lille, les beaux mariés Julien et Nour, au pilote de rallye Jérôme, Krystel, et les heureux parents de Montpellier, Guillaume et Juliette, Lionel à jamais notre président. À Laure pour nos années passées à la Jonquière, nos sorties à Fontainebleau Aux Internes de Santé Publique, communauté petite mais soudée. Pauline, mentor de stage, joueuse invétérée (vive Hanabi), future associée de MedVis, dont les conseils sont d’une valeur incommensurable. À Laura et nos discussions pendant les marches tardives, Guillaume (beepr::beep(5)), Louise, Daphnis, Hélène, pour les moments partagés. Enfin, un immense merci à toute ma famille sur qui j’ai toujours pu m’appuyer, une pensée particulière à nos anciens Yves, Yvonne, Pierre et Françoise. À tous les Gallien partout en France et les Huguenin. À Julia, la meilleure petite sœur qui n’oublie pas d’où on vient et où on va. A Gaël et Béatrice, vous êtes des parents formidables, merci de m’avoir soutenu et cru en moi durant toutes mes études, en espérant que ce travail vous fera honneur.
Résumé :
La consommation d'opioïdes en France est restée stable au cours des 15 dernières années, avec des disparités d’évolution selon les molécules. Cependant, peu de données sont disponibles sur l’utilisation du s de santé par les patients utilisant des opioïdes. Les données des services d'urgence n'ont jamais été utilisées comme source pour étudier l’impact des opioïdes en France. Nous avons utilisé le réseau de surveillance national OSCOUR, collectant les données quotidiennes des urgences de 93% des passages dans les urgences françaises, pour sélectionner et décrire les visites et les hospitalisations après une visite aux urgences liée aux opioïdes entre 2010 et 2018 en utilisant les codes de la Classification internationale des maladies, version 10 (CIM‐10). Nous avons décrit la population d'intérêt et utilisé des régressions binomiales négatives pour identifier les facteurs significativement associés à l’utilisation d’opioïdes tels que le sexe, l'âge, la région administrative, l'année d'admission et les codes CIM10. Nous avons également analysé les diagnostics associés. Nous avons enregistré 34 362 visites liées aux opioïdes sur 97 892 863 visites aux urgences (36,1/100 000 visites). Celles liées aux opioïdes ont diminué de 39,2/100 000 visites en 2010 à 32,9/100 000 visites en 2018, ce qui entraîne une diminution annuelle moyenne de 2,1 % (IC95%[1,5 %‐2,7 %]) après analyse multivariée. Nous avons enregistré 15 966 hospitalisations liées aux opioïdes sur 20 359 574 hospitalisations après des visites aux urgences (78,4/100 000 hospitalisations) avec une augmentation de 74,0/100 000 hospitalisations en 2010 à 81,4/100 000 hospitalisations en 2018. L'analyse des diagnostics associés permet de distinguer plusieurs populations d’intérêt. Alors que la proportion de passages liés aux opioïdes a diminué au cours de la période considérée, la proportion d'hospitalisations a augmenté. La surveillance des passages aux urgences liés aux opioïdes est utile pour suivre des tendances et détecter rapidement des changements dans le temps. Spécialité
: Santé publique Mots clés français : fMeSH : Service hospitalier d'urgences, Surveillance de la population, Analgésiques morphiniques, Épidémiologie ou : fMeSH : Dissertation universitaire Ram : Thèses et écrits académiques
Abstract : Opioid consumption in France has remained stable over the last 15 years, with disparities in evolution according to the molecules. However, few data are available on healthcare system’s use by patients using opioids. Emergency department data has never been used as a source to study the impact of opioids in France. We used the national surveillance network OSCOUR, collecting daily ED data from 93% of French ED visits, to select and describe visits and hospitalizations after an opioid‐related ED visit between 2010 and 2018 using International Classification of Diseases, version 10 (ICD‐10) codes. We described the population of interest and used negative binomial regressions to identify factors significantly associated with opioid use such as gender, age, administrative region, admission year, and ICD10 codes. We also analyzed associated diagnoses. We recorded 34 362 opioid‐related visits out of 97 892 863 ED visits (36.1/100 000 visits). Opioid‐related visits decreased from 39.2/100,000 visits in 2010 to 32.9/100,000 visits in 2018, resulting in an average annual decrease of 2.1% (CI95%[1.5%‐2.7%]) after multivariate analysis. We recorded 15,966 opioid‐ related hospitalizations out of 20,359,574 hospitalizations after emergency department visits (78.4/100,000 hospitalizations) with an increase from 74.0/100,000 hospitalizations in 2010 to 81.4/100,000 hospitalizations in 2018. Analysis of associated diagnoses distinguishes several populations of interest. While the proportion of opioid‐related encounters decreased over the period of interest, the proportion of hospitalizations increased. Surveillance of opioid‐related emergency department (ED) encounters is useful in tracking trends and for early detection of changes over time. : MeSH : Academic Dissertation Liste des abréviations
CAARUD : Centre d’Accueil et d’Accompagnement à la Réduction des risques pour les Usagers de Drogues CSAPA : Centre de Soin, d’Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie CDC : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CIM‐10 : Classification Internationale des Maladies / ICD10 : International Classification of Diseases DP : Diagnostic Principal / PD : Primary Diagnosis DS : Diagnostic Secondaire / SD : Secondary Diagnosis DSM‐V : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux, et des troubles psychiatriques FEDORU : Fédération des Observatoires régionaux des urgences IOA : Infirmier Organisant l’Accueil MILDECA : Mission interministérielle de lutte contre les drogues et les conduites addictives MSO : Médicament de Substitution aux Opioïdes OFDT : Observatoire Français des Drogues et des Toxicomanies OSCOUR : Organisation de la Surveillance COordonnée des URgences SAU : Service d’Accueil des Urgences / ED : Emergency Department TUO : Trouble de l’Usage des Opioïdes / OUD : Opioid use disorder Table des matières
REMERCIEMENTS.......................................................................................................................................... 4 LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS.............................................................................................................................. 8 TABLE DES MATIERES.................................................................................................................................... 9 1. PRESENTATION DU SUJET....................................................................................................................10 1.1 LA SURVEILLANCE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE.................................................................................................................................. 10 1.1.1 Historique et caractéristiques des systèmes de surveillance................................................................................. 10 1.1.2 La surveillance syndromique................................................................................................................................. 13 1.1.3 Le Rés
eau OSCOUR................................................................................................................................................ 15
1.2 1.2.1 Historique et classification.................................................................................................................................... 18 1.2.2 Effets indésirables et troubles de l’usage des opioïdes......................................................................................... 20 1.2.3 Crise des opioïdes aux Etats‐Unis.......................................................................................................................... 22 1.2.4 Consommation des opioïdes en Europe................................................................................................................ 24 1.2.5 Consommation et Impact des opioïdes en France................................................................................................. 26 1.3 2. 3. LES OPIOÏDES................................................................................................................................................................. 18 OBJECTIF ET METHODES.................................................................................................................................................. 29
1.3.1 Objectif du travail.................................................................................................................................................. 29 1.3.2 Identification des passages................................................................................................................................... 29 1.3.3 Description............................................................................................................................................................ 30 1.3.4 Analyse des facteurs associés................................................................................................................................ 30 1.3.5 Analyse exploratoire.............................................................................................................................................. 31 ARTICLE CHO
ISI
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RESULTATS ET PERSPECTIVES...............................................................................................................40
3.1 RESULTATS DE L’ETUDE.................................................................................................................................................... 40 3.1.1 Principaux résultats et interprétation................................................................................................................... 40 3.1.2 Forces et limites..................................................................................................................................................... 42 3.2 PERSPECTIVES................................................................................................................................................................ 44 3.2.1 Poursuivre l’exploitation des bases de données médico‐administratives............................................................. 44 3.2.2 Poursuivre la surveillance des opioïdes................................................................................................................. 45 3.2.3 Place des opioïdes.................................................................................................................................................
46 4. CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................48 BIBLIOGRAPHIE............................................................................................................................................49
TABLE DES FIGURES.....................................................................
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TABLE DES TABLEAUX.................................................................
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1. Présentation du sujet 1.1 La surveillance épidémiologique 1.1.1 Historique et caractéristiques des systèmes de surveillance
Alexander Langmuir (1910‐1993), épidémiologiste américain, directeur de la branche d’épidémiologie des centres pour le contrôle et la prévention des maladies (CDC) aux Etats‐Unis, a défini la surveillance épidémiologique comme «un processus systématique de collecte, d'analyse et d'interprétation de données concernant des événements de santé spécifiques importants pour la planification, la mise en œuvre et l'évaluation des pratiques de santé publique, étroitement associée à leur juste diffusion à ceux qui ont besoin d'être informés » (1). Cette définition permet d’identifier historiquement le premier système de surveillance mis en place par John Graunt en 1642 et utilisé lors des épidémies de peste bubonique à Londres. Ce système de surveillance posait les bases des méthodes de surveillance actuelles, à savoir la collecte de données, l’analyse statistique, son interprétation et la diffusion de l’information pour guider l’action (2). En effet, suite à la collecte des données de mortalité et de leurs causes, un bulletin hebdomadaire et son analyse était transmis aux autorités afin de suivre l’épidémie et de prendre les décisions adéquates. La surveillance épidémiologique s’est, par la suite, développée par des avancées, telles que la déclaration obligatoire de maladies contagieuses par les gérants de tavernes dans la colonie de Rhode Island (1741) ou l’introduction de registres systématiques des causes de décès en Angleterre par William Farr (1837) (3). Le XXème siècle a vu l’essor de la surveillance, à travers la mise en place des premiers registres spécifiques de cancers au Danemark (1943), la création d’un département de surveillance à l’OMS (1965) ou de systèmes sentinelles en médecine de ville aux Etats‐Unis (1966). Dans les années 80, des systèmes de surveillance électronique ont émergé, permettant une transmission rapide et automatisée des données. Un des exemples français est le Réseau Sentinelles (4) créé en 1984. Il permet encore aujourd’hui de surveiller une dizaine de maladies via un réseau de médecins généralistes et pédiatres libéraux. La démocratisation du numérique, des capacités de calculs et du traitement des données de grande dimension permet aujourd’hui d’intégrer de nouvelles sources à la surveillance. Les bases de données médico‐administratives, telles que celles constituant le Système National des Données de Santé (SNDS) (5), portent la promesse d’une surveillance exhaustive de l’état de santé de la population. Ce dernier système inclut l’ensemble des données de remboursement des médicaments, de consultations en ville, d’hospitalisations et de mortalité, en permettant un croisement entre les différentes informations au niveau du patient. Historiquement, les systèmes de surveillance se sont intéressés aux maladies infectieuses dans le but de limiter leur transmission. Progressivement, les thématiques surveillées se sont diversifiées, telles que la pharmacovigilance, la surveillance des expositions environnementales (eau, air, sols), l’évaluation du fardeau des maladies chroniques ou ’analyse d’impact de situations de crise (accidents nucléaires/industriels, inondations, canicules). Dans le monde, la surveillance épidémiologique est principalement portée par les agences nationales de santé publique sous la responsabilité des ministères chargés de la santé, dans le but de protéger les populations et améliorer leur état de santé. Ces agences ont pour mission d’être réactives pour guider la décision publique, qui s’inscrit dans un temps différent des autres champs de la santé publique. Les données produites peuvent être utilisées à d’autres fins que la surveillance et l’alerte, notamment pour la recherche épidémiologique. Ces systèmes peuvent ainsi servir selon des pas de temps d’étude différents en fonction des événements étudiés. Un système de notification d’une suspicion de maladie infectieuse à signalement nécessitera, par exemple, une réactivité très forte tandis que l’étude de l’évolution au cours du temps de la consommation d’un médicament nécessitera un recul de plusieurs mois ou années. Les sources de données des systèmes de surveillance sont variées et contribuent au faisceau d’informations caractérisant un système multi‐sources. Nous pouvons citer comme données utiles à la surveillance épidémiologique : ‐ Les données épidémiologiques (morbidité, expositions) et socio‐démographiques issues de notifications (obligatoires ou non) de cas, d’investigations, de cohortes, de registres, de réseaux sentinelles ; ‐ Données biologiques : résultats de tests de laboratoires de ville ou spécialisés (hôpitaux, centres nationaux de référence), séquençages virologiques, etc. ; ‐ Données issues de bases médico‐administratives : consommations de médicaments, diagnostics d’hospitalisation ou de médecine de ville, décès ; ‐ Données spécifiques : articles de presses, réseaux sociaux Chaque source possède ses caractéristiques, ses enjeux et ses limites propres. L’interprétation d’un système multi‐sources permet d’offrir au décideur l’information la plus complète, en prenant en compte les limites de chaque système. Les systèmes multi‐sources permettent en effet une complémentarité, en étudiant une population, constituée de sous‐populations, qui peuvent être couvertes par ces différentes sources. Cette complémentarité permet d’obtenir une vision globale des différents impacts sur des sous‐ groupes ayant des caractéristiques et des risques différents. Cette synergie entre les différents modes de recueils peut cependant être mise à mal en cas de discordance de signaux et doit faire l’objet de précautions d’interprétation dans ce cas. L’importance d’un système multi‐sources a été une fois de plus démontrée lors de la pandémie de Covid‐19, des systèmes de recueils existants s’étant adaptés et de nouveaux systèmes créés spécifiquement pour donner une vision globale de la dynamique démique, malgré l’absence de couverture sur certains aspects à encore améliorer (mortalité à domicile par exemple). Des méthodes d’analyses spécifiques permettent une interprétation des données, leur contextualisation par les épidémiologistes et la production d’informations éclairant la décision. L’utilité d’un système de surveillance se base donc sur l’utilisation des données interprétées auprès des décideurs. Ces informations constituent la base de la gestion des alertes sanitaires lors d’un événement de santé. De plus, la rétro‐information aux acteurs et producteurs de données est essentielle. Un système de surveillance est un réseau de professionnels et de structures animé par l’organisme qui maintient et exploite les données produites. Il est nécessaire de diffuser des bulletins d’information et de réunir fréquemment tous les acteurs. Enfin, il est nécessaire de conduire régulièrement des évaluations des systèmes existants, basés sur des critères quantitatifs de performance (exhaustivité, sensibilité, spécificité, réactivité, coût) et des critères qualitatifs (facilité d’utilisation, utilité, rétro‐information). Les évaluations permettent de détecter une possible baisse de performances d’un système ou des changements de pratiques de codages par exemple. Les conclusions de ces évaluations autorisent des modifications du système évalué et peuvent faire émerger des besoins non couverts par le système, posant l’extension ou la création d’un système de surveillance. 1.1.2 La surveillance syndromique
Le projet Triple‐S (6) définit la surveillance syndromique comme une surveillance populationnelle. Toutes les étapes (collecte, analyse, interprétation, diffusion) se font en temps réel ou proche du temps réel, d’où également l’utilisation de l’expression de « surveillance réactive » dans la suite de ce mémoire. Le dispositif se base sur la collecte de données existantes et sans sélection a priori. Les types de données collectées sont multiples ; Il peut s'agir de signes cliniques, de diagnostics ou encore de proxy de l'état de santé constituant un diagnostic prévisionnel ou syndrome (diagnostic clinique non confirmé, absentéisme, ventes de médicaments,...). La surveillance syndromique a pour principal intérêt l’évaluation des phénomènes de santé, 1/ à court terme pour la détection d’un événement nouveau ou l’alerte précoce d’un phénomène récurrent (par exemple épidémies de grippe), 2/ à moyen terme pour évaluer l’impact d’une menace de santé publique ou en démontrant l’absence d’impact d’une menace connue, 3/ à long terme pour la description de l’état de santé des populations et l’impact des grands événements de santé au cours du temps. Elle est complémentaire aux systèmes de surveillance classiques, basés sur des notifications de cas par exemple, construits dans un but premier d’alerte. Chaque observation (consultation, passage aux urgences, hospitalisation, décès) est codée selon un thésaurus (répertoire structuré de termes pour le classement d’information). Ces diagnostics codés sont par la suite regroupés, constituant ainsi des regroupements syndromiques. Ces regroupements syndromiques peuvent soit être très spécifiques d’une pathologie (exemple la « Fièvre Hémorragique Virale »), regrouper un ensemble de diagnostics (par exemple « Allergies ») soit correspondre plus largement à un regroupement d’événements de santé (« Traumatismes », « Vague de chaleur ») en fonction de l’objectif de surveillance. Ces regroupements syndromiques sont construits par les organismes de surveillance en charge des systèmes, qui définissent les codes constituant chaque regroupement. Ce dernier doit être construit à partir de codes lui conférant des valeurs de sensibilité et de spécificité élevées afin de caractériser au mieux un phénomène que l’on souhaite surveiller. La Classification Internationale des Maladies (CIM) est une classification des pathologies construites par l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS). Dans sa version 10 (7), publiée en 1994 et révisée en 2019, elle est le thésaurus le plus utilisé dans le monde permettant des comparaisons internationales. Sa classification est hiérarchique, découpée en un premier niveau par grands appareils, en 22 chapitres (« F » : Troubles mentaux et du comportement ; « A » : Cancers ;...). Chaque chapitre est ensuite découpé en pathologies de second niveau (« F10 » : Troubles du comportement lié à l’alcool) auxquelles il est possible d’ajouter des précisions (« F103 » : Syndrome de sevrage lié à l’alcool). Un exemple est donné en Figure 1. Figure 1 : Décomposition en catégorie et détails d’un code CIM‐10 concernant l’utilisation d’opioïdes
Un des atouts majeurs de la surveillance syndromique est sa flexibilité. En effet, une fois le système de collecte mis en place, il est aisé de créer un nouveau regroupement afin de suivre une nouvelle pathologie. D’une part, la collecte en temps réel permet une réactivité importante vis‐à‐vis d’une émergence ou d’un événement ponctuel. D’autre part, le coût d’implémentation d’une surveillance syndromique est généralement assez faible comparé à une surveillance spécifique puisque les données sont déjà recueillies. Néanmoins, il est nécessaire de disposer spécifiquement d’une infrastructure technique, de compétences associées et de compétences en traitements et analyses de l’information afin d’assurer la production en routine d’indicateurs et de bilans épidémiologiques. Une des limites de la surveillance syndromique est sa capacité à détecter des phénomènes émergents.
1.1.3 Le Réseau OSCOUR
Le réseau OSCOUR (Organisation de la Surveillance COordonnée des Urgences) a été créé suite à la canicule d’août 2003 ayant causé 15 000 décès en excès sur une période de 3 semaines. A cette époque, aucune source d’information réactive n’était disponible et l’alerte a émergé des praticiens urgentistes. La prise de conscience d’un besoin de surveillance en temps proche du réel a abouti à la création d’OSCOUR en 2004 par l’Institut de Veille Sanitaire (devenu Santé publique France en 2016). Aujourd’hui, plus de 670 services d’urgences transmettent quotidiennement les données anonymisées des passages de patients aux urgences, à partir d’un système d’information de remontée de données individuelles. Cette remontée est obligatoire (8), fonctionnant tout le de l’année avec des périodes de surveillance particulière. Il s’appuie sur les données démographiques et cliniques (diagnostics) des services d’urgence pour l’ensemble de la France, y compris des DOM‐TOM. Les variables recueillies sont détaillées dans le Tableau 1. Il est à noter qu’un patient ne dispose pas d’un identifiant unique lors de son passage, rendant impossible l’identification de passages multiples liés à un même patient.
Tableau 1 : Liste des variables recueillies dans OSCOUR (Résumé de passage aux urgences) Catégorie Données administratives d’entrée Données démographiques Données cliniques Variable Exemple Identifiant de l’établissement (N° FINESS Géo) 770000446 Date et heure d’entrée 10/01/2018 11:25 Provenance SMUR Mode de transport MED Date de naissance 07/05/1953 Sexe M Code postal de résidence 92700 Motif de recours aux urgences « Alcoolisation aiguë » Gravité (CCMU) 4 Diagnostic principal F10 Diagnostics associés F11 Actes réalisés aux urgences (CCAM) DEQP003 Date et heure de sortie 10/01/2018 18:43 Données administratives de sortie Mode de sortie HOSPI Destination REA
En 2019, l’exhaustivité du réseau était estimée à 93% des passages. La population couverte est la population générale fréquentant les urgences. Les regroupements syndromiques sont définis par une liste de codes CIM‐10 propre à chaque regroupement. Les passages correspondent à des cas confirmés, probables ou possibles pour chaque regroupement. Aucune donnée supplémentaire de suivi n’est recueillie et il n’y a pas la possibilité de regrouper des cas entre eux s’ils appartiennent à un regroupement de cas d’une maladie infectieuse. Enfin, aucune donnée d’examen complémentaire ou d’actes médicaux n’est récoltée. Santé publique France a construit 93 regroupements syndromiques à partir d’OSCOUR, dont une partie surveillée en routine. Des bulletins de surveillance hebdomadaires sont produits et sont disponibles en accès libre. Ils comportent les principales évolutions des indicateurs suivis. De plus, des bulletins spécifiques en fonction des pathologies saisonnières (grippe, bronchiolite, chaleur) sont diffusés pendant les périodes d’intérêt. Le système permet aussi le suivi d’épidémies spécifiques (Covid‐19) ou d’activité globale des services d’urgences (nombre de passages). En cas d’événement spécifique, un suivi particulier peut être réalisé à une fréquence quotidienne (grands rassemblements, attentats). Le système étant quasi‐exhaustif et robuste, il permet de suivre les tendances d’évolution et de constituer des séries temporelles utiles pour la recherche épidémiologique pour des regroupements syndromiques voire des pathologies en dehors des regroupements existants. Grâce à la couverture du système, il est possible de réaliser des analyses en sous‐groupes, que ce soit par classe d’âge, par sexe, par service d’urgence ou par motifs de recours. Les caractéristiques de ce système permettent de réaliser des études épidémiologiques lorsque les pathologies sont définies dans la CIM‐10, ce qui est le cas pour les opioïdes.
1.2 Les opioïdes 1.2.1 Historique et classification
Les opioïdes constituent une famille de substances psychotropes regroupant les molécules qui agissent sur les récepteurs opiacés, modulant la réponse à la douleur, le stress ou le contrôle des émotions. Ils sont ainsi utilisés en médecine en tant qu’analgésiques, que ce soit dans la douleur aiguë, la douleur chronique, ou lors d’anesthésies, mais aussi dans un contexte hors médical pour des effets euphorisants. molécules peuvent induire une dépendance physique, une tolérance à long terme, un risque de surdose mortelle par dépression respiratoire. Les opioïdes peuvent se distinguer selon qu’ils soient naturels (on parlera alors d’opiacés), ou des molécules de synthèse. Les opiacés sont des dérivés de l’opium présents naturellement dans le pavot somnifère. Les effets euphoriques et hypnotiques de l’opium étaient connus chez les Sumériens en 3000 av. J.‐C. et l’ensemble des civilisations au cours des âges en ont fait leur utilisation, tels que les Grecs antiques (« Opion »), en Inde dès le IXème siècle, au Moyen‐Âge (« Laudanum ») ou lors des guerres de l’opium entre la Chine et les Britanniques (1839‐1860). Son usage a été réglementé à partir de 1912 par la Convention Internationale sur l’Opium et la Convention unique sur les stupéfiants de 1961. On retrouve dans les opiacés des molécules tels que la morphine, isolée de l’opium pour la première fois en 1804 et qui débuta l’ère moderne de l’invention des médicaments, ou la codéine, découverte en 1832. Les molécules semi‐synthétiques ou de synthèses se développent au cours du 20ème siècle avec une volonté de réduire les effets de dépendance observés. Parmi ces molécules, nous retrouvons l’héroïne (1874), l’oxymorphone (1914), l’oxycodone (1916), l’hydrocodone (1920), l’hydromorphone (1924), le fentanyl (1959) ou encore le tramadol (1963). Aujourd’hui, plus de 150 opioïdes différents sont connus. Cependant, tous les opioïdes n’ont pas la même puissance d’effet. L’échelle de classification la plus utilisée est « l’équivalent morphine orale », permettant de comparer la dose nécessaire d’un opioïde pour obtenir un effet analgésique équivalent à un 1 mg de morphine orale. De plus, il est possible de distinguer les « opioïdes faibles » et « opioïdes forts » et d’inclure les traitements de substitution opioïdes (TSO) que sont la buprénorphine et la méthadone (9) et l’antidote des opioïdes, la naloxone. Le tableau ci‐dessous résume les caractéristiques des principales molécules utilisées en clinique. Tableau 2 :
Principales molécules opioïdes, mode de synthèse et équianalgésie morphine Equivalent Type d’opioïde Nom de la molécule Synthèse Morphine PO Poudre d’opium Naturel 1/10 Codéine Naturel 1/6 Tramadol Synthétique 1/5 Dihydrocodéine Semi‐synthétique 1/3 Opioïdes faibles Chlorhydrate et sulfate de morphine Naturel 1 Oxycodone Semi‐synthétique 2 Hydromorphone Semi‐synthétique 8 Fentanyl Synthétique Produit illicite Diamorphine (Héroïne) Semi‐synthétique Traitement de Méthadone Synthétique 7,5 Buprénorphine haut dosage (BHD) Semi‐synthétique 40 Opioïdes forts substitution des opioïdes Antagoniste 150 4 Naloxone
En France, tous les opioïdes nécessitent une prescription médicale (10). Certaines molécules ne nécessitent qu’une ordonnance (Codéine, Dihydrocodéine, Tramadol voie orale) mais la plupart des opioïdes appartiennent à la réglementation des stupéfiants et nécessitent une ordonnance sécurisée (morphine, hydromorphone, oxycodone, fentanyl, buprénorphine, méthadone). De plus, la durée maximale de prescription, la délivrance fractionnée et le renouvellement de l’ordonnance sont encadrés par la réglementation afin de limiter les usages détournés (ordonnances falsifiées, revente).
1.2.2 Effets indésirables et troubles de l’usage des opioïdes
Les opioïdes comportent des effets indésirables communs à toutes les molécules de cette famille : constipations, nausées et vomissements, somnolences, céphalées et vertiges, sécheresses buccales et prurit. Certains médicaments ont aussi des effets indésirables spécifiques, tel que l’abaissement du seuil épileptogène pour le tramadol. Lorsque la voie intraveineuse est utilisée (héroïne), des complications locales des points d’injections (abcès, lymphangite) et des mplications infectieuses (endocardite, candidose, hépatites B et C, VIH) peuvent survenir. Un effet indésirable grave est la dépression respiratoire, signe principal du surdosage en opioïde. Dans ce cas, il est nécessaire d’administrer de la naloxone afin d’antagoniser les opioïdes. Le ralentissement de la fréquence respiratoire peut mener au décès, signant la surdose mortelle (overdose). Les nouveaux‐nés dont la mère est consommatrice d’opioïdes peuvent présenter un syndrome de sevrage néonatal, correspondant à des troubles digestifs, neurologiques et respiratoires dans les 24 à 48h après la naissance. Ces molécules induisent aussi une tolérance, nécessitant une augmentation des doses pour maintenir l’effet thérapeutique. Une dépendance physique et psychique peut alors se mettre en place, ce qui détermine le trouble de l’usage des opioïdes. Selon le « Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Disorders » (DSM‐V), le trouble de l’usage des opioïdes correspond à un mode d’utilisation inadapté d’opioïdes conduisant à une altération du fonctionnement ou à une souffrance, cliniquement significative, caractérisé par la présence d’au moins deux des manifestations suivantes, à un moment quelconque d’une période continue de douze mois : 1. Les opioïdes sont souvent pris en quantité plus importante ou pendant une période plus prolongée que prévu. 2. Il existe un désir persistant ou des efforts infructueux, pour diminuer ou contrôler l’utilisation d’opioïdes. 3. Beaucoup de temps est passé à des activités nécessaires pour obtenir des opioïdes, utiliser des opioïdes ou récupérer de leurs effets. 4. Envie intense de consommer des opioïdes (craving) 5. Utilisation répétée d’opioïdes conduisant à l’incapacité de remplir des obligations majeures, au travail, à l’école ou à la maison. 6. Utilisation d’opioïdes malgré des problèmes interpersonnels ou sociaux, persistants ou récurrents, causés ou exacerbés par les effets des opioïdes. 7. Des activités sociales, occupationnelles ou récréatives importantes sont abandonnées ou réduites à cause de l’utilisation d’opioïdes. 8. Utilisation répétée d’opioïdes dans des situations ou peut être physiquement dangereux. 9. L’utilisation des opioïdes est poursuivie bien que la personne reconnaisse un problème psychologique ou physique persistant ou récurrent susceptible d’avoir été causé ou exacerbé par cette substance. 10. Tolérance, définie par l’un des symptômes suivants : a. besoin de quantités notablement plus fortes d’opioïdes pour obtenir une intoxication ou l’effet désiré b. effet notablement diminué en cas d’utilisation continue d’une même quantité d’opioïdes. 11. Sevrage, caractérisé par l’une ou l’autre des manifestations suivantes : a. syndrome de sevrage aux opioïdes caractérisé (cf diagnostic du syndrome de sevrage aux opioïdes) b. les opioïdes (ou une substance proche) sont pris pour soulager ou éviter les symptômes de sevrage. Entre 2 et 3 critères, le trouble de l’usage est défini comme léger, entre 4 et 5 comme modéré et plus de 6 comme sévère. La stratégie thérapeutique s’oriente autour d’une prise en charge globale, pluridisciplinaire, associant un versant addictologique (bilan de la dépendance et co‐addictions), un versant psychothérapeutique (entretien motivationnel, thérapie cognitivo‐comportementale), un versant médical (prise en charge des complications), un versant social et un versant médicamenteux (traitement de substitution aux opioïdes). Cette stratégie vise la réduction des risques et de dommages (RDRD) liés aux opioïdes en CAARUD (Centre d’Accueil et d’Accompagnement à la Réduction des risques pour les Usagers de Drogues) ou en CSAPA (Centre de Soins, d’Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie)ou l’arrêt du mésusage selon les situations.
1.2.3 Crise des opioïdes aux Etats‐Unis
Les opioïdes sont un problème majeur de santé publique dans un nombre croissant de pays, notamment aux Etats‐Unis. Les Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) qualifie le phénomène d’épidémie (11). En 2017, 70 000 américains sont décédés d’une surdose mortelle liée aux opioïdes, 135 personnes par jour (12). Cette situation a amené à la déclaration d’état d’urgence sanitaire la même année par le Président des Etats‐Unis, allouant un budget de 500 millions de dollars pour contrôler l’épidémie. Cette épidémie a des origines historiques. La consommation d’opioïdes se généralise dans la population américaine lors de la guerre du Vietnam (13) où 34% des soldats consommaient de l’héroïne et 20% avaient une addiction à ce produit. Cependant les surdoses mortelles étaient rares (1,5 pour 100 000 habitants en 1973). La crise des opioïdes débute réellement dans les années 1990 avec la commercialisation de l’OxyContin (oxycodone) en 1995. Le laboratoire Purdue Pharma met en place des campagnes de communication occultant le risque addictif du produit auprès des prescripteurs. Cela amène à une augmentation du nombre de prescriptions des opioïdes par les médecins de ville et les chirurgiens dans des indications élargies. Cette stratégie engendre la première vague des opioïdes. En 2010, alors que les consommations d’opioïdes prescrits et les surdoses mortelles continuent d’augmenter, une nouvelle formulation chimique de l’OxyContin remplace les précédentes, diminuant les usages détournés (14). De plus, les autorités prennent des mesures de contrôle envers les distributeurs. Les utilisateurs se détournent des opioïdes sur prescription pour se tourner vers l’héroïne à partir du marché illicite qui s’adapte à la demande. Cela engendre la deuxième vague de surdose mortelle par opioïde. A partir de 2013, les producteurs, notamment Mexicains, se tournent vers les opioïdes synthétiques, plus profitables, moins chers à produire, à partir de précurseurs importés de Chine. Le fentanyl, opioïde le plus puissant, fait son apparition chez les usagers américains. Le coût de production du fentanyl est d’environ 5000 dollars par kilo (permettant de fabriquer 330 000 doses) (15). De plus, une augmentation des consommations des opioïdes synthétiques tel que le tramadol est rapportée Cela conduit à la troisième vague de surdose mortelle par opioïdes (voir Figure 2). Figure 2 : Evolution des morts par surdose mortelle lié aux opioïdes aux Etats‐Unis. Source : CDC.gov
Récemment, des plaintes par les états américains aux laboratoires pharmaceutiques et aux réseaux distributeurs ont abouti à des dédommagements sans précédents : 26 milliards seront payés, en partie en faveur de programmes de réduction des risques et de prises en charge de la dépendance. D’autres procès ou accords sont en attente, notamment concernant le laboratoire Purdue Pharma.
1.2.4 Consommation des opioïdes en Europe
Au niveau européen, l’Observatoire Européen des Drogues et des Toxicomanies (EMCDDA) rapporte plus d’un million d’usagers problématiques d’opioïdes (0,35% de la population). Les opioïdes sont impliqués dans 76% des surdoses mortelles et 27% de l’ensemble des demandes de soins spécialisés. La tendance générale est à l’augmentation, notamment au Royaume‐Uni, où les prescriptions en opioïdes ont augmenté de 65% entre 2000 et 2010 (16). Cette évolution est nettement plus marquée pour l’oxycodone (+ 11 265%), la buprénorphine (+1 650%) et le fentanyl (+ 1 283 %). Les consommations des opioïdes sont à replacer selon les habitudes de consommation des antalgiques de manière générale (Figure 3). Par exemple, une utilisation bien plus forte qu’en France des Anti‐ Inflammatoires Non Stéroïdiens (AINS) est observée en Allemagne, Italie et Espagne alors que le Royaume‐Uni présente la plus forte consommation des opioïdes faibles et forts. En France, l’antalgique le plus utilisé est le paracétamol, les opioïdes forts étant peu consommés en comparaison. Ces différences sont dues à des raisons historiques, réglementaires et d’indications. Figure 3: Consommation des antalgiques dans 7 pays européens. Echelle : Dose Définie Journalière pour 1000 habitants. Source : Rapport ANSM 2019
1.2.5 Consommation et Impact des opioïdes en France
En 2015, selon l’étude DANTE (une Décennie d’ANTalgique En France), coordonnée par le réseau d’addictovigilance, dix millions de Français (17%) ont reçu un antalgique opioïde (10). Il s’agit principalement d’une prescription par des médecins généralistes (87%) pour une douleur aiguë (71%) ou chronique (13,4%). En 2017 (17), l’antalgique le plus consommé était le tramadol (11,22 DDJ/1000 habitants) devant la codéine en association (8 DDJ/1000 habitants). Les différentes présentations ont connu des évolutions différentes entre 2006 et 2017. La consommation de tramadol a augmenté de 68%. La codéine a augmenté de 84% jusqu’en 2014 puis a chuté de 30% entre 2016 et 2017, suite à la mise en place d’une prescription obligatoire après des signaux d’usages détournés (« purple drank »). L’oxycodone connaît la plus forte hausse sur la période (+738%) pour atteindre des niveaux de consommation (0,993 DDJ/1000 habitants) s’approchant de la morphine (1,202 DDJ/1000 habitants). Cette dernière a connu une baisse (‐18%) continue depuis 2006. Enfin, le fentanyl a fortement augmenté, que ce soit dans sa forme transdermique (+78% ; 0,507 DDJ/1000 habitants) ou dans sa forme transmuqueuse (+339%, 0,171 DDJ/1000 habitants). L’impact et les troubles de l’usage des antalgiques opioïdes sont étudiés selon plusieurs sources de données et systèmes de surveillance. La Banque Nationale de Pharmacovigilance (BNPV) permet de surveiller l’évolution des intoxications accidentelles et de potentiels décès larés. Entre 2005 et 2016, les notifications d’intoxication sont passées de 440/100 000 à 874/100 000. Durant cette période, cela représente 2762 intoxications, la plupart impliquant le tramadol, la morphine et l’oxycodone. Dans le même temps, 304 décès sont dénombrés, dont 63% imputables aux opioïdes forts. La morphine et le tramadol sont les deux substances les plus impliquées dans les surdoses mortelles accidentelles. Le trouble de l’usage des opioïdes est surveillé au sein des réseaux d’addictovigilance de l’ANSM (CEIP‐ A), en menant des enquêtes annuelles. L’enquête OPPIDUM (Observation des Produits Psychotropes Illicites ou Détournés de leur Utilisation Médicamenteuse) s’intéresse aux habitudes de consommation des usagers fréquentant les structures de soins spécialisées en addictologie. Les traitements de substitutions aux opioïdes (BHD, Méthadone) sont les produits les plus fréquemment cités dans cette enquête (55%). Hors TSO, la morphine est l’opioïde le plus cité (70%). Cette enquête permet d’estimer la part de différents comportements telles que l’obtention illégale des produits (46%), la prise concomitante d’alcool (29,3%) et la souffrance à l’arrêt des antalgiques (65%). L’enquête OSIAP (Ordonnances suspectes – Indicateurs d’Abus Possibles) s’intéresse aux ordonnances suspectes auprès d’un réseau de pharmaciens. La substance la plus concernée parmi les signalements des pharmaciens est le tramadol (12,9%), en augmentation constante entre 2011 et 2016 (4%). La consommation des opioïdes a aussi des conséquences en termes d’hospitalisations (17). Une estimation réalisée à partir des données du Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d’Informations (PMSI) conclut à une augmentation des hospitalisations en lien avec la consommation d’opioïdes, passant de 1,5/100 000 habitants à 4,0/100 000 entre 2004 et 2017 (+167%) pour les opioïdes sur prescription alors que les hospitalisations en lien avec l’héroïne (0,16) ou la thadone (0,54) restait à un niveau faible comparativement. La surveillance des décès en lien avec les opioïdes provient de plusieurs sources. Le Centre d’épidémiologie sur les causes médicales de décès (CépiDC) (18) analyse de manière exhaustive les certificats de décès pour en extraire la cause de décès. L’analyse de ces données permet d’observer une augmentation des décès liés à la consommation d’opioïdes entre 2000 et 2015, passant de 1,3 à 3,2 décès / million d’habitants, soit 4 décès par semaine. Parmi ces décès, il est possible de distinguer les surdoses mortelles intentionnelles et non intentionnelles. La part de ces dernières est passée de 8,5 à 15% entre 2000 et 2015. L’enquête Décès Toxiques par Antalgiques (DTA) s’intéresse aux décès en lien avec une analyse toxicologique retrouvant un médicament antalgique. Les effectifs sont cependant faibles (94 décès en 2016). Les 4 premières substances sont des antalgiques opioïdes (tramadol, morphine, codéine et oxycodone) suivi par le paracétamol puis le fentanyl. De fréquentes comorbidités sont retrouvées, notamment psychiatriques (51%) ou des maladies graves (12%, cancer) L’enquête Décès en Relation avec l’Abus de Médicaments Et de Substances (DRAMES) permet de documenter les décès survenant chez les usagers de drogues à partir d’un réseau d’experts en toxicologie. En 2012, les substances illicites (opioïdes et non opioïdes) représentaient 35% des décès directs, précédés des TSO (60%) et les opioïdes licites (11%). En 2016, cette tendance était inversée puisque les substances illicites devenaient la première catégorie de décès (58%), suivi par les TSO (46%) et les opioïdes licites (14%). Parmi les opioïdes licites, la morphine représentait, en 2016, 43% des décès directs, suivie de la codéine 1%) et du tramadol (12%). 1.3 Objectif et Méthodes 1.3.1 Objectif du travail
L’objectif principal de ce travail est de décrire les tendances de passages en lien avec la consommation d’opioïdes, que ce soit pour intoxication, sevrage, effets secondaires. Les facteurs associés aux passages pour opioïdes sont aussi analysés. Les objectifs secondaires sont de décrire les motifs de recours à l’entrée, les diagnostics associés et les caractéristiques des patients hospitalisés après un passage aux urgences.
1.3.2 Identification des passages
Les données disponibles dans la base OSCOUR remontent à 2004 et totalisent 150 millions de passages. Cependant, l’inclusion progressive de services d’urgence, correspondant à la montée en charge du système de surveillance, rend difficiles les comparaisons temporelles lointaines. La qualité de remplissage des données est aussi un frein à l’exploitation de séries temporelles longues. Dans ce travail, nous avons donc restreint notre analyse à l’ensemble des passages entre le 1er janvier 2010 et le 31 décembre 2018. Les passages pour opioïdes sont identifiés parmi l’ensemble des passages aux urgences avec un ensemble de codes diagnostics de la CIM‐10, qu’ils soient en diagnostic principal ou diagnostics associés. La sélection de ces codes a été réalisée à la suite de discussions avec un panel d’experts, des médecins urgentistes, épidémiologistes spécialisés dans l’étude des drogues de l’Observatoire Français des Drogues et des Toxicomanies (OFDT) et épidémiologistes spécialisés dans les systèmes de surveillance de Santé publique France. Deux familles de codes ont été retenues pour ce travail. Une première série comportant des codes en relation avec l’intoxication à un produit, telles que Intoxication par opium [T40.0], Intoxication par héroïne [T40.1], Intoxication par autres opioïdes [T40.2], Intoxication par thadone [T40.3], Intoxication par autres narcotiques synthétiques [T40.4] et Intoxication par narcotiques, autres et sans précisions [T40.6]. La deuxième série de codes appartient aux conséquences comportementales et psychiatriques que la consommation d’opioïdes peut générer. Tous les codes appartenant à la famille « Troubles mentaux et du comportement liés à l'utilisation d'opiacés » [F11] sont inclus. Les sous‐codes apportent des précisions sur le diagnostic du passage, tels que « Intoxication aiguë » [F11.1], « Syndrome de Sevrage » [F11.3] ou « Syndrome de dépendance sous substitution » [F11.22]. Présenter au moins un de ces codes diagnostics constitue un passage en lien avec l’utilisation d’opioïde.
1.3.3 Description
Nous décrivons la population en calculant les pourcentages de chaque modalité pour les variables catégorielles. Nous nous intéressons à la population passant aux urgences et celle se présentant pour un passage en lien avec la consommation d’opioïde. Les nombres bruts de passages sont proposés mais l’interprétation de leur évolution doit tenir compte de l’évolution du nombre de passages au cours des années, soit par l’augmentation du nombre de passages réels aux urgences soit par celle de l’exhaustivité du système. Nous calculons des taux de passages pour 100 000 habitants, en divisant le nombre de passages en lien avec la consommation d’opioïde par le nombre de passages toutes causes codés. De même, les taux d’hospitalisations après passages sont calculés en divisant le nombre d’hospitalisations suite à un passage en lien avec une consommation d’opioïde par le nombre d’hospitalisations suite à un passage aux urgences. 1.3.4 Analyse des facteurs associés
Pour identifier les facteurs associés à une visite aux urgences en lien avec une consommation d’opioïde, nous avons utilisé des modèles de régressions binomiales négatives. Ces modèles étendent les modèles de régression de Poisson adaptés aux données de comptage, en prenant en compte une sur‐dispersion des données. Les variables continues ont été modélisées en utilisant des polynômes fractionnaires, permettant de détecter et prendre en compte une relation non linéaire. Les résultats sont présentés selon des ratios de proportions et leurs intervalles de confiance à 95%, s’interprétant comme un facteur d’augmentation des taux de passages pour 100 000 habitants. Un ratio significativement supérieur à 1 correspond à une augmentation significative du taux de passages comparé à la modalité de référence.
1.3.5 Analyse exploratoire
Nous réalisons une analyse exploratoire sur deux variables d’importance afin d’apporter un éclairage sur les passages aux urgences en lien avec une consommation d’opioïde. En premier lieu, nous analysons les diagnostics associés aux passages en lien avec une consommation d’opioïde. Cela permet d’explorer les comorbidités associées à ces passages, en rapprochant d’autres regroupements syndromiques ou diagnostics de la consommation des opioïdes. Cette analyse a été stratifiée par groupes d’âges d’intérêt (0‐7 ans, 18‐50 ans, 75 ans et plus). Ensuite, nous analysons les motifs de recours aux urgences. Ces motifs sont codés en texte libre lors de l’admission aux urgences par un infirmier organisant l’accueil (IOA). Dans la majorité des cas, le logiciel utilisé aux urgences ne permet que de renseigner des codes CIM‐10. Ainsi, une partie de cette information est déjà analysable. Nous avons manuellement attribué le texte libre restant à des CIM‐10 correspondant, permettant une analyse des motifs de recours aux urgences. Les analyses ont été réalisées en utilisant le logiciel R version 3.5.3 et SAS V.9.3 et l’étude suit les recommandations STROBE.
2. Article Choisi
L’article choisi a fait l’objet d’une publication dans la revue BMJ Open. Il est librement disponible à cette adresse : https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/10/e037425
3. Résultats et Perspectives 3.1 Résultats de l’étude 3.1.1 Principaux résultats et interprétation
Parmi les 97 millions de passages analysés, 34 362 concernaient un passage en lien avec les opioïdes, dont 15 966 ayant conduit à une hospitalisation. Les patients étaient principalement des hommes (65%), avec un âge médian de 36 ans. Le nombre brut de passages pour opioïdes s’est accru au cours du temps, passant de 2 123 en 2010 à 5176 en 2018. Le nombre de passages toutes causes, intégrés au système de surveillance, étant lui aussi en augmentation (de 5,4 millions à 15,7 millions), nous constatons une diminution du taux de passages aux urgences en lien avec l’utilisation d’opioïdes, passant de 39.2/ 100 000 passages en 2010 à 32.9/ 100 000 passages en 2018. Cette différence est expliquée par l’augmentation de l’activité aux urgences de manière globale et la couverture du système de surveillance, qui croit plus rapidement que l’augmentation du nombre de passages pour opioïdes. Lorsque cette évolution est décomposée par classe d’âge, nous remarquons que cette baisse concerne majoritairement les aux 20‐49 ans alors que pour les autres classes d’âges restent stable. Cette baisse est contrastée par l’augmentation du taux d’hospitalisation après passage en lien avec l’utilisation d’opioïdes, de 74/100 000 hospitalisations à 81,4/100 000 passages entre 2010 et 2018. Cela représente 2526 hospitalisations suite à un passage aux urgences en . De plus, les passages semblent d’une plus grande gravité puisque la proportion d’hospitalisations après passage évolue de 41,9% à 49,6% sur la période.
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389ece7cd7e58c10960bde8d5a56b5fa
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Various open data
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AG_20041007_CR.pdf
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gesteau.fr
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Haitian Creole (Latin script)
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Spoken
| 2,079 | 3,489 |
Cellule Programme Coordination territoriale / JYB – 26 octobre 2004
Compte rendu
Réunion des animateurs de contrat de rivière et de SAGE du bassin Adour-Garonne
7 octobre 2004 – Toulouse
Etaient présents :
-
-
-
Animateurs de contrat de rivière : Viviane Battu (Haute-Dordogne), Laurent
Berthelot (Aveyron aval – Lère), Evelyne Bonnal (Bès), Magali Costa (Marais
d’Orx), Clémentine Couteau (Sorgue – Dourdou), Laurence Durot (Gave de Pau),
Frédéric Ehrhardt (Céou), Miren Iturrioz (Nive), Karine Lacam (Viaur), Virginie
Leroy (Rance), Christophe Moisy (Tarn moyen), Philippe Peyramayou (Haut
Adour), Alice Renaux (Cère), Laurent Vergnes (Cérou)
Animateurs de SAGE : Jérôme Baron (Estuaire de la Gironde), Xavier Beaussart
et Frédéric Piquemil (Agout), Céline Debailleul (Lacs médocains), Claire Kerviel
(Garonne), Frédéric Lapuyade (Nappes profondes en Gironde), Véronique Michel
(Midouze et Adour amont), Catherine Navrot (Leyre)
ARPE Midi-Pyrénées : Christophe Xerri, Nathalie Delfour, Cécile Bedel, Cécile
Pittet
DIREN Midi-Pyrénées : Hervé Bluhm, Jean-Alain Stanguennec, Anne Laurent
Agence de l’Eau : Vincent Frey, Marie-Hélène Borie, Lucien Sormail, Xavier
Basseras, Ernest Giorgiutti, Marie-Christine Moulis, Marie-Claire Domont,
Laetitia Roualdes, Frédérique Argillos, Claudine Lacroix, Marc Massette, Céline
Maruejouls, Jean-Yves Boga
Ordre du jour :
1) Actualité générale sur les contrats de rivière, les SAGE, les défis territoriaux et les
Plans de Gestion des Etiages (PGE) ;
2) Mise en place du Syndicat Mixte du Bassin du Viaur ;
3) Rédaction des mesures du SAGE « Nappes profondes en Gironde » ;
4) Opérations TPE en Midi-Pyrénées ;
5) DCE : Présentation Etat des lieux et questions importantes / Modalités de la
consultation en cours des partenaires institutionnels / Contribution des animateurs à la
consultation du public en 2005
6) Projet de loi sur l’Eau et conclusion de la réunion
N.B : Vous trouverez les supports de présentation (diaporamas) de la réunion sous forme
informatique sur le site Internet :
ftp://194.51.236.113
Vous accéderez à une boite de dialogue qui vous demandera votre nom d’utilisateur ainsi que
votre mot de passe. Ceux-ci vous sont transmis, par ailleurs, par courrier individuel.
Un sous-répertoire nommé « Réunion animateurs 071004 » comprenant les présentations de la
réunion a été spécialement créé dans le répertoire « District ».
1) Actualité générale sur les contrats de rivière, les SAGE, les défis territoriaux et les
Plans de Gestion des Etiages (PGE) : (Cf diaporamas papier ci-joint)
Jean-Yves BOGA présente l’état d’avancement des contrats de rivière et des SAGE sur
Adour-Garonne et sur le territoire national ainsi que l’état d’avancement des défis territoriaux
sur Adour-Garonne.
Les contrats de rivière :
Sur les 15 contrats de rivière actuellement en cours sur le bassin Adour-Garonne, 5 arrivent à
leur terme fin 2004, début 2005 : Viaur, Rance, Aveyron aval – Lère, Saison et Save : Il est
nécessaire de réaliser un bilan complet de ces contrats en 2005 et de mener, d’ores et déjà, des
réflexions sur l’après-contrat et la pérennisation de certaines actions.
A suivre : Le bilan du contrat de rivière « Cérou » est en phase de finalisation et sera
transmis aux animateurs prochainement.
2 points intéressants à noter sur les contrats de rivière en projet :
- 1 contrat de rivière en préparation sur le Tarn amont : 1 SAGE est en phase de
validation sur ce territoire ; c’est donc le 1er SAGE du bassin Adour-Garonne qui va se
traduire opérationnellement par un contrat de rivière ;
- 2 contrats de rivière en préparation sur la moyenne vallée du Tarn et sur la basse
Dordogne : ces contrats s’appliquent sur des rivières de plaine, de gros calibre hydraulique et
à statut domanial alors que jusqu’à présent les contrats de rivière concernaient plutôt les têtes
de bassin et les petites rivières sur Adour-Garonne.
Les tendances générales à noter sur l’avancement des thèmes inscrits dans un contrat de
rivière sont les suivantes :
- Les thèmes relatifs à l’animation et à la restauration des rivières avancent bien car
c’est souvent le porteur du contrat qui assure la maîtrise d’ouvrage de ce type
d’opérations ;
- Des thèmes sont plus difficiles à faire avancer : lutte contre la pollution diffuse
agricole (partenariat pas toujours facile à établir avec les Chambres d’Agriculture et
nécessité de s’investir directement auprès des agriculteurs), assainissement des grosses
collectivités (pas d’effet accélérateur des contrats sur ces opérations), gestion des
zones humides (difficultés pour faire émerger des maîtrises d’ouvrage) ;
- Des thèmes « en panne » : protection des captages AEP (lourdeur de la procédure
administrative d’inscription aux hypothèques), actions de valorisation touristique
(difficulté de trouver des financements).
Sur le plan national, 54 contrats de rivière sont en cours d’exécution et une cinquantaine en
cours de préparation. C’est une procédure plutôt « sudiste » (sud de la ligne BiarritzMulhouse). Seine-Normandie a plutôt développé des contrats ruraux et de littoral alors que
Loire-Bretagne a mis en avant des contrats de bassin et des contrats « Bretagne Eau pure ».
A suivre : Le site Internet national sur les SAGE va être étendu mi 2005 aux contrats de
rivière. Ce site sera toujours géré par l’Office International de l’Eau (OIE). Un courrier
circulaire sera transmis prochainement aux animateurs pour connaître leurs besoins.
Jean-Yves BOGA a également présenté la nouvelle procédure décentralisée d’agrément des
contrats de rivière sur Adour-Garonne qui répond à la circulaire ministérielle du 30 janvier
2004. Cette procédure sera opérationnelle à partir de début 2005 après recomposition formelle
de la Commission Planification du Comité de Bassin.
Les SAGE :
Concernant les SAGE sur le bassin Adour-Garonne, il faut noter la diversité des typologies de
milieux spécifiques traités dans les SAGE :
- 1 aquifère souterrain : Nappes profondes en Gironde et Tarn amont (karst) ;
- 1 estuaire : Gironde (périmètre proposé au prochain CB) ;
- 1 corridor alluvial : Garonne ;
- Des étangs littoraux : Lacs médocains.
2 SAGE se préparent dans la foulée d’un contrat de rivière : Agout et Célé.
Sur le plan national, 19 SAGE sont approuvés dont près de la moitié (8) se situe sur RMC.
A suivre : Une rubrique FAQ (Foire Aux Questions) va être créée sur le site Internet
national des SAGE répondant aux principales questions récurrentes ou importantes des
animateurs.
Les défis territoriaux :
Concernant les défis territoriaux sur le bassin Adour-Garonne, 13 défis ont été validés par le
Conseil d’Administration de l’Agence jusqu’à fin 2006. Il s’agit de traiter, de façon urgente,
un enjeu fort sur un territoire, qui peut mettre en cause un usage particulier (Exemple :
réduction de la pollution métallique au cadmium sur le continuum Lot-Garonne-Estuaire
Gironde pour préserver l’activité ostréïcole du bassin de Marennes-Oléron).
A noter que la notion de défis existe aussi sur RMC depuis le début du VIIIème Programme
d’intervention avec, à ce jour, une quarantaine de défis lancés. Il s’agit de traiter 1 à 2 enjeux
majeurs par défi sur des territoires bien ciblés où l’Agence de l’Eau RMC applique des bonus
de 10% (Exemple : Réduction des pollutions industrielles autour du Lac du Bourget).
En complément, Ernest Giorgiutti présente l’état d’avancement des PGE sur le bassin AdourGaronne. Il est à noter que :
- les valeurs des DOE du SDAGE et leur caractère structurant, proches en général des
débits de référence des cartes de qualité qui ont servi à dimensionner depuis 30 ans les
stations d’épuration des communes et des industries. Ce n’est pas donc comme le suggèrent
malicieusement certaines associations une invention d’AG pour justifier la création de
barrages,
- l’importance des déficits en annoncés dans le SDAGE pour garantir à la fois la
satisfaction des usages et l’équilibre des rivières. Les PGE préconisent en général une
limitation importante des prélèvements.
Les animateurs ont regretté le fait que les porteurs de PGE n’associent pas forcément dans les
réunions des PGE les porteurs de procédures situées sur les affluents de la rivière principale
concernée par le PGE.
2) Mise en place du Syndicat Mixte du Bassin du Viaur : (Cf diaporama papier ci-joint)
Karine Lacam, animatrice du contrat de rivière « Viaur », présente la démarche qui a permis
d’aboutir à la création d’un Syndicat Mixte sur le bassin du Viaur.
La question de contrôle de légalité vis-à-vis des prestations de service que peut être amené à
réaliser ce type de syndicat pour des communes externes a été soulevée (concurrence aux
entreprises privées).
Des démarches identiques de création de syndicats de bassin sont en cours sur le Cérou,
l’Agout et le Tarn moyen.
Un syndicat unique sur un bassin facilite la gestion d’un contrat ou d’un SAGE mais sa
création ne doit pas être un frein aux initiatives déjà émergentes.
L’association des EPTB propose une assistance juridique pour la création de syndicat mixte
(Cf site Internet : www.eptb.asso.fr).
3) Rédaction des mesures du SAGE « Nappes profondes en Gironde » : (Cf diaporama
papier ci-joint)
Frédéric Lapuyade, chargé de mission au Syndicat Mixte d’Etudes pour la Gestion de la
Ressource en Eau de Gironde (SMEGREG), présente les différents types de mesures rédigées
dans le SAGE « Nappes profondes en Gironde ».
Un groupe de liaison a été mis en place pour assurer la cohérence de la gestion des nappes
profondes en dehors du département de Gironde avec le SAGE « Nappes profondes en
Gironde ».
Sur le SAGE « Leyre », il n’y a pas eu d’études menées sur les eaux souterraines. Les
mesures du SAGE à venir s’intégreront, pour ce thème, sur la base d’hypothèses, dans le
projet global du BRGM sur les nappes.
Les animateurs de SAGE mettent l’accent sur la multiplication de leurs tâches, en particulier
administratives au détriment des missions de contact avec les acteurs locaux.
4) Opérations TPE en Midi-Pyrénées :
Christophe Xerri et Nathalie Delfour de l’ARPE Midi-Pyrénées présentent l’opération sur les
Très Petites Entreprises agroalimentaires (Foie gras dans le Gers, Salaisons à Lacaune,
Fromageries dans le Quercy) menées par l’ARPE depuis 2000 (Cf note remise en séance).
5) DCE : Présentation Etat des lieux et questions importantes / Modalités de la
consultation en cours des partenaires institutionnels / Contribution des animateurs à la
consultation du public en 2005 : (Cf diaporamas papier ci-joints)
Lucien Sormail et Anne Laurent présentent les grandes lignes de l’état des lieux et des
questions importantes, et Laetitia Roualdes présente le calendrier de la consultation des
partenaires institutionnels.
Il est suggéré de réunir les comités de rivière et les CLE d’ici le 20 décembre 2004 afin que
les porteurs de SAGE et de contrats de rivière fassent part de leurs observations dans le cadre
de la consultation en cours.
Il serait souhaitable que les conclusions de l’état des lieux puissent être intégrées dans les
tableaux de bord de suivi des contrats de rivière avec une approche liée aux masses d’eau.
Il est indiqué que la base de données DCE sera opérationnelle courant 2005.
Xavier Basseras présente les grandes lignes de la consultation du public de 2005.
Il est proposé aux animateurs de choisir un site test de contrat de rivière ou de SAGE dans le
cadre de la consultation du public.
6) Projet de loi sur l’Eau et conclusion de la réunion : (Cf diaporama papier ci-joint)
Vincent Frey présente la dernière version (9 septembre 2004) du projet de loi sur l’Eau. La
version en format pdf est disponible sur le site Internet du Ministère de l’écologie et du
développement durable : http://www.ecologie.gouv.fr (sous rubrique : Domaine de l’eau /
Politique de l’eau / Le débat national sur la réforme de la politique de l’eau).
Le vote de la loi devrait avoir lieu d’ici l’été 2005 avec publication des décrets d’application à
la fin du VIIIème Programme (2006).
En conclusion de la réunion, Vincent Frey indique :
- Les contrats de rivière et les SAGE (en préparation, en cours ou achevés) recouvrent
en superficies cumulées environ 25% du territoire d’Adour-Garonne, ce qui représente une
richesse en terme de dynamique locale dans le domaine de l’eau,
- L’animation constitue un élément indispensable pour la bonne mise en œuvre et la
réussite des contrats de rivière et des SAGE,
- L’Agence compte poursuivre son soutien auprès des animateurs tant sur un plan
financier (taux et plafonds reconduits dans la délibération de la ligne 900) que sur un plan
humain,
- Dans le contexte de la DCE, les SAGE vont devenir les outils incontournables
réglementaires de déclinaison locale du programme de mesures du District, les contrats de
rivière pouvant constituer la traduction opérationnelle des SAGE,
- L’Agence souhaite pérenniser ce réseau par l’organisation de 2 réunions par an, une à
Toulouse et une sur le site d’un SAGE ou d’un contrat de rivière.
________________
| 9,921 |
https://github.com/Stefanuk12/roblox/blob/master/Games/Decaying Winter/RationEdit.lua
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
roblox
|
Stefanuk12
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Lua
|
Code
| 117 | 349 |
-- // Services
local Players = game:GetService("Players")
-- // Vars
local LocalPlayer = Players.LocalPlayer
local Backpack = LocalPlayer.Backpack
local mainHandler = Backpack:WaitForChild("mainHandler")
local ration_system_handler = getsenv(mainHandler).ration_system_handler
local RationSystemHandlerProxy = {
hunger = tick() - 180,
thirst = tick() - 180,
full_bar = 360,
bonus_threshold = 320,
bonus_add = 80,
stats_lower = 20,
cooldown_rations = 40,
cooldown_eat_tick = 0,
cooldown_drink_tick = 0,
low_tier = 180,
high_tier = 300,
hunger_lower_atk = 15,
hunger_lower_def = 10,
hunger_buff_atk = 20,
hunger_buff_mvmt = 1.5,
thirst_lower_def = 15,
thirst_lower_atk = 10,
thirst_buff_def = 20,
thirst_buff_stam = 0.3,
Beans = 0,
MRE = 0,
Soda = 0,
Bottle = 0
}
-- // Set
for i, v in pairs(RationSystemHandlerProxy) do
ration_system_handler[i] = v
end
| 3,374 |
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%20%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B2
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Wikipedia
|
Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
هاند شيكرز
|
https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=هاند شيكرز&action=history
|
Arabic
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Spoken
| 175 | 656 |
هاند شيكرز هو مسلسل أنمي تلفزيوني من إنتاج استوديو غو هاندز، ومن إخراج شينغو سوزوكي وهيروميتسو كانازاوا، ومن تأليف هيروميتسو كانازاوا. عرض الأنمي في 10 يناير عام 2017 واستمر عرض حتى 28 مارس عام 2017، وتكون من 12 + أوفا.
القصة
تدور أحداث القصة عن تازونا تاكاتسوكي هو طالب في المدرسة الثانوية لديه موهبة ميكانيكية، ويقبل طلب إصلاح في منشأة أبحاث جامعية. هناك يلتقي كويوري أكوتاغاوا، فتاة وحيدة نائمة على سرير، يلمس تازونا أطراف أصابعها، ويأتيه صوت من مكان غير معروف، ترك تازونا في حيرة من أمره.
الشخصيات
تازونا تاكاتسوكي
كويوري أكوتاغاوا
ليلي هوجو
ماسارو هوجو
تشيزورو ميتسوديرا
هاياتي آزوما
كوداما أوازا
هيبيكي مورياما
دايتشي ناغاوكا
مويومي أكوتاغاوا
بريك
بايند
ناغاماسا ماكيهارا
موسوبو تاكاتسوكي
والد تازونا
والدة تازونا
توموكي تاتشيبانا
شيغوري هاناساكي
فويس أو غاد
دكتور أكوتاغاوا
زوجة دكتورأكوتاغاوا
كويتشي
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
الموقع الرسمي
أبطال خارقون أطفال
ألعاب الموت في الأعمال الخيالية
أنمي ذو سيناريو أصلي
أنمي ومانغا حركة
أنمي ومانغا خيال علمي
أوساكا في الخيال
شركة فنميشن للترفيه
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في أوساكا
غو هاندز
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة بدأ عرضها في 2017
| 50,682 |
ofdistinguisheda00robirich_6
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US-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,910 |
Of distinguished animals
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,040 | 9,030 |
It is not, we now know from experience in the Gardens and elsewhere, always when young quite so " utterly untameable a beast " and so " entirely and constantly an enemy of man " as Du Chaillu repre- sented ; but it is savage and morose enough. It is still uncertain whether in a wild state, except in the immediate moment of attack, it ever actually walks erect without either resting its knuckles on the ground or supporting itself by a branch overhead, but that it does beat its fists upon its breast when enraged (Du Chaillu says that he heard the noise " like a great bass drum " at a distance of a mile) is established ; and when the male gorilla turns, as seemingly it does, to confront man fearlessly when attacked, with its huge size, its great hairy limbs, and hideous head set almost down into its shoulders, we can believe that " no description can exceed the horror of its appearance." Add that the gorilla usually lives in the depths of forests where the light is so dim that it is difficult to see any object clearly at a distance of more than a few yards, and it is not to be wondered at that the natives have invested it with attributes even more horrific than those which it possesses. GORILLAS 135 The African negro, it must be remembered, cannot be conscious of any such gulf between himself and the man-apes as we feel to exist between them and us. It is not surprising that many believe the gorilla to be human. Others hold that, though itself a beast, it is often informed with the transmigrated spirits of the human dead. It is said to lie in wait crouched on the lower branches of trees overhanging a path, and when a human being passes, to drop one of its long hind limbs, and, clutching the victim by the throat so suddenly and in so terrible a grip that hardly a sob is heard, to drag it — man or woman — up to its lurking- place. It is credited with capturing and stealing women and carrying them off to keep them in the forests. It is, of course, all myth, but the stories tell how sometimes the women come back. More often they do not ; but later, other things appear, dreadful offspring of the captured women and their captors, which hang about the villages, friendly, yet much to be dreaded, for they in their turn will also carry off human wives if they can. Armed with a club the gorilla is said to attack and beat off elephants. The formidableness of the great apes as compared with other beasts, however, is not an easy matter to pass judgment upon. In Africa it is noteworthy that the lion and the gorilla do not occur together, and it has been conjectured both that the lion has exterminated the gorilla within its territory and that the gorilla has driven out the lion. More than one old writer has recorded that " When 136 OF DISTINGUISHED ANIMALS the lion is sicke he healeth himselfe with the bloode of an ape " ; but it is difficult not to believe that if the lion was at all badly sick he might find his medicine, whether great ape or little monkey, rather hard to catch. According to African medicine-men nothing is so good as a charm of gorilla's hair to give a man a strong heart, which doubtless has the justification that the man who succeeds in procuring such a charm for himself is likely to be a person of some stout-hearted- ness — afterwards no less than before. In Borneo the most serious neighbours of the orang are the python and the crocodile, and the natives say that the ape overcomes them both, the python by seizing and biting it and the crocodile by leaping on its back, clutching it by the upper jaw, and by sheer main strength tearing it open. It has been said, and quoted by various writers, that the name "orang" is in itself a title of honour, meaning roughly " wise one," the Malays giving it alike to their chiefs, to elephants, and to the "wild men." But this appears to be a misunderstanding. * * Mr. Nevill Kendall, writing to the Times from Perak, in the Federated Malay States, says : — The word " orang " is not a name at all, but an ordinary Malay word meaning " man " or " person " ; and the term " orang utan " (or hutan) — pronounced drang dtan, not ordng outdng (but with the accent on the first syllable of each word) — signifies "jungle men," and is frequently applied by the Malays to the aborigines of Malaya, but not in any way as a "title of honour." The only instance I know of in which it can be said to be so applied is when a group of Malay chiefs is called the " orang ditapan" (literally "eight men"), or "orang ampat " ("four men"), and so on, to indicate their status in the rdle of chiefs of a State. I have not in the course of fourteen years1 residence in the Malay States heard the word applied to an elephant, and I do not think such an use of it is by any means possible. I ..Q 5 GORILLAS 137 The orang in a state of nature, as has been said above, rarely comes to the ground, but lives almost entirely in the tree-tops ; but, even so, it is less arboreal than the gibbons. There are few more won- derful sights to be seen in the Zoo than that afforded by the agile gibbon when it is in high spirits and fling- ing itself about its cage in earnest ; but its performances in these comparatively narrow quarters can give no idea of the swiftness and abandon of its movement when it has all the forest for a playground. A correspondent in Johore, who has kept many gibbons as pets, writes me that he doubts if of their own accord they come to the ground at all. When caught young they will learn to get along on all fours at a fair pace, but never so fast that a man cannot easily run them down. A gibbon caught when adult, however, is practically helpless on the ground unless there is something for it to hold on by, the length of its arms and the shortness of its legs making it quite unfitted for movement on the level, an operation for which it seems to have no idea how to set about using its limbs. My correspondent believes that it relies entirely on the dew on the trees (on the rain in the wet season) for its water supply ; and he cites in support of this belief the fact that gibbons in his possession caught when grown up will not drink water from a saucer or other vessel, but dip their hands in the liquid and then suck it off the hairs of the fingers. Those caught as babies, having, it is conjectured, had no opportunity to learn the wild ways of their tribe by imitation of their elders, 138 OF DISTINGUISHED ANIMALS can, however, be taught to drink straight from the saucer. Natives of the Straits Settlements say that the gibbon does occasionally come to the ground, when it is very easily caught ; but there is still lacking the evidence of a white man who has actually known one to have been so found on the level. The chimpanzee does not, as has been said, appear to be naturally fierce and hostile to man, — still less to woman. Generally very shy and timid, they seem, on first coming in contact with human beings, to be filled chiefly with curiosity ; and many stories are told of their meeting solitary natives and examining them all over and letting them go unhurt. Less pleasant is the account given by Stanley of their catching a man and biting off all his fingers, one by one, spitting each out again as it was bitten ofF. Perhaps, however, no native myth or story eclipses in wonder the statement of Emin Pasha, made seriously, that in the Mbongwe forest the chimpanzees used to come to rob the banana plantations in troops, bearing torches to light them on the way ! u Had I not witnessed this extraordinary spectacle personally," he is reported as saying, <c I should not have believed that any of the Simians understood the art of making fire." Unhappily we, personally, did not witness it. Both the chimpanzee and the orang build themselves platforms or nests, the former more or less habitually for sleeping purposes, while the latter is also said to cover itself with leaves when it rains ; and in these habits Darwin thought he saw " the first steps towards GORILLAS 139 architecture and dress as they arose among the early progenitors of man." In structure, so alike are man and a gorilla that, though the two are easily enough distinguished, it is scientifically " by no means easy to find absolutely distinctive characters which are other than € relative.' " So alike are they that every organ and bone and muscle and tendon in man has its counterpart in the apes ; and Du Chaillu tells of the shock that it was to him when he first saw a baby chimpanzee (" nshiego ") and found that its face was white — " very white indeed : pallid, but as white as a white child's." Even more appealingly human than any resemblance in structure or in external appearance are certain of the ape traits. The gorilla is believed to be the only beast which generally approaches man, when meeting him for the first time, neither fleeing from him nor, unless previously attacked or provoked, showing hostility. In captivity gorillas seem to die often not of any recognised malady, but of mere home-sickness. In their wild state the great apes have none of that tenacity to life which characterises most large beasts, but they are easily killed — as easily as a man. Some natives say that the apes can talk if they will, but do not only for fear that man will catch them and make them work. And yet, as one looks at the latter here in the Ape House with their strange human ways, pathetically broken by purely brute irrelevances, the essential fact which impresses itself on one's mind is that they — the 1 40 OF DISTINGUISHED ANIMALS " half bipeds," the alali which " cannot speake and have no understanding more than a beast" — the one conviction which obliterates everything else is that they are not men, but only apes. IX.— Of the Monkey Folk. When Ravana, the black Rajah of the Demons, stole Rama's wife, peerless Sita of the lotus eyes, it was Hanuman, the monkey king, who found her where she was hidden in Ceylon. Bidding all his warriors join hands, he made them into a line which stretched across India ; and thus they swept the peninsula from north to south, searching every thicket and ravine as they went. Arriving at the coast, Hanuman saw far off the cloud upon the sea which marked where Ceylon lay, and leaping across he found the missing one. Then followed the terrific battle in which Rama and his monkey allies ultimately prevailed, and Ravana being slain, Sita was reunited to her lord. So Hanuman, the long-tailed grey langur, became a god ; and there is a tradition among natives of India that all Europeans are descended from Hanuman (while he was still a monkey) by a female slave of the demon king. This we may prefer not to believe : but that the main incidents of the gigantic episode are true is proven by the fact that it was in attempting to fire a stronghold of the demons that Hanuman scorched his hands and feet, and black they remain in witness to this day. 142 OF DISTINGUISHED ANIMALS And they are better black. However questionable may be the etymology which allies the word monkey with homunculus, or " mannikin," we are compelled to admit a resemblance between ourselves and the quick-chattering apes That yet in mockery of anxious men Wrinkle their brows. We admit it up to a certain point. But any approach to flesh-colour in a monkey's skin is going too far. Two smallish monkeys there are in the monkey-house now which have little flesh-coloured hands and rosy finger nails, while their palms are as red as if they had been eating strawberries. They are pale- furred creatures, known respectively as Jamrach's and Hamlyn's mangabeys ; but science does not know whether they are freaks in coloration or whether they represent true species ; and it is impossible not to hope that they are only freaks. All our human instincts cry out against pink-fingered monkeys. Du Chaillu's emotions when he first saw a baby chimpanzee with its face whiter than his own are easily understandable ; and most uncanny of all the inmates of the house, or of the Gardens, is surely "John the Chinaman," the tiny bald-headed hybrid monkey (offspring of a rhesus and a common macaque) with its little white wrinkled face, extraordinarily mobile in expression and shockingly like a miniature human Chinese, not much over a foot long, but centuries, centuries old. Even the red of the faces of the Japanese apes (of which three, two parents and a baby, Hamlyn's Mangabey Chacma Baboon MONKEY FOLK 143 are in one of the outdoor cages), for all that we are so familiar with the colour in Japanese paintings, and though it is too ruddy to be human, has a disagreeably un-beastlike suggestiveness which compels us to wish that they affected countenances black or grey or even agreeably particoloured, decorated with sky-blue and vermilion patches, like that of the great mandrill itself. ^Esop's ape, it will be remembered, wept on passing through a human graveyard, overcome with sorrow for its dead ancestors, and that all monkeys are willing enough to be more like us than they are they show by their mimicry. An old authority tells that the easiest way to capture apes is for the hunter to pretend to shave himself, then to wash his face, fill the basin with a sort of bird lime, and leave it for the apes to blind themselves. If the Chinese story is to be believed, the imitative craze is even more fatal in another way ; for if you shoot one monkey of a band with a poisoned arrow, its neighbour, jealous of so unusual a decoration, will snatch the arrow from it and stab itself, only to have it torn away by a third, until in succession every member of the troop has committed suicide. Here in these out-door cages by the monkey-house one may see any day a manifestation of human quality which one can admire without reservation or forfeiture of one's human pride ; for in the next cage to the Japanese apes is a large female chacma, the dog-faced baboon of South Africa, which has an immense yearn- 144 OF DISTINGUISHED ANIMALS ing to become possessed of the next-door baby. If a visitor teases the little thing, or if its parents use it roughly, the chacma flies to the wires which separate the cages and, with every indication of anger, tries to get in to protect the helpless one. According to Mr. J. Lockwood Kipling, the parental instinct in langurs sometimes goes to unnecessary extremes, for bereaved mothers have been known to carry about with them the dead and dry bodies of their children for weeks, nursing and petting them as if they were still alive. In their wild life baboons, as well as langurs and many other monkeys, undoubtedly submit to the authority of recognised leaders. There is co-operation between them to the extent that, when fighting in company, one will go to the help of another which is hard pressed. Mr. Hagenbeck has told the story of the great fight in which an army of baboons estimated to number 3,000 (sic) were arranged against a party of his hunters. Baboons, which generally live in large packs or herds, are caught by being trapped in big cages, the hunters waiting until the cage is full before pulling the cord which shuts the door. It appears that the leader of a herd, always a powerful old male, has a way of keeping jealous guard over the cage-door and only allowing such animals to go in as he chooses — pre- sumably those which, on some recognised principle of the herd code, have a right to precedence. So the cages are built double-ended ; and those which are prevented from entering by the front door go round MONKEY FOLK 145 and find access at the back. On this occasion the cage was full and the cord had been pulled, whereupon : — The whole army hurled themselves savagely upon the hunters, who defended themselves as best they could with fire-arms and cud- gels. They were driven back, however, by sheer force of numbers ; and the victorious baboons made short work of the cage and released their imprisoned friends. Many touching scenes were witnessed in this battle. One little baboon who had been injured by a blow from a cudgel, was picked up and safely carried off by a great male from the very midst of the enemy. In another instance a female, who already had one infant on her back, picked up and went off with another whose mother had been shot. One is surprised, in this account, to find no record of loss of human life ; but though writers of fiction make free use of baboons, pets or wild, which tear human beings to pieces, the incident in real life seems to be extremely rare. No authenticated cases seem to be quoted by authorities, and diligent enquiry among African big game hunters and residents of districts where baboons are numerous has failed to bring a single instance to light. That baboons are terrible fighters there is no doubt ; and horrid tales are told of their ferocity in attacking other things than man. Once, so the story goes, a large solitary baboon was seen to enter an empty building — stable or barn — on a South African farm. The door was shut behind it and it was trapped. There was a large half-bred mastiff, a so-called lion-dog, upon the place ; and, after some consultation, it was decided to turn the dog into the building and let him kill the baboon. This was done. For the space of a minute or two there was a terrific uproar inside, followed by silence. The dog had 146 OF DISTINGUISHED ANIMALS evidently finished his job. So those without threw open the door, and, as they did so a brown shadow slipped out and flew past them ; and, looking inside, they found the interior of the building littered with pieces and limbs of dog. An adult baboon should be more than a match for any man unarmed, while a moderate-sized pack — one including from 40 to 100 individuals, such as is commonly met with — could make short work of even a party of hunters, whatever their weapons. Nor, perhaps, has any man ever found himself unexpectedly in the presence of such a pack without considerable misgiving. Natives are generally much afraid of them ; yet it does not appear that baboons ever do actually kill man. On the other hand, just as boys scare rooks at home, a single man or boy will keep them away from a field of ripening maize, a thing which, when unprotected, they dearly love to raid. In rocky ground baboons roll down stones upon their enemies, and when making a raid, as on an orchard which they believed to be guarded, the attack has been observed to be conducted on an organised plan, sentries being posted and scouts thrown out, which gradually felt their way forward to make sure that the coast was clear, while the main body remained in concealment behind until told that the road was open. From the fact that the sentries stayed posted throughout the raid, getting for themselves no share of the plunder, it was assumed that there must have been some sort of division of the proceeds afterwards. Chacma Baboon MONKEY FOLK 147 We have already seen how difficult it is for man to find, on biological grounds, any clear line of demarca- tion between himself and the apes. All gregarious or social animals seem to develop a communal system, often in extreme exactness of detail, even among creatures, as in the case of a bee colony, relatively low in the scale of existence. It has been mentioned in a previous chapter that wolves show not only an obedience to pack-leadership, but also the ability to hunt on a preconcerted plan. But the organisation in a colony of baboons, or in one of Indian langurs, seems to our iinds much more nearly human than anything which is done by bees or wolves. Not only in such a battle as that mentioned above, but in the daily life of a simian community, situations must constantly arise calling for initiative and for the exercise of personal qualities in action which it is impossible to classify as instinctive. Man, again, has been differentiated from other creatures as being a tool-using animal ; but the dis- tinction has recently been shown to be invalidated by — once more — the example of an insect, in this case wasps of a certain American species, which use a small stone to tamp down and make level the surface of the ground about their nests. It is not yet certain whether some of the great apes do, as has been alleged, or do not make for themselves clubs or sticks which they use in helping themselves along the ground, deliberately fashioning them by stripping the bark from one end to furnish a hand-hold. Whether L 2 i48 OF DISTINGUISHED ANIMALS this be true or not it seems to be well established that more than one species of monkey in a wild state use a stone with which to crack nuts which are too hard for their teeth. The whole simian family is divided by naturalists into two main groups, one of which is restricted entirely to the Old World and the other exclusively inhabits the New. It is a fact, from which the present writer declines to draw any inferences, that the structural difference between the two is chiefly a nasal one ; and it is worth noting that only in the invigorating, invention - breeding air of the New World have monkeys thought of using their tails as an extra hand. Not all American monkeys are prehensile-tailed, any more than all human Americans invent typewriters or gramophones ; but no prehensile -tailed monkeys exist elsewhere. It is only an American monkey, again, one of the sakis, which has learned to use its hand as a drinking cup, to avoid dipping it is supposed, its luxuriant beard in the water. The case of the gibbons, mentioned above, which suck the water from the hairs of their fingers, has not, it is believed, been recorded before ; and it is uncertain whether it is a habit characteristic of the species or only the trick of certain individuals, otherwise all the Old World species, so far as is known, continue to mess their chins and faces by thrusting their muzzles down into the stream or pool ; and a fascinating field of conjecture is opened to the believer in the influence of environment in the relation MONKEY FOLK 149 that may exist between the politer method of drinking of the American saki and the notorious preference of human Americans for taking their drinks through straws rather than put their lips to the liquid. Most of the American monkeys in the Gardens have been removed from the monkey-house to other quarters, the only representative of the New World now in the house being a spider monkey, which is in a cage by itself; and, seeing how the Old World Powers crowd its frontiers on every hand, it is appropriate that the spider monkey should come from Venezuela. The spider monkey's tail is so extremely prehensile that it has been reputed to have eyes in the tip. Certainly the member seems to have the faculty of letting go of one hold and reaching, of its own fore- knowledge, for another, without any need on the monkey's part to turn round to see where the tail is going. Man also finds the spider monkey's tail of use, for when a keeper takes the creature for a walk to lead it from one place to another, he leads it not by a hand but by its tail, which is vastly more convenient as a handle for the man and seemingly equally agree- able to the monkey. Most notable among the other monkeys which inhabit Central and South America, though for widely different reasons, are the squirrel monkeys and the howlers. The former have a cranial capacity, in proportion to their size, not only greater than any other monkey, but even greater than man himself. The howlers are perhaps the noisiest of all created 150 OF DISTINGUISHED ANIMALS things. Being gregarious, they assemble often in troops numbering some hundreds, and when all howl together " nothing can sound more dreadful " says Waterton, and Humboldt mentions having heard the uproar at a distance of over two miles. And while they thus make most noise, it is a fact, which seems to have a wider than merely simian application, that they possess the poorest brains of all monkeys. To many people the whole ape-family is represented only by the common roadside species, the associate of organ-grinders (usually what naturalists know as a common macaque), and the one detail universally known about their habits is their persistent fondness for searching each in its neighbour's fur, for fleas. Like most popular beliefs in natural history, this detail is erroneous — for, in truth, monkeys are very free from fleas, and the object of the patient foraging is not any living thing but a scurf which is thrown off by the skin and is said to have a saltish taste which pleases the monkey palate. It would almost seem, however, as if they loved the search for its own sake ; for the writer has been acquainted with one sanguine monkey which never tired of rummaging hopefully in the fur of an old and headless toy rabbit. There are in all something over 200 species of apes and monkeys, and 40 of these are now represented in the Gardens; and they differ, both in appearance and disposition, almost as much as animals can. Nothing could well be more forbidding in aspect, or in fact more evil-tempered, than the great mandrill, George Mandrill MONKEY FOLK 151 (yet horrific though the beast is, a mandrill has dined with Royalty at Windsor); but, on the other hand, the guerezas have beautiful coats, and the legend goes that they are so well aware that it is for their fur only that they are hunted, that when they see men coming they deliberately tear their own skins and pull out the hair by handfuls in order to render themselves not worth shooting. It would, again, be difficult to find any creature more engaging than the baby mona (one of the large family of guenons) with the beautiful grada- tions of colours in its fur, its gentle ways, and plaintive little voice. Pleasing appearances and gentle tempers, however, do not always go together, even in monkeys, and the vervets, charming to look at, are the most spitefully savage animals in the monkey-house. Notable among the macaques is a fine Barbary ape, the famous Capitoline goose of Gibraltar — though as to how the monkeys originally got upon the Rock science has not yet made up its mind. Some believe that they were imported, others hold that they were there in the days when the Rock was joined to the mainland, while yet a third theory maintains the existence (at least in a former age, if now perhaps choked up) of a sub- terranean tunnel from Gibraltar to the African coast. A somewhat similar displacement of monkeys from their natural habitat occurs in the West Indies. On the islands of Barbados, Nevis, and St. Kitts, monkeys exist (in parts of the two last-named islands in suffi- cient numbers to make them a serious pest to fruit and sugar-growers), which are certainly members of the 152 OF DISTINGUISHED ANIMALS Old World group and apparently identical with a cercopitheque (C. calitrichus] found in Sierra Leone. The ancestors of these monkeys were undoubtedly brought from Africa, probably in slave ships in the i yth century. A near relation of the Gibraltar apes is the Indian wanderoo, with its black face peering solemnly out from a great grey mane, giving to it a lion-like dignity which makes it the pride of the travelling menagerie, in which it is commonly known as the King of the Monkeys. Science is less complimentary, having con- ferred on it the name Silenus. As a matter of fact most monkeys (like the majority of animals) when given the chance show a liking for strong liquor, which is why, according to the old medical doctrine of antipathies, a snail is the best antidote to the effects of drink : — " The ape of all things cannot abide a snail ; now the ape is a drunken beast .... and a snail well washed is a remedy against drunkennesse." Drunkards or not, however, monkeys in at least one particular possess a shrewd taste in liquors, for they are said to be able infallibly to detect the presence of poison. Many centuries ago it is said that no Chinese or Hindu king was without his monkey as official poison taster ; and the story is told of how a man in India had endeavoured impiously to poison the monkeys that came to plunder his crops. First he set himself to gain their confidence, and fed them daily with rice put out for them in a dish, until the time came when he thought that he could successfully add the poison. MONKEY FOLK 153 But that day the monkeys would not eat the rice. They gathered round the poisoned dish and discussed it and looked at it, but would not taste it. Then, of one accord, they went off into the woods and came back with twigs of a certain tree, a certain antidote to the poison used, with which they stirred the rice over and over in the dish. Having thus made the stuff innocuous, they fell to and ate it greedily. It is not surprising that it was in the stomachs of some of the monkeys that the most precious bezoar stones were found, though the invaluable things were more particularly associated with the Peruvian sheep — the llamas, the guanaco, and vicuna — most especially with the second of them, whence they were also known as "guanaco stones." The name bezoar is said to be derived from ped-zahr, poison-expelling, and the pharmacopoeia of the Middle Ages contained no medicament more prized. The stones are in reality c< calculi, which are deposited in concentric layers, usually round some undigested fragment of vegetable matter." But an old Chilian writer tells us more about them : — " The matter out of which they are made are herbs of great virtue, which the animals eat to cure themselves of anything they ail, and preserve themselves from the poison of any venomous creatures as serpents, or poisonous plants, or other accidents. The stones are found in the oldest animals, their heat not being so strong as the heat of the young ones, they cannot convert into their substance all the humours of the herb they take to remedy their indisposition ; and so Nature has provided that what remains over may be deposited, and made a stone to cure in men the same infirmities." The stones did, indeed, cure almost anything. 154 OF DISTINGUISHED ANIMALS Merely to keep one's self in general good health all that was necessary was to put a bezoar stone to soak in water (just like a lump of sulphur in a dog's dish), and drink the water. The longer it soaked the better was the water. In more urgent cases, a little of the stone powdered and taken in water <c comforts the heart and purifies the blood exceedingly." Unfor- tunately monkeys which carried these stones were well aware of their value and were extremely shy of covetous man. Wherefore bezoars which came from apes were even more valuable than those which came from llamas. One instinct, mysterious to us, some of the monkey- folk, baboons especially, possess in greater degree seemingly than any other animal, namely, the instinct which tells them how to find water. They need no divining-rod such as human diviners use, but appear to be guided unerringly to the presence of water under the surface of the ground, and with their hands they scratch their way down to it. Of the baboons, the dog-faced ones, including the mandrill and chacma already mentioned, there are six kinds now in Regent's Park; and most honourable among them is the sacred baboon of the Egyptians, Thoth himself, the lord of letters — " deification of the abstract idea of the intellect." Sometimes the Egyptians seem to have made haphazard choice of gods ; but one needs but to look at Thoth here in his out-door cage to understand why they chose him as the type of wisdom. Hour after hour he does nothing MONKEY FOLK 15 j but think, sunk in Diogenes-meditation so profound that no Alexander would dare to interrupt. And what is it that they think about so hard, the apes and monkeys ? That their thoughts have no relation to their actions is obvious ; for not one of them but will sit for half- an-hour, graver than Confucius, only to break off suddenly to pick with intensity of concentration a straw to pieces, to leap ridiculously up and down on four stiff legs as if suspended by an elastic in mid- spine, or to pull a neighbour's tail as it hangs from a perch above. It was not of these things that it was thinking — it could not have been of any mere terrestrial thing, for half their contemplation, if directed to the affairs of earth, must long ago have made them wiser than any man, yet they remain less than children and fools. A sage among men is often but an infant in the practical affairs of life. It is an old anecdote which tells of a very learned professor who stepped off a tram-car while in motion, and he landed in the road dispersedly — hat, books, umbrella, spectacles scattered from gutter to gutter. Whereupon the car-conductor, looking on, soliloquized: " H'm ! Knows more than any other living man, does he ? He doesn't even know which foot to get off a car on ! " So these folk think too deeply ever to learn anything of use ; keeping their thoughts always in the skies, playing with great abstractions, ranging in infinities, they fail to get in touch with every -day affairs, and remain to the last but apes. And one can but 156 OF DISTINGUISHED ANIMALS regret that in their high thoughts they do not find more cheer, for there is no monkey which even in its wildest romps is not a victim of settled melancholy. Is it, as has been suggested, that, with their ancient lineage, they still remember the flood as a personal grief? Or is it that they know that they are doomed some day to extinction at the hands of man, and it is the fore- knowledge of that which makes them sad ? It was an old belief that apes were merry when the moon was waxing and moody in the wane. It may be that in this grim climate of ours they have settled to a belief that the moon will never wax again ; or is it only that they still bewail the lost opportunity of that day, long ago, when their ancestors took the wrong turning at the parting of the ways and failed to find the road that might have made them men ? »S7 X.— Of Crocodiles. The crocodile lays eggs. It should be set to the credit of the classical education that Englishmen gene- rally have a reasonably firm grip on this important fact in natural history ; for who, having been through any school wherein Arnold's Exercise Books were used, has forgotten that bewildering page whereon, in the "Vocabulary," appeared <c Crocodile the,KpOKoSeiXos/o" (the definite article imperiously insisting on the mascu- line gender), while the "Exercise" below contained the perplexing statement that "The Crocodile lays eggs " ? The pupil was thus reduced to the terrifying alternative of deliberately disobeying Dr. Arnold, or of outraging the promptings of his own common sense as to the gender of maternity. Nor does the resultant confusion appear to have been without effect on the minds of the crocodilia themselves, for the largest of the Mississippi alligators in the Reptile House is "Dick." It has never been anything but "Dick." In spite of which it indulges in periodical bouts of egg-laying. Thus is Dr. Arnold tardily justified ; and the crocodile (eo) does indeed lay eggs — no fewer, in a wild state, it is said, than 70 at a time. One of the reasons, indeed, given by old writers for the crocodile being worshipped in Egypt was the some- 158 OF DISTINGUISHED ANIMALS what cryptic one that it "laid three-score eggs and lived for three-score years" ; but from 20 to 30 is the common number of eggs found in a " clutch." In the reptile's easy code of ethics, however, its parental responsibilities end with the act of oviposition ; for, having covered the eggs with a layer of sand, it leaves the sun to do the rest (whence, doubtless, Shakespeare's "your mud and the operation of your sun"), and leaves it also to the ichneumon to do its worst. In some places it seems that water tortoises, too, eat crocodiles' eggs ; but the ichneumon is the real deso- lator of crocodile homes, scratching up the nests and eating or breaking the entire " sitting " at a meal. Crocodiles' eggs, however, are absurdly small, a mother soft, long being content with an egg no larger than that of a goose ; and the newly-hatched young, hardly more formidable than a common newt, are preyed upon by birds which a little later the rapidly growing crocodile would like nothing better than to get within its reach, as well as doubtless by many other things, including old crocodiles themselves. On sentimental grounds one would like to accept Southey's picture of royal reptilian domesticity as drawn from life : — The King of the Crocodiles there was seen, He sate on the eggs of the crocodile queen, And all around, a numerous rout, The young prince-crocodiles crawled about. But it may be as well for the princelings that the old crocodiles, the eggs having once been satisfactorily laid, lose interest in their whereabouts, for the old p u CL, 3 O s-. O CROCODILES 159 crocodile is a hearty and unscrupulous feeder. It might not impossibly shed tears — crocodile's tears — in the operation ; but its tender grief would not, in all probability, prevent it from eating its own young as readily as it eats anything else. The incorrigibly female Dick is one of the patriarchs (or matriarchs, for it is really very confusing) of Regent's Park, its residence there of 33 years being only a few months less than that of the present mother of the Zoo, the King's elephant. But though, on the estimate of her age at the time she was received at the Gardens in 1876, she is believed now to be nearly 50 years of age, she has refused to grow to more than 7 ft. in length — the crocodile who won't grow up. The well -remembered "big -alligator" which died some ten years ago (its familiar name in the Gardens was "the Little 'Un ") measured over lift., but was of so phlegmatic and peaceful a disposition that the keeper commonly found it convenient, when doing anything to the tank in which it lived, rather than get his boots wet, to rest one foot on the Little 'Un's back — a fact which gives some credibility to the story of surely the most precarious promenade on record, that of the British officer who is said (according to Mr. J. Lock- wood Kipling) to have walked across the famous croco- dile pool, the Mugger Pir, near Karachi, using the backs of the reptiles as stepping stones, just as a Canadian lumberman rides the floating logs. Dick, however, is of a more uncertain temper. For the most part amiable enough, she is periodically seized 160 OF DISTINGUISHED ANIMALS with fits of madness (one would be tempted to speak of it as musth, but for those confounding eggs again), when the smaller, and fortunately more agile, inhabi- tants of the tank, which include three other Missis- sippi alligators, a broad-fronted West African crocodile, and one Nilotic specimen with its tapering snout, find it necessary to keep well out of their companion's reach. More than once the keeper has thought it best to keep Dick muzzled with a rope knotted round its jaws until the fit had passed.
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196402910039
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Licence ouverte
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Club de l'Amitié
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ASSOCIATIONS
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French
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Spoken
| 10 | 13 |
formation des jeunes ; organisation des loisirs de la collectivité
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https://github.com/weiplanet/uno/blob/master/src/Uno.UWP/ApplicationModel/Activation/ToastNotificationActivatedEventArgs.cs
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
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uno
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weiplanet
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C#
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Code
| 36 | 107 |
namespace Windows.ApplicationModel.Activation
{
public partial class ToastNotificationActivatedEventArgs : IToastNotificationActivatedEventArgs, IActivatedEventArgs, IActivatedEventArgsWithUser, IApplicationViewActivatedEventArgs
{
public string Argument { get; }
public ActivationKind Kind { get => ActivationKind.ToastNotification; }
internal ToastNotificationActivatedEventArgs(string argument) => Argument = argument;
}
}
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37606361
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Stack Exchange
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Hans Passant, gayana, https://stackoverflow.com/users/17034, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6417851
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English
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Spoken
| 273 | 532 |
How do I scrape controls on an Windows Forms application which doesn't have an handle?
I have a Windows application. Where can I find the handle of the window?
I am unable to find the handle of the controls placed within that window. How can I scrape such controls? If it's a textbox or a button, I can automate it using the move position and send message. How does this work with a data grid/ table?
Use the System.Windows.Automation namespace.
You have to go to the Win32 API for that.
Import EnumChildWindows like this:
[DllImport("user32.dll")]
private static extern bool EnumChildWindows(Intptr parent, EnumWindowsProc enumProc, IntPtr lParam);
public delegate bool EnumWindowsProc(IntPtr hWnd, IntPtr lParam);
And then call it from you main windows with this.Handle as the parent's windows handle. It will call the delegate for every child control in the form. This will show a messagebox for every control in the window:
[System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)]
private static extern int GetWindowText(IntPtr hWnd, System.Text.StringBuilder lpString, int nMaxCount);
[System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("user32.dll", SetLastError = true, CharSet = System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.Auto)]
static extern int GetWindowTextLength(IntPtr hWnd);
EnumChildWindows(this.Handle, (handle, b) => {
int length = GetWindowTextLength(handle);
System.Text.StringBuilder sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder(length + 1);
GetWindowText(handle, sb, sb.Capacity);
MessageBox.Show(sb.ToString()); return true;
}, IntPtr.Zero);
Hi , Thanks for the response, But this approach dint return the handle of the controls I was looking for . in my case , I have the handle of the last child window , this window has various controls. I'm not able to access those controls. They are not visible even in spy++. is there any way to access such controls, that are placed inside a custom container/shell windows
| 47,522 |
6217713_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1,730 | 2,333 |
OPINION OF THE COURT
James C. Harberson, J.
Robert Gorman was issued a ticket for a violation of Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1120 (a) (failure to keep right) on November *21211, 2002 based on how he turned into his private driveway from Bowers Avenue in the City of Watertown. The issue presented here is whether the conduct of Mr. Gorman violated that section of the Vehicle and Traffic Law.
Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1120 is entitled “Drive on the right side of roadway; exceptions.” Subdivision (a) states, “Upon all roadways of sufficient width a vehicle shall be driven upon the right half of the roadway,” and goes on to list various exceptions dealing with “overtaking and passing” (para [1]) other vehicles, pedestrians, animals or obstructions “on the right half of the roadway” (para [2]) in which case if “it [is] necessary to drive to the left of the center of the highway” (para [3]) such movement from the “right half of the roadway” is permitted.
The undisputed evidence on which the ticket is based shows that as Mr. Gorman traveled down Bowers Avenue, he moved from the right half of that roadway “left of the center of the highway” into the opposite lane of travel, slowed down and then turned right from that position back across the roadway into his private driveway.
The defense raised by Mr. Gorman was that a telephone pole located immediately to the left of his driveway entrance necessitated moving from the right half of the roadway across the center of the highway to enable him to reach a position to turn his vehicle right into his driveway without striking the telephone pole upon entry.
Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1120 (a) states that a vehicle traveling along a highway must be driven “upon the right half of the roadway” except when leaving that side to avoid a hazard or pass an obstacle after which the driver must resume a position back in the right half of the roadway as he continues on a “direct course” (Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1163 [a]) to a particular destination.
If Mr. Gorman’s conduct is a proper basis for the court to make a finding of a violation of Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1120 (a) as argued by the People then a right-hand turn at an intersection (Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1160 [a]) or at a private driveway (Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1166 [a]) that could not be made while remaining within the right half of the roadway would be prohibited because none of the exceptions allowing movement outside the right half of the roadway listed at Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1120 (a) included such right-hand turns.
The question, then, is whether a motorist can execute such a maneuver as Mr. Gorman’s right-hand turn into his driveway *213without violating Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1120 (a). In order to ascertain the answer a review of the Vehicle and Traffic Law in general and, in particular, those sections dealing with the conduct at issue in this case guided by the rules of statutory construction is required including a review of the statutory history of Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1120 (a) and § 1166 (a).
Statutory Construction
The Court stated in People v Kates (77 AD2d 417 [4th Dept]) that “it is true that all parts of a statute must be read and construed together to ascertain the legislative intent” (id. at 418); and a statute “must be given a reasonable interpretation so as to accomplish its purpose [so] [w]hen the literal language of the statute does not express the manifest intent and purpose it need not be adhered to” and “to effect the intention of the Legislature, the words of a single provision may be enlarged or restrained in their meaning and operation; and language general in expression may be subjected to exceptions through implication (Abood v. Hospital Ambulance Serv., 30 N Y 2d 295).” (Fan v Buzzitta, 42 AD2d 40, 43; see also, Matter of McLeod, 105 Misc 2d 1012, 1016 [where the court noted the “overriding cardinal rule * * * in applying statutes (is that) the court must effectuate the underlying purpose and intent of the legislation” and to “not blindly (adhere) to the literal language * * * where such * * * fails to express the clear overriding legislative purpose”], citing Abood, supra.)
In Cunningham v Frucher (110 Misc 2d 458), the court citing McKinney’s Consolidated Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 97 said that “a statute * * * is to be construed as a whole * * * [reading] all parts of an act * * * together to determine legislative intent [thus taking] the entire act into consideration and [reading] all sections of the law * * * together to determine its fair meaning.” (Id. at 463.) The Cunningham court added, citing Statutes § 130, that “it is immaterial in such construction that the statute is divided into sections, chapters or titles” because “all sections of the law must be read together * * * as if they were all in the same section.” (Id. at 463.)
In People v Harris Corp. (123 Misc 2d 989), the court said, “[C]ourts are * * * expected to reject a [statutory] construction which would make a statute absurd ([Statutes] § 145, p 294).” (Id. at 995.)
Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1166, as indicated in the legislative memorandum (infra), was “patterned after * * * section 1160” and such a “kindred” relationship puts them in pari ma*214teria (Statutes § 221). Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1166
Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1166 deals with the “[Required position for turning at * * * driveway * * * off the roadway.” The law states that “[t]he driver of a vehicle intending to turn from a roadway into * * * [a] driveway * * * shall approach the turn as follows: (a) Right turns: The approach for a right turn shall be made as close as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway.”
In the Bill Jacket for this law (L 1966, ch 228, § 2) the memorandum prepared for the Assembly stated, in part, that it was “to provide that a driver intending to turn at * * * [a] driveway * * * off the roadway should approach the turn with his vehicle on a specified portion of the roadway” and the memorandum went on to state, “This bill [was] patterned after * * * Section 1160 [turns at intersections],” applying for safety reasons the same requirements “to drivers who are to turn at a place other than an intersection.” The memorandum concluded, “This bill would, for example, prohibit the hazardous practice of making wide turns into driveways.” (See also, Counsel for Department of Motor Vehicles [DMV] letter of Mar. Decision
The court finds that if it accepts the People’s argument that no right-hand turn may be made outside the right-hand side of the roadway without violating Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1120 (a) it would be adopting “a statutory construction which results ‘in the nullification of one part [of the statute (§ 1160 [a] and § 1166 [a])] by another [§ 1120 (a)] [which] is not permissible.’ ” (People v Kates, supra at 418.) This court, as in People v Harris, “rejects such [statutory] construction which [would] make a statute absurd ([Statutes] § 145).” (Id. at 995.)
The court finds that Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1120 (a) applies only to the operation of a motor vehicle as it continues on a “direct course” to the point where a motorist intends to make a right-hand turn at an intersection or private driveway. By thus “restrain! [ng the words of this provision] in their meaning and operation” {Fan at 43) a right-hand turn which may necessitate moving to the left outside the right half of a roadway to safely enter a private driveway curb cut without “cut [ting] the corner” (Ziparo, supra at 998) or otherwise striking the left- or right-hand curb, not to mention a telephone pole or hydrant located next to either side of the entrance, can be made as prescribed by Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1166 (a) “as close as practicable to the right-hand curb” even if that point is located outside the right lane “left of the center of the highway.”
In this way Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1120 (a) and § 1166 (a) can all be read together as part of the Vehicle and Traffic Law and be given “a reasonable interpretation” to achieve the manifest intent of the Legislature {Fan) enabling these sections to operate harmoniously rather than in conflict (Statutes § 98 [b]).
Conclusion
Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1120 (a) and § 1166 (a) describe the position on a highway where a motor vehicle should be *216located. Each defines a different position relating to whether the intent of a motorist is to travel down the road or to make a right-hand turn into a driveway.
In 1966 Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1166 (a) was enacted to deal with right-hand turns into private driveways to impose the requirements of Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1160 (a) dealing with right-hand turns at intersections “for safety” reasons by prohibiting “the hazardous practice of making wide turns into driveways” according to the DMV counsel’s letter of March 24, 1966 urging passage of this new section. Such a recommendation by the DMV counsel and subsequent approval of the law would have been unnecessary if Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1120 (a) applied to such turns from the public highway into a driveway.
The court finds, then, that for the reasons given the People have charged Mr. Gorman under the wrong section of the Vehicle and Traffic Law (§ 1120 [a]) based on the facts in the record as the testimony clearly shows that the defendant was executing a right-hand turn into a private driveway which is conduct prescribed by Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1166 (a) at the time of the allegations and not continuing on a “direct course” down the street in the right-hand lane covered by Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1120 (a). The court finds that the People have failed to prove their case beyond a reasonable doubt and the charge is dismissed.
| 9,779 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6724947
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,011 |
Stack Exchange
|
Christopher James, Hailey_Cupcakes, Melvin, Mihai Fratu, Noman Soomro, Priyal Jadhav, Senior Ezio, Tomathor13, V V, albertamg, andromarina, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14697810, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14697811, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14697812, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14697923, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14697924, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14697925, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14697926, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14697986, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14698092, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14698251, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14698252, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14698253, https://stackoverflow.com/users/375300, https://stackoverflow.com/users/706933, https://stackoverflow.com/users/831838, j1avneo957, jimmy andrew, mithircrq2, w2dwfcl770
|
Danish
|
Spoken
| 460 | 1,031 |
MapKit crashes - unrecognized selector sent to instance
I'm trying to add pin/address annotations in my Google maps view. When I do this everyting works fine:
[self addPin: CLLocationCoordinate2DMake(lat, lng) title: @"test" subtitle: @"test"];
with:
- (void) addPin: (CLLocationCoordinate2D) position title: (NSString *) pinTitle subtitle: (NSString *) pinSubtitle{
AddressAnnotation *addAnnotation = [[AddressAnnotation alloc] initWithTitle:pinTitle andCoordinate:position andSubtitle:pinSubtitle];
[mapView addAnnotation:addAnnotation];
[addAnnotation autorelease];
}
and
#import "AddressAnnotation.h"
@implementation AddressAnnotation
@synthesize title, coordinate, subtitle;
- (id)initWithTitle:(NSString *)ttl andCoordinate:(CLLocationCoordinate2D)c2d andSubtitle:(NSString *)sbtitle {
[super init];
title = ttl;
coordinate = c2d;
subtitle = sbtitle;
return self;
}
- (void)dealloc {
[title release];
[super dealloc];
}
@end
with:
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <MapKit/MapKit.h>
@interface AddressAnnotation : NSObject <MKAnnotation> {
NSString *title;
CLLocationCoordinate2D coordinate;
NSString *subtitle;
}
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *title;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *subtitle;
@property (nonatomic, readonly) CLLocationCoordinate2D coordinate;
- (id)initWithTitle:(NSString *)ttl andCoordinate:(CLLocationCoordinate2D)c2d andSubtitle:(NSString *)sbtitle;
@end
things go wrong when I do this:
NSString *detailTitle = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@", [key objectForKey:@"name"]];
NSString *detailSubtitle = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@", [key objectForKey:@"vicinity"]];
NSLog(@"%@", detailSubtitle);
[self addPin: CLLocationCoordinate2DMake(lat, lng) title: detailTitle subtitle: detailSubtitle];
The app chrases somethimes when the pins are supposed to go in my view and somethimes this error:
'NSInvalidArgumentException', reason: '-[NSCFNumber length]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x5851c80'
Try changing your init function from AddressAnnotation.m to
- (id)initWithTitle:(NSString *)ttl andCoordinate:(CLLocationCoordinate2D)c2d andSubtitle:(NSString *)sbtitle {
self = [super init];
if (self) {
self.title = ttl;
self.coordinate = c2d;
self.subtitle = sbtitle;
}
return self;
}
You are using the instance variables directly to set the values in the class instance and not the properties so the actual values that you pass are not copied hence not retained.
thnx, that works, except for the self.coordinate. That one need to stay without the self. otherwise it gives an error. Can you try to explain again why I need to do this, to be honest I dont get it. Is it because the coordinate isn't an pointer, and the title and subtitle are ?
No. When you create a @property in your h file and later use @ synthesize you actually let the compiler to build the setter and getter functions for that instance variable for you. When you use self.variableName it's like calling [self setVariableName:newValue] which in your case would do [variableName release]; variableName = [newValue copy];. Hope that makes sense. If not you can try reading this.
@user706933 @Mihai Fratu Bear in mind that Apple discourages the usage of accessor methods in initializers.
NSCFNumber is one of the private implementations of NSNumber. NSNumber does not have a method called length, so it does not recognize the selector. So far so good.
It is hard to tell where this NSNumber is being used. ISTM that the problem is not in your code. I don't know enough of MapKit to give you a workaround.
| 16,135 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111649219
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Jan Vaněk
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 40 | 121 |
Jan Vaněk
rozcestník na projektech Wikimedia
Jan Vaněk instance (čeho) rozcestník stejně pojmenovaných osob
Jan Vaněk
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Jan Vaněk ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Personennamen-Begriffsklärungsseite
Jan Vaněk
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Jan Vaněk instance of Wikimedia human name disambiguation page
Jan Vaněk
rozlišovacia stránka
| 34,926 |
https://github.com/PrataapMS/react-native-ngenius/blob/master/ios/NiSdk.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT-0
| 2,022 |
react-native-ngenius
|
PrataapMS
|
C
|
Code
| 14 | 65 |
#import <React/RCTBridgeModule.h>
#import <PassKit/PassKit.h>
@import NISdk;
@interface NiSdk : NSObject <RCTBridgeModule, CardPaymentDelegate, ApplePayDelegate>
@end
| 44,188 |
s_G_SPS_NEU613_1
|
WTO
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
None
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 1,325 | 2,382 |
G/SPS/N/EU/613
31 de enero de 2023
(23-0702) Página: 1/4
Comité de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN
1. Miembro que notifica : UNIÓN EUROPEA
Si procede, nombre del gobierno local de que se trate:
2. Organismo responsable : Comisión Europea, Dirección General de Salud y Seguridad
Alimentaria
3. Productos abarcados (número de la(s) partida(s) arancelaria(s) según se
especifica en las listas nacionales depositadas en la OMC ; deberá indicarse
además, cuando proceda, el número de partida de la ICS) : oxamil (sustancia activa
de plaguicidas).
4. Regiones o países que pod rían verse afectados, en la medida en que sea
procedente o factible:
[X] Todos los interlocutores comerciales
[ ] Regiones o países específicos:
5. Título del documento notificado : Draft Commission Implementing Regulation
concerning the non -renewal of the approval of the active substance oxamyl, in accordance
with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and
amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 (Text with EEA
relevance) (Proyecto de Reglamento d e Ejecución de la Comisión relativo a la no
renovación de la aprobación de la sustancia activa oxamil, de conformidad con el
Reglamento (CE) N° 1107/2009 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, y por el que se
modifica el Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) N° 540/ 2011 de la Comisión (Texto pertinente a
efectos del EEE)) . Idioma(s) : inglés . Número de páginas : 5.
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2023/SPS/EEC/23_0781 _00_e.pdf G/SPS/N/EU/613
- 2 -
6. Descripción del contenido : En el Proyecto de Reglamento de Ejecución de la Comisión
notificado se establece que la aprobación de la sustancia activa oxamil no será renovada,
en virtud de las disposiciones del Reglamento (CE) N° 1107/2009 . Los Estados miembros
de la UE anularán las autorizaciones de los productos fitosanitarios que contengan oxamil
como sustancia activa . La no renovación de la aprobación se fundamenta en la primera
evaluación de la sustancia para su uso como sustancia activa de plaguicidas en la Unión
Europea, en virtud del Reglamento (CE) N° 1107/2009 . La sustancia había sido evaluada y
aprobada en el marco de la Directiva 91/414/CEE.
Para aprobar una sustancia activa de conformidad con el Reglamento (CE) Nº 1107/2009,
relativo a la comercialización de productos fitosanitarios, debe demostrarse que esta no es
perjudicial para la salud humana y de los animales ni para el medio ambiente . En el
artículo 4 del Reglamento se enumeran los criterios de aprobación, que se explican con
más detalle en el anexo II de dicho documento . En la evaluación y el examen por
homólogos acerca del oxamil se determinaron algunas preocupaciones y cuestiones
respecto de las que no pudieron extraerse resultados concluyentes . Estas se detallan en el
dictam en de la Autoridad Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria (EFSA) y se indican a
continuación : La exposición de los operadores es inaceptable (mínimo del 112% del NAEO
y mínimo del 389% del NAEAO), incluso si se tiene en cuenta el uso de EPP ; La evaluación
prelim inar del riesgo alimentario para los consumidores indicó que la dosis aguda de
referencia aguda (DARf) se superaba con creces en todos los usos representativos : 1538%
(patatas, niños), 1223% (sandías, niños), 656% (pepinos, niños) y 581% (tomates, niños)
incluso al considerar los residuos de oxamil con un límite de cuantificación de 0,01 mg/kg.
Debido a estas preocupaciones y cuestiones para las que no pudieron extraerse resultados
concluyentes, el oxamil no cumple los criterios de aprobación establecidos e n el
Reglamento (CE) Nº 1107/2009, y su aprobación no se puede renovar . Se retirarán las
autorizaciones vigentes . Los Estados miembros de la UE deberán retirar los productos
fitosanitarios ya comercializados que contengan oxamil, a más tardar seis meses de spués
de la entrada en vigor de la medida . De conformidad con el artículo 46 del Reglamento
Nº 1107/2009, se concede un período de gracia de 12 meses desde la entrada en vigor de
la medida (que permitirá utilizar el producto por última vez una temporada).
Esta decisión solo afecta a la comercialización de esta sustancia y de los productos
fitosanitarios que la contienen . Como consecuencia de la no renovación de la aprobación, y
una vez transcurridos todos los períodos de gracia para las existencias de produ ctos que
contengan dicha sustancia, se tomarán probablemente medidas específicas sobre los
límites máximos de residuos y se presentará otra notificación como prevén los
procedimientos en materia de medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias.
Este proyecto de Regl amento de Ejecución de la Comisión también se notificó en el marco
del Acuerdo OTC en el documento G/TBT/N/EU/945.
7. Objetivo y razón de ser : [X] inocuidad de los alimentos, [X] sanidad animal,
[X] preservación de los vegetales, [ ] protección de la salud humana contra las
enfermedades o plagas animales o vegetales, [X] protección del territorio contra
otros daños causados por plagas. G/SPS/N/EU/613
- 3 -
8. ¿Existe una norma internacional pertinente ? De ser así, indíqu ese la norma:
[ ] de la Comisión del Codex Alimentarius (por ejemplo, título o número de
serie de la norma del Codex o texto conexo) :
[ ] de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) (por ejemplo, número
de capítulo del Código Sanitario para los Animales Terrestres o del Código
Sanitario para los Animales Acuáticos) :
[ ] de la Convención Internacional de Protección Fitosanitaria (por ejemplo,
número de NIMF) :
[X] Ninguna
¿Se ajusta la reglamentación que se propone a la norma internacional pertinen te?
[ ] Sí [ ] No
En caso negativo, indíquese, cuando sea posible, en qué medida y por qué razón
se aparta de la norma internacional:
9. Otros documentos pertinentes e idioma(s) en que están disponibles:
− Reglamento (CE) N° 1107/2009 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 21 de
octubre de 2009 , relativo a la comercialización de productos fitosanitarios y por el que
se derogan las Directivas 79/117/CEE y 91/414/CEE del Consejo.
https://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -
content/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009R1107&qid=1437730988988&from=ES
− Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) Nº 540/2011 de la Comisión, de 25 de mayo de 2011 ,
por el que se aplica el Reglamento (CE) N° 1107/2009 del Parlamento Europeo y del
Consejo en lo que respecta a la lista de sustancias activas autorizadas (DO L 153, de
11 de junio de 2011 , páginas 1 a 186).
https://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -
content/ES/TXT/?qid=1442928512004&uri=CELEX:32011R0540
− Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active su bstance
oxamyl.
− EFSA Journal 2022;20(5):7296 (36 páginas) . Conclusion on the peer review of the
pesticide risk assessment of the active substance oxamyl.
https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7296
(disponible en inglés)
10. Fecha propuesta de adopción (día/mes/año) : segundo trimestre de 2023
Fecha propuesta de publicación (día/mes/año) : segundo trimestre de 2023
11. Fecha propuesta de entrada en vigor : [ ] Seis meses a partir de la fecha de
publicación, y/o (día/mes/año) : 20 días después de la publicación en el Diario Oficial
de la Unión Europea
[ ] Medida de facilitación del comercio
12. Fecha límite para la presentación de observaciones : [ ] Sesenta días a partir de la
fecha de distribución de la notificación y/o (día/mes/año) : No procede . Las
observaciones deben abordar únicamente los aspectos relacionados con los OTC y dirigirse
al Servicio de Información OTC indicado en el documento G/TBT/N/EU/945.
Organismo o autoridad encargado de tramitar las observaciones : [X] Organismo
nacional encargado de la notificación, [X] Servicio nacional de información.
Dirección, número de fax y dirección de correo electrónico (en su caso) de otra
institución:
European Commission (Comisión Europea)
EU-TBT Enquiry Point (Servicio de Información OTC de la UE)
Fax: +(32) 2 299 80 43
Correo electrónico: grow-eu-tbt@ec.europa.eu G/SPS/N/EU/613
- 4 -
13. Texto(s) disponible(s) en : [X] Organismo nacional encargado de la notificación,
[X] Servicio nacional de información . Dirección, número de fax y dirección de
correo electrónico (en su caso) de otra institución:
European Commission (Comisión Europea)
EU-TBT Enquiry Point (Servicio de Información OTC de la UE)
Fax: +(32) 2 299 80 43
Correo electrónico: grow-eu-tbt@ec.europa.eu.
| 2,139 |
https://github.com/ouyanggao/aikexue/blob/master/src/src/extra/px/seeExp1.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
aikexue
|
ouyanggao
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 717 | 2,537 |
//@author mu @16/4/27
var seeExp1 = myLayer.extend({
sprite: null,
changeDelete: true, //是否退出删除
layerName: "seeExp1", //必要！ 用于判定各种按钮的返回和进入
preLayer: "seeLayer", //必要！ 用来判定返回的上一个页面
load: function() {
loadPlist("seejson")
},
myExit: function() { //退出时调用
this._super()
},
myDelete: function() { //删除时调用
this._super()
},
myEnter: function() { //进场时调用 未删除不会重复调用
this._super()
var self = this
if (this.nodebs) {
this.nodebs.show(function() {
self.nodebs.say({ //当存在key为show的对话ID才调用
key: "Show"
})
})
}
if (self.toolbtn) {
self.toolbtn.show()
}
},
dataControl: {},
ctor: function() { //创建时调用 未删除不会重复调用
this._super();
this.load()
this.expCtor({
setZ: 1,
})
this.dataControl = {}
var self = this
var dataControl = this.dataControl
self.initPeople() //创建人物
self.initScene()
return true
},
initScene: function() {
var self = this
var uilist = [
"addBg",
"btn_answer",
"img_bg",
]
var bg = loadNode(res.seebg, uilist)
bg.setPosition(getMiddle(100, -30))
safeAdd(self, bg)
var start = cc.p(30, 327)
var devideY = -43
var list = getRand(8)
self.randList = list
var zOrder = {
base: 0,
touch: 1,
}
var btnFind = new ccui.Button(res.btn_get_normal, res.btn_get_select)
btnFind.setPosition(910, 480)
btnFind.setVisible(false)
safeAdd(self, btnFind)
btnFind.addClickEventListener(function() {
self.nodebs.say({
key: "Result",
force: true,
})
})
self.btnFind = btnFind
var judgeShowBtn = function() {
var list = self.judgeList
var finalJudge = true
if (list) {
for (var i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
var judge = list[i]
if (!(judge && judge.item)) {
finalJudge = false
break
}
}
if (finalJudge) {
self.getFind = true
self.btnFind.setVisible(true)
}
}
}
var judgeAll = function(data) {
if (self.judgeList) {
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| 24,825 |
http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000051833662 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000051833662 http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/annoshow?call=wrz|18631218|1|10.0|0 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000051833662_1
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Europeana
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
Wiener Zeitung
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None
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German
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Spoken
| 9,802 | 17,920 |
Für N° 89. Freitag, 18. Dezember Amtlicher Teil. Das k.k. Finanzministerium hat den Finanzbezirksdirektor für den Prager Kreis Franz Peche und den Finanzbezirksdirektor zu Saaz August Schmid zu Finanzräthen im Gremium der Finanzlandesdirection in Prag ernannt. Das k.k. Finanzministerium hat den Finanzbezirksdirektor zu Zara Finanzrat Rudolf Ritter v. Küffer in gleicher Eigenschaft auf die zu Chrudim in Böhmen erledigte Finanzbezirksdirektorsstelle versetzt und zu Finanzbezirksdirektoren in Böhmen mit dem Titel und Charakter eines Finanzräthen den Grenzinspektor und Amtsdirektor zu Karlsbad Alfred Ellmauer für Saaz, den Finanzsekretär der böhmischen Finanzlandesdirection Ludwig Ritter v. Naderny für den Prager Kreis und den Finanzwachsamtsinspektor in Böhmen Johann Skala für Jicin ernannt. Nichtamtlicher Teil. Der Keerrich, Wien, den 17. Dezember. Seine k.k. Apostolische Majestät geruhten im Laufe des heutigen Vormittags Privataudienzen zu erteilen. Ihre k.H.H. die durchlauchtigste Frau Erzherzogin Sophie haben zur Verteilung an verstümmelte arbeitsunfähige Krieger aus dem letzten Feldzuge, am h. Weihnachtsabend, dem Allerhöchsten Geburtsfeste Ihrer Majestät der Kaiserin, z.H. des Bürgers Herrn Franz Anton Danning ein Quantum Loden und Wäsche gnädigst übergeben lassen. Zu demselben Zwecke haben gespendet: Ein alter Soldat 5 fl., Erwin 2 fl., L. v. Sch. 10 fl., durch das k.k Landesgeneralcommando Herr k.k. Truchsess Michael Bitterl Edler v. Tessenberg 100 fl., Fräulein Kurz, bek 30 fl., Herr Wilhelm von Wall 10 fl., Herr Schreibers diverse Sachen, Ungenannt 300 fl., Herr Dusl diverse Sachen. M. H. 10 fl., N. 3 fl. Der herzlichste Dank für diese Spenden im Namen der zu Betheilenden. Ausweis über die aus dem Votivkirchenbau-fond der k.k.n.ö. Landeshauptkasse bis Ende Oktober 1863 bestrittenen Auslagen. Betrag in Ö. W. Einzelne Zusammen Gesamtausgabe bis Ende April 1863. 1,614.784 7 Weitere Ausgaben vom 1. Mai bis Ende Oktober 1863: Auf Besoldung. 420 — „Quartiergeld. 105 — „Honorare.... 2,100 — „Remunerationen. 838 26 „Bauauslagen. .117.127 — Bezüglich der Votivkirche eigentümlichen Gutes Sprog in Ungarn 8,000 — 128.090 25 Summa sämtlicher Ausgaben bis Ende Oktober 1863 1,742.844 32 Wien, am 16. November 1863. Vom k.k.n.ö. Staatsbuchhaltung. Die Totalübersicht des Sammlungserfolges an Beiträgen und verschiedenen Widmungen für die Votivkirche bis Ende Oktober 1863 befindet sich auf Seite 1833. Sitzung des Abgeordnetenhauses vom 17. Dezember. (Nachtrag.) Die nach dem Antrage des Ausschusses angenommenen „Aufforderungen an die Staatsverwaltung" lauten: 1. „Die Finanzverwaltung wird aufgefordert, die zur Erhaltung der patentmäßigen Tilgung bei den einzelnen Anleihengattungen bis zum 31. Oktober 1862 noch am 30. April 1863 abgängig gewesenen Beträge, als: s. bei dem in Folge Allerhöchster Entschließung vom 20. Dezember 1849 aufgenommenen Convertirungsanlehen für capitalisierte Zinsen und Staatsschuldenanleihen gewinnst mit 59.726 fl. 14 kr. bei dem in Folge Allerhöchster Entschließung vom 24. Juni 1851 aufgenommenen 5 Prozent in Silber verzinslichen Anleihen Serie 6 mit 1575 ff. o. bei dem in Folge Allerhöchster Entschließung vom 3. März 1854 in Frankfurt a.M. und in Amsterdam aufgenommenen Anleihen mit 140.979 fl. nachträglich einzulösen, übrigens aber dafür Sorge zu tragen, dass die auf jedes Verwaltungsjahr zur Einlösung entfallenden Beträge auch innerhalb desselben wirklich aus dem Umlaufe gezogen werden." 2. „Die bei dem in Folge Allerhöchster Entschließung vom 24. Juni 1851 mit der Bezeichnung Serie 5 aufgenommenen Anleihen mit 4,403.960 fl. 33½ kr. und bei dem in Folge Allerhöchster Entschließung vom 3. September 1852 aufgenommenen 5 Prozent Anleihen mit 2,321.730 fl. gegen die patentmäßige Gebühr auf den Stand am 31. Oktober 1862 und mit Berücksichtigung der bei Serie 5 bis zum 4. Mai 1863, bei dem Bankvalutaanlehen aber bis zum 30. April 1863 eingelösten Beträge sich ergebenden Überschüsse auf die für die nächsten Verwaltungsjahre entfallenden patentmäßigen Tilgungsquoten zu berechnen." 3. 1863 Kronswerder. Wie der "Bote für Tirol und Vorarlberg" meldet, haben Seine k.k. Apostolische Majestät drei von dem Hülfspfarrer Alois Morig zu Zirl verfasste Werke, nämlich "eine Biographie des k.k. Feldhauptmanns Ludwig Grafen Lodron", "Geschichte des Einfalls der Franzosen im Jahre 1799" und "Beschreibung des Feldzuges von 1809 und seine Folgen für Oesterreich", der allergnädigsten Aufnahme zu würdigen und dem Verfasser nebst einem anerkennenden Schreiben als Druckkostenbetrag ein Honorar von 150 fl. zu bewilligen geruht. Ferner haben Seine Majestät dem Komponisten Jakob Katschthaler, Kapellmeister der Innsbrucker städtischen Musikbande, für den von ihm verfassten und von Sr. Majestät allergnädigsten angenommenen Jubelfestmarsch ein Honorar von 80 fl. zu bestimmen gemäß. Der Brünner Gemeindeausschuss hat eine an Seine Majestät den Kaiser in Sachen der Herzogtümer Schleswig-Holstein abzusendende Adresse am 15. d. M. mit allen gegen 4 Stimmen angenommen. Herr Ferdinand Freiherr von Sternbach hat aus Rücksicht seiner Kränklichkeit das Mandat als Landtags-abgeordneter des Großgrundbesitzes in Mähren (ersten Wahlkörpers der Fideicommissbesitzer) zurückgelegt. Herr Max Ritter von Moro hat sein Mandat für den Kärntner Landtag niedergelegt. ES wird dessen wegen in der Wählerklasse des Großgrundbesitzes eine Neuwahl stattfinden. Die "Breslauer Ztg." enthielt einen Artikel aus Wien, in welchem der Verfasser, die "Ministerkrise" besprechend, von einem diesbezüglichen Artikel des "P. N." mit Bestimmtheit behauptete, derselbe sei aus der Feder Franz Deak. Herr Deak erklärt jetzt, dass diese Behauptung eine völlige Unwahrheit sei: Ich habe jenen Artikel nicht geschrieben, nicht geschrieben lassen, ja von dessen Existenz nicht früher etwas gewusst, als bis er im bezeichneten Blatt zu lesen war. Es kam mir auch nicht einen Moment in den Sinn, mich in die über die angebliche Ministerkrise gepflogene Diskussion der Journale einzumischen, denn ich halte diese Diskussion - mindestens in Bezug auf unser Vaterland - für durchwegs unfruchtbar. Herr Prof. Dr. Purkyne in Prag feiert am 17. d. M. seinen 77. Geburtstag. Die böhmische Künstlerbesellschaft wird ihm aus diesem Anlass eine Glückwunschtsadresse überreichen. Zu dem freundlichen Städtchen Reustadtl bei Hayde im Böhmerwald ist durch die Bemühungen eines Herrn Prinz die seit dem vorigen Jahrhundert ausgebliebene Heilquelle "zum heiligen Geist", jetzt "Prinzensquelle" genannt, wieder aufgefunden worden. Sie entspringt in einer Mauernische der heiligen Geist-kapelle und das Wasser, von Heilbedürftigen stark gebraucht, wird bereits in die Gegenden von Eger und Pilsen exportiert. In dem fürstlichen Schwarzenbergschen Schloss Libejice bei Wodan ist am 13. d. M. Graf Eugen Pachta, k. K. Rittmeister in der Armee und Mitbesitzer der Domainen Gabel und Bezno, an einer Unterleibsentzündung gestorben. Er war am 28. Mai 1822 geboren. Die Firma der „Laibacher Actiengesellschaft für Gasbeleuchtung" ist am 21. November protokolliert worden. Das Capital der Gesellschaft besteht in 175.000 fl., nämlich 100.000 fl. Banknoten, in Aktien zu 200 fl. und 75.000 fl. Silber als 5 prozen Anlehen in 375 Partial-obligationen zu 200 fl. Der Vorstand besteht aus den Gründern der Gesellschaft. Die „Triester Ztg." entnimmt dem „Corriere delle Marche" eine aus Ancona vom 12. d. M. datirte Mitteilung des Inhalts, dass der österreichische Lloyd-Dampfer „Ferdinand I." sich am 7. d.M. Morgens an der Küste von Monte Pagano bei Giulia Nuova mit gebrochener Maschine und ohne Kohlen befunden habe, worauf am gleichen Morgen der vom Fregattencapitän Civita befehlige Dampfer „Lombards" von Ancona aus demselben zu Hilfe geeilt sei und ihn am Nachmittag in den Hafen gebracht habe. Die „Triester Ztg." fügt hinzu, dass der genannte Lloyd-Dampfer auf dem Wege aus der Levante nach Triest war, um im Arsenale repariert zu werden. Im Theatergarten in Graz stehen mehrere Bäume im vollen Blattenschluck, nach mildem Wetter haben die zarten Knospen entfaltet und die Blätter hervorgezaubert. Der Araber-Sicherheitscommissär Joseph Ritt hat einen Räuberhauptmann und 14 Spießgesellen mit persönlicher Lebensgefahr kürzlich gefangengenommen, welche Bande einen gräßlichen Raubmord auf der Tanya eines Posten-pächters betrieben hat. Der muthige Sicherheitscommissär wurde mit einer Prämie von 1000 st. belohnt. (Araber Ztg.) Die Gerüchte über die Typhus-Epidemie in Trient waren sehr übertrieben. Seit Beginn der Krankheit sind in einem Zeitraum von 6 Wochen bloß 81 Personen von der Krankheit ergriffen worden, von diesen genasen 37, kam starb und 38 sind noch in Behandlung. Neue Krankheitsfälle sind in den letzten Tagen nicht dazu gekommen. In dem zum Zdounekern Bezirk gehörigen Dorf Lubna in Mähren starb am 3. d. M. die AuSgedingerin Veronica Polischenka an Altersschwäche. Sie zählte bei ihrem Tod das ungewöhnliche Alter von 112 Jahren. Ein neunzehnjähriges Mädchen, die Pupilin Wilhelmine Bronislawa, ist vom k.k. Landesgericht in Lemberg wegen Verfälschung öffentlicher Kreditspapiere zum schweren Kerker von fünf Jahren verurteilt worden. Deutschland, 15. December. Über das Verbot der „Gartenlaube" bringt die „Nordd. Mg." "Ztg." folgenden offiziellen Kommentar: Die in Leipzig erscheinende Zeitschrift „Die Gartenlaube" brachte bekanntlich im vorigen Jahre eine Novelle, in welcher der Untergang des preußischen Kriegsschiffes „Die Amazone" auf die gehässigste und unflätigste Weise im Interesse der Skandalsucht und der politischen Bosheit gegen Preußen ausgebeutet wurde. Eine allgemeine Entrüstung machte sich namentlich darüber geltend, dass ein Ereignis, welches zahlreiche Familien in Preußen durch schiere Verluste in tiefe Trauer gestürzt hatte, in jener Zeit eine Darstellung und Deutung erfuhr, welche im höchsten Grade geeignet waren, die Folter des Schmerzes und der Aufregung für die trauernden Gemüter auf die bitterste Weise zu erneuern und zu steigern. Von allen Seiten erging unmittelbar nach dem Erscheinen jenes schamlosen Produkts einer verwerflichen Publikistik die Anforderung an die StaatSregierung, dem tief verletzten öffentlichen Gewissen eine Genugtuung und Sühne zu verschaffen. Die Regierung musste sich jedoch für den ersten Augenblick darauf beschränken, das gerichtliche Verfahren gegen die betreffenden Nummern der Zeitschrift herbeizuführen, indem nach dem Preßgesetz vom 12. Mai 1851 das Verbot eines außerpreußischen Blattes zwar zulässig ist, jedoch erst auf Grund einer vorhergegangenen gerichtlichen Berücksichtigung. Das gerichtliche Verfahren gegen die „Gartenlaube" führte bereits im vorigen Herbst in erster Instanz zu einer Berücksichtigung, der Verleger aber beschritt die weiteren Instanzen und wusste hiedurch das weitere Vorgehen der StaatSregierung zu verzögern. Nach dem Erlaß der Preßverordnung vom 1. Juni d. J. hätte das Verbot zwar unabhängig von dem gerichtlichen Verfahren ohne Weiteres ausgesprochen werden können; das letztere, jedoch bereits schwebend, scheint die Regierung es wohl mit Recht für angemessen erachtet zu haben, den Ausgang desselben abzuwarten. Nachdem nunmehr die Berücksichtigung der „Gartenlaube" in zweiter Instanz erfolgt und die Nichtigkeitsbeschwerde zurückgewiesen ist, nachdem überdies weitere Aufsätze des Blattes die gehässige Richtung desselben gegen Preußen von neuem bekundet haben, hat die Regierung das Verbot des in nahezu 40,000 Exemplaren in Preußen verbreitenden Blattes beschlossen. Wir sind zuversichtlich, überzeugt, dass diese Entscheidung der StaatSregierung in allen patriotischen Kreisen voller Zustimmung finden wird. Köln, 14. Dezember. Das rheinisch-westfälische Abgeordnetenfest, welches im Juli hier gefeiert wurde, hat in diesen Tagen ein Nachspiel gefunden. Der Präsident des Comités Herr Classen-Cappel-ann hatte in dem Einladungsrundschreiben sich des Ausdrucks bedient: „Das Volk möge sich um die verfassungstreuenden Abgeordneten schären, damit die Tage der Schmach möglichst abgekürzt würden". Er wurde wegen Beleidigung der Mitglieder des Staatsministeriums angeklagt, jedoch in erster Instanz freigesprochen, jetzt hat ihn das Appellgericht (welches die erste Kammer des Tribunals erster Instanz ist) der Beleidigung der Minister für schuldig erklärt, ihn jedoch wegen seines sonstigen loyalen Verfahrens nur zu einer Geldbuße von 25 Thlrn. verurteilt. Posen, 13. December. Die „Pos. 3." meldet: Nachdem gestern früh bei dem Lehrer Jaroszyński hier durch die Polizei im Auftrag der Untersuchungscommission des Staatsgerichtshofes eine genaue Durchsuchung der Papiere stattgehabt und ein Teil derselben mit Beschlag belegt und gleichzeitig versteigt worden war, wurde Herr Jaroszyński verhaftet und nach der Berliner Hausvogtei abgeschickt. Am Tage vorher wurde im Bazar ein Herr Andreas Skorzewski verhaftet, der dem Vernehmen nach ebenfalls nach Berlin abgeführt worden ist. Es sollen hier immer noch Werbebüros für den polnischen Aufstand bestehen und Waffenlieferungen stattfinden. Auch bei den kürzlich erst aus der Berliner Hausvogtei zurückgekehrten Büchsenschmiede Hoffmann ist wieder eine Haussuchung abgehalten worden. — Auf wiederholte Requisition des Schrimmer Kreisgerichts hat das hiesige nun mehr die Inventarisation des Mobiliarvermögens im hiesigen Dzialynski'schen Palais vorgenommen und gegen den Protest der Gräfin-Wittwe die Sequestration darüber eingeleitet. Dresden, 15. December. In heutiger Sitzung der zweiten Kammer erhielt Abg. Riedel das Wort zur Begründung folgenden Antrages: „Die Staatsregierung möge mit allen ihr zu Gebote stehenden Mitteln und Kräften auf Schaffung einer kräftigen Zentralgewalt und gleichzeitig auf Herstellung einer allgemeinen, aus unmittelbaren Wahlen hervorgegangenen Vertretung des deutschen Volkes hinwirken." Hierauf wandte sich die Kammer zur Beratung des schon mitgeteilten Antrages des Vicepräsidenten Oehmichen-Chor und 43 Genossen wegen Schleswig-Holstein. Staatminister Freiherr v. Beust nahm in der Debatte wie folgt das Wort: „Der Antrag, welcher der hohen Kammer vorliegt und welcher zahlreiche Unterschriften geehrter Mitglieder trägt, spricht der Regierung gegenüber eine Anerkennung ihres Verhaltens aus. Es ist die ein ehrendes und werthvolles Zeugnis für sie, und die Freude, die ihr dadurch bereitet wird, konnte nur gesteigert werden durch die Auslassungen verschiedener geehrter Redner, und namentlich des einen, welcher alles Vergangene und Geschehene einer strengen Kritik unterwarf und gleichwohl sich jener Anerkennung ausdrücklich anschloss. Die Offenheit, mit welcher die Regierung in dieser hochwichtigen Angelegenheit vom Anfang an der hohen Kammer entgegengekommen ist und welche sie, auch dieses Zeugnis wird die hohe Kammer der Regierung nicht versagen wollen, bei der weiteren Behandlung der Sache nicht verleugnet hat — diese Offenheit wird die Regierung den Kammern gegenüber auch weiter beobachten und betätigen. Es wird aber die Kammer ermessen, daß es vielleicht nicht gut ist, wenn die Regierung zu viel Worte im voraus macht in dieser Angelegenheit; sie hat sich über die Vergangenheit ausführlich ausgesprochen, es ist schon einmal der hohen Kammer Gelegenheit gegeben worden, zu vernehmen, was von der Regierung geschehen ist, es reichte ihr das zur Befriedigung, und ich glaube und hoffe, dass es wird weiter in gleicher Weise der Fall sein. Die Regierung hat in dieser Sache einen festen Standpunkt eingenommen, welcher darauf entschieden gerichtet und berechnet ist, dass das Recht gewahrt, dass das Interesse Deutschlands gewahrt werde. Sie hat diesen Standpunkt mit Unerschrockenheit und Beharrlichkeit verteidigt und verteidigt noch heute, ohne durch unerwünschte Zwischenfälle entmutigt zu sein, ohne der Hoffnung zu entsagen, dass dieser Standpunkt endlich doch werde zur Geltung gebracht werden. Der geehrte Abg. Mammen am Schlüsse seiner Rede eine Berufung eingelegt an die Aufgabe, welche gegenwärtig den kleinen Staaten und den Mittelstaaten zugewiesen sei. Ich habe kaum nötig, darauf hinzuweisen, dass die sächsische Regierung vorzugsweise und nunmehr seit einer langen Reihe von Jahren gerade den Standpunkt vertollet, dass die Staaten außerhalb der beiden Großmächte, und nicht bloß die Mittelstaaten, sondern alle, mehr sich einigen möchten, um nötigensfalls auch in der deutschen Politik ein wirkliches Gewicht zu erlangen, nicht zu dem Zwecke, um Unfrieden in Deutschland zu stiften und Sonderpolitik zu treiben, nicht um die Großmächte aufeinanderzustellen, sondern um als Bindemittel für sie zu dienen. Allein auch der Gedanke war dabei immer leitend und vorherrschend, dass der Fall eintreten könnte, wo diese Gruppe der deutschen Staaten, welche eine ziemlich erhebliche, ja große Bedeutung in ihrer Verbindung darstellt, dazu dienen könnte, die rein deutsche Politik, bei den deutschen Großmächten und sogar gegen sie zur Geltung zu bringen. Ich darf aber auch, Licht um Bemerkungen zu erheben, die gegenwärtig wenig am Platz sein würden, sondern nur um der Regierung in diesem Falle ein billiges Urteil zu sichern, daran erinnern, wie wenig diese Bestrebung unterstützt wurde, wie wenig sie in den Kammerverhandlungen Anklang fand und wie entschieden und heftig sie in der Presse 14 Jahre lang bekämpft worden ist. Und wenn heutzutage wie ich nur beiläufig erwähnen will, es Blätter gibt, welche herausfordernd uns zurufen: „Wo sind die Mittelstaaten, wo ist die vielgerühmte WM Gruppe?" so klingt das wie bitterer Hohn im Munde derer, die bisher alles getan haben, um solche Bestrebungen zu vereiteln, die dahin gerichtet waren, für einen Fall, wie der jetzige ist, eine engere Vereinigung zu sichern. Denn wäre eine solche zu ermöglichen gewesen, was man dadurch verhindert hätte, dass den schon in den höheren Kreisen entgegenstehenden Schwierigkeiten noch die Abneigung von unten zur Seite gestellt wurde, so würde allerdings nicht nur wahrscheinlich, sondern gewiss der Verlauf der Dinge am 7. Dezember ein anderer gewesen sein. Das Alles aber soll keineswegs alt ein Zeichen der Entmutigung gelten, es wird vielmehr die sächsische Regierung auf dem betretenen Wege unerschrocken weitergehen, zu allem wie der geehrte Abg. Staatsminister Georgi bemerkte, auch sie wird den Standpunkt nicht verlassen, dass sie auf dem Boden des Bundes steht. Und es ist allerdings auch das sehr zu bedenken und zu erwägen, dass es eben ein Vorteil für die Sache ist, welche wir gemeinsam vertreten, dass der deutsche Bund frei geblieben ist von vertragsmäßigen Verpflichtungen und dass dieser Vorteil freilich wieder in gleichem Grade gefährdet werden würde, als die Autorität und das Ansehen des Bundes gefährdet werden sollte. Bloß von diesem Standpunkt aus muss ich es für eine Pflicht erachten, dem Antrage, welchen der geehrte Hr. Abg. v. Nostitz-Paulsdorf gestellt und dann zurückgenommen hat, eine gewisse Berechtigung allerdings zu vindiciren, nicht aber, ich gestehe es, aus dem Grunde, welchen der Herr Abgeordnete zunächst dafür anführte, denn auch ich stehe in dieser Beziehung ganz auf dem Standpunkt des geehrten Herrn Abg. Schrenck. Ich glaube, es ist Aufgabe der Staatsregierungen, um so mehr der Volksvertretungen, in solchen Fällen ihre Stimmen zu erheben ohne Rücksicht darauf, ob man sich an einen Staat richtet, der der stärkere ist. Ich selbst glaube bei früheren Anlässen diese meine Gesinnung und Anschauung bethätigt zu haben. Ich bin zwei Mal in dem Falle gewesen, nicht für Sachsen, sondern deshalb, weil ich es für Pflicht hielt, dass jede deutsche Regierung eine unberechtigte Einmischung in deutsche Angelegenheiten zurückweisen und den Beruf hat, ohne Rückhalt und offen zu sprechen. Es ist Sachsen deshalb kein Leid zugefügt worden und sollte jemals Sachsen von diesen Seiten bedroht werden, so wird die Sprache, die seine Regierung damals geführt hat, ihr eher Gehör verschaffen, als wenn stets dazu geschwiegen hätte. Wenn ich von meinem Standpunkt aus den vom Herrn Abg. v. Nostitz Paulsdorf gestellten und zurückgezogenen Antrag berühre, so geschieht dies bloß deshalb, weil ich allerdings darin erinnern muß, dass der Beschluss des Bundes, der vorliegt, zuletzt doch der verfassungsmäßige Beschluss der alleinigen verfassungsmäßigen Gewalten ist. Es ist aber, wie ich hoffe und erwarte, dieser Beschluss nicht der letzte in der Sache gewesen, und weil ich gerade diese Hoffnung und Erwartung hege, so kann es bloß meinem Standpunkt entsprechen, dass man der Autorität dieses Beschlussfassung überhaupt die nötige Achtung angedeihen lässt. Auf den Inhalt des Antrages werde ich nicht näher eingehen. Ich hoffe, die geehrte Kammer erhält der Regierung das Vertrauen, dass sie ihr bisher geschenkt hat, und weil gerade die Regierung es ehrlich mit der Sache meint, so enthalte ich mich jetzt eines näheren Eingehens darauf in der vollen Überzeugung, dass damit der Sache, welche wir gemeinsam vertreten, nicht gedient sein würde. Hierauf wird der Antrag bei namentlicher Abstimnung einhellig angenommen. Wiesbaden, 12. December. Der dänische Contrammiral Jürgenberger ist gestern auch hier angekommen, wurde aber nur im kleinen Kreise der herzoglichen Familie empfangen. (Tanz ebenso wurde es mit ihm in Darmstadt gehalten.) (Mittelrhein. Ztg.) Mainz, 14. December. Der ehemalige Redakteur des "Mainzer Anzeigers" Literat Rensch, der seit sechs Monaten in Rastatt in Haft war, ist durch Beschluss des badischen Justizministeriums in Freiheit gesetzt worden. Frankreich. Paris, 14. December. Der "Moniteur" bestätigt, dass ein französischer Offizier, Lieutenant Camus, auf einem Spaziergang in der Nähe von Yokohama angefallen und ermordet worden sei, und fügt hinzu, der japanische Gouverneur jener Stadt habe, ohne viele energische Reklamation der französischen Gesandtschaft abzuwarten, sofort die ausdrückliche Versicherung gegeben, dass alles aufgeboten werden solle, die Mörder ausfindig zu machen und exemplarisch zu bestrafen. In der heutigen Sitzung der Legislative wurde der Gesetzentwurf wegen der Dreihundert Millionen Anleihe eingebracht. Der Präsident verlangte, diese Vorlage als dringlich zu behandeln. Gestern fand im Industriepalast die feierliche Preisvertheilung an die Künstler und Gewerbetreibenden statt, welche sich bei der Ausstellung der auf die Gewerbe angewandten Künste durch ihre Werke hervorgetragen hatten. Der „Monitor" erstattet ausführlichen Bericht darüber und nennt die Namen derer, welche die große goldene Medaille erhalten haben: Manguin, Kunstbaumeister zu Saintes de Bellefontaine, Bildhauer; Baudrit, Kunstschlosser; Bitterlin Sohn, Kunstgusser; Dulos, Kupferstecher; Jeanfelix Sohn und Godin, Kunstschreiner; Prignot, Möbelplanzeichner, und die Kunstschule von Toulouse wegen ihrer vorzüglichen Unterrichtsmethode. Großbritannien. London. 14. December. Die Weihnachtstage wird die Königin nebst den jüngeren Gliedern ihrer Familie in Osborne zubringen, wohin sie am nächsten Donnerstag oder Freitag abreisen gedenkt; der Prinz und die Prinzessin von Wales beabsichtigen, einige Zeit in Osborne bei der Königin zuzubringen. Es ist bereits bekannt, daß der Kronprinz von Preußen und seine Gemahlin schon vor dem Feste von der königlichen Familie Abschied nehmen werden, sie haben den Zeitpunkt ihrer Abreise von Schloss Windsor auf morgen früh 6 Uhr festgesetzt und wollen auf ihrer Fahrt nach dem Kontinent keine Unterbrechung eingetreten lassen. Mit Vergnügen ist es bemerkt worden, daß die Königin während ihres gegenwärtigen Ausenthalts in Windsor weit häufiger in der Öffentlichkeit erschienen ist als in der übrigen Zeit seit dem Tode ihres Gemahls, welches beklagwürdige Ereignis heute den zweiten Jahrestag hat. Die englische Panzermarine hat einen achtungserweckenden Zuwachs in dem am Samstag von Stapel gegangenen "Minotaur" erhalten. Der Stapellauf ging wie gewöhnlich aus den Themsewerken bei Blackwall ohne die geringste Störung vor sich. Das kolossale Schiff, schon jetzt über 6000 Tonnen wiegend, (vollständig eingerichtet wird es 6812 Tonnen haben), glitt langsam aber majestätisch hinab in den Fluß, unter dem Beifall der rufenden Zuschauer. Ins Wasser gelangt bot es wegen seines großen Tiefgangs nicht mehr den stolzen und schönlinigen Anblick dar; wenn ganz ausgerüstet, wird es natürlich noch einige Fuß tiefer sinken, und sollte eine ungestüme See es erheischen, so kann sein Tiefgang durch Einlaß von Wasser in die unteren Räume noch vermehrt werden. Bei dem tiefsten Standpunkt werden jedoch die Stückpforten noch immer neun Fuß über der Wasserlinie bleiben, d. h., drei Fuß höher als die Schiffe der "La Gloire"-Klasse. Ein Teil der bisher in den griechischen Gewässern stationierten Flotte ist unter dem Befehl des Vice-Admirals von Athen nach Malta zurückgekehrt, um an letzterem Platz mehrere Monate zu verweilen. Die Schiffe brachten, wie der „Times" aus Malta geschrieben wird, aus Athen vom 4. d. M. die Nachricht mit, daß in Griechenland und auf den ionischen Inseln in Folge des Entschlusses Englands, die Festungscherke auf Corfu zu schleifen, große Aufregung herrscht und daß es heißt, die griechische Regierung werde die ionischen Inseln nur unter der Bedingung annehmen, daß die Fortificationen im gegenwärtigen Zustande mit übergeben werden. Mehrere Schiffe der englischen Flotte würden im Piräus überwintern und die Gegenwart derselben werde der neuen Regierung eine bedeutende moralische Stütze sein und ihr eine sichere und fest organisierte Regierung ermöglichen. Auch von den Schiffen der anderen Nationen würden einige im Piräus bleiben. Russland. Man schreibt aus Warschau, 14. December: In verflossener Nacht ist abermals ein Mann auf der Walicowstraße ermordet worden. Der Unglückliche war namentlich im Herzen getroffen. Der Kleidung nach gehörte der Ermordete der unteren Klasse an und es ist leicht möglich, dass dieser Mord kein politischer ist. Der Täter ist entkommen. Alle Hausbesitzer, vor deren Häusern der Mord geschah, wurden noch in der Nacht verhaftet! Der „Dziennik" bringt eine wichtige Verordnung des Statthalters, der zufolge die römisch-katholische Geistlichkeit wegen Theilnahme und Begünstigung des Aufstandes zur Zahlung einer Contribution von 12% von allen Fonds, die dieselbe vom Staate bezieht, für die Dauer des Kriegszustandes verpflichtet wird. Ausgenommen davon werden alle geistlichen Institute, frommen Stiftungen, Seminarien, geistliche Akademien, so dass nur die Gehälter der Weltgeistlichen, Canonici, Bischöre usw. von dieser Contributio belastet sein werden. Wenn der Kriegszustand ein Ende nehmen wird, soll auch die Contributionszahlung aufhören. Der „Dziennik" bringt auch die vom Kaiser ausgefertigte Demission der Stadträthe Luszczewski (Vater der Dichterin Deotima) von der Regierungscommission des Innern und Muszyński von der Schatzcommission. Hingegen ist das Mitglied des Staatsraths Leon Dembowski zum präsidierenden Direktor der Regierungscommission des Cultus und des öffentlichen Unterrichts vom Kaiser ernannt worden. Im „Czas" findet sich nachstehender, für Polen besonders interessanter geheimer Erlaß der Kanzlei des Militärchefs von Radom, Nr. 6. (18.) November: Nach den bestehenden Vorschriften wurden die unter den aufständischen Banden gefangengenommenen Ausländer bisher an Ort und Stelle kriegerisch abgeurtheilt, mit Ausnahme der preußischen Unterthanen, welche nach dem Ausland abgestellt wurden. Gegenwärtig aber hat der Statthalter und Oberkommandant der Truppen im Königreich Polen zu befehlen geruht, keine Ausnahmen mehr zuzulassen und alle mit Waffen in der Hand gefangen genommenen Ausländer auf gleichem Fuß mit den inländischen Untertanen nach Kriegsrecht abzurichten. Gemäß der Weisung der Specialkanzlei für Angelegenheiten betreffend den Kriegszustand vom 31. Oktober (12. November) gebe ich hiermit den Auftrag, nach dem Befehle des Militärs chefs in der angegebenen Weise zu verfahren. Der Gehilfe des Militärs chefs, Oberst vom Generalstab, Dobrowolski. Oberauditor Michails ff. Das in Paris erscheinende polnische Blatt „Glos' wolny" (freie Stimme) widerspricht der Nachricht, dass Mierosławski von der „Nationalregierung" die Delegation erhalten habe, und stützt sich dabei auf ein Schreiben des Fürsten Ladislaus Czartoryski vom 16. November. Aus Frankfurt a. M. wird berichtet: Das „Freie deutsche Hochstift" ist durch Zusendung einer Geldspende „zum Ankaufs- und Restaurationssfonds des Goethehauses" überrascht worden, die um so erfreulicher zu nennen ist, als dieselbe aus einem Kreise von Verehrern Goethe's herkommt, welche sich außerhalb der Grenzen des deutschen Bundesgebietes befinden. Herr Advokat B. Elisabeth in Pest, einer der bedeutendsten Kenner der Goethe-Literatur und Sammler in diesem Bereiche, hat nämlich dem Hochstift zugleich mit seinem Dank für die Ernennung zum Ehrenmitglied dieser Genossenschaft die Summe von 150 Gulden als vorläufiges erstes Ergebnis einer unter seinen Freunden und Gesinnungsgenossen zu obigem Zwecke veranstalteten Sammlung überfertigt. — Unter den für die Goethesammlung eingelaufenen Geschenken ist wohl das erhablichste und wertvollste das (!n den Aushang beigestellte) erste Exemplar der ersten Ausgabe des Clavier, übersandt vom Archivrath Kestner in Hannover, dessen Vater es von Goethe als Geschenk erhalten hatte. — Eine Eisenbahngesellschaft, welche von der französischen Grenze bei Bouillon über Bastogne, andererseits von Givet nach Vielsalm und von da nach der preußischen Landesgrenze bei St. Vith bauen will (wozu ihr die Koncession in Belgien verliehen worden ist), beabsichtigt diese Bahn von St. Vith über Born, Montjoie, Rötgen und Eupen nach Aachen (mit einer Zweigbahn nach Malmedy) weiterzuführen. Die königliche Genehmigung hiezu ist derselben vor einigen Tagen zuteilgeworden. — (Schleswig-Holsteinsches.) Auf dem Weimar'schen Landtag wurde am 12. d. M. interpelliert: ob und aus welchen Gründen die Staatsregierung in der Bundestagsitzung vom 7. Dezember 1863 dem Antrag Österreichs und Preußens auf Ausführung der Exekution, nicht der Occupation, sich angeschlossen habe. Staatsminister v. Zur Tagsgeschichte. Wien, 17. December. V. L. Das Befinden Sr. Excellenz des Herrn Staatsministers v. Schmerling hat sich, nachdem sich gestern Symptome einer stärkeren Alteration und Unruhe gezeigt hatten, heute entschieden der Besserung zugewendet. Se. Excellenz dürfte jedoch noch einige Tage das Krankenlager nicht verlassen können; deshalb ist auch der Tag für den Antritt des von Sr. Excellenz in Aussicht genommenen Erholungsausfluges ganz unbestimmt. K. L, Die „Ostdeutsche Post" findet ihre Behauptung: „Herr Staatsminister v. Schmerling habe darüber Beschwerde geführt, daß er von dem Ministerium des Äußern in Bezug auf die in Rom schwebenden Verhandlungen wegen Regelung der konfessionellen Verhältnisse nicht die gehörige Unterstützung finde", auch gegenüber unserer gestern gemachten Bemerkung aufrecht erhalten zu müssen. — Wir sind dagegen von jeder der betreffenden Seiten in die Lage gesetzt, versichern zu können, dass diese Behauptung der „Ostdeutschen Post" jedes Grundes entbehrt. K. O. (Parlamentarisches.) Der Ausschuß für Eisenbahnen und Dampfschiffe hat als erstes Resultat seiner Tätigkeit dem Hause einen Bericht über die bekannte Petition des Vereines der Industriellen betreffend die Bahn von Wien über Budweis in das Pilsener Kohlenbecken vorgelegt, in welchem mit Rücksicht auf die der Staatseisenbahngesellschaft und der Nordbahn-Gesellschaft in Aussicht gestellten Eisenbahnconcessionen beantragt wird, das Abgeordnetenhaus wolle beschließen: „Die k.k. Regierung sei aufzufordern: 1. die Nordbahn- und Staatsbahngesellschaft sofort zur Abgabe ihrer Erklärungen in kürzester Frist über die Annahme der ihnen in Aussicht gestellten Concessionen zu dem Zwecke zu vernehmen, damit der Bau einer Eisenbahn von Wien über Budweis in das Pilsener Kohlenbecken in möglichst kurzer Zeit gesichert wird, widrigenfalls aber die anhängigen Concessionssverhandlungen abzubrechen, 2. über Eisenbahnconcessionen in Zukunft keine verbindlichen Zusagen zu machen, bevor nicht die Verhandlungen über die Concessionbedingungen mit den Bewerbern gänzlich vereinbart sind, und 3. den Concessionswerbern außer den Terminen für Beginn und Beendigung des Baus auch noch möglichst kurz gestellte Termine zu bestimmen, binnen welchen sie sich über Annahme oder Nichtannahme der Concession zu erklären haben." Ferner beantragt der Ausschuß die Petition der österreichischen Industriellen der Regierung zur Berücksichtigung und geschäftsmäßigen Behandlung abzutreten. * (Die letzten Nachrichten, welche das Committee des Marienvereins zur Förderung der Mission in Central-Afrika erhalten hat, lauten insofern günstig, als das dortige Personal guter Gesundheit sich erfreut. Freilich an vorübergehenden Unpässlichkeiten fehlt es in Khartum so wenig als an irgend einem Orte des Erdkreises. Der hochw. Herr Superior hat die Fürsorge getroffen, drei Missionsleute, die einige Anfälle zu bestanden hatten, am 24. September auf drei Wochen nach Saba hinausfahren zu lassen, um dort zu erstarken. Schon nach einer Woche erhielt er die erfreuliche Nachricht, dass zwei derselben sich wieder vollkommen wohl befinden, ein einziger noch etwas leidend sei. Ausserdem waren im August in Chartum nicht allein fast alle Europäer, sondern auch die meisten Eingebornen und die Neger vom weißen Fluß von Unpäßlichkeiten heftiger oder gelinder berührt. Als guter Österreicher hat der Superior der Mission, der Franziskanerpriester Herr Fabian Pfeiffer, aus der tirolischen Provinz nicht ermangelt, das Geburtsfest unseres allergnädigsten Herrn und Kaisers möglichst feierlichst zu begehen. Die Kapelle war auf das schönste hergerichtet, ein Hochamt wurde gehalten, nachher von den Eingeladenen das „Gott erhalte" gesungen. Die Veranstaltungen zu der Feierlichkeit machten sich auch den Arabern bemerklich und die Neugierigkeit trieb an dem festlichen Tage manche herbei. Auf die Frage, was dieses bedeute, wurde ihnen die Veranlassung dazu aus einander gesetzt. Wie sie hierüber zu der Einsicht gelangten, dass es den Tag gelte, an welchem der Regent der „Fremden" das Licht der Welt erblickt haben, hörte man die Äußerung: „Hätten auch wir einen solchen Ober-Herrn, wie sehr würden wir uns seiner Geburt erfreuen! Aber solches Glück ist uns nicht beschieden. Jetzt müssen wir eine Steuer seit acht Jahre her nachzahlen. Wollen wir etwas dagegen einwenden, so wird man uns abgewiesen und geprügelt. Es bleibt uns nichts anderes übrig, als mitzunehmen, was wir fortschleppen können, und uns zu verbergen. Den Gönnen der Mission wird es erfreulich sein zu vernehmen, dass dieser Tage ein Franziskanerpriester aus der westfälischen Provinz hier in Wien erwartet werden, um ungesäumt als Gehilfe des P. Fabian nach Central-Africa abzureisen. Vielleicht wird er nicht der Einzige sein, der diesem müßigen Vorhaben sich unterzieht. (Zu Hebbels Nachlass.) Dem „Mähr.Corr." wird eine noch nicht gedruckte Strophe des verewigten Dichters mit folgender Bemerkung mitgeteilt: Es dürfte Sie in Brünn, wo erst vor kurzem Hebbels „heilige Drei" in einem Wohlthätigkeitskonzerte zum Vortrag gelangte, besonders interessieren, eine Ein schuldungsstrophe zu diesem herrlichen Gedichte kennen zu lernen, welche seit der letzten „Gesammtausgabe von Hebbels Gedichten" von ihm geschrieben ist und die jetzt nach des Dichters leider viel zu früh erfolgtem Tod wohl nicht mehr zu früh veröffentlicht wird. Es ist nämlich zwischen der Strophe 16 und 17 folgende Strophe nach Hebbels Manuskript einzuschalten: „Ist Gutes, den sie vermissen Und der, nicht Mensch, nicht Geist, Hier ruht am Sterbekissen, Daß durch die Dammen gleißt? Wie rätselhaft er schaltet, Sie fühlen ahnungsvoll, Daß ein Geheimnis waltet, Was Gott nur lösen soll." -j- „Wegen Unpässlichkeit des Herrn Treumann hat die heutige Vorstellung im Carltheater abgeändert werden müssen" — zeigt der Zettel an. Wir haben die traurige Ursache bereits mitgeteilt. Gestern Abends nach der Vorstellung waren Herr Treumann, seine Frau und sein Söhnchen noch im glücklichen Familienkreise vereinigt. Um halb 12 Uhr ging man zu Bett. Gegen 2 Uhr weckt ihn ein Stöhnen der Frau. Er steht auf, frägt, ob sie unwohl, und ruft, als sie noch mal aufstöhnt, um Essig. Als er wieder ans Bett tritt, ist die blühende, schöne, einige dreißig Jahre alte Frau tot. Ein Herzschlag hatte sie hingerafft. Herr Treumann hat, von der Katastrophe ganz betäubt, auf ärztlichen Rat heute Wien verlassen und ist nach Linz und Ischl abgereist. Aber der Arzt wünscht weiter noch dringend, daß Herr Treumann auch sobald als möglich seine volle Tätigkeit wieder aufnehmen, und Herr Treumann wird sich dem gleich nach dem Begrabenise fügen müssen. Am Samstag 1 Uhr wird die Dahingeschiedene in der Carmeliterkirche eingesegnet und sodann in Döbling beigesetzt. * (Programm) der morgen — Freitag — Abends 7 Uhr stattfindenden Wochenversammlung des niederösterreichischen Gewerbevereines: 1. Über das Wesen der Commanditgesellschaften, von Herrn Prof. Dr. M. v. Stubenrauch. 2. Über die Einführung und Resultate der Gasfeuerung für Porzellanöfen in der Fabrik zu Klösterle, von Herrn Dr. Kreutzberg. —nä— (Kaiserin Elisabethbahn.) Die am 2. Jänner 1864 fälligen Actienzinseneoupons werden sowohl bei der Hauptkasse aus dem Wiener Bahnhof, als auch bei den bekannten auswärtigen Bankhäusern mit 5,pCt. in üblicher Weise eingelöst werden. * (Verein Merkur.) Von der Generalversammlung des Vereines Merkur wurde bei Neuwahl des Ausschusses gewählt: zum Präses: Gustav Leonhard; ersten Sekretär: Louis Frank; zweiten Sekretär: Ed. Ziffer; Kassier: I. E. Amschler; Bibliothekar: Franz Nicht; zu Inspektoren: F. Fried, S. Furth, G. F. Mehl. — Nächsten Samstag kommt ein Antrag auf Errichtung einer Stellenvermittlungsabteilung zur Beratung, welche bestimmt sein soll, Engagementsuchenden in reeller Weise entsprechende Anstellungen in kaufmännischen Geschäften zu vermitteln. » (Theater.) An dem k. Hof- und Nationaltheater in München ist nunmehr ein mit der Aufrechterhaltung der Ordnung auf der Bühne während der Vorstellungen und Proben betrauter Bühnenwachtmeister aufgestellt worden. So meldet die „Bayerische Ztg.", ohne jedoch anzugeben, ob diese „nunmehrige" Aufstellung durch eine besondere Veranlassung herbeigeführt worden ist. Im Pilsener Theater sollen die böhmischen Vorstellungen, welche Heuer bei täglicher Abwechslung mit den deutschen eingeführt wurden, eingestellt werden. Die Direction hat dem Stadtrat eine schriftliche Gesuch überreicht, dass sie von der Verpflichtung, auch Vorstellungen in böhmischer Sprache zu geben, vom neuen Jahre angefangen enthoben werden, weil diese Vorstellungen anhaltend schwach besucht werden und der Direction Schaden zugehen. Wien, 17. December. Der wegen des Verbrechens der Veruntreuung steckbrieflich verfolgte Stallmeister Eduard St. wurde von der hiesigen Sicherheitsbehörde ergrissen und dem k.k. Landesgericht eingeliefert. Der gewesene Handelsmann I. K. wurde wegen betrügerischer Herauslockung mehrerer Wechsel im Betrag von 300 fl. verhaftet. In der Ditmar'schen Lampenfabrik auf der Landstraße wurden gestern zwei dort in Arbeit befindliche Lakiergesellen durch Explosion einer mit Spiritus gefüllten Flasche im Gesicht verletzt. Die Arbeiter hatten die im Trockenofen zum Wärmen befindliche Spiritusflasche zufällig umgeworfen, die Flasche fiel auf glühende Kohlen und explodirte, wodurch alle Fenster im Locale zertrümmert wurden. Pörtschacher Bericht. 17. December (Abends). (In der Effecten-Gesellschaft.) An der Abendbörse fand den ausschließlich in Credit-Actien mehrfache Schwankungen statt. Mit 183 eröffnend, wichen selbe bei langreichem Umsatz bis 182.60, erholten sich wieder im Verlauf bis 183.30, 1860er Lose hielten sich zwischen 92.50 bis 92.65, Nordbahn-Actien zwischen 1715 bis 1720 um 6½, Uhr notierten Credit-Actien 183 10 G., 183.20 W.; Nordbahn-Actien 1719 G., 1721 W; 1860er Lose 92.50 G., 92.70 W. Telegraphische (Privat) Depeschen. Stuttgart, 17. December. Der heutige „Staats-Anzeiger" meldet die (bereits erfolgte?) Kündigung des Zollvereins von Seite Preußens um den schwebenden Verhandlungen die Freiheit zu wahren. Diese Verhandlungen geben Zeugnis, dass alle Contrahenten von dem Willen beseelt seien, die Verbindung fortzusetzen. Darmstadt, 17. December. Die zweite Kammer ersuchte die Regierung einstimmig um sofortige Vorlage eines Gesetzentwurfes über Einführung der vollen Gewerbefreiheit und Freizügigkeit. Hamburg, 17. December. In der gestern abgehaltenen Versammlung der Holsteiner soll beschlossen worden sein, den Herzog Friedrich in irgendeinem Ort Holsteins zum Herzog zu proclamieren, sobald die Bundes-Truppen eingerückt sind. Altona, 17. December. StaatSb. 102. — Ci-edit-«ct. 75-/t — Credit. Lose fehlt. — Böhm. Werkbahn 63'/z Haltung in Folge der Depesche aus Kopenhagen matter. Frankfurt. 5perc. Met. 89'/t — v 3. 18k? 77'/,. — Wien 97Vt — Bankactien 767. — 1854er Lose 75i/s- — Rat. «nl. 64-/2, StaatSb.176 — Credit-Act. 177 — 1360er Lose 77. Hamburg. Credit-Actien 75. — Rat. Anl. 67. — 1860er Lose 76 — Wien fehlt. Paris. Schlußkurse: 3perc.Rente 66.25. — 4>'zperc 94.30. — StaatSbahn 897. — Credit Mobilier 1027. — Lomb. 521. — Oest, 1860er Lose 980, — Piem Rente 71.50. Confus mit 911/« gemeldet. K. 0. Die außerordentliche Generalversammlung der k. k. priv. Creditanstalt für Handel und Gewerbe fand heute Vormittags unter sehr zahlreicher Beteiligung der Actionäre statt. Der Vorsitzende v. Wertheim stein eröffnete die Versammlung mit einigen einleitenden Worten, in denen er dem Bedauern über das Verhalten der Regierung dem von der Creditanstalt vorgelegten, mühevoll zustandegebrachten Statutenentwurf gegenüber Ausdruck gab, insbesondere darüber, dass die Ablehnung dieses Entwurfes ohne irgendwelche Angabe der Motive erfolgte. Es sei nur ein Gebot der Gerechtigkeit, dass die seit sieben Jahren mit dem besten Erfolg bestehende Creditanstalt nicht ärmer an Vorrechten sei als andere erst ins Leben getretene Gesellschaften. Dr. Kubenik wünscht eine Generaldebatte. Er findet das Statut des Verwaltungsrates illiberaler und mehr gegen die Interessen der Actionäre gerichtet, als den Entwurf des 1861 gewählten Comite und beweist dies an mehreren Paragraphen des Entwurfes; schließlich stellt Redner den Antrag, einen Ausschuss, bestehend aus einem Directionsmitglied, drei Verwaltungsräthen und fünf stimmberechtigten Aktionären, zu wählen, welcher den Statutentwurf zu prüfen und dar über einer demnächst zu berufenden Generalversammlung Bericht zu erstatten hätte. (Der Antrag wird nicht hinreichend unterstützt.) Neustadt bedauert, dass der Entwurf ohne Motive hinausgegeben wurde. Der ganze Entwurf scheine ihm mehr aus Motiven der Furcht als des wahren Interesses hervorgegangen zu sein. Das Institut habe es um den Staat verdient, dass man es nicht hintenansetze (Beifall). Redner ist für eine Specialdebatte, spricht sich jedoch auch für die Zweckmäßigkeit eines Comite aus. Warrens spricht sich gegen die Wahl eines besonderen Comite aus. Man müsse sich der Stellung gegenüber der Finanzverwaltung vollkommen bewusst werden. In der Position, in der sich gegenwärtig neu zu gründende Vereine befünden, in der von Vertragschließenden, befinde sich die Creditanstalt nicht, wir stehen in der Position von Bittstellern. 1833 Total-Übersicht der Sammlungserfolge an Beiträgen und verschiedenen Widmungen zu dem von Sr. k. Hoheit dem durchlauchtigsten Herrn Erzherzog Ferdinand Max Anlass der glücklichen Rettung Sr. k. k. Apostolischer Majestät Franz Joseph I. angeregten Sammlung reichsdeutschen Kaiserstaates bis Ende Oktober 1863. von sämtlichen Kronländern des österreichischen Kaiserstaates bis Ende Oktober 1863. Bar eingezahlte Beträge in kr. Staats- und Privatschulden. Papiere kr. 845 Ducaten, 92 LvFrankst., 2 10Frkst., 14Imp., 2Souv., 817 Lire, 7 Silberthlr., 1 Friedr., 4Vs Guin., 2 Riederl. 2 Guldenst., 2 Christiansd., 700 Real., 3 span. Säulenthlr., 8 Silb. Rub., 2 preuß. Silberthlr., 1 Doppia, 1 preuß. Thalersch., 1 sächs., 1 bad. Cassibillet, 1 silberne Tapferkeitsmedaille. 16 Duc., 4 Kronenthr., 1 8Frankenstück. 2 Duc., 1 Kronenthr., 1 silberne Denkmünze. 20 Duc., 16 1/2 Kronenthr., 1 21Frankenstück. 1 Duc., 1 Souveräin, 1 10Frankenstück. 7 Duc., 1 20Frankenst. 13 Duc., 1 Louis d'or, 84 20Frankenst., 1 Doppia, 13 1/2 Souveräin, 1 span. Säulenthlr., 4 1/2 Kronenthr., 3 LFrankenst. 7 Duc., 7 20Frankenst.. 1 LFrankenst., 2 SFrankenst., 83 1/2 Kronenthr., 1 goldene Tapferkeitsmedaille. Gold, Silber und andere Werteffekten Gezeichnete, jedoch erst ein zufließende Beiträge inOe .W. fl. kr. Österreich unter der Enns Österreich ob der Enns . . Salzburg . Steiermark ....... Mähren ...... Schlesien , Galizien ....... Krakau ...... Bukowina Dalmatien Croatien und Slavonien . Ungarn Serbien und Temeser Banat Siebenbürgen Lombardie Venedig ....... Zusammen. . . Weitere Einnahmen aus der Werteregensabgabe: An Erlös für die veräußerten Gold-, Silber- und anderen Werthesserten ....... An Interessen von den Schuldpapieren und von den bei der k.k. Staatscreditkasse depositiert gewesenen Baugeldern, dann an Pachtschilling für das Gut Sepröß ..... Gesamteinnahme... Hievon wurden bisher bestritten auf! Besoldung, Quartiergelder, Honorare, Remunerationen, Erbschaftsunkosten bezüglich des Gutes Sepröß, Bauauslagen, dann aus ausgegebenen Aktivresten pr. 38.636 fl. 19 kr. noch ein disponibles Vermögen von . . . verbleibt. 891 38l87t> 8^481 3Ä683 10.618 11.88K 89.027 21.18S 68.18« 48.83S 9.844 3S.217 16.67 1^.33 11.44 1 -29>4 16 .981 70.897 1.331.7L 44.308 376.308 1.782.400 1,742.844 S.888 83 81i/, 74V- 39i/. 97 46 41 31V- 88 23 «7V- 91 l/s 16 86 2 28./- 29 V- 94i/. 27 8 28i/, 41V- 81 21 32 89 16.340 300 3.293 2.100 2.900 800 1.680 2.420 300 200 833 1.300 100 .10 32.846 32.846 32.846 28 Duc., 1 span. Thlr 13 Duc., 1 Kronenthaler 1 Duc., 11 preuß. Thalersch. und 18 Silbergr. 28 Duc., 7 JmperialeS, 1 Silberrubel, 1 20Frankenst 26 Ducaten, 1 Silberrubel. 4 Ducaten, 2 JmperialeS. 10 Ducaten, 8 Souver., 3 20Frankenst., 1 IvFrankenst,, 4 LFrankenst., 2«/z Kronenthaler, 3 span. Säulenthaler. 14 Duc., 1 Souver., 1 20Frankenst., V- Kronenthlr. 808 Duc., 3 20Frankenst., 2 JmperialeS, 1 Doppel-Friedrichsd'or, 1 10Frankenstück, 1 8Frankenst., 10 S. Rubel, 3 Kronenthlr., 3 preuß. Silberthaler 17 Ducaten. 8 Ducaten, 2 Silberrubel. 41 Duc., 1100Frankenst., 206 20Frankenst., 3 10Frankenst., 8»/» Souverain- d'or, V- Doppia, 2 spanische Münzen, 12 span. Säulenthaler, 7 Pisisthaler, 12 8Frankenst., 30Kronenthaler, 1 goldene Cylindertuhr. 20 Duc., 22»/»Doppien, 28 40Frankenst., 820 20Frankenst., 218 10Frankenst., 144»/- Souv., 42 röm. Goldmünzen, 2 Karolinen, 213V» Kronentaler, 1 Pisisthaler, 200 8Frankenst., 1 preuß., 1 span. Säulenthaler, 1 silbernes Kreuz. 1623 Ducaten, 1 100 Frankenst., 28 40 Frankenst., 1219 20 Frankenst., 224 10 Frankenst., 172½ Souv., 1 Louis d'or, 28½ Doppien, 4½ Guineen, 2 Christiansd'or, 3 Friedrichsd'or, 28 Imper., 2 Karolinen, 2 niederländische Guldenstücke, 42 römische Goldmünzen, 700 Realen, 387 Kronenthaler, 817 Lire, 17 Silberrubel, 223 8 Frankenstücke, 7 Silbertaler, 8 preußische Silbertaler, 20½ span. Säulenthaler, 1 span Thaler, 8 Piastler, 1 preuß. Thaler, 2 span. Münzen, 18 preuß. Thaler scheine, 1 sächs. und 3 bad. Cassel, 18 Silbergroschen, 1 goldene und 1 silberne Tapferkeitsmedaille, 1 silberne Denkmünze, 1 goldene Cylinderuhr, 1 silbernes Kreuz. Verschiedene andere, teils zugesicherte, teils realisierte Widmungen. 28.893 2.940 210 1.376 2.215 38.636 SV 7S 80 IS Österreich unter der Enns. Zugesichert: 1 silberne Monstranz mit Edelsteinen Werth 828 fl., 1 mit Edelsteinen gezierter Kelch (Werth 42 fl.), 1 silberne Altarlampe (Werth 5 fl.), 8 Altarbilder (zur Beischreibung des einen derselben wurden 1080 fl. in Ratenzahlungen ausgebracht), 4 Miniaturbilder, 1 Altarteppich, 8 Altarspitzen, 8 Altarpolster, 1 Meßgewand, 4 Meßbücher (darunter zwei zu 82 fl. 80 kr. und 108 fl.), klassische Kirchenmusikalien (Werth 28 fl.), 1 Biolo (Werth 84 fl.), 1 Paar Pauken (Werth 63 fl.), Herstellung zweier Altäre, der eine aus Kunstmarmor im Werthe von 1878 fl., 1 gothisches Kreuz aus Schmiedeeisen, Schlosserarbeiten (Werth 1080 fl.), Anfertigung der Kirchensiegel, 1 Plätten- und 1 irdener Ofen für die Sakristei, Malerleinwand zu einem Altarbilde, 2 Eimer Wein zum heiligen Meßopfer. Bereits ein gesendet: 1 silb. reich gearbeitetes und vergoldetes Ciborium (Werth 21 fl.), mehrere heilige Reliquien, 1 schwarzes Meßkleid, 1 prachtvolles Meßkleid von Zierde, 1 Velum von weißem Atlas mit reicher Gold- und Silberausstattung, 1 Altarspitze, 1 Violoncello, 2 Stück Elephantenzähne großer Carovtaseln, 430 Ztr. hydr. Cement, 10 Ztr. Gyps, 3V hiefür 318 fl., 20.000 Stück Mauerziegel, 3 Kubikmeter Kubikmeter Maurersand. Salzburg. Zugesichert: Guss der Thurmglocken, Musikalien. Steiermark. Bereits eingesendet: 1 Altarspitze, drei Könige darstellend. Tirol. Bereits eingesendet: 8 Alabasterblöcke, 1 Gottes darstellend. Die rothe Sammt mit reicher Goldverlakenstickerei, Kirchenmusikalien, Antiken und 23 Ebenholzstücke, Zwei Eisen, Speziale als Äquivalent Bruchsteine, 50 Fuhren und 1½, Bereits eingesendet: Kirchen-altäthymliches Schnitzwerk, die heilige Ölbergestücke, die schmerzhafte Mutter Böhmen. Zugesichert: 2 Waldhörner oder drei Trompeten (Werth 126 fl.), Buchbinderarbeiten. Bereits eingesendet: 1 gesticktes Altartuch. Mähren. Bereits eingesendet: 833 fl. 28 kr. zur Anschaffung eines silbernen Kirchengefäßes. Ungarn. Bereits eingesendet, resp. eingeantwortet: 3 heilige Reliquien, 2 werthvolle Säulen aus orientalischem Alabaster, 1 gesticktes Meßkleid samt Zubehör, 1 silberne Tasse mit 2 derlei Kannen, Gut Sepulcrum. Zugesichert: Freie Benutzung eines Marmorbruches. Guss der Turmglocken. Siebenbürgen. Bereits eingesendet: 1 silbernes Eiborium. Lombardie. Zugesichert: 1 Meßgewand. Bereits eingesendet: 1 Stola von Goldbrocat, 1 Stola von weißer Seide mit Goldstickerei, 1 Stola von rotem Atlas mit Stickerei und Fransen von Gold, 1 Stola von weißem Atlas mit Goldstickerei, 1 Ciboriummantel, 1 Hostienschachtel von Silberbrocat mit Goldstickerei, 1 Pallatuch, 2 Purifikatorien von Batistleinwand mit Spitzen, 1 Altartuch, 2 Altartuchbesätze, 1 weißer Seidener Kespermantel mit Goldstickerei. Venedig. Zugesichert: 1 reich gestickte Stola, Mitwirkung beim Orgelbau, 1 Ölgemälde den heiligen Alexander darstellend. Rom. Bereits eingesendet: 1 Büste des Heilandes, werthvolles Kunstwerk aus Carrarmarmor. Alexandrien. Bereits eingesendet: 13½ Alabasterblöcke und 22 Zedernpfosten. Wien, den 1. November 1863. Von der k.k. niederösterreichischen StaatSBuchhaltung. 1834 Aus dem Rechtsleben. Wien, 17. December. (Schlußverhandlung vom 17. December. Eine Spinne als Denunciant. — Vorsitzender: Landesgerichtsrat Herr Heyß; Ankläger: Staatanwalt Stellvertreter Herr Motloch; Angeklagte: Joseph Gruber wegen Diebstahl, Karl Knoll wegen Teilnahme am Diebstahl, Betrug und Veruntreuung.) Der Bildhauer Schönthaler in der Herrenhofgasse machte am 14. Februar d. J. bei dem Wieden Polizei-Kommissariat durch seinen Hausknecht Joseph Gruber die Anzeige, dass jemand in der vorhergehenden Nacht in sein Haus wahrscheinlich mittels Nachschlüsseln eingedrungen sei und ihm eine Brieftasche, in welcher sich 1400 fl., darunter eine Banknote zu 1000 fl. und ein Wechsel befanden, nebst zwei neuen bronzenen Leuchtern entwendet habe. Der Augenschein zeigte, dass die Tür vom Atelier in den Borgarten, der durch ein Gitter von der Gasse abgesperrt ist, geöffnet worden war; im Vorgarten lagen drei Brieftaschen mit verwirrten Papieren, dann ein Bund fremder Schlüssel, unter der Tür eine Bronzeschale für Zigarren, ein großer zusammengerollter Teppich — alle Gegenstände die im dem über dem Atelier im 1. Stock befindlichen, mit diesem durch eine Wendeltreppe verbundenen Schreibzimmer sich befunden hatten. Dort und im Atelier fanden sich die Ladentheken aller Aschen und Kasten herausgezogen, die Papiere und Zeichnungen auf den Boden geworfen und aus dem Schreibtische im 1. Stocke fehlte aus einer offenen Lade die Brieftasche mit der Barschaft. Der Eigentümer, welcher mit seiner Familie mehrere Zimmer vom Schreibzimmer entfernt schlief, wurde früh 7 Uhr von seinem Hausknecht Joseph Gruber, der um 5 Uhr wie gewöhnlich um die Schlüssel geläutet hatte, mit der Nachricht über die vor gefundene Verwüstung überrascht. Der Polizei-Kommissar schloss aus der Vertrautheit mit den Lokalitäten auf einen Hausdieb. Schönthaler konnte aber niemanden bestimmt verdächtigen, zumal auch nicht seinen Hausknecht, der allein zu ebener Erde schläft und am Vortage erst um 12 Uhr Nacht allein zu Bett gehen konnte. Gruber hatte sich, seit er im Haus war, d. h. seit 29. December 1832, als treu und verläßlich erwiesen und kurz zuvor seinem Herrn ein Stück einer angeblich von dem kleinen Sohne zerrissenen Sehnguldenbanknote überbracht. Ein auf einen Lehrjungen geworfener Verdacht bot keine genügenden Anhaltspunkte. Roch am 14. Februar brachte ein Arbeiter die Brieftasche mit dem Wechsel, die er in derselben Gasse früh ohne Geld gefunden hatte, an die Polizei. Auffallend blieb, daß, als der Hausherr mit dem Hausknecht zur geöffneten Tür sich begab, der Schlüssel dort von innen steckte, was Gruber dadurch erklärte, daß er ihn selbst eben jetzt angesteckt habe und daß aus dem vorgefundenen Schlüsselbund kein Schlüssel in dieses Schloß passe, ja, als das Schloß herabgenommen wurde, fand man in dem der Gartenseite zugekehrten Schlüsselloch ein nicht verletztes Spinnengewebe, auch war dieser Teil des Schlosses so verrostet, daß dasselbe von außen nicht hätte geöffnet werden können, so daß Trüber, der hierbei zugegen war, selbst die Vermutung aufstellte, der Dieb müsse sich in das Atelier haben sperren lassen und durch diese Tür sich entfernt haben. Mochte es Gruber scheinen, daß doch ein Verdacht auf ihn fallen könne, oder war es wahr, was er vorgab, daß er eine Braut mit 1600 fl. habe und eine Greiserei errichte, kurz er trat am 18. April aus dem Dienste. Inzwischen waren einige Mangel an genügenden Verdachtsgründen wegen einer bestimmten Person die Akten der Thatbestands erhebung in die Registratur hinterlegt worden. Am 15. Juni wurde der Pächter einer Privatgeschäfts kantine Wenzel Karl Knoll wegen Betrügereien eingezogen und in Erfahrung gebracht, daß Knoll durch einen Schrei berührt eine Banknote zu 1000 fl., die einem gewissen Gruber gehörte, habe wechseln lassen. Knoll hierüber befragt, gab an, Gruber habe ihn „unter dem angenommenen Namen „Schwarz" in seiner Kanzlei ausgesucht, fie seien Bekannte von früherher, er habe ihm zwar mitgeteilt, daß seinem Dienstherrn, einem Bildhauer, ein bedeutender Geldbetrag gestohlen zugegangen sei, habe aber dabei seine Unschuld beteuert. Etwa am 25. Mai sei Gruber in seine Kanzlei gekommen, habe ihn hinausgerufen und ihm unter dem Haustür ein Banknot zu 1000 fl. zum Umwechseln gegen ein gutes Honorar mit dem Auftrag, niemandem davon zu sagen, übergeben. Knoll ließ sie wechseln und wartete dafür Trüber 600 bis 700 fl. in Lose des Jahres 1854 zum Rennwerth geben. Gruber nahm diese zwar, brachte sie aber wieder zurück und verlangte Bargeld zu Knoll, will ihm später den Großteil in Obligationen übergeben haben, einige 70 bis 80 fl. behauptete er einem unbekannten Manne und drei unbekannten Frauenspersonen, welche angaben, sie seien von Gruber geschickt, ausgifoltzt zu haben, bis ihm Gruber erklärte, dies untere Sagt habe. Einige 20 fl. behielt er sich als Honorar. Er sprach Gruber auch um ein Darlehen von diesem Geld an, dieser verweigerte es ihm aber, da er die "Anderen" fragen müsse, und teilte ihm später mit, "die Anderen erlaubten es nicht". Wer diese seien, wusste Knoll nicht, er vermuthete wohl zuletzt, dass sie zusammen einen Diebstahl verübt hätten, bei der Übernahme der 1000 fl. habe er aber nicht davon geahnt. Hierüber wurde Joseph Gruber, 39 Jahre alt, ledig, Maurergeselle, zuletzt in einem Herrschaftshaus beschäftigt, bereits sechsmal wegen Diebstahl — das letzte Mal 1852 wegen eines großartigen Zigarrendiebstahls mit sechsjährigem schweren Kerker — bestrafen und seit 1858 unbeanstandet, am 20. Juni verhaftet. Er gestand bei der Polizei und vor dem Untersuchungsrichter, den Diebstahl bei seinem früheren Dienstgeber Schönthaler abends verübt und früh durch Öffnen der Laden, Hinabfahren des Teppichs, Öffnen der Tür in den Garten von innen, Hinauswerfen mehrerer Brieftaschen und Papiere einen Einbruch fingert zu haben. Er nahm aber, wie er sagt, nur die Tausend guldenbanknote aus der Brieftasche und verbarg sie bis zu seiner Dienstentlassung unter dem Tischfuß in seinem Zimmer. War mehr Geld in der Brieftasche, so verblieb dasselbe dort, als er sie auf die Gasse warf, auch die entwendeten Leuchter will er dahin gestellt haben. Um den größten Teil des Gewinnes aus dieser That brachte ihn sein Freund Knoll. Als er diesem den Diebstahl mitteilte, forderte er ihn auf, was er habe, zu ihm zu bringen und "wenn es zehn Pfund Silber wären, bei ihm sei Verschwiegenheit". Gruber gab ihm denn auch die Tausendguldenbanknote zur Umkehr und sicherte ihm ein Honorar von 300 fl. zu, bei der Übergabe sagte er ihm, "sie fei "links", d. h. gestohlen. Knoll gab ihm 700 fl. Obligationen ohne Coupon, so dass er nicht verwerthen konnte; er stellte sie daher Knoll wieder zurück und erhielt von ihm 300 fl. und eine goldene Uhr im Wert von 30 fl., 100 fl. schwindelte ihm Knoll wieder ab, angeblich zum Auslösen einer Pfand des und er wusste auch später außer diesen 200 fl. und der Uhr von Knoll nichts mehr zu bekommen. Mit diesem Geld dachte er sich eine sichere Existenz zu gründen da er seit zwei Jahren eine Bekanntschaft mit der Köchin einer Herrschaftshaus gemacht, welche bei 1000 fl. Erspartes besaß und die er am 29. Juni ehelichen sollte. Schon hatte er sich mit Wäsche versehen und um 100 fl. Möbel gekauft, die noch beim Tischler mit Beschlag belegt werden konnten. Der Braut hatte ein goldenes Ohrgehänge, eine Branche und ein Armband um 7 fl. und 40 fl. zu einem Seidenkleid verehrt; auch die Eheringe waren schon gekauft. Die Unglückliche, welche keine Kenntnis von Grubers Vorleben hat, konnte der Mitwissenschaft nicht beschuldigen werden und gab die erhaltenen Geschenke sogleich heraus. Sie war Willens mit ihren Ersparnissen aus einer zehnjährigen Dienstzeit eine Grube zu errichten. — Plötzlich reuete sich Truber sein offenes, mit allen Erhebungen vollends im Einklang stehendes Geständnis — er gab nun an, es sei doch ein Einbruch — wahrscheinlich durch Einschleichen vor dem Theresien-Kloster oder mittels Nachschlüssels von einer anderen Seite erfolgt; denn, als er früh öffnete und die Verwirrung gewahrte, sah er die Tausendguldenbanknote im Vorgarten unter den Papieren liegen — es ist wahr, dass er sich zugeeignet hat — aber gestohlen hat er sie nicht — sondern nur gefunden, ja, er behauptet, er würde sie später vielleicht noch seinem gewesenen Dienstherrn zurückgestellt oder bei der Polizei ablegen haben, wenn ihm nicht Knoll die ganz gefahrlose Umgebung zugesichert hätte, auch habe er sich zur Verheimlichung nur dadurch verleiten lassen, weil Schönthaler die Verehelichung ihm nicht gestatten wollte. Zu dem Geständnis des Diebstahls bei der Polizei habe ihn nur die Drohung vermocht, dass seine Geliebte und seine Mutter arretiert würden, wenn er den Diebstahl nicht auf sich nehme, und anfangs habe er bei Gericht seine polizeilichen Angaben nicht widerrufen wollen. Er geht schließlich so weit zu behaupten, dass er auch die Möbel aus Eigenem gekauft habe und aus dem Erlös eine Grube und zwei Palastdosen, die er schon vor seiner ersten Untersuchung besessen habe; auch seine Mutter habe ihm 130 fl. dazu gegeben und selbst seine Braut habe beigesteuert. Letzteren beiden erklären diese Angaben für unwahr, nur behauptet die Mutter, dass sie die bei ihr gefundene neue, auf den Namen ihres Sohnes gemerkte Wäsche selbst zur Ausstattung desselben hergeschafft habe, während Gruber früher zugestanden hat, er habe sie von dem entwendeten Geld machen lassen. Gruber sagt nebenbei, er habe aus seiner letzten Strafe von Garsten 85 fl. Überverdienst nach Hause gebracht, sei aber damals so krank gewesen, dass er dieses Ersparnis bald aufzehrte. Wenn Grubers Erscheinung die der Dienstherren nicht kennt, so ist das Auftreten seines Freundes Wenzel Karl Knoll ein völlig selbstbewusstes, einnehmendes. Sein Äußeres hat seinen Anstrich und zeigt, dass er studiert hat; er war Zögling der Löwenburg'schen Convict und will nach Vollendung des philosophischen Lehrkurses auch zwei Jahre in Ungarn die Rechte studiert haben. Er ist aber auch mit dem österreichischen Gerichtsverfahren wohl vertraut; niemand, sagen mehrere Zeugen, ist so gewandt, selbst verlorene Forderungen einzutreiben, wie Knoll. Er ist Geschäftsmann eigentlich Pächter der vorderen Gläubiger und Übernehmer des „Würfel'schen Universalgelephanten" der Gattin des im Strafhaus befindlichen Würfel überlassenen „Privatgeschäftskanzleisiliale für die Vorstadt Mieden". Gruber und Knoll sind zwei so unterschiedene Erscheinungen und bewegen sich in so entgegensetzten Berufs-/Kreisen, dass sie sich nie getroffen, nie zu einander in ein intimes Verhältnis getreten wären — wenn sie sich nicht im Provinzialstrafhaus in der Leopoldstadt kennen gelernt hätten. Denn auch Knoll steht heute nicht das erste Mal vor den Schranken dieses Gerichtshofes, er ist schon sieben Mal wegen Betrug, darunter ein Mal auch wegen Veruntreuung — 1855 sogar schon mit 5jährigem schweren Kerker, das letzte Mal im Jahre 1861 mit 18 Monaten Kerker bestraft worden. Knoll ist 49 Jahre alt, Wittwer, aus Wien gebürtig, von seinem Vorleben erfahren wir, dass er nur zwei Jahre im Löwenburg'schen Convict war, dann als Cadet zur Artillerie kam und beim Militär 89 Mal — drei Mal wegen Veruntreuung und bezüglich Schulden kriegerisch rechtlich — bestraft worden ist. Wegen der Übernahme und Verwechslung der 1000 Gulden-Banknote wird Knoll in der Anklage der Diebstahls-Theilnahme, von Trüber aber, wie erwähnt, der Entlockung eines Betrages von mehr als 700 fl. beschuldigt. Knolls Schreiber gibt gleichfalls an, Knoll habe geäußert, bei diesem Geschäft 200 fl gewonnen zu haben; er hat an jenem Tage seine Freunde traktiert und sich selbst der ausgelassensten Freude hingegeben. Knoll wird auch angeklagt, dass er im Auftrag verschiedener Parteien und unter Empfangnahme von Vorschüssen mit der ihm nachgerühmten Meisterschaft verrostele Schulden eintreiben, dieselben aber im Betrag von 218 fl. für sich behalten habe. Er beruft sich zwar darauf, dass er mit den Auftraggebern erst verrechnen müsse, dieser Einwendung scheint aber kein Gewicht beigelegt worden zu sein, weil er entsprechende Vorschüsse in Händen und, wie er zugesteht, keine Aufschreibungen geführt hat — denn jene losen Zettel, auf welche er Notizen gemacht hat, seien ihm abhanden gekommen, so dass man die Annahme aufstellt, er sei nicht Willens und gar nicht in der Lage gewesen, zu verrechnen. Auch die Versätze, welche Knoll vermittelte, werden von der Anklage einer Kritik unterzogen und hieraus wird ein neuer Posten mit 96 fl. für die Knoll zur Last gelegte Veruntreuung im Gesamtbeträge von 314 fl. gewonnen. Knoll selbst ohne Mittel konnte Darlehen auf Pfänder nur vermitteln. Er ließ sich— nach einer, wie er fagt, in allen Privatgeschäftskanzleien bestehenden Gewohnheit — von den Eigentümern die Pfänder meist auf 4 Wochen verkaufen und sicherte ihnen das Rückkaufsrecht zu. Unter ganz gleichen Umständen suchte er nun Geld auf die Pfänder und fand es meist bei dem Kaufmann Kranz Eder, der einen solchen Winkelversatz unter der Form von Kaufgeschäften auf Rückkauf zu betreiben scheint; Eder gab aber, wie die Erhebungen zeigen, dem Knoll immer um einige Gulden mehr auf das Pfand, als Knoll dem Entlehner ausfolgte, und die Unterschlagung dieser Mehrbeträge wird ihm als Veruntreuung angerechnet. Er kann auch mehrere Pfänder, die er an andere Personen weiter versetzt haben will, die ihm nicht mehr erinnerlich seien, gar nicht mehr zurückstellen, bei denen Pfänder hat er die Depotscheine den Eigentümern nicht erfolgt, sondern fie weiter versetzt oder diese und auch einige Pfänder wirklich verkauft und fie hiedurch den Eigentümern entzogen. Knoll will zwar glauben machen, es seien ihm einige Gegenstände aus der Kanzlei entwendet worden und er habe die Mehrbeträge zuweilen zu einer Zeit erst erhalten, als die Entleihung bereits von ihm gerin gereicht hatte und er daher nicht mehr mit ihnen sprechen konnte. Er wurde in dem Augenblicke verhaftet, als er eben nach Ungarn abreisen wollte, denn er hatte seine Habseligkeiten bereit in eine Kiste gepackt und diese einem Spediteur zur schnellen Versendung nach Pest übergeben. Er behauptet, dass er sich einige Zeit von seinen Gläubigern Ruhe verschaffen wollte, um dann bei Verwandten in Ungarn sich mit Zahlungsmitteln zu versorgen und wieder mit Ehre nach Wien zurückkehren zu können. Auch die Anklage hat die Ansicht eine viel strengere Anficht sie bezweifelt, diese ehrenvolle Rückkehr und behauptet, dass diese angeblichen Gläubiger von Knoll in dem Bewusstsein seiner Zahlungsunfähigkeit um 479 fl. betrogen worden seien, fie beschuldigt daher Knoll auch des Verbrechens des Betruges in diesem Betrage. Knoll hat ohne Zahlungsmittel die Würsel'sche Privatgeschäftskanzleifiliale zu Georgi 1863 gegen einen monatlichen Pacht von 20 fl. angetreten und hiezu einen Schreiber aufgenommen, dem er 10 fl. monatlich und von jeder Eingabe 2 fl. und hierprng ein monatliches Einkommen von 20 bis 60 fl. zusichert; er ließ zwar viele Klagen verschreiben und abschreiben, reichte aber keine ein; mit welchen Geschäften er sich befaßte, wurde schon erwähnt und um das Maß voll zu machen, nahm er auch noch einen Commissionär aus, der 200 fl. Caution leisten musste und dafür das Versprechen monatlicher 30 fl. von Knoll erhielt. Der Schreiber arbeitete ohne Erfolg. Den Commissionär wusste er gar nicht zu beschäftigen und ein Honorar bekam keiner. Knoll verbrachte seine Zeit im Gasthaus, tractierte Abend nach Abend seine Bekannten, machte da täglich Zechen zu 5 fl. -und darüber und blieb allerorts zuletzt auch im Gasthaus schuldig, was er auf Borg zu erhalten wusste. Er schwindelte hiezu den Besitz ausstehender Forderungen, ein aufrechtes gutes Geschäft, das Versprechen sogleich barer Bezahlung vor und wusste derart von seinem Bettgeber Strunz, einem Fabriksarbeiter, sein ganzes Ersparnis mit 100 fl. herauszulocken; um ihn bei guter Miene zu erhalten, schenkte er ihm dann einmal eine silberne Uhr, als er ein paar Tage später wieder Geld brauchte, nahm er die Uhr auf kurze Zeit zu leihen und versetzte sie wieder; beim Kellner Vogelsang entlockte er eine goldene Uhr im Wert von 45 fl., die er nur auf ein paar Tage zu Probe nahm, weil er sie kaufen wolle, schnell gab er statt einem seiner Gläubiger, um damit ein anderes Pfand flott zu machen; dem Kellner Sommer schuldet er für Zechen und kleine Darlehen 29 fl., zwei Schneidern für Kleider 82 fl. einem Papierhändler bei 24 fl., während sich fast alles abgenommene Papier in der nach Pest bestimmten Kiste vorfand. Der Commissionär suchte sich nach seiner Verhaftung für seine 200 fl. eine Sicherheit und es glückte ihm durch Zurückbehalten eines Pfandes 100 fl. zu retten. Kurz vor seiner Verhaftung suchte er Reisegeld nach Pest sich zu verschaffen. Sein früherer Curator Fatschek hatte für Forderungen zwei Interimscheine der allgemeinen Versorgungs-Anstalt in Händen, um diese zu bekommen, verkaufte ihm Knoll seine Möbel und gab ihm die Uhr des Vogelsang; nun sollte Frau Würfel, der er gleichfalls seine Möbel verkaufte, Geld auf die Interimscheine und einen Weisel Knolls auftreiben, aber es fand sich niemand, der hierauf sein Geld riskieren wollte. So sehen wir — Knoll, der im Wesentlichen diese Thatsachen eingesteht, unter der Last. Verantwortlicher Redakteur: Dr.
| 3,508 |
https://github.com/thewizardplusplus/go-link-shortener-backend/blob/master/gateways/counter/counter.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
go-link-shortener-backend
|
thewizardplusplus
|
Go
|
Code
| 73 | 213 |
package counter
import (
"context"
"github.com/pkg/errors"
"go.etcd.io/etcd/clientv3"
)
// Counter ...
type Counter struct {
Client Client
Name string
}
// NextCountChunk ...
func (counter Counter) NextCountChunk() (uint64, error) {
response, err := counter.Client.innerClient.
Put(context.Background(), counter.Name, "", clientv3.WithPrevKV())
if err != nil {
return 0, errors.Wrap(err, "unable to update the counter")
}
if response.PrevKv == nil {
return 0, errors.Wrap(err, "unable to get the previous counter")
}
return uint64(response.PrevKv.Version) + 1, nil
}
| 36,331 |
https://github.com/haseebs/search-engine-ruby/blob/master/sqlCode/wordToWordID.sql
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
search-engine-ruby
|
haseebs
|
SQL
|
Code
| 24 | 64 |
create Table Dictionary(
word VARCHAR(20) PRIMARY KEY
);
create Table Lexicon(
wordID INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
word VARCHAR(20)
);
CREATE INDEX wordIndex ON Lexion(word);
| 50,854 |
https://github.com/lukevanin/swift-algorithms/blob/master/DataStructures.playground/Contents.swift
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
swift-algorithms
|
lukevanin
|
Swift
|
Code
| 78 | 261 |
import Foundation
// Stack (Last In First Out)
let stack = Stack<String>()
stack.push(value: "A")
stack.push(value: "B")
stack.push(value: "C")
stack.pop() == "C"
stack.pop() == "B"
stack.pop() == "A"
stack.pop() == nil
stack.push(value: "D")
stack.push(value: "E")
stack.peek() == "E"
stack.pop() == "E"
// Queue (First In First Out)
let queue = Queue<String>()
queue.enqueue(value: "A")
queue.enqueue(value: "B")
queue.enqueue(value: "C")
queue.dequeue() == "A"
queue.dequeue() == "B"
queue.dequeue() == "C"
queue.dequeue() == nil
queue.enqueue(value: "D")
queue.enqueue(value: "E")
queue.peek() == "D"
queue.dequeue() == "D"
| 37,267 |
https://github.com/marcelobratuarial/gestao/blob/master/app/Controllers/Code.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
gestao
|
marcelobratuarial
|
PHP
|
Code
| 40 | 169 |
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class Code extends BaseController
{
public function index()
{
d(code());
}
public function apiKeys()
{
$encrypter = \Config\Services::encrypter();
$data['apiKey'] = base64_encode($encrypter->encrypt(CODEEMPRESA, ['key' => 'New secret key', 'blockSize' => 100]));
$data['apiSecretKey'] = base64_encode($encrypter->encrypt(CODEEMPRESA . date('Ymdhis')));
dd($data);
}
}
| 40,547 |
sn88077573_1910-02-12_1_1_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,207 | 5,524 |
WEATHER FORECAST Snow tonight, colder in, West and southern portions. Sunday fair, except snow in the lake. THE MARION DAILY MIRROR. FIRST SECTION PAGES 1T0 8 VOLUME XVIII NUMBER 152. MARION, OHIO, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 1910 PRICE TWO CENT Pt. Life Savers do Most Excellent Work with the Breeches Buoy. TWO FISHING BOATS FLOUNDER Not a Man of Either Crew Was Lost. Life Boats Useless in the Terrible Sea. Lino Is Shot Across Deck of Each Vessel and One of the Men Are Hauled As They Were Through the Breakers and Cared for at the Life Saving Station First Signals Mistaken for Shooting Stars. By United Press Wire. New York, Feb. 12 Through glacial waves, laden with ice, and cut by sleet beating at their dangling bodies, five men slid along a narrow ledge from wrecked vessels to safety on the beach at Sandy Hook early today. They formed the crews of two fishing schooners the Franklin B. Nelson and the Libby, which are now breaking into pieces off the sea. For saving station. While heavy driving snow had been everything beyond the line of breakers at life-saving station No. 1 early today, a watchman was attracted by what he thought was a falling star several yards off shore. He gave it no thought until a second "star" appeared in the same direction. A third and fourth "star" appeared. Then he knew they were rockets from a ship in distress. Lifeboats were brought out to the beach where great waves were pounding. Sleet, carried by a driving wind cut the faces of the lifeboats and heavy gloves, soaked with the spray froze to the gunwales of the boats. The first "gun" launched topped a huge breaker, but the second wave caught it and hurled it back to the beach. Again and again futile efforts were made to get the boats through the pounding combers. Finally, the "gun" was brought out. After several attempts to strike the trembling vessel, a gun was passed over her bow. This was pulled aboard by unseen hands. After the light line went the cable and breeches flew out through the breakers, disappearing in the uptime. In five minutes came a signal and the men ashore pulled on the buoy, disappearing in the uptime. In five minutes a man appeared, dangling in the spray of the waves which dashed around his body, at times hiding him completely. Once ashore he was rushed to the station for warmth and treatment. Again the buoy shot out into the sea. Darkness and returned with a man. Six more trips were made and the last man whispered that there were no more. Hardly had the eight been rescued when a second shower of stars, several hundred yards above the first attracted the patrolman's attention. Again an unavailing effort was made to launch the boats and again the line and breeches buoy had to be resorted to after several of the life savers had been almost swept to sea by the receding waves. Nine men were thus saved from the second vessel. Bridgeport, Conn., Feb. 12. A two-masted schooler is ashore on Naugatuck island off Norwalk. She went ashore during the night but is flying no signals. Norwalk tugs have been notified. The vessel is now and apparently bound for New York. NAVAL TUG IS Battleship and Scout Cruisers now hunt the Nina. By United Press Wire. Washington, Feb. 12. Orders were sent to the navy yards at New York, Philadelphia, Norfolk and Boston today to send vessels in search for the tug Nina, which has been missing since Sunday. She left Norfolk for Boston on that day and has not been heard from since. The Nina is a tug of 387 tons displacement and serves as a tender to the third submarine expedition, She is commanded by Chief Boatsman, John S. Croghan and has a crew of twenty-eight men. Washington, Feb. 12, The Columbia left the New York yard this afternoon for the search and the coast line of the New Jersey and Long Island will be examined at daylight tomorrow by the Apaches and Pontiac. The commandment of the navy yard at Norfolk has reported to the department that the scout cruiser Salem will leave at once, followed by the battleship Louisiana, the Salem to examine the coast close in shore between Cape Henry and Cape May and the Louisiana to steam, further out in the same vicinity. The Castina, the Caesar, sailed this morning from the Boston yard and will cruise along the coast from Block Island to Cape May. The torpedo boat destroyer Cameron, which is at the Philadelphia yard, preparing to sail to Newport, has been ordered to sail at the earliest possible moment and to keep a lookout for the missing tug. Portsmouth, Va., Feb. 12, The battleship Louisiana and the fast scout cruiser Halem cleared from the Virginia capes today to search for the big naval tug Nina which, in command of Chief Boatswain John H. Croghan and with a crew of twenty-eight men, has not been heard from since she left here last Sunday, bound for Boston. Not a trace of the tug has been seen since she left here and, as there has been some bad weather during the past few days, the vessel has been in a state of collapse. The week it is believed that she must have met with some disaster. The Nina was recently reconstructed to meet as a tender to submarines. She is of 330 tons, schooner rigged, and in built of steel. The tug was considered perfectly seaworthy and there is a chance that her machinery has broken down and she is drifting without control. President Taft Wants to Eliminate Ohio Bosses. ELLIS IS TO DO THE JOB Tafe Proposes to be the big Boss. Will Try to Mend the Brok en Fences. Tho Only Man ilio is In IVsifiim to Know Says That Is the Plan Which Has Been Formulated In Wash ington nnd that tho Frst Gun will lio Fired at Dayton Today When Wado Ellis Is Mado Ohio Chair man. TJv United Press Wire. Columbus, O., Fob. 12. Elimina tion of tho Republican bosses from Ohio politics and h. general house cleaning of tho Republican party, In tho Buckeye stuto Is tho gist of the program formulated 'in Washington. Tho Taft f6rces aro to tnko ohargo tho moment Wado H, Ellis becomes executlvo chairman. Tho Htntonlcnt is made on tho only authority in Ohio today competent to explain tho reason or tho presence of Kills In Columbus last night, and in Dayton today, where tho stato cen tral commlttoo will elect Ellis chalr mnn of tho exectulvo commlttoo. In nn authorized statement this lender said: "President Taft has elected to put himself und his lloutonunts In con trol of Ohio politics, at this tlmo bo causo tho Republican party in Ohio today Is In process of disintegration nnd shnttorod by factional strljo. It Is tho psychological moment for tho housccleaulng. Thcro Is lots to bo, done, lots that Is needed to bo ilouo for tho ItopAibllCan party In Ohio just now, and thcro'B very llttlo to do it with and only ono way In which to do It. Tlfat way rncliHlcs a pilrty houseclcnnlng and tho comploto and everlasting elimination nnd annihila tion of tho old leaders, tho old bosses. And we are going to undertake to do it, win or lose. The genealogy of President Taft's selection of Wade H. Ellis to take charge of the housecleaning in Ohio is this. President Taft was very favorably impressed with Ellis' speech to the Republican club in Cleveland on his way from Chicago to Washington recently. When Ellis returned to Washington, President Taft called him into consultation about the Ohio and the congressional situation. The president wanted an able man to make speeches in Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, and other middle and western states, where the Republicans are in danger of losing their congressmen. The president is not so much concerned with the Ohio gubernatorial situation as he is, with the Ohio political situation and the congressional elections. Taft believes Harmon is a man easier to beat than some other men whom the Democrats might name for President. Taft is anxious about the congressional situation in this and other states. To keep the number of Republican congressmen Ohio now has and to keep the party in Ohio together, Taft believes it is necessary to clean house. He has sent Ellis here with a broom to do the work, and Ellis is going to get on the job as soon as he is made executive chairman. The administration leaders say Taft has made no terms with Senator Dick and that Dick simply did the Ellis program because he sees something coming. The purpose of the Ellis program is to make Taft complete master of Ohio, and the president has suggested him for executive chairman, to give him a reason for being in Ohio at this time. Ellis will hold on as state chairman only until the state convention. Then a chairman will be selected with the consent of the candidates, to conduct the state campaign next fall. By that time, Ellis expects to have the dust and the mass swept out of Ohio politics. But he will stay in the state to make speeches in Ohio and in congressional districts in other states. He will locate in Cincinnati, conduct a law practice there and continue to be special attorney for the attorney general of the United States. OSCEANING NOW PROPOSED Honor For New Envoy; Earl Grey's Redmond a Power In Parliament; In planning to give a dinner in New York pursued its policy of promoting good feeling between Japan and the United States. The ambassador was recently elected honorary president of the society. Captivity even in a palace near Saloniki has not been a pleasant experience for Abdul Hamil, ex-sultan of Turkey. It was recently reported that his mind had given way. John Redmond, the leader of the Irish Nationalists, will be one of the most powerful and influential figures in the new British parliament in spite of some opposition to him among his fellow countrymen. The slender Liberal plurality gives the Irishmen their opportunity to press the claims of Ireland. Earl Carrington, named as Successor of Earl Grey as governor general of Canada, is one of Great Britain's ablest administrators. He has held several high offices. The Countess Carrington is well known in British society as a hostess. The couple have one son and four daughters. FIREWORKS START MONDAY State Probers will Make Start After Food Exploiters. SHORT MEASURE MILK BOTTLES Cleveland People Robbed of $84,000 Annually. Even a Graft in Chopped Fodder. With the $2,500 Appropriation Available the Williams Committee Will Begin the Real Work of Finding out AVIU is Causing High Prices Cold Storage Men Have Not Cleared Their Skirts or Illume for. Present Conditions. By United Press Wire. Columbus, O., Feb. 12 The big fire works in the legislative probe into the high cost of living will be set off Monday when the Williams committee starts after the big food exploiters of the state. As long as there was no appropriation available the committee and to content itself with gathering statistics and issuing manifestos; but now, with $2,500 ready to be checked against, there will be real action and plenty of it. For one thing the committee's statistics provide the people of the state are a Beginning from the time of short measures in their milk units, the committee's experts have figured out, and the public pays for a full quart. The amount of milk the Clove-landers are about to eat is about $230 a day, or, in round numbers, $50 and a $100. Simple arithmetic. The Clove-landers must explain to the committee. After they are through explaining one thing is bound to burn the show, substitute bottles that will hold a full quart. Then the committee is going after the scales in Cleveland and scales and measures show here. "Some of our fellow legislators kick, even giving us $2,000 for this, probe," said a member of the committee. "Why, if we save every citizen of the state, of Ohio, just one cent, we will have saved in the aggregate $15,000. There is a breakfast food man in Buffalo that keeps up its Ohio prices by allowing the retailer to charge up the $15,000. His promise is paid as a commission." The convention and trust law, which can touch them in honor of Baron Tichlden, the new ambassador from Japan, has been no longer a concern between them to manipulate prices. The Williams committee is going to have some of this upsets of price controller on the carpet, possibly next week. Included in this number will be some big millers and manufacturers who have taken their cue from the breakfast food people. To return to statistics, the committee can show that there were near. By a million cases of eggs in a single cold storage plant, in Cleveland, September 1, 1908, and that the owners stored them and held them for sky high prices at a cent and one-third a dozen storage. LONE TELLS HIS STORY Ship Company Blames Wreck of General Chanzy to an Explosion. By United Press Wire. Paris, Feb. 13. The French transatlantic steamship company this afternoon officially reported the loss of the Chaumontan Canal was due to an explosion rather than that the boat's striking on the rocks. Had the explosion occurred, the vessel would have survived the collision and be able to make port. There were thirty-five men in the Canal's cargo but whether the explosion of the powder or the boilers caused this vessel to sink, the company has not yet determined. The company conclusions do not agree with the story with Baldez, one of the two survivors, which was cabled here today. Baldez, the Marseilles survivor, is in a hospital in Cludadola. He regained consciousness today and was able to give a feeble account of his terrible experience. The day Thursday the sea was running mountain high," he said. "They struck the rocks, the shock was terrible and we all know instinctively that the boat was lost." Then followed immediately the explosion of the boiler and the boat went down like a rock. "Only such a miracle as saved my life could have saved others, for there was no time when the two boats were on fire. It seems that there was one terrifying scene from the pass, when the United closed over the ship. "I don't know how, I managed to reach land. I regained consciousness, Friday morning and found myself lying on the shore, the sun must have revived me. I wandered almost the entire day looking for some habitation and finally arrived here where I told the French consul of the disaster. This was the first news of the tragedy, I again lost consciousness and awoke to find my son in the hospital." SURVIVOR Successor; Abdul Hamid Mad. FUNERAL Wealthy Chicago Manufacturer Literally Hacked to Pieces. A BUNGLING JOB Stiletto Sheath Found in The Office. Is Identified as Property of Missing Man. Police are hot on the trail of an Italian Aviators Arrest the A'letim Caused Some Months Ago and a Pair who may give Some A'letim Information are Arrested Forty A'letim In A'letim Body, by United Press Wire. Chicago, Feb. 12-The carelessness of a murderer who dropped a stiletto guard after hacking to death Charles Willis, a wealthy glove manufacturer in his own office, is expected to bring about an arrest today that will solve the mystery of the killing. Willis was found dead near the desk at midnight. His head and body horribly mutilated with forty wounds. In some of which the stiletto had been turned and twisted to make the slayer's work more terrible. The furniture in the office was scattered about the room and blood was everywhere, indicating that a fearful struggle had taken place before Whitshire gave up his life. Detectives who searched the premises today found a stiletto guard of a fashion peculiar to Italians. Within an hour, one of the investigators, who is an expert on Italian affairs, had identified the guard as the property of an Italian whose arrest was caused some time ago on charges of selling stolen goods. This man disappeared from his usual haunts some time last night. The police today took into custody Frank Ebbolo and Lawrence Bartol, who, they believe, can tell something concerning the killing. Christopher Ebbolo, another Italian, sought, according to information obtained by Captain Wood, of the detective department, started for Milwaukee to a northwestern train shortly after midnight and the Milwaukee police have been asked to apprehend him. The police are working on the theory that Ebbolo was slain for revenge. While his pockets were inside out and rifled, other money lying in the cash drawer was not touched. Evidently, the slayer remained in the office for a considerable time after Ebbolo's death, hacking at the manufacturer's body. Chicago, Feb. 12. Christopher Ebbolo, accused by the police of being the owner of a stiletto sheath found near the body of Charles AVIIt Shire, the wealthy glove manufacturer, murdered last night, was taken into custody by the police this afternoon. His brother, Frank, and Lorenzo Bartol were detained earlier in the day. Christopher Ebbolo. Ebbolo, when "sweated" denied any knowledge of the Wiltshire murder and declares he could prove an alibi. He also declared he did not own the sheath that was found. He will be held pending the verdict in the coroner's jury. The inquest began this afternoon. Ebbolo was formerly attached to Assistant Thief Kchuettler's eye as a special "Black Hand Investigator," and assisted Detectives Lingard and Bernacci in this work. SOUTH POLE French Explorer Says he Did not Reach the Goal. SHACKLETON'S RECORD STANDS Some Valuable Observations Were Made. Maps of Whole Region Visited are Made. Or. T. M. Charcot Does not Adopt Dr. Cook's Tactics but Frankly Admits he Was not Successful In his Quest on the South Polo Many Hurdshippers were Undergone by the Explorer and the Men Allowed him In the Antarctic: It was. -By United Press Wire. Paris, Feb. 12. Madam Charcot received a cable from her husband, Dr. J. M. Charcot, leader of the French Antarctic expedition, from Punta Arenas, merely stating "all well." No mention is made of the operations of the expedition, Which was taken to mean that the south polo was not reached. London, Feb. 12. Despatches received today from Dr. J. M. Charcot, leader of the French Antarctic expedition, now at Punta Arenas on its return trip, state that while the expedition failed to break the record of Lieutenant Ernest Shackleton, who came within 111 miles of the South pole, It made valuable discoveries of a scientific nature and was "altogether satisfactory," as Dr. Charcot put it. The expedition, which sailed from Punta Arenas, December 17, 1908, got as far south as 70 degrees, with the longitude of 120 degrees west. The expedition wintered at rut German Island, which is about 56 degrees latitude and 80 degrees longitude west. The twenty men who composed the party suffered much sickness during the winter stay at Peterman Island, nearly every member having a touch of scurvy. So many difficulties were experienced by the expedition that for a time it seemed that the venture would be rendered abortive, but Dr. Charcot proceeded and finally completed his "French map" as far as Adelaldo Island, surveying a new stretch of land 120 miles long. This region was wholly barren and covered with icebergs and glaciers. The party then pushed on to Alexander Island, which is in latitude 69 degrees and longitude 71 degrees west. A complete map of the Antarctic region, as far as Alexander Island, was made by Dr. Charles. After the winter at Potomac Island and the recovery of the men, the expedition pushed on during the Antarctic summer as far south as 70 degrees, making a careful exploration of the Isle of Deception, which is near the south. Shotland's group, in the south, was discovered southwest of Alexander Island and much scientific knowledge gained of this region, which, though discovered by Bollinghausen in 1821, has been practically an unknown land. Dr. Charles says the expedition was not fitted out for a dash to the pole and for that reason did not attempt to go farther south than 70 degrees. He says the party is returning in good health and much elated at having overcome its early difficulties. The Fourquois Pas, the vessel that carried the expedition, proved satisfactory in every way. The expedition, Dr. Charles says, was far more successful than the expedition. o successful than the one he led in 1903. News that Charcot had not reached the South Pole was received with a sense of relief by British scientists, who look upon the discovery of the pole as a work cut out for them. The report from the French expedition has increased the enthusiasm in the British expedition that Captain Scott is soon to lead into the Antarctic. New York, Feb. 12, Herbert L. Bridgman, secretary of the Poary Arctic Club, received the following message today: "Punta Aronas, Chile, Feb. 11. "To Peary, North Pole, Brooklyn. "Hearty congratulations. (Sinned) "CHABOT." UNDISCOVERED ELLIS IS NOT REAL CHOICE Committee Will just Shut Their Eyes and Vote, for Him. THEY SAY, "ORDERS IS ORDERS" Do not Want to Oppose the President. Seventeen Committeemen do not Want Ellis Sullen Representation upon the Tart of Alnay or the Committeemen Because Taft's Interference is Sought to be Softened by the Claim That Walter Brown Imprisoned from the Frying Pan Into the Fire. United Press Wire. Dayton, O., Feb. 12-Unless new structions come from Washington today, Wade Ellis will be elected chairman of the Republican state executive committee in place of Henry Williams, who agreed at Washington to resign. It is known that Secretary Phil pps., or the state central committee, has taken a poll of the members and that seventeen of the twenty members declare themselves as a unit, to the election of Ellis. I'lVO of the seventeen will remain away from the meeting because they won't vote for Ellis, yet they don't want to vote against him when it puts them in the attitude of voting against the president. Lieutenants of all of the men reached here last night and with the unanimous support of Walter Brown's friends, the opposition to Ellis is unanimous. Lieutenants of Burton and Ellis, like R. Herrick's friends, recent it, and even Cox regards it as bad politics. The two members of the state committee from Hamilton county, were among the absentees. Some of Taft's friends, in favor of this, have expressed their willingness to support the president in making him believe Ellis would be acceptable to the party. There is a silent hope on the part of all but the Brown lieutenants that word will come somehow from President Taft today withdrawing his request for Ellis, and leaving the committee men free to choose their own chairman. The Ellis election is about the same thing that causes any interest. Brown has decided not to try to oust Phipps as secretary of the committee. Phipps has the votes, and Brown must have ousted him had he tried. Senator Dick will reach Dayton in the day. The committee will not meet until 4 o'clock this afternoon. John Ha. VS Hammond, president of the National League of Republican Clubs, after many conferences last night, succeeded in merging the old defunct Ohio League of Republican clubs into the Ohio Taft clubs organization, which was formed during the last presidential campaign. By D. Davis of Cleveland, will be the new president. SWEPT BY A Floral City Believed to Have Suffered Heavily In Storm. By United Press Wire. Jacksonville, Fla., Feb. 12, Efforts are being made today to restore the communication with Lakeland, where a tornado is reported to have caused much damage last night. Up to this afternoon, no word had been received and it is not known if the loss of life accompanied the storm. According to the reports received here, just before the wires failed, several houses in Lakeland were destroyed and a number of persons were injured. It is expected that the wires will be restored by this evening. Later reports say that no one was killed by the tornado, but several persons were caught in their wrecked homes and injured. A number of buildings on the Astor estate were demolished. A number of small villages in the vicinity of Lakeland are also reported to have suffered during the storm. Detroit, Mich., Feb. 12, with gas escaping from an open burner, Horace White, forty, an employee of the Michigan Alkali works, and Benjamin Gillman, thirty-five, were found dead in bed in John E. Wolf's suburban saloon and boarding house today. Justice Torongo believes the gas was accidentally turned on but has ordered a post-mortem examination which will be performed during the day by county physicians. Forbes and Parked Humors of foul play are in circulation which will be produced. White was a widower. ower from Nam York Hta, w!' TORNADO l-yl i.""T's.iaL.
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In the Register, FROM THE EDITOR, February 1, 1889. BRIEFS. Circuit Court begins February 12th. The river was pretty full this week. A daily paper in Martinsburg is being talked up. There is talk of establishing an ice factory in Hagerstown. Don't forget the concert to be held February 13th and 16th. There will be no new moon in February. The editor of the Morgan Mercury is after the Berkeley Springs post office. P. Licklider will give you big bargains in shoes and boots this month. The Martinsburg Independent says that the only White Caps in that city are night caps. It is said that there will be many changes of residence in Shepherdstown, next spring. Everybody who travels over the country roads these days thinks they ought to be piked. P. Licklider carries a fine stock of tobacco and cigars. Tobacco from 30c to 80c per pound. The indications are that there will be many public sales this season in this neighborhood. If you want a pair of warm gloves, or a pair of overshoes, or gum boots, all on W. P. Licklider. The churches were very slowly attended last Sunday. It rained all day a regular northeaster. The celebrated Col. R. P. H. Staub is trying for a five-year sentence. The government office in Baltimore. Mr. P. C. Peine's farm near Yankeleveville has been sold to Mr. Edgar Ellis, of Gerardstown, for $60,000. Don't forget that we print the most attractive sale bills in this end of the country. And our prices are reasonable too. Try our teas, coffees, fancy cakes, macaroni, cheese, oatmeal, crystal table salt and pickles. W. P. Lickler. The Shepherdstown Democratic Club will meet in Fireman's Hall on Saturday evening at half-past 6 o'clock. Those who desire to see local option defeated at the next corporation election are already doing their own work. The cheapest and most delicious dessert is fruit pudding. Assorted flavors, 10 cents a package, at J. D. Billmyer's. The Board of Education of Harper's Ferry District have decided to build a new schoolhouse at a cost of from $2,000 to $3,000. By the bursting of a steam pipe at the Martinsburg distillery recently, Lewis J. Sakeman was fatally scalded. He was 45 years old. We call attention to the advertisement of the Philadelphia Times in this issue. It is the best paper in this country for one cent. Potomac Building Association No. will offer for sale several shares of stock next Monday evening at 7 o'clock in the Rochester office. The members of the Y.M.C.A. are earnestly requested to meet at the College Building this Friday evening at half-past six o'clock. At a dance in Shepherdstown a few nights ago, someone placed some paper on the floor. Don't say it wasn't lively a few minutes afterward. Evaporated peaches and apricots, prunes, beans, hominy, figs, dates, blackwheat, bed bugs on flour, and pennies oranges, at W.J. Licklider's. Delegates D.L. Rentch and W. P. Licklider report that the V. M. C. A. convention at Cumberland last week was one of the best ever held by the Association. "Our Little Ones and the Nursery" for February has been received, and is as charming a little magazine for children as any published. Russell Publishing Co., Boston. Senator Faulkner and Hon. Win. Wilson were prominent guests at the banquet of the Merchants' and Manufacturers' Association of Baltimore last Thursday night. The whole of the material in the Baylor House, except the foundation, is for sale, to be removed by April 15, 1889. For further particulars, inquire of G. T. Hodges. Woodward & Lothrop, the Washington merchants, invite the readers of the Kkoistkr to make their store their headquarters during the inauguration. See advertisement. Look at the date opposite your name on this paper, and if you are in arrears, please call and pay it. I don't understand the figures we will take pleasure in explaining them. The adjourned quarterly meeting for the M. E. Church will be held in Bethlehem on Saturday, February 18th, at 2:30 p.m. Official members will please take notice and all be present. Don't forget that W. P. Licklider not be undersold and during the winter months will sell lots of bar silver, glass and all other items, carries at rock bottom prices for cash. Call and see. The weather blew up pretty cold first of the week, and it looked very much as if the ice would be plentiful. But Wednesday the wind came from the South, and again the weather is mild and pleasant. Joseph Fine will have an auction in Oak Grove Grange Hall, at Zion Church, Saturday afternoon and night, commencing at 2 o'clock. General assortment of goods will be available. All are invited to attend, both ladies and gentlemen. Mr. K. S. Starr, a traveling salesman, who is in our midst, is now canvassing Shepherdstown and its surroundings with several patent rights, namely: The Bascouin Sash Lock, the Non-explosive Lamp Burner, the "Great Moscow Catarrh Cure," the Rose Jelly, the king of the day lotion, "Heot's Pain Paint of New York," etc. BRIEFS. An enormous black bear, weighing 416 pounds, was killed Saturday evening about three miles from Green Spring, Hampshire county, by George Shertz. The Moundsville correspondent of the Wheeling Register of Sunday says that Mr. J. Elmer Hunter gave an old-fashioned taffy pulling on Thursday night to a number of young ladies and gentlemen of Moundsville. Mr. William Engle has sold his lime stone quarries and kilns at Engle's Switch, in this county, to Mr. Daniel Baker, of Buckeyestown, Md. Mr. Baker now owns the whole of the lime-producing property at that point. Did you notice it? That constable D. C. Adams, of Myerstown, has borne such a smiling countenance for a week past, notwithstanding his gray hairs. They're twins, and both girls weigh respectively 8 and 9 pounds. Spirit. President Gainbrill, of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, has issued orders to his division superintendents to begin making necessary repairs at once, so as to have the canal in readiness for letting in water on the 15th of March. We return our thanks to The ladies of Shenandoah Junction for a mighty good cake sent us a few days ago. Whoever baked that rake understands the business thoroughly. We understand that the festival held by the ladies was a great success. The February number of "Wide Awake," D. Lothrop Company, Boston, is full of good reading for children. It is only $3.40 a year, and there is really no superior magazine in this country. It should be in every family where there are children. Mr. William F. Cochrane, a well-known citizen of Harper's Ferry, was one of the victims of a railroad wreck on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad recently. His remains were so dreadfully mangled that they were not sent home to his family. We were in error in stating, a week or two ago, that the sale of the "Race Track" farm near Shepherdstown had been confirmed by the court. This is not so, and we suppose if anyone would make an upset, the property would again be sold. A ewe belonging to Mr. Aki. Crow, who lives about half way between Shepherdstown and Sharpsburg, gave birth to four lambs a few days ago. The lambs are all alive and healthy, and there is every prospect that they will be raised all right. This is certainly an unusual occurrence. The Charlestown Spirit says that the plant of the Rotelle manufacturing Company in that place has been purchased by Mr. Eugene Baker. Arrangements are on foot for the formation of a new company, under a different name, with the prospect of putting this valuable property at once into active and profitable use. Mr. J. S. Bragonier has shown us an old bill of sale, of March 1809, and the prices named seem a trifle steep these days. Feathers sold at $1.05 per pound, bacon cents, lard 24 cents, beef 25 cents a pound, and so on. If such prices could be obtained at public sale in Shepherdstown now we reckon everybody would sell out. Six hundred men are now engaged in the construction of the Martinsburg and Winchester Railroad. About fourteen miles of the road are graded and completed, and the work of baling has been commenced at Martinsburg. It is stated that the whole line between Winchester and Martinsburg will be in operation by the middle of next July. The poultry association of Moler's Cross Roads was reorganized last Saturday under the name of "The Shenandoah Valley Poultry and Livestock Association of Moler's." D. G. Moler was elected president; Samuel Badger, vice-president; James K. Hendricks, recording secretary; R. D. La mar, corresponding secretary, and Captain Lee L. Moler, treasurer. We have received from Secretary S. S. Thomas a card of the Shenandoah Driving Park association, by which we notice that they will be prepared to train horses in first-class style after May 1st at their farm near Berryville. They will also have regular stock pules at stated times. They invite the cooperation of the people of Jefferson, and solicit correspondence. We can recommend both the purposes and the standing of the gentlemen who have charge of the enterprise. We are informed that a few nights ago, a well-known resident of Williamsport was visited by a party of men wearing white caps, that he was taken to the river, given a thorough bath, and afterward soundly whipped. It is stated that the beneficiary of these attentions has been neglectful of and abusive toward his family, that he is indolent and beyond the reach of the local authorities, and that he was promised more of the same sort if he did not prove himself a more worthy citizen, husband, and father. Lloydtown Globe. An old and experienced businessman speaks of advertising as follows: "Advertise by the year. It is cheaper and yields a butter return for the money invested. An advertisement should always be before the public in some shape. If it happens, it is soon forgotten and those that remain have the advantage of their competitor. There is only one excuse for the discontinuance of an advertisement—that of retiring from business. If any merchant thinks advertisements are not read, let him advertise to give away a calico dress pattern. In the list of committees of the House of Delegates, Col. K. P. Chew is chairman of the Committee on Taxation and Finance, and is also on the Committees on Military Affairs and Rules. Mr. Gibson is on the Judiciary. Education, Counties, Districts, and Municipal Corporations (chairman), and Printing and Contingent Expenses Committees. In the Senate, Mr. Knott is upon the Committees on Finance, Education, and Federal Relations, while Mr. Gettinger is upon the Committee on County and City Affairs. Municipal Corporations, Roads and Internal Navigation, and Mines and Mining. PERSONALS. We noticed upon our streets several days ago, our esteemed friend, Towner Schley, Esq., of Shepherdstown, W. And as we are to have a Republican administration after March 4th, we know of no one whose loyalty to party is entitled to more consideration than Mr. Schley's. He is and always has been an active and earnest Republican. Martinsburg Statesman. County Superintendent Schaefer was in town on Monday last visiting the Graded School. He says the schools generally seem to be doing well. Mr. A. W. Hawks, the popular reader and lecturer, has been elected Professor of Elocution in the Maryland State Normal School. Mr. Joseph S. Tennant and family leave today for McKeesport, Pa. Mr. Tennant has secured employment in that place. Mrs. G. T. Stonesifer, of Charles town, spent last week in this place with her sister, Mrs. Frazier, who has been sick. Mr. B. S. Pendleton has been laid up this week with a severe attack of lumbago. Hope he will soon be well. Miss Etta Sue Porter left on Thursday for Martinsburg, where she will spend some time visiting friends. Miss Kate Chase has returned home from a long visit to her sister, Mrs. Rouzee, in Altoona, Pa. Miss Bettie Morgan and Mrs. W. H. Billuiyer are visiting the Misses Mann in Baltimore. Mrs. Presley Maruaduke is ill of pneumonia at her home in this place. Miss Fannie Licklider visited Miss Bessie Rennert at Wheatland last Sunday. Miss Julia Rentch is visiting friends in Cumberland, Md., and Connellsville. Miss Bettie Line has been visiting friends in Maryland this week. Miss Elise Shepherd is visiting friends in Baltimore. Miss Annie Moler is visiting friends in Hagerstown, Md. Meeting of Clams and its Convent. There will be a special meeting of Virginia Classis in the Reformed Church at Shepherdstown on next Tuesday at 2 p.m. Its business will be to dissolve the pastoral relation existing between Rev. B. F. Bausmann and his charge, and to dismiss him to the Classis of Gettysburg. In connection with the meeting of Classis there will be a Church Work and Missionary Convention to continue till Wednesday evening, as follows: Tuesday 2:30 p.m.? "Church membership; in what does it consist and what obligations does it involve both as to the Church and Sunday School." 7 p.m.? "The Elders and Deacons: What are their several duties toward pastor and people." Wednesday 10 a.m.? "Systematic Giving as a duty incumbent upon all Christians." 2:30 p.m.? Addresses before the Zwingli Missionary Society. 1.? "The Motive and Inspiration of Mission Work." 2.? "The Relation of the Sunday School to Missions." A hearty invitation is extended to all to attend and participate in these services. Working Up a Boom. The Charlestown Spirit says: The Town Council, at a special meeting held last Friday, appropriated one hundred and twenty dollars to be invested in advertising the town abroad. The plan, as presented by several gentlemen now here, is to write up the community, with all its advantages, the B. A. O. Railroad cooperating. Print the same in a very large edition of a local paper and have it distributed. broadcast throughout the country, especially through all sections, east and west, ramified by the B. & O. and its various branches. Following this, which will also be done by several other prominent towns on the Valley Branch, the railroad will run special excursions into the Valley from distant points on its line, all of which, it is hoped and expected, will inure to the benefit of both the town and the road, in locating among us a desirable addition to our population." We don't think any town goesamiss in investing reasonable sums of money in advertising its resources and advantages. We should like to see old Shepherdstown given a boom in this or some other way. Public Sale. Attention is called to the following public sales advertised in this paper: On Saturday, February 9th, Geo. M. Beltzhoover, Trustee, will sell valuable personal property at public sale. On Monday, February 11th, Milton M. Moler will sell personal property at his residence at Engle's Switch. On Saturday, February 16th, James F. Jones and Charles M. Folk, Special Commissioners, will sell real estate of the late Adrian Jones. On Wednesday, February 20th, William Engle will sell personal property near Zion Church. War Claims Allowed. Among the executive communications transmitted to Congress last week were the findings of facts by the Court of Claims in the following war claims: In the claim of Win. Lloyd of Jefferson county, W. Va., for $4,164, the court finds $1,708 is a fair compensation for the supplies furnished the United States army. In the claim of Mary E. Wageley, of Jefferson county, W. Va., $1. 488, the court finds that $891 is a fair value for the supplies furnished the government forces. The concert. The concert to be held in College Hall on Friday and Saturday evenings, February 15th and 16th, for the benefit of the new town hall, promises to be very interesting indeed. The home singers and players will be largely assisted by musicians from the neighboring towns, and we think we can safely promise some novelties in music. Those who will take part in the concert are now busy practicing their parts. Sale of Historic Ground. Last Friday Henry C. Mumma sold privately his farm of one hundred and twenty-five acres in Sharpsburg district and twenty acres of mountain land on Elk Ridge to R. D. Fisher, of Jefferson county, West Virginia, for ten thousand and ninety-six dollars. Thirteen years ago Mr. Mumma paid nine thousand, one hundred and ninety dollars for the same property. At the time of the battle of Antietam one half of the Bloody Lane was included in the original tract of land (of which the farm in question was then a portion) owned by Mr. Samuel Mumma, Henry Mumma's father. The Dunker Church property also formerly belonged to the same tract. The farm just sold lies north of the Bloody Lane and is only separated from the Dunker Church property by the Hagerstown and Sharpsburg turnpike. Some of the most desperate. Late fighting of the battle occurred on this land. It was crossed and re-crossed by Sumner's and Franklin's corps as the title of battle advanced or receded. Mr. Samuel Mumma's house and barn were destroyed by fire during the conflict, on the morning of the seventeenth of September; but a new house and barn were erected on the sites of the old building. Today beyond occasional scars on old fences and trees and bullets found here and there, no traces of the bloody conflict are visible anywhere about the place. Lookout for the White Caps. The White Cap scare has reached Shepherdstown, and we make mention of the fact to that all may take warning and not venture out of doors after dark. Several persons have received notices within the past week - two white men in the lower end of town and one colored man in the western portion of the place. The notices are written in a very hand, some hand and are well constructed grammatically. One person who was warned is so worked up that he loads his gun every time he goes home, and his musket is now filled to the muzzle with buckshot. It is said that the colored population are considerably alarmed over the matter, and are very careful how they go about at night. We shan't be surprised to hear of a big raid by the White Caps soon. FOR LOW PRICES OF LUMBER see WILLET & LIBBE'S advertisement, MARRIED. In the parlor of The Ebbitt House, Washington, D.C., January 29, 1889, by the Rev. Dr. Sutherland, Miss Lillie Hammill, of Kearneyville, W. Va., to Mr. Thomas E. Kheu, of Fairfax county, Virginia. January 24, 1880. In the Memorial P. E. Church, Baltimore, by Rev. Dr. Mead Dame, Mr. C. H. English, of Washington, and Miss Minnie H. Chambers, daughter of Capt. G. W. Chambers, of Harper's Ferry. On the bridge at Harper's Ferry, January 15, 1889, by Rev. W. F. Metzger, Mr. Emory Ensminger, of Shepherdstown, and Miss Sallie Walker, daughter of Mr. John Walker, of Funkstown. On the bridge at Harper's Ferry, January 15, 1889, by Rev. C. G. Isaac, Mr. Hickehr S. Blessing and Miss A. LICK E. Cowley, both of Charles Town. On January 23, 1889, at the Methodist Parsonage in Charlestown, by Rev. W. G. Eggleston, Mr. Franklin P. Hill and Miss Virginia Voorhees, both of this county. In Hagerstown, January 24, 1889, by Rev. A. M. Courtenay, Mr. K. B. M. Rrno and Miss Laura E. Robinson. DIED. At the home of her daughter, Mrs. L. Feltner, near Herrville, Va., January 27, 1889, Mrs. Lothian L. Deck, aged 70 years, 4 months and 11 days. The deceased was the wife of David Deck, deceased, and mother of Mrs. W. T. Hoffman, of this place. She survived her husband's death but 12 days. At her residence near Engle S. Switch, January 28, 1889. Mrs. Nancy Black, in the 74th year of her age. The deceased was the mother of Messrs. John H. and W. N. Buckles. In Baltimore, January 19, 1889, Mrs. Makahk, aged 76 years. In Baltimore, January 19, 1889, E. D. Mathews, second son of Wm. H. Mathews, of Martinsburg, aged 40 years, 11 months, and 22 days. On Saturday, January 19, 1889, at her residence in Arden, Berkeley county, after a protracted sickness. Mrs. Harriet Ann, wife of B. F. Brady, in the 62nd year of her age. In Berkeley county, January 24, 1889. Mrs. Mary Payne, wife of Mr. John M. Payne, aged 68 years, 3 months and 23 days. After brief illness, in Savannah, Georgia, January 22, 1889, Maj. Harry Temple Botts, formerly of Fredericksburg, Virginia, in the 50th year of his age. Maj. Botts was a brother of Mrs. David Howell and of the late Col. Lawson Botts of Charleston. At his residence near Harper's Ferry, January 18, 1889, Mr. John Roulette, aged 81 years, 10 months and 13 days. The deceased was the grandfather of Mrs. Samuel Swain, near Shepherdstown. We watch him through the night. His breathing, often and low. As in his breast, the breath of life Kept heaving to and fro. Home is sad? Oh, how dreary! Lonesome, lonely every spot; Loving for his voice till weary. Weary for we hear it not. Is there a sorrow seems stronger than this. Knowing tomorrow we press the last kiss? Bear away gently our father tonight; Father in Heaven, in Thee do I trust. Written by his grandfather. C. K. Swain, The following article, which we clip from an exchange, sounds pretty tough: "Prof. Hartigan, of the West Virginia University, has lately performed two interesting experiments in vivisection. He has removed a considerable portion of a dog's skull. Exposing the brain, and replacing the bone with a close-fitting glass window, so to speak, through which the action of the brain may be studied while the dog is asleep and awake. He has also cut into a dog's stomach and inserted a fistula tube, which may be corked and uncorked at his pleasure, and by means of which food may be withdrawn and scientifically examined at various stages of digestion. If the tube is left uncorked, the dog will drink gallons of water without quenching his thirst, owing to the water escaping through the tube. Mary Youtz, aged twelve years, is suffering from facial paralysis at Harrisburg, Pa. The affliction is due to chewing gum, she having employed the use of her jaws so constantly during the last three months that the muscles of her face are powerless. The White Caps in Monroe county, Indiana, took Mrs. Lou Wright from her home and gave her a dreadful beating with limbs from trees. The Duluth opera house, a fine structure that cost $112,000, was burned to the ground last Monday. COMMUNICATED. Mr. Editor.? A second singing contest was held at Unionville January 23rd; this time between the Unionville and Bethesda classes, the Brown's Crossing class not being present. In our humble judgment, this concert was a decided improvement on the one held there before. Among the more noticeable features of the entertainment were two selections, "The Quiet Quaker", by Miss Rose Knott and Prof. Renner, and "The Gipsy Countess," by Miss Irene Kephart and Prof. Renner. All present agree that both ladies rendered their parts creditably. In conclusion, with "The Quiet Quaker" Prof. Renner sang "The Unfortunate Man," a song. That would make the most sedate laugh, and was applauded much by the audience. Not the least in importance was the decision rendered by the judges, who were Miss Kate Harlan, Miss Kate Scheelberger and Mrs. Ida Scheel. The trio "Behold," "Rejoice and Be Joyful in the Lord" and "Let All Rejoice" were the contesting pieces, and the judges decided each in favor of the Bethesda class, notwithstanding the Unionville class say they were Knott beaten in the trio. Don't say that a portion of the audience from Moler's Cross Roads didn't cheer after the decision was announced. There were nearly, if not quite as many persons present as at the other concert, and the verdict is that where Prof. Renner can't get up an entertainment it is no use for anyone else to try. "Do." COMMUNICATED. Mr. Editor.? I will just say that the concert at Unionville was, without exception, a grand success, and the singing of the competing classes was grand beyond exception. The Bethesda class seems to have carried off the honors on the second round with two of the judges. But one of the judges, who stands without a peer in music both instrumental and vocal, gave Unionville two out of the three pieces. And to say the least, with what grace and sweetness Miss Fannie Licklider rendered a solo entitled "Whisper Softly, Mother's Dying," held the audience spellbound. "Vox Populos Vox Dei." COMMUNICATED. Mr. Editor: A word or two from your country friends is always worthy of a spanking in your valuable paper; therefore, I hope a few friends from this neighborhood will not come again. The article in the Herald, edited "A ill Ic u? and is, and I am very proper, but I think something should be said of the other classes. The leading soprano in the Brown's Croaking class is not present, and though led by the also voice of Alias Hell, the music was excellent. Herre much credit for their proficiency. In the contest of the 18th, only the classes from Moler and Uvilla were present, and though the praise was so keen to the class from Moler's, I think Pyla ought to feel proud that it took such excellent singing and required such competent judges to decide, but nothing that cannot be denied by the judges is the Uvilla class had the finest soprano voice, and outside of the full chorus she sang duets and solos, which from her knowledge of music and easy manner, were beautifully rendered. Professor K. Is an excellent teacher of music, and if the scholars do not progress, it lies entirely with themselves. Another term is talked of, and should be taught, the class will be larger than ever. There has always been lacking in this place a building suitable for singing, speaking, and festivals. The Professor's presence and the great need has been agitated by the question of a Public Hall to be controlled by Trustees. Subscription has been asked in the neighborhood, and after stating that it was to relieve the church buildings, all have responded liberally and the work has commenced to be pushed forward, while the farmers have time to give a helping hand. A.M.C. Morgan's Grove. A meeting of all interested in Morgan's Grove will be held at Firemen's Hall at 3 o'clock on Saturday afternoon, February 6th. Any citizen of this or adjoining counties feeling an interest in this enterprise should attend. A plan of reorganization recommended by the Executive Committee will be submitted to the meeting, and other matters concerning the future welfare of the Exhibition discussed. A full attendance of our citizens is most earnestly requested. A.S. Dakdridok, Sec'y. The Paper to Take. Do you want a good, reliable, new paper to read? One that you can trust because it never misrepresents and gives all the news about every thing and everybody? Do you want a paper that will give you besides a complete entertaining story every week, a large amount of instructive, educational, scientific and miscellaneous reading enjoyable to the old and instructive to the young? Do you want a clean, clear, well-printed paper free from demoralizing and sensational stories? One that you can admit into your household at any time? Then subscribe to The Washington Weekly Star and you will have it. Besides the paper, you get two or more premiums without extra cost. Send for a sample. Address The Weekly Star, Washington, D.C. Philip Armour, the king of pork packers, is estimated to be worth $100,000. He lives in a modest house on Prairie avenue, in Chicago, and is at his desk every morning before the clock strikes seven. There is a big strike among the street-car employees in New York and Brooklyn. Seven thousand men are striking for better wages. When Baby was sick, we gave her Castoria. When she was a Child, she cried for Castoria. When she had Children, she gave them Castoria. DAY'S POWDER Prevents Lung Fever and cures Distemper, Heaves, Fevers, &c., &c. 1 pound In each package Sold by all dealers. DR. BUHL'S ABY Pries 25 Cts. Facilitates Teething! Regulates the Bowels! For the cure of Coughs, Colds, Croup, Asthma, Whooping Cough, Consumption and for the relief of Consumptive persons PRICE $3 CTS. For Sale by all druggists. From the Sheep to the Shop. There are four scenes in which you can trace the progress of wool from back to back from the back of the sheep to the back of the consumer, from the raw malarial to the shapely suit. We trace the manufacture of the goods we tell to impress the eye as well as the mind with the fact that only genuine goods are told by us. Both quality and style have always commended our line of Genteel Clothing for Men and Boys! Goods made from genuine wool taken from the sheep's back, manufactured by expert workmen, finely woven and fast dyed, finely cut and finely made, are the goods we are now offering our customers at a reduction of per cent. Our Prices Are So Low that they may cast a doubt on the genuine goodness of the Goods. But it is not the goods that suffer, but our profit. We cut prices at the profit and not at the purchase and it feels and sways won't do. The Wear Will Convince You that fast dyes on fine fabrics, well out and well made, give unfailing satisfaction. If you want to get these excellences, and in deed the very best in quantity and quality. Come and Attend Our Great Closing Sale, which is a complete compendium of all the market offers in all the late Fall goods. Nobby styles. and Natty Finish. This superb stock must be sold in order to make room for our immense Spring stock, which we are now having made, which will contain many new and exclusive styles. Thompson & Fabler, GENERAL CLOTHIERS, Queen Street, Martinaburtf, W. U. California Excursions. Excursions to Colorado and Pacific Coast Points will be run January 15th and 29th, and February 13th and 26th. Via B. & O. H. H. Passengers purchasing second-class tickets will be furnished free accommodations in Reading Sleeping Cars to Kansas City, and in Sleeping Cars from thence to destination. As the number of passengers for each excursion is limited, those who contemplate going should communicate at once with any of the following Wents, viz: D. Bride, Past. Agent, B. & O. Cent. Bldg., Baltimore, Md.; H. A. Miller, Pass. Agent, B. & O. Depot, Wilmington, Del.; Lyman McCart, Ticket Agent, 8th Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.; P. C. Smith, Pass. Agent, 1851 Penna. Ave., Wash., D. C. A boiler exploded at Poplar Bluff, Kansas, on Saturday last, and three men were hurled into eternity. Malaria and want of energy in one great cause of misfortune in business as well as a neglect of household duties. The use of Aunt Rachel's Malarial Bitters will effectually give tone and energy to the digestive powers of the system, cures malaria and removes lassitude. His Paralysis Bark contained in them is a sure cure for Ague. Park Pledges, a young fellow of Oly Springs, Mo., got into a novel scrape recently, but he got out of it and very quickly. He was engaged to marry two young ladies and had arranged for the marriage ceremony to take place in each case on the same day, but finally realizing the predicament he was in, and not knowing any other way to get out of it, he went into the Woods, spread his overcoat on the ground and deliberately shot himself. In Business for Sales. R. L. Spangler's JANUARY SALE. We will offer this month 12 pieces of all-wool 23-inch French Plaid Flannels at 25c a yard that have been reduced from 50c. Our Remnant Counter is full of good lengths of Choice Goods that we are offering at less than cost or value. Our Blankets have been reduced to cost. We have reduced prices on Wool Hose, Flannels, Underwear and all Winter Goods. Our Wash Goods, White Goods, Edgings and Trimmings will be ready about January 20th. Our line of Black Goods is now full. Henriettas, Serges, Cords, Etc., in all qualities. Our Guaranteed Black Silks are the best in this city for the prices. Bargains in every department of our store this month. R. L. SPANGLEE, Hagerstown, Md. P. A. BRUGH, HARRISON, Md. Indies will find a vast assortment of Millinery Department, Just now to be very interesting. All our departments are full to overflowing. If you are in need of a NEW BONNET! Visit our Millinery Department, If you want a new CLOAK for ladies or Children, visit our Cloak Department. If you want a new Woolen, Silk, Plush, or dress of any description, visit our Dress Goods Department. If you want Underwear for Ladies, Gentlemen, or Children, visit our Underwear Department. If you are looking for Novelties suitable for the approaching Christmas season, visit our store and look through our Handkerchiefs, Gloves, Tidies, Hosiery, and a hundred other pretty and useful things that will just fill your needs. Visit our store for anything you may want in the Dry Woods or Notion line. You will find our stock to be largest, qualities the best, and prices the lowest. F. A. BUGH. Hagerstown, Md. BEACON AND SON, AUGUST, MARYLAND. New Work in Dark Calicoes. They are beautiful at beachley's, Hagerstown. Groceries. If you want to see a complete grocery store, and warn nice goods at low prices to Beachley's, Hagerstown. 50 Pairs Blankets just received at Beachley & Son's, Hagerstown, worth $13, but will be sold at a sacrifice. New Dress Goods. Henriettas in all shades, at prices that defy competition. Come and see before you buy. Heathley & Son, Hagerstown, new stock. Shoes. Beachley & Son, Hagerstown, have a very nice stock of Shoes for Ladies, Misses, Children, and Men. Go and see before you buy. Flannels and Blankets bought very low and will be sold cheap. Come and see. Heathley & Son, Hagerstown. ROGERS & PHOTOGRAPHERS, 48 W. Washington St., Hagerstown, Md. Frames of all kinds manufactured. Pictures of decease friends correctly reproduced. Special attention paid to photography children. Satisfaction guaranteed. TO THE inauguration MARCH 4th. We extend a special invitation to our out-of-town patrons to visit our establishment on March 4th. Make the store your "Headquarters." We will take charge of your satchels, parcels, wraps, etc., free of charge. This occasion offers you a grand opportunity to combine business with pleasure. You can see the Inauguration, all the sights of the city, attend the Inaugural Ball if you wish, and at the same time do your necessary Spring shopping in Clothing, Dry Goods, Housefurnishings, etc. As an attraction extraordinary, we have had printed at considerable cost a very attractive "Souvenir Guide of the City," which we propose to present gratuitously to every stranger visiting our establishment on that occasion. This "Souvenir" book will contain all the principal points of interest in Washington and vicinity, their location, hours of access to visitors, and engravings of the Capitol and President's House. Also pictures of Harrison and Morton, with their biographies. It will also contain an engraving and description of our establishment, our Mail Order Department, how to shop by mail, and its advantages to out-of-town residents. Should you be unable to come to Washington on this occasion, and will write us to that effect, we will send you a copy of this "Souvenir" upon receipt of a two-cent stamp for postage. If you are in need of anything in our line, Dry Goods, Fancy Goods, etc., we shall be glad to receive your orders, and promise you entire satisfaction or your money will be cheerfully returned. Woodward & Lothrop, BOSTON DRY GOODS HOUSE, Washington, D. C. FRESH ARRIVALS: New Ginghams at 8c. New Shirting. Call and See Them. New N. O. Sugar. Granulated Sugar. Confectioners' "A." Coffee for the a lb. Evaporated Peaches. Prunes. Oranges 12c a dozen. We will In exchange, these goods for Bacon, Lard, Butter, Eggs or Cash. Remember the Variety Store leads in Low Prices. Respectfully, S. PENDLETON. W. P. LICKLIDER. During the winter mont III* I will supply your wants with everything you need in 1Mb in and Fancy (irocer iof* at Bottom Price* for Cash. Our stock of RUBBER FOOTWEAR in full. Also stock of Ii4K?in and 8hoes thai reuiaio will Ih? sold at rcduord prices to make room for spring goods. We will still l?e headquarters for CROCKERY, CHINA ,\M) GLASSWARE. Lamp* and Fixtures, Hardware, Notions, &c. Call aud see us. I re turn my thanks to all my friends and customer* for their lilx ral patronage during 1MM8, ami auk a continuance in 1899. Wishing all a happy and pros perou* New Year, I remain Yours Truly, W. P. LICKLIDBR. A H IMPORTANT NOTICE. My aUx-k of l?ry Ouwii, Notloni. lima and Ut|M, IfouU tnd Nlw*, ImKIi Irttlimind .urn: IUrilff?rf, l|iif#iiawtra, Tluware, I'lrp*'! and Mattlnga, ToImmwo, <irocrrl?-a, la full. ' will Mil you a ulc? bright Vanilla lirlp In' |i)f p#r gallon, N. o. Myrup ????. I win mii iiijt entlr** stock at ruck ikHUiio prlc? ? tnd do not propose to l>e undersold by any. I will also ptiirhaee CALVhft. ITBKEYH U4 CHIOS' KN'M, and will pay Hit highest ?Mh (ihc* I?r CiIth and Chlckena In qaintllln. I will |i lo tti? li'ioat and (?( I ham and pay the eaali fur them. 1 will lake all klnila of produce, audi aa Eggs, Butter, Fowls, Cora, Wheat, Hay, Shingles I IK<i>" AM) W'NKH Ukm In esrbani* lor gooda and pay the highest en ah prt rm. Any (MM having lioraca <x Cattle lor aal< will do well lo leave word With me, a? 1 a?a often eallel on hy ttork dMlrta lor InformatPm. will often look upon the place. UVILLA RTOIlK, where you can exchange your wheat for our wheat, the HILLVILLE KofXKK fUtf'U, which we exchange for wheat or will sell for rank. Floor always hand. Truly Yours. X h. i. ftTBJUKB. THE LITTLE STORE ON KING STREET, B. WYATT. Jan. 11. im-4m?Bapbenlato wn. W. Va. 1 VOBY METABCH.? In tar aupertor to the Kiaatlc (March,) or any other now in the market. It effects no boiling, and always the art is a beautiful polish. Those who have used them say that they will have no other. To be had at Mr. MCCARTHY'S DUBBING HOUSES. |V)B WHOOFIVO CXKTdH? Anfd a ad?? I remedy, long used in this community by fir. Magrudor. Bull's Dough Remedy; Bad |^3SBrSS&o*SlStm.
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https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham%C3%A1k%C3%ADr
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Hamákír
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https://sk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamákír&action=history
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Hamákír (-po arabsky ) alebo Hamaguir/Hammaguir (-po francúzsky) je mesto v Alžírsku, ležiace juhozápadne od Baššáru (Bécharu) v rovnomennej provincii. V rokoch 1947 až 1967 Francúzsko blízko mesta prevádzkovalo vojenskú raketovú základňu a neskôr od roku 1965 aj francúzsky kozmodróm pod názvom Hammaguir. V roku 1967 bola činnosť základne aj kozmodrómu ukončená.
Referencie
Mestá v Alžírsku
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notescriticalexp0002unse_28
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English-PD
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Notes, critical, explanatory, and practical, on the book of Psalms.
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But it is now generally agreed that this is without authority. The Hebrew word is hand — 7, yad—a word which is never used in the sense of sore or wound. The Septuagint ren- ders it, “my hands are before him.” The Vulgate renders it in the same manner. Luther, “My hand is stretched out at night.” De Wette, “My hand is stretched out at night unwearied.” The word which is rendered in our version ran —%}, nagar—means to flow ; and, in Niphil, to be poured out, and then, to be stretched out ; which is evidently its meaning here. The idea is, that his hand was stretched out in earnest supplication, and that this continued in the night when these troubles came most upon him.- See vers. 4,6. In his painful meditations in the night- watches,—in thinking. on God and his ways, as he lay upon his bed, he stretched out his hand in fervent prayer to God. YJ And ceased not. The word here used—3}5, pug— means properly-to be cold; then, to be torpid, sluggish, slack. © Here it means that the hand did not become © weary; it did not fall from exhaus- tion; or, in other words, that he did not give over praying through weari- ness or exhaustion. ¥ My soul re- Jused to be comforted. I resisted all the suggestions that came to my own inind, that might have comforted me. My heart was so melancholy and downeast ; my spirits were so crushed ; my mind was so dark; I had become so morbid, that I loved to cherish these thoughts. I chose to dwell on them. They had obtained possession of me, and I could not let them go. There was nothing that my own mind could suggest, there was nothing that occurred to me, that would relieve the difficulty or restore peace to my soul. Thesesad and gloomy thoughts — filled all my soul, and left no room | for thoughts of consolation and peace. A truly pious man may, therefore, get into a state of mind—a sad, dispirited, melancholy, morbid state— in which nothing that can be said to him, nothing that will occur to him- self, will give him comfort and peace. Comp. Jer. xxxi. 15. 3. I remembered God. That is, I thought on God; I thought on his character, his government, and his dealings; I thought on the mysteries — the incomprehensible things—the apparently unequal, un- just, and partial doings—of his ad- ministration. It is evident from the whole tenour of the psalm that these were the things which ocenpied his attention. He dwelt on them till his whole soul became sad ; till his spirit became so overwhelmed that he could not find words in which to utter his thoughts. And was troubled. The Septuagint renders this, ei¢oavOnv— Iwas rejoiced or delighted. So the Vulgate. Luther renders it, “ When I am troubled, then I think on God.” Our translation, however, has pro- bably given the true idea; and in that has expressed (a) what often occurs in the case of even a good ~ man,—that by dwelling on the dark and incomprehensible things of the Divine administration, the- soul be- comes sad and troubled to an extent bordering on murmuring, complaint, and rebellion ; and may also serve to illustrate (6) what often happens in the mind of a sinner,—that he de- lights to dwell on these things in the Divine administration: (1) as most in accordance with what he desires to think about God, or with the views which he wishes to cherish of him; PSALM - 4 Thou holdest mine “eyes _ waking: I am so troubled that I - cannot speak. LXXVII. 285 5 Ihave considered * the days of old, the years of ancient times. hk Deut. xxxii. 7; Isa. Ixiti. 11. and (2) as justifying himself in his rebellion against God, and his refusal to submit to him,—for if God is unjust, partial, and severe, the sinner is right; such a Being would be un- _cessarily mean to complain. worthy of trust and confidence; he ought to be opposed, and his claims ought to be resisted. f Icomplained. Or sxather, ZI mused or meditated. The word here used does not ne- It is sometimes used in that sense, but its proper and common signification is to meditate. See Ps. cxix. 15, 23, 27, 48, 78, 148. { And my spirit was overwhelmed. With the result of _ my own reflections. That is, J was _ amazed or confounded by the thoughts that came in upon me. _ A. Thou holdest mine eyes waking. Literally, ‘“‘ Thou holdest the watch- ings of my eyes.’ Gesenius (Lez.) translates the Hebrew word rendered waking, ‘eyelids.’ - Probably that is the true idea, The eyelids are the watchers or guardians of the eyes. In danger, and in sleep, they close. Here the idea is, that God held them so that they did not close. He over- came the natural tendency of the eye to shut. | In other words, the psalmist was kept awake; he could not sleep. This he traces to God. The idea is, that God so kept himself before his mind —that such ideas occurred im in regard to God—that he could not sleep. { Z am so troubled. With sad and dark views of God ;— so troubled in endeavouring to under- stand his character and doings; in explaining his acts; in painful ideas that suggest themselves in regard to his justice, his goodness, his mercy. G That I cannot speak. Iam struck dumb. I know not what to say. I cannot find anything to say. He must have a heart singularly and happily free by nature from- scep- ticism, or must have reflected little on the Divine administration, who has not had thoughts pass through his mind like these. As the psalmist was a good man, a pious man, it is of importance to remark, in view of his experience, that such reflections occur not only to the minds of bad. men— of the profane—of sceptics—of in- fidel philosophers, but they come un- bidden into the minds of good men, and often in a form which they can- not calm down. He who has never had such thoughts, happy as he may and should deem himself that he has not had them, has never known some of the deepest stirrings and workings of the human soul on the subject of religion, and is’ little qualified to sympathize with a spirit torn, crushed, agitated, as was that of the psalmist on these questions, or as Augustine and thousands of others have been in after-times. But let not a man con- clude, because he has these thoughts, that therefore he cannot be a friend of God—a converted man. The wicked man invites them, cherishes them, and rejoices that he can find what seem to him to be reasons for indulging in such thoughts against God; the good man is pained; struggles against them; endeavours to banish them from his soul. 5. I have considered the days of old. Rather, “I do consider ;’? that is, “I think upon.” This refers to his resolution in his perplexity and trouble ; the method to which he re- sorted in examining the subject, and in endeavouring to allay his troubles. He resolved to look at the past. He asked what was the evidence which was furnished on the subject by the former dealings of God with himself and with mankind; what could be learned from those dealings in regard to the great and difficult questions which now so perplexed his mind. § The years of ancient times. The re- cords and remembrances of past ages. What is the testimony which the his- 286 PSALM 61 call to remembrance my song iin the night: I commune * with mine own heart, and my spirit made diligent ! search. 7 Will the Lord cast off. for m ever P and will he be favourable no more P i Ps. xiii. 8. & Ps. iv. 4. 7 Lam. iii. 40. “LXXVII. 8 Is his mercy clean gone for ever ? doth his promise fail } for evermore ? 9 Hath God for gotten. n to the gracious P hath he in anger shut up his tender mercies P Selah. m Ps. Ixxiv. 1; Lam. iii 81, 32. 1 to generation and g generation, n Asa, xlix. 15. tory of the world bearson this subject? Does it prove that God is worthy of confidence or not? Does it or does it not authorize and justify these painful thoughts which pass through the mind? 6. I call to remembrance my song in the night. Comp. Notes on Job xxxv. 10; Ps. xlii. 8. The word here rendered song — mp1, Neginah — means properly the music of stringed instruments, Lam. v. 14; Isa. xxxviii. 20; then, a stringed instrument. It is the word which we have so often in the titles to the psalms (Ps. iv.; vi.; liv. ; lv.; Ixvii.; Ixxvi.) ; and it is here used in the sense of song or psalm. The idea is, that there had been times in his life when, even in darkness and sorrow, he could sing ; when he could find things for which to praise God; when he could find something that would cheer him; when he could take some bright views of God adapted to calm down his feelings, and to give peace to his soul. He recalls those times and scenes to his remembrance, with a desire to have those cheerful im- pressions renewed ; and he asks him- self what it was which then com- forted and sustained him. He endeavours to bring those: things back again; for if he found comfort then, he thinks that he might find comfort from the same considerations now. Y Z commune with mine own heart. I think over the matter. © See Notes on Ps. iv. 4. J And my spirit made diligent search. In reference (@) to the grounds of my former support and comfort; and (6) in re- ference to the whole matter as it lies before me now. 7. Will the Lord cast off for ever? This was the subject, and the substance, of his inquiry :—whether it wasa fair and just.conclusion that God would show no merey ; would never be gracious again. Evidently the thought passed through his mind that this seemed to be the character of God; that things looked as if this were so; that it was difficult, if not impossible, to understand the Divine dealings otherwise;—and he asks whether this was a fair conclusion ;— whether he must be constrained to believe that this was so. ( And will he be favourable no more? Will he no more show favour to men? Will he pardon and save no more of the race of mankind ?P 8. Is his mercy clean gone for ever § 2 The word rendered clean gone means to fail; to fail utterly. The idea is, Can it be that the compassion of God has become exhausted, —that no more mercy is to be shown to mankind,;— that henceforth all is. to. bei left to stern and severe justice P: What would the world be if this were so! . What must be the condition of mankind if mercy were no more to be shown to the race! J Doth his promise fail for evermore? Marg., as in Heb., to generation and generation. The original Hebrew rendered promise means word; and the question is, whether it can be that what God has spoken is to be found false. Can we no longer rely on what he has said ?. All the hopes of mankind depend on that, and if that should fail, all pros- pect of salvation in regard to our race must be at an end. ; 9. Hath’ God forgotten to be gracious ? ‘Has he passed over mercy in administering ‘his government P Has he ceased ‘to remember that man needs mercy? Has he forgotten that PSALM 10 And I said, This ° is my infirmity: but I will remember o Ps. xxxi. 22. LXXVII. 287 the years of the right hand of the Most High. this is an attribute of his own nature ? | Hath hein anger shut up his tender mercies? The original word here rendered tender mercies refers to the bowels, as the seat of compassion or _ mercy, in accordance with a usage - common in Hebrew. See Notes on Ps. xxv. 6; Isa. xvi. 11; Isiii. 15. Comp. Luke i. 78 (in Greek); Phil. 1.8; ii. 1; 1 John iii.17. We speak __ of the heart as the seat of affection _ and kindness. The Hebrews included the heart, but they used a more general _ word. The word rendered shut up _ means closed; and the question is _ whether his mercy was closed, or had ceased for ever. The psalmist con- cludes that if this were done, it must _ be as the result of anger—anger in _ view of the sins of men. 10. And I said, This is my infirmity. The meaning of this plirase is not, as _ would appear from our translation, that his reflections on the subject _ were to be traced to his weakness, or __ were a proof of weakness of mind, but that the subject overpowered him. This verse has been very variously rendered. The Septuagint and the Vulgate translate it, “And I said, now I begin; this is a change of the right hand of the Most High,”—with _ what meaning it is difficult to see. _ Luther renders it, “ But yet I said, I ~ must suffer this; the right hand of _ the Most High can change all;”—a beautiful sentiment, but probably not the idea in the original.. The Hebrew means, “This makes me sick ;” that is, “ This distresses me; it afflicts me; - it overwhelms me. Such reflections prostrate me, and I cannot bear up under them. I must seek relief. I must find it somewhere. I must take some view of this matter which will save me from these dreadful thoughts that overpower and crush the soul.” Any deep mental emotion may have this effect, and it is not strange that such a result should be produced by '" the momentous thoughts suggested by religion, as it sometimes attends even the manifestation of the Divine mercy to the soul. Comp. Notes on Dan. x. 8,9. The course of thought which the psalmist pursued, and in which he found relief, is stated in the following verses. It consisted of an attempt to obtain, from the remem- brance of the Divine administration in past times, views of God which would lead to confidence in him. The views thus obtained, as will be seen, were two-fold: (a) That, as far as his dealings could be understood, God was worthy of confidence ; and (6) That in the ways of God there are, and must be, many things which man cannot comprehend. {[ But I will remember the years of the right hand of the Most High. That is, the years when God displayed his power; when he reached out his right hand; when he manifested his true character; when there was a proper exhibition to the world of what he is, and of the true principles of his administration. The words “ But I will remember” are not in the original, though, as they occur in the following verse, they are not improperly supplied by the trans- lators. The original, however, is more striking and emphatic :—“ This makes me sick !—The years of the right hand of the Most High!” The history of those years occurred to his mind. They rose to his view suddenly in his sorrow. They came before him in such a form and manner that he felt they should be inquired into, Their history should be examined. In that history—in those remembered years —relief might be found. It was natural to look there for relief. He instinctively turned, therefore, to ex- amine the records of those years, and to inquire what testimony they “bore in regard to God; what there might be in them that would give relief to a troubled heart. 288 11 I will remember the works p of the LorD; surely I will re- member thy wonders of old. 12 I will meditate also of all p Ps. exi. 4. g Ps. Ixviii. 24. PSALM LXXVII. 11. I will remember the works of the LorD. -That is, I will call them to remembrance, or I will reflect on them.. I will look to what God has done, that I may learn his true cha- racter, or that I may see what is the proper interpretation to be put on his doings in respect to the question whether he is righteous or not; whether it is proper to put con- fidence in him or not. Or, in other words, I will examine those doings to see if I cannot find in them something to calm down my feelings; to remove my despondency; and to give me cheerful views of God. | Surely I will remember thy wonders of old. Thy wonderful dealings with man- kind; those acts which thou hast performed which are fitted to excite amazement and wonder. + 12. Iwill meditate also of all thy work. That is, with a view to learn thy real character; to see whether I am to be constrained by painful facts to cherish the thoughts which have given me such trouble, or whether I -may not find reasons for cherishing more cheerful views of God. 9. And talk of thy doings. Or rather, “I will muse on thy doings”—for so the Hebrew word signifies. It is not con- versation with others to which he re- fers; it is meditation—musing—calm contemplation — thoughtful medita- tion. He designed to reflect on the doings of God, and to ask what was the proper interpretation to be put on them in regard to his character. Thus we must, and. may, judge of God, as we judge of our fellow-men. We may, we must, inquire what is the proper interpretation to be put on the events which occur under his administration, and form our opinions accordingly. The result of the psalm- ist’s reflections is sats in the follow- ing verses. thy work, and talk of thy doings. 13 Thy way, O God, 7s? in the sanctuary: who *is so great a God as our God! r Ex. xv. 11, ete. 13. Thy way, O God, is im the sanctuary... Luther renders this, “ O God, thy way is holy.” ander, “©O God, in holiness is thy way.” thy way.’”’. The word rendered sanc- tuary—W 1p» kodesh—means properly holiness. tt is not the same word which in Ps. lxxiii, 17 is rendered sanctuary— Wp, mikdosh. word here employed, however, may mean a holy place, a sanctuary, as the tabernacle (Ex. xxviii. 43; xxix. 80), or the temple (1 Kings viii. 8; 2 Chron. xxix. 7). In this passage the word is ambiguous. It means either that the way of God is holy, or in holiness; or, that it is in the sanctuary, or holy place. If the former, it is a statement of the result to which the’ psalmist came in regard to the Divine charaeter, from a con- templation of his doings. If the latter, it means that the. way of God —the true principles of the Divine administration—are to be learned in the place where he is worshipped, and from the principles which are there set forth. Comp. Notes on Ps. Ixxiii. 17. It seems to me that the former is the correct interpretation, as it ac- cords better with the scope of the passage. {J Who is so great a God as our God! In greatness no one can be compared with him. He is supreme over all. This is the first reflection of the psalmist in regard to God,—that he is great; that he is superior to all other beings; that no one can be compared w ith him. The evident inference from this in the mind of the psalmist, as bearing” on the subject of his inquiry, is, that i is to be expected that there will be things in his administration which man cannot hope to understand ; that a rash and sndden judgment should not be formed in regard to him from Prof. Alex- - De Wette, “O God, holy is — Pe arene en ee Ny hae ee ee eT ee The _ 14 Thou art the God that doest wonders : thou hast declared thy _ strength among the people. 15 Thou hast with thine arm redeemed thy people, the sons of Jacob and Joseph. Selah. 16 The waters * saw thee, O 5 ~ Hab. iii. 8, ete. PSALM LXXVII. 289 God, the waters saw thee: they were afraid; the depths also were troubled. 17 The clouds ' poured out water; the skies sent out a sound: thine arrows also went abroad. 1 were poured forth with water, his doings; that men should wait for the developments of his plans; that he should not be condemned because there are things which we cannot comprehend, or which seem to be in- consistent with goodness. This is a consideration which ought always to influence us in our views of God and his government. 14. Thou art the God that doest wonders. It is, it must be, the cha- racteristic of God, the true God, to do wonderful things; things which are fitted to produce amazement, and which we can little hope to be able to understand. Our judgment of God, therefore, should not be hasty and rash, but calm and deliberate: § Thou hast declared thy strength among the people. Thou hast manifested thy greatness in thy dealings with the people. The word people here refers not peculiarly to the Hebrew people, but to the xations—the people of the world at large. On a wide scale, and among all nations, God had done that which was fitted to excite wonder, and which men were little qualified ‘as yet to comprehend. No one can | _ judge aright of what another has done unless he cam take in the whole sub- ject, and see it as he does who per- forms the act,—unless he understands all the causes, the motives, the results near and remote,—unless he sees the necessity of the act,—unless he sees what would have been the conse- quences if it had not been done; for in that which is unknown to us, and which lies beyond the range of our vision, there may be full and suffi- cient reasons for what has been done, and an explanation may be found ‘there which would remove all the difficulty. VOL. I. 15. Thou hast. with thine arm. That is, with strength or power, the arm being a symbol of strength. Ex. vi.6; xv.16; Ps.x.15. Redeemed thy people. Thou didst rescue or deliver them from Egyptian bondage. See Notes on Isa. xliii.3. GJ Thesons of Jacob and Joseph. The descend- ants of Jacob and Joseph. Jacob is mentioned because he was the ancestor of the twelve tribes ; Joseph, because he was conspicuous or eminent among the sons of Jacob, and particularly be- cause he acted so important a part in the affairs of Egypt, from whose domi- nion they were redeemed. 16. The waters saw thee, ete. The waters of the Red Sea and the Jor- dan. There is great sublimity in this expression; in representing the waters as conscious of the presence of God, and as fleeing in consternation at his presence. Comp. Rev. xx. 11; Hab. ii1.10,11. 9 They were afraid. On the word here used—>3r, hhul—see Notes on Ps. x. 5; lv. 4. It may mean here to tremble or quake, as in pain (Deut. ii. 25; Joel ii.6). Alarm, distress, anguish, came over the waters at the presence of God; and they trembled, and fied. f The depths also were troubled. The deep waters, or the waters in the depths. It was not a ripple on the surface; but the very depths—the usually calm and undisturbed waters that lie below the surface—were heaved into commo- tion at the Divine presence. 17. The clouds poured out water. Marg., The clouds were poured forth with water. The translation in the text is the more correct. This is a description of a storm; but to what particular storm in history does not appear. It was evidently some ex- Q 290 PSALM 18 The voice ¢ of thy thunder was in the heaven: the light- nings lightened the world: the earth trembled and shook. hibition of the Divine greatness and power in delivering the children of Israel, and may have referred to the extraordinary manifestation of God at Mount Sinai, amidst lightnings, and thunders, and tempests. Exod. xix.16. For a general description of a storm, as illustrating this passage, see Notes on Job xxxvi. 26-33; xxxvii. 1-5; and Ps. xxix. | The skies sent out a sound. ‘The voice of thunder, which seems tocome fromthe sky. 9 Thine arrows also. The lightnings,—com- pared with burning or ignited arrows. Such arrows were. anciently used in war. ‘They were bound round with rags, and dipped in some com- bustible substance—as turpentine— and shot into houses, corn-fields, hay- stacks, or towns, for the purpose of setting them on fire. It was not un- natural to compare the rapid light- nings with such blazing arrows. §| Went abroad. ‘They moved rapidly in all directions. 18. The voice of thy thunder was in the heaven. Comp. Notes on Ps. xxix. The word rendered heaven here —aba, galgal—means properly @ wheel, as of a chariot, Isa. v. 28; Ezek. x. 2, 63 xxiii. 24; xxvi. 10. Then it means a whirlwind, as that which rolls along, Ezek.x. 13. Then it is used to denote chaff or stubble, as driven along before a whirlwind, Ps. Ixxxili. 13; Isa: xvii..13.- It is never used to denote -heaven. It means here, undoubtedly, the whirl- wind; and the idea is, that in the ragings of the storm, or of the whirl- wind, the voice of God was heard,— the deep bellowing thunder,—as if God spake to men. 4 The lightnings lightened the world. The whole earth seemed to be ina blaze. | Theearth trembled and shook. See Notes on Ps. xxix. 19. Thy way is in the sea. Pro- bably the literal meaning here is, LXXVILI. 2 19 Thy way is in the sea, and thy path in the great waters, and thy footsteps are not known. ¢ 2 Sam. xxii. 14. | that God had shown his power and faithfulness in the sea (that is, the Red Sea), in delivering his people; it was there that his true character was seen, as possessing almighty power, and as being able to deliver his people. But this seems to have suggested, also, another idea,—that the ways of God, in his providential dealings, were like walking through the sea, where no permanent track would be made, where the waves would close on the path, and where it would be impossible by any foot- prints to ascertain the way which he had taken. So in regard to his doings and his plans. . There is nothing by which man can determine in regard to them.. There are no traces: by which he can follow out the Divine designs,— as. none can follow one whose path is through the trackless waters. The subject is beyond man’s reach, and there should be no rash or harsh judgment of the Almighty. S| And thy path in the great waters. The additional idea here may be, that the ways or plans of God are vast—like the ocean. Even in shallow waters, when one wades through them, the path closes at once, and the way can- not be traced; but God’s goings are like those of one who should move through the great ocean—over a boundless sea—where none could. hope to follow him. 4 And thy foot- steps are not known. The word ren- dered footsteps means properly the print made by the feel, and the print made by the foot. The idea here is, that there are no traces in regard to many of the dealings of God, which appear most incomprehensible to us, and which trouble us most, as there can be no footprints left in the waters. We should not venture, therefore, to sit in judgment on the doings of God, or presume that we can under- stand them. iu le bie le * 20 Thou « leddest thy people w Isa. lxiii. 11. 20. Thou leddest thy people like a flock by the hand of Moses and Aaron. This satisfied and comforted the mind of the psalmist.. God had never for- saken his people. He had shown him- self faithful in his dealings with them. He had acted the part of a good shep- herd. In all the dangers of their way ; in their perilous journey through the wilderness ; amidst foes, privations, and troubles,—rocks, sands, storms, tempests,—when surrounded by ene- mies, and when their camp was in- fested with poisonous serpents,—God had shown himself able to protect his people, and had been faithful to all his promises and covenant-engage- ments. Looking back to this period of their history, the psalmist saw that there was abundant reason for con- fiding in God, and that the mind should repose on him calmly amid all that was dark and mysterious in his dealings. In view of the past, the mind ought to be calm; encouraged by the past, however in- comprehensible may be God’s doings, men may come to him, and entrust all their interests to him with the con- fident assurance that their salvation will be secure, and that all which seems dark and mysterious in the dealings of God will yet be made clear. PSALM LXXVIII. _ his is one of the psalms ascribed to Asaph. . See Introd. to Psalm lxxiii. If, as is likely, it was composed at a later period than the time of David, the word Asaph must be taken as a general term denoting the successor in the family of Asaph, who presided over the music of the sanctuary. On the word Maschil in the title, see Notes on the title to Ps. XXxii. . The time when the psalm was com- posed cannot now be ascertained with any certainty. It was evidently writ- ten, however, after the revolt of the ten tribes, and the establishment of the sovereignty in the tribe of Judah; that is, after the time of David and Solomon. PSALM LXXVIIL. 291 like a flock by the hand of Moses and Aaron. This is apparent from verse 9, and verse 67, where “ Ephraim,’’ the chief of the ten tribes, is referred to in distinction from “ Judah.” The design of the psalm is, evidently, to vindicate the fact that Ephraim had been rejected, and that Judah had been chosen to be the head of the nation. The reason of this was found in the conduct of Ephraim, or the ten tribes, in revolting from God, and in forgetting the Divine mercy and compassion shown to the Hebrew people in former days, See vers. 9-11, 67, 68. The argument in the psalm is the fol- lowing :-— I. A call on all the people, addressed to them by the king or the ruler, to attend to the instructions of former times,—the lessons which it was of im- portance to transmit to future genera- tions, vers. 1-4. II. God had established a general law which he had designed for a// the people, or which he intended should be dhe aw of the nation as such,—that ad/ the people might set their hope in God, or be worshippers of Him as the only true God, and that they might all be one people, vers, 5-8. III. Ephraim—the most powerful of the ten tribes, and their head and re- presentative—had been guilty of dis- regarding that law, and had refused to come to the common defence of the nation, vers. 9-11. IV. The wickedness of this rebellion is shown by the great fayours which, in its former history, God had shown to the nation as such, including these very tribes, vers. 12-66. VY. The reason is stated, founded on their apostasy, why God had rejected Ephraim, sy | why i had chosen Judah, and made Zion the capital of the nation, instead of selecting a place within the limits of the tribe of Ephraim for that purpose, vers. 67, 68. VI. The fact is declared that David had been chosen to rule over the people ; that he had been taken from fumble life, and made the ruler of the nation, and that the line of the’ sovereignty had been settled in him, vers. 69-72. 292 . PSALM LXXVIII. Maschil v of Asaph. GIVE ” ear, O my people, to my law: incline your ears to the words of my mouth. 2 Iwill open my mouth in a «parable; I will utter dark say- ings of old; v Ps. Ixxiv., title. w bsa. li, 4. PSALM LXXVIII. 3 Which we have heard and known, and our fathers have told us. 4, Weyvwill not hide them from their children, shewing to the generation to come the praises of the Lorn, and his strength, and his wonderful works that he hath done. a Matt. xiii. 13,35. y Ex. xiii, 8, 14. 1. Give ear, O my people. This is not an address of God, but an address of the king or ruler of the people, calling their attention to an impor- tant subject; to wit, his right to rule over them, or showing why the power had been vested in him. 9 To my law. The word law here seems to mean what he would say, as if what he should choose to say would have the force and authority of law. What follows is not exactly daw in the sense that it was a rule to be obeyed; but ib is something that is authoritatively said, and should have the force of law. {| Incline your ears, etc. Be atten- tive. What is to be said is worthy of your particular regard. Comp. Notes on Ps. v. 1. 2. I will open my mouth in a para- ble. See Notes on Ps. xlix. 4. The word parable here means a statement by analogy or comparison; that is, he would bring out what he had to say by a course of reasoning founded on an analogy drawn from the ancient history of the people. JZ will utter dark sayings of old. Of ancient times; that is, maxims, or sententious thoughts, which had come down from past times, and which embodied the results of ancient observation and re- flection. Comp. Ps. xlix. 4, where the word rendered dark sayings is explained. He would bring out, and apply, to the present case, the maxims of ancient wisdom. 3. Which we have heard and known. Which have been communicated to us as certain truth. 9] And our fathers have told us. That is, we have heard and known them éy their telling us ; or, this is the means by which we have known them. They have come down to us by tradition from ancient times. 4. We will not hide them from their children. From their descend- ants, however remote. We of this generation will be faithful in handing down these truths to future times. We stand between past generations and the generations to come. Weare entrusted by those who have gone before us with great and important truths; truths to be preserved and: transmitted in their purity to future ages. That trust committed to us we will faithfully discharge. These truths shall not suffer in passing from us to them. They shall not be stayed in their progress; they shall not be cor- rupted or impaired. This is the duty of each successive generation in the world, receiving, as a trust, from past. generations, the result of their thoughts, their experience, their wis- — dom, their inventions, their arts, their sciences, and the records of their doings, tohand these down unimpaired to future ages, combined with all that they may themselves invent or dis- cover which may be of use or advan- tage to the generations following. J Shewing to the generation to come the praises of the Lorp. The reasons why he should be praised, as result- ing from his past doings,—and the ways in which it should be done. We will keep up, and transmit to future times, the pure institutions of religion. §| And his strength. The records of his power. 9 And his wonderful works that. he hath done. In the history of his people, and in his many and varied interpositions in their behalf. mony in Jacob, and appointed a law = in Israel, which he com- manded our fathers, that they should make them known to _their children ; 6 That * the generation to come might know them, even the 2 Deut. vi.7; xi,19. a Ps, cii. 18. PSALM LXXVIII. 5 For he established a testi-- 293 children which should be born, who should arise and declare them to their children : 7 That they might set their hope in God, and not forget the works of God, but keep his com- mandments: 8 And ¢ might not be as their 6 Ez. xx. 16. 5. For he established a testimony in Jacob. He ordained or appointed that which would be for a wituess for him; that which would bear testi- mony to his character and perfec- tions; that which would serve to remind them of what he was, and of his authority over them. Any law or ordinanee of God is thus a standing and permanent witness in regard to his character as showing what he is. {| And appointed a law in Israel. That is, He gave law to Israel, or to the Hebrew people. . Their laws were not human enactments, bnt were the appointments of God. | Which hecom- manded our fathers, ete. He made it a law of the land that these testimo- nies should be preserved and faith- fully transmitted to future times. See Deut. iv. 9; vi. 7;.xi.19. They were not given for themselves only, but for the benefit of distant genera- tions also. 6. That the generation to come might know them, ete. That men in future times might enjoy the benefit of them as their fathers had done, and that they should then send them forward to those who were to succeed them. | Who should arise and de- clare them to their children. . Who, as they appeared on the stage of life, should receive the trust, and send it onward to future ages. Thus the world makes progress; thus one age starts where the previous one left off; thus it enters on its own career with the advantage of all the toils, the sacrifices, the happy thoughts, the inventions of all past times. It is designed that the world shall thus grow wiser and better asit advances ; and that future generations shall be enriched with all that was worth pre- serving in the experience of the past. See Notes on Ps. Ixxi. 18. 7. That they might set their hope in God. That they might place con- fidence in God; that they might maintain their allegiance to him. The object was to give such exhibi- tions of his character and government as to inspire just confidence in him, or to lead men to trust in him; and not to trust in idols and false gods. All the laws which God has ordained ‘are such as are fitted to inspire con- fidence in him as a just and righteous ruler; and all his dealings with man- kind, when they are properly—that is, really—understood, will be found to be adapted to the same end. ¥ And not forget the works of God. His doings. The word here does not re- fer to his “works’’ considered as the works of creation, or the material universe, but to his acts—to what he has doze in administering his govern- ment over mankind. § But keep his commandments. That by contem- plating his doings, by understanding the design of his administration, they might be led to keep his command- ments. The purpose was that they might see such wisdom, justice, equity, and goodness in his administration, that they would be led to keep laws so fitted to promote the welfare of mankind. If men saw all the reasons of the Divine dealings, or fully under- stood them, nothing more would be necessary to secure universal confi- dence in God and in his govern- ment. 8. And might not be as their Jathers. Their ancestors, particu- larly in the wilderness, as they passed 294, fathers, a stubborn and rebellious ~ ¢ generation; a generation that 1 set not their heart aright, and whose spirit was not stedfast with God. 9 The children of Ephraim : ce Kz. ii. 3—8. 1 prepared not their heart, 2 Chron. xx. 33. PSALM LXXVIII. being armed, and? carrying bows, turned ¢ back in the day of battle. 10 They ¢ kept not the cove- nant of God, and refused to walk in his law ; : x 11 And forgat f his works, and 2 throwing forth. d Hos. vii. 11. e Hos. vi. 4, 7. SF Ps. evi. 18. through it to the promised land. See Ex. xxxii. 7-9; xxxiii. 3; xxxiv. 9; Acts vii. 51-53. J A stubborn and rebellious generation. Stiff-necked, ungovernable; inclined to revolt. Nothing was more remarkable in their early history than this. J 4 genera- tion that set not their heart aright. Marg., as in Heb., prepared not their heart. That is, they took no pains to keep their heart aright, or to cherish right feelings towards God. They yielded to any. sudden impulse of pas- sion, even when it led them to revolt -against God. This is as true of sin- ners now as it was of them, that they take no pains to have their hearts right with God. If they did, there would be no difficulty in doing it. It is not with them an object of desire to have their hearts right with God, and hence nothing is more easy or natural than that they should rebel and go astray. J And whose spirit was not stedfast with God. That is, they themselves did not maintain a firm trust in God. They yielded readily to every impulse, and every passion, even when it tended to draw them away wholly from him. There was no such strength of attachment to him as would lead them to resist temptation, and they easily fell into the sin of idolatry. 9. The children of Ephraim. The sons of Ephraim ; that is, the descend- ants of Ephraim; the tribe of Ephraim. Ephraim was one of the largest of the tribes of Israel, and was the chief tribe in the rebellion, and hence the term. is often used to denote the zen tribes, or the kingdom of Israel, in contradistinction from that of Judah. See Isa. vii. 2,5, 8, 9,17; xi. 18; xxviii. 1. The word is evidently used in this sense here, not as denoting that one tribe only, but that tribe as the head of the re- volted kingdom ; or, in other words, the name is used as representing the kingdom of that name after the revolt. See 1 Kingsxii. ‘This'verse evidently contains the gist or the main idea of the psalm,—to wit, that Ephraim, or the ten tribes, had turned away from the worship of the true God, and that, in consequence of that apostasy, the government -had been transferred to another tribe—the tribe of Judah. See vers. 67, 68. 4 Being armed. The idea in this phrase is, that they had abundant means for maintaining their independence in connexion with the other tribes, or as a part of the nation, but that they refused to co- operate with their brethren. { And carrying bows. Marg., throwing forth. Literally, lifting up. The idea is, that they were armed with bows; or, that they were fully armed. {| Turned back in the day of battle. That is, they did not stand by their brethren, or assist them in defending their country.
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« J'avais déjà par devers moi 1 émotions nine vie sr juifs Dhiine je vins fixer mon séjour à Berlin. Mariée très jeune, à un homme qui n'était qu'un étranger pour mon cœur, avant même que l'instinct de l'amour fût de venu vivant en moi, solitaire et désolée au milieu de la situation la plus bril Jante, avec tous les dehors de la félicité, j'ai appris de bonne heure à con naïitre la vie moderne dans toutes ses contradictions; j'ai connu le plus violent de ses conflits, celui qui anéantit le cœur de la femme, celui qui menace d'ar racher l’ordre social de ses gonds, le conflit de l’'amouret du mariage, de ee clination et du devoir, du cœur et de la conscience. « Les femmes qui ont en partage une possession paisible et un LA idyllique ne comprendront pas cette lutte... Quand on est à l'abri sur la rive, il est facile de défier et de braver l'orage qui bat et dompte l'esquif en pleine mer. J'ai profondément senti ce que la voix prophétique d’une George Sand annonçait aux générations futures : la douleur du temps, le gémissement de la victime torturée jusqu’à mourir dans des liens contre nature. Je sais à quelles indignités une femme est exposée sous la sainte protection de la morale et de la loi; je sais comment les pénates protecteurs du foyer ne sont plus au besoin que des FHONUIRE inutiles, comment le droit vient en aide à la force bru tale; — je n'écris pourtant ni un roman ni une Biosraphise — notre mariage fut rompu. » Ne nent pas redire avec moi le doux et antique détrat pour chasser les miasmes de cette atmosphère de sigisbéisme? Casta vixit, Lanam fecit, Domum servavit. Ne trouvez-vous pas qu'après avoir flairé cette fade senteur d'’alcôve, il fait bon respirer la saine odeur de vertu qu’exhalaïent nos metles mœurs de ménage? Je suis convaincu que M. Aston avait tous les torts du mari d'n diana, et que son prétendu droit n’était qu'impertinence pure; mais comprenez-vous maintenant ce que je voulais dire, quand je parlais A 42 TRS RÉ EE AVE DEUX DAMES HUMANITAIRES. 853 tout à l'heure du surcroît d'emphase ridicule ajouté par les copies al _ lemandes à nos originaux français? Les phrases que vous venez de lire ont-elles jamais chez nous qui en avons les premiers donné l'air. ont-elles jamais eu cet imperturbable sérieux, cette outrecuidante ba _nalité? Cherchez autre part que dans les galeries charivaresques des femmes malheureuses qui glosentsur leurs malheurs avec cette superbe magnificence: Le cri de la prophétesse au manteau de laquelle Me As ton.se raccroche avait du moins un accent de fierté sauvage qui saisit un moment les ames au dépourvu; mais combien d'autres l'ont depuis _ répété, dont I sauvagerie était le moindre défaut l'et d’échos en échos il a passé le Rhin, et ils ’est rencontré là de prétentieuses écuHeres AE re redit sur le ton aigu des oiseaux parleurs. Quand on s’est ainsi drapé dans le deuil intime de son cœur, Na ten: tree est grande de mettre les choses de son esprit au diapason de ses sentimens. Ce qui prête un faste si détestable à ces tendres infor tunes, c’est l'exaspération de l'orgueil intellectuel qui s’en empare et les étale. On souffre avec fierté des souffrances ignorées du commun des martyrs, et l’on s’avoue sans beaucoup de peine qu’il ne faut pas être une bête pour raffiner si délicatement son mal. Le chagrin, en devenant un rôle, conduit vite au métier d'auteur, et de la femme in consolable il n’y a plus qu'un pas à la femme de lettres : voyez-le fran chir. Il paraît que dans la tempête ci-dessus indiquée, l’esquif de Mr: Aston avait sombré; devinez ce qu elle sauva du naufrage ? e : De l'universel ee où j'avais perdu tout ce que je possédais de plus cher, je ne sauvai rien que la ferme résolution de m'élever au-dessus de ma deslinée en portant des regards plus libres sur un plus large horizon, de tremper mon cœur en cultivant mon intelligence, et de comprimer son in quiétude en l’emprisonnant dans le calme de la pensée satisfaite. Telle était mon intention, lorsque j'allai m'établir à Berlin, attirée là par la jeune science … vivante, séduite par l'espoir d'oublier, au milieu de ses spirituels représentans,. les blessures que j'avais reçues dans le combat de la vie. Je voulais me faire ” une carrière littéraire, je ne m'y engageais point par un vain dilettantisme : c’était la toute-puissance de mon destin qui m'y poussait, car j'avais connu par ma propre expérience le lot commun de tant de milliers de mes sœurs; j'avais été éprouvée plus avant, jusqu’à l’anéantissement de mon être; la force mor telle de nos liens m'était ainsi plus évidente qu’à personne. Berlin, où la vie de l'esprit est si féconde, Berlin, la ville de l'intelligence et de la pensée, me sembla tout-à-fait approprié à l'exécution de mes plans, à l’accomplissement de ma vocation littéraire. » Il s’est fait, de la province à Paris, plus d’une émigration analogue à celle-là; mais où est la différence entre les deux langues et les deux natures,. c'est que parmi nos émigrées les plus excentriques, pas une n'eût osé donner ses motifs avec une sincérité si altière. Le terroir est CRT PE ee © ‘ pour quelque chose. ferait excuser à Berlin. Berlin s appelle lui-même la ville de V'inelli gence; c’est le nom reçu que ses deux vieilles gazettes, la Spenersche et la, Vossische, l'oncle Spener-et la tante Voss, lui répètent tous les ma: tins; c’est le compliment de rigueur à l'adresse du Berlinois, comme il est convenu. pour le Parisien que Paris est là grande cité. Onvest très occupé à Berlin de justifier cette louable prétention, lasociété s'y plaît aux distractions purement scientifiques, et le: goût de la science compte au premier: rang parmi les élégances d’une femime du-monde. Ce n’était pas du moins à ce titre futile-que. Me Aston la recherchaïit, et les Æoses sauvages ne devaient point être um simple: passe-temps nifestation, la police intérvint, et Mwe Aston fut priée de quitter Berlin sous huit jours, « parce qu elle exprimait et use réaliser des idées à « qui nuisaient au repos et au bon:ordre. » | Mwe Aston nous-raconte un à un les: détails: de cétté cite, et, quoiqu’elle ait fort envie de mettre les rieurs:de son:côté, je ne saurais s'empêcher de communiquer ses opinions partieulières sur la religion etsur lemariage à un honnête employé qui la laisse causer en prenant note de ses effusions, et il est peu de rencontres plus comiques qué cet enthousiasme de muse incorrigible débordant au plus vite devant l'humble actuarius, qui verbalise au fur et à mesure pour transmettre à son supérieur es piècés du procès. Puis, Me Aston obtient une au dience de M. de Bodelschwing lui-même, et, telle qu’elle la rapporte, c’est une scène de comédie où le ministre à barbe grise n’a vraiment point le rôle sacrifié. Je ne sais pas lequel serait, en somme, le plus ma licieux, voire dans le récit de M° Aston, ou du sang-froid paternel. de. son rude interlocuteur, ou du ton grandiose de, ses propres repartics! « LE MiniSrRE. — Pourquoi done affichez-vous de ne pas croiré en Dieu? « Mor. — Excellence, parce que je ne suis point une hypocrite. | CLE MINISTRE. — On vous enverra dans un! petit endroit où vous ne serez 2 si exposée. à vous perdre et où vous pourrez soigner votre ame. « Mor. — Mais dans l'intérêt de ma carrière littéraire j'ai besoin du séjour & Berlin, où je trouve chaque jour une excitation nouvelle. € LE MINISTRE. — Mais il n’est pas du tout dans notre intérêt änous dué vous restiez ici pour y répandre vos écrits, qui seront sans doute aussi libres que vos manières de voir. « Mor. — Excellence, si l’état prussien en est à éraadté une femme, j ai peur “qu'il ne soit bien malade, « Le MINISTRE, — J'ai fort à faire. (Il sort.) » ds # ” + Je e 4 Te ne : Les RSS és A A e Éc n LS nt PCM ob à PT fi 1 “ = Ÿ DTA LETT ! SELS SN RE TE A nf he | Le A Con ait EE EUR. : ef Lol LA LA LES dr 5 SPC Dur À EE gi AU E re à r Die at Pen ve PR à ser RE RS RAC Re dE: k pa A SUD | s DEA | v cl # Pal SEE ir FE À SNS | “ | ï ; j | | DEUX DAMES HUMANITAIRES. nn. : 4 = iCette Mobile out évidemment selon toutes les règles du théâtre, c’est à-dire on ne ‘saurait mieux motivée. M Aston, après avoir frotte orté son recours jusqu'au roi, fut obligée de vider les lieux, et il ne | Maps _. se pourvoir auprès du aus ce qu ele né jua pas de fai ire. | oque des gens qui lui défendent de fumer au nom de l'état; | ble demande grace pour avoir elle-même au bal invité ses cavaliers, _ puisqu'il n’y a pas de salon de ministre où cela ne se voie toutes les fois qu’ RARE ER cotillon germanique et chrétien. Mr° Aston n'é tait malheur t pas femme à se contenter d’avoir de l'esprit, et, sautant à pivii fotits par-dessus les frivolités de sa cause, elle s’est _dépêchée d'arriver au sérieux de son état, à sa philosophie de dame | humanitaire. Elle a voulu braver ses aus en arborant aussi haut qu'un étendard sa plus intime pensée. Voici La profession de foi qui ftermine.sa publication de 4846; ce n’est ni plus ni moins qu’une déduction logique et pratique du principe de la libre personnalité fé iminine posé dès la: première page de cet étrange petit livre; étrange, répétons-le toujours, non par le fond, que nous connaissons trop, car il nous appartient, mais par l’ostentation naïve avec laquelle nos sot tises, S'y déploient dans leur nudité. Nous avons eu des nuances et des habiletés de langage pour couvrir toutes Les faussetés de situation ou de sentiment qu'il nous plaisait d'inventer; nos traducteurs n’y re _ gardent point de si près et ne font point tant de cérémonie; ils reçoi vent et donnent sans scrupule notre mauvaise monnaie pour du bon sont «€ je) ne crois point à la nécessité, je ne crois point à la sainteté du mariage, _ parce que je sais que son bonheur rw’est, le plus souvent, que mensonge et hypocrisie. Je n’admets point une institution qui, tout en affectant de consa « crer et de sanctifier le droit de la personnalité, le foule aux pieds et l'outrage | dans son sanctuaire, qui, en s’arrogeant la moralité la plus haute, ouvre la | porte à toutes lesimmoralités, qui, sous prétexte de confirmer le lien des ames, ne fait qu'en autoriser le trafic. Je rejette le mariage, parce qu’il donne en _ propriété ce qui ne peut jamais être une propriété, la libre personnalité de la femme, parce qu’il donne un droit sur l'amour, et que, sur l'amour, le droit ne peut rien prétendre sans devenir aussitôt une brutale iniquité..…..….. Notre siècle cependant est poussé par un ardent désir, par un élan plein d’espérance vers des formes plus libres qui laisseront enfin arriver l'essence humaine à la jouissance de tout son droit. George Sand marche devant nous comme la pro phétesse de ce bel avenir, quand elle nous montre, avec une vérité saisissante, les déchiremens de notre condition actuelle. Toute la nouvelle littérature fran çaise n'est qu’une procession de douleur et de désir vers le temple du saint amour, hélas! trop profané. La seule émancipation que je rêve, c’est de réta blir le droit et la dignité de la femme sous un plus libre régime, par un plus n ‘son Apologie. Elle Y commence assez ‘adroitement V2 _ 856. REVUE DES DEUX : MONDES: noble culte de l'amour; mais, pour cet autre culte, il faut avant wi que les femmes puisent, dans uneinstruction plus: profonde, une plus haute conscience d’elles-mêmes. C'est l'instruction. qui prête à. la vie et à l'amour cette liberté intérieure sans laquelle toute liberté extérieure n’est qu’une chimère.. plaisir, de même les vraies filles de notre âge veulent la liberté du sentiment. » Le roman de MweAston n’est, d’un bout à l'autre, que cette morale en action. L'action n’est pas si échauffée dans l’é glogue de Mwe Kapp; mais cela tient sans doute à la diversité des tempéramens; car il y a concordance pour les principes. Et remarquez comme ces principes mènent d'application en application, et par quelle pente la femme auteur vient tomber dans une certaine politique, toujours la même, où la poussent les inexorables conséquences de son début. Cette fureur d’affranchissement individuel, ce besoin de secouer toutes les’attaches de la vie privée que Me Aston exprime avec tant d'énergie vont bien tôt la conduire à prendre en main la cause de tous les rêveurs d’indé pendance anarchique. Les « fils du siècle » auxquels elle reconnaïîtra le privilége d’avoir la conscience de leur temps, ce seront les héros des barricades. C’est un curieux et triste enseignement de voir l'esprit de révolte descendre ainsi dans la rue après avoir germé à l'ombre du foyer domestique. L'abime appelle l’abime. Si ce n’est en raison de circonstances aussi exceptionnelles qu’honorables, une femme n’écrit guère pour le public que sous l'influence de deux sentimens, ou parce P”. qu'elle est en insurrection contre tout ce qui l'entoure, ou parce qu’elle est en adoration vis-à-vis d'elle-même. Ces deux états de l'amese touchent d’ailleurs d’assez près, et l’un et l’autre sont merveilleusement | propres à l’incliner vers les passions envieuses qui font l’arsenal'ordi naire de toute démagogie. Pour parler sans détour, en prenant les gros mots du langage courant, je ne me permettrais peut-être pas de dire que, lorsque le sexe fragile a chaussé le bas bleu, il est de nécessité ab solue réduit à se coifferddu bonnet rouge; mais je ne crois pas du moins qu'on puisse devenir une héroïne de la république sociale sans avoir, au préalable, concouru parmi les muses de la république des lettres. Le chemin se fait si vite! On a perdu les joies de l'intérieur, on ne songe plus à ses enfans que comme un musicien àson motif ou un peintrefà son modèle; on ne Is porte plus dans son cœur, on lestpose DEUX DAMES. HUMANITAIRES. | 857 F: devant son imagination. L'imagination n’est pas, comme le cœur, fa cile à contenter dans le silence; il lui faut un accompagnement, un orchestre. On va chercher l'orchestre, on en sollicite, on en provoque les fanfares; on quitte la maison pour la place publique. La place pu _blique étourdit et enivre : on se laisse d'autant mieux séduire par les bruyantes récompenses qu’elle décerne, que l’on est moins sensible aux chastes et douces récompenses dont on pouvait jouir au fond de la maison. Or,.le bruit de la foule n’est nulle part:si enthousiaste qu'au tour des grandes idées fausses et. des grands mots vides. C’est là qu'il faut courir, parce que l’insatiable passion d’ applaudissemens ne donne plus ni repos ni trêve, et aussi, soyons-en sûrs, parce que le souvenir des biens charmans qu'on n’a plus revient avec une amertume dont on se venge en exaltant des biens mensongers. On prêche la fraternité du genre humain faute d'avoir su goûter la paix de la famille, et l’on ‘ metson orgueil à conspirer contre les tyrans sur le noir pavé des car _ refours pour se dédommager de n'avoir pes si pris la dignité d'une vie close sous un toit respecté, Que ce ne soit pas là l’histoire de toutes, tant mieux; C ’est pourtant l’histoire de beaucoup. II. Manhold. est un sujet très complexe; je ne serais pas éloigné de penser. que l’auteur a changé deux ou trois fois d'idée dans le cours de son œuvre, mais ce sont toutes idées également empreintes de la même foi humanitaire.-Je néglige-donc les nœuds.et les reprises pour suivre demon mieux le plus gros fil de la trame; quoique confuse, la trame est courte. 858 | REVUE DES DEUX MONDES. Manhold est un-enfant de l'amour, né dans de spstiéres deal stances. Le comte Mœnheim, son père, en même temps qu’il se don nait ce rejeton de la maïn gauche: avait eu de la comtesse son é un fils très légitime. Celle-ci étant morte presque aussitôt, le comté avait choisi la mère de son bâtard pour nourrir l'héritier de son nom, et lui avait ainsi remis de bonne amitié le soin des deux jumeaux où quasi-jumeaux. Il ne prévoyait pas que la maîtresse délaissée serait femme à se venger par un véritable tour de nourricé, à punir son in . fidèle en troquant ses nourrissons. Les marmots ne diffèren paraît, l’un de l’autre que par la dimension d’une tache: “qu’ils ont sur le cou, et le secret de la tache n'est connu que d’une vieille nonne à moitié folle. Sophie, après avoir hésité quelque temps vis-à-vis des deux berceaux, dépose son: propre fils dans celui du petit comte et prend ce dériien dans sa famille, car elle entre aussitôt en ménage, vu qu'il s’est trouvé là juste à point un brave homme, patriote avant tout , pour l’épouser, elle et son enfant volé. Le vrai deseendant des Mœnheim est donc élevé en qualité de Paul Rollert (c’est le nom du mari de sa prétendue mère), et l’heureux fruit des faiblesses de Sophie succède à son père naturel dans la possession de ses honneurs et de ses biens. Une fois en âge d'homme, ce faux Mœnheimise marie lui même avec une jeune personne qui est la femme modèle-du roman de Mr° Kapp, et de cette union naissent deux filles. Je prie qu’on me pardonne l'exactitude scrupuleuse avec laquelle je vais de branchie en branche le long de cet arbre généalogique; la simple histoire que je résume lient trois générations. Ce nouveau comte de hasard chasse de race et n 'est pas un plus hon nête mari que son père. Après avoir fait pendant très peu de temps le bonheur de son admirable épouse Nanna,, il se dérange. Un perfide am l’entraine de désordre en désordre, et il gaspille sa fortune tout en courtisant de trop près les soubrettes, les jardinières'et les laitières du | château. Quand il a mangé son avoir, il court en Amérique après le traître compagnon qui l’a quitté une fois sa bourse vide; il veut se venger et se reconstruire une existence. La triste Nanna, déchue: de ses grandeurs, est recueillie par un paysan vertueux, qui la loge dans une petite maison cachée sous les pampres: Pour comble de malheur, Nanna est devenue aveugle, et cela par un accident aussi fâcheux qu'il est peu poétique. Le jour du départ de son terrible mari a été le der nier qui ait lui pour elle. Le brutal, impatient de voir la tendresse conjugale prolonger outre mesure la scène des adieux, à si rudement repoussé la pauvre éplorée qu’elle est allée tomber sur uné chaise dont le dossier pointu lui a crevé un œil: l’autre a suivi, Hätons-nous de dire que Nanna n’en est restée ni moins belle: ni moins touchanté dans le modeste asile où elle élève philosophiquement ses deux filles; ,àcequ'il Es 1 ee Fe Da 7 À Le ER" TS BED PRE d »” À AT Nr, < Luc / à . RS 6 4 é DES CRE Sd Eng 277) CPE Ê ll -# . ‘ FA à sti rs L) « L 6 x e é i , LE 0 ie ‘ : f DEUX DAMES HUMANITAIRES. _ 859 Fridoline-et Elfride. Ces noms-là disent tout : Fridoline sera le page, le gamin de cette bucolique; Elfrideentest le saule hope Ja joue Anglaise au voile vert et aux lunettes bleues. * Dans le village cependant où s’ 'écoule au milieu d’une paix Hlanéde lique J’obscure existence de ces êtres intéressans, arrive après bien des années un étranger d'apparence fort bizarre, maïgre, pâle, le nez mar qué d’une cicatrice rouge comme le sang, ui lui partage aussi toute _ la joue gauche. Cet étranger méconnaissable n’est niplus ni moins que le mauvais comte, qui a refait ses affaires en Amérique, et qui veut maintenant refaire sa réputation dans son pays. Un coup de tomawhak l'a a défiguré, il a même été scalpé, ou à peu près, par les sauvages; mais, corrigé par l'expérience, il ne pense plus qu’à regagner honné tement tous les cœurs qu’il avait scandalisés. Sous le nom de Manhold, il achète un domaine de paysan à deux pas de la petite maison tapissée dewignes où respire sa famille. I n’y a pas au monde un meilleur _voisin; par toute la Terre-Rouge de Westphalie (c’est là le théâtre de l’action), äl n’y a pas un plus sage et plus généreux campagnard. Dans ce voisin sans pareil, Nanna ne devine pas son époux, ses filles n’ont ; jamais vu leur père: | les habitans de l'endroit se demandent bien tout bas si ce n’est pas là leur ancien seigneur; mais il fronce le sourcil quand on a'seulement l'air de vouloir lui dire : Votre grace! et, au de meurant, sa rouge cicatrice lui tient lieu de faux nez. Manhold profite en conscience de cet incognito pour réparer tous ses torts d'autrefois, pour! remettre à bien des filles qu'il avait mises ou tenté de mettre à mal, pour retirer du vagabondage un méchant drôle issu de ses œu vres, rameau bâtard de la souche bâtarde des Mæœnheim. A force de bons soins, le prétendu Manhold rachète ainsi les crimes de l’ancien _ Mœnheim,, qui n’était pourtant pas plus Mœnheim , souvenez-vous-en bien, qu'il n’est maintenant Manhok. La récompense couronne l’ex piation; le père de famille se fait reconnaître et rentre dans le dns _ domestique avec la bénédiction universelle. Mais alors, nouvelle péripétie : le vrai Mœænheim, qui a grandi, qui a müri souslenom de Paul Rollert, apprend de sa viéille nourrice Mmou rante le mauvais tour qu’elle lui a joué lorsqu'il était dans les langes. Aussitôt instruit de son véritable destin, il s’empresse de revendiquer le rang qui lui appartenait, et avec le rang toutes ses dépendances, les domaines dissipés et puis recouvrés par son frère naturel. L'épreuve esteruelle pour Manhold de ne plus pouvoir être désormais que Man hold, s’il n'aime mieux s’appeler à son tour Paul Rollert. C’en est fait nédnmoins : la vieille nonne , témoin de la naissance des deux enfans, a déclaré que la vraie tache, le bon signe, n’était pas celui que porte à lamuque le mari de Nanna. Ce sera là désormais son seul titre; il s'enfonce plus courageusement que jamais dans sa médiocrité, et les 860 REVUE DES DEUX MONDES. | | deux époux vivent heureux avec leurs filles an partie pas qu'ils aient eu d’autres enfans. CRT Telle est en raccourci la fable de Mre Kahn: ds védréié à ce trie. pide, elle ne diffère pas beaucoup d’un conte de Berquin!! Il n’y aurait point lieu d'y prendre plus d'intérêt, n’était la broderie dela berquinade. Cette broderie n’est point de l'invention de l’auteur; elle est empruntée à tous les artistes que nous avons eu le bonheur de posséder chez nous. Plus le fond lui-même, qui est bien à Me Kapp, paraît pauvre et dé nué, plus il est évident que M"° Kapp n'est pas responsable du luxe de ses fioritures. Elle n’a fait que se baisser pour ramasser à pleines mains le goût du siècle, le nôtre en particulier, et il ne laisse pas d’être pi quant de le trouver ainsi jeté par poignées sur cette historiette enfan tine comme du gros sel ou du poivre long dans une jatte de lait. Ce Manhold aurait pu vivre à toutes les époques qu’on eût voulu; rien n’empêchait de l’habiller en costume Louis XV ou Louis XIV, même de le barder féodalement. Sa Nanna était un pendant comme un autre à la Griselidis du moyen-âge. M"° Kapp a décidé que'ses héros seraient nos contemporains de l’année dernière, et qu’ils parleraïent tous les jours de la révolution allemande du mois de mars 1848. Aussitôt que nous sortons du vallon fleuri de la Terre-Rouge et des tonnelles de la petite maison blanche, nous tombons en plein gâchis révolutionnaire. Rien n’y manque : ni les conquêtes de mars (Mæœrz-Errungenschaften), mot sonore et chose éphémère, comme tous les vocables issus de pa reilles conjonctures, comme toutes les glorieuses que nous avons nous mêmes baptisées, ni la croisade nationale contre le Danemark, ni le parlement de Saint-Paul, ni le fameux armistice de Malmoë, ni l’é meute de Francfort, ni ladriiptiion béate pour les étudians dé l’Aula viennoise, ni la sainte horreur pour les manteaux rouges de Jellachich. On Bts que Me Kapp a pris à tâche d’enfourner de gré ou de force tous les événemens de l’année courante, pour se donner plus d'actua lité, comme nous disons dans notre patois d'aujourd'hui. Ses personnages sont eux-mêmes mêlés à toute la bagarre. Le fils légitime du comte Mœnheim, le Paul Rollert qui vient dépouiller Man hold en lui restituant le désavantage de sa descendance ’authentique, Paul Rollert est un député de Francfort qui siége à l'extrême gauche selon les principes républicains puisés à l’école de son père putatif; mais bon sang ne peut mentir, et l’aristocrate sans le savoir gronde d’instinct sous sa peau démocratique. « Il avait de beaux yeux brun clair que ses profondes et sombres pensées avaient changés en une paire de cavernes incendiées par la flamme d’une ame passionnée. Et quand on le voyait ainsi rêver, on avait tout de suite besoin de re poser ses regards dans les crées azurées des cieux. » C'était donc un de ces radicaux comme il y en a tant, un radical par mauvaise hu DEUX DAMES HUMANITAIRES.861 meur, qui n 'avait fait qu'un mariage de dépit avec l'égalité et la fra ternité. Aussi, quand il est une fois informé de son état légal, il va s'asseoir à Saint-Paul sur les bancs des privilégiés, des propriétaires et des doctrinaires; il demande une charte avec deux chambres et la paix _àtout prix; il affecte d’avoir peur du communisme et du prolétariat; bref, il n’est plus occupé qu’à deux choses : à se contempler au miroir | pour serrépéter qu’il avait bien le profil d’un grand seigneur, à se dé mener en l'honneur du progrès modéré et de la monarchie constitu tionnelle. Je n’invente rien et je traduis presque. M° Kapp emprunte à l'Amnides Enfans son type du frère égoïste et orgueilleux; mais qu’in vente-t-elle pour le punir, lorsque vient l'heure du châtiment? Elle le condamne à passer dans le camp de la réaction. Voilà certainement _ une poétique et une moralité plus néuves que celles de Berquin. Cette pauvre constituante de Francfort, qui n’a été chanceuse en quoi que ce soit, n’a pas plus de bonheur auprès de Me Kapp, et re çoit d'elle à boutrportant des complimens très médiocres. Le parti des professeurs est, représenté dans Manhold par un honnête pédagogue qui porte partout avec lui un ennui si épais, qu'il fait figure à part au milieu même des autres. L'objet de toutes les tendresses de l’auteur est au contraire un jeune étudiant de Vienne qui renie le nom de son père, brave capitaine au service de l'Autriche, et ne manque point une émeute, pas plus celles du Mein que celles du Danube. Pierre Meyer exécute avec la langoureuse Elfride un concert patriotique et plato nique dont toutes les notes, moitié amoureuses, moitié républicaines, sonnent d’un son faux à faire frémir ou bâiller. C’est une singulière impuissance et qui mériterait un long commentaire que la stérilité misérable de nos modernes rêveries démagogiques pour tout ce qui est œuvre d'art et de goût. Je voudrais prouver qu’elles ne sont point conformes aux notions éternelles du bon et du juste par cela seul qu'elles sont si étrangères à la notion du vrai et du beau. Il y a dans _ toutes les imaginations une pastorale vieille comme le temps et jeune comme l'amour, j'entends parler de ce drame charmant qui recom mence incessamment depuis que le monde est monde, toutes les fois que deux êtres innocens et purs se trouvent à leur insu poussés l’un vers l’autre par ce mystérieux attrait de l’ame et des sens dont la ma gie les étonne en les subjuguant. Or, apprenez ce que deviennent Daphnis et Chloé, Paul et Virginie, transfigurés à la guise de nos prè cheurs de fraternité; apprenez comment la poésie du progrès nous massacre ces beaux adolescens! Elfride n’est ni plus ni moins que la Chloé, que la Virginie de Me Kapp. Je sais bien que Me Kapp ne met pas grande malice à déguiser sous un prestige quelconque la maussa derie de son personnage, et je ne doute pas que l’auteur de Consuelo n'en eût, par exemple, tiré meilleur parti; mais cette maladresse même 862 ne REVUE DES DEUX MONDES. est précieuse parce qu'elle trahit au naturel: la ee ct pauvre ie de semblables créations. : : séttÀ Shertsl Elfride a été finir son éniestioi an une famille des énvirons de Francfort, où elle rencontre une autre jeune fille nommée Alwine, qui est ou à peu près la fiancée de Pierre Meyer. Celui-ci tombe comme l'éclair entre les nouvelles amies; il arrive en cachette du fond d'un de ces carrefours où périrent Aucréwrald! et Lichnowski. « Permettez, de _mande Alwine à Elfride, que je vous présente Pierre Meyer, un étu diant de Vienne. — Un étudiant de Vienne! s’écrie Elfride transportée. — En chair et en os, mademoiselle, répond ‘élégamment le trop ai mable émeutier. Avez-vous oui raconter ou lu quelque chose de nous? » — Justement Elfride connaît le nom et les mérites de Pierre Meyer pär les journaux qu'elle lisait tous les soirs à sa mère aveugle dans Île silence du vallon, le Peuple de Westphalie peut-être, ou Le Travailleur de la Terre-Rouge. O Chloé, ce n'étaient pas les journaux . qui vous disaient que Daphnis était Daphniél 0 Virginie, les journaux n’arrivaient pas jusque sous l’ombre de vos bananiers{ Elfride est même si bien au courant, qu’elle en remontre à Pierre Meyer, « qui n’a pas lu de journaux depuis des siècles; » elle lui annonce la révolu tion viennoise du 6 octobre, celle dont les héros assassimèrent/par facon d’intermède le général comte de Latour, pendirent à une lanterne le cadavre mutilé du loyal soldat, et tirèrent dessus comme dans une cible. L'étudiant s’exclame, désespéré : «Je dois partir, je pars. Lesécoles se | battent, et je n’y suis point! » N'est-ce pas le vrai Crillon de la répu blique rouge? Alwine, dans l’idée de M*° Kapp, figure une Agnès con servatrice et modérée dont les mesquins sentimens doivent servir de repoussoir à la brillante exaltation d'Elfride. Alwine soupiré; elle au rait la faiblesse de vouloir garder auprès d'elle le paladinde l’Aula. Le paladin réplique : | «Ah! Alwine, en ce point-là nous ne nous comprenons plus. Raisonnable et prudente comme la vieillesse, vous n'avez pas en politique cette jeunesse dont vous êtes pourtant une si ravissante image. Croyez-vous que si nous nous fussions tant consultés dans l’Aula, notre enthousiasme aurait atteint jusqu’à ce degré d’audace? La réflexion eût été pour nous le coup de la mort. Une ré volution est un poème que le poète portait en lui-même sans le savoir, sans en avoir conscience, et qui jaillit de sa plume à l'heure de l'inspiration sans'autre règle que la loi de sa nature et de son génie. Notre révolution était-elle autre chose? Elle existait dans le cœur des masses, dans l'esprit des libres penseurs, comme le poème existe avant sa révélation dans l'ame du poète. Elle s'est manitestée dans une heure à jamais mémorable. Et comme il .est divin de se voir ainsi compris à la première lecture! ajouta-t-il avec un mouvement de Joie, et il saisit la main d'Elfride et la baisa. » Voilà qui vaut mieux que les rondeaux de Benserade : cela s'appelle V— SV NDS RTS RS + DEUX DAMES HUMANITAIRES. | 863 “ mettre l'insurrection en madrigaux, et pour celui-là vraiment la chute en estgalante. Ne nous moquons pas trop pourtant de ce jargon d’outre Rhin, car c’est sur nous, c’est sur notre charade de février, qu’on à pris mesure pour tailler ce bel éloge de l’'émeute; c’est nous qui, les premiers, nous sommes prêtés si complaisamment à payer les frais des fantaisies poétiques de nos litiérateurs en détresse, c’est chez nous que la révolution a été au pied de la lettre le poème artificiel d’un impro visateur aux aboïs, la continuation pratique d’un mauvais feuilleton. Elfride, qui est généreuse, essaie d’excuser l'indifférence de sa com | pagne, et veut lui donner meilleur air au point de vue démocratique; mais Alwine n'accepte point. cette indulgente pitié : «Je ne prends, dit-elle, aucun plaisir à la politique, et tous vos discours sur la liberté, l'unité et la fraternité me font rire comme les querelles de mon chat avec mon chien. » La mutinerie de cette enfant rétrograde n’est pas sans doute un modèle de grace, mais elle a du sens après tout. Pierre A1 Meyer, inexorable, s’en va continuer à Vienne son métier de Franc fort, et Elfride s enfonce dans ses études. Ces deux jeunes cœurs «sont heureux de la hauteur de leurs sentimens; ils nagent comme de bar dis nageurs sur les flots du temps. L’ame d’Elfride s’embrasait, elle _ était.tout amour, mais c'était un amour tel que le comporte notre siècle dans/les esprits qui aspirent à la liberté; c'était un amour qui, contenu par la conscience la plus sublime, ne pouvait se soumettre ni à prouver sa légitimité par la sèche analyse, ni à subir les liens étroits de la morale usuelle. » Voyez-vous la théorie de la libre personnalité que Mr° Aston nous exposait tout à l'heure s’infiltrer au plus profond des entrailles de cette vierge socialiste et la conduire, Dieu sait où? La naïve Chloé n’avait pas, à coup sûr, autant de philosophie dans son fait, mais pour aller plus au naturel, le fait en somme était-il bien différent? Me Kapp n'en est point à s'inquiéter de ces bagatelles; elle prend les gens. et les choses de plus haut; son couple amoureux plane sur des cimes où tout autre gèlerait : « 0 gloire, à unité de la grande patrie commune! O nos chères espérances détruites! qu’était-ce pour vous ranimer que l’ardeur isolée de cette tendre adolescence? qu’était ce que. ces deux aérolithes dans les sombres régions d’un ciel sans étoiles, ou plutôt dans les steppes et les sables de la stupidité, de l’in différence et de la paix à tout prix du bourgeoisisme? » Nous n'en. finirions pas avec cette histoire d'Elfride; arrivons tout de suite à la conclusion. Mag yars quand Vienne a succornbé; il est, blessé à Kapolna; il rétäbnt mourir sous le toit de la famille d'Elfride, en causant politique avec l'idole de son ame. Elfride passe aussitôt à l'état de femme de lettres! Tel est du moins, pour moi, le sens a ces re à Lan it Jui + La LA e * ? L + d : i 9 « Elfride sentit ses yeux s *obscurcir de larmes; n mais let ne Partis eu à ses larmes de tomber sur la poussière de la terre, à laquelle l'ame de Pierre Meyer avait si victorieusement échappé. Pleine d'espérance, elle lui tressa une cou ronne de lauriers, et garda son souvenir en elle, comme la rose garde dans son calice les gouttes d'une pluie d'orage. Lorsqu'elle exprima son souvenir dans ses chants, on eût dit la vapeur écumante, la HAQUE déchaînée su , de 14. BTappe. » N’entendez-vous pas, dans cette phraséologie, l'écho loïintain'et gros sier de George Sand à ses heures de mauvais style? Le mauvais se prend là-bas plus que le bon. DER Toutes ces figures, si germaniques qu’elles soient, rt ainsi des masques où notre empreinte est encore fraîche, et c'est cette laide empreinte que je ne me lasse pas de montrer. Reste, pour compléter la galerie, les portraits des deux principaux personnages, de l'épouse parfaite et de l'époux corrigé, de Manhold et de Nanna: Mänhold na point de destination politique dans le roman de Me Kapp; il représente une mission d'un ordre encore supérieur. Ce n’est pas que son opi nion soit douteuse, il voit clair aux destinées du monde; il croit fer mement que les idées qui le traversent maintenant « à la manière des comètes et des étoiles filantes » le vaincront un jour, il est « sûr que le messie est déjà né. » Sa femme même, la magnanime Nanna, est au moment de l'envoyer, n'importe où, siéger sur les bancs de quelque montagne, ou tirailler derrière les pavés de quelque barricade; mais il lui expose humblement qu'il n’est pas encore assez fixé dans le pays pour être député, et qu’il est déjà de sens trop rassis pour s’aller faire tuer mal à propos. Ce n’est pas là son rôle. Il a été créé et baptisé pour être l’incarnation d'un dogme humanitaire, de la doctrine du châtiment sans douleur et de l’expiation agréable. “humili lier sa violence devant la faiblesse d'un enfant, l'assassin par ent. en lui achetant un étal de ‘boucher, pour le mettre à à . même de passer ses rouges rages sur d’innocens agneaux. : Vous tous qui avez goûté ces rares inventions, qui vous êtes dit que | és ne serait pas si mal, que la loi était cruellement impitoyable et le ” criminel éminemment respectable, frappez-vous la poitrine en con be y, car ce sont ces inventions-là et d’autres pareilles qui ont miné sous vos pas le sol moral du pays! Né rions donc point quand nous les ; retrouvons: rédigées en formules pédantesques ou pathétiques dans le méchant livre d’où sortent toutes ces réminiscences qui massaillent : Mre Kapp a été la dupe de notre propre duperie. Voici en quels termes _solennels elle annonce et elle explique le genre de réparation qui va _ replacer Manhold au niveau de la sublime Nanna, et le rendre digne d’une femme si précieuses. nous reconnaîtrons encore nos sineniraHons « Du temps pour s’ examiner le se : récibits: on en donne assez aux soi disant criminels que nous gardons dans nos prisons; mais ce qui leur manque et ce qu ‘on devrait leur donner, c’est le moyen de s'exercer librement à vou loir et à fairé le bien pour arriver à une véritable résipiscence. On croit avoir tout sauvé quand.on a mis à la place la prière et la foi. Ah! laissez ce sombre désert de la croyance, cette insoutenable et cruelle théorie de la foi, qui ne peut se manifester par aucune réalité positive, ct tournez-vous en vous-même. En vous-même, il existe une morale plus pure et plus amoureuse, un fond plus riche en vertu nourrissante et fortifiante, une nature mieux faite et un déve loppement plus conforme à la nature que dans les dogmes et les mystères de l'église militante et fanatisée. IL y en a qui devancent leur époque, et qui, du haut de leur conscience, comme Moïse du mont Nebo, apercevant cette mo rale de l'avenir, la saluent comme une terre de promesse; mais il n’est réservé de l’atteindre.qu'à d’autres générations. Elle s'approche cependant, et celui-là seul qui ne veut pas entendre n'entend pas son vigoureux coup d’aile. « Non, ne me conduisez pas auprès decette femme, de cet homme, auprès de ce jeune garçon ou de cette jeune fille, en me nee Ils croient et con fessent, ils s’abaissent sous la main de Dieu! Je pense, moi, que ce sont ou des nâtures débiles, trop énervées pour une véritable amélioration, ou bien des hypocrites. Amenez-moi vos prétendus endurcis, les hommes à la puissante volonté, les forts; je vais les tirer de leur prison, les placer là où ils ont failli, les remettre sur le théâtre de leur faute, non pour les y attacher au pilori de la médisance et du préjugé, mais pour les y appeler à une activité plus bienfai sante. Je ne leur dirai pas : Priez et espérez en un meilleur monde! Je leur dirai : Travaillez, rendez-vous utiles aux autres, et cette vie vous offrira encore une plus belle récompense qu’à beaucoup d’entre ceux dont on n’a jamais con testé la valeur morale. » C’est Mre Kapp qui Havibi ici en son nom; mais cette dissertation ho HAEUANE U ne serait pas autrement déplacée dans la Bouche de son hé TOME V. 39 4 L'RRE, ne 2: AN Fe 2 AS GET OA Se : OA "JR ARE : 0" ; L L + Ne x « i ARE : x Le w 3 } PART AN 5 n'a. E À +: ' te: ee 7 MES 1 ” h À F . cn CPRUE TES £ ni , DOC? k f * 7 S « Fe : 4 dr AM À Æ. | j À ht ; A , 1" ‘ ba £ » 0 : * PALREC ' L * Le * ls » 866. | REVUE DES. DEUX MONDES. | roine, qui, au plus serr@lu roman, interrompt souvent l'action pour se livrer à ce genre d’éloquence. La vertueuse Nanna n’est pas, on le. voit, pourvue d'une piété plus orthodoxe que M" Kapp elle-même. f Nanna, si douce et si compatissante, n’en appartient pas moins à cette fière école de la libre personnalité dont Mwe Aston nous a révélé le fond; elle y a sans doute introduit sa fille Elfride, et c’est. une école qui. mène loin. Quel singulier dérangement. que celui qui peut assez trou . bler l'esprit d’une femme pour la porter jusqu’à renier cette naturelle dépendance de son sexe d’où lui vient sa force et son charme! Quelle: étrange dépravalion d'idées ne faut-il pas pour avoir l'ambition de cette virilité monstrueuse! Écoutez discuter cette. thèse à l’allemande: Le. député classique de Saint-Paul, le professeur Auring, soutient le droit de la barbe; Nanna lui répond, et c’est un dialogue en: règle. « Lorsque les hommes emploient toutes les forces de leur intelligence à sou tenir que la femme a son moi, son point d'appui, son centre de gravité hors d’elle même et seulement dans l’homme, que c’est par l’homme seul qu’elle’arrive à la liberté, combien ils s’éloignent de la nature,et comme ils se perdent.en partant de ce faux principe! Comme ils méconnaissent le devoir que leur impose notre triste condition présente et notre foi dans un avenir meilleur, le devoir sacré de rendre la femme libre et de lui donner son point d'appui en elle-même! » Le professeur fait bien quelques objections; il a peur que la tyran nie monocéphale de l’homme ne dégénère en anarchie ARENA Mre Nanna le rassure. ; | « Oh! que vous êtes vraiment un rouge impérialiste éniibha etes de la droite! Est-ce que l'amour n’est pas là pour tout unir, pour tout égaliser, pour vous attirer les sympathies et vous abandonner la souveraineté sans conteste”? » Et plus bas : « Oh! vous, homme de la science, de l'intelligence nue, pointue, anguleuse, analytique, vous qui n'avez jamais rencontré la femme avec le feu central, le feu solaire, le feu magnétique et fusionniste de son amour, de son intelligence et de sa bonté réunies, vous finissez par vous racornir dans la sécheresse de votre petite raison abstraite et anatomisante, qui ne vous laïsse plus rien de votre humanité, etc., etc. » Molière s’est moqué des précieuses de son temps, dont tout le crime était de vouloir ajouter à la noblesse du beau langage. Que c'étaient pourtant d’aimables pédantes à côté des précieuses du nouveau monde! IL les trouvait trop hardies d’affecter tant d’autorité sur les manières et sur le discours; encore n'était-ce qu'aux bourgeoises savantes, n’é tait-ce qu'aux fausses précieuses qu’il s’en prenait, et il a soin denous avertir qu’il respectait les véritables. Nous n'avons plus aujourd'hui que les fausses et les ridicules; seulement leurs prétentions ontchangé d'objet. Kégligeant beaucoup la grammaire, elles entreprennent de ré genter la vie publique; elles ont quitté la physique et les sonnets pour la nn tie D AE bn ee, Se ce on dd à à ‘ni ER Fee -prêcheuse de son “DEUX DAMES! HUMANITAIR Fe 867 | s Social. | Le jeu maintenant est devenu un drame : on dédaignerait d'échapper par. légèreté à à la discipline de la famille, on brise le joug par système; iln'y a plus de maris trompés, il n'ya jh des femmes qui protestent, chacune selon ses moyens. Les moyens de Nanna sont entre tous des moins criminels: elle est nétier, et, quand elle arrive de la théorie à la pratique, tout ce qu’elle essaie de plus décisif pour hâter l'émancipation du genre humain, c’est de fonder des salles d'asile, de vraies salles d'asile socia distes par exemple, et dont Ia donnée pourrait au besoin servir de mo dèle. On évite soigneusement d'y parler de Dieu aux petitsenfans, de les épouvanter de Dieu; en revanche on leur apprend l’entomologie ét l’or nithologie. Rien dé plus sérieux et de plus onctueux que la façon dont Nanna débite ce salutaire enseignement. Après tout, Nanna ne manque pas d’avoir une religion à sa manière, mais elle y vetit marcher «sans balancier;» elle a eu le courage «de déshabiller la madone de Lorette, etce qui lui est resté, c’est la vierge de Saïs moins son voile. » — «Ah! Nanna, s'écrie une pauvre servante qu’elle étourdit de ce curieux ser mon, jené pourrai jamais atteindre ces hauteurs, et la tête me tourne!» Encore-une fois, Nanna n’est qu'une prêcheuse, et il s’en faut que ce soit la prêcheuse de Jean-Jacques, quoiqu'il y ait des gens, dont je ne suis pas, qui prétendraient peut-être qu’elle en descend en droite ligne. Nanna prêche au coin du feu ou à l'ombre de son figuier; elle estrassise dans les clartés mourantes du couchant, avec ses paupières immobiles et closes, avec la tête penchée sur son sein, avec sa pâle figure baignée de ses longs cheveux noirs. L’héroïne de Me Aston en tend autrement la protestation des filles du siècle contre les tyrannies du passé. Elle est équipée de pied en cap en soldat du progrès : elle a endossé la blouse des travailleurs, elle a ceint le pantalpn des femmes libres, elle tient à la main les pistolets de l’'émeute, et, admirez l’incon séquence, M* Aston n'a pu s'empêcher de l’intituler la baronne Alice. Cette démocratie menteuse a toujours le goût des gens mal élevés pour les clinquans aristocratiques. | PA ie Il arrive d'ordinaire, dans les ouvrages d'imagination, que l'auteur s'identifie plus ou moins volontairement avec celle de ses figures dont 868 Ge REVUE DES DEUX MONDES. il lui plairait le mieux de tenir la place. Il n’y a guère de fable un peu vivante où l’on ne retrouve au premier plan, avec {ous les embellisse mens de l'idéal, la tête même du poète ou du romancier; c'est comme cela que hiéstet maîtres aimaient à se représenter sur un coin de leurs toiles. Je serais bien étonné que Nanna ne fût pas tout le portrait de Me Kapp, et je n'ai pas le moindre scrupule à risquer cette suppo sition, car enfin Nanna, pour n ‘être point de la meilleure éspèce des.
| 6,124 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37568729
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
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Amit Pore, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1397380, https://stackoverflow.com/users/865241, osagie
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Norwegian Nynorsk
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Spoken
| 313 | 562 |
How to specify DataContract in WCF with a referenced class
I have a sample service class:
[ServiceContract]
public interface IViaCardService
{
[OperationContract]
InstantIssuanceCardProfile RetrieveInstantIssuanceCardProfileByID(Int64 Id);
[OperationContract]
Card RetrieveBlankCardForVisa(string dummyAccount);
[OperationContract]
Card RetrieveByPAN(string cardpan);
}
Implementing class:
public class ViaCardService : IViaCardService
{
public InstantIssuanceCardProfile RetrieveInstantIssuanceCardProfileByID(Int64 Id)
{
InstantIssuanceCardProfile cp = new InstantIssuanceCardProfileSystem().RetrieveByID(Id);
return cp;
}
public Card RetrieveBlankCardForVisa(string dummyAccount)
{
return new CardSystem().RetrieveBlankCardForVisa(dummyAccount);
}
public Card RetrieveByPAN(string cardpan)
{
return new CardSystem().RetrieveByPAN(cardpan);
}
}
Now, the issue I have here is this: the classes InstantIssuanceCardProfile and Card are references added to the WCF Service Library (they are present in some other library. How do I now specify contracts for these two classes?
Interfaces are about behavior , why not create property in ViaCardService which get Card and InstantIssuanceCardProfile with [DataMember Name ="yourCard"]
It might be a good idea to decouple your service contract from the third party library over which you don't have direct control. This will help to keep your interface fixed, even if you update the library or exchange it completely.
You can do this by using Data Transfer Objects to define your service contract. For example, define a new class CardDto which contains only those properties of Card that you want to expose in your interface. This class must be serializable to work with WCF.
When replying to a service call, map the Card instance you use internally in your service to the DTO type defined in the contract. You can use AutoMapper to simplify these mapping steps.
that is a good idea... but for this case these classes, with many others I hope to user from the other library are many, and some of them have deep references with other classes. It's huge (this was an inherited project actually), so, I was kind of looking for an easier way out, than doing these things for possibly hundreds of classes.
| 36,322 |
https://github.com/akexorcist/ComplexRecyclerView/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/akexorcist/complexrecyclerviewr/api/MockApi.kt
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
ComplexRecyclerView
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akexorcist
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Kotlin
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Code
| 35 | 184 |
package com.akexorcist.complexrecyclerviewr.api
import com.akexorcist.complexrecyclerviewr.vo.ArticleCategoryResult
import com.akexorcist.complexrecyclerviewr.vo.ArticleGroupResult
object MockApi {
fun getProfile() = MockData.getAkexorcistProfile()
fun getArticleCategories() = ArticleCategoryResult(MockData.getArticleCategories())
fun getArticleGroup(groupId: String?) = when (groupId) {
"0872811069" -> ArticleGroupResult(MockData.getSleepingForLessArticleGroup())
"9785588260" -> ArticleGroupResult(MockData.getMediumArticleGroup())
else -> null
}
}
| 18,802 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2454116
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
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Bystus apicalis
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 1,583 | 4,421 |
Bystus apicalis
soort uit het geslacht Bystus
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Bystus apicalis ITIS-identificatiecode 771239
Bystus apicalis moedertaxon Bystus
Bystus apicalis EOL-identificatiecode 7356147
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Bystus apicalis IRMNG-identificatiecode 11604341
Bystus apicalis BioLib-identificatiecode 692701
Bystus apicalis Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/120vnby5
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Bystus apicalis
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Bystus apicalis instancia de taxón
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Bystus apicalis taxón superior inmediato Bystus
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Bystus apicalis identificador de taxón en GBIF 1042667
Bystus apicalis identificador IRMNG 11604341
Bystus apicalis identificador BioLib 692701
Bystus apicalis identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/120vnby5
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Bystus apicalis identificador Open Tree of Life 3354445
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Bystus apicalis là một đơn vị phân loại
Bystus apicalis TSN ITIS 771239
Bystus apicalis đơn vị phân loại mẹ Bystus
Bystus apicalis ID Bách khoa toàn thư Sự sống 7356147
Bystus apicalis định danh GBIF 1042667
Bystus apicalis ID IRMNG 11604341
Bystus apicalis ID BioLib 692701
Bystus apicalis ID trong sơ đồ tri thức của Google /g/120vnby5
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Bystus apicalis ITIS TSN 771239
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Bystus apicalis Encyclopedia of Life ID 7356147
Bystus apicalis GBIF taxon ID 1042667
Bystus apicalis IRMNG ID 11604341
Bystus apicalis BioLib taxon ID 692701
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Bystus apicalis istanza di taxon
Bystus apicalis identificativo ITIS 771239
Bystus apicalis taxon di livello superiore Bystus
Bystus apicalis identificativo EOL 7356147
Bystus apicalis identificativo GBIF 1042667
Bystus apicalis identificativo IRMNG 11604341
Bystus apicalis identificativo BioLib 692701
Bystus apicalis identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/120vnby5
Bystus apicalis nome in breve
Bystus apicalis
espèce d'insectes coléoptères
Bystus apicalis rang taxonomique espèce
Bystus apicalis nom scientifique du taxon Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis nature de l’élément taxon
Bystus apicalis identifiant Système d'information taxinomique intégré 771239
Bystus apicalis taxon supérieur Bystus
Bystus apicalis identifiant Encyclopédie de la Vie 7356147
Bystus apicalis identifiant Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1042667
Bystus apicalis identifiant Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera 11604341
Bystus apicalis identifiant BioLib 692701
Bystus apicalis identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/120vnby5
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Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis ordo species
Bystus apicalis taxon nomen Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis est taxon
Bystus apicalis parens Bystus
Bystus apicalis nomen breve
Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis
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Bystus apicalis instans av taxon
Bystus apicalis ITIS-TSN 771239
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Bystus apicalis Encyclopedia of Life-ID 7356147
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Bystus apicalis Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/120vnby5
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Bystus apicalis Open Tree of Life-ID 3354445
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Bystus apicalis
Art der Gattung Bystus
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Bystus apicalis wissenschaftlicher Name Bystus apicalis
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Bystus apicalis IRMNG-ID 11604341
Bystus apicalis BioLib-ID 692701
Bystus apicalis Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/120vnby5
Bystus apicalis Kurzname
Bystus apicalis OTT-ID 3354445
Bystus apicalis
вид насекомо
Bystus apicalis ранг на таксон вид
Bystus apicalis име на таксон Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis екземпляр на таксон
Bystus apicalis ITIS TSN 771239
Bystus apicalis родителски таксон Bystus
Bystus apicalis IRMNG ID 11604341
Bystus apicalis кратко име
Bystus apicalis
вид насекомых
Bystus apicalis таксономический ранг вид
Bystus apicalis международное научное название Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis это частный случай понятия таксон
Bystus apicalis код ITIS TSN 771239
Bystus apicalis ближайший таксон уровнем выше Bystus
Bystus apicalis идентификатор EOL 7356147
Bystus apicalis идентификатор GBIF 1042667
Bystus apicalis идентификатор IRMNG 11604341
Bystus apicalis идентификатор BioLib 692701
Bystus apicalis код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/120vnby5
Bystus apicalis краткое имя или название
Bystus apicalis код Open Tree of Life 3354445
Bystus apicalis
вид комах
Bystus apicalis таксономічний ранг вид
Bystus apicalis наукова назва таксона Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis є одним із таксон
Bystus apicalis номер у ITIS 771239
Bystus apicalis батьківський таксон Bystus
Bystus apicalis ідентифікатор EOL 7356147
Bystus apicalis ідентифікатор у GBIF 1042667
Bystus apicalis ідентифікатор IRMNG 11604341
Bystus apicalis ідентифікатор BioLib 692701
Bystus apicalis Google Knowledge Graph /g/120vnby5
Bystus apicalis коротка назва
Bystus apicalis ідентифікатор Open Tree of Life 3354445
Bystus apicalis
especie d'inseutu
Bystus apicalis categoría taxonómica especie
Bystus apicalis nome del taxón Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis instancia de taxón
Bystus apicalis identificador ITIS 771239
Bystus apicalis taxón inmediatamente superior Bystus
Bystus apicalis identificador EOL 7356147
Bystus apicalis nome curtiu
Bystus apicalis
specie de coleoptere
Bystus apicalis rang taxonomic specie
Bystus apicalis nume științific Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis este un/o taxon
Bystus apicalis taxon superior Bystus
Bystus apicalis identificator EOL 7356147
Bystus apicalis identificator Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1042667
Bystus apicalis Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/120vnby5
Bystus apicalis nume scurt
Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis rang an tacsóin speiceas
Bystus apicalis ainm an tacsóin Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis sampla de tacsón
Bystus apicalis máthairthacsón Bystus
Bystus apicalis ainm gearr
Bystus apicalis
espécie de inseto
Bystus apicalis categoria taxonómica espécie
Bystus apicalis nome do táxon Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis instância de táxon
Bystus apicalis número de série taxonômico do ITIS 771239
Bystus apicalis táxon imediatamente superior Bystus
Bystus apicalis identificador Encyclopedia of Life 7356147
Bystus apicalis identificador Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1042667
Bystus apicalis IRMNG ID 11604341
Bystus apicalis identificador BioLib 692701
Bystus apicalis identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/120vnby5
Bystus apicalis nome curto
Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis kategoria systematyczna gatunek
Bystus apicalis naukowa nazwa taksonu Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis jest to takson
Bystus apicalis ITIS TSN 771239
Bystus apicalis takson nadrzędny Bystus
Bystus apicalis identyfikator EOL 7356147
Bystus apicalis identyfikator GBIF 1042667
Bystus apicalis identyfikator IRMNG 11604341
Bystus apicalis identyfikator BioLib 692701
Bystus apicalis identyfikator Google Knowledge Graph /g/120vnby5
Bystus apicalis nazwa skrócona
Bystus apicalis identyfikator Open Tree of Life 3354445
Bystus apicalis
lloj i insekteve
Bystus apicalis emri shkencor Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis instancë e takson
Bystus apicalis ITIS-TSN 771239
Bystus apicalis emër i shkurtër
Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis taksonitaso laji
Bystus apicalis tieteellinen nimi Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Bystus apicalis ITIS-tunnistenumero 771239
Bystus apicalis osa taksonia Bystus
Bystus apicalis Encyclopedia of Life -tunniste 7356147
Bystus apicalis Global Biodiversity Information Facility -tunniste 1042667
Bystus apicalis IRMNG-tunniste 11604341
Bystus apicalis BioLib-tunniste 692701
Bystus apicalis Google Knowledge Graph -tunniste /g/120vnby5
Bystus apicalis lyhyt nimi
Bystus apicalis Open Tree of Life -tunniste 3354445
Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis nem brefik
Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis taksonomia rango specio
Bystus apicalis taksonomia nomo Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis estas taksono
Bystus apicalis ITIS-TSN 771239
Bystus apicalis supera taksono Bystus
Bystus apicalis identigilo laŭ Enciklopedio de Vivo 7356147
Bystus apicalis numero en BioLib 692701
Bystus apicalis identigilo en Scio-Grafo de Google /g/120vnby5
Bystus apicalis mallonga nomo
Bystus apicalis
especie de insecto
Bystus apicalis categoría taxonómica especie
Bystus apicalis nome do taxon Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis instancia de taxon
Bystus apicalis identificador ITIS 771239
Bystus apicalis taxon superior inmediato Bystus
Bystus apicalis identificador EOL 7356147
Bystus apicalis identificador GBIF 1042667
Bystus apicalis identificador IRMNG de taxon 11604341
Bystus apicalis identificador BioLib 692701
Bystus apicalis identificador de Google Knowledge Graph /g/120vnby5
Bystus apicalis nome curto
Bystus apicalis identificador Open Tree of Life 3354445
Bystus apicalis
especie d'insecto
Bystus apicalis instancia de Taxón
Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis reng taxonomic espècia
Bystus apicalis nom scientific Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis natura de l'element taxon
Bystus apicalis identificant ITIS 771239
Bystus apicalis taxon superior Bystus
Bystus apicalis identificant Encyclopedia of Life 7356147
Bystus apicalis identificant GBIF 1042667
Bystus apicalis BioLib ID 692701
Bystus apicalis nom cort
Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis
espécie de inseto
Bystus apicalis categoria taxonômica espécie
Bystus apicalis nome taxológico Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis instância de táxon
Bystus apicalis identificador ITIS 771239
Bystus apicalis táxon imediatamente superior Bystus
Bystus apicalis identificador EOL 7356147
Bystus apicalis identificador GBIF 1042667
Bystus apicalis identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/120vnby5
Bystus apicalis nome curto
Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis
espècie d'insecte
Bystus apicalis categoria taxonòmica espècie
Bystus apicalis nom científic Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis instància de tàxon
Bystus apicalis identificador ITIS 771239
Bystus apicalis tàxon superior immediat Bystus
Bystus apicalis identificador Encyclopedia of Life 7356147
Bystus apicalis identificador GBIF 1042667
Bystus apicalis identificador IRMNG de tàxon 11604341
Bystus apicalis identificador BioLib 692701
Bystus apicalis identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/120vnby5
Bystus apicalis nom curt
Bystus apicalis identificador Open Tree of Life 3354445
Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis rango taxonomic specie
Bystus apicalis nomine del taxon Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis instantia de taxon
Bystus apicalis taxon superior immediate Bystus
Bystus apicalis ID EOL 7356147
Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis maila taxonomikoa espezie
Bystus apicalis izen zientifikoa Bystus apicalis
Bystus apicalis honako hau da taxon
Bystus apicalis ITIS-en identifikadorea 771239
Bystus apicalis goiko maila taxonomikoa Bystus
Bystus apicalis EOL-en identifikatzailea 7356147
Bystus apicalis GBIFen identifikatzailea 1042667
Bystus apicalis IRMNG identifikatzailea 11604341
Bystus apicalis BioLib identifikatzailea 692701
Bystus apicalis Google Knowledge Graph identifikatzailea /g/120vnby5
Bystus apicalis izen laburra
Bystus apicalis Open Tree of Life identifikatzailea 3354445
Bystus apicalis
speco di insekto
Bystus apicalis identifikilo che Google Knowledge Graph /g/120vnby5
Bystus apicalis kurta nomo
| 43,215 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63904759
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,020 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 54 | 101 |
Issues with OpenCV common pkg-config --cflags --libs opencv
I am trying to install openCV on my Mac, and have gotten to the point of calling this command:
pkg-config --cflags --libs opencv
and get the error:
Variable 'prefix not defined in '/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig/opencv.pc'
I've tried looking online and cannot find anything about this error. Any advice?
| 27,181 |
|
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32502399
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Bobrovka
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 111 | 299 |
Bobrovka
river in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia - Geonames ID = 8358370
Bobrovka instance of river
Bobrovka GeoNames ID 8358370
Bobrovka elevation above sea level
Bobrovka country Russia
Bobrovka located in the administrative territorial entity Irkutsk Oblast
Bobrovka coordinate location
Bobrovka GNS Unique Feature ID 11287607
Bobrovka
Бобровка
Бобровка это частный случай понятия река
Бобровка код GeoNames 8358370
Бобровка высота над уровнем моря
Бобровка государство Россия
Бобровка административно-территориальная единица Иркутская область
Бобровка географические координаты
Бобровка код GNS 11287607
Bobrovka
Bobrovka sampla de abhainn
Bobrovka ID GeoNames 8358370
Bobrovka airde os cionn na farraige
Bobrovka tír an Rúis
Bobrovka lonnaithe sa limistéar riaracháin Cúige Irkutsk
Bobrovka comhordanáidí geografacha
Bobrovka ID Uathúil GNS 11287607
| 33,870 |
https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/152683
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Prototype958, Tharwen, https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/24394, https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/68585, https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/70464, scenia
|
English
|
Spoken
| 467 | 717 |
Arena keys and corresponding wins
What is the list of keys and their corresponding wins?
I have it listing that the highest number of wins I've had in arena is a Champion key, but it doesn't say how many wins it was.
Champion key is 8 wins.
Straight from a Hearthstone Wiki
Wins Key No.** Possible rewards
0 Novice 2 A pack and 25-40 gold or dust or a common card.
1 Apprentice 2 A pack and 30-50 gold or dust or a common card.
2 Journeyman 2 A pack, and either 40-50 gold or dust, or a common or rare card.
3 Copper 3 A pack and 25-35 gold, plus either about 20-25 dust or gold, or a common or rare card.
4 Silver 3 A pack and 40-60 gold, plus either about 20-25 dust or gold, or a common or rare card.
5 Gold 3 A pack and 50-60 gold, plus either about 45-60 dust or gold, or a common or rare card.
6 Platinum 3-4 A pack and 75-85 gold, plus one or two prizes from the following*: about 50 dust or gold, and regular or golden common or rare card.
7 Diamond 3-4 A pack and about 155 gold, and one or two of the following*: about 25 dust or gold, and common, rare and golden cards.
8 Champion 3-4 A pack and about 155 gold, and one or two of the following*: 25 dust, 20-40 gold, and a regular or golden variation of any card.
9 Ruby 3-4 A pack, about 155 gold, and one or two of the following*: 50 dust, 75-95 gold, and a regular or golden variation of any card.
10 Frostborn 3-4 A pack, about 180 gold, and one or two of the following*: 70-90 dust, 65-115 gold, a golden common, and regular or golden variation of any card, rare or above.
11 Molten 3-4 A pack, about 200 gold, and one or two of the following*: 60-90 dust, 80-180 gold, a golden common, and regular or golden variation of any card, rare or above.
12 Lightforge 5 A pack, about 230 gold, and three of the following*: another pack, 20-25 dust, 20-175 gold, a golden common, and regular or golden variation of any card, rare or above.
* Each reward can appear multiple times
** Number of rewards
What does the "No." column mean?
@scenia Number of "Prize Boxes" I'm guessing. Each key presents you with a number of prize boxes that you open to receive your actual prizes. Each one can contain either a Pack, Dust, Gold or an individual Card.
Just wanted to add, there are higher possibilities than rare/golden cards. At 12 wins I got a legendary card + 2 packs + 220 + 25 gold.
This is out of date, according to http://hearthstone.gamepedia.com/Arena#Table
| 24,849 |
https://github.com/liftchampion/nativejson-benchmark/blob/master/thirdparty/ccan/ccan/ntdb/test/run-lockall.c
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
nativejson-benchmark
|
liftchampion
|
C
|
Code
| 173 | 863 |
#include "../private.h"
#include <unistd.h>
#include "lock-tracking.h"
#define fcntl fcntl_with_lockcheck
#include "ntdb-source.h"
#include "tap-interface.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include "external-agent.h"
#include "logging.h"
#include "helprun-external-agent.h"
#define TEST_DBNAME "run-lockall.ntdb"
#define KEY_STR "key"
#undef fcntl
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct agent *agent;
int flags[] = { NTDB_DEFAULT, NTDB_NOMMAP,
NTDB_CONVERT, NTDB_NOMMAP|NTDB_CONVERT };
int i;
plan_tests(13 * sizeof(flags)/sizeof(flags[0]) + 1);
agent = prepare_external_agent();
if (!agent)
err(1, "preparing agent");
for (i = 0; i < sizeof(flags)/sizeof(flags[0]); i++) {
enum agent_return ret;
struct ntdb_context *ntdb;
ntdb = ntdb_open(TEST_DBNAME, flags[i]|MAYBE_NOSYNC,
O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0600, &tap_log_attr);
ok1(ntdb);
ret = external_agent_operation(agent, OPEN, TEST_DBNAME);
ok1(ret == SUCCESS);
ok1(ntdb_lockall(ntdb) == NTDB_SUCCESS);
ok1(external_agent_operation(agent, STORE, KEY_STR "=" KEY_STR)
== WOULD_HAVE_BLOCKED);
ok1(external_agent_operation(agent, FETCH, KEY_STR "=" KEY_STR)
== WOULD_HAVE_BLOCKED);
/* Test nesting. */
ok1(ntdb_lockall(ntdb) == NTDB_SUCCESS);
ntdb_unlockall(ntdb);
ntdb_unlockall(ntdb);
ok1(external_agent_operation(agent, STORE, KEY_STR "=" KEY_STR)
== SUCCESS);
ok1(ntdb_lockall_read(ntdb) == NTDB_SUCCESS);
ok1(external_agent_operation(agent, STORE, KEY_STR "=" KEY_STR)
== WOULD_HAVE_BLOCKED);
ok1(external_agent_operation(agent, FETCH, KEY_STR "=" KEY_STR)
== SUCCESS);
ok1(ntdb_lockall_read(ntdb) == NTDB_SUCCESS);
ntdb_unlockall_read(ntdb);
ntdb_unlockall_read(ntdb);
ok1(external_agent_operation(agent, STORE, KEY_STR "=" KEY_STR)
== SUCCESS);
ok1(external_agent_operation(agent, CLOSE, NULL) == SUCCESS);
ntdb_close(ntdb);
}
free_external_agent(agent);
ok1(tap_log_messages == 0);
return exit_status();
}
| 29,135 |
https://github.com/chyla/photoapp/blob/master/app/src/test/java/org/chyla/photoapp/Synchronization/SynchronizationActivityTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
photoapp
|
chyla
|
Java
|
Code
| 150 | 691 |
package org.chyla.photoapp.Synchronization;
import android.content.ComponentName;
import android.content.Intent;
import org.chyla.photoapp.BaseTest;
import org.chyla.photoapp.BuildConfig;
import org.chyla.photoapp.Main.MainActivity;
import org.chyla.photoapp.R;
import org.chyla.photoapp.Synchronization.Presenter.SynchronizationPresenter;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.mockito.Mock;
import org.robolectric.Robolectric;
import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner;
import org.robolectric.android.controller.ActivityController;
import org.robolectric.annotation.Config;
import org.robolectric.shadows.ShadowActivity;
import static junit.framework.Assert.assertEquals;
import static junit.framework.Assert.assertTrue;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
import static org.robolectric.Shadows.shadowOf;
@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner.class)
@Config(constants = BuildConfig.class)
public class SynchronizationActivityTest extends BaseTest {
@Mock
private SynchronizationPresenter presenter;
private ActivityController<SynchronizationActivity> controller;
private SynchronizationActivity activity;
private ShadowActivity shadowActivity;
@Override
public void setUp() {
super.setUp();
SynchronizationActivity synchronizationActivity = new SynchronizationActivity() {
@Override
public void setTheme(int resid) {
super.setTheme(R.style.AppTheme_NoActionBar);
}
public SynchronizationPresenter getPresenter() {
return presenter;
}
};
controller = ActivityController.of(Robolectric.getShadowsAdapter(), synchronizationActivity).create().visible();
activity = controller.get();
shadowActivity = shadowOf(activity);
}
@Test
public void testOnCreateShouldDoNothing() {
}
@Test
public void testStartMainActivity() {
activity.startMainActivity();
Intent intent = shadowActivity.peekNextStartedActivity();
assertEquals(new ComponentName(activity, MainActivity.class), intent.getComponent());
assertTrue(shadowActivity.isFinishing());
}
@Test
public void testOnStart() {
activity.onStart();
verify(presenter, times(1)).onStart();
}
@Test
public void testOnStop() {
presenter.onStop();
verify(presenter, times(1)).onStop();
}
}
| 24,406 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54837851
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
Hooni, https://stackoverflow.com/users/11021795, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4758255, ישו אוהב אותך
|
English
|
Spoken
| 621 | 1,280 |
Wrong 1st argument type. Found: 'com.example.sunshine.FetchData', required: 'android.content.Context'
I guess this question is more about understanding context and how to use it properly.
After having googled and "stackoverflowed" a lot I could not find the answer.
Problem:
when using DateUtils.formatDateTime I cannot use "this" as a context. The error message is as described in the title.
Application Info:
This is a simple weather app retrieving weather information via JSON and displaying it on the screen.
Activities:
- MainActivity.java
- FetchData.java
MainActivity: displaying the info
FetchData: getting JSON info from the API, formatting it and sending it back to MainActivity
I am using DateUtils.formatDateTime in the FetchData.java activity and using "this" as a context does not work.
As from my understanding Context provided the "environment" (?) of where the method is being called.
Why is the "environment" of FetchData not valid?
What content should be provided instead?
Help is much appreciated.
Thank you :)
Code:
private ArrayList<String> getWeatherDataFromJson(String forecastJsontStr) throws JSONException {
ArrayList<String> dailyWeatherInfo = new ArrayList<>();
int dataCount;
DateUtils tempDate = new DateUtils();
JSONObject weatherData = new JSONObject(forecastJsontStr);
JSONArray threeHourWeatherData = weatherData.getJSONArray(JSON_LIST);
dataCount = weatherData.getInt("cnt");
JSONObject tempJSONWeatherData;
for (int i = 0; i < dataCount; i++) {
tempJSONWeatherData = threeHourWeatherData.getJSONObject(i);
tempDate.formatDateTime(this,tempJSONWeatherData.getLong("dt"),
DateUtils.FORMAT_SHOW_DATE | DateUtils.FORMAT_SHOW_WEEKDAY |
DateUtils.FORMAT_ABBREV_ALL);
[more code here]
return dailyWeatherInfo;
}
Edit: I just realized I left out an important detail, namely this activity extends AsyncTask. After some further research apparently you provide the context bei adding WeakReference and then adding context in the constructor.
I added the following code:
private WeakReference<Context> contextWeakReference;
public FetchData (Content context) {
contextWeakReference = new WeakReference<>();
}
tempDate.formatDateTime(contextWeakReference.get(),tempJSONWeatherData.getLong("dt"),
DateUtils.FORMAT_SHOW_DATE | DateUtils.FORMAT_SHOW_WEEKDAY |
DateUtils.FORMAT_ABBREV_ALL);
This made the error disappear but I still don't understand why "this" doesn't work.
I am using DateUtils.formatDateTime in the FetchData.java activity and
using "this" as a context does not work. As from my understanding
Context provided the "environment" (?) of where the method is being
called.
You're incorrect, Context is Android context which is (from documentation):
Interface to global information about an application environment. This
is an abstract class whose implementation is provided by the Android
system. It allows access to application-specific resources and
classes, as well as up-calls for application-level operations such as
launching activities, broadcasting and receiving intents, etc.
DateUtils.formatDateTime() needs Context as one of its parameter. So, you need to pass a context.
Android Activity is sub class of Context, so you can use this (which refer to itself) as the context like the following:
public class MyActivity extends Activity {
...
protected void doSomething() {
// this refer to the MyActivity instance which is a Context.
DateUtils.formatDateTime(this, ...);
}
...
}
You need to pass the Context for every class that is not a Context subclass.
You can't use this in AsyncTask because it's not a Context subclass. So, you need to pass the Context using WeakReference to avoid Context leaking, like the following:
private class AsyncTaskRunner extends AsyncTask<String, String, String> {
private WeakReference<Context> contextWeakReference;
public FetchData (Content context) {
contextWeakReference = new WeakReference<>();
}
private void doSomething() {
// We have the context from the WeakReference
Context context = contextWeakReference.get();
DateUtils.formatDateTime(context, ...);
}
}
Last, you don't need to create a DateUtils object when calling DateUtils.formatDateTime(), so this isn't necessary:
DateUtils tempDate = new DateUtils();
tempDate.formatDateTime(...);
You can directly call it because it's a static method:
DateUtils.formatDateTime(...);
Thanks a lot! :)
[tried to upvote but cant due to low reputation]
Great it helps you!.. Don't think about it, just focus on your journey and don't forget to contribute to SO when you have a time ;)
tempDate.formatDateTime(this,tempJSONWeatherData.getLong("dt"), instead of this you can pass context of application, this refers on class FetchData
Thanks for your answer.
How do i do this? Unfortunately, getApplicationContext() does not work.
| 11,928 |
https://github.com/jpillora/mitsubishi_hass/blob/master/custom_components/echonetlite/config_flow.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
mitsubishi_hass
|
jpillora
|
Python
|
Code
| 422 | 1,671 |
"""Config flow for echonetlite integration."""
from __future__ import annotations
import logging
import asyncio
from typing import Any
import voluptuous as vol
from homeassistant import config_entries
from homeassistant.core import HomeAssistant, callback
from homeassistant.data_entry_flow import FlowResult
from homeassistant.exceptions import HomeAssistantError
from homeassistant.data_entry_flow import AbortFlow
from homeassistant.util import Throttle
import homeassistant.helpers.config_validation as cv
from pychonet.HomeAirConditioner import ENL_FANSPEED, ENL_AIR_VERT, ENL_AIR_HORZ
import pychonet as echonet
from .const import DOMAIN, USER_OPTIONS
_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
# TODO adjust the data schema to the data that you need
STEP_USER_DATA_SCHEMA = vol.Schema(
{
vol.Required("host"): str,
vol.Required("title"): str,
}
)
async def validate_input(hass: HomeAssistant, data: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
"""Validate the user input allows us to connect."""
_LOGGER.warning(f"IP address is {data['host']}")
instances = await hass.async_add_executor_job(echonet.discover, data["host"])
if len(instances) == 0:
raise CannotConnect
return {"host": data["host"], "title": data["title"], "instances": instances}
async def discover_devices(hass: HomeAssistant, discovery_info: list):
# Then build default object and grab static such as UID and property maps...
for instance in discovery_info['instances']:
device = await hass.async_add_executor_job(echonet.EchonetInstance, instance['eojgc'], instance['eojcc'], instance['eojci'], instance['netaddr'])
device_data = await hass.async_add_executor_job(device.update, [0x83,0x9f,0x9e])
instance['getPropertyMap'] = device_data[0x9f]
instance['setPropertyMap'] = device_data[0x9e]
if device_data[0x83]:
instance['UID'] = await hass.async_add_executor_job(device.getIdentificationNumber)
else:
instance['UID'] = f'{instance["netaddr"]}-{instance["eojgc"]}{instance["eojcc"]}{instance["eojci"]}'
_LOGGER.debug(discovery_info)
# Return info that you want to store in the config entry.
return discovery_info
class ConfigFlow(config_entries.ConfigFlow, domain=DOMAIN):
"""Handle a config flow for echonetlite."""
discover_task = None
discovery_info = {}
instances = None
VERSION = 1
async def _async_do_task(self, task):
self.discovery_info = await task # A task that take some time to complete.
self.hass.async_create_task(
self.hass.config_entries.flow.async_configure(flow_id=self.flow_id)
)
return self.discovery_info
async def async_step_user(self, user_input: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> FlowResult:
errors = {}
"""Handle the initial step."""
if user_input is None:
return self.async_show_form(
step_id="user", data_schema=STEP_USER_DATA_SCHEMA
)
try:
self.discovery_info = await validate_input(self.hass, user_input)
except CannotConnect:
errors["base"] = "cannot_connect"
except Exception: # pylint: disable=broad-except
_LOGGER.exception("Unexpected exception")
errors["base"] = "unknown"
else:
return await self.async_step_discover(user_input)
return self.async_show_form(
step_id="user", data_schema=STEP_USER_DATA_SCHEMA, errors=errors
)
async def async_step_discover(self, user_input=None):
errors = {}
if not self.discover_task:
_LOGGER.debug('Step 1')
try:
self.discover_task = self.hass.async_create_task(self._async_do_task(discover_devices(self.hass, self.discovery_info)))
except Exception: # pylint: disable=broad-except
_LOGGER.exception("Unexpected exception")
else:
return self.async_show_progress(step_id="discover", progress_action="user")
return self.async_show_progress_done(next_step_id="finish")
async def async_step_finish(self, user_input=None):
#_LOGGER.debug("Step 4")
return self.async_create_entry(title=self.discovery_info["title"], data=self.discovery_info)
@staticmethod
@callback
def async_get_options_flow(config_entry):
return OptionsFlowHandler(config_entry)
class CannotConnect(HomeAssistantError):
"""Error to indicate we cannot connect."""
class OptionsFlowHandler(config_entries.OptionsFlow):
def __init__(self, config):
self._config_entry = config
async def async_step_init(self, user_input=None):
"""Manage the options."""
data_schema_structure = {}
# Handle HVAC User configurable options
for instance in self._config_entry.data["instances"]:
if instance['eojgc'] == 0x01 and instance['eojcc'] == 0x30:
for option in list(USER_OPTIONS.keys()):
if option in instance['setPropertyMap']:
data_schema_structure.update({vol.Optional(
USER_OPTIONS[option]['option'],
default=self._config_entry.options.get(USER_OPTIONS[option]['option']) if self._config_entry.options.get(USER_OPTIONS[option]['option']) is not None else [] ,
):cv.multi_select(USER_OPTIONS[option]['option_list'])})
if user_input is not None:
return self.async_create_entry(title="", data=user_input)
return self.async_show_form(
step_id="init",
data_schema=vol.Schema(data_schema_structure),
)
| 49,394 |
https://github.com/2channelkrt/ALADDIN/blob/master/common/typedefs.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,019 |
ALADDIN
|
2channelkrt
|
C
|
Code
| 131 | 666 |
#ifndef __TYPEDEFS_H__
#define __TYPEDEFS_H__
#include <boost/config.hpp>
#include <boost/graph/adjacency_list.hpp>
#include <boost/graph/graph_traits.hpp>
#include <boost/graph/graphviz.hpp>
#include <boost/graph/iteration_macros.hpp>
#include <boost/graph/properties.hpp>
#include <boost/graph/topological_sort.hpp>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>
typedef uint64_t Addr;
// Typedefs for Boost::Graph.
namespace boost {
enum vertex_node_id_t { vertex_node_id };
BOOST_INSTALL_PROPERTY(vertex, node_id);
}
typedef boost::property<boost::vertex_node_id_t, unsigned> VertexProperty;
typedef boost::property<boost::edge_name_t, uint8_t> EdgeProperty;
typedef boost::adjacency_list<boost::setS,
boost::vecS,
boost::bidirectionalS,
VertexProperty,
EdgeProperty> Graph;
typedef boost::graph_traits<Graph>::vertex_descriptor Vertex;
typedef boost::graph_traits<Graph>::edge_descriptor Edge;
typedef boost::graph_traits<Graph>::vertex_iterator vertex_iter;
typedef boost::graph_traits<Graph>::edge_iterator edge_iter;
typedef boost::graph_traits<Graph>::in_edge_iterator in_edge_iter;
typedef boost::graph_traits<Graph>::out_edge_iterator out_edge_iter;
typedef boost::property_map<Graph, boost::edge_name_t>::type EdgeNameMap;
typedef boost::property_map<Graph, boost::vertex_node_id_t>::type VertexNameMap;
// Other convenience typedefs.
class PartitionEntry;
class ExecNode;
namespace SrcTypes {
class UniqueLabel;
class DynamicVariable;
};
typedef std::unordered_map<SrcTypes::UniqueLabel, unsigned> unrolling_config_t;
typedef std::unordered_set<SrcTypes::UniqueLabel> pipeline_config_t;
typedef std::unordered_map<std::string, PartitionEntry> partition_config_t;
typedef std::multimap<unsigned, SrcTypes::UniqueLabel> labelmap_t;
typedef std::unordered_map<SrcTypes::UniqueLabel, SrcTypes::UniqueLabel>
inline_labelmap_t;
typedef std::pair<ExecNode*, ExecNode*> node_pair_t;
typedef std::pair<const ExecNode*, const ExecNode*> cnode_pair_t;
typedef std::map<unsigned, ExecNode*> ExecNodeMap;
#endif
| 11,439 |
39002086306215.med.yale.edu_12
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,887 |
Vorlesungen über die geschichtliche Entwickelung der Lehre von den Bacterien,öeffler ..
|
Löffler, Friedrich,1852-1915
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,107 | 13,866 |
Wie war nun diese Schwierigkeit zu heben? Wiederum waren es die beim Photographiren gemachten Beobachtungen, welche Koch zur Lösung der Frage führten. Bekannt war die Wirkung der Blenden auf das mikroskopische Bild: eine enge Blende verdunkelt nicht allein das Gesichtsfeld, sondern hebt auch die Structur des Objectes mehr hervor, eine weite Blende dagegen macht das Bild heller, lässt aber auch einen Theil der Structur undeutlicher werden. Als Koch nun beim Photographiren zum Beleuchten des Objectes nicht den Hohlspiegel, sondern eine Linse oder einen Condensor von kurzer Brennweite benutzte und vor demselben Blenden von verschiedener AVeite anbrachte, fand er, dass bei enger Blende ein schmaler, nahezu aus parallelen Strahlen bestehender Lichtkegel das Präparat traf, Koch verwendet den AsBE'schen Belcuchtungsapparat. 2'-) 1 dass mit zunehmender Blendenöffnung bei gleicher Länge des Licht- kegels die Basis desselben immer breiter, das Gesichtsfeld immer heller, die Structurzeichnung immer schwächer und das Farbenbild immer intensiver und schärfer wurde. Wenn es also gelang, einen Beleuchtungskegel von möglichst grosser Oeffnung zur Beleuchtung zu verwenden, so musste auch es gelingen, die störenden Diffrac- tionserscheinungen, das Structurbild , gänzlich zum Verschwinden zu bringen. Nach langem Suchen fand Koch ein diesem Zwecke voll- ständig entsprechendes Instrument in einem von Carl Zeiss in Jena angefertigten, von Abbe angegebenen Beleuchtungsapparat, welcher „aus einer Linsencombination bestand, deren Brennpunkt nur einige Millimeter von der Frontlinse entfernt war. Wenn die combinirte Beleuchtungslinse also in der Oeffnung des Mikroskoptisches, und zwar ein wenig tiefer als die Tischebene sich befand, so fiel deren Brennpunkt mit dem zu beobachtenden Object zusammen und letz- teres erhielt in dieser Stellung die günstigste Beleuchtung. Der Oeff- nungswinkel der ausfahrenden Strahlen war so gross, dass die äusser- sten derselben in einer Wasserschicht fast 6(>° gegen die Axe geneigt waren, der gesammte wirksame Lichtkegel demnach eine Oeffnung von 120°, also eine grössere Oeffnung als irgend ein anderer Con- densor besass. " Durch Blenden, welche zwischen Spiegel und Beleuchtungs- apparat eingeschaltet werden konnten, Hess sich die Oeffnung des Strahlenkegels nach Belieben modificiren. Wenn er nun einen ge- färbten Schnitt mit Hülfe dieses Apparates beleuchtete, indem er durch den Planspiegel das Licht einer hellen weissen Wolke auf den Condensor und durch diesen auf das Object warf, und zuerst ganz enge und dann immer weitere Blenden einschaltete, so sah er mit zunehmender Helligkeit des Gesichtsfeldes die Structurschatten nach und nach vollständig verschwinden und zuletzt nur das reine klare Farbenbild scharf hervortreten. Um die Wirkung des ABBE'schen Beleuchtungsapparates zu ver- anschaulichen, bediente sich Koch einer sehr sinnreichen, äusserst einfachen Vorrichtung. „ Dieselbe besteht, u schreibt Koch, „aus einem kleinen, mit Canadabalsam gefüllten Glasgefäss, in welches kleine 232 Koch führt die Systeme für homogene Immersion ein. gefärbte und ungefärbte Glasperlen gethan werden. Es sind also ähnliche Bedingungen gegeben, wie bei einem in Canadabalsam ein- gelegten, gefärbten Präparat. Die gefärbten Perlen entsprechen den gefärbten Kernen oder Bacterien, die farblosen Perlen den ungefärbt gebliebenen Gewebstheilen. Sieht man nun durch das Glas auf ein dicht darunter gelegtes breites, hell vom Tageslicht beschienenes Blatt Papier, dann ist von den farblosen Perlen nichts zu sehen, die gefärbten hingegen sind deutlich und scharf zu erkennen ; wird aber das Papier von dem Glase entfernt, also der die Perlen beleuchtende Strahlenkegel bei gleicher Basis länger und sein Oeffnungswinkel immer kleiner, dann tritt dieselbe Erscheinung ein, wie wenn beim AßBE'schen Beleuchtungsapparat successive engere Blendenöffnungen genommen werden; die ungefärbten Perlen fangen nämlich allmählich an sichtbar zu werden, nehmen immer deutlichere und dunklere Um- risse an, auch die gefärbten Perlen erscheinen dunkler, zuletzt sind beide Perlenproben wenig mehr zu unterscheiden und es können farbige durch ungefärbte vollständig verdeckt werden." Für die Benutzung des AßBE'schen Apparates machte Koch zu- gleich darauf aufmerksam, dass nur solche Objectiv-Systeme mit demselben ein scharfes nicht verschleiertes Farbenbild gäben, bei welchen sämmtliche Zonen, namentlich die Randzonen der Objectiv- öffnung richtig corrigirt seien. Als vorzüglich geeignet fand er die von Zeiss nach den Angaben von Abbe construirten Oelsysteme, Systeme, bei welchen als Immersionsflüssigkeit ein Oel verwandt wurde, dessen Brechungsindex dem des Glases nahezu gleich war. Die Anwendung des AßBE'schen Beleuchtungsappa- rates in Verbindung mit den Objectiven für homogene Immersion zur Untersuch ung der mit Anilinfarben ge- färbten Präparate durch Koch stellt einen hochbedeu- tungsvollen Markstein dar in der Geschichte der Erfor- schung der Infectionskrankheiten. Obwohl die neuen Untersuchungsmethoden offenbar ausserordent- liche Vortheile darboten, empfahl Koch jedoch keineswegs deren ausschliessliche Verwendung für die Untersuchung auf pathogene Or- ganismen. Er wusste durchaus den Werth der älteren Methoden, die Untersuchung der frischen Objecte mit und ohne Anwendung von Alkalien und Säuren zu schätzen, ja er erklärte ausdrücklich, dass er auch diese Verfahren häufig in controlirender Weise neben seiner Untersuchungsmethode verwerthet habe. Auch machte er auf ge- wisse Schwierigkeiten und Fehlerquellen bei der Benutzung seiner Methode aufmerksam. Vereinzelte Bacterien, welche ja dem beob- Kocu's Methode zur isolirten Färbung von Bacterien in Gewebsschnitten. 233 achtenden Auge nicht entgingen, könnten aus den beim Färben, Aus- waschen u. s. w. gebrauchten Flüssigkeiten stammen. Einzelne Bac- terien , welche nur in den oberflächlichen Schichten von Organen gefunden würden, Hessen vermuthen, dass es sich um beginnende Fäulniss handle. Man müsse deshalb, um jeden Einwand von Ver- wechselung mit Fäulnissbacterien auszuschliessen, nur solche Objecte zur Untersuchung ziehen, die unmittelbar oder nur wenige Stunden nach dem Tode der Versuchsthiere in absoluten Alkohol gelegt wor- den seien. Zu Verwechselungen mit Mikrokokken könnten auch die von Ehelich beschriebenen Plasmazellen Anlass geben, glatte, mei- stens der Aussenwand der Gefässe aufsitzende Zellen, welche aus einem rund um einen Kern gruppirten Körnerhaufen bestünden. Diese Körnchen färbten sich genau wie die Mikrokokken, während der Kern ungefärbt bleibe. Die ungleiche Grösse der Körnchen und das Vor- handensein des Kerns sicherten indess leicht die Diagnose. Wenn es sich darum handle, jede Verwechselung der Bacterien mit thierischen Gewebstheilen auszuschliessen, oder wenn es darauf ankomme, Menge und Vertheilung der Bacterien in einem Organ übersichtlich zu machen, so empfehle es sich, nach der Anilinfärbung die Schnitte anstatt mit Essigsäure mit einer schwachen Lö- sung von kohlensaurem Kali zu behandeln; dann verlören auch die Kerne und Plasmazellen, überhaupt alles thierische Gewebe den Farbstoff wieder und die Bacterien blieben ganz allein gefärbt. Im Besitz dieser neuen ausgezeichneten Methoden machte sich nun Koch an das Studium der bei Thieren durch die Einführung faulender Substanzen erzeugbaren Krankheiten. Da sich Mäuse bei seinen Untersuchungen über Milzbrand als besonders brauchbare Ob- jecte gezeigt hatten, versuchte er es nach denselben Methoden, welche von Coze und Feltz, Daväine u. A. befolgt waren, um bei Thieren künstliche Wundinfectionskrankheiten hervorzurufen, an Mäusen die- selben oder ähnliche Krankheiten zu erzielen. Dabei fand er denn, dass der Erfolg einer Einspritzung von putriden Substanzen je nach der Art der Faulflüssigkeit und je nach der Menge, welche einge- spritzt wurde, ein sehr verschiedener war. Wenige Tage faulende Flüssigkeiten, als z. B. Blut und Fleischinfus, zeigten eine intensivere Wirkung als solche, welche längere Zeit gefault hatten. Wenn er grössere Dosen, 5 Tropfen von nicht zu altem faulenden Blute, einer Maus beibrachte, so ging das Thier unter sogleich einsetzenden Krankheitserscheinungen, Unruhe, Schweiss und Unsicherheit der Bewegungen, Unlust zum Fressen, Respirationsstörungen nach 4 bis S Stunden zu Grunde. An dem Orte der Einspritzung fand sich die ö 234 Koch entdeckt die Stäbchen der Mäusesepticämie. bacterienreicke faule Flüssigkeit, das Blut und die inneren Organe waren frei von Bacterien — das Thier erlag offenbar einer Vergiftung mit einem bei der Fäulniss gebildeten Gifte, einer Sepsin-Intoxica- tion. Wenn er jedoch einen bis höchstens zwei Tropfen solchen Blutes mehreren Mäusen beibrachte, so blieb eine Anzahl derselben frei von Krankheitserscheinungen, nur etwa ein Drittel erkrankte, aber erst ungefähr 24 Stunden später und nicht unter Vergiftungserscheinungen, sondern unter ganz constanten charakteristischen Symptomen. Die Augenbindehäute sonderten einen weisslichen Schleim ab, welcher die Augen schliesslich ganz verklebte, eine grosse Mattigkeit stellte sich ein. Die Thiere bewegten sich wenig, sondern sassen meist mit stark gekrümmtem Rücken und fest angezogenen Extremitäten ruhig da, hörten auf zu fressen, athmeten langsamer und gingen un- gefähr 40— 60 Stunden nach der Impfung, ohne dass, wie es nach der Impfung mit Milzbrand regelmässig der Fall war, Krämpfe ein- traten, fast unmerklich unter zunehmender Schwäche zu Grunde. Bei der Section fand sich bisweilen ein geringes locales Oedem an der Einspritzungsstelle, während alle inneren Organe bis auf eine starke Milzanschwellung unverändert waren. Tauchte Koch eine Scalpellspitze in das Blut eines solchen Thieres und bestrich er damit eine minimale Hautwunde einer gesunden Maus, so ging diese in derselben Zeit unter den gleichen Symptomen zu Grunde. Von dieser Maus konnte er in gleicher Weise eine dritte, von der dritten eine vierte u. s. f. in beliebiger Anzahl Mäuse inficiren — alle boten denselben typischen Krankheitsverlauf. Er hatte somit eine Infec- tionskrankheit vor sich, welche in Bezug auf die Impfbarkeit ganz der DAvAiNE'schen Septicämie glich. Als er nun das Blut unter- suchte, um den, nach der hohen Virulenz dieses Blutes zu schliessen, voraussichtlich in demselben vorhandenen Parasiten zu finden, hatte er anfangs keinen Erfolg; erst als er bei der Durchmusterung der gefärbten Präparate den AßBE'schen Condensor zu Hülfe nahm, ent- deckte er ganz ausserordentlich feine, etwa 0,8 — 1 /i lange, 0,1 — 0,2 /.i dicke Stäbchen, welche zerstreut oder in kleinen Gruppen zwischen den rothen Blutkörpereben lagen, und vielfach auch in den farblosen Blutkörperchen theils vereinzelt, theils in dichten Haufen angetroffen wurden (Fig. 33). Dass diese kleinen Stäbchen, welche beim ersten Anblick eine grosse Aehnlichkeit mit kleinen nadeiförmigen Krystallen hatten, unzweifelhaft pflanzliche Gebilde waren, ging daraus hervor, dass, wenn er septieämisches Blut in einen hoblen Objectträger und in den Brütapparat brachte, die Bacillen ebenso wie die Milzbrand- bacillen wuchsen, aber nicht wie diese lange Fäden, sondern viel- Immunität der Feldmäuse gegen die Stäbchen der Mäusesepticämie. 235 mehr dichte, aus getrennten Bacillen bestehende Haufen bildeten. In einigen Fällen sah er auch Sporen in den Bacillen auftreten. Darüber, ob die Bacillen eine eigene Bewegung besassen, konnte er bei ihrer ohne Färbungsmittel ausserordentlich schwierigen Er- kennbarkeit nicht Gewissheit erlangen. In allen Blutgefässen des Körpers traf er die Bacillen theils frei, mit der Längsaxe in der Fig. 33. Bacillen der Septiciimie bei Mausen. (Nach Koch.) 700:1. //. Wut einer septicämischen Maus. Rothe Blutkörperchen und dazwischen Bacillen. B. Weisse Blutkörperchen mit Bacillen. Richtung des Blutstromes liegend, theils die weissen Blutkörperchen erfüllend in ungeheuren Mengen an, während er die Lymphbahnen frei von denselben fand. Es konnte deshalb keinem Zweifel unter- liegen, dass die Bacillen dieser Septicämie dieselbe Bedeutung hatten, wie die in jeder Beziehung sich analog verhaltenden Milzbrandbacilleu, dass sie nämlich als das Contagium der Krank- heit anzusehen waren. Bei den Ver- suchen, die feinen Stäbchen auf andere Thierarten zu übertragen, constatirte Koch die merkwürdige Thatsache, dass die den Hausmäusen in Grösse und Ge- stalt so ähnlichen Feldmäuse sich einer absoluten Immunität gegen dieselben erfreuten. Einige Male fand Koch neben den feinen Septicämiebacillen nach Einspritz- ung faulen Blutes in der Umgebung der Iufectionsstelle einen, durch seine schnelle Vermehrung und regel- mässige Kettenbildung sich bemerklich machenden Micrococcus, wäh- rend alle anderen, in dem faulen Blut vorhanden gewesenen Bacterien- formen zu Grunde gegangen waren (Fig. 34). Durch eine geringe Menge, ungefähr l'/> cm von der Impfstelle entfernt entnommenen l. ; % Fig. 34. Micrococcus der progressiven Ge- websnekrose bei Mäusen. (Nach Koch.) a. Zellen des Obrknorpels. b. Kettenbildende Mikrokokken. 236 Die kettenbildenden Mikrokokken der Gewebsnekrose. Serums Hessen sich diese Mikrokokken, deren Durchmesser etwa 0,5 /« betrug, auf andere Mäuse übertragen, freilich stets zugleich mit den Septicämiebacillen. Nach der Impfung am Ohr entwickelte sich eine ganz auffallende Veränderung: soweit die Mikrokokken gegangen waren, hatten sämmtliche Gewebstheile das Aussehen, als ob sie mit Kalilauge behandelt worden wären, kein rothes Blutkörperchen, kein Zellkern war mehr zu erkennen — das Gewebe war nekrotisch. Bis zu dem durch die Septicämiebacillen herbeigeführten Tode der Thiere drangen die zierlichen Ketten der Mikrokokken etwa bis zur Ohr- wurzel vor, abgegrenzt gegen das gesunde Gewebe durch einen dichten Wall von Kernen, welcher an der den Mikrokokken zuge- wandten Seite in unregelmässigem Zerfall begriffen war, aber von den Mikrokokken selbst noch durch einen ziemlich breiten, weder Mikrokokken noch Kerne enthaltenden Strich nekrotischen Gewebes getrennt war. Koch erklärte sich dieses eigenthümliche Verhalten in der Weise, dass die Mikrokokken bei ihrem Vegetationsprocess lösliche Substanzen abschieden, welche in die Umgebung diffundirten. Diese Substanzen erzeugten in starker Concentration nahe bei den Mikrokokken Nekrose, in verdünnterer Lösung weiter entfernt von denselben Kernwucherung; so käme es, „dass die Mikrokokken sich immer in nekrotischem Gewebe befänden und bei ihrer Ausbreitung einen Kernwall vor sich herschöben, der auf der ihnen zugewandten Seite fortwährend abschmelze, und auf der entgegengesetzten Seite durch sich immer von Neuem anlegende Lymphzellen ersetzt werde. " Als nun Koch diese kettenbildenden Kokken auf die Feldmaus übertrug, wucherten sie im Gewebe derselben kräftig weiter im Gegensatz zu den Stäbchen der Mäusesepticämie, welche zu Grunde gingen. Es gelang ihm auf diese Weise, durch Zuhülfenahme der Feldmaus, eine Reinkultur der kettenbildenden Kokken im Maus- körper zu gewinnen, welche bei der Impfung stets die gleiche krank- hafte Veränderung, die progressive Nekrose bewirkte. Von den zahlreichen in dem faulenden Blut enthaltenen Bacterienformen hatten sich nur zwei morphologisch scharf charakterisirte Formen für Mäuse pathogen erwiesen, alle anderen hatten im Körper der Maus nicht die zu ihrer Entwickelung geeigneten Bedingungen gefunden. Als Koch die DAVAiNE'schen Versuche an Kaninchen wiederholen wollte, machte er die Beobachtung, welche auch viele andere Beobach- ter vor ihm gemacht hatten, dass die Thiere nach subcutaner Injection von Faulflüssigkeiten nicht an einer Allgemeinaffection erkrankten, son- dern dass sich local im Unterhautgewebe eine allmählich immer weiter um sich greifende Abscessbildung entwickelte, an welcher die Thiere Die Mikrokokken der progressiven Abscessbildung bei Kaninchen. 237 nach etwa 12 — 15 Tagen unter zunehmender Abmagerung zu Grunde gingen. Die inneren Organe zeigten keine Veränderungen, sie waren ebenso wie das Blut frei von Bacterien ; auch in dem Inhalt der käsigen Abscesse waren solche nicht mit Sicherheit nachzuweisen. Als Koch nun aber Querschnitte der Abscesswandungen nach vorausgegangener Härtung derselben in Alkohol mit seinen Methoden untersuchte, fand er, dass die ganze Wand von einer dünnen Schicht zu dichten Zoogloea- haufen verbundener, ausserordentlich kleiner, nur etwa 0,15 « im Durch- messer haltender Mikrokokken bedeckt war, und dass besonders in den lockeren Maschen des subcutanen Bindegewebes, in welches sich die Abscessränder hinein erstreckten, dichte wolkenähnliche Massen von Mikrokokken angehäuft lagen (Fig. 35). Am intensivsten waren die Mikrokokken in der Peripherie gefärbt; nach dem Abscess zu wurde Fig. 35. Micrococcus der progressiven Abscessbildung bei Kanincbeu. (Nach Koch). 7U0 : Randzone von einem käsigen Abscess : a = wolkenfüruiige Zoogloeamassen; b = kleinere Mikrokokkencolonien; c = Kernanhaufunsr. die Färbung immer schwächer; noch weiter nach innen fanden sich nur blasse, unverkennbar aus abgestorbenen Zoogloeen hervorgegan- gene Schollen mit Kerndetritus untermischt, welche beide Substanzen den Inhalt der käsigen Abscesse ausmachten. Koch verglich diese progressive Wucherung der Mikrokokken mit nachfolgendem Ab- sterben sehr treffend mit der Vegetation der Torfmoose. Als er solchen Abscessinhalt anderen Kaninchen einspritzte, erkrankten diese an der gleichen Affection, ein Ergebniss, welches mit der Annahme, dass die Mikrokokken im Abscessinhalt abgestorben seien, im Widerspruch zu stehen schien. Koch glaubte jedoch, diesen Widerspruch durch die Annahme erklären zu können, dass die Mikrokokken wahrscheinlich ebenso wie andere Bacterien nach Ablauf ihres Vegetationsprocesses 238 Die Mikrokokken der Pyämie des Kaninchens. Dauersporen bildeten, welche wie die Dauersporen der Bacillen durch Anilinfarben nicht gefärbt würden und deshalb im Canada- balsampräparat unsichtbar blieben. Nachdem Koch mit faulendem Blut bei Kaninchen keine AU- gemeinaffection hatte erzielen können, nahm er andere Substanzen zur Infection. Eine zwei Tage alte Maceration eines Stückchens Mausefell in Wasser, von welcher eine Spritze einem Kaninchen injicirt wurde, lieferte zuerst ein günstiges Ergebniss. Das Thier wurde 2 Tage nach der Injection krank und starb 105 Stunden nach der Einspritzung. Die Section ergab eine locale purulent-ödematöse Infiltration des subcutanen Bindegewebes, ferner Trübung des Peri- toneums mit Gerinnselbildung auf demselben, fibrinöse Verklebung der Därme, Vergrösserung der Milz, graugefärbte keilförmige Herde in der Leber, und erbsengrosse, dunkelrothe, luftleere Stellen in der Lunge — ein Befund, welcher mit dem, was man gewöhnlich als Pyämie bezeichnete, derart übereinstimmte, dass Koch nicht Anstand nahm, diesen Namen auch für die Kaninchenkrankheit anzuwenden. Bei der Untersuchung zeigte es sich, dass überall im Körper, besonders an den schon makroskopisch als pathologisch verändert zu erkennenden Stellen, Mikrokokken von <),2.") ft Durchmesser meist einzeln oder zu zweien verbunden vorhanden waren. In den Nierencapillaren bemerkte Koch ein eigen- thümliches Verhalten der Mikrokokken. Eine wandständige Anhäufung derselben schloss eine Anzahl rother Blutkörperchen ein; nament- lich an den Seiten umspannen zarte Ausläufer der Mikrokokken die rothen Blutkörperchen (Fig. 36). Koch schloss daraus, „dass diese Mikrokokken die Fähigkeit besassen, entweder Fig. 30. an und für sich durch die Beschaffenheit ihrer Miorococcus der Pyämie beim Oberfläche die rothen Blutkörperchen, an die Kaninchen. (Nach Koch.) ••vi... rr i 1 u 700:1. Gefassaus der Rin- sie S1CÜ anhangen, zum Zusammenkleben zu densubstanz der Niere. bringen, oder dass sie auf geringe Distanzen a. Kerne der Gefasswand. ,...-.. j t>i i ^ c t b. MiUrukokken. nm eine Gerinnung des Blutes und aut diese Weise Thrombenbildung veranlassten". Dies Umspinnen und Einschliessen der rothen Blutkörperchen fand Koch in allen Organen wieder; er hielt es daher für ein Charakteristicum dieser besonderen Mikrokokkenform. Infectionsversuche mit Herzblut dieses Kaniuchens führten bei anderen Kaninchen zu genau denselben Krankheitserscheinungen. Die Mikrokokken der Septicämie des Kaninchens. 239 Ausser dieser mit Metastasen einhergehenden Allgemeinaffection gelang es Koch durch Injection von faulendem Fleischinfus auch noch eine ohne Metastasen verlaufende Affection zu erzielen. Als er von der einen Fäulnissherd umgebenden Oedemflüssigkeit, welche fast nur grosse Mengen ovaler Mikrokokken enthielt, zwei Tropfen einem Kaninchen unter die Rückenhaut einspritzte, starb das Thier nach 22 Stunden ohne eine Spur von Fäulnissbildung an der Injec- tionsstelle; dagegen fand sich ein geringes Oedem und eine weiss- liche streifige Färbung des subcutanen Gewebes mit zahlreichen, 0,5 cm breiten, flachen Blutergüssen. Auch die Musculatur des Bauches und der Oberschenkel war von kleineren Blutergüssen durchsetzt. Die Darmoberfläche sah in Folge sehr zahlreicher kleiner subseröser Blut- ergüsse stellenweise wie mit Blut bespritzt aus. Andere Verände- Fig. 37. Microcoecus der Septicämie bei Kaninchen. (Nach Koch.) 700:1. Thcil eines Glomerulus; bei u Capillargefässe mit Mikrukokken. rungen fanden sich nicht. Das Blut war erfüllt von den ovalen Mikro- kokken, deren grösster Durchmesser 0,8 — 1 /.i betrug. Die Capillaren der Nieren und des Darms besonders, dann aber auch die der Lunge und der Milz enthielten ausgebreitete Einlagerungen der Mikrokokken, welche entweder schalenförmig die Capillaren auskleideten oder aber dieselben vollständig verstopften, jedoch niemals rothe Blutkörperchen einschlössen wie die Pyämie-Mikrokokken, sondern diese stets zur Seite gedrängt hatten (Fig. 37). Die Uebertragung dieser von Koch als Septicämie bezeichneten Affection gelang auf Kaninchen wie auf Mäuse, aber nur mit grösseren Mengen, 5 — 10 Tropfen, Blut. Endlich beobachtete Koch noch eine mit dem menschlichen Ery- sipels grosse Aehnlichkeit bietende Affection am Kaninchenohr, welche nach der Impfung von Mäusekoth entstanden war. Langsam 240 Die Bacillen des künstlichen Erysipels am Kaninchenohr. verbreiteten sich Röthung und Schwellung von der Impfstelle am Ohr nach abwärts, und erreichten am 5. Tage die Ohrwurzel, während das Ohr dicker und schlaffer wurde. Am 7. Tage starb das Thier. In Schnitten des gehärteten Ohres fand Koch auf den Ohrknorpelzellen dicht aufliegend, zwischen diesen und einer dichten Lymphzellen- schicht, ein Netz sehr feiner Bacillen, welche an manchen Stellen haarwulstähnliche Klumpen bildeten. Von diesen aus erstreckten sich parallele Züge von Bacillen nach allen Richtungen, so dass Koch sofort an die eigenthümlichen sternförmigen Figuren der auf die lebende Kaninchencornea verimpften Milzbrandbacillen erinnert wurde. Die Dicke der Stäbchen betrug 0,3 ,«; ihre Länge war sehr verschieden, je nach der Zahl der stäbchenbildenden Glieder und schwankte zwischen 3 und 10 fi. Das Blut und die Organe des Kaninchens zeigten keine weitere Veränderung. Eine Einspritzung mit Blut desselben blieb ohne Erfolg. Die directe Uebertragung der Ohrsubstanz hatte Koch nicht vorgenommen, so dass er eine genauere Untersuchung der biolo- gischen Eigenschaften dieser Bacillen nicht vornehmen konnte. Wenn wir nun mit Koch das Facit ziehen aus seinen neuen, mit sicheren Methoden durchgeführten Untersuchungen, so tritt eine Erscheinung in den Vordergrund, welche Koch auch als das wich- tigste Ergebniss seiner Arbeit ansah: „die unzweifelhafte Verschieden- heit der pathogenen Bacterien und ihre Unabänderlichkeit." Einer jeden Krankheit entsprach, wie wir gesehen haben, eine besondere Bacterienform, und diese blieb, so vielfach auch die Krankheit von einem Thier auf das andere übertragen wurde, oder so oft es ge- lang, dieselbe Krankheit durch putride Substanzen von Neuem her- vorzurufen, immer dieselbe. Die Unterschiede in der Form der ge- fundenen Bacterien waren so gross, wie man sie bei Organismen, die theilweise an der Grenze der Sichtbarkeit standen, nur erwarten konnte. Zudem zeigten die verschiedenen Formen sehr auffallende Unterschiede in ihren Wachsthumsverhältnissen, in ihrer Lagerung und Gruppirung in den Geweben sowie endlich in ihren physiolo- gischen Wirkungen. „Wenn nun aber jeder der untersuchten Krankheiten eine durch physiologische Wirkung, durch Wachsthumsverhältnisse, Grösse und Gestalt genau charakterisirte Bacterienform entspricht, die, so oft auch die Krankheit weiter verpflanzt wird, immer dieselbe bleibt und niemals in andere Formen, z. B. von der kugelförmigen in eine stabförmige übergeht, dann bleibt nichts weiter übrig, als dass diese verschiedenen Formen von pathogenen Bacterien vorläufig als con- stante Arten anzusehen sind." Koch's Anschauungen über die Bedeutung der Reinkulturen. 211 Die scharfe Betonung dieser wichtigen Schlussfolgerung war von ganz besonderer Bedeutung, da in derselben Zeit, als Koch die Bacterienfrage vom ärztlichen Standpunkt aus zu bearbeiten und auf- zuklären begonnen hatte, von Seiten verschiedener berühmter Bota- niker eine mächtige Gegenströmung gegen die CoHN'sche Gliederung der Bacterien in Gattungen und Arten erregt wurde, eine Gegenströ- mung, welche, wie wir noch eingehender zu betrachten haben werden, mit dem BiLLEOTH'schen Ideenflusse zu einem breiten Strome sich ver- einigend, das mühsam errichtete und nur auf wenige feste Stützen basirte Lehrgebäude Ferdinand Cohn's niederzureissen drohte. Für die Notwendigkeit, die von ihm beschriebenen pathogenen Bacterien als specifische Arten ansehen zu müssen, führte Koch noch einen Grund an: „ Man legte ", sagt Koch, „ und das mit vollem Kecht, das grösste Gewicht bei Bacterienuntersuchungen auf die sogenannten Reinkul- turen, die nur eine bestimmte Form von Bacterien enthalten. Ganz offenbar geschieht das nur in der Meinung, dass, wenn man durch eine Reihe von Kulturen immer dieselbe Form zu erhalten vermag, diesen Formen eine besondere Bedeutung zukommt, dass man sie als constante Form, mit einem Wort als Art anzunehmen hat. Giebt es nun aber wirkliche durch eine Reihe von Versuchen von jeder Beimengung anderer Bacterien freizuhaltende Reinkulturen? Aller- dings giebt es solche, aber nur in ganz beschränkten Verhältnissen. Nur solche Bacterien lassen sich mit den jetzt zu Gebote stehenden Hülfsmitteln rein kultiviren, die wegen ihrer Grösse und leicht er- kennbaren Form, wie die Milzbrandbacillen, oder durch Production eines charakteristischen Farbstoffes, wie die Pigmentbacterien, stets in Bezug auf ihre Reinheit controlirt werden können. Sobald in eine Kultur, wie es unter allen Umständen ab und zu vorkommt, eine fremde Bacterienart durch Zufall sich eingeschmuggelt hat, dann wird es in diesen Fällen sofort bemerkt und die verunglückte Kultur wird aus der Versuchsreihe ausgemerzt, ohne dass die Unter- suchung in ihrem Fortgang dadurch gestört zu werden braucht. Ganz anders ist es aber, wenn Reinkulturen mit sehr kleinen Bacterien vorgenommen werden sollen, die ohne Färbung vielleicht überhaupt nicht mehr zu erkennen sind, wie soll man da eine Verunreinigung der Kultur entdecken? Das ist nicht ausführbar und deswegen müssen alle Versuche mit Reinkulturen in Apparaten, und wenn sie noch so vortrefflich construirt sind, sobald sie kleine, wenig charakteristische Bacterien betreffen, als mit unvermeidlichen Fehlerquellen behaftet und für sich allein nicht beweisend gehalten werden. Und dennoch Löffler, Vorlegungen. 16 242 Der beste Kulturapparat für pathogene Bacterien ist der Thierkörper. giebt es auch für die kleinsten und am schwierigsten zu erkennenden Bacterien Reinkulturen. Aber nicht in Kulturapparaten, sondern im thierischen Körper finden diese statt, das beweisen meine Versuche. In sämmtlichen Fällen, die zu einer bestimmten Krankheit gehören, z. B. zur Septicämie der Mäuse, werden nur die kleinen Bacillen und niemals, wenn die Krankheit nicht absichtlich mit der Gewebs- nekrose zusammen verimpft wurde, irgend eine andere Bacterienart daneben gefunden. Es giebt eben keinen besseren Kulturapparat für pathogene Bacterien als den Thierkörper. Es vermögen in demselben überhaupt nur eine beschränkte Zahl von Bacterien zu vegetiren und das Eindringen derselben ist so erschwert, dass der unverletzte Körper eines Thieres als vollständig isolirt gegen andere Bacterienarten, als die absichtlich eingeimpften, betrachtet werden kann. " In seinen Versuchen waren Koch unzweifelhafte Reinkulturen im Thierkörper gelungen. Ja, er hatte es vollkommen in seiner Ge- walt, mehrere Bacterienarten nebeneinander unvermischt und rein weiter zu cultiviren oder aber sie zu trennen und eventuell wieder zu combiniren. „Höhere Anforderungen", fährt er deshalb fort, „lassen sich wohl nicht an eine Reinkultur stellen und ich muss deswegen die fort- gesetzte Uebertragung der künstlichen Infectionskrankheiten für die besten und sichersten Reinkulturen halten. Damit haben sie aber auch Anspruch auf die Beweiskraft, welche untadelhaften Rein- kulturen für die Aufstellung specifischer Arten der Bacterien zuge- standen werden muss." Diese seine Untersuchungen führten Koch dann folgerichtig zu dem Schlüsse, dass, wenn bei Untersuchung einer Wundinfections- krankheit mehrere verschiedene Bacterienarten gefunden würden, entweder eine combinirte, mithin keine reine Infectionskrankheit oder aber, was z. B. bei den Versuchen von Coze und Feltz das Wahr- scheinlichste sei, eine ungenaue und fehlerhafte Beobachtung vorliege. Eine weitere Consequenz, welche aus dem Nachweis des gleich- zeitigen Vorkommens einiger weniger Arten von pathogenen Bacterien neben zahlreichen ganz unschädlichen Arten in derselben faulenden Flüssigkeit folgte, war die, dass alle Versuche, die mit unschäd- lichen Bacterien, z. B. mit Bacterium termo, an Thieren vorgenommen wären, absolut Nichts für oder gegen das Verhalten der schädlichen, der pathogenen Bacterien bewiesen. Nun seien aber fast sämmtliche derartige Experimente mit dem ersten besten Gemisch von Bacterien- arten ausgeführt, ohne dass festgestanden habe, ob in diesem Ge- mische auch wirklich pathogene Bacterien enthalten gewesen wären. Koch verwirft das Gesetz von der progressiven Virulenz des septicäm. Blutes. 243 Es sei also einleuchtend, dass alle diese Experimente zu einem Be- weise für oder gegen den Parasitismus der Infectionskrankheiten nicht verwerthet werden könnten. Endlich wandte sich Koch gegen das, wie wir sahen, ziemlich allgemein anerkannte angebliche Gesetz von der progressiven Viru- lenz des septicämischen Durchgangsblutes, gegen die verführerische, von vielen exacten Forschern sogar mit Enthusiasmus aufgenommene Theorie, „ dass die unbedeutende Wirkung einer einfachen Fäulniss- bacterie durch fortgesetzte Anpassung und Vererbung bis zum quadril- lionfach verdünnten, noch tödtlichen Agens gesteigert werden könne". Nach den ausführlichen Berichten im VmcHOw-HmscH'schen Jahresbericht (die Originalarbeiten der französischen Forscher standen Koch nicht zur Verfügung) schien ihm der eigentliche Beweis dafür, dass die Virulenz des septicämischen Blutes von Generation zu Gene- ration zunehme, gar nicht geliefert zu sein. „Es wurde anscheinend allmählich eine immer stärkere Verdünnung des Blutes eingespritzt und man war erstaunt, wenn dieselbe immer wieder wirkte, und schrieb diese Wirkung der zunehmenden Virulenz zu. Aber Control- versuche, ob nicht schon in der zweiten und dritten Generation das septicämische Blut ebenso virulent war, wie in der fünfundzwanzig- sten Generation, schienen nicht gemacht zu sein. " Bei seinen eigenen Versuchen, welche er mit der der DAVAiNE'schen Septicämie am meisten entsprechenden Septicämie der Mäuse anstellte, fand Koch, dass zur ersten Infection eines Thieres verhältnissmässig grosse Quantitäten putrider Flüssigkeit erforderlich seien — und soweit stimmten seine Erfahrungen mit den von Coze und Feltz und Dä- vaine gemachten tiberein — , dass aber in der zweiten oder spä- testens in der dritten Generation die volle Virulenz erreicht werde und von da ab constant bleibe. Sobald nämlich nur als einzige pathogene Bacterienart die feinen Bacillen unbehindert von den mit ihnen zugleich im faulen Blut eingeimpften anderen Bacterien und septischen Giften, im Blute sich entwickelten, sobald das Blut eine Reinkultur der Stäbchen enthalte, sei die volle Virulenz erreicht, und dies sei in der zweiten, spätestens aber in der dritten Generation der Fall. Dass Koch mit seiner Erklärung das Richtige getroffen hatte, dafür konnte Gaffkt 2 ) nach Einsicht der französischen Original- arbeiten den Beweis liefern. Jene Controlversuche , welche Koch 2) Georg Gafpky : Experimentell erzeugte Septicämie mit Rücksicht auf progressive Virulenz und accommodative Züchtung. Mittheilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamt. Bd. I. Berlin 1881. S. 110. 16* 244 Gafpkt zeigt, dass das sog. DAVAiNE'sche Gesetz eine Chimäre war. vermisst hatte, waren von Datäine wohl angestellt worden und zwar genau mit demselben Erfolge, welchen Koch bei seinen Ver- suchen erzielt hatte. In einem Versuche Davaine's hatte das Blut eines inficirten Kaninchens bereits in der zweiten Generation eine solche Virulenz erreicht, dass ein hundertmillionstel Tropfen desselben genügt hatte, ein anderes Kaninchen in 40 Stunden zu tödten. Ja, was das Ueberraschendste war, Davaine selbst hatte sich auf Grund seiner Versuche dahin ausgesprochen, dass das septicämische Blut sofort seine grösste Virulenz erlange. Das vermeintliche Davaine- sche Gesetz von der progressiven Virulenz war mithin nichts anderes als eine auf einen willkürlich aus dem Zusammenhange herausge- griffenen Versuch basirte Chimäre, deren Schattenhaftigkeit vielen sonst exacten Forschern, nicht aber Robert Koch entgangen war. Mit den Untersuchungen Robert Koch's über die künstlichen Wundinfectionskrankheiten waren die älteren mit relativ unsicheren Methoden in Angriff genommenen Bacterienforschungen abgethan; mit ihnen beginnt die neue Aera der exacten Forschung, welche die Specificität der Bacterien, in Sonderheit der pathogenen gegen alle Angriffe von Seiten der Botaniker wie der Aerzte mit unanfechtbaren Thatsachen siegreich zu vertheidigen vermochte und welche mit Hülfe neuer wiederum von Robert Koch aufgefundener Kultur- methoden auch die Geheimnisse der Aetiologie der menschlichen Infectionskrankheiten der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntniss erschlos- sen hat. Druck von J. E. Hi rschf eld in Leipzig. NAMENREGISTER. Abbe 231. 232. Andry, Nicolas 8. Appert, Francois 22. Archangelski 171. Baer, von 19. Bail 74. Baker, Cl. H. 14. Baly 55. Bassi 51. Bastian, Charleton 27. 28. Hary, de 77, 82. Bechamp 64. 78. Behier 189. 191. Bennet 53. 55. Bergeron, A. 210. Bergmann, E. 92. 183. 193. 196. 202. Bert, Paul 173. 175. Bettelheim, K. 91. Billroth, Theodor 139. 141. 142. 165. 181. 184. 187. 197. 207. 210. 214. 219. Birch 4. Birch-Hirschfeld 101. 104. 154. 180. 181. 183. 195. 203. Bliesener 154. Böhm, Ludwig 51. Boerhaave, H. 19. Bollinger, O. 168. 171. Bonnet, Charles 14. 21. 28. Borginon, Gustave 224. Bory de St. Vincent 18. Bouley 189. Brandis, H. 11. Brauell in Dorpat 69. Breieid, Oscar 83. 225. Brehm, H. von 193. 202. Brittan 55. Broek, van der 26. Brown 91. Buchholtz 210. Budd 55. Butfon, G. L. le Clerc Comte de 14. 20. Buhl 88. 90. 93. Burdon-Sanderson 26. 27. 84. 87. 124. 188. 199. Burkart 181. 197. Cagniard-Latour 50. Carthey, Mc. 81. Cazeneuve 26. Chalvet 72. 108. Chauveau 87. 127. Chevreul 24. Chiene 26. Christ 11. Christot 88. Clementi, Gesualdo 189. 191. 192. 196. Cohn, Ferdinand 28. 37. 41. 44. 84. 88. 109. 111. 115. 139. 142. 144. 145. 148. 155. 164. 169. 205. 209. 219. 223. 241. Cohnheim 160. Colin 189. 191. Collmann 181. Columella 11. Comalia 63. Corti 14. Coze 89. 188. 190. 233. 242. 243. Cramer 158. Cullerier 49. Cunningham 150. Dallinger 219. Davaine, C. 55. 56. 69. 71. 89. 120. 127. 167. 188. 191. 202. 203. 207. 233. 234. 243. 244. Debey Sl. 246 Namenregister. De Col 34. Delafond 70. 74. Dolschenkow 183. Donna 45. Dove 81. Dreyer 1S9. 190. 191. Drysdale 219. Dujardin, F61ix 34. 69. Dusch, Th. von 23. 185. Eberth 88. 91. 151. 173. 181. 182. 183. 204. 206. Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried 30. 45. 108. 121. 157. 219. Ehrlich, F. 181. 210. 214. 233. Eichhorn 14. Eidam, Eduard 166. Eisholz, Joh. Sigismund 8. Elten 107. Engel 154. Erdmann, Otto 107. 109. Estor 65. 130. Ewart 26. Fabricius, Otto 14. Feltz 89. 188. 190. 242. 243. Fischer, E. 203. Förster 159. 100. Fokker 171. Fordos 108. Fraenkel, Albert 251. Fremont 11. Frerichs 53. 105. Fresenius 109. 111. Friedlaender 251. Friedmann 181. Frisch, A. 173. 183. 206. 208. Fritsch 219. Fuchs 34. 106. 108. Grarfky, Georg 28. 243. Gay-Lussac 68. Gielen 107. Gleichen, Wilh. Friedr. Freiherr von, gen. Russworm 12. 20. 30. Götze 14. Goiffon 8. Goodsir, Gebrüder 54. 105. Goodsir, John 54. Gosselin 210. Graefe, A. von 159. 160. Gram 250. 251. Griesmayer, Victor 123. Griffith 55. Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula 18. Gscheidlen, R. 27. 199. Haaxmann, P. J. 4. Hallier 76. 78. 86. 88. 92. 94. 102. 118. Hannover 53. Hartley 27. Hartsoeker 19. Harvey 28. Harz 169. Hassel 55. Haubner 107. Hauptmann 3. Hauser 26. Heiberg, Hjalmar 101. 180. 181. 197. 205. Heidenhain 204. Heller 105. Helmbrecht 54. Hemmer, M. 91. Henle 51. Hensen 78. Herrmann 14. Hill 14. Hiller, Arnold 190. 194. 205. 209. 210. Hoegyes, Andreas 151. Hoffmanu, H. 24. 27. 64. 77. 83. 107. 110. 143. 215. Hooke, Robert 5. 7. Houttuyn 9. Hueter, C. 88. 91. 101. 102. 142. 182. Huizinga, D. 27. Huxley 78. Jaffe 89. Jaillard 72. 175. Ingenhousz, Joh. 20. Joblot 13. 19. Joly 27. Rzigsohn 42. 80. 221. Karsten, Hermann 78. 130. Kartulis 252. Keber, F. 87. Kehrer, F. A. 193. Kiener 88. Kircher, Athanasius 1. Klebs, Edwin 26. 85. 89. 93. 94. 95. 104. 105. 127. 131. 175. 181. 182. 193. 199. 203. Klein 188. Klob, J. M. 81. Namenregister. 217 Knop 124. Koch, Robert 28. 167. 216. 227. 228. 245. Köhler 14. Krembs 108. Küssner, B. 193. 216. Lamarck, J. P. B. A. de 18. Lambl 56. Lancisi, Jo. Maria 8. Landau, G. 200. Lange, D. Christian 1. 3. Langenbeck 53. Laukester 133. 156. 158. Laptschinsky 154. Lebegne 8. Leber, Th. 90. 104. 160. 183. 206. Lebert 63. Leblanc 189. Ledermüller 14. Leeuwenhoek, Antony van 3. 19. 45. Leisering 70. Lemaire 64. 66. 76. Leplat 72. 175. Leroy d'Etiolles 50. Lesser 13. Letzerich 85. 100. 182. Leube 26. Lewis 150. Leyden 81. 89. Leydig 76. Liebig 66. Linu6 9. Lion 26. Lionville 189. 191. Lister, Joseph 26. 68. 102. 135. 224. Litten 154. Löffler 28. Long 1 1. Lucretius 11. Lücke 10S. 181. Lüders, Johanna 77. Luginbuhl 88. Lukomsky 180. 184. 197. 205. Lustgarten 247. Magendie 188. Meier 181. Malmsten 56. Manasse'ia, Wjatscheslaw 84. Mantegazza 27. Marchand 26. Marcuse 182. Martini 180. Mayer, A. 124. Mayer in Bonn 69. Mayerhoffer 89. Meissner 26. Menuret 11. Mery 108. Mitscherlich 60. 109. Molitor, N. K. 20. Morren 157. Mosler, F. 107. Müller, Otto Friedrich 14. 20. 33. 36. 45. 164. Müller, Philipp Ludwig Statius 9. Münch 90. Musset 27. Naegeli 37. 43. 63. 105. Nassiloff 88. 91. 93. 173. 182. Nedswetzky, E. 151. Needham, 14. 19. 43. Nepveu 181. 210. Nitsch, Christ. Lud. 18. Obermeier, Otto 154. 220. Oertel 88. 91. 93. 182. Oken, Lorenz von 18. 157. Onimus 191. 208. Orth, J. 101. 180. 184. 207. Ozauam, J. A. F. 11. Pacini 55. 150. Pauum 91. 196. 200. Paschutin 210. Pasteur 24. 26. 27. 28. 37. 57. 73. 89. 97. 104. 120. 123. 164. 174. 199. Pepper, William 76. Perls 211. Persoon 51. Perty, Maximilian 39. 122. 164. Petersen 92. Plenciz, Marc. Anton. 10. Pollender 69. Polotebnow, A. 84. Pouchet 27. 55. 72. 89. Prevost, B. 51. Pristley, Henri 20. Putzey 27. Kaimbert 71. Ranke, H. R. 195. Rasori 11. Rawitsch 202. 248 Namenregister. Bay-Lankester 133. 156. 158. Rayer 69. Raynaud 181. 189. Reaumur 11. 14. Recklinghausen, von 90. 91. 92. 93. 95. 180. Redi, Francesco 19. Regnier de Graaf 5. Remak 53. Riess 190. 199. Rindfleisch 26. 83. 89. 199. Roberts 26. Robertson 55. Robin, Ch. 54. 74. Roloff, F. 171. Rosenbach 26. Rosenstein 89. Rottenstein, J. B. 90. 104. Royal Society in London 5. Saint-Pierre 65. Salisbury 75. Salomonsen, Carl Julius 215. 222. Samuel 186. Samuelson 27. Sanson 73. Schaffner 53. Schmidt, A. 92. Schmiedeberg, O. 92. Schrank, Franz von Paula 18. Schröder, H. 23. 28. 185. Schröter, S. 111. 120. Schulze, Franz 22. 27. Schurtz 88. Schwann 23. 27. 50. 185. Schweigger 18. Schweninger 91. Semmer 88. 168. Sette 34. 109. Signol 72. 176. Sonnenschein 92. Spallanzani 14. 21. 27. Spencer Well 76. Stricker 192. 196. Stromeyer 183. Süll 55. Suringar 105. Swaine 55. Swammerdamm 19. Talamon 85. Thiu, G. 189. 192. 196. Thome\ W. 81. Tiegel 95. 98. 193. 197. 202. Tieghem, van 63. 120. Tigri 72. Tillmanns 181. Tommasi-Crudeli 88. 132. 142. Traube 89. 199. TrcScul 105. 164. Treviranus, Gottfr. Reinh. 18. 22. Troisier 181. Tschamer, A. 85. Tulasne 76. Turpin 60. Tyndall 25. Vallisneri, Ant. 8. Varro, Marcus Terentius 8. Virchow 54. 93. 105. 150. 151. 152. 181. Vogt, Paul 101. Vulpian 189. 191. Wagner, E. 213. Wagner, Rudolph 50. Wahl 90. Waldeyer 90. 93. 159. Warming 157. 219. Watson Cheyne 26. Wedl 56. 90. Weichselbaum 251. Weigert, C. 88. 93. 154. 203. 213. 215. Weissgerber, Paul 211. Welcker 105. Wiegand 130. Wieworowsky 81. Wilde 181. Wilkinson 54. Wilson 54. Winternitz, W. 130. Wolf 124. Woltf, Max 190. 193. 210. Wolffhügel 28. Wood, H. C. 76. Wrisberg, H. A. 14. 20. Wyman, Jeffries 27. Zahn, Fr. Willi. 95. 193. 204. Zülzer 88. 92. Zürn 88. Ein ausführliches Inhaltsverzeichniss wird mit dem zweiten Theile aus- gegeben werden. TAFEL-ERKLÄRUNG. Tafel I. Original -Photogramme von Robert Koch (s. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen. Bd. II. Breslau 1877. Tat'. XIV, XV u. XVI). Fig. 1. Milzbrandbacillen im lebenden Zustande. Cohn's Beiträge. Bd. IL Taf. XVI. 1. Vergr. 70t). Fig. 2. Milzbrandbacillen zu Fäden ausgewachsen. Sporen bildend. Ibid. Taf. XVI. 3. Vergr. 7 OU. Fig. 3. Blut eines Recurrenskranken mit Spirochäten. Mit Anilinbraun gefärbt, in Glycerin eingelegt. Ibid. Taf. XVI. 7. Vergr. 700. Fig. I. Spirochäten des Zahnschleimes. In getrocknetem, ungefärbtem Zustande photographirt. Ibid. Taf. XIV. 8. Vergr. 500. Fig. 5. Spirillum undula mit Geissein. Ibid. Taf. XIV. 4. Vergr. 500. Fig. 0. Bacillus mit Geissein. Ibid. Taf. XIV. 0. Vergr. 70(1. Fig. 7. Zoogloea ramigera. Ibid. Taf. XIV. I. Vergr. 200. Fig. 8. Reihenförmig geordnete Mikrokokkcn, eine feine Haut auf Wasser bildend. Ibid. Taf. XV. 8. Vergr. 500. Tafel II. Fig. 1. Durchschnitt einer gekochten Kartoffel. Die bräunliche Masse in der Mitte stellt eine ältere Reinkultur von Rotzbacillcn dar. Die zahl- reichen verschiedenartigen Gebilde in deren Umgebung sind Colo- nien von Bacterien, Hefen- und Schimmelpilzen, welche aus der Luft auf die Kartoffel gefallen sind. Sie gefährden die Reinkultur nicht, da sie durch den festen Nährboden gezwungen sind, sich bei ihrem Wachsthume auf die Stelle, auf welche sie niedergefallen sind, zu beschränken. Fig. 2. Colonie von Milzbrandbacillen in Näbrgelatinc bei SOfacher Vergrösse- rung. Man erkennt das dichte Gewirr der vielfach haarfiechten- ähnlich zusammengedrehten Fäden. 250 Tafel-Erklärung. Fig. 3. Wachsthumsweise der Milzbrandbacillen in Reagenzröhrchen mit Näbr- gelatine. Die Einimpfung ist durch Einstich erfolgt. Der obere Theil der Gelatine ist verflüssigt. Am Boden der verflüssigten Schicht sieht man als weissliche Masse die Milzbrandbacillen abgelagert. Darunter in der festen Gelatine liegen zwei mit zahlreichen Aus- läufern versehene Milzbrandcolonien. Fig. -1. Milzbrandbacillen aus der Milz einer Maus am Deckglas ausgestrichen, nach Gkam gefärbt. Einzelne Glieder (d) haben das Gentianaviolett nicht angenommen, wohl aber das zur Grundfärbung verwandte Bis- marckbraun. Die Bacillen (c) links auf der Figur sind normal gefärbt. In der Gruppe etwas nach unten von der Mitte (b) erscheinen die Bacillen, als wären sie aus grossen Kokken zusammengesetzt. Die Gruppe oben rechts (a) zeigt eine Ablagerung des Farbstoffes in Form feiner Körnchen auf den Bacillen , in deren Mitte ausserdem ein schwach gefärbter centraler Faden zu erkennen ist. Die gröbere und feinere Körnung rührt von nicht genügend langer Färbung der Bacillen und langem Auswaschen derselben in Alkohol her. Fig. 5. Reinkultur der Tuberkelbacillcn auf erstarrtem Blutserum bei 80facher Vergrösserung. (Die Figur ist in der Mitte zu hell ausgefallen. Die einzelnen C förmigen kleinen Colonien sind etwas zu dünn in der Mitte.) Fig. (i. Reinkultur der Tuberkelbacillcn auf schräg erstarrtem Blutserum im Reagenzglase, trockene, weissliche Schüppchen bildend in natürlicher Grösse. Fig. 7. Sputum mit Tuberkelbacillen mit Anilinwasser- Gentianaviolett gefärbt und mit Bismarckbraun nachgefärbt. Fig. 8. Reinkultur der Cholerabacillen in Nährgelatine, 4 Tage alt. Im oberen Theil des Verflüssigungstrichters erscheint eine mit Luft gefüllte Ver- tiefung. Die weissliche Bacillenmasse liegt am Grunde des Trichters und im Trichterhalse. Fig. 9. Colonien der Cholerabacillen in Nährgelatinc bei 80 facher Vergrösserung. Die Colonien haben keinen glatten Band, scheinen aus kleinen Bröckchen zusammengesetzt. (Diese Details treten in der Figur nicht genügend scharf hervor.) Die 3 grösseren Colonien liegen an der Oberfläche der Gelatine; sie sind etwas eingesunken in die in ihrem Umkreis verflüssigte Gelatine. Fig. 10. Reinkultur der Cholerabacillen in Bouillon, mit Fuchsin gefärbt. Ein- zelne Commas und spiralige Fäden. Fig. 11. Stichkultur der Typhusbacillen in Nährgelatine. Schleierartige, bläulich- weisslich durchscheinende Ausbreitung an der Überfläche. Fig. 12. Colonien der Typhusbacillen in der Nährgelatine bei 80 facher Ver- grösserung. Die Colonien sind dunkelbraun, scharf gerandet, fein granulirt, zeigen bisweilen mehrere concentrische Zonen. Fig. L3. Typhusbacillen aus einer Reinkultur in Nährgelatine, kürzere (den Typhusbacillen in den Geweben entsprechende) und längere Bacillen. Die Figuren 4, 7, 10 und 13 sind mit Zeiss '/« hom. Im., Ocular 2 gezeichnet. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Tafel-Erklärung. 251 Tafel III. Fig. 1. Rotzbacillen aus der Milz einer Feldmaus. Deckglaspräparat mit alka- lischer Methylenblaulösung gefärbt. Einzelne Bacillen zeigen in ihrer Mitte ungefärbte Stellen, welche ein sporenähnliches Aussehen haben. Saft aus einem Lepraknoten mit Carbolfuchsin gefärbt, einzelne Bacillen und grosse kernlose Zellen von Bacillen erfüllt. Schnitt durch ein breites Condylom. Sypbilisbacillcn in einer Wandcr- zelle. Nach Lustgarten. Trippereiter. Deckglaspräparat. Eiterzellen erfüllt mit Gonorrhoekokken. Eine Epidermiszellc am Rande von denselben bedeckt. Methylen- blau-Färbung. Khinosclerom. Schnittpräparat nach Gram gefärbt. Zahlreiche Häufchen der Rhinosclerom-Bacillen. Die kapseltragenden FRiEDLÄNUER'schen „Pneumoniekokken", der Ba- cillus pneumoniae Weichselbaum's. Schnitt durch einen mit pneumonischem Exsudat erfüllten Alveolus nach Gram gefärbt. Kleine Kokken, einzeln und in Ketten angeordnet, zwischen und in den Zellen des Exsudates. Der Pneumoniccoccus Fraenkel's, der Diplococcus Pneumoniae Weichselbaum's. Fig. 7 a. Einzelne Exemplare des letzteren, stärker vergrössert, deutlich lancctt- förmig. Fig. 8. Der Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. Fig. 9. Der Streptococcus pyogenes. Fig. 10. Schnitt durch eine mit diphtherischer Pseudomembran bedeckte Trachea. Nach oben Kerninfiltration der Schleimhaut, darunter das Exsudat, dessen der Schleimhaut anliegende Schicht wenige Kerne von Zellen zeigt; weiter nach aussen in einer kernreicheren Schicht des Ex- sudates dichte Massen von Diphtheriebacillen mit den eigenthüm- lichcn kolbigen Endanschwellungen. Auf der Oberfläche der Mem- bran liegen verschiedenartige Bacterien. Die Bacillen des malignen Oedems. Die Bacillen des Schweine-Rothlaufs. Deckglaspräparat von der Lunge einer Maus. Die Bacterien der Hühncrcholera. Blutpräparat. Ovale an den Enden gefärbte, in der Mitte farblose Bacterien. Micrococcus tetragenus. Schnitt aus der Niere einer Maus. In dem Glomerulus sieht man, dass die meist zu vieren angeordneten Mikro- kokken von einer ungefärbten Hülle umgeben sind. Fig. 15. Actinomyces - Rasen mit alkalischer Anilinwasser-Gentianaviolettlösung nach Gram gefärbt. Man sieht bei dieser Färbung nichts von den charakteristischen Kolben. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 11. 252 Tafel-Erklärung. Fig. lfi. Amöben aus der Stuhlentleerung eines Ruhrkranken nach Kartulis. Links zwei ruhende Amöben. Die beiden Bilder rechts stellen ein und dieselbe Amöbe dar, das eine die Amöbe in der Ruhe, das andere dieselbe in Bewegung. Man erkennt den Kern, das Körnchenplasma und das Myxoplasma. Zeiss l /is hom. Im., Ocular 3. Ausgezogener Tubus. Die Figuren 1-15 sind alle mit Zeiss '/iü hom. Im., Ocular 2 gezeichnet. TAFEL I. i v LUEFl-'l ER, \ orli 51 ngi Liohtdrucfc JUL -i KUNKHARDT LE.PtHi. Ali ron t C W. VOGEL in LEIPZIG. i.\l 1 i III 13 ^ KHi.At . vnn F ( ,1 TAFEL m X- i ^i i .*. .*# W ' A* ,v«*- 9 V fe -• u wM -V- ■J-> ^ Xl^ ^% \T-f v ^/V\ ^^cW^ £/.
| 49,463 |
https://github.com/magicbrush/InteractiveMediaP5/blob/master/Ch1/demo1.9 for loop demo/sketch.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
InteractiveMediaP5
|
magicbrush
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 43 | 214 |
// 函数setup() : 准备阶段
function setup() {
// 创建画布，宽度640像素，高度480像素
// 画布的坐标系统为，左上角坐标为（0，0），
// x方向水平向右，y方向垂直向下，单位像素
createCanvas(500,500);
}
// 函数draw()：作画阶段
function draw() {
for(var i =0;i<10;i++)
{
var x = i*18;
var y = i*25;
var wd = 100-10*i;
var ht = 10+15*i;
ellipse(x,y,wd,ht);
}
}
| 20,353 |
https://github.com/wangzhi1027/MeMeZhiBoSDK/blob/master/MeMeSDK/MeMeZhiBo/Controller/直播室/View/Cell/AndWhoCell.m
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,015 |
MeMeZhiBoSDK
|
wangzhi1027
|
Objective-C
|
Code
| 51 | 155 |
//
// AndWhoCell.m
// memezhibo
//
// Created by Xingai on 15/6/16.
// Copyright (c) 2015年 Xingaiwangluo. All rights reserved.
//
#import "AndWhoCell.h"
@implementation AndWhoCell
- (void)awakeFromNib {
self.backgroundColor = kRGB(56, 50, 52);
}
- (void)setSelected:(BOOL)selected animated:(BOOL)animated {
[super setSelected:selected animated:animated];
// Configure the view for the selected state
}
@end
| 3,799 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43304516
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
Decent Dabbler, RïshïKêsh Kümar, ffledgling, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1220089, https://stackoverflow.com/users/165154, https://stackoverflow.com/users/323316, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6056671, satnhak
|
English
|
Spoken
| 397 | 601 |
What is the difference between ^a|A$ and ^(a|A)$?
What is the difference between ^a|A$ and ^(a|A)$ ?
thanks
Why not try it out for yourself: regexhero.net (you're going to need IE to see the site unfortunately).
@briantyler typically https://regex101.com/ is more useful.
I don't understand why this is being downvoted. This is a very reasonable question if you have little experience with regular expressions..
There is definitely a school of thought that this site has a real problem with people jumping in and hammering new users. Don't worry it isn't just you and it isn't just new users. Lots of people who've been using SO for years have got pretty disillusioned with the general attitude. I think the down votes were probably because you hadn't demonstrated that you'd tried to work this out yourself and were stuck and needed some help. (anyway, looks like you are back up to 0 now!)
@ffledgling thanks for the tip.
^a|A$ matches a string that starts with a or ends with A. This will allow abcd and dcbA as valid strings.
^(a|A)$ matches a string that is either a or A. This value is also captured into a group, that can later be accessed.
The first pattern is often a mistake when creating a pattern that shall check a whole string with some alternations. In those cases ^ and $ should always be outside a grouping structure for the alternations. One might use a non-capturing group (?:pattern) to avoid capturing the values. Some languages also have built-in full-match funtions, that should be prefered for those cases (like pythons re.fullmatch)
^a|A$
1st Alternative ^a
matches the character literally (case sensitive)
^ asserts position at start of the string
a matches the character a literally (case sensitive)
2nd Alternative A$
A matches the character A literally (case sensitive)
$ asserts position at the end of the string, or before the line terminator right at the end of the string (if any)
^(a|A)$
^ asserts position at start of the string
1st Capturing Group (a|A)
1st Alternative a
a matches the character a literally (case sensitive)
2nd Alternative A
A matches the character A literally (case sensitive)
$ asserts position at the end of the string, or before the line terminator right at the end of the string (if any)
You Can Use Online Regular regex tester Site FOr More Regex : Ex: regex101.com
| 398 |
193bb193d5b8cb975ff6f6442eafae17
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| null |
Décret n°2012-849 du 4 juillet 2012, article 9
|
LEGI
|
French
|
Spoken
| 13 | 27 |
A abrogé les dispositions suivantes :- Code des assurances Art. R112-6, Art. R171-2
| 35,033 |
https://github.com/souravbear8850/Data-Structures-And-Algorithms/blob/master/FlowShopScheduling.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
Data-Structures-And-Algorithms
|
souravbear8850
|
Java
|
Code
| 323 | 1,690 |
package tslInternship;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
class FlowShopAlgorithm{
public int[] ArrangeDescendingJobs(int[][] Jobmx, int n, int m)
{
int jobsdesc[]= new int[n];
int Ttime[]= new int[n];
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<m;j++)
{
Ttime[i]+= Jobmx[i][j];
}
}
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
int pos=0, max= Ttime[0];
for(int j=0;j<n;j++)
{
if(Ttime[j]> max)
{
max= Ttime[j];
pos= j;
}
}
Ttime[pos]= -1;
jobsdesc[i]= pos;
}
return jobsdesc;
}
public ArrayList<Integer> initiateAlgorithm(int[] jobsdesc, int[][] process_time, int n, int m)
{
ArrayList<Integer> list_jobs= new ArrayList<Integer>();
list_jobs.add(jobsdesc[0]);
for(int i=1;i<n;i++)
{
ArrayList<List<Integer>> list_permutations = generatePermutations(list_jobs, jobsdesc[i]);
int min_make_span=Integer.MAX_VALUE;
ArrayList<Integer> optimal_jobs_list= new ArrayList<Integer>();
for(int j=0;j<list_permutations.size();j++)
{
System.out.println(list_permutations.get(j).toString());
int make_span= computePartialSequence((ArrayList<Integer>) list_permutations.get(j), process_time, n, m);
System.out.println(make_span);
if(make_span < min_make_span)
{
min_make_span= make_span;
optimal_jobs_list= (ArrayList<Integer>) list_permutations.get(j);
}
}
list_jobs= optimal_jobs_list;
}
return list_jobs;
}
public int computePartialSequence(ArrayList<Integer> list, int[][] process_time_init, int n, int m)
{
int[][] partialSequence= new int[list.size()][m];
int make_span=0;
int[][] process_time= new int[list.size()][m];
for(int i= 0;i<list.size();i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<m;j++)
{
process_time[i][j]= process_time_init[(int)list.get(i)][j];
// System.out.print(process_time[i][j]+" ");
}
// System.out.println();
}
for(int i=0;i<list.size();i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<m;j++)
{
if(i==0 && j==0)
{
partialSequence[i][j]= process_time[i][j];
}
else if(i==0)
{
partialSequence[i][j]= partialSequence[i][j-1]+ process_time[i][j];
}
else if(i!=0 && j==0)
{
partialSequence[i][j]= partialSequence[i-1][j]+ process_time[i][j];
}
else {
partialSequence[i][j]= Math.max(partialSequence[i-1][j], partialSequence[i][j-1])+ process_time[i][j];
}
System.out.print(partialSequence[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
make_span= partialSequence[list.size()-1][m-1];
return make_span;
}
ArrayList<List<Integer>> generatePermutations(ArrayList<Integer> list_jobs,int job)
{
ArrayList<List<Integer>> list_permutations= new ArrayList<List<Integer>>();
int n= list_jobs.size();
for(int i=0;i<n+1;i++)
{
ArrayList<Integer> permutations= new ArrayList<Integer>(list_jobs);
permutations.add(i, job);
list_permutations.add(permutations);
}
return list_permutations;
}
}
public class FlowShopScheduling {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
// Scanner sc= new Scanner(System.in);
BufferedReader br= new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
int n, m;
String s[];
s= br.readLine().trim().split(" ");
n= Integer.parseInt(s[0]);
m= Integer.parseInt(s[1]);
// System.out.println(n+" "+m);
int process_time[][]= new int[n][m];
for(int i=0; i<n;i++)
{
String str[]= br.readLine().split(" ");
for(int j=0;j<m;j++)
{
process_time[i][j]= Integer.parseInt(str[j]);
}
}
FlowShopAlgorithm fs= new FlowShopAlgorithm();
int jobsdesc[]= fs.ArrangeDescendingJobs(process_time, n, m);
ArrayList<Integer> list_jobs= fs.initiateAlgorithm(jobsdesc, process_time, n, m);
System.out.println("The most Optimal Flow shop Sequence is :");
for(int i=0;i< list_jobs.size();i++)
{
System.out.print(list_jobs.get(i)+" ");
}
}
}
| 36,812 |
https://github.com/brentvatne/react-native-maps/blob/master/example/index.android.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
react-native-maps
|
brentvatne
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 33 | 96 |
let React = require('react');
const ReactNative = require('react-native');
const {
AppRegistry,
} = ReactNative;
let App = require('./App');
const AirMapsExplorer = React.createClass({
render() {
return <App />;
},
});
AppRegistry.registerComponent('AirMapsExplorer', () => AirMapsExplorer);
| 20,364 |
https://github.com/artas360/pythran/blob/master/pythran/analyses/potential_iterator.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
pythran
|
artas360
|
Python
|
Code
| 87 | 328 |
"""
PotentialIterator finds if it is possible to use an iterator.
"""
from pythran.analyses.aliases import Aliases
from pythran.analyses.argument_read_once import ArgumentReadOnce
from pythran.passmanager import NodeAnalysis
import ast
class PotentialIterator(NodeAnalysis):
"""Find whether an expression can be replaced with an iterator."""
def __init__(self):
self.result = set()
NodeAnalysis.__init__(self, Aliases, ArgumentReadOnce)
def visit_For(self, node):
self.result.add(node.iter)
self.generic_visit(node)
def visit_Compare(self, node):
if type(node.ops[0]) in [ast.In, ast.NotIn]:
self.result.update(node.comparators)
self.generic_visit(node)
def visit_Call(self, node):
for i, arg in enumerate(node.args):
def isReadOnce(f):
return (f in self.argument_read_once and
self.argument_read_once[f][i] <= 1)
if all(isReadOnce(alias)
for alias in self.aliases[node.func].aliases):
self.result.add(arg)
self.generic_visit(node)
| 23,728 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricularia%20alpina
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Utricularia alpina
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utricularia alpina&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 120 | 227 |
Utricularia alpina is a medium-sized terrestrial or epiphytic, perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. alpina is native to the Antilles and northern South America, where it is found in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, and Venezuela. In the Antilles it can be found in Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Saba, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, and Trinidad.
See also
List of Utricularia species
References
Carnivorous plants of South America
Flora of Brazil
Flora of Colombia
Flora of Dominica
Flora of Guadeloupe
Flora of Guyana
Flora of Jamaica
Flora of Martinique
Flora of Trinidad and Tobago
Flora of Venezuela
alpina
Plants described in 1760
Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin
Flora without expected TNC conservation status
| 18,061 |
https://github.com/ASokolov22/fundamental-ngx/blob/master/libs/core/src/lib/side-navigation/side-navigation.module.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
fundamental-ngx
|
ASokolov22
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 54 | 180 |
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';
import { SideNavigationComponent } from './side-navigation.component';
import { SideNavigationMainDirective } from './side-navigation-main.directive';
import { SideNavigationUtilityDirective } from './side-navigation-utility.directive';
import { NestedListModule } from '../nested-list/nested-list.module';
@NgModule({
imports: [CommonModule, NestedListModule],
exports: [SideNavigationComponent, SideNavigationMainDirective, SideNavigationUtilityDirective, NestedListModule],
declarations: [SideNavigationComponent, SideNavigationMainDirective, SideNavigationUtilityDirective]
})
export class SideNavigationModule {}
| 29,977 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.