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51.1k
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://github.com/mkgask/UnityChan-with-DarkMaze/blob/master/Assets/Scripts/Storage/Service.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
UnityChan-with-DarkMaze
|
mkgask
|
C#
|
Code
| 42 | 138 |
using Storage;
namespace sgffu.Storage
{
public class Service
{
public static void init()
{
PlayerPrefsAlt.init();
}
public static void save<T>(int slot, string key, T obj)
{
PlayerPrefsAlt.Save($"Slot{slot}.{key}", obj);
}
public static T load<T>(int slot, string key)
{
return PlayerPrefsAlt.Load<T>($"Slot{slot}.{key}");
}
}
}
| 39,428 |
https://github.com/ReqolXc/FifthAve/blob/master/demo/MySmRazor/Views/Home/Index.cshtml
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
FifthAve
|
ReqolXc
|
C#
|
Code
| 278 | 1,075 |
@using MySm.Models.Feed
@model MySm.Models.Feed.FeedViewModel
@{
ViewData["Title"] = "Home Page";
}
<div class="ui centered grid">
<!-- content, centre, feed -->
<div class="seven wide column without-padding-top main-page-feed">
<div id="feed" class="">
<div class="ui left very close rail left-main-menu">
<div class="ui special cards">
<div class="ui card">
<div class="blurring dimmable image">
<div class="ui dimmer">
<div class="content">
<div class="center">
<div class="ui inverted button" href="/settings">
<i class="cog icon"></i>
Settings
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<img class="ui image" src="ZG5d2UAlwU8.jpg">
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="header">
Dmitry Kaznacheev
</div>
<div class="meta">
<a>@@dmitry_bym</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="extra content">
<span class="right floated">
105 Posts
<i class="sticky note icon"></i>
</span>
<span>
<i class="user icon"></i>
75 Friends
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ui sticky fluid vertical menu">
<a class="active teal item">
Feed
<div class="ui teal left pointing label">1</div>
</a>
<a class="item">
My Profile
<div class="ui label">51</div>
</a>
<a class="item" href="/settings">
Settings
<div class="ui label">1</div>
</a>
<a class="item">
Messages
<div class="ui label">1</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ui right very close rail">
<div class="ui segment">
atata
</div>
<button class="ui teal icon large button back-to-top transition hidden">
<i class="angle up icon"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div id="posts" class="main-content-feed">
@foreach (var post in Model.posts)
{
<div class="ui fluid card">
<div class="content">
<div class="right floated meta">@post.PostedAgo</div>
<img class="ui avatar image" src="@post.UserAvatarUri">@post.UserNickname
</div>
<div class="image">
<img src="@post.MainPostImageUri">
</div>
<div class="content">
<a href="@post.PostUri" class="header">@post.PostHeader</a>
<div class="meta">
<span class="date">@post.PostedDate</span>
</div>
<div class="description">
@post.PostedTextPart
</div>
</div>
<div class="extra content">
<div class="right floated">
@switch (@post.StarsFromYou)
{
case StarsNumber.Zero:
{
<div class="ui star rating" data-rating="0" data-max-rating="1"></div>
break;
}
case StarsNumber.One:
{
<div class="ui star rating" data-rating="1" data-max-rating="1"></div>
break;
}
case StarsNumber.Two:
{
<div class="ui star rating" data-rating="2" data-max-rating="2"></div>
break;
}
}
@post.StarsNumber stars
</div>
<i class="comment icon"></i>
@post.CommentsNumber comments
</div>
</div>
}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
| 43,517 |
https://github.com/ubikloadpack/jmeter/blob/master/src/functions/src/test/java/org/apache/jmeter/functions/TestTimeRandomDateFunction.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown
| 2,022 |
jmeter
|
ubikloadpack
|
Java
|
Code
| 759 | 2,338 |
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.jmeter.functions;
import static org.apache.jmeter.functions.FunctionTestHelper.makeParams;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.equalTo;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import java.util.Collection;
import org.apache.jmeter.engine.util.CompoundVariable;
import org.apache.jmeter.junit.JMeterTestCase;
import org.apache.jmeter.samplers.SampleResult;
import org.apache.jmeter.threads.JMeterContext;
import org.apache.jmeter.threads.JMeterContextService;
import org.apache.jmeter.threads.JMeterVariables;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
public class TestTimeRandomDateFunction extends JMeterTestCase {
private AbstractFunction function;
private SampleResult result;
private JMeterVariables vars;
private JMeterContext jmctx = null;
private String value;
@BeforeEach
public void setUp() {
jmctx = JMeterContextService.getContext();
vars = new JMeterVariables();
jmctx.setVariables(vars);
result = new SampleResult();
jmctx.setPreviousResult(result);
function = new RandomDate();
}
@Test
public void testParameterCount() throws Exception {
checkInvalidParameterCounts(function, 3, 5);
}
@Test
public void testDefault() throws Exception {
String endDate = "2099-01-01";
String formatDate = "yyyy-dd-MM";
DateTimeFormatter formatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(formatDate);
Collection<CompoundVariable> params = makeParams(formatDate, "", endDate, "", "");
function.setParameters(params);
value = function.execute(result, null);
LocalDate result = LocalDate.parse(value, formatter);
LocalDate now = LocalDate.now();
LocalDate max = LocalDate.parse(endDate, formatter);
assertTrue(now.isBefore(result) && result.isBefore(max));
}
@Test
public void testDefault2() throws Exception {
String endDate = "2099-01-01";
Collection<CompoundVariable> params = makeParams("yyyy-dd-MM", "", endDate, "", "");
function.setParameters(params);
value = function.execute(result, null);
assertEquals(10, value.length());
}
@Test
public void testFormatDate() throws Exception {
String endDate = "01 01 2099";
String formatDate = "dd MM yyyy";
DateTimeFormatter formatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(formatDate);
Collection<CompoundVariable> params = makeParams(formatDate, "", endDate, "", "");
function.setParameters(params);
value = function.execute(result, null);
LocalDate result = LocalDate.parse(value, formatter);
LocalDate now = LocalDate.now();
LocalDate max = LocalDate.parse(endDate, formatter);
assertTrue(now.isBefore(result) && result.isBefore(max));
}
@Test
public void testFormatDate2() throws Exception {
String endDate = "01012099";
String formatDate = "ddMMyyyy";
Collection<CompoundVariable> params = makeParams(formatDate, "", endDate, "", "");
function.setParameters(params);
value = function.execute(result, null);
assertEquals(8, value.length());
}
@Test
public void testFormatDate3() throws Exception {
String startDate = "29 Aug 2111";
String endDate = "30 Aug 2111";
String formatDate = "dd MMM yyyy";
String localeAsString = "en_EN";
Collection<CompoundVariable> params = makeParams(formatDate, startDate, endDate, localeAsString, "");
function.setParameters(params);
value = function.execute(result, null);
assertThat(value, is(equalTo("29 Aug 2111")));
}
@Test
public void testFrenchFormatDate() throws Exception {
String startDate = "29 mars 2111";
String endDate = "30 mars 2111";
String formatDate = "dd MMM yyyy";
String localeAsString = "fr_FR";
Collection<CompoundVariable> params = makeParams(formatDate, startDate, endDate, localeAsString, "");
function.setParameters(params);
value = function.execute(result, null);
assertThat(value, is(equalTo("29 mars 2111")));
}
@Test
public void testEmptyFormatDate() throws Exception {
String startDate = "2111-03-29";
String endDate = "2111-03-30";
String formatDate = "";
String localeAsString = "en";
Collection<CompoundVariable> params = makeParams(formatDate, startDate, endDate, localeAsString, "");
function.setParameters(params);
value = function.execute(result, null);
assertThat(value, is(equalTo("2111-03-29")));
}
@Test
public void testEndDateBeforeStartDate() throws Exception {
String startDate = "2111-03-29";
String endDate = "2011-03-30";
String formatDate = "";
String localeAsString = "en";
Collection<CompoundVariable> params = makeParams(formatDate, startDate, endDate, localeAsString, "");
function.setParameters(params);
value = function.execute(result, null);
assertThat(value, is(equalTo("")));
}
@Test
public void testEndDateBeforeStartDateNullVariable() throws Exception {
String startDate = "2111-03-29";
String endDate = "2111-03-30";
String formatDate = "";
String localeAsString = "en";
Collection<CompoundVariable> params = makeParams(formatDate, startDate, endDate, localeAsString, null);
function.setParameters(params);
value = function.execute(result, null);
assertThat(value, is(equalTo("2111-03-29")));
}
@Test
public void testEndDateBeforeStartDateWithVariable() throws Exception {
String startDate = "2111-03-29";
String endDate = "2111-03-30";
String formatDate = "";
String localeAsString = "en";
Collection<CompoundVariable> params = makeParams(formatDate, startDate, endDate, localeAsString, "MY_VAR");
function.setParameters(params);
value = function.execute(result, null);
assertThat(value, is(equalTo("2111-03-29")));
assertThat(vars.get("MY_VAR"), is(equalTo("2111-03-29")));
}
@Test
public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
String startDate = "2111-03-29";
String endDate = "2011-03-30";
String formatDate = "abcd";
String localeAsString = "en";
Collection<CompoundVariable> params = makeParams(formatDate, startDate, endDate, localeAsString, "");
function.setParameters(params);
value = function.execute(result, null);
assertThat(value, is(equalTo("")));
}
@Test
public void testInvalidStartDateFormat() throws Exception {
String startDate = "23-2111-03";
String endDate = "2011-03-30";
String formatDate = "abcd";
String localeAsString = "en";
Collection<CompoundVariable> params = makeParams(formatDate, startDate, endDate, localeAsString, "");
function.setParameters(params);
value = function.execute(result, null);
assertThat(value, is(equalTo("")));
}
@Test
public void testInvalidEndDateFormat() throws Exception {
String startDate = "2011-03-30";
String endDate = "23-2111-03";
String formatDate = "abcd";
String localeAsString = "en";
Collection<CompoundVariable> params = makeParams(formatDate, startDate, endDate, localeAsString, "");
function.setParameters(params);
value = function.execute(result, null);
assertThat(value, is(equalTo("")));
}
}
| 48,160 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/65674011
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
|
Blaine Lafreniere, CR7, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10529185, https://stackoverflow.com/users/133298, https://stackoverflow.com/users/544825, max
|
English
|
Spoken
| 361 | 654 |
How do I set a header when overriding the SessionsController#create action of Devise controllers?
I wrote a small method to generate a JWT and save it on the user model. I'm now trying to override the SessionsController#create method to send back the token on successful login. This is how I'm attempting to do it:
# SessionsController#create
def create
super do |user|
if user.persisted?
user.generate_auth_token!
response.set_header('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.auth_token)
end
end
end
# user model
def generate_auth_token!
payload = { user_id: self.id }
token = JWT.encode(payload, Rails.application.credentials.secret_key_base, 'HS256')
self.auth_token = token
self.auth_token_expiration = DateTime.now + 30.days
self.save!
end
The token is generated just fine, and it appears to be saved on the user model when I inspect the user record via the rails console.
I'm using Postman (it's like cURL, but with a nice GUI) to inspect the headers from logging in, and there is no 'Authorization' header.
Your response may be overridden by the next line respond_with resource, location: after_sign_in_path_for(resource). So you may need to override the entire method unfortunately unless you can find some clue in the responders gem docs on how to customize the response.
You could also potentially override the respond_with method but that feels almost as hacky as copy pasting the entire create method.
Seems the issue is that there's a 302 redirect, which Postman follows. Apparently the Authorization header is lost then when the 302 is followed by Postman.
The redirect is almost certainly caused by respond_with setting the location header and status code.
try to do like this response.headers['your_header_name'] = 'value'
I tried that as well, doesn't seem to show up in the output in Postman. Do I need to explicitly expose this header maybe?
what do u mean by explicitly expose?
https://glaucocustodio.github.io/2016/01/20/dont-forget-to-expose-headers-when-using-rack-cors/
put the response after do end block, maybe it helps
Also your controller should be inherited from Devise::SessionsController
ok lol, it's this dumb GUI client apparently, for some unknown reason I can't see the authorization header in Postman, but when I use a plain old cURL command I see it...... jeez
this is technically the right answer... but I was experiencing some other problem before I could get this to work.
| 44,985 |
sn82014248_1923-12-11_1_13_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,366 | 8,461 |
Had Pimples And Blisters On Face Cuticura Healed •• My face began to itch and email pimples and blisters appeared which p later broke and dis charged water. 1 had to scratch orvaccount of the irritation, which madethe eruptions bleed. I could not put my hands in water. The(trouble lasted for two years. •• i was treated vntnout any per manent relief. »A friend told me to try Cuticura Soap and Ointment so I* purchased some, and after using two boxes of Cuticura Ointment, together with the Cuticura Soap, I was completely healed.” (Signed) Miss Martha Prenosil, 371 Main St., West Springfield, Mass., Mar. I 16,1923. Cuticura Soap, Ointment and Tal cum are all you need for all toilet uses. Bathe with Soap, soothe with Ointment, dust with Talcum. Start** Pm by Mair Address: ''Cnticnra Labor - itortM'J Dept H, Maiden 4S. Maas." Sold every where.Ointment 25 and63e.Ta!eum25c. agjrCuticura Soap shaves withoutmug. |/ Conklin Quality 7 ) Throughout A Eicautiful, Useful Gift $1.00 to $3.50 John Coughlin AUGUSTA WONDERFUL CHRISTMAS LINE OF PEARL JVeclilaces Excellent values, $5.00 to $50.00 Lowell & Nicolson Jewelers Augusta «]<.•!■ I Oiltf_ la Cone or ’ice,’ it’s mighty nice (4123) 'Tho Stove Ahead” Fes, 7 \ We Have Weather Strips Id. 1350 Bussey Hardware Co. Augusta I Rat Bis'Kit PASTE*1 f f Just Press the Tube f the Paste Spreads Itself [Cleanest, easiest and surest way! [terminating Rats and Mice. AUl drug or general atorca—25c. I Satisfaction or money refunded. TI !E RAT BISCUIT CO. Springfieldt Ohio O TVi« Ptita That Kill* MANICURING | win* the Christmas Shop ping days Special Price |i _ men and women | Gertrude E. Moore j Sair-flresslng'l Chiropody, Hair 143 Water St®001*8 Aurnsta lecleod,, TeI- 496-“ D* W. Cony & Co. insurance \ Tel. 1340 St, Augusta DAILY KENNEBEC JOHN RAL Xaupbim* las C*^u.*..or th*"k*' obituary notice*, res olutions of respect, elt. will be tharged at the rate of ten cents pet • i®* No charge less than 10 cents, subscribers who fall to receive me Journal promptly will conrer a. favor by notifying the otHce immediately. Tuesday, December 11, 1923. AUGUSTA LOCALS George Vose of VVaterville was a business caller, Monday, in the city. Mrs. L. T. Carleton of Winthrop was a caller, Monday, in the city. Dr. John Hewat of State street, is confined to his home by illness. Mrs. Charles Hill of Belgrade Lakes and her son, Lawrence Hill, were callers, Monday in the city. Miss Doris Allen of West Gardiner is employed at the local telephone office for two weeks. Miss Alice McNally is having a two weeks' leave of absence from the local telephone office. Miss Aida Heyward, Mrs. Marion Thomas and Miss Gertrude Longfel low of Winthrop. were callers, Sat urday, Ui the city. Miss Althea Heath, employed in Salem, Mass., is passing a few days in the city, coming here to attend the wedding of her sister. Mrs. D. A. Blanchard of Skowhe gan and forrherly of this city, has been in the city tecently, visiting with friends. Freeman Whitlock of this city, is I a patient at the Gardiner General Hospital, where he underwent an operation for appendicitis. Miss Diana Thibodeau of Water street left Sunday for Boston where she will take a two months’ business course in millinery. The barge, “Richardson” which brought a cargo of coal to Purinton Bros. Co. wharf, went down river. Saturday noon. The same company is expecting 'another barge soon. Disti'ict Deputy John C. Arnold was in Winthrop. Monday evening, where he inspected Temple Lodge, F. & A. M. The work exemplified was of a high order. C. F. Storey of Lewiston, district manager of the New Kngland Tel. & Tel. Co., was in the city. Monday and conferred With J. C. Whittemore, the local manager. Mrs. Brian M. Jewett has returned to her home on Court street, after being in Whitefield and in Portland for several weeks. She was called away by the illness of her mother. Airs. 13. Al. Lewis of 4 Quinby street has gone to Mpringvale, where she will visit her daughter, Aliss Kloanor Lewis, a student at Nasson Institute, for a few days. The weekly 'session of the Red Cross Baby Welfare clinic will be held this TuesdaS* afternoon’, 2..'!0 o'clock, at the Augusta General hos j- pital. Arthur G. Vose of Caribou, general I manager of the Aroostook Telephone j Co., was a caller, Monday, in the city. ! He was en route for Boston where | he will lie one of the speakers at a 1 convention of telephone workers. i Seth Williams National Relief Corps, No. !)<», will hold its regular 1 meeting Wednesday afternoon. 2..'10 | o'clock, in G. A. R. hall. A full at tendance of members is desired as | election of officers is to take place. Oakland Alan Bankrupt | Phiiieas If. Hilton of Oakland. woods clerk, has filed a petition for ! bankruptcy. The. lirst meeting of ithe creditors will be held December 2N at 10 o'clock, at the office of Ref eree 1<\ J. C. Little, this city. Mr. Hilton's liabilities are listed at $1, <117.25* and his assets are none. More Queer Blooms Mayflowers in the prime of bloom, fragrant and pink, were picked. Sun day in a South Pittston pasture. Pansies wore picked Dec. 7. by Mrs. Charles Austin in her garden at Bel grade Lakes. Ar.d a resident on the east side in Augusta, reports that he fears for the well being of his 300 or more tulip bulbs. He expects any day now to see them bursting through'the ground iust in time to get caught by a heavy frost. A friend’s suggestion was that he install a re frigeration plant in his garden, pipe the soil and thus insure his bulbs of permanent winter weather. F. B. Meetings Held This Week Three Fanil Bureau planning ; meetings are scheduled for this week j being the first of the 28 to be held. Thesfe sessions are all day and begin I at 10 in the forenoon. The men’s and women's divisions j of the, Windsor Farm Bureau will | mT>et Wednesday at the Orange hall. The Mount Vernon Farm Bureau, both divisions, will meet Thursday and the Sidney Farm Bureau will meet Saturday. The Windsor and Mount Vernon adult poultry clubs will meet at the same time the Farm Bureaus meet. A part of the session will be given over to the poultry club work. O. M. Wilbur, extension pouitry specialist will he present and give a lecture upon the subject of breeding. At tiic regular Farm Bureau plan ning meeting, the present officers will give reports on the work of the | past year. Flans will be made for i work for the coming year, both in i the agricultural and the home j economies projects, Project leaders i will be chosen to have charge of the | extension work in the community. ! Those who have charge of this 1 week's iheetinys are: Winditor, ! Community chairman C. W. Brown I and Women's division director, Mrs. D. A. Wilkins: Mount Vernon, Chairman, Dr. G. G. Downs and Women's director, Mrs. Fred W. Foss; Sidney. C. A. Graves and Mrs. O. S. Taylor. Poultry club leaders, H. N. Merrill of Windsor and Mrs. W. Z. Chase of Mount Vernon. LOCAL NOTICE Spiritualist meeting, Golden Cross hall. Wednesday, Dec. Ill, 7.,'JO 1*. M. Mrs. Libby of Rockland will lecture on reincarnation. Prof. Lib by will give demonstrations of spirit return. Admission 25 cents. Public invited. V declOddt The Ladies' Aid of the Given St. M. K. church will hold their Xmas sale Thursday and Friday, Dee. 13-14. Sale opens at 3 P. M. There will be many useful and fancy articles at reasonable prices, also some-cooked food, candy, and ice cream. An entertainment will bo given Tliurs. live. A harvest dinner will be served Fridgj’ noon instead of evening. Tickets 50c. dcclOd-it Miss Lottie S. Safford, 26 Grove street, will commence her Christmas sale Dec. 3, which will continue until Christmas. \ dec3dlSt Big dance at Manchester this Thursday night. Forest Smith and his orchestra plays. declld3t With esrltp* up— for good weather. Patented Auf. 50th and Oct. 23th, 1921 Withearlapadowii— for bad weather. for Good or Bad Weather EACLE CAP Snuggest fitting, best looking, coziest of all knitted caps. Van* ous colors and combinations. Only Knitted Gap that Completely Protects Ears, Cheeks and Throat Elastic, fieecedined crown comes right hack into shape after stretching. Men’s, Boys’ and * Juvenile Sizes At leading stores everywhere.' Aslc for Eagle Cap and take no substitute. Eagle Knitting Mn « MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN . Come Here For - EAGLE CAPS J. B. FARRELL CO. 237 Water St., Augusta We Sell EAGLE CAPS H. G, BARKER CO. “The Proven Value Glvera” ■ Two Stores t Augusta_Gardiner All Styles \. of EAGLE CA^S C. F. BILODEAU CO. 262 Water St., Augusta Lowest Prices on EAGLE CAPS A. F. PIERCE 212 Water St., Augusta Of Course We Have - EAGLE CAPS Capital Clothing Co. Opp. C. M. P. Co., Augusta novC-IS^O-lT-deci-ll Radio Programs TODAY, DEC. 11 *DKi—Westiuffhoute Electric, East Fittsburgh, Fa., S20 Kilocycles, Fre quency. 326 Meters, Wave Length. Eastern Standard Time 6.15 P. M. Dinner concert by Gear's Orchestra of New York. 7.30 P. M. ‘ The Key to the Gift Puz zle—Books That Will Please Chil dren," by Herbert Askowith. for mer instructor in English Litera ture at Harvard. 7.45 P. at. "The Story of Babouska," the childrens’ period 8.00 I*. M. National Stockman and • Farmer market reports, 8.15 P. M. "A Reception by tlie Arch bishop of Canterbury at Lambeth Place.” by Dr. John Ray Ewers, pastor of the East End Christian church, Pittsburgh. Pa. 5.30 P. St.'\ Amanda V'ierheller pre sents students in a recital. Carl Bernthaler, accompanist. Program—Solos by Corinne Gerst ncr. "O Hope Why Dost Thou Leave Me" (Sentele): solo by Jr an Woodford Wlble. "Rose Sollly Blooming"; solo by Bertha Gundtl finger, "Let. a Gallant Youth Come Towards Me” (Dor Freischutze).; selection by Olive Novin. "Page song" (Los Huguenots); solo by Betty Bell. "Don Fataia" (Don Carlos); selection by Cliauncey 1'arsons. "Prize song" (Die Meis tersingcr): solo by Carl Rube, "Within These Sacred Dwellings" (Magic Flute); solo by Blanchard Wiestcr, "O Wondrous Beauty Past Compare" (Magic Flute): solo by Robertson Tilton. "Through the Forests" (Dcr Freischutze); solo by William Hasselman. "It Was Not So to Be” (Trompeter Yon Sackingen); duet by olive Ncvin and Chauncey Parsons, “Martha"; duet by Hilda Gundel fmger and William Hasselman. "Coma Let Me Tell Thee" (Don Juan), "O Bid Me Not Resign Love” (Don Juan); selections from "Hansel and Gretel," Dance Duet; "There Stands a Little man"; Sandman Song; duet, "Eve ning Prayer": Song of the Dew— Fairy: duet, "Before the Witch’s House.” Gretel, Gladys- Ramauoff; Hansel, Ruth Scanlon; Sandman, Hilda Gundelfinger: Dew-Fairy, Jean Woodford Wible; "Elsa’s Dream" (Lohengrin) Wagner, Thelma Dyer Harbin: 9 55 P. M. Arlington time signals. 9.55 I’. M. Arlington Unite signals. Weather forecast 11.30 P. M. Special concert by the yticen City Sorenaders. WEZ—830 KliocyolaE, Frequency, Westing-house Electric, Spring-field, Mass. 330 Meters, Wave length 7.00 1’ .51. World market survey from the Department of Commerce at Boston. farmers' period—Talk by a mem ber of the Massachusetts Agri cultural College. 7.30 I’. M. Twilight tales for the kiddies. "Social Values in the Home,” sev enth lecture in the Household Management Course by Agues 11. Craig, of the Massachusetts Divi sion of University Extension. 5.00 P. it. Concert by the Hayden 3Iale Quartet. 0.00 I*. M. Hedtime story for grown ups. by Orison it. iMarden. 9.53 i‘. 31. Arlington time signals. WJB—Broadcast Central, 33 West 42nd Street, it. Y. City. 405 Meters, 660 Kilocycles 700 I'. M. Dinner music by Paul Speeht’s Alamac Hotel Orchestra by direct wire from the Blue Room of the Alamac Hotel. 8.00 P. 31. "The Financial Side of Your Business,” a University of the air talk. 8.15 P. M. Second concent of the American Orchestral Society, under the direction of Chalmers Clifton; by direct wire from the Cooper Union. 10.30 1*. M. Dance program by the Hotel Astor Dance Orchestra by direct wire- from the Grill Room of the Hotel Astor. WOY—Schenectady, W. Y., 790 Kilo cycles, 380 Meters, Oeneral Electric Company. 6.00 P. 31. Produce and stock market quotations; news bulletins. 7.45 P. 3t. A talk on Outdoor Life, Jud I.andon. 5.00 P. 31. Program furnished by the Albany Community Chorus of 1000 voices. Albany. X. Y.; Elmer A. Tidmarsh. conductor; Lydia F. Stevens, accompanist. Instrui tental trio selections, "At To keep hands smooth YOU want your hands to be white and smooth so that you will be proud of their deli cate texture—and yet they seem to chap and roughen # easily. If you use a few drops of Nepto Lotion each time after washing your hands, they will keep soft and smooth. Nepto is distinctly different from other lotions. Try it and see. 50 cents at drug and department stores. Of SEA MOSS ANoTTurcpUN Keeps the Skin Smooth t Dawning," “Armour Coquet," “The Emerald Isle,” Hotel Ten Eyck Orchestra. Eugene Bocrman, violin | —director; Joseph Sabatelli, cello; ' M. Nelson, piano; chorus 'selec tions. “Star Spangled Hanner,” , “Joy to the World,” Albany Com munity Chorus; Male quartet se lections. "Silver Key." “The Eong Day ('loses,1' St. l'nul's church quartet: chorus selections, "Malt liindy Lou,” “l Passed by Your Window"; piano solos, “Music Box,” “Ballade in A Flat," Stuart Swart: chorus selections. “My Sunshine," 'She's the Lass for Mi1"; cornet solos. “Showers of Gold.” "Somewhere a Voice is Calling,'' Frederick ,T. Clinnlck. (assisted by the chorus); chorus selections. “Marcheta,” “Pil grims’ Chorus" front "Tann liauser": soprano solos. “Invoca tion." “To the Sun.” “Old Folks at Home." Mrs. John Malcolm An gus (assisted by the chorus); cho rds selections. “Morning Will Come.' "Song of the Volga Boat man," (arranged by Bode)-, cho rus selections. Excerpts from Cantata “Bethlehem." Monday Musical Club, under direction Es ther Dunn Keneston; chorus se lections. “The Mill by the Sea," “The Rosary”; baritone solos. “Cam Ye By Athol.” -“In the (Roaming," John Dick (assisted by the chorus); chorus selec tions. “Each Night is Followed by the Day." “Smile Cpon the Troubled Pilgrims"; contralto so los. "Ye Who Have Yearned Alone." “Take Joy Home." 1-ouisc B. Ilaefner; chorus selections, “It was the Time of I,lines." "Banjo Song"; harp and violin duet selec tions, “Meditation." from 'Thais," “Melody.” Margaret Do draff, harp. Ruth Gwendolyn Woodin. violin; chorus selections'. "Silent Night." "O Coins All Ye Faithful," “An Revoir.” Echo fro the Radio (N. Y. Tribune) Lives of great men all remind us we should broadcast as we- go, and, departing, leave behind us echoes from the radio. ' 'Loral I'nion No. 541. Painters and Paperhnngers. will hold a regular meeting tonight. The nomination and election of officers and Important business will come before the meet ing. It is hoped that all members j will be present. j Ocean Point Presents I Summerlike Scenes Charles Ho.vie and family were at | the Atlantic House, Ocean Poyjt. i Sunday. Mr. and Mrs. K. E. Newbert I were also at their cottage for the i day. Both men report unusually I warm weather and fine conditions on this part of the Maine Coast for December. Mr. Newbert saw 'a row of lettuce untouched by frost and j still growing in a garden on the ; shore i^nd exposed to wind from the I sea. Extensive burning operations are under way in the large area cleared and opened by roads during the summer and early fall. This work is being done by responsible men under contract with Mr. Newbert. Cottage, owners Will be glad to know that the I work Is nearly completed and that the burning has been done without injury of any kind to adjoining properties. NATIONAL HOME Officer of the day, Capt. Leroy Sias. James P. Quinn has been trans ferred to the Central Branch at Dayton. O. Monday, Major Keith Ryan paid the monthly pensions to the veter- , ans, disbursing some over $20,000. Furloughs have been granted to James Lynch and Joseph Brown to Dayton, O. George C. Smith of Los Angeles, late Co. A, hth Mass. Inf., and Charles G. Rumery of Lynn, late Co. D, 1st Mass. Inf,, have been re admitted to the Home. William W. Healey of Worcester, latfe U. S. Medical Department. Chas. R. Diamond of Boston, late C Bat tery. 66th U. S. Coast Art., and Ray mond H. C. Canton of Hallowell, late kll. S. Navy have been admitted to the Home. Ivan Bicknell Rost. No. 1)0, Ameri can Legion, will hold its regular meeting this evening and all mem bers are requested to be present. Election of officers and other im portant business will be in order. Henry V. Holland of Boston, late Co. I, ffth U. S. Inf.; Charles W. Frpst of Waterville, late 4tli Bat tery. Maine L, A., and Thomas F. Sears of Lewiston, late Co. A, 1st Me. H. A., have reported for re admission to the Home. Arthu/ Colleton, late Co. D. 1st R. I. Inf.: John L. Dcegan. late I'. S. Navy; Thomas Dunn, late Co. F, ffth Mass. Inf.; Thomas V. Aabbitt, late Co. M, 6tli Mass. Inf.; Odelon Vglcour, late 24th Co.. U. S. Coast Art.; Henry Cottle, late Co. G, 8th Mass. Inf.; David A. French, late Co. D. 1st Me. H. A.; Joseph Max field. late o. K. 6th Mass. Inf.; and Cornelius J. Donahue.. late Co. I. 11th Ih S. Cav„ have been granted discharges from the Home. POND The Christmas Club was enter tained Wednesday by Mrs. W. E. Strong with a good attendance con sidering the inclement weather. The officers re-elected for the year are President. Airs. Etta Barrows; sec retary and treasurer, Mrs. Clara Brown; flower committee, Mrs. May Huspey; custodian of gifts, Mrs. Carrie Strong. A delicious picnic dinner was served. The next meeting will be WEBBER with Mrs. J. J. Robbins on Jan- | uary 2. Mrs. Vesta Reynolds lias closed her rent and gone to Manchester to pass the winter with Mrs. Olive Fales. Mrs. Lydia Newell of Augusta was a week-end guest of her sister, Mrs. Albert Prescott. E. E. Dow has hid a pipeless fur nace installed in his house. Miss Mabel Strong of Boston pass ed the week-end with her parents, Mi-, dnd Mrs. W. E. Strong. John Hawes of Manchester was a business caller in this place Thurs day. Benjamin F. Barton is pass ing a two weeks' vacation with friends in Warren and hirf“ parents at Isle-au Haute. Mrs. Fannie Foster has returned from a short trip to Boston. Mrs. E. T. Clark and son, Edwin, of Waterville, passed the week-end with her mother. Mrs. Etta Barrows. Mrs. Albert Humes and son, Os car, were busfness visitors in Au gusta Saturday. Scott Clark and George Cox have returned from a "hunting trip at Mt. Bigelow. Dr. 1.. L. Dolliver lias returned from a visit with his daughter and his father in Massachusetts. Mrs. Dolliver enteitained her sister. Mrs. Morrill of Augusta during the Dr's, absence. Mrs. Ella Rowe was a business visitor in Augusta Saturday. VASSALBORO. Howard Gallup, a mechanic of the firm of Brackett, Shaw and Lunt of Soniersworth. N. If. is superintend ing the Installing of a water system tor Karl \V. Cates.' lie expects to have tho work completed in a short time. i William Farris has purchased a I pair of heavy horses, i Mrs. S H. Marden passed Saturday | at the eapitol city. ■ Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Cates, accom panied l> Mr. and Mrs. Gustave Page took an auto trip Friday to Lewiston for the day. Ed. Toothaker and Boh Toothaker of Portland and Brunswick respect ively dined Friday u’ilh Karl Fates and fainil- at Abbott Hill. ! POPE AVENUE —Mr. and Mrs. lie ft Stevens and son. George. passed | the day recently at Thorndike with I Mrs Steven's parents, Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Huritoon. | George \V. Taylor of East Vassal boro was a brief caller Friday at the ; avenue. Mrs. Port Stevens was a business visitor Saturday in Watervillc. Fred Wing of Watervillc was in town recently on business. Ear Kennebec Pomona Orange will meet on Tuesday, Dec. 18 with Vassalboro Grange. Mrs. f live l’ope left Monday for Augusta en route.for Lewiston where slu iplans to attend some of the ses sions of the State grange. EAST—Mrs. Wesley Fitzgerald has returned to her home here, aft er pacsinj the summer in Portland, where Mr. -Fitzgerald has employ ment. Mr. Fitzgerald, who will re main a few weeks to complete his work, was in town Sunday, accom panied- by his nephew, Dr. Harold Bickmore, and mother, Mrs. Anwil der Bickmore of Portland. \ Mrs. Florence Clark arid Miss Greta Clark were recent callers on relatives in China. Mrs. Flora Farrington of Water ville was a Sunday guest of her aunt, Mrs. Dana Clark. Friends of Mrs. Josephine Brad ley. who is quite 111, are hoping for her speedy recovery. MANCHESTER The Community club met on Thursday of last week with Mrs. Julia Spear. Owing to the bad wea ther and traveling not ail the mem bers were able to be present so the program was omitted but the time was agreeably passed in plans for an entertainment and work on aprons. Refreshments were served and the meeting adjourned to meet lu two weeks witli Mrs. May Moore. Mrs. Stella Davis who has employ ment at the Vickery and Hill estab lishment passed the week end at her home. Miss Nellie Robinson passed the week end in Winthrop and Lewis ton. She will observe Mothers' Day at her school on Wednesday and have a little entertainment and Christmas tree on Thursday night closing on Friday as will all the schools j<1 town. Mrs. Charles Sanborn who Is still at the hospital in Lewiston is report ed to he gaining and able to sit up toy a short time. * The Misses Lucy and Edna. Merrill and Louise Rollins were week end visitors at their homes. Leo Wheeler is taking down n building which he recently bought of AN EFFICACIOUS COUGH REMEDY Prompt attontiQn to coughs and colds is half the cure. L)o not let a cough or cold get a strong hold -on you. but with th» first symptoms take a dose of FOLEY'S HONEY AND TAK COM POUND. This good, reliable family medicine will soon bring relief. It has stood the test of time serving three generations. Made only of the purest ingredients; contains no opi ates. The one desirable remedy for the relief of racking, stubborn coughs, colds and hoarseness. Jie sure to get the genuine—refuse substitutes.— Adv. declt NOTICE I hereby give notice to all persons that they arc forbidden to extend credit to my wife, Eva F. Simmons, as I shall pay no bills of her contracting after this dale. GEORGE C. SIMMONS. Togus, Maine, Dec. 11, 19iJ. dcclldlt Charijjs Mason and will use the ma-. teriaf in ■building a home for himself in the near future. Mrs. Harry Spear has been a recent visitor at her daughter's in Hallowell. Friends of Miss Marjorie Lenfest will be interested to know thatj she has arrived safely in (aelifornia, and has been visiting /elatives and friends at Berkeley and passed a most enjoyable Thanksgiving with relatives at San Francisco. A little later Miss Lenfest will go to. Pass-, dena, where she will pass most of the winter. Reuben Wentworth went recently to Vassalboro on business. Harry Libby ahd Mr. Brigham are engaged in cutting cord-wood for Mrs. Bertha Crocker. Charlie Weeks is working for Ed gar Lenfest on the Winthrop road. Mrs. Lucille Blossom will entertain the Farm Bureau on Wednesday ,at the Pope place on the Feadfleld road. DEXTER Drove Auto While Under Influence Of Liquor Percy W. Smith of Monson was be fore Judge Dtone in the municipal court Saturday afternoon charged with driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of liquor, the al leged offense having been committed on the Federal road *ln this town Nov. 21. He entered a plea of guilty and paid a fine of $110 and costs, a total of 127.80, and also surrendered his operator's, license which will be revoked by the State Highway com mission. At the December meeting’ of the W. C. T. U. in this town the pro posed Brewster amendment, which has caused so much agitation, was reviewed from the standpoint of each side. The local W. C. T. U. aims to be thorough, practical and just. Otelir live political matters will be discussed by the organiza tion at future meetings. An unusual sight for a December Sunday was observed Sunday, Dec. 8 when an automobile part.# was seen picnicing on the grounds at the farm of Charles Beighton on the Federal highway leading to Dover-Foxcroft.’ The party left Kockland at >7.30 Sun day morning, continued on the Guil i ford and intended to be back in Kockland that night. * Bocal members of tlie Fythian Sis ters are expecting to attend the fair and ball to be given by the Hartland Pythian Sisters at, Hartland Town hall. Friday Dec. 14. It will be an all day session and a ball will-be held in^he evening with a supper at in termission. Sheldon Carter, son of Mr. and Mrs. Alec Carter underwent an oper ation for appendicitis at the Plunv nier hospital Monday morning. Miss Belila Stairs of the Maine School of Commerce. Auburn, has been passing a week with friends in this town. HINCKLEY Mr. and Mrs. N.’ E. Bessey had as dinner guests Sunday Mrs. Besse.v’s four brothers and their families: Mr. and Mrs. William Spofford and chil dren, of Skowhegan; Mr. and Mrs. Francis Spofford and children of Skowhegan: Mr. and Mrs. Harold Bore of Washington: Mr. and Mrs. Elmer McGuire of Skowhegan. This is the first time for several years that these relatives have been t<y?ether. Mrs. Earle Palmer and children were also present. A most happy day was passed. Rev. George Merl-iam preached a helpful "Father and Son" sermon at the Federation Sunday, reading from the 15th chapter of St. Luke. Ernest Dunbar of Skowhegan was a caller at the home of his sister, Mrs. W. E. Palmer, Sunday. He was accompanied by Mr. Fred Pooler of the firm McQuillon and Pooler. The Kennebecside club met at the home of Mrs. Gertrude McLeod at j Good Will Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Winogene Brown assisting as. hostess. The roll call was answered by teliing something of "Famous Mothers:” reading, "The Great Love of Michael Angelo and Victoria Col onna." by Miss Georgia F. Morrow; reading, a Christmas poem, by Mrs. G. \V. Hinckley. Delicious refresh ments were served. » Mr. and Mrs. Fred a I^owe of Oak land were callers in town Sunday. Mr. and Mrs. George Hicks and -children of Fairfield were guests at ! Craggin Brook farm Sunday. The Philathea class is making ar-. rnngements to hold a, Christmas , tree at the church. Mrs. B. Wintle of Waterville "has been in town for a few days. Mrs. Melvin Palmer left on the i noon train Monday to attend the ! State Grange at Lewiston. Earle : Palmer will assist at the post office ! during her absence. Mr. and Mrs. Philander Bessey j were in Fairfield Friday, calling on friends. ST. ALBANS Mr. and Mrs. • Malcolm _ Park- ! man are visiting their son, Orin, and | family in Boston. Mrs. Nellie Wellman of Augusta is 1 .visiting at Nathan Richards.' St. Albans Grange St. Alhnns Grange held a regular j meeting Saturday evening, Dec i, for \ the annual election of officers. The following were elected: Master, Chester Carson: overseer, B. Bow man: lecturer, Hattie Emerson;chap-1 lain, Susie Lucas: treasurer, W. H.! Carson: steward. S. L. Fellows: see-j rotary, Emma Parkman, ass’t. stew- j ard, Harry Finson; gatekeeper, \Vill 1 Bowman: Ceres, Edith Crocker; Po- j mona, Ethel Libby: Flora, Evie Fel lows: L. A. steward, Enzer- Varney, j The patrons present enjoyed the j radio progrurns, thanks to Chester; Cqrson and Cassimir Wing for their ! generosity and trouble in getting' their radio outfits .to the hall. Next Saturday evening the third ; and fourth degrees will be conferred i and a harvest feast will be enjoyed, i Mrs. Thelma Worthen Mills and little child of Vermont were calling in town Saturday. * Mrs. Minnie Martin Is visiting in Portland. The community planning meeting of the Farm Bureau of St.. Albans will he held at the Grange hall Friday at 10 A, M. Both the county agent and home demonstrator will be pres ent. It is hoped there will be a large attendance. CHKLSKA Mr. and Mrs. Guy Cheney and son. j William, were Sunday guests of j friends in Hallowed and Augusta, i \V. K. Thompson and sons, Erroll i and Clilton, were in Richmond Sun- ! day. Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Thompson and children of West Gardiner, were guests of Mrs. Thompson's parents. Mr. and Mrs. George Caldwell, Sun day. Mr. and Mrs. Frank Cheney were Sunday guests of Augusta friends. The cases of measles are on the road to recovery. There are several cases of whoop ing cough tn the eastern part of the town. Chelsea Grange At the regular meeting of th* Faultless Fitting Footwear IN each of the new creations of DOROTHY DODD designers you see Style at its best—a skill of design, a beauty of materials, a faultless fit and comfort revealed in the flowing linea that cares* every curve of the foot This is Style as you will enjoy it in DOROTHY DODD shoes! ‘Briarcliff” Distinctively new, low of heel end ■quart of toe, tailored In design and faultless fitting, this style is shown in Blaok or Brown Calf with welt sola and rubber heel. Hersey’s Shoe Store 204 Water Street, Auflueta Your Taxes Poll and PWsonal Taxes must be paid at once. All Real Estate Taxes not paid before December 17, 1923 will be advertised. ^ Beginning- Tuesday the .collector’s office will be* open from 9 to 12 A. M. and 2 to 6 P. M., including Saturday. More than just— Stationery' AFTER all, there's no gift that quite taks the place of Stationery—es pecially when it is not >only attractive but really good. Included in our large stock are some most desirable boxes at from 50c to $5.00 with especially good selections for $1.00 and $1.25. These include bordered papers and lined en velopes, in white and colors. G. W. QUIMBY’S tArt Store 258 Water Street Augusta You could bake forever with a kineo Range All Kineo users assure us that cooking is a pleasure. Their ef forts they claim are apparent immediately and then baking is always so evenly done. One lady says she always gets up early so she can cook for a longer time on her Kineo. Kin*# C HU5>5>tY HARDWARE CO. 10-12 Bangor St., Auguata Grange Friday night, the following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Master, H. L. Hayes; overseer, H. M. Swift: lecturer. Mabei Swift; steward, Perley English; assistant steward, A. S. Fowler: chaplain, Laura Corbin: treasurer. Bessie Bailey: secretary. Alice Cheney: gate keeper, Guy Cheney: Ceres. Grace Hayes: Pomona. Ruth Fowler; Flora, Cora English: lady assistant steward, Angie Fowler; member of executive committee for three years, W. E. Trask; for one year, H. M. Swift. The supper and sale which was to be given by the Grange Auxiliary the 6th., will be Tuesday, December l’S. If stormy the next fair night, other than Triday. Berlin, Nov. 21 (A. P. by Mail)— According to the German Teacher**'" Journal the number of persons in Germany under 15 years of age sank. from ,45 percent in 1910 to 29 per cent in 1920. Professor Oswald, Gernjany'H * greatest chemical scientist, wan ■ awarded the Noebel prize In that di vision on his 70th birthday. Qut of the fresh crisp pods into the can ~ HATCHET BRAND Peas are fresh tender and ^TVITCHELbCHAMPUN tt PORTLAND BOSTON*.
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https://ru.stackoverflow.com/questions/748518
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Stack Exchange
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Pavel Mayorov, https://ru.stackoverflow.com/users/178779
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Как нарисовать сглаженную кривую в Canvas по точкам?
Есть Canvas, в нем необходимо нарисовать непрерывную сглаженную кривую по точкам, X у каждой точки увеличивается на 1, Y меняется как угодно. Много есть подобного в интернете, но конкретный такой вопрос я не нашел. У меня в арсенале будет лишь список List<Tuple<double,double>> координат.
Вы бы хоть упомянули графическую библиотеку... Откуда мы тут знаем о каком именно Canvas речь?
Нашел в итоге ответ в объекте BezierSegment
Вот примерный код :
PathFigure myPathFigure = new PathFigure();
myPathFigure.StartPoint = new Point(10, 50);
myPathFigure.Segments.Add(
new BezierSegment(
new Point(100, 0),
new Point(200, 200),
new Point(300, 100),
true ));
/// Create a PathGeometry to contain the figure.
PathGeometry myPathGeometry = new PathGeometry();
myPathGeometry.Figures.Add(myPathFigure);
// Display the PathGeometry.
Path myPath = new Path();
myPath.Stroke = Brushes.Black;
myPath.StrokeThickness = 1;
myPath.Data = myPathGeometry;
Canvas.Children.Add(myPath);
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8171324_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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Peck, J.
Plaintiffs, Josephine and John McCormack, appeal from judgment notwithstanding the verdict entered by the Windsor Superior Court in favor of defendants the State of Vermont, Harry Philip Brown and Aime Bellavance & Sons, Inc.* We affirm in part and reverse in part.
*444Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiffs as the nonmoving parties, Kinzer v. Degler Corp., 145 Vt. 410, 412, 491 A.2d 1017, 1018 (1985), the record discloses the following facts.
On February 6, 1982, Josephine McCormack (hereinafter “plaintiff”) was driving south on Route 14 in South Randolph, when the small pick-up truck she was driving collided with the rear wheels of a large tractor-trailer owned by defendant Bellavance & Sons, and driven by co-defendant Brown. As a result of the collision, plaintiff was severely injured.
It had been snowing for some time prior to the accident. The road had been plowed and salted approximately two and one-half hours prior to the accident. Highway maintenance occasioned by the snowfall resulted in a plowed snowbank extending to within the painted “fog line” which normally defines the side of the road’s travelled portion. Additionally, some snow may have sloughed off from the plowed bank onto the travelled surface of the road, having a possible cumulative effect of narrowing plaintiff’s lane of travel by one and one-half feet.
At a 300 degree curve on a crest of a hill, defendant’s tractor-trailer truck “undercut” the curve in the road so that its rear wheels crossed the yellow center line by as much as 15 inches, resulting in the collision. When the tractor-trailer’s wheels collided with plaintiff’s truck, they pushed it backward into the snowbank created by the State’s plow. Plaintiff’s injuries resulted from both the initial impact with the truck and the impact with the bank of snow.
Plaintiff’s expert testified that the lane she was travelling on was eight and one-half feet wide so that even with the snow having “sloughed off” the bank, she had a lane of travel seven feet wide, more than sufficient for a driver to pass in an ordinary vehicle.
The jury verdict held that plaintiff was 48% negligent in causing the collision and resulting harm, the State of Vermont 30% negligent, and the truck driver and his employer 22% negligent. Judgment was entered accordingly for plaintiff, and the State then moved for judgment in its favor notwithstanding the verdict. V.R.C.P. 50(b). The trial court granted the motion, stating that plaintiff produced no evidence that the State had notice of an unsafe condition requiring further maintenance or that the plowing or maintenance practices at that curve deviated from the *445standard procedure for that type of road and under the prevailing weather conditions. Accordingly, it concluded that applying the standard that the State has a duty to exercise reasonable diligence to keep its roads in a reasonably safe condition for the uses for which they were established, Drew v. Town of Sutton, 55 Vt. 586, 589 (1882), the State cannot be held negligent in this case.
Following the court’s action granting the State’s motion, defendants Brown and Bellavance filed a motion seeking judgment notwithstanding the verdict. These defendants argued that since plaintiff’s fault is greater than their fault, under Vermont’s comparative negligence law, 12 V.S.A. § 1036, they are entitled to judgment in their favor and dismissal of all claims with prejudice. The trial court agreed, and granted their motion.
Plaintiffs argue that the trial court incorrectly granted the State of Vermont’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict in light of evidence produced at trial of the State’s negligent maintenance of the road. They further contend that the trial court incorrectly applied Vermont’s comparative negligence law in granting Brown’s and Bellavance’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict rather than ordering a new trial on all issues.
The legal question raised by a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict is “whether the result reached by the jury is sound in law on the evidence produced.” Kinzer, 145 Vt. at 412, 491 A.2d at 1018. Further, a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict cannot be granted by the trial court unless the record contains no substantial evidence that “fairly and reasonably tends to support the jury’s verdict.” Westchester Fire Ins. Co. v. Deuso, 146 Vt. 424, 426, 505 A.2d 666, 667 (1985).
I.
In this case the trial court properly granted the State of Vermont’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Upon review of the record we conclude that no evidence was presented to establish that the State breached its duty of care.
The State has an obligation to use reasonable diligence to maintain its roads in a reasonably safe condition for the uses for which they were established. Drew, 55 Vt. at 589; Swift v. Town of Newbury, 36 Vt. 355, 358 (1863); see Mosseller v. City of Asheville, 267 N.C. 104, 107-08, 147 S.E.2d 558, 561 (1966). In order *446for a breach of this duty to occur, the State must have either actual or constructive notice of the existence of the defect and a reasonable amount of time in which to correct it. Morse v. Town of Richmond, 41 Vt. 435, 442 (1868); see Valentino v. State, 62 A.D.2d 1086, 1088, 403 N.Y.S.2d 596, 598 (1978); Graham v. Rudison, 348 So. 2d 711, 713 (La. App. 1977).
Where the defective condition is caused by an affirmative act of the State itself, however, no notice of any kind, either actual or constructive, is necessary. Johnson v. State, 636 P.2d 47, 52 (Alaska 1981); see also Cain v. Houston General Insurance Co., 327 So. 2d 526, 530 (La. App. 1976) (State on notice of danger when it created hazard by painting drastically off-center striping on a curve in a road that was eroding).
In this case, the trial court correctly concluded that there was insufficient evidence that the State created a hazardous condition, and that, accordingly, knowledge of the purported danger could not be imputed to it. It is undisputed that the State’s plow had been past the accident site earlier that morning and had cleared and salted the road. The State had no accidents recorded at this particular curve for a number of years prior to this collision, and there was no evidence of abnormal accumulations of snow that would warrant the State to deviate from its standard operating procedures with respect to clearly the highways by plowing, and for more costly and extraordinary methods of snow removal. While it is possible that some “sloughing off” from the snowbank may have occurred, causing a portion of the road to be obstructed, there is no evidence that this in fact occurred, or that the State knew or should have known of this condition. Moreover, even if the snow “sloughed off,” plaintiff’s expert testified that it would have narrowed the highway only eighteen inches, leaving a lane of travel seven feet wide, which was more than sufficient for plaintiff’s vehicle to negotiate the curve if operated under control and at a reasonable speed under the circumstances.
Because there was no evidence that fairly and reasonably supported the verdict, the court properly entered judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 146 Vt. at 426, 505 A.2d at 667.
*447ii.
Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred by granting the motion of defendants Brown and Bellavance for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and not granting her motion for a new trial. We agree.
12 V.S.A. § 1036 provides, in part, that:
Contributory negligence shall not bar recovery in an action by any plaintiff ... to recover damages for negligence ... if the negligence was not greater than the causal total negligence of the defendant or defendants ....
The trial court granted judgment for Brown and Bellavance because it reasoned that, without the State as a party, the relative fault of the plaintiff and the remaining defendants must be compared. Since the jury attributed 48% of the total negligence to plaintiff and 22% to Brown and Bellavance, the judge concluded that recovery is not permitted since, viewing their relative fault as a ratio of 48 to 22, plaintiff is over 50% liable and, consequently, is barred from recovery under 12 V.S.A. § 1036.
On appeal, this Court will accord all presumptive support to the trial court’s ruling on a motion to set aside a verdict and grant a new trial. Gilbert v. Churchill, 127 Vt. 457, 461, 252 A.2d 528, 531 (1969) (citations omitted). In this case, the jury was asked by special interrogatories to allocate fault between three parties: the State, Brown and plaintiff. It was not asked, however, to allocate fault as between only plaintiff and Brown. We are left without reasonable information as to what the jury would have decided had it apportioned negligence between only plaintiff and Brown without considering the possible fault of the State. Accordingly, it was error for the trial court to grant judgment n.o.v. in favor of Brown and Bellavance and not to grant a new trial. See Fitzhugh v. Elliott, 237 Ark. 88, 91, 371 S.W.2d 533, 535 (1963).
Affirmed as to the judgment n.o.v. in favor of defendant, the State of Vermont. Reversed as to the judgment n.o.v. in favor of defendants Brown and Bellavance and remanded for a new trial on the issue of liability as between plaintiff Josephine McCormack and defendants Brown and Aime Bellavance & Sons, Inc.
Aime Bellavance & Sons, Inc., the employer, was responsible for the acts of the driver Brown, through the doctrine of respondeat superior.
| 45,414 |
https://github.com/kalkih/Qwst/blob/master/src/Tag/TagsController.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Qwst
|
kalkih
|
PHP
|
Code
| 275 | 1,002 |
<?php
namespace Anax\Tag;
/**
* Tag Controller class
*/
class TagsController implements \Anax\DI\IInjectionAware
{
use \Anax\DI\TInjectable;
public function initialize()
{
$this->tags = new \Anax\Tag\Tag();
$this->tags->setDI($this->di);
}
public function indexAction()
{
$this->initialize();
$tags = $this->tags->findAll();
$this->theme->setTitle('Tags');
$this->views->add('tags/list', [
'title' => 'Tags',
'tags' => $tags,
], 'main');
$this->dispatcher->forward([
'controller' => 'questions',
'action' => 'sidebar',
]);
}
public function popularAction($area = 'main', $limit = 5)
{
$this->initialize();
$tags = $this->tags->findByLimit($limit);
$this->views->add('tags/list', [
'title' => 'Popular tags',
'tags' => $tags,
], $area);
}
public function tagAction($tag = null)
{
$this->initialize();
$tag = $this->tags->findByTag($tag);
if (empty($tag)) {
$this->views->add('default/error', [
'content' => 'Tag does not exist',
'details' => 'Tag is deleted or does not exist.',
'title' => '404 - Tag not found!',
], 'full');
} else {
$all = $this->dispatcher->forward([
'controller' => 'questions',
'action' => 'question',
]);
$questions = null;
foreach ($all as $one) {
$tags = unserialize($one->tags);
if (!is_bool($tags)) {
if (in_array($tag->text, $tags)) {
$questions[] = $one;
}
}
}
$this->theme->setTitle('#' . $tag->text);
$this->views->add('tags/tag', [
'title' => '#' . $tag->text,
'questions' => $questions,
], 'main');
$this->dispatcher->forward([
'controller' => 'questions',
'action' => 'sidebar',
]);
}
}
public function check($tags = [])
{
$this->initialize();
if (!empty($tags)) {
foreach ($tags as $tag) {
if ($this->tags->findByTag($tag)) {
$this->update($tag);
} else {
$this->add($tag);
}
}
}
}
private function update($tag)
{
$this->initialize();
$tag = $this->tags->findByTag($tag);
$tag->uses++;
$tag->saveReal();
}
private function add($tag)
{
if ($tag != "") {
$this->tags->save([
'text' => $tag,
'uses' => '1',
]);
}
}
public function setupAction()
{
$this->initialize();
$this->theme->setTitle('Setup');
$this->db->dropTableIfExists('tag')->execute();
$this->db->createTable(
'tag',
[
'id' => ['integer', 'primary key', 'not null', 'auto_increment'],
'text' => ['varchar(16)', 'not null'],
'uses' => ['integer', 'default "0"'],
]
)->execute();
$this->views->addString('<h1>Tag database was successfully setup!</h1>', 'main');
}
}
| 37,241 |
https://github.com/danubetech/verifiable-credentials-java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/danubetech/verifiablecredentials/jwt/JwtVerifiablePresentation.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
verifiable-credentials-java
|
danubetech
|
Java
|
Code
| 101 | 576 |
package com.danubetech.verifiablecredentials.jwt;
import com.danubetech.verifiablecredentials.VerifiablePresentation;
import com.nimbusds.jose.JWSObject;
import com.nimbusds.jwt.JWTClaimsSet;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.UUID;
public class JwtVerifiablePresentation extends JwtWrappingObject<JwtVerifiableCredential> {
private JwtVerifiablePresentation(JWTClaimsSet payload, JwtVerifiableCredential payloadObject, JWSObject jwsObject, String compactSerialization) {
super(payload, payloadObject, jwsObject, compactSerialization);
}
/*
* Factory methods
*/
public static JwtVerifiablePresentation fromJwtVerifiableCredential(JwtVerifiableCredential jwtVerifiableCredential, String aud) throws IOException {
JwtVerifiableCredential payloadJwtVerifiableCredential = jwtVerifiableCredential;
VerifiablePresentation verifiablePresentation = FromJwtConverter.fromJwtVerifiableCredentialToVerifiablePresentation(payloadJwtVerifiableCredential);
JWTClaimsSet.Builder payloadBuilder = new JWTClaimsSet.Builder();
Date issueTime = new Date();
payloadBuilder.jwtID("urn:uuid:" + UUID.randomUUID().toString());
payloadBuilder.issuer(jwtVerifiableCredential.getPayload().getSubject());
payloadBuilder.issueTime(issueTime);
payloadBuilder.notBeforeTime(issueTime);
if (aud != null) payloadBuilder.audience(aud);
payloadBuilder.claim(JwtKeywords.JWT_CLAIM_VP, verifiablePresentation.getJsonObject());
return new JwtVerifiablePresentation(payloadBuilder.build(), payloadJwtVerifiableCredential, null, null);
}
public static JwtVerifiablePresentation fromJwtVerifiableCredential(JwtVerifiableCredential jwtVerifiableCredential) throws IOException {
return fromJwtVerifiableCredential(jwtVerifiableCredential, null);
}
}
| 32,272 |
ancientbritishd00dodsgoog_3
|
US-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,810 |
The ancient British drama ..
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,996 | 12,105 |
^ The art ^Wolnor m Englmid.—Tht exploits of this glutton, and the manner of his death, are Mentioned by Dr Moffet, who wrote n? Queen Elisabeth's time. See his Treatise, entitled " HeaUh't LmmMmmt: or, Rukt eomprixmg and discovering the nature, method, and manner iff preparing all mtrtt ^fmdM used in tki$ naiwn." Republished by Oldys and Dr James, l$mo. 1746. << Neither was our eoontry always void of a fVootmar, who Uving in my memory in the court seemed like another Pandareus, of whom Antonios Liberalis writeth thus much, that he had obtained this gift of the Goddess Ceres, to fat iron, glass, oyster-shells, raw fish, raw flesh, raw fruit, and whatsoever else he would put into kis stomach, without offence." P. 376. " Other fish being eaten raw, is harder of digestion than nw beef; for Diogenes died with eating of raw fish ; and Wolmer (our English Pandareus) digesting iron, glass, and oyster-shells, by eating a raw eel was overnnastered." P. 125. He is also mentioned by Tavlor the Water Poet, in his account of The Great Eater qf Kent, p. 145. <' Milo the Crotonian coald hardly be his equall : and fVoolner of Windsor was not worthy to bee his foot-man." ^ Stigamtiek — i. e. marked as with a brand of infamy. S. lUce aanr wtetanchoty hare Feed after mUtmghk.—Yit Johnson observes (Note to FvrH Part qf King Henry IV. A. 1. S. f ), tibst '* a hmre may be considered as melancholvy because she is upon her form always solitary, and, ac- tonUng to the physic of the times, the flkesh otit wajs supposed to generate melancholy." hi PofmeVCi translation oi Regimen Amtlalts SaUmi, 1575, p. 22, it is said, « The eysfat thinge is ^ flcsbe, whiche likewise engendreth melancholy bloudde, as Anns sayeth in the place atore alegate : tUi fleshe engendreth more melancholy than any other, as Galen saythe. And of this Isaac, ta Uii^ ^ntertaWmMy saythe, that hares fleshe shoujde not bee eaten as meate, but onely used in medicenes." u THE WHITE DEVIL ; OR, [Websteh. EnUr Antonclli. AnL My lord, I bring good news. The pope, OD*s death-bed, At the earnest suit of the great duke of Flo- rence, Hath sign'd your pardon, and restored unto you Lod, I thank you for your news. Look up again, Flamineo see my pardon. Fiam, Why do you lauph ? There was no such condition in our covenant. Lod. Why? Flam, You shall not seem a happier man than I, YoQ know our TOW, sir, if you will be merry. Do it i'th' like posture, as if some great man Sate while his enemv were executed ; Tho' it be very leacliery unto thee, Do% with a crabbed politician's face. Lod. Your sister is a damnable whore. Flam. Ha? Lod. Look you, I spake that laughing. Jtam, Dost ever think to speak again ? Lod. Do you hear ? Will'st sell me forty ounces of her blood. To water a mandrake ? Flam. Poor lord, you did vow To live a lousy creature. Lod. Yes. Flam. Like one That had for ever forfeited the day-light. By being in debt. Lod. HnyhAl. Flam. I do not greatlj wonder yon do break, Your lordship leani'd it long since. But I'll tell you. Lod. What? Flam. And*t shall stick by you. Lod, I long for it. Flam, This laughter scurvily becomes your face : Jf you will not be melancholy, be angr^. [Stnkes him. See now I lau|i(h too. Mar. You are to blame, I'll force you hence. Lod. Unhand me. [Exeunt Marcello and Flamineo. That e'er I should be forc*d to right myself, Upon a pander ! Ant. My lord. Lod. He had as good met with his fist a thun- derbolt. Gas. How this shews ! Lod. Uds*death ! how did my sword miss him? These rogues that are roost weary of their lives Still 'scape the greatest dangers. A pox upon him ! all his reputation, Nay, all the goodness of his family. Is not worth half this earthquake ; I learn 'd it of no fencer to shake thus ; Come, I'll forget him, and go drink some wine. [Exeunt. Enter Frakgjsco and Monticelso. Mon, Come, come, my lord, ^ untie your folded thoughts. And let them dangle loose, as a bride's hair. Your sister's poison'd. F. de Med, Far be it from my thoughts To seek fevenge. Mon. What, are you tum'd all marble ? F. de Med, Shall I defy him, and impose a war Most burthensome on my poor subjects' necks. Which at niy will I have not power to end ? You know, for all the murders, rapes, and thefts, Committed in the horrid lust of war. He that unjustly caus*d it first proceed, Shall find it in his grave, and in his seed. Mon. That's not the course I'd wish you; pray observe me. We see that undermining more prevails Than doth the cannon. Bear your wrongs con- ceal'd. And, patient as the tortoise, let this camel Stalk o'er your back unbruis'd : sleep with the lion. And let this brood of secure foolish mice Play with your nostrils, till the time be ripe For th' bloody audit, and the fatal gripe : Aim like a cunning fowler, close one eye. That you the better may your |pme espy. F. de Med. Free me, my moocence, finom treacherous acts ! I know there's thunder yonder : and I'll stand, Like a safe valley, which low bends the knee To some aspirin)^ mountain : since I know Treason, like spiders, weaving nets for flies. By her foul work is found, and in it dies. To pass away these thoughts, my honour'd lord, It is reported you possess a book. ^ -^wttie ffour folded th^ugkU^ And let them dmgie looee^ at a kridfa hair. — Brides formeriy vralked to dmrch with their hair ing loose behind. Anne Ballen's was thus dishevelled when she went to the altar with King Henry the Eighth. Tate has mserted these lines in his Cruel Hutband. I was led to tfacm by a quotation of Fieldiog'i in his Notes on Tte TftinN6. S. Webster.] VITTORIA COROMBONA. 25 Wherein you have*' quoted, hy intelligence, The names of all notorious offenders Larking about the city. Man. Sir, I do ; And some there are which call it my black-book : Well may the title hold ; for tho' it teach not The art of conjuring, yet in it lurk Tlie names of many devils. F. de Med, Pray let's see it. Man, I'U fetch it to your lordship. [Exit MONTICELSO. ¥. de Med, Monticelso, i will not trust thee, but in all my plots rn rest as jealous as a town besieg'd. Thou canst not reach what I intend to act. Your flax soon kindles, soon is out agaiti : But gold slow heats, and long will hot remain. Enter Momticelso, presentt Framcisco de Medic rs with a book, Man, Tis here, my lord. F. de. Med. First, your intelligencers, pray let's see ; Their number rises strangely. Mon. And some of them Yoa*d take for honest men. The next are panders ; These are your pirates; and these following leaves, For base rogues, '®that undo young gentlemen. By taking up commodities ; for politick bank- rupts; For fellows that are bawds to their own wives ; Only to out off horses, and slight jewels, Clocks, defac'd plate, and such commodities, At birth of their first children. F. de Med. Are there such ? Mon, These are for impudent bawds, That go in men's apparel ; for usurers [asre ; That share with scriveners for their goo'l n porL- For lawyers that will antedate their Hee<l>, ; And some divines you might find ftjided there, But that I slip them o'er for conscience ^akc. Here is a general catalogue of knaves : A man might study all the prisons o'er. Yet never attain this knowledge. F. de Med. Murderers ? Fold down the leaf, I pray ; [trine. Good, my lord, let me borrow this strange doc- Moti, Pray use't, my lord. JP. de Med. I do assure your lordship, You are a worthy member of the state. And have done infinite good in your discovery Of these offenders. Mon, Somewhat, sir. F. de Med, O God ! " Better than tribute of wolves paid in England ; Twill hang their skins o'the hedge. ^ Qwied — i. e. noted. So, in Ben Jon son's Fox, A. 2. S. 1 : tt -to observe, To quote^ to learn the language, and so forth." A. 4. S. 1 a. Sir, I do slip No action of my life thus, but I quote it." See also Mr Steevens's Note on Hamlet , A. 2. S. 1. '® • that undo young gentlemen^ By tmking up commodities. — It was the practice of usurers formerly, and has been continued by their successors even to the present times, to defraud the necessitous whd borrow money by furnish- ing them with goods and wares, to be converted into cash at a great loss to the borrower. This was done to avoid me penal Statutes against Usury. It was called taking up commodities, and is often noticed in our ancient writers. See several instances in the Notes of Mr Steevcns and Dr Farmer to Measure for Measure, A. 4. S. 4. Again, Wilson's Discourse upon Usury, 1572, p. 99. ** I have neede of money, and deale vryth a breaker, hee aunswereth me tnat hee cannot helpe me with moneye, bntyf I list to have wares I shall speede. Well ! my necessitte is great, he bryngeth mee blotting paper, pak-threed, fustians, chamlets, banks, bek^ and hoodes, or I wote not what : i desire hym to make sale for mine advantage, askyng what be thmketh will be my losse, he aunswereth not past twelve pounde in the hundred* When I eome to receive, I do finde that I lose more than twen^e in the hundred." Dekkar's Seacen deadly Sinnes of London, 1606, p. 35, — '' these are Usurers, who for a little money •ad a greate deale of trash (as fire-shoveli, broume paper, motley cloake bags, &c.) bring yong Novices into a Foole's Paradice till they have sealed the morgage of their landes, and then like pedlers goe tkcy (or some familiar spirit for them raizde by the Usurer^ up and do¥me to cry Commodities, wmch scarce yeeld the third part of the sum for which they take them up." '* Better than tribute, &c.— This tribute was imposed on the Welsh by King Edgar, in order that the nation might be fireed from these ravenous and destructive beasts. Drayton, in Poly^lbum, Song Wi, says : " Thrice famous Saxon King, on whom time ne'er shall prey, O Edgar ! who compeldst our Ludwal hence to pay VOL. III. D 96 THE WHITE DEVIL; OR, [Websteb. Mon, I must make bold To leave your lordship. F. de Med, Dear sir, I thank you, * If any ask fur roe Ht court, report You have left me in the company of knaves. [Exit MONTICELSO. I gather now by this, some cunning fellovir That's ray lord's ofticer, one that lately skipp'd From a clerk's desk up to a justice's chair. Hath made this knavish summons, and intends, As the Irish rebels were wont to sell heads. So to make prize of these. And thus it happens : Your poor rogues pay for't which have not means To present bribes in 6st ; the rest o*the band Are raz'd out ot the knaves record ; or else My lord he winks at them with easy will. His man grows rich, the knaves are the knaves still. But to the use I'll make of it ; it shall serve To point me out a list of murderers, Agents for any villainy. Did I want Ten '* leash of courtezans, it would furnish me ; Nay laundress three armies. That in so little paper Should lie the undoing of so many men ! 'Tis not so big as twenty declarations. See the corrupted use some make of books : Divinity, wrested by some factious blood. Draws swords, swells battles, and o'ertbrows all good: To fashion my revenge more seriously. Let me remember my dead sister's face : Call for her picture ? no, I'll close mine eyes. And in a melancholy thought I'll frame Enter Isabella's ghost. Her figure 'fore me. Now I have it — how strong Imagination works ! how she can frame [me, Thines which are not ! methinks she stands aifbre And Dy the quick idea of my mind. Were my skill pregnant, I could draw her picture. Thought, as a subtle jug^^ler, makes us deem Things supernatural, which yet have cause, Common as sickness. Tis my melancholy. How cam'st thou by thy death ? — how idle am I To question my own idleness ! — did ever Man dream awake till now ? — remove this object: Out of my brain with't : what have I to do With tombs, or death-beds, funerals, or tears. That have to meditate upon revenge ? So, now 'tis ended, like an old wife's story : Statesmen think often they see stranger sights Than madmen. Come, to this weighty business : My tragedy must have some idle mirth in't. '' Else it will never pass. I am in love. In love with Corombona ; and my suit Thus halts to her in verse. — I have done it rarely : O the fate of princes ! I am so used to frequent flattery, [He writef. That, being alone, I now flatter myself ! But it will serve. — Tis seal'd ; bear this Enter Servant, To the house of converts, and watch your leisure To give it to the hands of Corombona, Or to the matron, when some followers Of Brachiano may be by. Away. [Exit Servant. He that deals all by strength, his wit is shallow : When a man's head goes thro', each limb will follow. The engine for my business, boldCount Lodowick ; Tis gold must such an instrument procure. With empty fist no men do falcons lure. Brachiano, I am now fit for thy encounter : ^ Like the wild Irish, I'll ne'er think thee dead Till I can play at football with thy head. '^ Flectere n nequeosuperos^Acheronta matebo. [Exit MONTICELSO. ACT IV. Enter the Matnm, and Flamineo. Mat, Should it be known the duke hath soch recourse To your imprison'd sister, I were like To mcur much damage by iL Flam. Not a scruple. The pope lies on his deatl»-bed, and their heads Are troubled now with other business Than guarding of a lady. Enter Servant, Sen Yonder*s Flamineo in conference With the matron. — Let me speak with you ; I would entreat you to deliver for me This letter to the fair Vittoria. Mat. I shall, sir, Ser, With all care and secresy ; Hereafter you shall know me, and receive Thanks for this courtesy. [Exit, Three hundred wolves a year for tribute unto thee : And for that tribute paid, as famous may'st thou be, O conquered British King, by whom was first destroy*d The multitude of wolves, that long this land annoy'd." ^* Ten laaiik.—- Ten leash is ten times three. " FUetere^Scc. — ^A line from VirgiL Webster. J VITTORIA COROMBONA. 27 Flam, How now ? ^ bat's that ? Mat, A letter. Fiam, To mjr sister ? Til see it delivered. Enter Bracqiano. Brach, What's that you read, Flamineo ? Flam. Look. Brack. Ha! To the most unfortuaatey his best respected Vittoria. Who was tlie messenger ? Ftam. I know not* Brack, No ! who sent it ? Flam, Uds'foot ! you speak, as if a man Should know what fowl is coffiu'd in a bak'd meat Afore you cut it up. Brack. I'll open't, were't her heart. What's here subscrib'd ! Florence ! This juggling is gross and palpable. I tiave found out the conveyance. Read it, read it. Flam. Your tears Pll turn to triumpk, be but mine : Tour prop iifaWn : I pity^ that a vine, Whick princes heretofore have long'd to gather, Wanting supporters, note should Jade and wither. 'Wine, i'fuiti) my lord, with lees would serve his turn. Tomr sad imprisonment Til soon uncharm, And vi'k a princely uncontrolled arm Lead you to Florence, where my love and care Shall hang your wishes in my silver hair, A baiter on his strange equivocation ! Nor for my years return me the sad willow. Who prefer blossoms before fruit thaVs mellow f Rotten, on my knowledge, with lying too long i'th' bed-straw. And all the lines of age this line convinces : The gods never wax old, no more do princes. A pox on't, tear it ; let's have no atheists, for God*s sake. Brack. Uds'death. I'll cut her into atoms * And let the irregular nortFi-wind sweep her up, And blow her into his nostrils: where's this whore ? Flam. What ? who do you call her ? Brack. Oh, I could be mad ; ^* Prevent the curs'd disease sheMl bring me to. And tear my hair off. — Where's this changeable stuff? [yo"» Flam. O'er he^d and ears in water, I assure She is not for your wearing. Brack. No, you pander ! Flam, What me, my lord ? am I your dog ? Brack. A blood-hound : do you brave, do you stand, me ? [eases, run ; Flam, Stand you | let tlu>se that have dis« I need no plaister. Brack, Would ^ou be kick'd ? Flam. Would you have your neck broke? I tell you duke, '^ I am not in Russia; My shins must be kept whole. Brack. Do you know me ? Flam. O my lord ! methodically. As in this wOrld there ore decrees of evils; So in this world there are degrees of devils. YouVe a great duke, I your poor secretwry. I do look now for ^^ a Spanish fig, or an Italian sallet, daily. Brack, Pander, ply your convoy and leave your prating. Flam, All your kindness to me is like that miserable courtesy of Polyphemus to Ulysses : you reserve me to be devoured last ; you would dig turfs out of my grave to feed your larks; that would be musick to you. Come, I'll lead you to her. ^ Precent tke cursi'd ditease she'll bring me to, And tear my hair off. — Meaning the lues venerea, which makes the hair come off, and gave occa« tion, as commonly is thought, for the modem use of the peruke. S. P. ^' / am not in Russia ; My d^M must be kept whAle.— It appears from Giles Fletcher's Russe Commonwealth, 1591, p. 51, that, on determining an action of debt m that country, << the partie convicted is delivered to die Ser- jeant, who hath a writtc for his warrant ont of the omce, to carry him to the Praveuslt, or Righter of Justice, if presently hee pay not tlie monie, or content not the partie. This Praveush, or Kighter, i» t place neare to the office : where such as have sentence passed against them, and refuse to pav that which is adjudged, are beaten with great cudgels on the shinnes, and calves of their Icgees. Every tbrrnoone from ei^t to eleven they are set on the Praveush, and beate in this sort till the monie be pajd. The afternoone and night time they are kepte in chaines by the Serjeant : except they put la totkient saerties for tiieir appearance at the Praveush at the hower appointed. You shall see fortie *f fiftie stand tosether on the Praveush all on a rowe, and their shinnes thvs becudgelled and bebasted etery morning with a piteous crie. If after a yearc's standing on the Praveush, the partie will not, «r lacke wherewithal! to satisfie his creditonr, it is lavirfull for him to sell his wife and children, eyther •Btright, or for a certaine terme of yeares. And if the price of them doo not amount to the tiill pay- ■KBt, tfaecretonr may take them to bee his bondslaves, for yeares or for ever, according as the value •f the debt reqoircth." '* A S/MfniAA/g-.— Referring to tlic custom of giving poison'd figs to tliose who were the objects otht/ 01 the Spanish or Italian revenge. See Mr Stecvens's Note on King Henry V, A. 3. S. 6. 28 THE WHITE DEVIL ; OR, [Webster. Brack, Do you face me ? FLim, O, sir, I would not go before a politick enemy with niy back towards bim, tho* there were behind me a whirlpool. Enter Vittoria Corombona. Brack, Can you read, mistress ? look upon that letter : There are no characters, nor hierogly plucks. You need no comment, lam grown your receiver. God's precious ! you shall be a brave great lady, A stately and advanced whore. Vit. Cor. Say, sir? Brack. Come, come, let's see your cabinet, discover Your treasury of love-letters. Death and furies ! ril see them all. Vit, Cor, Sir, upon my soul, I have not any. Whence was this directed ? Brack. Confusion on your politick ignorance ! *^You are reclaim*d, are you? TU give you And let you fly to the devil. [the bells, Flam, Ware hawk, my lord ! Vit, Cor. Florence ! this is some treacherous plot, my lord ; To me he ne'er was lovely I protest, So much as in mv sleep. Brack, Right ! they are plots. Your beauty ! O ten thousand curses o'nt ! '^ How long have I beheld the devil in crystal ? Thou hast led me, like an heathen sacriGce, With musick, and with fatal yokes of floweirs, To mv eternal ruin. Woman to man Is either a god, or a wolf. Vit. Cor. My lord. Brack. Away! WeMl be as dinering as two adamants. The one shall shun the other. What ! dost weep ? Procure but ten of thv dissembling trade. We'll furnish all the Irish funerals With howling, past wild Irish. Ffam. Fie, my lord ! Brack. That hand, that cursed hand ! which I have wearied With doating kisses ! O my sweetest dutchess ! IIow lovely art thou now ! thy loose thoughts Scatter like quicksilver: I was bewitch'd ; For all the world speaks ill of thee* Vit, Cor. No matter, I'll live so now, I'll make that world recant. And change her speeches. You did name your dutchess. Brack, Whose death God pardon ! Vit. Cor, Whose death God revenge On thee, most godless duke ! Flam, Now for the whirlwinds. Vit, Cor. What have I gain*d by thee, but infamy ? Thou hast stain'd the spotless honour of my house. And frighted thence noble society : Like those, which, sick o'the palsy, and retain IlUscenting foxes 'bout them, are still shunn'd By those of choicer nostrils. What do you call this house ? Is this your palace? did not the judge stile it A house of penitent whores ? who sent me to it ? Who hath the honour to advance Vittoria To this incontinent college ? is't not you ? Is't not your high preferment ? go, go brag How many ladies you have undone like me. Fare. you well, sir ; let me hear no more of you. I had a limb corrupted to an ulcer. But I have cut it otf ; and now I'll go Weeping to heaven on crutches. For your gifls^ I will return them all ; and I do wish That I could make you full executor To all my sins. O that I could toss myself Into a grave as quickly : for alt thou art worth I'll not shed one tear more — Fll burst first. [Ske throws kerteif upon a bed. Brack. I have drunk Lethe : Vittoria 1 my dearest happiness ! Vittoria ! What do you ail, my lover why do you weep ? Vit. Cor. Yes, I now weep pouyards, do you see? Brack. Are not those matchless eyes mine ? Vit, Cor, I had rather They were not matchless. Brack. Is not this lip mine? Vit. Cor. Yes ; thus to bite it off, rather than give it thee. Flam. Turn to my lord, good sister. Vit. Cor. Hence, you pander ! Flam. Pander I am I the author of your sin } Vit, Cor. Yes : he's a base thief that a thief let's in. Flam, We're blown up, my lord. Brack. Wilt thou hear me ? Once to be jealous of thee, is t'express That I will love thee everlastingly, And never more be jealous. Vit. Cor, O thou fool, Whose greatness hath by much o'ergrown thy wit ! What dar'st thou do, that I not dare to sufter, Excepting to be still thy whore ? for that, In the sea's bottom sooner thou shalt make A bonfire. Flam. O, no oaths, for God's sake ! Brack, Will you hear me ? '^ You art recUwn% mttfom? VU give you tke htVU, And let youfty to tke deml, — ^Allading to tlie practice of fixinii: bells to thelegs of hawks. '3 How long kave Ilfekeld tke devil in crystal'/— The Beril, which is a kind of cr>'»tal, hath a wea^ tincture of red in it Among other tricks of astrologers, the discovery of past or future events was supposed to be the consequence of looking into it. See Aubrey's Miacettames, p. 165. edit 1731. Webster. J VITTORIA GOROMBONA. S9 nt. Car. Never. Flam, What a daum'd impostbume is a wo- man's will ! Can uothiog break it ? fie, fie, my lord, WomeD li.r caught as you take tortoises. She most be tum*d on ber back. Sister, by this hand I am on your side. Come^ come, you have wrong*d her. What a strange credulous man were you, my lord, To think the duke of Florence would love her ? Will any mercer take another's ware When once *tis tows'd and sullied? and yet, sister, ¥ow scorvily this frowardness becomes you I OU114; levereis stand not long, and women's anger Skoul't, like iheir flight, procure a little sport : * A full cry for a quarter of an hour. And then be put to the dead squat. Brack. Shall these eyes. Which have so long tiiue dwelt upon your face, Be now put out ? Flam. No cruel landlady i'tbe world. Which lends fortli groats to broom-men, and takes use For tlu tu, wduld do't. )i.t!:i1 tier, my lord, and kiss her : be not like A irrii-c, to let go your hold with blowing. Brack. Let us renew right hands. ya. Cor. lleuce ! Brack. Never shall rage, or the forgetful wine. Make me commit hke fault. Flam. Now you are i'th' way on't, follow it hard. Brack. Be thou at peace with me; let all the world Threaten the canon. Flam. Mark his penitence ; Best natures do commit the grossest faults, When they're given o'er tojeadousy : as best wine. Dying, makes strongest vinegar. I'll tell you ; The sea's more rough and raging than calm rivers, But not so sweet, nor wholesome. A quiet woman Is like a still water under London-bridge ; A man may '' shoot her safely. Vii. Car. O ye dissembling men ! Flam. We sock'd that, sister. From women's breasts, in our first infancy. Vit. Car. To add misery to misery ? Brack. Sweetest. Vii. Car. Am I not low enough ? Ay, ay, your good heart gathers like a snow-ball, Mow your affection's cold. Flam. Ud'sfoot, it shall melt To a heart again, or all the wine in Rome Shall run o'th' lees tbr't. Vit. Cor. Your dog or hawk should be re- warded better Than I have been : I'll speak not one word more. Flam. Stop her mouth With a sweet kiss, my lord. So, now the tide's turn*d, Uie vessel's come about*^ He's a sweet armful. O we currd-hair'd men Are still most kind to women. This is well. Brack. That you should chide thus ! Flam, O, sir, your little chimnies Do ever cast most smoke. I sweat for you. Couple together with as deep a silence, * As did the Grecians in theii wooden horse. My lord, supply your promises with deeds: You know that painted m^at no kungtrfudt. Brack. Stay, ungrateful Rome. Flam. Rome ! it deserves to be call'd Ba'r- bary, for our villainous usage. Brack. Soft; the same project which the duke of Florence, (Whether in love or guUery I know not) Laid down for her escape, will JL pursue. Flam. And no time titter than this night, my lord : Tlie pope being dead; and all the cardinab enter'd The conclave, for th' electing a new pope; The city in a great confusion ; We may attire her in a page's suit, Lay her post-horses, take shipping, and aouua For Padua. Brack. I'll instantly steal forth the prince Giovanni, And make for Padua. You two with your old mother. And young Marcello that attends on Florence, [f you can work him to it, follow me ; I will advance you all : for you, Vittoria, Think of a dutchess title. Flam, Lo' you, sister. Stay, my lord; I'll tell you fi tale. «?Thc crocodile, which lives in the river Nilus, hath a worm breeds i'th' teeth oft, which puts it to ex- tream ahguish : a little bird, no bigger than a wren, is barber-surgeon to this crocodile ; ^ies into the jaws oft, picks out the worm, and brings present remedy. The fish, glud of ease, but ungruteful to her that did it, that the bird nmy not talk largely of her abroad for non-payment, closeth her chaps, intending to swallow her, and so put her to perpetuaL silence. But nature, loathing such ingratitude, hath arm'd this bird 59 — ttUl water wnder London-bridge ; A Mm may akotd her sqA^y*] — ^^o tkoot the Bridge was a term n^ed by watermen, to sigipify goins throofh London-bridge at the turning of the tide. Tiie vessel then went with great velocity, and from thence it probably was called shooting. ^ The erocodUe, wkick Uve$, ^iccj— ^ee C. Plinii Stcundi NaiuraUt HistoruB, lib. viii. chap. !I5. so THE WHITE DEVIL; OR, [Webster; with a quill or prick on the head top, which wounds the crocodile i'th' mouth, forceth her to open her bloody prison, and away flies the pretty tooth-picker from her cruel patient. Brack. Your application is; I have not re- warded The service you have done me. Flum. No, my lord. You sister are the crocodile : you are blemish'd in your fame, my lord cures it. And though the comparison hold not in every particle ; yet ob- serve, remember, what good the bird with the prick i^th' head hath done you ; and scorn in- gratitude. It may appear to some ridiculous Thus to talk knave and madman; and sometimes Come in with a dry*d sentence, stuft with sage. But this allows my varying of shapes. Knaves do grow great by being great men's apes. [Ejeunt. Enter Fbancisco pe Medicis, Lodovico, Gasparo, and Embauadors, F. de Med, So, my lord, I commend your di- ligence. Guard well the conclave ; and, as the order is, l,et none have conference with the cardinals. Lod. I shall, my lord : room for the ambas- sadors. Goi. They're wondrous *' brave to-day : wliy do they wear These several habits ? Lod. O, sir, they're knights Of several orders. **Tha.t lord i'tli* black cloak, with the silver cross, Is knight of Rhodes; the'next, ^^ knight of S. Michael; •♦That, of the golden fleece; the Frenchman there, *' Knight of the Holy Ghost; my lord of Savoy ^ Knight ofrth' nnnunciution ; tlie Englishman ^^ Is knit^ht of th* honoured garter, dedicated Unto their saint, S. George. I could describe • to you Their several institutions, with the laws Annexed to their orders ; but that time Pennits not such discovery. F. de Med. Where's Count Lodowick ? Lod. Here, my lord. F. de Med. Tis o*th' point of dinner time; Marshal, the cardinal's service. Lod, Sir, I shall. Enter Servants, with several dishes covered. Stand, let me search your dish, who's this for ? Ser, For my lord cardinal Monticelso. Lod, Whose this ? Ser, For my lord cardinal of Bourbon. F, Emb, W hy doth he search the dishes ? to- observe what meat is drest ? E, Emb, No, sir, hut to prevent Lest any letters should be conveyed in. To bribe or to solicit the advHucenient Of any cardinal. When first they enter 'Tis lawful for the ambassadors ot* princes To enter with them, and to make their suit For any man their prince afi*tcteth best; But after, till a general election. No man may speak witii them. Lod. You that attend on the lord cardinals^ Open the window, and receive their viands. A Car, You must return the service ; the lord cardinals Are busied 'bout electing of a pope, They have given o'er scrutiny, and are fallen To admiration. Lod, Away, away. \A cardinal on the terrace. F, de Med, I'll lay a thousand ducats you hear news Of a pope presently. Hark ; surely he's elected : Behold my lord of Arragon appears On the church battlements. Arrag. Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum r Reverendistimus Cardinalis Lorenzo de Monti" echo elcctus est in sedem apuslolicam, et elegit sibi nomen Pautum Quartum, Omnes. Vivat sunclus pater Paulus Qnartus ,' «• Brate,—TiM, See Note 27 to The Second Part of the Honest WhorCy Vol. I. p. 578. ^ That lord i'tk' hlack cloak, with the silrer cross. Is Knight of Rhodes. — A Knight of Khodes was formerly called A Knight of St. John Jerusalem, and now A Knight of Malta. The Order was instituted some time before the conquest of Jerusalem by the Christians in 1099. Scgar says, tliat '< a governor, called GerarduSy commanded that he and all others of that house should wear a white cross upon a black garment, which was the originall of the Order, and ever since hatli been used." Honoi" Militartf and CitiU, fol. 1601?, p. 97. ^} Knight qf S, Michael.— This Order was erected in 1469, by Lewis XI. King of France. See Segar on Honor, p. 83. ^ T%ai, qf the golden fleece. — Instituted by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy and Earl of Flan- ders, in 1429. See Segar, p. 79. 6< Knight qf the Holy GAo«^— Instituted by Henry III. King of France and Poland, in the year 1579. See Segar, p. 87. ^ Knighi qfthe Anmunciaiion,— An Order begun by Amedes Count of Savoy, sumamed I! Verde, io memory of Amedes the first Karl, who, having valorously defended the Isle of Rhodes, did win .those arms now borne by the Dnkcs of Savoy. See Segar, p. 85. 67 Kmght qf the honoured G'«r^er.— Founded by King Edward III. SSTER.3 VITTORIA COROMBONA. 31 Vittoria, mv lord le Med. Weil : what of ber ? Is fled the city^ k Med. Ha ? With the duke Brachiaiio. e Med. Fied ! wbere's the prince Giovanni ? Gone with bis fiither. !e Med. Let the matrona of the convertites 3rehended : fled ? O damnable 1 ortunate are my wishes ! Why, *twas this laboured. I did send the letter uct him what to do. Thy fame, fond duke, have poisoned ; directed thee the way ury a whore ; what can be worse ? this follows, and must act to drown the passionate tongue, I to wear a sword, and prate of wrong. Enter Monticelso in slate. 1. Cancedimus vabis apostolieatn benedic' , et remUtionem peccatorum. -d reports Vittoria Corombona n from forth the house of convertites ichiano, and they're fled the city, though this be the first day of our state, nnot better please the divine power, o sequester from the holy church (rursed persons. Make it therefore known, denounce excommunication t them both : all that are theirs in Rome ewise banish. Set on. [Exeunt, 'e Med. Come, dear Lodovico. ive ta'en the sacrament to prosecute »nded murther. With all constancy, r, I wonder you'll ineage yourself K>o, beini; a great pnnce. e Med. Divert me not. i his court are of my faction, »me are of my council. Noble friend, nger shall be like in this design. *ave, part of the glory may be mine. [Exit Francisco. Enter Monticelso. « Whf did the duke of Florence with such care * your pardon ? say. Italian beggars will resolve you that, ieg!^ng of an alms, bid those they beg of, d for their own sakes ; or't may be, mds his bounty with a sowing hand : ngs, who many times give out of measure ; ' desert so much, as for their pleasure. . I know you're cunning. Come, what devil is that HI are raising ? Devil! my lord? . I ask you. >th the duke employ you, that his bonnet ih such compliment upon his knee, le departed from you ? Lod. Why, my lord. He told me of a resty Barbary horse Which he would fain have brought to the career. The 'sault, and the ring galliard. Now, my lord, I have a rare French rider. Man. Take you heed. Lest the jade break your neck. Do you put me off With your wild horse-tricks ? — Sirrah, you do lie. O, thou'rt a foul black cloud, and thou do'st threat A violent storm. • iorf. Storms are i'th'air, my lord ; I am too low to storm. Mon. Wretched creature ! I know that thou art fashion'd for all ill. Like dogs, that once get blood, they'll ever kill. About some murther? was't not? Lod. I'll not tell you : And yet I care not greatly if I do ; Marry witji this preparation. Holy father, I come not to you as an intelligencer. But as a penitent sinner. What I utter Is in coniession merely; which you know Must never be reveal'd. Mon. You have o'erta'en me. Xo(2. Sir, I did love Brachiano's dutchess dearly. Or rather I pursued her with hot lust. Though she ne'er knew on't. She was poison'd ; Upon my soul she was : for which I have sworn T'avenge her murther. Mon, To the duke of Florence ? Lod, To him I have. Mon. Miserable creature ! If thou persist in this, 'tis damnable. Do'st thou imagine, thou canst slide on blood And not be tainted with a shameful fall ? Or, like the black and melancholic yew-tree, Do'st think to root thyself in dead men's graves, And yet to prosper ? Instruction to thee Comes like sweet showers to over-harden'd ground: They wet, but pierce not deep. And so I leave thee, With all the furies hanging 'bout thy neck. Till by thy penitence thou remove this evil. In conjuring from thy breast that cruel devil. Lod. I'll give it o*er. He says 'tis damnable: [Exi^ Monticelso. Besides, I did expect his suffrage, By reason of Camillo's death. Enter Servant and Francisco he Medicis. F. de Med. Do you know that count? Ser, Yes, my lord. jP. de Med. Bear him these thousand ducats to his lodging ; Tell him the pope bath sent them. Happily That will confirm more than all the rest. [Exit, Ser. Sir. Lod. To me, sir ? i 32 THE WHITE DEHL; OR, [Webster Ser, His holiness hatb sent you a thousand crowns, And wills you, ifyoo travrl, to make him Your patron for intelligence. Lod, His creature ever to be commanded. Why now 'tis come about. He rail'd upon me ; Ami yet these crowns were told out, and laid ready, fiefore he knetv my voyage. O the art, The modest form of greatness ! that do sit, Like brides at wedding-dinners, with their looks turn'd From the least wan tbn jest, their pulinsr stomachs Sick of the modesty, when their thoughts are loose, Even acting of those hot and lustful sports Are to ensue about midnight ! such his cunning! He sounds my depth thus with a golden plummet ; I am doubly arm'd now. Now to th' act of blood : There's but three furies found in spacious hell ; But in a great man's breast three thousand dwell. ACT V. A passage over Ihc stage of Brachiano, Fla- MINEO, MaRCELLO, HoRTENSIO, CoROMfiO- KA, Cornelia, Zanche, and others. Flam. In all the weary minutes of my life, Day ne*er broke up till now. This marriage Confirms me happy. Hot, 'Tis a good assurance. Saw you not yet the Moor that's come to court.? Flam, Yes) and conferred with him i'th' duke's closet ; I have not seen a goodlier personage ; Nor ever talk'd with man better experienc'd In state-afiairs, or rudiments of war. He hath, by report, serv'd the Venetian In Candy Uiese twice seven years, and been chief In many a bold design. Hor. What are those two That bear him company ? Flam, Two noblemen of Hungary, that, liv- ing in the emperor's service as commanders, eight years since, contrary to the expectation of all the court, enter'd into religion, into the strict order of Capuchins: but, being not well settled in their undertaking, they left their order, and retuni'd to court; for which, being after trou- bled in conscience, they vow'd tlieir service against the enemies of Christ, went to Malta, were there knighted ; and in their return back, at this great solemnity, they are resolved for ever to forsake the world, and settle themselves here in a house of Capuchins in Padua. Hor. 'Tii strange. 17am. One thing makes it so. They have vow'd for ever to wear, next their bare bodies, those coats of mail they served in. Hor, Hard penance ! Is the Moor a Christian ? Flam, He is. Hor. Why proffers he his service to our duke ? Flam, Because he Understands there's like to grow Some war between us and the duke of Florence, In whicli he hopes employment. I never saw one in a stern bold look Wear more command, nor in a lofty phrase Express more knowing, or more deep contempt Of our slight airy courtiers. He talks As if he had traveled all the prinCes courts Of Christendom; in all things strives t'express. That all, that should dispute with him, may know Glories, like glow-worms, afar off shine bright. But, look'd too near, liave neitlier heat nor light. The duke. Enter Brachiano, Florence disguised like MuLiKASSAR, LoDovico, Antonelli, Ga&- PARO, hearing their swords and helmets. Brach, Your are nobly welcome. We have heard at full Your honourable service 'gainst the Turk. To you, brave Mulinassar, we assign A competent pension; and afe inly sorry The vows of those two worthy gentlemen. Make them incapable of our proffer'd bounty. Your wish is, you may leave your warlike swords For monuments in our chapel. I accept it, As a great honour done me, and must crave Your leave to furnish out our dutchess' revels. Only one thhig, as the last vanity You e'er shall view, deny me not to stay To see a barriers preparM to-night : You shall have private standings. It hath pleas'd The great ambassadors of several princes. In their return from Rome to their own countries, To grace our marriage, and to honour me Witn such a kind of sport. F. de Med. I shall persuade them To stay, my lord. Set on there to the presence. [Exeutit Brachiano, Flamineo, and Marcello. Lod, My noble lord^ most fortunately wel- come ; [The conspirators here embrace. You have our vows, seal'd with the sacrameot, To second your attempts. Gas, And all things ready ; He could not have invented his own ruin (Had he despair'd) with more propriety. Lod, You would not take my way. Webster.] VITTORIA COROMBONA. 33 F. de Med. Tis better ordered. Lod, T' have poison'd his prajeF-book^ or a pair of beads, ^ The pummel of his saddle, his looking-glass. Or th' handle of his racket. O that, thnt ! That while he had been bandying at tennis, He might have sworn himself to hell, and *' strook His soul into the hazard ! O, my lord, I would have our plot be ingenious, And have it hereafter recorded for example^ Rather than borrow example. F, dt Med, There's no way More speeding than this thought on. Lod. On then. F. de Med, And yet methinks that this re- venge is poor, Because it steals upon liim like a thief: To have ta*en him by the casque in a pitcfa'd field. Led him to Florence ! Lod, It had been rare. — And there Have crown*d him with a wreath of stinking garlick, V have shown the sharpness of his government. And rankness of his lust. — But, peace; Flamiiieo comes. [Exeunt Lodovico, et Antonem.i. Enter Yi^kViivfjOy Marcello, /iii<i Zanche. Mar. Why doth this devil haunt you, say ? Flam, I know not : For (by this light) I do not conjure for her, Tis not so great a cunning ns men think. To raise the devil : here's one up already ; The sr^atest cunning were to lay him down. Mar. She is your shame. Flam. I pr'ythee pardon her. In faith, you see women are like to burs, Where their affection throws them, there they'll stick. Zan. That is my countryman, a goodly person ; When he's at leisure I'll discourse with him In his own langunge. [Exit Zanche. Flam. I beseech you do : How is't, brave soldier ? O that I had seen Some of your iron days ! I pray relate Some of your service to us. F. de Med. *Tn a ridiculous thing for a man to be his own chronicle. I never did wash my nottth with mine own praise, for fear of getting t stiakiiig breath. Mar. You're too stoical. The duke will- ex- pect other discourse from you. F. de Med, I shall never flatter him : I have studied man too much to do that. What differ- ence is between the duke and I ? no more than between two bricks, all made of one clay : ouly't may be one is placed on the top of a turret, the other in the bottom of a well, by mere chance. If I were placed as high as the duke, I should stick as fast, make as fair a shew, and bear out weather equally. Flam. If this soldier had a patent to beg in chui-ches, then he would tell them stories. Mar. I have been a soldier too. F. de Med. How have you thriv'd ? JMar, Faith poorly. F. de Med. That's the misery of peace. Only outsides are then respected. As ships seem very great upon the river, which shew very little upon the seas ; so some men i'th* court seem Colossuses in a chamber, who, if they came into the field, would appear pitiful pigmies. Flam. Give me a fair room yet hung with arras, and some great cardinal to lug me by th'ears, as his endear'd mioion. F. de Med. And thou niay'st do the devil knows what villainy. Flam. And safely. F, de Med. Right : you shall see in the coun- try, in harvest-time, pigeons, though they de- stroy never so much corn, the farmer dare not present the fowling-piece to them : why ? be- cause they belong to the lord of the manor; whilst your poor sparrows, that belong to the Lord of heaven, they go to pot for't.
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PRACTICAL-CHARITY, Mlle. Anne Bronsert, a promising pupil of the conservatory, was sitting one morning at her window in the Rue Sertier, when a poor woman came along the street singing in a low and broken voice, in the hope of earning a few sons. Her glance was directed pitifully toward the houses on either side, but the windows all remained closed, and the much-needed help came not. She turned sorrowfully away to try her fortune in another quarter, but the aching limbs refused to carry her further, and the poor wretch sank down on the pavement. It was but the work of a moment for Anne Bronsert to fly down the stairs to the succor of her unfortunate sister, to raise her from the ground, and to read starvation plainly written on her own features. Money she had none to give—her own studies and the necessities of daily life absorbed the whole of her little pittance—but she took the woman’s hand in hers, and with the full force of her young voice woke the echoes of the street with one of the airs which had so often won the admiration of the professors at the conservatory. Like magic the windows on all sides flew open, and at the conclusion of the song a shower of silver pieces rained down, until at last the poor woman was sent on her way with a sum of seventy francs in her pocket. It reads almost like a tale of Onida’s, but is a true story for all that, and when the name of Bronsert becomes as famous as that of Nilsson or Tietjens, this little act of charity may be found in the works of the poet. Perhaps, perhaps, commend itself to the army of her admirers and biographers. —Ex. SMALL LODGES. Without wishing to offer any disparagement to large lodges, or to those whose members are desirous of making them so, we can but confess that we much prefer small assemblies, especially when, at the close of the day’s work, the brethren adjourn to the social board. We have frequently referred to this subject, pointing out advantages which are associated with smaller gatherings, though unknown to larger ones; and, although there may be some few corresponding benefits attached to numerously attended meetings, we yet feel that our choice is with those where the company number some twenty or thirty only. On such occasions the brethren appear to be on more jovial terms with each other than is the case where eighty or ninety are assembled, and seem to enjoy themselves, if we may say so, in a homely manner, rather than in a semi-professional way, as is sometimes the case at large meetings. This is natural, as it necessarily follows that, with a company numbering close on one hundred, it is impossible for all to be known to each other, and, notwithstanding the introduction each may have to the other from a Masonic point of view, there is a feeling that many present are comparative strangers —a feeling which cannot be wholly removed, no matter how ably a Master may preside, or how well he may be supported by his officers and Past Masters.—Sydney Er ee masons’ Chronicle. FALLACIES. That a knowledge of the degrees and lectures only constitutes an intelligent Mason. That the brother who will go ten miles to work a degree is the most earnest Mason. That charity consists in the mere giving of a few pounds. That the simple payment of lodge dues is A discharge of Masonic duties. That a Past Master is absolved from taking an active interest in the lodge after he has completed his term of office. That the best parrot ritualist will be the best member to take the chair of King Solomon or give the degrees effectively. That the mere possession of a good credit balance is an advantage to a lodge. On the other hand, a lodge in debt is in danger of taking undesirable members for the sake of money. That a brother with a long purse is a more desirable officer as Master of a lodge than others less blessed with riches. Brains, intelligence, uprightness of conduct, are more to be desired, and bring greater credit to the Craft than mere wealth. Both combined are good. Corinthian Chapter, No. 159.—The next regular convocation of this chapter will take place on Thursday evening next, the 25th inst., when the Mark Master’s degree will be conferred. M. E. Comp. Paul Kies extends a fraternal invitation to all Royal Arch Masons to be present on this occasion. LABOR EXCHANGE. A M. M. would thank any brother that could help him to obtain a situation at anything, anywhere where he would be useful. Can use most any kind of workman's tools. Address M. M., No. 152 West Thirty-third street, New York. Master Masons in good standing wanted for special work in the Fourth Masonic District. Address “CYCLO,” Dispatch office. William H. Heathcote, WATCHES, JEWELRY AND DIAMONDS. Masonic Jewelry a Specialty. No. 31 PARK ROW, WORLD BUILDING (Opp. Post Office) and No 184 CHATHAM SQUARE, above Worth street. B. HOWELL & CO. MANUFACTURERS OF KNIGHTS TEMPLAR SWORDS, AND All Kinds of Masonic Goods. MASONIC TEMPLE, CORNER SIXTH AVE. and TWENTY-THIRD ST. JAMES LUKER, MANUFACTURER OF ENGLISH MASONIC, AND ALL KINDS OF SOCIETY GOODS, No. 133 GRAND STREET, COR. OF CROSBY. NOTARY AND COMMISSIONER FOR MUTUAL STATES, Henry C. Banks. LAW AND COLLECTION OFFICES of BANKS & BANKS Nos. 3 JOHN ST. and 192 BROADWAY. House; No. 131 East 127th st., cor. Lexington ave., NEW YORK CITY. MASONIC DIRECTORY. NEW YORK. ST. JOHN’S, No. 1, meets the second and fourth Thursdays each month, Lone Room, Masonic Temple, Twenty-third street and Sixth avenue. WM. H. MCDOUGAL, M. Wm. H. Gedney, Treas. Chas. a. Piercy, S. W. Joseph Hurd Sec. A. J. agate, J. W. LODGE OF ANTIQUITY, No. 11, meets the second and fourth Thursdays each month, Clinton Room, Masonic Hall, 23d street and 6th avenue. Francis Vogel, Treas. ADOLPH C. WOLF, M. Isaac Simonson, Sec., John S. Miller, S. W. Room No. 65, Astor House. Wm. E. Bergmann, J. W. PIONEER, No. 20, meets first, third and fourth Mondays, at Eastern Star Hall, Third avenue, corner of Seventh street. F. L. W. SERVEN, M. David W. Higgins, Treas. John W. Rowan Thos. J. Lockwood, Sec. James H. Folan, J. W. WASHINGTON, No. 21, meets first and third Tuesdays of each month, at their rooms, No. 289 Bleecker street. Visitors welcome. IRVING HAZLETON, M. R. B. Coppins, Treas. Thos. Blood, S. W. J. H. Malees, Sec. Fred. S. Pierce, J. W. ALBION LOBGE, No. 26, meets second and fourth Wednesdays in each month, Doric Room, Masonic Temple. JOHN STEWART, M. Edward Taylor, P.M., Treas. Alex. Vrklland, S.W. C. Van Keuren, M.D., Sec. Edward Cooper, J.W. BIRIGO, No. 30, meets the first and third Mon days of each month, German Bank Building, Fourteenth street and Fourth avenue. GEO. A. FREDERICK. M. 11. 11. Nestrock, Treas. John A. Sampson, S. W. R. G. Kling, Sec., Aaron Morris, J. W. No. 100 Duane street. HOWARD, No. 35, meets in the Boric Room, Masonic Temple, second and, fourth Fridays. CHAS. T. McCLENACHAN, M. Horace Metcalf, Treas. Robert P. Gibson, S. W. Alfred B. Price, Sec., Geo. H. Fitzwilliam, J. W. MARINERS’, No. 67, meets first and third Mondays each month, at German Masonic Temple, No. 220 East Fifteenth street. R. W. PAIN, M. Edwin B. Fettet, Sec. No. 106 Second avenue. MONTGOMERY, No. 63, meets in the Doric Room, Masonic Temple, every first and Third Monday evenings, at 7:30 o’clock. F. O. Woodruff, Treas. GEORGE DESSOYE, M. F. W. Gardner Sec., W. P. Wooster, S. W. Box No. 68. Masonic Temple. J. Wesley Smith, J. W. STRICT OBSERVANCE, No. 94, meets second and fourth Tuesdays each month, at No. 953 Third avenue, cor. Fifty-seventh street. EDWARD GIBB, M. James F. Bragg, Treas. Samuel O. Williamson, S.W. Henry Strick, Sec., Levi Gibb, J. W. Address, No. 34 Beekman Place OCEAN, No. 156, meets At No. 289 Bleecker Street, every second and fourth Thursdays of each month. H. C. BONIFACE, M. James Luker, Treas. Edward McDouald, S. W. I. C. Kingsbury, Sec., J. Healy, J. W. Nos. 157 and 159 Hester Street. INBECTSENT, No. 185, meets first and third Mondays of each month, at Gorman Masonic Temple, East Fifth Street. WILLIAM HANNA, M. C. B. Parker, Treas. S. J. Walford, S. W. Geo. M. Johnson, Sec. Arthur Flecknoe, J. W. No. 91 Bedford Street. MUNN, No. 19, meets on the second and fourth Thursday evenings, at Livingston Room, Masonic Temple. ROBERT BOTHWELL, John Maguire, Treas. S. A. Harwood, Sr., S. W. Ezra B stock vis. Sec. Thomas Maguire. J. W. PIATT, No. 194, meets first and third Thursdays of each month, Decker Building, No. 33 Union Square. THOMAS R. GRAY. M. Smith S. Eaton. Treas. Alexander B. Butts, S.W. Wm. J. Massup, Sec., Wm. Proudman, J. W. Residence. No. 11 Norfolk street, City. UNITED STATES, No. 207, meets in Clinton Rooms, Masonic Temple, Twenty-third street and Sixth avenue, first and third Mondays. John Silt, Sec., GEORGE BRAID, M. Res. 200 Wilson st., Brooklyn. E. D. NATIONAL, No. 209, meets in Clinton room, Masonic Temple, 23d Street and 6th Avenue, Second and Fourth Fridays each month. D. EDGAR ANTHONY, M. J. L. Voorhees, Treas., David Newmark, S.W. E. Percival, Sec., Geo. H. Stetson, J W. Res. L 070 3d Avenue. PACIFIC, No. 233, meets the first and third Thursdays, at 7:45 P. M., in Corinthian Room, Masonic Temple, 23d st. and Sixth avenue. ROBERT BETTY, M. Henry Lee. Treas. Wm. Johnston, S.W. James Hyde, Sec., John T. Lee, J. W. Address. No. 19 Fourth street. Brooklyn. E. D. EUHEKA, No. 2-3, meets at Decker Rooms No. 33 Union Square, on the first and third Mondays in each month, at 8 o’clock P. M. P. H. MELLY, M. Sam’l Gibson, Treas. George Baker, s. W. William Squire, Sec., Bernard M. Sweeny, J.W. No. 258 Washington st., Brooklyn. HOPE. No. 244, meets first and third Tuesdays of each month, Tuscan Room, Masonic Temple, Twenty-third street and Sixth avenue. SAMUEL J. CAMPBELL. M. Wm. E. Lawrence, Treas. Alfred L. Ryer, S. W. Chas. Miller, Jr., Sec. Isaac Fromme, J. W. CHARTER OAK LODGE, No. 249, meets second and fourth Fridays at German Masonic Temple, No. 220 East Fifteenth street. E. W. RICHARDSON, M. James Y. Watkins, Treas. Chas. E. Howard, S. W. Julius Dickerson, Sec. C 1 »s. H. 1 o <ig J. W. JOHN B. WILLARD, No. 250, meets first and third Wednesdays of each month, Grand Opera House, Eighth avenue and Twenty-third street. HENRY S. WALKER, M. Wm. H. Hawks, Treas. L. Kossuth Ungrich, S. W. Thos. J. Drew, Sec., Dr. W. H. Richardson, J.W. No. 129 9th ave. Visiting brethren cordially welcomed. CHANCELLOR WALWORTH, No. 271, meets first and third Thursdays of each month, Doric Room, Masonic Hall, 23d street and Sixth avenue. WM. D. MAY, M. Geo. W. Millar, Treas., W. D. Pownall, S. W., F. W. Herring, Sec., Wm. M. Leggett, J. W. No. 841 Broadway, N. Y. MYSTIC TIE, No. 272, meets first, third and fifth Tuesdays at Eastern Star Hall, cor. Seventh street and Third avenue. HENRY BARTLETT, M. Jas. P. Snyder, Treas. H. S. Cameron, S. W. Chas. W. Kattell, Sec. Wm. Lathers, J. W. Secretary’s address, 216 West 15th sue, t. ARCTURUS, No. 274.—Regular communications of Arcturus Lodge are held at Miller’s Hall, No. 202 E. 6th Street, S. E. corner 3rd avenue, on the first and third Tuesdays of each month. Chas. Kurz, Treas. JOHN E. WANGLER, M. Wm. Kurz, Sec. J. H. Allwood, S. W. George Campbell, S. D. Albert Wangler, J. W. SYLVAN GROVE, No. 275, meets second and fourth Tuesdays of each month, at 8 o’clock P. M., in Livingston Room, Masonic Hall, Sixth avenue and Twenty-third street. THEO. REEVES, M. John H. Hart, Treas. Richard Kirby, S. W. Edgar Kirby, Sec, G. Goodale, J. W. For Dept, N. Y. P. O. GEORGE WASHINGTON, No. 285, meets first, third and fourth Fridays of each month at Eastern Star Hall, corner Seventh street and Third avenue. ADO JI-II US P. PAPA, M. Jared A. Timpson, Sec. Luis Xiques, & W. Wm. Tapper. Treas. Ralph Boiart, Jr., J. W. ACACIA, No. 327, meets first and third Tuesdays, Clinton Room, Masonic Temple, Twenty-third street and Sixth avenue. J. B. MOCKABEE, M. Anthony Kling, Treas. A. G. Vail, S. W. Wm. D. Carroll, Sec. J. D. Outwater, J. W. NEW YORK, No. 330, meets the first and third Wednesdays each month, Doric Room, Temple, Twenty-third street and Sixth avenue. CHAS. D. SHEPARD, M. Chas Heizman, Treas. John E. Heartt. S. W. E. W. Bradley Sec. John Jay Griffin J. W. PUTNAM, No. 338, meets the first and third Fridays of each month, in Tuscan Room, Masonic Temple. JOHN PRENTICE. Joseph Applegate, Treas. Wm. R. Hunt, S. W. Francis W. Judge Sec. L. F. Fechtman, J.W. PURITAN, No. 339, meets first and third Wednesdays, each month, in Clinton Room, Temple, Twenty-third street and Sixth avenue. A. B. HAYNES, M. Louis P. Rollwagen, Treas., John T. Willis, S. W., a. S. Cochrane, Sec., Frank R. McMillan, J. W. ADELPHIIC, No. 348.—The regular communication Inquiries are held on the first and third Tuesdays of each month, at 8 o’clock P.M., in the room of the Masonic Temple. W.H. SEAMAN, M. J.W. Sandford, Treas. Wm. F. Lewis, S.W. Wm. H. Innet, Sec. E.J. Hamilton, Jr., J.W. La toll’s CidßiTE, No. 373.—This lodge, wording in the French language, holds its regular communications on the first and third Mondays of each month, in Livingston Room, Masonic Temple, Sixth avenue and Twenty-third street. GEO. F. HEIDET, M. F. Tartter, Sec., No. 682 Sixth avenue, city. CITY, No. 408, meets second and fourth Mondays, at the room of the Masonic Hall, 23rd Street and Sixth Avenue. HENRY MULLER, AL Chas. Samlleben, Treas. A. A. Cauldwell, S. W. Alex. Mack, Sec. Henry G. Keim, J. W. KAajj, No. 454.—Regular communications of the Kane Lodge are held on the first, third and fifth Tuesdays in Doric Room, Masonic Temple. WM. M. HOES, M. Chas. A. Whitney, Jr., Treas. Jas. J. Little, S. W. Henry W. Penoyar, Sec. Chas. M. Marvin, J. W. GIFEENWIN, No. 467, meets the second and fourth Fridays of each month, at the room of the Masonic Temple, West Twenty-third Street and Sixth Avenue. FRANK W. ROBB, M. Wm. Agnew, Sec. Ralph Mayers, S. W. John geagen, Treas. Andrew Merz, J. W. TECUMSEH, No. 487, meets first and third Thursdays of each month, at Eastern Star Hall, Third Avenue and Seventh Street. WM. MUNZER, M. James Stone, Treas. Wm. Kemble Hall, S. W. F. E. Davis, Sec., Jos. Hoffman, J. W. No. 351 Second avenue. CORINTHIAN, No. 488, meets second and fourth Thursdays, at Grand Opera House, 23rd Street and 8th Avenue, at 8 P.M. JAMES SMILEY, M. Geo. Stone, Treas. O. G. Ahlstrom, S. W. Geo. F. Thornton, Sec. Chas. C. Fearn, J. W. PARK, No. 516, meets first and third Tuesdays, at Turn Hall, No. 341 West Forty-seventh st. MARCUS HUTCHISON, M. Chas. Lehritter. Treas. Geo. W. Cregier, S. W. Horatk) Sands, Sec. F. E. Goldthwaite, J. W. ARCHITECT LODGE, No. 519, meets every second and fourth Wednesdays, in Parepa Hall, north east corner of Eighty-sixth street and Third avenue, at, 7:30 P. M. NORMAN L. NIVER. Af. Jacob A. Cantor, S. W. J. V. Schaefer, Treas. Robert N. Dfsß’iow, J. w. A. H. Cantor, Sec. Theo. E. Zochek, S. D. B'l. CECILE, No. 568, meets the first, third and fourth Tuesday afternoons each month, at 1:30 P.M., at No. 115 West Twenty-third street, Koster’s Building. Visitors are always welcome. JOHN H. ALLEN, M. Laurence O’Reilly Sec. TABERNACLE, No. 598, meets first and third Thursdays of each month, Grand Opera House, Eighth avenue and West Twenty-third street. WM. J. CROW, M. Thomas Burton, Treas. Thomas Orr. S. W. D. R. Woollett, Sec., Frank Wood, J. W. No. 166 Eighth avenue. PERFECT ASHLAR, No. 604, meets first and third Thursdays, in the Doric Room, German Masonic Temple, Fifteenth st., east of Third avenue. Louis Greenbaum, Treas. JOHN B. HUNTER. Henry Willson, Sec. John C. Miller, S. W. Wm. L. Darmstadt, J. GIRARD. No. 631, meets first Friday in each month; Livingston Room, Masonic Temple. Thos. P. Clench, Sec. CHAS. H. LUSCOMB, Julius Blankenstein, Thos. W. James, S. W. Treas. Edwin P. T. DeGruchy, J. WSJ PRUDENCE, No. 632, meets second and fourth Fridays each month, German Masonic Temple, No. 22Q East 15th street. JOHN H. CONWAY, Henry Bopp, Treas. L. Ingwersen, S. W. ydL B. F. Corley, Sec. Thomas Tipper, J. W. COPESTONE LODGE, No. 641, meets every second and fourth Wednesday, at 8 P. M., in the Corinnethian Room, Masonic Temple. JOHN H. GRANT, M. Martin Kalb, Treas. Hugh Douglass, S. W. H. T. Gibson, Sec. William McFaul, J. W. EMANUEL, No. 654, meets second and fourth Thursdays each month, Koster & Bial’s Hall, No. 11X West Twenty-third street. N. COHEN, M. Isaac Myers, Treas. Gustave Baum, S. W. Leonard Leisersohn, Sec. Mayer Goodman, J. W. BUNTING, No. 655, meets first and third days of each month, cor. 124th street and Third avenue. Harlem JOHN D. KIMMEY, M. Cyrus O. Hubbell, Treas. Harry C. Harney, S. W. Z. T. Benson, Sec. Theo. A. Jasper, J. W. REPUBLIC, No. 690, meets first and third Fridays of each month, Doric Room, Temple, Twenty-third, street and Sixth avenue, at 7:45 a.m. GEORGE E. PAYNE, B. Brown, Treas. B. C. Williams, S. W. J. W. Stopford, Sec. G. W. Borrey, J. W. ANCIENT, No. 724, meets second and fourth Tuesdays of each month in Tuscan Rooms, Masonic Temple. WILLIAM H. FARRINGTON, M. Harrison H. Crane, Treas. Edward S. Post, S. W. Clare W. Beames, Sec. Chas. T. Dunwell, J. W. No. 217 East 10th street. STUYVESANT, No. 745, meets second and fourth Wednesdays, Eastern Star Hall, Third avenue and Seventh street. H. T. ATKINSON, Treas. ARCH. T. BANNING, M. Wm. H. Leech, Sec., Isaac Wood, S. W. No. 9 st. Mark’s Place. Richard Raleigh, J. W. ROOME, No. 746, meets first and third Mondays, in Louic Rooms, Masonic Temple. J. D. BROOKS, M. Wm. E. T. Simes, Treas. R. B. Wright, S. W. Amos Brown, Sec. Chas. D. Fales, J. W, JUSTICE, No. 753.—Communications second and fourth Wednesdays. Grand Opera House. Eighth avenue and Twenty-third street. N. a SMITH. M. H. Anderson, Secretary. CHARITY, No. 727, meets first and third Fri-4 days of each month, at their rooms, Boulevard and Seventy-fourth street. LOUIS MESSING, M. Wm. G. Owens, Treas. George Snook, S. W. David Taylor, Sec., Thomas Back. J. W. 10th ave., bet. 99th and 100th sts. VERITAS LODGE, No. 734, meets every second and fourth Mondays, at German Masonic Temple, Nai 220 East Fifteenth st. EUGENE BROWN, M. Richard Koch, Treas. Dennis Redmond, S. W. P. M. John W. Sokell, Sec. Jas. N. Janson, J. W. GOLDEN RULE LODGE, No. 770, meets every first and third Wednesday evenings at their rooms, of 130th st. and Third avenue. CHARLES H. FRANCIS, M. Patrick J. Owens, Treas., Sidney J. H. Howes, S. W. W. H. Strahan, Sec., Joseph M’Pbl’aY, J. W. CHAPTERS. PHOENIX, No. 2, meets on the second and fourth Monday evenings each month at the Masonic Temple. ALFRED B. PRICE, H. P. Wm. B. Williams, Treas. J. Martin Gano, JC. Edwin Bouton, Sec. J. Floyd STEN, No. 1151 Broadway. METROPOLITAN CHAPTER, No. 140, R. A. M. meets the third Monday in each month, in the Egyptian Rooms, Masonic Temple, Twenty-third street and Sixth avenue. MUSES GREENBAUM, H. P. J. B. Hunter, K. e. P. Cooley, S. M. Silverstein, Treas. Wm. L. Darmstadt, Sec. ADELPHIA, 158, meets 2nd and 4th Wednesdays of each month, in Egyptian Room, Masonic Temple. J. V. Kirby, Treas., P. C. BENJAMIN. H.P. Wm. H. Innet, Sec. Edward S. Post, K. Res; 102, 6th Avenue. H. J. Emerson, Scribe, MANHATTAN, No. 184, meets the first and third Wednesdays of each month, in the Egyptian Rooms, Masonic Temple, Twenty-third street and Sixth avenue. W. P. WORSTER. H. J. E. H. Warker, Treas. Wm. H. Smith, K. Frank Magee, Sec., S. M. Perkins, S. Box 184, Masonic Temple. WASHINGTON, No. 212, meets the second and fourth Tuesday evenings of each month, at No. 161, Eighth corner of West Eighteenth street. C. G. Carpenter, Treas. A. A. BOGART, H. P. Henry D. Seward, Sec., J. W. Crawford, King. No. 77 Clinton Market Henry Wells, Scribe. COMMANDERIES. COLUMBIAN, No. 1, assembles in conclave on Tuesday, each month, Masonic Temple, Twenty-third street and Sixth avenue. W. D. MAY, C. Alfred B. Price, Treas. Chas. A. Benedict, G. Fred. W. Herring, Rec. Joseph E. Miller, C. G. MOUTON, No. 4, assembles in conclave on second and fourth Mondays each month, Tuscan Room, Masonic Hall. WM. H. MCDOUGALL, E. C. Auther Boyce, Sr., Treas. John Low, Gen. W’m. L. Gardner, Rec. John W. Keeler, Capt. Gen. PALESTINE, No. 18, assembles in conclave on first and third Mondays each month, Asylum, Temple, Twenty-third street and Sixth avenue. J. MARTIN LAYMAN, C. Wm. R. Carr, Treas. James W. Bowden, Gen. Chas. S. Champlin, Rec. Wayne Litzenberg, C. G. EXCHANGE DE LION, No. 23, assembles in conclave on second and fourth Fridays of each month, at Masonic Temple, Twenty-third street and Sixth avenue. JOHN A. MAPES, C. Edwin R. McCarty, Treas. Henry F. Herkner, G. Charles W. Sy, Rec. Thos. B. Inness, C. G. MANHATTAN COMMANDERY, No. 31, assemblies in regular conclave on the second and fourth Wednesdays of each month, Northeast corner of Fifty-seventh street and Third avenue. CHARLES P. MCFADDEN, C. Martin Kalb, Treas. John B. Hill, G. Jchs Ho le, Rec., C. V. R. ACKERMAN, C. G. P. O Address, No. 3 Bleecker street. IVANHOE, No. 36, assembles in conclave third Friday each month, bunk building. Fourteenth street, and Fourth avenue. JAMES McGRATH, E. C. Wm. H. Peckham, Treag. John Caunt, g. Wm. H. Armfield, Rec. J. M. Knapp, C. G. CONSTANTINE, No. 48, assembles in conclave second and fourth Tuesdays of each month, corner 1301 and 1311, street and Third avenue, Harlem. J. R. MACGREGOR, E. C. Thomas W. Timpson, Treas. Wm. H. Deghan, Ge.L J. I. Conklin, Rec. James Cochrane, C. G. YORK COMMANDERY, No. 55, assembles in Regular Conclave on the first Wednesday of each month, at Masonic Temple, corner Twenty-third street and Hudson Street, Harlem. H. H. Hines, Treas. WILSON G. FOX, E. O. ALEXANDER W. MURRAY, Rec. GEO. W. ANDERSON, G. Residence No. 25, Humboldt and James S. Manning, C. G. St., Brooklyn, E. D. ADELITE, No. 59, (Mounted) meets in conclave first and third Thursdays each month, at Masonic Temple, Twenty-third street and Sixth avenue. F. EDWARD DODD, C. J. W. Sandford, Treas. Wm. Wallace Walker, Ch. W. H. Innet, Rec. J. O’Neil, C. G. COUNCILS, R. S M. UNION, No. 2, assembles every third Saturday in the Masonic Temple, Sixth avenue and Twenty-third street. W. M. POGSILLY, W. Wolcott Marks, Rec. v ADELPHI, No. 7, meets first Saturday in each month, in Commandery Room, Temple, 23d street and 6th avenue. EDWARD M. L. EHLERS, T. I. M. Royal E. Deane, Treas. Alex. B. Butts, I. D. M. John W. Coburn, Rec. Philip C. Benjamin, P. C. of W. NOBLES OF THE MYSTIC SHRINE. MECCATEMPLE, A. A. O., holds its sessions at Masonic Temple, New York city, on the feast day of every Mohammedan month, of which due notice will be given. WALTER M. FLEMING, Grand Potentate A. W. Peters, Chief Rabban. Philip C. Benjamin, Assistant Rabban. Charles H. Heyzer, High Prophet. Joseph B. Eakins, Director. WM. S. PATERSON, Grand Recorder. ANCIENT ACCEPTED SCOTTISH (Four Bodies.) THE LODGE OF PERFECTION OF NEW YORK CITY meets at Consistorial Chamber, Masonic Temple, on the first Sunday of every month at 8 P.M., Charles S. Ward, D.M. Joseph B. Eakin, M.N. Post, Leon, Treas. George Wood, S.W.Wm. S. Patterson, Sec. G.W. Van Buskirk, J.W. No. 45 Fourth avenue. THE COUNCIL OF PRINCES OF JERUSALEM OF NEW YORK CITY meets at Consistorial Chamber, Masonic Temple, on the third Saturday of every month, at 8 P.M. Steph. D. Affleck, D.M. WM. J. Lawless, M. Edwin Bouton, Treas. Oscar G. Ahlstrom, S.W.W.W.S. Patterson, Sec., Geo. W. Van Buskirk, J.W. No. 45 Fourth avenue. THE CHAPTER OF ROSE CROIX OF NEW YORK CITY meets at Consistorial Chamber, Masonic Temple, on the fourth Saturday of every month at 8 P.M. George W. Wilkins, M. Seranus Bowen, Orator. Alfred B. Price, S.W. N. Ponce de Leon, Treas. Arthur W.S. Patterson, Sec., No. 455 Fourth avenue. THE CONSISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY, S.P. R.S., meets at Consistorial Chamber, Masonic Temple. When specially convened, C. T. McCLENACHAN, Com. E. M. L. Ehlers, 1st L. C. Charles H. Heyzer, 2nd L. C. George B. Browne, Treas. Wm. D. Garrison, M. State. Wm. S. Paterson, Sec., No. 455 Fourth avenue. BROOKLYN. LEXINGTON, No. 310, meets every Monday evening, corner Montague streets. Wm Voss, Treas. JOHN H. IIIBB, M. John T. Southwell, Sec. John Kendall Dunn, S.W. Wm. Smith, J. W. COSMOPOLITAN, No. 585, meets every Tuesday evening, in Montague street, corner of Court Brooklyn. JOSEPH W LINCOLN, M. Joseph Myers, Treas. Thomas Penney, S. W. Edward Sloggatt, Sec. V. Irving Philips, J. W. EUCLID, No. 656 meets second and fourth Wednesdays, each month, No. 413 Bedford, near Myrtew avenue. JAMES P. H. V. M. Fred Heeg, Treas. J. G. Herold, Jr. S. W. S. Brooks, Sec. Bernard Reid, J. W. TUSCAN, No. 704, meets second and fourth Tuesdays, each month, at Ceres Hall, corner Fulton and Troy avenues. JAMES CORNELUS, M. FORGE MONSEES, Treas. William H. Roberts, S.W. THOMAS LESTER, Sec. WILLIAM NATHAN, J. W. No. 1,553 Dean street. EZEL, No. 732, meets every first, third and fourth Monday, in Adelphi Hall, No. 157 Adelphi street, corner Myrtle avenue, Brooklyn, at 8 P.M. A. P. Higgins, Treas. H. HASTE, M. R. PERROTT, Sec., H. T. KETCHAM, S. W. No. 43 Ormond Place. Walker and Jas. Heckler, Trustees. UNMANDERLES. DE WITT CLINTON, No. 27, meets in assembly on the second, fourth and fifth Tuesdays of each month, at Nos. 87, 89 and 91 Broadway, Brooklyn E. D. J. WESLEY CAMPBELL, C. T. J. Scharfenberg, Treas. Juan B. Arch, g r S. T. Waterhouse. Rec. Wm. h. Bryant, C. G. A Mixed Case at Law.—A curious case is before the Tribunal in Paris. A gentleman was getting down from an omnibus in a crowded thoroughfare, when he missed his footing, nearly feeling backward, and, to recover balance, caught hold of another passenger. The latter, taken by surprise, also found himself in danger of falling, and, in his turn, caught hold of a woman with an infant in her arms, the upshot being that all four rolled together into the road. A heavy goods van was coming along behind, which, had it not been for the prompt action of the omnibus conductor, who seized the horse’s head, would have run over some of the prostrate forms. As it was, the gentleman who was the original cause of the accident escaped with a few trifling bruises, the other male passenger falling on him was not hurt at all, and the infant was equally fortunate; but its mother had her arm broken, and sustained other severe injuries. Which of the two gentlemen should pay damages is the question—that one who caught hold of her or the one who caused him to do so by catching hold of her hold of him.
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Jack (Homes novel)
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Jack is the 1990 debut novel by American writer A. M. Homes, written when she was 19. She wrote the novel while attending Sarah Lawrence College. It is a bildungsroman or coming-of-age novel, dealing with a 15-year-old boy's grappling with issues of divorce and sexuality in his family and among his friends.
Plot
Jack is a 15-year-old boy who is dealing with the divorce of his parents Anne and Paul, as he starts to develop a crush on his friend Maggie. He must also deal with the subsequent revelation that his father Paul is gay and now living with a male partner after his separation from Anne.
When news of his father's liaison spreads in his high school, Jack is bullied by some students.
He learns that his friends also are dealing with difficult issues: Max reveals that his father beats his mother. Maggie has a gay father and shares her feelings about learning that.
Characters
Jack, 15-year-old boy
Anne, his mother
Paul, his father
Bob, his father's live-in companion
Michael
Vermon
Max, a friend of Jack
Maggie, a friend of Jack
Sammy
Jim
Eddie Hayes
Coach
Reception
The book was highly praised by such contemporaries as David Foster Wallace, who noted, “A moving novel, and a very refreshing one. Jack is such an engaging, attractive human being, it’s a pleasure to believe in him.”
Because of its sensitive treatment of issues of divorce, sexuality and spousal abuse, the book has been popular with young adults. It continues to be featured on reading lists for high school and college classes.
Adaptation
Homes adapted her novel as a television film, Jack, writing the screenplay. It aired in 2004 on Showtime TV, starring Anton Yelchin as Jack, and Stockard Channing and Ron Silver as his parents Anne and Paul.
References
External links
1990 American novels
1990s LGBT novels
American LGBT novels
American novels adapted into films
American bildungsromans
American novels adapted into television shows
LGBT-related young adult novels
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A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen
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We speak Uterally when we say, that we doubt if there is a single publication relating to this subject, either in the anciest or me modem languages, which he had not diligently perused; and his knowledge, minute and accurate on trtvrf point, and, once acquired, never fmgotten, overflowed in his conversatuna and in his writings. The date of any great discovery was familiar to him; ne could give ane«louss or^ biogmphical sketches of all the great promoters of science in every age; and the prodigality of his information was not more surprisuig than the ease with which he preserved its disposition amd ar- rangement, under certain ereat leading principles, which were the landmarks of his mind, by which the stme of facts wfakh he had been treasurizig up for 3rears was reduced into order, and each distributed into its ^oper place in the great system of which it formed a part. For the truth of this remark we may refer to the * History of the Barometer* in the Editthtrg^ RruirWt and to his Papers on meteorology and odter subjecB in the Encych^tedia Britanmca^ to his continuation of Play fair's Inhvdtictory Discaurtes prefixed to that work, as weS as to many of his other productions, whidi display the great extent of his researches. On other subjects also, not con- nected with his peculiar studies, his information was minute and extensive. He was deeply read in Scottish history and antiquities; and on all modern^ questions of politics or political economy he had his own original ideas, whidi he was always ready to express and expound in a fair and temperate strain.* JOHN LEYDEN. 505 cottage in which the family resided was of a humble construction; its internal accommodations were equally simple; but it was situated at the foot of the majestic hill of Rubislaw, and there, among the *'dun heathy slopes and valleys green," did Leyden imbibe that enthusiasm and manliness of character which afterwards displayed themselves so strongly in his domestic affections, in his love of country, and in his unweared pursuit of knowledge. "With the inmates of his father's house dwelt in- telligence, cheerful content, and piety; and in this scene of the domestic virtues Leyden was taught to read by his grandmother, under whom he soon ac- quired a familiar acquaintance with the events re- corded in the sacred volume, the historical passages in the Old Testament having first attracted his atten- tion. His taste for reading, once kindled, spread like the moorhim on his native heaths, first over the books in his father's possession, and then to the shelves of the neighbours. Some popular works on Scottish history supplied the inspiring recital of the deeds of Wallace and Bruce, which, beyond their immediate benefit, have continued as examples through succeeding ages to cherish sentiments of independence in every generous bosom. Among the other productions with which he was greatly delighted, have been enumerated the poems of Sir David Lindsay, Paradise Lost^ Chapman's transla- tion of HomtTy and the Arabian Nights Entertain- ments, An odd volume of the last-named work he obtained, when he was about eleven years old, by a resolute perseverance of solicitation quite commen- surate with the ardour of his subsequent literary career. He had received from a companion some account of its contents, and been told that the trea- sure belonged to a blacksmith's apprentice who re- sided at some miles' distance from his father's house. The very next morning Leyden waded through the snow in the hope of being allowed to peruse a part of the volume in the owner's presence — for he nad no title to expect a loan of it in any other way; aiid that he might have leisure to do so, he set out be- times. On reaching the smithy, learning that the lad had gone from home to do some work, he pro- ceeded to the place, and, having preferred his re- quest, met with a refiisal. But he was not to be so dismissed; and continuing^ beside the lad the whole day, he either succeeded m gaining his good graces, or prevailed by the mere force of pertinacity, so that he got the book as a present, and returned home by sunset, '* exhausted by hunger and fatigue," says Sir Walter Scott, *'but in triumphant possession of a treasure for which he would have subjected himself to yet greater privations." At nine years of age Leyden had been sent to the parish school of Kirktown, where, to writing and arithmetic, he added a little knowledge of Latin grammar. He continued here three years, with the interval of two very long vacations, in consequence of the death of one teacher and the removal of an- other. At these times he assumed the plaid, and looked after his father's Hock when his assistance was needed. His parents now clearly perceived that the bent of their son's mind was for learning, and he was accordingly placed under the charge of Mr. Duncan, a Cameronian minister at Denholm, who instructed a few pupils, — ^he could not usually draw together more than five or six — in Greek and Latin. "Of the eagerness of his desire for knowledge," says the Rev. James Morton, "it may not be improper to relate an anecdote which took place at this time: Denholm being about three miles from his residence, which was rather too long a walk, his father was going to buy him an ass to convey him to and from school. Leyden, however, was unwilling, from the common prejudice against this animal, to encounter the ridicule of his school-fellows by appearing so ignobly mounted, and would at first have declined the offered accommodation. But no sooner was he informed that the owner of the ass happened to have in his possession a large book in some learned lan- guage, which he offered to give into the bargain, than his reluctance entirely vanished, and he never rested until he had obtained this literary treasure, which was found to be the Calepini Dictionarium Octolingue^ After he had enjoyed the advantage of Mr. Dun- can's instnictions for two years, it was judged that he was qualified for college; and in November, 1790, his father accompanied him half-way to Edinburgh, with a horse which the^ rode alternately ; he per- formed the rest of the journey on foot. His views being directed to the church, he began the usual course of study by attending the Greek and Latin classes; in the preparations for which he was assidu- ous, allotting a stated portion of time daily to the tasks of each professor, and employing the remaining hours in desultory reading, from which, having the command of the collie library, he was not deterred, like some young men, by any difficulty of deter- mining which books it would be most proper and advantageous for him to read first. His public ap- pearances threatened at the outset to draw down upon him some degree of ridicule; but Professor Dalzell used to describe, with some humour, the astonishment and amusement excited in his class when John I^eyden first stood up to recite his Greek exercise. The rustic yet undaunted manner, the humble dress, the high harsh tone of his voice, joined to the broad provincial accent of Teviotdale, dis- composed on this first occasion the gravity of the professor, and totally routed that of the students. But it was soon perceived that these uncouth attri- butes were joined to qualities which commanded respect and admiration. The rapid progress of the young rustic attracted the approbation and counten- ance of the professor, who was ever prompt to dis- tinguish and encourage merit ; and to those among the students who did not admit literary proficiency as a shelter for the ridicule due since tne days of Juvenal to the scholar's worn coat and unfashionable demeanour, Leyden was in no respect averse from showing strong reasons adapted to their comprehen- sion, and affecting their personal safety, for keeping their mirth within decent bounds.^ The Greek language was long his favourite study, and, considering his opportunities, he became much more intimately acquamted with its best authors than is usual in Scotland, even among those who make some pretensions to literature. The Latin he un- derstood thoroughly; and it is perhaps the best proof of his classical attamments, that at a later period, to use his own expression, "he passed muster pretty well when introduced to Dr. Parr." Leyden was now at the fountain-head of know- ledge, and availed himself of former privations by quiSfing it in large draughts. He not only attended all the lectures usually coimected with the study of theology, but several others, particularly some of the medical classes — a circumstance which afterwards proved important to his outset in life, although at the time it could only be ascribed to his restless and impatient pursuit after science of every description. > The ensuing port of the present article is borrowed, with veiy slight alterations, from a memoir of Dr. Levden in the Edunbnrgk Annual Register for z8iz^^vidently, from its "careless inimitable graces," the composition of Sir Walter Scott. 5o6 JOHN LEYDEN. Admission to these lectures was easy from the libe- rality of the professors, who throw their classes gratuitously open to youne men educated for the church, a privilege of which Leyden availed himself to the utmost extent. There were indeed few branches of study in which he did not make some progress. Besides the learned languages, he ac- quired French, Spanish, Italian, and Cferman, was umiliar with the ancient Icelandic, and studied Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian. But though he soon became particularly distin- guished by his talents as a linguist, few departments of science altogether escaped his notice. He in- vestigated mond philosophy with the ardour common to all youths of talent who studied ethics under the auspices of Professor Dugald Stewart, with whose personal notice he was honoured. He became a respectable mathematician, and was at least super- ficially acquainted with natural philosophy, natural history, chemistry, botany, and mineralogy. These various sciences he acquired in different degrees, and at different times, during his residence at college. They were the fruit of no very rq^ar plan of study: whatever subject interested his mind at the time attracted his principal attention till time and in- dustry had overcome the difficulties which it pre- sented, and was then exchanged for another pursuit. It seemed frequently to be Leyden's object to learn i'ust so much of a particular science as should enable lim to resume it at any future period; and to those who objected to the miscellaneous, or occasionally the superficial, nature of his studies, he used to answer with his favourite interjection, "Dash it, man, never mind: if you have the scaffolding ready, you can run up the masonry when you please." But this mode oi study, however successful with John Leyden, cannot be safely recommended to a student of less retentive memory and robust application. With him, however, at least while he remained in Britain, it seemed a matter of little consequence for what length of time he resigned any particular branch of study; for when either some motive or mere caprice induced him to resume it, he could with little diffi- culty reunite all the broken associations, and begin where he left off months or years before, without having lost an inch of ground during the interval The vacations which our student spent at home were employed in arranging, methodizing, and en- larging the information which he had acquired during his winter's attendance at college. His father's cot- tage affording him little opportunity for quiet and seclusion, he was obliged to look out for accom- modations abroad, and some of his places of retreat were sufficiently extraordinary. In a wild recess, in the den or glen which gives name to the village of Denholm, he contrived a sort of furnace for the pur- pose of such chemical experiments as it was adequate to performing. But his chief place of retirement was the small parish church, a gloomy and ancient building, generally believed in the neighbourhood to be haunted. To this chosen place of study, usually locked during week-days, Leyden made en- trance by means of a window, read there for manv hours in the day, and deposited his books and spea- mens in a retired pew. It was a well-chosen spot of seclusion, for the kirk (excepting during divine ser- vice) is rather a place of terror to the Scottish rustic, and that of Cavers was rendered more so by many a tale of ghosts and witchcraft, of which it was the supposed scene; and to which Leyden, partly to in- dulge his humour, and partly to secure his retire- ment, contrived to make some modem additions. The nature of his abstruse studies, some specimens of natural history, as toads and adders, left exposed in their ^irit-vials, and one or two practical jests played off upon the more curious of the peasantry, rendered his gloomy haunt not only venerated by t^ wise, but feared by the simple, cdf the parish, who began to account this abstracted student, like the gifted person described by Wordsworth, as pos- sessing— ** Waking empiie vide as dreams. An ample sovereignty of eye and ear; Rich are his walks with supernatural The region of his inner spirit teems With vital sounds and monitory gleams Of hi|^ astonishment and pleasuig fear." This was a distinction which, as we have already hinted, he was indeed not unwilling to affect, and co which, so far as the visions existing in the high fancy of the poet can supply those ascribed to the actual ghost-seer, he had indeed no slight pretensions. Books as well as retirement were necessary to tlie progress of Leyden's studies, and not always attain- able. But his research collected from every quarter such as were accessible by loan, and he subjected himself to the utmost privations to purchase those that were not otherwise to be procured. The re- putation also of his prosperous career of learning obtained him occasional access to the library of Mr. Douglas of Cavers — an excellent old collection, in which he met for the first time many of those works of the middle ages which he studied with so much research and success. A Froissart in particular, translated by Lord Bemers, captivated his attention with all those tales "to savage virtue dear," which coincided with his taste for chivalry, and with the models on which it had been fonncil ; and tales of the Black Prince, of the valiant Chandos, and of Geoffrey T6te-Noir, now rivalled the legends of Johnnie Armstrong. Walter the Devil, and the Black Douglas. In the country Leyden's society was naturally considerably restricted, but while at college it began to extend itself among such of his fellow-students as were distinguished for proficiency in learning. Among these we may number the celebrated author of the Pleasures of Hope; the Rev. Alexander Murray united with Leyden in the kindred pursuit of orientad learning, and whose lamp, like tnat of his friend, was extinguished at the moment when it was placed in the most conspicuous elevation; William Erskine, author of a poetical epistle from St. Kilda, with whom Leyden renewed his friendship in India; the ingeni- ous Dr. Thomas Brown, distinguished for his early- proficiency in the science of moral philosophy, of which he was afterwards professor in the Edinburgh college; the Rev. Robert Lundie, minister of Kelso; and several other youn? men of talent, who at that time pursued their studies in the university of Edin- burgh. In the year 1796 the recommendation of Professor Dalzell procured Leyden the situation of private tutor to the sons of Mr. Campbell of Faiiiield, a situation which he retained for two or three years. During the winter of 1798 he attended the two young gentlemen to their studies at the college of St. An- drews. Here he had the advantage of the acquaint- ance of Professor Hunter, an t^mirable classical scholar, and to whose kind instructions he professed much obligation. The secluded situation also of St. Andrews, the monastic life of the students, the frag- ments of antiquity with which that once metropolitan town is surrounded, and the libraries of its coU^es, gave him additional opportunity and impulse to pursue his favourite plans of study. About the time he resided at St. Andrews, the renown of Mungo Park, and Leyden*s enthusiastic JOHN LEYDEN. 507 attachment to all researches connected with oriental learning, turned his thoughts towards the history of Africa, in which he found much to enchant an ima- gination which loved to dwell upon the grand, the marvellous, the romantic, and even the horrible, and which was rather fired than appalled by the picture of personal danger and severe privation. Africa in- deed had peculiar charms for Leyden. He delighted to read of hosts whose arrows intercepted the sun- beams; of kings and soldiers who judgea of the num- berless number of their soldiers by marching them over the trunk of a cedar, and only deemed their strength sufficient to take the field when such mvriads had passed as to reduce the solid timber to impalpable dust: the royal halls also of Dahomey, built of skulls and cross-bones, and moistened with the daily blood of new victims of tvranny; — all, in short, that pre- sented strange, wild, and romantic views of human nature, and which furnished new and unheard-of facts in the history of man, had great fascination for his ardent imagination. And about this time he used to come into company quite fidl of these extraordin- ary stories, garnished faithfully with the unpronounce- able names of the despots and tribes of Africa, which any one at a distance would have taken for the exor- cism of a conjuror. The fruit of his researches he gave to the. public in a small volume, entitled A Historical ana Philosophical Sketch of the Discoveries and Settlements of the Europeans in Northern and Western Africa at the Close of tlie Eighteenth Century^ crown 8vo, 1799. It is written on the plan of Ray- nal's celebrated work, and as it contains a clear and lively abridgment of the information afforded by travellers whose works are of rare occurrence, it was fevourably received by the public. On Leyden*s return to Edinburgh from St. An- drews, he resided with his pupils in the family of Mr. Campbell, where he was treated with that re- spect and kindness which every careful father will pay to him whose lessons he expects his children to receive with attention and advantage. His hours, excepting those of tuition, were at his own uncon- trolled disposal, and such of his friends as chose to visit him at Mr. Campbell's were sure of an hospit- able reception. This class began now to extend itself among persons of an older standing than his contemporaries, and embraced several who had been placed oy fortune, or had risen by exertions, to that fixed station in society to which his college intimates were as yet only looking forwards. His acquaint- ance with Mr. Richard rleber was the chief means of connecting him with several families of the former description, and it originated in the following dr* cumstances. John Leyden*s feelings were natural! v poetical, and he was early led to express them in the language of poetry. Before he visited St Andrews, and while residing there, he had composed both fragments and complete pieces of poetry m almost every style and stanza which our languaj^e affords, from an unfinished tragedy on the fate of the Darien settlement, to songs, ballads, and comic tales. Many of these essays afterwards found their way to the press through the medium of the Edinburgh Magazine^ at that time under the management or the patronage of Dr. Robert Anderson, editor of the British Foets^ with whom Leyden was on terms of intimacy. In this periodical miscellany appeared from time to time poetical translations from the Greek Anthology, from the Norse, firom the Hebrew, from the Arabic, from the Syriac, from the Persian, and so forth, with many original pieces, indicating more genius than taste, and an extent of learning of most unusual dimensions. These were subscribed J. L. About this time also Mr. Archibald Constable was opening business, chiefly as a retailer of curious and ancient books, a department in which he possessed extensive knowledge; Mr. Richard Heber, the extent of whose invaluable library is generally known, was, in the winter of 1 799-1800, residing in Edinburgh, and a frequenter of course of Mr. Constable's shop. In these researches he formed an acquaintance with Leyden, who examined as an amateur the shelves which Mr. Heber ransacked as a purchaser, and the latter discovered with pleasure the unknown author of the poems which have been already alluded to. The acquaintance soon ripened into friendship, and was cemented by mutual advantage. Mr. Heber had found an associate as ardent as himself in the pursuit of classical knowledge, and who would will- ingly sit up night after night to collate editions, and to note various readings; and Leyden, besides the advantage and instruction which he derived from Mr. Heber's society, enjoyed that of being introduced, by his powerful reconmiendation, to the literary gen- tlemen of Edinburgh, with whom he lived in inti- macy. Among these may be reckoned the late Lord Woodhouselee, Mr. Henry Mackenzie, the distin- guished author of the Man of Feelings and the Rev. Mr. Sidney Smith, then residing in Edinburgh, firom all of whom Leyden received flattering attention, and manv important testimonies of the interest which they took in nis success. By the same introduction he became intimate in the family of Mr. Walter Scott, where a congenial taste for ballad, romance, ' and border antiquities, as well as a sincere admira- tion of Leyden's high talents, extensive knowledge, and excellent heart, secured him a welcome recep- tion. And by degrees his society extended itself still more widely, and comprehended almost every one who was distinguished for taste or talents in Edin- burgh. The manners of Leyden when he first entered into company were very peculiar; nor indeed were they at any time much modified during his continuing in Europe; and here perhaps, as properly as elsewhere, we may endeavour to give some idea of his personal appearance and habits in society. In his complexion the clear red upon the cheek indicated a hectic pro- pensity, but with his brown hair, lively dark eyes, and well-proportioned features, gave an acute and interesting turn of expression to nis whole counten- ance. He was of middle stature, of a frame rather thin than strong, but muscular and active, and well fitted for all those athletic exertions in which he delighted to be accounted a master. For he was no less anxious to be esteemed a man eminent for learn- ing and literary talent, than to be held a fearless player at single-stick, a formidable boxer, and a dis- tinguished adept at leaping, running, walking, climb- ing, and all exercises which depend on animal spirits and muscular exertion. Feats of this nature he used to detail with such liveliness as sometimes led his audience to charge him with exaggeration; but, un- like the athletic traveller in iCsopTapologue, he was always ready to attempt the repetition of his great leap at Rhodes, were it at the penl of breaking his necK on the spot. And certainly in many cases his spirit and energy carried him through enterprises which his friends considered as most rashly undertaken. An instance occurred on board of ship in India, where two gentlemen, by way of quixMing Leyden's preten- sions to agility, offered him a l^t of twenty gold mohrs that he could not go aloft. Our bard in- stantly betook himself to the shrouds, and, at all the risk incident to a landsman who first attempts such an ascent, successfully scaled the main-top. There it was intended to subject him to an unusual practical 5o8 JOHN LEVDEN. sea-joke, by setting him up^ i.e. iymR him, till he should redeem himself by paying a nne. But the spirit of Leyden dictated desperate resistance, and finding he was likely to be overpowered, he 6ung himself from the top, and seizing a rope, precipitated himself on deck by letting it slide rapidly through his grasp. In this operation he lost the skin of both hands, but of course won his wager. But when he observed his friends look grave at the expensive turn which their jest had taken, he tore and flung into the sea the order for the money which they had given him, and contented himself with the triumph which his spirit and agility had gained. And this little anecdote may illustrate his character in more respects than one. In society John Ley den's first appearance had something that revolted the fastidious and alarmed the delicate. He was a bold and uncompromising disputant, and neither subdued his tone, nor molli- fied the form of his argument, out of deference to the rank, age, or even sex of those with whom he was maintaining it His voice, which was naturally loud and harsh, was on such occasions exaggerated into what he himself used to call his saw^tona, which were not very pleasant to the ear of strangers. His manner was animated, his movements abrupt, and the gestures with which he enforced his arguments rather forcible than elegant; so that altogether his first appearance was somewhat appalling to persons of low animal spirits or shy and reserved habits, as well as to all who expected much reverence in societv on account of the adventitious circumstances of rank or station. Besides, his spirits were generally at top- flood, and entirely occupied with what had last arrested his attention, and thus his own feats, or his own studies, were his topic more frequently than is consistent with the order of good society, in which every person has a right to expect his share of con- versation. He was indeed too much bent on attain- ing personal distinction in society to choose nicely the mode of acquiring it. For example, in the course of a large evening party, crowded with fashionable people, to many of whom Leyden was an absolute stranger, silence being imposed for the purpose of a song, one of his friends, with great astonishment and some horror, heard Leyden, who could not sing a note, scream forth a verse or two of some border ditty, with all the dissonance of an Indian war-whoop. In their way home he ventured to remonstrate with his friend on this extraordinary exhibition, to which his defence was, ''Dash it, roan, they would have thought I was a/raid to sing before them.^ In short his egotism, his bold assumption in society, his affec- tation of neglecting many of its forms as trifles be- neath his notice — circumstances which often excited against his first appearance an undue and dispropor- tionate prejudice — were entirely founded upon the resolution to support his independence in society, and to assert that character formed between the lettered scholar and the wild rude borderer, the counterpart as it were of Anacharsis, the philosophic Scythian, which, from his in&Acy, he was ambitious of maintaining. His humble origin was with him rather a subject of honest pride than of false shame, and he was not unwilling tnat his deportment should to a certain degree partake of the simplicity of the ranks from which he had raised himself by his talents to bear a share in the first society. Having thus marked strongly the defects of his manner, and the prejudice which they sometimes excited, we crave credit from the public while we record the real virtues and merits by which they were atoned a thousand-fold. Levden's apparent harsh- ness of address covered a fund of real affection to his friends, and kindness to all with whom he mingled, unwearied in their service and watchful to oblige them. To gratify the slightest wish of a friend he would engaffe at once in the most toilsome and diffi> cult researches, and when perhaps that firiend had forgotten that he even intimated such a wish, Leyden came to pour down before him the fullest informatioa on the subject which had excited his attentioxL And his temper was in reality, and notwithstanding an affectation of roughness, as gentle as it was generous. No one felt more deeply for the distress of those he loved. No one exhioited more disinterested plea- sure in their success. In dispute he never lost tem- per; and if he despised the outworks of ceremony, he never trespassed upon the essentials of good breed- ing, and was himself the first to feel hurt and dis- tr^sed if he conceived that he had, by any rash or hasty expression, injured the feelings of the most in- considerable member of the company. In all the rough play of his argument too he was strictly good- humoure<i, and was the first to laugh i^ as m.iist happen occasionally to those who talk much, and upon every subject, some disputant, of less extensive but more accurate information, contrived to arrest him in his very pitch of pride, by a home fact or in- controvertible argument. And when his high and independent spirit, his firm and steady principles of religion and virtue, his constant good numour, the extent and variety of his erudition, and the liveliness of his conversation were considered, they must have been fastidious indeed who were not reconciled to the foibles or peculiarities of his tone and manner. Many of those whose genius has raised them to distinction have fallen into the fatal error of regard- ing their wit and talents as an excuse for the un- limited indulgence of their passions, and their bio- graphers have too frequently to record the acts of extravagance and habits of immorality which dis- graced and shortened their lives. From such crimes and follies John Leyden stood free and stainless. He was deeply impressed with the truths of Chris- tianity, of which ne was at all times a ready and ardent asserter, and his faith was attested by the purity of morals which is its best earthly evidence. To the pleasures of the table he was totally indiffer- ent, never exceeded the bounds of temperance in wine, though frequently in society where there was temptation to do so, and seemed hardly to enjoy any refreshment excepting tea, of which be sometimes drank very large quantities.^ When he was travel- ling or studying his temperance became severe ab- stinence, and he often passed an entire day without any other food than a morsel of bread. To sleep he was equally indifferent, and when, during the latter part of his residence in Edinburgh, he frequently spent the day in company, he used, upon retiring home, to pursue his studies till a late hour in the morning, and satisfy himself with a very brief por- tion of repose. It was the opinion of his friends that his strict temperance alone could have enabled him to follow so hard a course of reading as he enjoined himself. His pecuniary resources were necessarily much limited; out he knew that independence, and the title of maintaining a free and uncontrolled de- meanour in society, can only be attained by avoiding pecuniary embarrassments, and he managed his funds with such severe economy that he seemed always at ease upon his very narrow income. We have only another trait to add to his character as a member of society. With all his bluntness and peculiarity, and under disadvantages of birth and ' A lady whose house he frequented mentioned to a friend of the editor that she had filled him out eighteea cups in one evening. JOHN LEYDEN. 509 fortune, Leyden's reception among females of rank and elegance was favourable in a distinguished degree. Whether it is that the tact of the fair sex is finer than ours, or that they more readily pardon peculiarity in £ivour of originality, or that an imcommon address and manner is in itself a recommendation to their favour, or that they are not so readily offended as the male sex by a display of superior learning — in short, whatever was the cause — it is certain that Leyden was a favourite among those whose favour all are ambitious to attain. Among the ladies of distinction who honoured him with their regard, it is sufHcient to notice the Duchess of Gordon and I^dv Charlotte Campbell, who were then leaders of the fashionable society of Edinburgh. — It is time to return to trace the brief events of his life. In 1800 Leyden was ordained a preacher of the gospel, and entered upon the functions then con- ferred upon him by preaching in several of the churches in Edinburgh and the neighbourhood. His style of pulpit oratory was marked with the same merits and faults which distinguish his poetry. His style was more striking than eloquent, and his voice and gesture more violent than elegant; but his dis- courses were marked with strong traits of original genius; and although he pleaded an internal feeling of disappointment at being unequal to attain his own ideas of excellence as a preacher, it was impossible to listen to him without being convinced of his uncom- mon extent of learning, knowledge of ethics, and sincere zeal for the interest of religion. The autumn of the same year was employed in a tour to the Highlands and Hebrides, in which Ley- den accompanied two young foreigners who had studied at Edinburgh the preceding winter. In this tour he visited all the remarkable places of that in- teresting part of his native country, and divei^ng from the common and more commodious route, visited what are called the rough hounds of the High- lands, and investigated the decaying traditions of Celtic manners and story which are yet preserved in the wild districts of Moidart and Knoidart. The journal which he made on this occasion was a curi- ous monument of his zeal and industry in these re- searches, and contained much valuable information on the subject of Highland manners and tradition, which is now probably lost to the public. It is re- markable that after long and pamful research in quest of original passages of the poems of Ossian, he adopted an opinion more fiivourable to their authen- ticity than has lately prevailed in the literary world. But the confessed infidelity of Macpherson must al^vays excite the strongest suspicion on this subject. Leyden composed, with his usual facility, several detached poems upon Highland traditions, all of which have probably perished, excepting a ballad, founded upon the romantic legend respecting Mac- Phail of Colonsay and the mermaid of (Jorrevrecken, inscribed to Lady Charlotte Campbell, and published in the third volume of the Border Mimtrelsy, which appeared at the distance of about a twelvemonth after the first two volumes. The opening of this ballad exhibits a power of harmonious numbers which has seldom been excelled in English poetry. Nor were these leg^dary effusions the only fruit of his journey; for in his passage through Al)erdeen Leyden so far gained the friendship of the venerable Professor Beattie, that he obtained his permission to make a transcript from the only existing copy of the interesting poem entitled "Albania." This work, which is a panegyric on Scotland in nervous blank ▼erse, written by an anonymous author some time in the beginning of the eighteenth century, Leyden afterwards republished, along with Wilson's "Clyde,'' under the title of Scottish Descriptive Poems, i2mo, 1802. In 1 801, when Mr. Lewis published his Tales of Wonder, Leyden was a contributor to that collection, and furnished the ballad called the ** Elf-king;" and in the following year he employed himself earnestly in the congeni^ task of procuring materials for the Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, tne first publication of Walter Scott. In this labour he was equally in- terested by friendship for the editor, and by his own patriotic zeal for the honour of the Scottish borders, and both may be judged of from the following cir- cumstance. An interesting fragment had been ob- tained of an ancient historical ballad, but the re- mainder, to the great disturbance of the editor and his coadjutor, was not to be recovered. Two days afterwards, while Mr. Scott was sitting with some company after dinner, a sound was heard at a dis- tance like that of the whistling of a tempest through the torn rigging of the vessel which scuds before it. The sounds increased as they approached more near, and Leyden (to the great astonisnment of such of the guests as did not know him) burst into the room, chanting the desiderated ballad with the most enthu- siastic gesture, and all the energy of the saw-tones of his voice already commemorated. It turned out that he had walked between forty and fifty miles and back again, for the sole purpose of visiting an old person who possessed this precious remnant of an- tiquity. His antiquarian researches and poetic talents were also liberally exerted for the support of this un- dertaking. To the former the reader owes in a ^at measure the "Dissertation on Fairy Superstition," which, although arranged and digested by Mr. Scott, abounds with instances of such curious reading as Leyden alone had read, and was originally compiled by him; and to the latter the spirited ballads en- titled "Lord Soulis" and the "Cout of Keeldar." Leyden's next publication was *^The Complayntof Scotland, a new edition of an ancient and singularly rare tract l>earing that title, written by an uncertain author about the year 154S." This curious work was published by Mr. Constable in the year iSoi. As the tract was itself of a diffuse and comprehensive nature, touching upon many unconnected topics, both of public policy and private life, as well as treating of the learning, the poetry, the music, and the arts of that early period, it gave Leyden an op- portunity of pouring forth such a profusion of anti- quarian knowledge in the preliminary dissertation, notes, and glossary, as one would have thought could hardly have been accumulated during so short a life, dedicated too to so many and varied studies. The intimate acquaintance which he has displayed with Scottish antiquities of every kind, from manuscript histories and rare chronicles, down to the tradition of the peasant and the rhymes even of the nursery, evince an extent of research, power of arrangement, and facility of recollection, which has never been equalled in this department. Meanwhile other pursuits were not abandoned in the study of Scottisn antiquities. The Edinburgh Magazine was united in 1802 with the old Scots Magazine, and was now put under the management of Leyden by Mr. Constable the publisher. To this publication during the period of his management, which was al)out five or six months ^^ contributed several occasional pieces of prose and poetry, in all of which he was successful, excepting in those where humour was required, which, notwithstanding his unvaried hilarity of temper, Leyden did not possess. He was also, during this year, engaged with his Scenes of Infancy, a poem which was afterwards pub- lished on the eve of his leaving Britain; and in which 5IO JOHN LEYDEN. he has interwoven his own early feelings and recol- lections with the description and traditional history of his native vale of Teviot. The friends of Leyden btt^an now to be anxious for his present settlement in life. He had been for two years in orders, and there was every reason to hope that he might soon obtain a church through the numerous friends and powerfid interest which he now possessed. More than one nobleman of high rank expressed a wish to serve him should any church in their gi/t become vacant; and, from the recommenda- tion of other friends to those possessed of political interest, he was almost assured of being provided for by a crown presentation on some early oppor- tunity. But his eager desire of travelling, and of extending the bounds of literary and geographical knowledge, had become, as he expressed himself to an intimate friend, "his thought by day and his dream by night, and the discoveries of Mungo Park haunted his very slumbers." When the risk was objected to him, he used to answer in a phrase of Ossian, " Dark Cuchullin will be renowned or dead;'* and it became hopeless to think that this eager and aspiring spirit could be confined within the narrow spnere, and limited to the humble though useful duties, of a country clergyman. It was therefore now the wish of his friends to turn this irresistible thirst for discovery into some channel which might at once gratify the predominant desire of his heart, and be attended with some prospect of securing his fortune. It was full time to take such steps; for m i8q2 Ley- den had actually commenced overtures to the African Society, for undertaking a journey of discovery through the interior of that continent — an enterprise which sad examples have shown to be little better than an act of absolute suicide. To divert his mind from this desperate project, a representation was made to the Right Hon. William Dundas, who had then a seat at the Board of Control, stating the talents and disp>osition of Leyden, and it was sug- gested that such a person might be usefully employed in investigating the language and learning of the Indian tribes. Mr. Dundas entered with the most liberal alacrity into these views; but it happened, unfortunately as it might seem, that the sole appoint- ment then at his disposal was that of surgeon's assist- ant, which could oiily be held by a person who had taken a surgical degree, and could sustain an examin- ation before the medical board at the India House. It was upon this occasion that Leyden showed, in their utmost extent, his wonderful powers of applica- tion and comprehension. He at once intimated his readiness to accept the appointment under the con- ditions aimexed to it, and availing himself of the superficial information he had formerly acquired by a casual attendance upon one or two of the medical classes, he gave his whole mind to the study of medicine and surgery, with the purpose of Qualifying himself for his degree in the short space of nve or six months. The labour which he underwent on this occasion was incredible; but with the powerful assist- ance of a gentleman of the highest eminence in his profession (Mr. John Bell of Edinburgh), he suc- ceeded in acquinng such a knowledge of this com- plicated and most difficult art, as enabled him to obtain his diploma as surgeon with credit, even in the city of Edinburgh, so long famed for its medical school, and for the wholesome rigour adopted in the distribution of degrees. Leyden was, however, in- cautious in boasting of his success after so short a course of study, and found himself obliged, in con- sequence of his imprudence, to relinquish his inten- tion of taking out the degree of M.D. at Edinburgh, and to have recourse to another Scottish university for that step in his profession. Meanwhile the sadden exchange of his profession gave great amusement to some of his friends, especially when a lady having fainted in a crowded assembly. Dr. Leyden advanced to her assistance, and went tnrough the usual routine of treatment with all the gravity which beseemed his new faculty. In truth, the immediate object of his studies was always, in season and out of season, pre^ dominant in Leyden's mind, and just about this time he went to the evening party of a lady of the highest rank with the remnants of a human band in bis pocket, which he had been dissecting in the momiog; and on some question being stirred about the muscn- lar action, he was with difficulty withheld from pro- ducing this grisly evidence in support of the argu- ment which he maintained.
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US-32116502-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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English
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Methods of forming magnetoresistive memory device assemblies
ABSTRACT
The invention includes a construction comprising an MRAM device between a pair of conductive lines. Each of the conductive lines can generate a magnetic field encompassing at least a portion of the MRAM device. Each of the conductive lines is surrounded on three sides by magnetic material to concentrate the magnetic fields generated by the conductive lines at the MRAM device. The invention also includes a method of forming an assembly containing MRAM devices. A plurality of MRAM devices are formed over a substrate. An electrically conductive material is formed over the MRAM devices, and patterned into a plurality of lines. The lines are in a one-to-one correspondence with the MRAM devices and are spaced from one another. After the conductive material is patterned into lines, a magnetic material is formed to extend over the lines and within spaces between the lines.
RELATED PATENT DATA
This application resulted from a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/165,352, which was filed on Jun. 6, 2002.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The invention pertains to methods of forming magnetoresistive memory devices, and to methods of forming assemblies comprising magnetoresistive memory devices, such as, for example, methods of forming MRAM arrays. The invention also pertains to assemblies comprising magnetoresistive memory devices, such as, for example, MRAM arrays.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Magnetic random access memory (MRAM) devices are showing increasing promise for utilization as memory storage devices of the future. MRAM is a type of digital memory in which digital bits of information comprise alternative states of magnetization of magnetic materials in memory cells. The magnetic materials can be thin ferromagnetic films. Information can be stored and retrieved from the memory devices by inductive sensing to determine a magnetization state of the devices, or by magnetoresistive sensing of the magnetization states of the devices. It is noted that the term “magnetoresistive device” can be utilized to characterize a memory device and not the access device, and accordingly a magnetoresistive device can be accessed by, for example, either inductive sensing or magnetoresistive sensing methodologies.
A significant amount of research is currently being invested in magnetic digital memories, such as, for example, MRAM's, because such memories are seen to have significant potential advantages relative to the dynamic random access memory (DRAM) components and static random access memory (SRAM) components that are presently in widespread use. For instance, a problem with DRAM is that it relies on electric charge storage within capacitors. Such capacitors leak electric charge, and must be refreshed at approximately 64-128 millisecond intervals. The constant refreshing of DRAM devices can drain energy from batteries utilized to power the devices, and can lead to problems with lost data since information stored in the DRAM devices is lost when power to the devices is shutdown.
SRAM devices can avoid some of the problems associated with DRAM devices, in that SRAM devices do not require constant refreshing. Further, SRAM devices are typically faster than DRAM devices. However, SRAM devices take up more semiconductor real estate than do DRAM devices. As continuing efforts are made to increase the density of memory devices, semiconductor real estate becomes increasingly valuable. Accordingly, SRAM technologies are difficult to incorporate as standard memory devices in memory arrays.
MRAM devices have the potential to alleviate the problems associated with DRAM devices and SRAM devices. Specifically, MRAM devices do not require constant refreshing, but instead store data in stable magnetic states. Further, the data stored in MRAM devices will remain within the devices even if power to the devices is shutdown or lost. Additionally, MRAM devices can potentially be formed to utilize less than or equal to the amount of semiconductor real estate associated with DRAM devices, and can accordingly potentially be more economical to incorporate into large memory arrays than are SRAM devices.
Although MRAM devices have potential to be utilized as digital memory devices, they are currently not widely utilized. Several problems associated with MRAM technologies remain to be addressed. It would be desirable to develop improved methods for operation of MRAM devices.
FIG. 1 illustrates a fragment of an exemplary prior art construction 10 comprising an MRAM device 12. More specifically, construction 10 comprises a substrate 14 having a conductive line 16 formed thereover, and device 12 is formed over the conductive line.
Substrate 14 can comprise an insulative material, such as, for example, borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG), silicon dioxide and/or silicon nitride. Such insulative material can be formed over a semiconductive material, such as, for example, monocrystalline silicon. Further, various integrated circuit devices can be supported by the semiconductive material. In the construction of FIG. 1, substrate 14 is illustrated generically as a homogeneous mass, but it is to be understood from the discussion above that substrate 14 can comprise numerous materials and layers. In the event that substrate 14 comprises a semiconductive material, such semiconductive material can be, for example, monocrystalline silicon lightly-doped with a background p-type dopant. To aid in interpretation of the claims that follow, the terms “semiconductive substrate” and “semiconductor substrate” are defined to mean any construction comprising semiconductive material, including, but not limited to, bulk semiconductive materials such as a semiconductive wafer (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials thereon), and semiconductive material layers (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials). The term “substrate” refers to any supporting structure, including, but not limited to, the semiconductive substrates described above.
Conductive line 16 can comprise, for example, various metals and metal alloys, such as, for example, copper and/or aluminum.
The MRAM device 12 formed over line 16 comprises three primary layers, 18, 20 and 22. Layers 18 and 22 comprise soft magnetic materials, such as, for example, materials comprising one or more of nickel, iron, cobalt, iridium, manganese, platinum and ruthenium. Layers 18 and 22 can be the same composition as one another, or different from one another.
Layer 20 comprises a non-magnetic material. The non-magnetic material can be an electrically conductive material (such as copper) in applications in which the MRAM is to be a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) device, or can be an electrically insulative material (such as, for example, aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) or silicon dioxide), in applications in which the MRAM device is to be a tunnel magnetoresistive (TMR) device.
Layers 18 and 22 have magnetic moments associated therewith. The magnetic moment in layer 18 is illustrated by arrows 19, and the magnetic moment in layer 22 is illustrated by arrows 21. In the shown construction, the magnetic moment in layer 22 is anti-parallel to the magnetic moment in layer 18. Such is one of two stable orientations for the magnetic moment of layer 22 relative to that of 18, with the other stable orientation being a parallel orientation of the magnetic moment in layer 22 relative to the moment in layer 18. One of layers 18 and 22 can have a pinned orientation of the magnetic moment therein, and such can be accomplished by providing a hard magnetic layer, or in other words a permanent magnet (not shown) adjacent the layer. The layer having the pinned magnetic moment can be referred to as a reference layer.
In operation, MRAM device 12 can store information as a relative orientation of the magnetic moment in layer 22 to that in layer 18. Specifically, either the anti-parallel or parallel orientation of the magnetic moments of layers 18 and 22 can be designated as a 0, and the other of the anti-parallel and parallel orientations can be designated as a 1. Accordingly, a data bit can be stored within device 12 as the relative orientation of magnetic moments in layers 18 and 22.
A conductive line 24 is shown over layer 22, and such conductive line extends into and out of the plane of the page. Conductive line 24 can comprise, for example, one or more metals and/or metal alloys, including, for example, copper and/or aluminum.
An insulative material 26 extends over conductive line 16, and along the sides of bit 12 and conductive line 24. Insulative material 26 can comprise, for example, BPSG.
The construction 10 is an exemplary MRAM construction, and it is to be understood that various modifications can be made to the construction 10 for various applications. For instance, one or more electrically insulative layers (not shown) can be provided between device 12 and one or both of conductive lines 16 and 24. Also, one or more magnetic layers (not shown) can be stacked within device 12 in addition to the shown layers 18 and 22.
In operation, data is written to MRAM device 12 by passing current along the conductive lines 16 and 24 to change the relative magnetic orientation of layers 18 and 22 (i.e., to flip the relative orientation from parallel to anti-parallel, or vice versa). In theory, the relative orientation of layers 18 and 22 can be flipped by passing sufficient current along only one of lines 16 and 24, but in practice it is generally found to be advantageous to utilize both of lines 16 and 24 in writing information to device 12. Specifically, some current is initially passed along one of the lines 16 and 24 to induce a magnetic field in device 12 which starts to flip the relative magnetic orientation of layers 18 and 22, and then current is passed along the other of layers 16 and 24 to complete the flip of the relative magnetic orientation within device 12.
The operation of reading information from device 12 can utilize either inductive sensing or magnetoresistive sensing to detect the relative magnetic orientation of layers 18 and 22 within the device. The reading can utilize one or both of lines 16 and 24, and/or can utilize a separate conductive line (not shown).
It is advantageous to have lines 16 and 24 be orthogonal to one another at the location of device 12 to maximize the complementary effect of utilizing both of conductive lines 16 and 24. A device which utilizes a pair of independently controlled conductive lines for writing to and/or reading from an MRAM device is typically referred to as a half-select MRAM construction.
As discussed above, a single MRAM device can store a single bit of information. Accordingly, in applications in which it is desired to process multiple bits of information it is generally desired to utilize a plurality of MRAM devices, with each of the devices independently storing bits of information. The devices will typically be arranged in an array, and an exemplary array 50 of MRAM devices is illustrated in FIG. 2. More specifically, FIG. 2 shows a top view of an array comprising the construction 10 of FIG. 1. The array comprises a first set of conductive lines 24, 52, 54 and 56 within the insulative material 26; and a second set of conductive lines 16, 58 and 60. The second set of conductive lines is shown as dashed-lines to indicate that the second set of conductive lines is beneath the insulative material 26 and first set of conductive lines. Individual MRAM devices (not visible in the view FIG. 2) are at crossings of the first and second sets of conductive lines, with the locations of the devices being designated by labels 10, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, and 84. The various MRAM devices of the array would typically be fabricated identically to one another, and accordingly can all be identical to the device 12 described in FIG. 1.
Problems can be encountered during operation of an MRAM array if relatively large currents are utilized in the first and/or second sets of conductive lines during reading from and/or writing to MRAM devices. Accordingly, it would be desirable to develop methods for reducing the amount of current flow utilized in conductive lines associated with the MRAM array during reading and/or writing operations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect, the invention encompasses a method of forming a magnetoresistive memory device assembly. A plurality of memory devices are formed to be supported by a substrate. The memory devices are spaced from one another. Each of the memory devices comprises a non-magnetic composition between a pair of magnetic compositions. An electrically conductive material is formed over the memory devices. The conductive material is patterned into a plurality of lines. The lines are in one-to-one correspondence with the memory devices and are spaced from one another. After the conductive material is patterned into lines, a magnetic material is formed over the lines. The magnetic material extends into spaces between the lines.
In one aspect, the invention encompasses a method of forming an MRAM assembly. A substrate is provided, and the substrate comprises a first electrically conductive line and a plurality of memory devices over the first line. Memory devices are spaced from one another by gaps, and the memory devices comprise a non-magnetic composition between a pair of magnetic compositions. A mass is formed over the memory devices. Openings are formed to extend through the mass and to the memory devices. An electrically conductive material is formed within the openings, and the electrically conductive material within the openings defines second electrically conductive lines over the memory devices. The second lines cross the first line at the memory devices. At least some of the mass is removed from between the second lines to form openings. A magnetic material is formed over the second lines. The magnetic material extends into the openings between the second lines.
In one aspect, the invention includes an MRAM construction. An MRAM device is between a pair of conductive lines. Each of the conductive lines can generate a magnetic field encompassing at least a portion of the MRAM device. Each of the conductive lines is surrounded on three sides by magnetic material to concentrate the magnetic fields generated by the conductive lines at the MRAM device.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic, cross-sectional view of a fragment illustrating a prior art MRAM construction.
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of a top view of an array comprising the MRAM construction of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic, cross-sectional view of a fragment at a preliminary processing stage of an exemplary method of an aspect of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a view of the FIG. 3 fragment shown at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a view of the FIG. 3 fragment shown at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a view of the FIG. 3 fragment shown at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is a view of the FIG. 3 fragment shown at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is a view of the FIG. 3 fragment shown at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 is a view of the FIG. 3 fragment shown at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 6, in accordance with an alternative aspect of the invention relative to that described in FIGS. 7 and 8.
FIG. 10 is a view of the FIG. 3 fragment shown at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 6 in accordance with another alternative aspect of the invention.
FIG. 11 is a view of the FIG. 3 fragment shown at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 10.
FIG. 12 is a view of the FIG. 3 fragment shown at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 5 in accordance with yet another alternative aspect of the invention.
FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic, cross-sectional view of a fragment of an MRAM assembly at a preliminary processing stage of another aspect of the invention.
FIG. 14 is a view of the FIG. 13 fragment shown at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 13.
FIG. 15 is a view of the FIG. 13 fragment shown at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 14.
FIG. 16 is a diagrammatic, top view of an MRAM assembly illustrating a further aspect of the invention.
FIG. 17 is a diagrammatic, cross-sectional view along the line 17—17 of FIG. 16.
FIG. 18 is a diagrammatic, cross-sectional view along the line 18—18 of FIG. 16.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A first exemplary aspect of the invention is described with reference to FIGS. 3-8. Similar numbering will be used in referring to FIGS. 3-8 as was utilized above in describing prior art FIGS. 1 and 2, where appropriate.
Referring initially to FIG. 3, a construction 100 is shown in cross-sectional view. Construction 100 is illustrated at a preliminary processing step in a method of forming a magnetoresistive memory device assembly, such as, for example, an MRAM array.
Construction 100 comprises a substrate 14 supporting a conductive line 16. It is noted that in accordance with the definition of “substrate” provided in the background section of this disclosure, portion 14 alone can be considered a substrate, or alternatively, portion 14 and conductive line 16 together can be considered a substrate.
MRAM device locations 10, 70, 76 and 82 are defined over conductive line 16, and MRAM devices 12, 102, 104 and 106 are formed in the locations. The MRAM devices can be considered memory devices. Each of the memory devices comprises a non-magnetic composition (or mass) 20 between a pair of magnetic compositions (or masses) 18 and 22. The memory devices comprise upper surfaces 107, and sidewall surfaces 108.
Memory devices 12, 102, 104 and 106 are separated by spaces (or gaps) 110, 112 and 114. Accordingly, the memory devices are spaced from one another.
A mass 116 is formed over conductive line 16, and openings 118, 120, 122 and 124 extend through the mass to upper surfaces 107 of memory devices 12, 102, 104 and 106. Mass 116 can comprise, for example, an electrically insulative material, such as one or more of borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG), silicon dioxide and silicon nitride. In exemplary aspects of the invention, mass 116 can initially formed to extend across the memory devices, and subsequently openings 118, 120, 122 and 124 can be formed within the mass. The openings can be formed by, for example, initially providing a patterned mask (not shown) over mass 116, and then extending a pattern of the mask into mass 116 to form the openings. The patterned mask can comprise, for example, photoresist, and a pattern within the mask can be formed by, for example, photolithographic processing. Openings 118, 120, 122 and 124 are complimentary to lines (discussed below) which are ultimately formed within the openings.
Referring to FIG. 4, an electrically conductive material (or mass) 130 is provided over mass 116 and within openings 118, 120, 122 and 124 (FIG. 3). Conductive material 130 can comprise, for example, various metals or metal alloys, and in particular aspects can comprise one or both of copper and aluminum. Conductive material 130 is formed over memory devices 12, 102, 104 and 106, and in the shown embodiment physically contacts upper surfaces 107 of the devices. It is to be understood, however, that the invention can encompass other aspects (not shown) wherein an insulative or other material is provided over uppermost surfaces 107 prior to forming conductive material 130.
Mass 116 comprises an uppermost surface 117, and in the shown aspect of the invention, conductive material 130 is formed over uppermost surface 117.
Referring to FIG. 5, construction 100 is subjected to planarization (such as, for example, chemical-mechanical polishing) to form a planarized upper surface 132, and to remove material 130 from over uppermost surface 117 of mass 116. Planarized surface 132 is shown coextensive with uppermost surface 117 of mass 116. It is to be understood, however, that the planarization can remove portions of mass 116, in addition to removing conductive material 130 from over mass 116. Accordingly, the uppermost surface 117 of FIG. 5 can be at a lower elevational level than the uppermost surface 117 of FIG. 4. The material 130 remaining in the construction 100 of FIG. 5 forms lines 24, 52, 54 and 56. The lines are in a one-to-one correspondence with memory devices 12, 102, 104 and 106. Further, the lines are spaced from one another by gaps coextensive with the gaps 110, 112 and 114 between the memory devices. The lines have top surfaces 141, and side surfaces 143 (with the top and side surfaces being labeled for only one of the lines).
Referring to FIG. 6, some of mass 116 is removed from within gaps 110, 112 and 114, and such reduces an elevational level of the mass within the gaps. In the shown aspect of the invention, a portion of the insulative mass 116 has been removed from between the conductive lines, but the insulative mass has not been removed from between the memory devices. The portion of mass 116 remaining within gaps 110, 112 and 114 is thicker than an elevational thickness of memory devices 12, 102, 104 and 106. Accordingly, the remaining portions of mass 116 entirely cover sidewalls 108 (FIG. 3) of the memory devices. Although portions of mass 116 remain within gaps 110, 112 and 114 in the shown aspect of the invention, it is to be understood that an entirety of mass 116 can be removed from within the gaps in other aspects of the invention (discussed below). The removal of some or all of mass 116 can be accomplished with either a dry or wet etch.
The reduction in thickness of mass 116 exposes sidewalls 143 of lines 24, 52, 54 and 56.
Referring to FIG. 7, a dielectric material 150 is formed over conductive lines 24, 52, 54 and 56, as well as across upper surfaces of mass 116 within gaps 110, 112 and 114. Dielectric material 150 is formed as a continuous expanse extending along sidewall surfaces 143 and top surfaces 141 of conductive lines 24, 52, 54 and 56, as well as over the substrate 14 within the spaces 110, 112 and 114 between the conductive lines. The dielectric material can comprise, for example, one or more of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and aluminum oxide; and can be formed to a thickness of, for example, from about 100 Å to about 200 Å. The dielectric material can be formed by, for example, chemical vapor deposition.
A magnetic material 152 is formed over dielectric material 150. The magnetic material extends over lines 24, 52, 54 and 56, and into the spaces 110, 112 and 114 between the lines. In the shown application, the magnetic material is, like the dielectric material, formed to be a continuous expanse extending along sidewall surfaces and top surfaces of lines, as well as over the substrate within spaces between the lines. The magnetic material can comprise a thickness of, for example, from about 50 Å to about 100 Å, and can comprise various ferromagnetic materials. In particular aspects, the magnetic material comprises one or more of iron, nickel and cobalt. The magnetic material can be formed by any of various deposition processes, including, for example, physical vapor deposition. An exemplary physical vapor deposition process is sputter deposition.
The magnetic material 152 can, in particular aspects, be considered a cladding around conductive lines 24, 52, 54 and 56. The cladding can concentrate magnetic fields formed by current passing through the conductive lines, and specifically can concentrate the magnetic fields within memory devices 12, 102, 104 and 106. Referring to line 24 and memory device 12 as an example, the magnetic field (or moment) induced at device 12 by current flow through line 24 can be enhanced by the cladding of magnetic material 152 relative to the magnetic field that would result from the same amount of current in the absence of the cladding. For instance, if it is desired to obtain a magnetic field of about 50 oersteds at memory device 12, a current of from about 2 milliamps to about 3 milliamps would typically be flowed through the conductive line 24 to induce the desired magnetic field. However, the presence of magnetic material 152 can enable a current flow of only 1 milliamp to be sufficient to induce the desired 50 oersteds at memory device 12. Accordingly, methodology of the present invention can enable a lower amount of current to be flowed through conductive lines proximate MRAM devices, while still producing desired magnetic fields at the devices. Such reduction in current flow can alleviate problems associated with prior art MRAM arrays.
Referring to FIG. 8, an insulative mass 160 is provided over magnetic material 152. Mass 160 comprises an upper surface 161 which can be planarized. Subsequently, additional devices (not shown) can be formed over such upper surface.
The processing described above with reference to FIGS. 3-8 is but one example of processing that can be utilized to form a magnetic material around lines associated with an MRAM array. FIG. 9 illustrates another exemplary process. Specifically, FIG. 9 illustrates the construction 100 at a processing step subsequent to FIG. 7, and illustrates that segments of magnetic material 152 and dielectric material 150 have been removed from within the gaps 110, 112 and 114 between lines 24, 52, 54 and 56. However, the dielectric material 150 and conductive material 152 remain along sidewall and top surfaces of the conductive lines 24, 52, 54 and 56. Accordingly, the magnetic material 152 remains around peripheries of the conductive lines in an orientation where it can direct magnetic fields generated by current passing through the conductive lines downwardly toward memory devices beneath the conductive lines. In subsequent processing, (not shown) an insulative material (such as the material 160 of FIG. 8) can be formed over the conductive lines and across the gaps between the conductive lines.
Another aspect of the invention is described with reference to FIGS. 10 and 11. In referring to FIGS. 10 and 11, similar numbering will be used as was utilized above in describing FIGS. 3-8, where appropriate.
Referring to FIG. 10, a construction 200 is illustrated at a processing step subsequent to FIG. 6. Magnetic material 152 is formed over lines 24, 52, 54 and 56. The magnetic material extends along sidewall and top surfaces of the lines, and further extends across gaps 110, 112 and 114 between the lines. The construction 200 of FIG. 10 is shown at a similar processing step to the construction 100 of FIG. 7, but differs from the construction 100 of FIG. 7 in that the dielectric material 150 (FIG. 7) is not provided in the construction 200.
A patterned mask 202 is formed over portions of magnetic material 152 associated with conductive lines 24, 52, 54 and 56 while leaving portions of magnetic material 152 within gaps 110, 112 and 114 exposed. Patterned mask 202 can comprise, for example, photoresist, and can be patterned utilizing photolithographic processing.
Referring to FIG. 11, exposed portions of magnetic material 152 are removed from within gaps 110, 112 and 114, and subsequently mask 202 (FIG. 10) is removed. The magnetic material 152 remaining is along sidewalls 143 and top surfaces 141 of lines 24, 52, 54 and 56. Further, magnetic material 152 is physically against such sidewall and top surfaces of the lines. It is preferred that magnetic material 152 does not contact either of the magnetic compositions 18 and 22 of memory devices 12, 102, 104 and 106. The insulative material 116 previously formed within gaps 110, 112 and 114 prevents magnetic material 152 from physically contacting the magnetic compositions of the memory devices.
The removal of exposed portions of magnetic material 152 to form the shown pattern in FIG. 11 can be considered as transferring a pattern from mask 202 to the underlying conductive material 152.
Another aspect of the invention is described with reference to FIG. 12. In describing FIG. 12 similar numbering will be used as was utilized above in describing FIGS. 3-8, where appropriate. FIG. 12 illustrates a construction 300 shown at a processing step subsequent to that of FIG. 5. Specifically, the insulative mass 116 (FIG. 5) has been entirely removed from within gaps 110, 112 and 114, and subsequently dielectric material 150 and magnetic material 152 are formed. The dielectric material 150 prevents magnetic material 152 from physically contacting magnetic compositions 18 and 22 of memory devices 12, 102, 104 and 106. In subsequent processing (not shown) one or both of magnetic material 152 and dielectric material 150 can be removed from within gaps 110, 112 and 114. Alternatively, materials 150 and 152 can be left within gaps 110, 112 and 114 in completed devices formed in accordance with the methodology of FIG. 12.
FIGS. 13-15 illustrate another aspect of the invention. In referring to FIGS. 13-15 similar numbering will be used as was utilized above in describing the embodiment of FIGS. 3-8, where appropriate. FIG. 13 illustrates a construction 400 comprising substrate 14, conductive line 16, and memory devices 12, 102, 104 and 106. Electrically conductive material 130 is formed over memory devices 12, 102, 104 and 106, as well as within gaps 110, 112 and 114 between the devices.
Referring to FIG. 14, an upper surface of material 130 is planarized to form a planar upper surface 401. The planarization can be accomplished by, for example, chemical-mechanical polishing. A patterned mask 402 is formed over planar surface 401. Mask 402 can comprise, for example, photoresist and can be patterned utilizing photolithographic processing. Mask 402 comprises portions over memory devices 12, 102, 104 and 106. Gaps 404 are between the portions of mask 402, and conductive material 130 is exposed within such gaps. Gaps 404 are over the spaces 110, 112 and 114 between memory devices 12, 102, 104 and 106.
Referring to FIG. 15, a pattern is transferred from mask 402 (FIG. 14) to conductive material 130, and subsequently mask 402 is removed. The transferring of the pattern from mask 402 to material 130 results in portions of conductive material exposed within openings 404 (FIG. 14) being removed. The conductive material 130 remaining at the processing stage of FIG. 15 is in the form of lines 24, 52, 54 and 56. In subsequent processing (not shown) an insulative material can be provided between memory devices 12, 102, 104 and 106 to form a layer analogous to the layer 116 of FIG. 6. Subsequently, any of the processing described above with references to FIGS. 7-11 can be conducted to form the various constructions showing FIGS. 7-11. Alternatively, the dielectric material 150 and magnetic material 152 (discussed above) can be provided over lines 24, 52, 54 and 56, as well as within spaces between the lines to generate a construction analogous to that shown in FIG. 12.
The conductive lines 24, 52, 54 and 56 discussed above with references to various of FIGS. 3-15 can have a same type of relative configuration as that shown in the array of FIG. 2, and further the conductive line 16 of FIGS. 3-15 can have the same type of configuration as that shown in the array of FIG. 2. Accordingly, lines 24, 52, 54 and 56 can be considered to cross line 16 at locations corresponding to memory devices 12, 102, 104 and 106. Additionally, lines 24, 52, 54 and 56 can extend along directions that are primarily parallel to one another, and further can extend along directions which are substantially orthogonal to the direction along which conductive line 16 extends. The term “substantially orthogonal” is utilized to indicate that lines 24, 52, 54 and 56 can be orthogonal relative to line 16 within tolerances of fabrication and measurement, which can be different than “orthogonal” is understood in an absolute mathematical sense.
The magnetic material 152 (see, for example, FIGS. 8, 9, 11 and 12) can be considered to be a three-sided magnetic flux concentrator conductor which concentrates a magnetic field within an adjacent memory device. Various methods have been developed for providing magnetic flux concentrators around a bottom line associated with magnetoresistive devices (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,956,267). The present invention provides a method for forming flux concentrators around the top lines associated with an MRAM array. Methodology of the present invention can be utilized in combination with the prior art methodology to form MRAM arrays in which flux concentrators are provided around both bottom and top lines. It is considered that if flux concentrators are provided on three sides of bottom lines, and also on three sides of top lines, the magnetic field induced by current flow through the top and bottom lines can be increased by at least two times relative to a current flow which would exist in the absence of the flux concentrators, and possibly by four times, or even more than four times, relative to the magnetic field that would be induced in the absence of the flux concentrators.
FIGS. 16-18 illustrate an aspect of the invention in which flux concentrators are provided around opposing lines (such as bottom and top lines) associated with a half-select, MRAM device. Similar numbering will be utilized in referring to FIGS. 16-18 as was used in describing the constructions of FIGS. 3-15, where appropriate.
Referring to FIG. 16, a construction 500 is illustrated in top view. Construction 500 comprises a substrate 502 and a pair of line constructions 504 and 506 supported by the substrate. The lines cross at an MRAM device (not visible in the view of FIG. 16).
Referring to the cross-sectional views of FIGS. 17 and 18, the MRAM device between the line constructions is visible as a device 12. Device 12 comprises a pair of magnetic compositions (18 and 22) separated by a non-magnetic composition (20). Device 12 can be part of an MRAM array.
An electrically insulative mass 116 is along sidewalls of device 12, and line construction 504 is over the mass 116. Line construction 504 comprises a conductive line 24 having an outer periphery 510. Line 24 is surrounded on three sides by dielectric material 150 and magnetic material 152. In particular aspects, magnetic material 152 can be considered to surround a portion, and only a portion, of outer periphery 510 of line 24. Although magnetic material 152 is shown extending entirely across the sides of line 24, it is to be understood that the magnetic material can, in alternative aspects of the invention, extend only partially along the sides of line 24. Also, although line 24 is shown having a rectangular cross-sectional shape across an end of the line (see FIG. 18), and to accordingly have four sides to outer periphery 510, it is to be understood that line 24 can have other shapes.
Device 12 is over line construction 506. Line construction 506 comprises a conductive line 16 having an outer periphery 512. Line 16 is surrounded on three sides by a magnetic material 508. Line construction 506 can be formed by, for example, methodology described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,956,267. In particular aspects, magnetic material 508 can be considered to surround a portion, and only a portion, of outer periphery 512 of line 16. Although magnetic material 508 is shown extending entirely across the sides of line 16, it is to be understood that the magnetic material can, in alternative aspects of the invention, extend only partially along the sides of line 16. Also, although line 16 is shown having a rectangular cross-sectional shape across an end of the line (see FIG. 17), and to accordingly have four sides to outer periphery 512, it is to be understood that line 16 can have other shapes.
Magnetic material 508 can be identical in composition to magnetic material 152, or different. In particular aspects, both of magnetic materials 508 and 152 will comprise one or more of Fe, Ni and Co.
In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.
What is claimed is:
1. A method of forming a magnetoresistive memory device assembly, comprising: forming a plurality of memory devices supported by a substrate, individual memory devices of the plurality comprising a non-magnetic composition between a pair of magnetic compositions; the memory devices being spaced from one another; forming an electrically conductive material extending over the memory devices and across spaces between the memory devices; forming a patterned mask over the conductive material; the patterned mask covering some portions of the conductive material and leaving other portions exposed; removing the exposed portions of the conductive material; the conductive material remaining after removal of the exposed portions being a plurality of lines; the lines being in one-to-one correspondence with the memory devices and being spaced from one another; the lines having top surfaces and side surfaces; forming a dielectric material extending across the top and side surfaces of the lines; the dielectric material also extending across spaces between the lines; and forming a magnetic material over the dielectric material; the magnetic material extending across the top and side surfaces of the lines; the magnetic material also extending across spaces between the lines.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a first line beneath the memory devices; wherein the lines formed from the conductive material are second lines; wherein the first line extends primarily along a first direction under the memory devices; wherein regions of the second fines over the memory devices extend primarily in a direction orthogonal to the first direction; and wherein the first line, memory devices and second lines are together incorporated into half-select memory devices.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the first line physically contacts one of the magnetic compositions of said pair of magnetic compositions of the memory devices.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the second lines physically contact one of the magnetic compositions of said pair of magnetic compositions of the memory devices.
5. The method of claim 2 wherein the first line physically contacts one of the magnetic compositions of said pair of magnetic compositions of the memory devices; and wherein the second lines physically contact the other of the magnetic compositions of said pair of magnetic compositions of the memory devices.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the patterned mask comprises photoresist.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the magnetic compositions of said pair of magnetic compositions are identical to one another.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the magnetic compositions of said pair of magnetic compositions are different from one another.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the dielectric material comprises one or more of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and aluminum oxide.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the dielectric material comprises a thickness of from about 100 Å to about 200 Å.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the memory devices comprise side surfaces, and wherein the dielectric material physically contacts at least one of the magnetic compositions of said pair of magnetic compositions along the side surfaces of the memory devices.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the memory devices comprise side surfaces, and wherein the dielectric material physically contacts the pair of magnetic compositions and the non-magnetic composition along the side surfaces of the memory devices.
13. The method of claim 1 further comprising removing segments of the magnetic material from within the spaces between the lines while leaving the magnetic material along the sidewall and top surfaces of the lines.
14. The method of claim 1 further comprising removing segments of the dielectric material and magnetic material from within the spaces between the lines while leaving the dielectric material and magnetic material along the sidewall and top surfaces of the lines..
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Or ceux qui l'ont irrité sont ceux que leur conduite criminelle a exclus de la terre promise. QUESTION XV. — « En ce temps-là le Seigneur fit méditer: « Taillez-vous deux tables de pierre, comme étaient les premières, et montez vers moi sur la montagne, et faites-vous une arche de bois. J'écrirai sur ces tables les paroles qui étaient sur celles que vous avez rompues auparavant, et vous les mettriez dans l'arche. Je fis donc une arche d'un bois incorruptible, et ayant taillé deux tables de pierre comme les premières, je montai sur la montagne les tenant entre mes mains. Et le Seigneur écrivit sur ces QUAEST. XIV. — « Et scias hodie, quia non propter justitias tuas Dominus Deus tuus dat tibi terram bonam istam hereditare : quoniam populus dura cervice es. » (Deut. IX, 6.) Certe isti sunt, qui propterea non meruerunt perire in deserto, quia nescierunt dexteram aut sinistram : ecce jam dura cervice appellantur. Unde videndum est illud in sacramento esse dictum, non quod istorum merita commendata sint. Nam ne quis existimat subito istos vituperabiles factos, qui merito fuissent ante laudati, paulo post eis dicitur, « Memor esto, ne obliviscaris, quanta exasperasti Dominum Deum tuum in deserto; ex qua die existis de terra Ægypti, donec venistis in locum hunc, increduli perseverasti quæ ad Dominum. » (v. 7.) Quod si quidem eorum tales erant, quidam vero fideles et boni, etiam sic non utique illis datur terra promissionis, qui nesciunt dexteram aut sinistram, ut hoc sic intelligamus quasi non offenderint Deum. Nam et patres eorum, qui mortui sunt, nec in eamdem terram intrare permissi sunt, tales inveniuntur fuisse, ut in eis essent quidam etiam boni. Propter quod Apostolus, non omnes, sed quosdam eorum dici offendisse, in quibus eorum peccata commemorat. (I. Cor. x, 5 etc.) Similes quippe istos parentibus suis, ita evidentius docet et ista Scriptura Deuteronomii, quod consequenter adjungit, et dicit, « Et in Ohoreb exasperasti Dominum. » (Deut. IX, 8.) Ubi certe illi exasperaverunt, qui propter eadem mala merita sua non sunt in terram promissionis inducti. QUAEST. XV. — 1. « In illo tempore dixit Dominus ad me, Excide tibi duas tabulas lapideas quemadmodum priores, et adscende ad me in montem ; et facies tibi arcam ligneam : et scribam in tabulis verba, quae erant in tabulis prioribus, quas contrivisti; et immittes eas in arcam. Et feci arcam ex lignis imputribilibus, et excidi duas tabulas lapides sicut priores, et ascendi in montem, et duæ tabulæ in duabus» (a) Mss. hie et inferius, dextra et sinistra : id est bonum et malum, uti legitur Num. xiv, 23, et Deut. i, 39. to) oic Mss. juxtaLxx. At edili, excepto Rat. prosequuntur in singulari, existi, venisti, incredulus perseverasti; pauloque post, exacerbasti. Les tables comme il avait fait sur les premières les dix commandements qu'il vous fit entendre en vous parlant du haut de la montagne du milieu du feu, et il me les donna. » (Deut. xi, 2, etc.) On se demande ici avec raison comment Moïse peut s'exprimer de la sorte dans le Deutéronome qui est une répétition des évènements accomplis, alors que nous lisons dans l'Exode où ces mêmes faits sont racontés pour la première fois : « Le Seigneur dit encore à Moïse : Recevez pour vous ces paroles, par lesquelles j'ai fait alliance avec vous et avec Israël. Moïse demeura donc quarante jours et quarante nuits avec le Seigneur sur la montagne. Il ne mangea point de pain et ne but point d'eau, et le Seigneur écrivit sur les tables les dix paroles de l'alliance. » (Exod. xxxiv, 27, 28). Dans l'Exode, c'est Moïse lui-même qui écrit les dix commandements de la loi, comment donc peut-il dire dans le Deutéronome que c'est Dieu qui a écrit ces commandements sur les tables de pierre ? Dans notre étude sur le livre de l'Exode, où nous avons traité comme en passant cette question et consigné par écrit la raison pour laquelle les premières tables qui ont été brisées étaient écrites de la main de Dieu, tandis que les secondes qui devaient rester si longtemps dans l'arche et le tabernacle, avaient été gravées par Moïse, nous avons dit que cette différence était le symbole de celle qui existe entre les deux Testaments. Dans l'Ancien-Testament la loi nous est représentée comme l'œuvre exclusive de Dieu sans que l'homme y ait aucune part, parce que la loi ne peut être accomplie par la crainte, et lorsque l'homme accomplit véritablement l'œuvre de la loi, il l'accomplit non par la crainte mais par la charité qui est la grâce du Nouveau-Testament. La raison donc pour laquelle l'homme a gravé les paroles de Dieu sur les secondes tables, c'est qu'il peut faire par l'amour de la justice l'œuvre de la loi qu'il ne pourrait accomplir par la crainte seule du châtiment. Mais voici maintenant ce que Moïse raconte dans le Deutéronome sur les secondes tables : « Je taillai deux tables de pierre comme les premières, et je montai sur la montagne les tenant entre mes mains. Et le Seigneur écrivit sur ces tables les dix commandements comme il avait fait sur les premières. » (Deut. x, 3, 4.) Il ne dit pas : J'écrivis, mais « il écrivit, » c'est-à-dire Dieu qui venait de lui parler dans le même sens : « Taillez-vous deux tables de pierre, comme étaient les premières, et montez vers moi sur la montagne, et faites-vous une arche de bois, j'écrirai sur ces tables les paroles. » (Liv. II des Questions sur l'Exode, question CLXVI.) Manibus meis. Et scripsit in tabulis secundum scripturam priorem decem verba, quae locutus est Dominus ad vos in monte mediocri ignis; et dedit eas Dominus mihi. Non immerito quæritur, quomodo haec in Deuteronomio dicantur, Moise recolente et repetente quae gesta sunt; cum in Exodo, ubi primum haec dicta et facta narrantur, ita sit scriptum, "Et dixit Dominus ad Moisen, Scribe tibi verba hæc, et in verbis his posui Testamentum tibi et Israël. Et erat ibi Moises in conspectu Domini quadraginta diebus et quadraginta noctibus, panem non manducavit, et aquam non bibit, et scripsit in tabulis verba Testamenti, decem verba." (Exod., XXXIV, 27 et 28.) Cum ergo in Exodo ipse Moises in tabulis decem Legis verba scripsisse narretur, quomodo hic in Deuteronomio Deus in tabulis eadem verba scripsisse recolitur? Denique illud quod in Exodo, cum transeuntem tractaremus, et quid nobis in ea differentia visum fuerit litteris mandaremus, cur priores tabulæ, quæ contritæ sunt, digito Dei scriptæ referantur; secundas autem tamdiu in area tabernaculi et mansuras, ipse Moises scripsisse dicatur: ita per hanc differentiam duo Testamenta significata esse diximus, ut in primo Testamento Lex commendaretur tamquam opus Dei, ubi homo nihil fecerit, eo quod Lex timore non possit impleri; quia cum vere fit opus legis, caritate fit, non timore; quæ caritas gratia est Testamenti novi. Ideo in secundis tabulis homo legitur scripsisse verba Dei, quia homo potest facere opus Legis per caritatem justitiae, quod non potest per timorem Poenae. 3. Nunc ergo cum legitur in Deuteronomio de secundis tabulis ita dictum, «Et excidi duas tabulas lapideas sicut priores, et ascendii in montem, et duae tabulae in duabus manibus meis. Et scripsit in tabulis secundum scripturam priorum decem verba» (Deut., x, 3, 4) non enim ait, «Et scripsi,» sed, «scripsit,» hoc est Deus; sicut paulo ante dixerat verba Dei sibi dicta, «Excide tibi duas tabulas lapideas quemadmodum priores, et ascendii ad me in montem, et facies tibi arcam ligneam: et scribam in tabulis verba, quae erant in tabulis prioribus» (v. 1, 2) discutienda nascitur quaestio, quod utrasque tabulas, id est, qui erant superiores. Lemosnous donc ici une question à examiner; puisque ce n'est pas l'homme, mais Dieu qui a écrit sur les premières et sur les secondes tables. Lisons dans l'Exode les paroles de Dieu où il commande à Moïse de tailler deux tables de pierre semblables aux premières, et nous y verrons clairement que Dieu lui-même avait promis d'écrire sur ces deux tables. «Et le Seigneur dit à Moïse: Faites-vous deux tables de pierre qui soient comme les premières, et montez vers moi sur la montagne; j'y écrirai les paroles qui étaient sur les premières tables que vous avez brisées.» (Exod. xxxiv, 1.) Sans parler du Deutéronome, le livre de l'Exode contient seul ce qui fait l'objet de cette question, puisqu'après avoir dit à Moïse: «Et j'écrirai sur ces tables les paroles qui étaient sur les premières tables, il lui donna ensuite cet ordre: «Ecrivez pour vous ces paroles par lesquelles j'ai fait alliance avec vous et avec Israël.» Moïse demeura donc quarante jours et quarante nuits avec le Seigneur sur la montagne. Il ne mangea point de pain et ne but point d'eau, et le Seigneur écrivit sur les tables les dix paroles de l'alliance. "Ibid., 27, 28." Si ces paroles que nous avons citées plus haut : "Écrivez pour vous ces paroles par lesquelles j'ai fait alliance avec vous et avec Israël," (Ibid 27) se rapportent à l'ordre que Dieu donnait précédemment à Moïse d'écrire non sur les deux tables de pierre, mais dans le livre de la loi, qui contenait le recueil de toutes les prescriptions diverses, nous sommes en droit de conclure avec assez d'évidence de ces autres paroles : "Moïse demeura donc quarante jours et quarante nuits avec le Seigneur sur la montagne ; il ne mangea point de pain et ne but point d'eau, et il écrivit sur les tables les dix commandements de l'alliance" (Ibid., 28) que c'est Moïse et non Dieu qui a écrit ces dix commandements sur les deux tables. Mais ne sommes-nous pas obligés de faire à ce texte : "<Et il écrivit sur les tables les dix paroles de l'alliance,>" une violence qui paraît nécessaire en sous-entendant comme sujet de la proposition non pas le nom de Moïse, mais celui de Dieu? Nous lisons, en effet, un peu auparavant: "Moïse demeura avec le Seigneur," ce qui nous autorise à dire que c'est le Seigneur lui-même avec qui Moïse demeura quarante jours et quarante nuits sans manger de pain et sans boire d'eau, qui a écrit les dix commandements sur les tables, comme il l'avait promis. Si en est ainsi, la différence que nous avons signalée entre les deux Testaments ne peut s'appuyer sur ces paroles, puisque c'est Dieu et non l'homme qui a écrit sur les premières tables comme sur les secondes; cependant il y aura toujours cette distinction qui ne laisse aucun doute, c'est que Dieu tout à la fois est et précedes et secondes, Deus hic legitur scripsisse, non homo. Sed si in ipso quoque Exodo verba Dei legantur, ubi jubet easdem tabulas secundas excidi a Moyse, nihil aliud invenitur, quam ipsum Deum se easdem promississe scripturum. Nam ita scriptum est, Et dixit Dominus ad Moysen, "Excide tibi duas tabulas lapideas sicut et priores, et ascende ad me in montem : et scribam in tabulis verba, quae erant in tabulis prioribus, quas tu contrivisti." (Exod. XXXIV, 1.) Excepto itaque libro Deuteronomii, questionem istam etiam solus liber Exodi continet, quomodo dixerit Deus : "Et scribam in tabulis verba, quae erant in tabulis prioribus;" cum paulo post legatur, "Scribe tibi verba hæc, etenim in verbis his posui Testamentum tibi et Israël. Et erat ibi Moyses in conspectu Domini quadraginta diebus et quadraginta noctibus, panem non manducavit, et aquam non bibit, et scripsit in tabulis verba Testamenti, decem verba." (v. 27 et 28.) Si enim superius quod dictum est : Scribe tibi verba hæc, etenim in verbis his posui Testamentum tibi et Israël, ad superiora pertinet, quae Deus ita praecipiebat, ut non in duabus lapideis tabulis scriberentur, sed in illo libro Legis, ubi multa conscripta sunt : certe illud quod sequitur, "Et erat ibi Moyses in conspectu Domini quadraginta diebus et quadraginta noctibus, panem non manducavit, et aquam non bibit, et scripsit in tabulis verba Testamenti, decem verba" : (v. 28) satis manifestat, eumdem Moysen in tabulis hæc decem verba scripsisse, non Deum. Nisi forte violenter quidem, sed certa necessitate compellimur, ubi dictum est, Et scripsit in tabulis verba Testamenti, decem verba, non Moysen subaudire, sed Dominum : supra enim positum est, Et erat ibi Moyses in conspectu Domini: ut a Domino, in cujus conspectu erat Moyses, quadraginta diebus et quadraginta noctibus panem non manducans, et aquam non bibens, scripta intelligantur haec decem verba in tabulis, sicut ante promiserat. 4. Quod si ita est, non quidem ilIa differentia duorum Testamentorum, quae nobis visa est, in his verbis commendari potest, quando et priores et secundas tabulas scripsit, non homo, sed Deus : verum a fait les premières tables et y a écrit les paroles de l'alliance : en effet, il ne dit pas alors à Moïse : « Faites-vous deux tables de pierre, » mais voici ce que nous lisons : « Moïse retourna de dessus la montagne portant en sa main les deux tables du témoignage, écrites des deux côtés ; ces tables étaient l'ouvrage du Seigneur, comme l'écriture qui était gravée sur ces tables était aussi de la main de Dieu, » (Exodxxxv, 15, 16.) Moïse avait déjà dit précédemment que ces tables étaient écrites de la main de Dieu : « Le Seigneur ayant achevé de parler sur la montagne de Sinaï donna à Moïse les deux tables du témoignage, qui étaient de pierre et écrites du doigt de Dieu. » (Exod., xxxi, 18.) Ainsi donc, les tables étaient l'ouvrage de Dieu comme l'écriture était aussi de la main de Dieu. Quant aux secondes tables, Moïse reçut l'ordre de les tailler lui-même, pour faire comprendre qu'elles étaient l'œuvre de l'homme, bien que Dieu dût y graver lui-même, suivant sa promesse, les paroles de l'alliance. Or, si nous examinons attentivement cette double particularité des secondes tables, nous en découvrirons la véritable signification : Dieu fait par sa grâce l'œuvre de la loi dans l'homme, et l'homme recevant par la foi la grâce de Dieu sous le Nouveau Testament dont il fait partie, devient le coopérateur du Dieu qui lui donne sa grâce. Les premières tables sont l'œuvre de Dieu seul, parce que la loi est spirituelle ; elle est sainte, et le commandement est saint, juste et bon. Mais nous n'y voyons aucune trace de l'œuvre de l'homme, parce que les infidèles ne coopèrent point à la grâce de Dieu, mais ne connaissant pas la justice de Dieu, et s'efforçant d'établir leur propre justice, ils ne se sont point soumis à la justice de Dieu. Ainsi la loi est-elle pour eux un titre de condamnation, ce que représentent les tables brisées par Moïse. En admettant cette explication, nous ne sommes plus forcés de faire de violence au texte en sous-entendant que Dieu lui-même a écrit sur les secondes tables, dans ce passage : "Et Moïse demeura avec Dieu quarante jours et quarante nuits, il ne mangea point de pain et ne but point d'eau, et il écrivit sur les tables les paroles de l'alliance," (Exod. xxx, 10, 28) paroles qui semblent indiquer clairement que c'est Moïse qui écrivit. Mais Dieu avait promis précédemment d'écrire lui-même (Ibid.), et nous voyons dans le Deutéronome que non-seulement il a promis, mais qu'il a exécuté cette promesse, (Deut., x, 4,) pour figurer cette vérité enseignée par l'Apôtre : "C'est Dieu qui par sa volonté, opère en vous le vouloir et le faire," (Phil. XII, 13) c'est-à-dire dans ceux qui reçoivent la grâce par la foi, et ne cherchent pas leur salut en eux-mêmes. Non enim tunc dictum est ad Moysen, Excide tibi duas tabulas; sed ita potius legitur, « Et conversus Moyses descendit de monte, et duæ tabulæ testimonii in manibus ejus: tabulae lapidas scriptæ ex utraque parte, hinc atque hinc erant scriptae: et tabulae opus Dei erant, et scriptura scriptura Dei est sculpta in tabulis. » (Exod. xxxii, 15 et 16.) Jam enim superius dixerat easdem tabulas scriptas digito Dei, sic loquens, « Et dedit Moysi statim ut cessavit loqui ad eum in monte Sina duas tabulas..testimonii, tabulas lapideas scriptas digito Dei. » (Exod., xxxi, 18.) Ibi ergo et tabulæ opus Dei erant, et scriptura earum digito Dei facta. Secundas autem tabulas ipse Moyses jubetur excidere; ut ipsæ certe opere humano intelligantur excisæ, quamvis eas Deus ipse scripserit, sicut promisit cum juberet excidi. Porro autem si diligentius adtendamus, ideo utrumque dictum esse in secundis tabulis, quia et Deus facit per gratiam suam opus Legis in homine, et homo per fidem suam suscipiens gratiam Dei pertinens ad Testamentum novum cooperator est adjuvantis Dei: (Ideo autem in primis solum opus Dei commemoratur, quia Lex spiritualis est, et Lex sancta, et mandatum sanctum et justum et bonum: (Rom., VII, 12) ideo vero nullum opus hominis ibi commemoratur, quia infideles non contemplantur adjutorio gratiæ, sed ignorantes Dei justitiam et suam volentes constituere justitiae Dei non sunt subjecti: (Rom. x, 3) unde illis Lex ad condemnationem valet, quod significat contritio tabularum.) Profecto non cogimur violento intellectu subaudire, quod Deus scripserit, ubi Scriptura dicit, « Et erat ibi Moyses in conspectu Domini quadraginta diebus et quadraginta noctibus, panem non manducavit et aquam non bibit, et scripsit in tabulis verba Testamenti, ubi valde sonat scripsisse, Moysen. » (Exod., xxxiv, 28.) Sed ideo superius (v. 1) Deus se promisit scripturum, et in Deuteronomio non solum ita promisisse, verum etiam ipse scripsisse narratur, (Deut., x, 4) ut significetur quod ait Apostolus, Deus enim est qui operatur in vobis et velle et operari pro bona voluntate: (Phil. II, 13) hoc est, in eis qui ex fide gratiam suscipiunt, et non suam justitiam volunt statuere, sed justitiae Dei subjecti sunt, ut pas à établir leur justice, mais se soumettent à la justice de Dieu pour être eux-mêmes la justice de Dieu en Jésus-Christ. Dans cette même Epître, l'Apôtre affirme ces deux points, que c'est Dieu qui opère et qu'ils opèrent eux-mêmes. Car s'ils ne coopéraient pas à l'action de Dieu, pourquoi leur disait-il : « Travaillez à votre salut avec crainte et avec tremblement ? » (Ib., XII.) Dieu opère donc en nous, et nous coopérons à son action, car il ne détruit pas, mais il fortifie le libre arbitre de la bonne volonté. QUESTION XVI. — « En ce temps-là le Seigneur sépara la tribu de Lévi, afin qu'elle portât l'arche d'alliance du Seigneur, qu'elle assistât devant lui dans les fonctions de son ministère, et qu'elle priât en son nom comme elle le fait encore aujourd'hui. C'est pourquoi Lévi n'a point eu de part avec ses frères au pays qu'ils possèdent, parce que le Seigneur est lui-même son partage, comme il le lui a promis. » (Deut., X, 8, 9). Si cette tribu ne représentait pas le sacerdoce royal du nouveau Testament dans son universalité, aucun homme étranger à cette tribu n'aurait osé dire : « Le Seigneur est mon partage » (Ps. LXXII, 26) et dans un autre Psaume : « Le Seigneur est la portion de mon héritage. » (Ps: XV, 5). QUESTION XVII. — Pourquoi Moïse, voulant relever l'importance des paroles du Seigneur, donne ce commandement aux Hébreux : « Vous les écrirez sur les poteaux et sur les portes de votre logis, » (Deut. XI, 20.) tandis que rien ne nous dit ou nous atteste qu'aucun Israélite ait exécuté ce commandement à la lettre ? Il était impossible, en effet, de le mettre à exécution, à moins de diviser et de distribuer ces paroles dans les différentes parties de la maison. Ne serait-ce pas là une expression hyperbolique comme beaucoup d'autres de ce genre ? QUESTION XVIII. — Comment faut-il entendre l'ordre que Dieu donne de ne pas manger la dîme de tous les fruits et les prémices des troupeaux que dans la ville où serait établi son temple, puisqu'il prescrit d'ailleurs dans la loi de donner ces dîmes et ces prémices aux Lévites? QUESTION XIX. — S'il s'élève au milieu de vous un prophète ou quelqu'un qui dise qu'il a eu une vision en songe, et qui prédise quelque signe ou quelque prodige, et que ce qu'il avait prédit soit arrivé, et qu'il vous dise en même temps : « Allons, suivons ces dieux étrangers qui vous étaient inconnus et servons-les, vous n'écouterez point les paroles de ce prophète ou de cet inventeur de visions et de songes, parce que le Seigneur votre Dieu vous tente, afin de savoir si vous l'aimez de tout votre cœur et de toute votre âme. » (Deut. XIII, 1, 2.) Quelques interprètes latins au lieu de : « pour être en Christ justesse de Dieu. Nam et illic Apostolus utrumque dicit, et Deum operari, et ipsos. Nam si ipsi non operabantur, quomodo eis dicebat, "Cum timore et tremore vestram ipsorum salutem operamini"? (Ibidem 12) Operatur ergo ille, cooperamur nos. Non enim auferet, sed adjuvat bonae voluntatis arbitrium. QUAEST. XVI. — In illo tempore distinxit Dominus tribum Levi, portare arcam testamenti Domini, assistere coram Domino, ministrare, et orare in nomine ejus usque in hunc diem. Propter hoc non est Levitis pars et sors cum fratribus suis, Dominus ipse pars ejus est, sicut dixit ei. (Deut. x, 8 et 9). Nisi per hanc tribum significaretur universum regale sacerdotium, quod ad novum pertinet Testamentum, nullo modo ausus esset dicere homo, qui ex eadem tribu non erat, "Pars mea Dominus", (Psal. LXXII, 26) et in alio Psalmo, "Dominus pars hereditatis meae". (Psal. xv, 5). QUAEST. XVII. — Quid est quod praecipit Moyses commendans verba Domini, et ait, "Scribitis ea super limina domorum vestrarum et januarium vestrum": (Deut. XI, 20) cum hoc secundum proprietatem nemo fecisse Israeltarum commemoretur, vel legatur; quia nec quisquam potest, nisi forte dividat ea per multas partes domus suae? An hyperbolica commendatio est, sicut multa dicuntur? QUAEST. XVIII. — Quod curat videndum quomodo jubeat decimationes omnium fructuum et primitiae pecudum non manducari, nisi in civitate ubi templum erit, (Deut. XII, 11) cum eas Levitis dari in Lege praecipierit. QUAEST. XIX. — « Si autem surrexerit in te Propheta, seu somniator somnians, et dederit tibi signum vel prodigium, et veniet signum sive prodigium, quod locutus est ad te, dicens, Eamus, et serviamus diis aliis, quos nescitis : non audietis verba Prophetae illius, vel somniantis somnium illud ; quia tentat Dominus Deus vester vos, scire, an diligatis Dominum Deum vestrum ex toto corde vestro, et ex tota anima vestra. (Deut. XIII, 1, 2 et 3). Hoc quidem interpretes Latini non ita posuerunt, « scire, an diligatis ; » sed, « ut sciat an diligatis. » Quamvis eadem sententia videatur : verumtamen illud quod « savoir si vous l'aimez, » ont mis « pour qu'il sache si vous l'aimez. » Bien que le sens paraisse le même, cependant la première version rend plus facile le rapport de ces paroles aux Juifs eux-mêmes ; ainsi ces paroles : « Dieu vous tente pour savoir » équivalent à celles-ci : « La tentation à laquelle il vous soumet, vous fait connaître. » Or le but de cette recommandation est de leur faire comprendre que lors même que les prédictions faites par les devins en dehors de l'inspiration divine, viendraient à s'accomplir, ce n'est pas une raison pour faire ce qu'ils commandent ou adorer les faux dieux qu'ils adorent. Dieu montre encore que ce n'est point sans le concours de sa puissance que les choses arrivent, et comme si on lui demandait pourquoi il les permet, il expose la raison de cette épreuve : c'est de faire connaître l'amour qu'ils ont pour leur Dieu, c'est-à-dire de leur donner cette connaissance à eux-mêmes plutôt qu'à celui qui sait toutes choses avant qu'elles arrivent. QUESTION XX. — « Après trois ans vous préparerez la dîme de vos fruits, et dans cette année vous la mettrez en réserve dans vos villes, et le Lévite qui n'a point part à ce que vous possédez, l'étranger, l'orphelin et la veuve qui sont dans vos villes, viendront en manger et se rassasier, afin que le Seigneur votre Dieu vous bénisse dans tous les ouvrages que vous ferez. » (Deut. XVI, 28, 29.) La loi ne dit point ici à chacun de manger avec les siens la dîme de ces fruits ; elle commande au contraire de la réserver pour les besoins des Lévites, des étrangers, des orphelins et des veuves. Il y a cependant quelque obscurité dans l'énoncé de ce précepte, qui ne distingue pas suffisamment cette dîme de celle que la loi prescrit de manger avec les Lévites dans le lieu que Dieu aurait choisi pour son temple. Cette distinction est beaucoup plus tranchée dans la version faite sur le texte hébreu. (1) « La troisième année vous séparerez une autre dîme de tous les biens qui vous seront venus en ce temps-là, et vous les mettrez en réserve dans vos maisons ; et le Lévite qui n'a point d'autre part dans la terre que vous possédez, l'étranger, l'orphelin et la veuve qui sont dans l'intérieur de vos villes, viendront en manger et se rassasier, afin que le Seigneur votre Dieu vous bénisse dans tous les ouvrages que vous ferez de vos mains. » D'abord l'expression : « La troisième année » est plus claire, on comprend qu'il y a l'intervalle d'une année. La version des Septante au contraire : « Après trois ans, » est équivoque et ne précise pas si ces trois années sont intermédiaires de manière que la réserve de cette dîme dut se faire tous les cinq ans. D'ailleurs, « scire, » facilius ad illos refertur ; ut sic accipiamus, « tentat vos scire, ac si diceretur, tentando vos facit scire. Ubi sane intelligi voluit, etiam illa quæ a divinantibus non secundum Deum dicuntur, si acciderint quae dicuntur, non accipienda sic ut fient quae praescripta sunt ab eis, aut colantur quæ coluntur ab eis. QUAEST. XX. I. — «Post tres annos produces omnem decimam fructuum tuorum, in illo anno pones illud in civitatibus tuis, et veniet sacerdos, quia non est ei pars neque sortes tecum; et peregrinus et pupillus et vidua, qui in civitatibus tuis; et manducabunt, et saturabuntur; ut benedicat tibi Dominus Deus tuus in omnibus operibus tuis, quæcumque feceris.» (Deut. XIV, 28 et 29.) Ex ista decima non dixit ut ipse manducet cum suis: ac per hoc sacerdotibus et peregrinis et pupillis et viduis eam jussit impendi. Sed obscure positum est, quia non est distincta ista decima ab illa, quam voluit cum sacerdotibus in eo loco manducari, quem Dominus elegit templo suo. Sed in ea interpretatione, quae est ex Hebraeo, apertius hoc distinctum reperimus. Ait enim, «Anno tertio separabis aliam decimam ex omnibus, quae nascuntur tibi eo tempore, et repones intra januas tuas, veniet quis sacerdos, qui aliam non habet partem nec possessionem tecum, et peregrinus et pupillus et vidua, qui intra portas tuas sunt, et comedent, et saturabuntur; ut benedicat tibi Dominus Deus tuus in cunctis operibus manuum tuarum, quae feceris.» Primo hoc ipsum planius est quod ait, «Anno tertio;» (v. 28) intelligitur enim uno anno interposito: in Septuaginta autem, quoniam «Post tres annos» dixit, in tempore. Ceteri MSS. tempore. Editi et duo MSS. «Et le Lévite, dit-elle, qui n'a point d'autre part dans la terre que vous possédez, l'étranger, l'orphelin et la veuve qui sont dans vos villes viendront en manger. » (Deut. 29.) C'est donc une vérité aussi évidente que certaine que Dieu n'a pas voulu que cette dîme fut pour les besoins communs de celui qui l'offrait et de ceux à qui elle était offerte, mais elle devait être exclusivement réservée à ceux qui n'avaient rien autre chose et surtout aux Lévites. « Après sept ans aura lieu l'année de la remise. » (Deut. xv, 11.) On voit clairement ici dans quel sens Moïse avait dit précédemment : « Après trois ans. » Evidemment, son intention n'était pas que ces sept années fussent intermédiaires, Dieu ordonne que cette remise ait lieu chaque septième année, qui était ainsi comme le sabbat des années. QUESTION XXI. — Prenez garde de ne point vous laisser surprendre à cette pensée secrète et injuste, en disant dans votre cœur : "La septième année qui est l'année de la remise est proche, et de détourner ainsi vos yeux de votre frère qui est pauvre sans vouloir lui prêter ce qu'il demande, de peur qu'il ne crie contre vous au Seigneur, et que vous ne commettiez un grand péché." (Deut. XV, 9.) Admirez le choix et la richesse mystérieuse de cette expression : "Prenez garde de vous laisser surprendre à cette pensée secrète, car personne n'ose avouer cette pensée qu'il a pu concevoir en lui-même, de ne point prêter à l'indigent, parce que l'année de la remise était proche, puisque Dieu impose à la fois ces deux préceptes de miséricorde : de prêter à celui qui a besoin, et de lui remettre sa dette dans l'année de la remise. Comment la miséricorde lui fera-t-elle remettre ce qui lui est dû dans l'année de la remise, si une pensée cruelle lui inspire de ne point prêter dans le temps où il est tenu de le faire ? QUESTION XXII. — "Lorsque votre frère ou votre sœur, Hébreux d'origine, vous ayant été vendu, vous auront servi six ans, vous les renverrez libres la septième année." (Deut. XV, 12.) Dieu n'a pas voulu qu'on mit en liberté ces serviteurs achetés l'année de la remise, parce que cette année était obligatoire pour tous, mais la septième année de l'acquisition, quel certe est utrum eos medios esse voluerit, ut quinto quoque anno fieret. Deinde cum ait, "Et separabis aliam decimam", satis ostendit extra esse illam, quam voluit eum ipsum qui offert, manducare cum suis et Levitis in eo loco, quem Dominus elegit. Et hanc enim aliam decimam intra januas suas eum potere præcepit, non ad eum locum deferre, ubi Dominus se voluit invocari. "Et veniet," inquit, "Levites, qui non habet partem nec possessionem tecum, et peregrinus et pupillus et vidua, qui intra portas tuas sunt, et comedent." (v. 29.) Hinc certe manifeste verum est, non istam decimam Deum fieri voluisse communem ei qui offert, et his quibus impendenda est; sed illis solis erogari earn jussit, qui aliud non haberent, in quibus praecipue Levitem posuit. "Post septem annos facies remissionem." (Deut. XV, 1.) Hic certe manifestatur, quomodo et superius dixerit, "Post tres annos." QUEST. XXI.— « Adtende tibi ipsi, ne fiat verbum occultum in corde tuo iniquitas, dicens, Appropinquat annus septimus, annus remissionis; et malignetur oculus tuus in fratrem tuum egenum, et non tribuas ei; et exclamabit adversus te ad Dominum, et erit in te peccatum magnum. » (Deut. XV. 9.) Magnifice occultum verbum hoc dixit; quoniam nemo audet hoc dicere qui potuerit cogitare, ideo non esse mutuum dandum indigenti, quoniam appropinquat annus remissionis, cum Deus propter misericordiam utrumque praesceperit, et commodari cum quisque indiget, et remitti anno remissionis. Quomodo ergo misericorditer remissurus est illo anno quo remittendum est, si crudeliter cogitat illo tempore dandum non esse quo dandum est? QUAEST. XXII. — « Si autem venumdatus fuerit tibi frater tuus Hebræus aut Hebræa, serviet tibi sex annis, et septimo dimittes eum liberum a te. » (Deut. XV, 12). Hos emtos non anno remissionis remitti voluit, quem septimum quemque observar oportebat ab omnibus; sed anno septimo emptionis que fut d'ailleurs le temps où tombait cette septième année. QUESTION XXIII. — « Vous consacrerez au Seigneur votre Dieu tous les mâles d'entre les premiers nés de vos bœufs et de vos brebis. » (Deut. XV, 19.) Il faut examiner si ce que la version grecque appelle ~7rpwTÔToxa enfantés pour la première fois, et qu'on ne peut traduire en latin que par le mot primogenita, premiers engendrés, doit s'appliquer seulement à ceux qui sortent du sein des mères, car ils sont dans un sens véritable enfantés plutôt qu'engendrés. Le mot latin parere correspond au mot grec Τέκνον enfanter ce qui est propre à la femme, d'où vient le nom de primogenitus premier enfanté; tandis que le mot gignere répond au mot grec Ὑποστρέφω engendrer, d'où vient proprement le mot latin primogenitus premier né. Or, on devait offrir à Dieu les premiers nés des femmes, c'est-à-dire les premiers fruits de leur sein, et non pas ceux que les hommes engendraient les premiers par leur union avec des veuves qui avaient déjà eu des enfants. On ne pouvait dire autrement que ces enfants ouvraient le sein de leur mère, et aux termes exprès de leur loi, c'étaient ces premiers nés qu'il fallait offrir au Seigneur. Si donc on doit admettre une distinction entre ces deux expressions, ce n'est pas sans raison que le Seigneur n'est point appelé par son Père primogenitus seul enfanté, mais univoque, seul engendré, c'est-à-dire fils unique. Dans la version latine, il est appelé le premier né d'entre les morts (Coloss. 1, 18), parce qu'on n'a pu trouver un autre mot qui s'adaptât au langage usuel. Dans le texte grec, au contraire, on l'appelle primogenitus premier enfanté, et non univoque, premier né parce que le Père a engendré un Fils qui lui est égal, tandis que la créature l'a enfanté. Il est appelé, il est vrai, le premier né de toute créature (Ibid. 15), où le texte grec porte primogenitus; mais on peut entendre qu'il est le premier né de cette nouvelle créature dont l'Apôtre a dit : « Si donc quelqu'un est à Jésus-Christ, c'est une nouvelle créature. » (II Cor. v, 17). Il est le premier né de cette nouvelle créature, parce qu'il est ressuscité le premier pour ne plus mourir et que la mort n'aura plus sur lui d'empire (Rom. VIII, 9), prérogative qui est promise pour la fin des siècles à la nouvelle créature qui est en lui. Toutefois, cette distinction ne doit pas être affirmée à la légère, mais il faut en chercher soigneusement les fondements dans la sainte Écriture. Nous sommes surpris, en effet, que l'auteur du livre des Proverbes ait pu dire : « Mon fils premier né, c'est à vous que je m'adresse. » (Prov. XXIV ou XXXI, d'après les Sept.), et nous nous demandons quelle est ici la personne qui parle. QUAEST. XXIII. — « Omne primogenitum quod natum fuert in bovis tuis, et in ovibus tuis, masculina, sanctificabis Domino Deo tuo. » (Deut. xv., 19.) Quaerendum utrum quae Graece dicuntur primogenita, nec Latinae dicantur « primogenita » potuerunt, in his tantum intelligenda sint, quae nascuntur ex matribus: ipsa enim proprie pariuntur potius quam gignuntur. Parere quippe est uber, quod est ex femina, unde primogenitus dicitur: gignere autem est styx, unde proprie Latinae primogenitus dicitur. Ex feminis autem dabantur primitiva, id est quae prima pariabantur, non quae prima gignebantur a viris, si forte ex viduis quae jam pepererant gignerentur. Non enim aliter essent quae aperirent vulvam, quod proprium voluit esse Lex eorum, quae primo nata Domino debebantur. Si ergo est in his verbis certa distinctio, non frustra Dominus non dicitur a patre primogenitus, sed unigenitus, id est unicus: a mortuis autem primogenitus quidem Latinae dicitur, quia non potuit Latinum verbum ita componi secundum loquendi consuetudinem; Graece autem primogenitus dicitur, non unigenitus tamquam Pater genuerit aeque sibi, creatura vero pepererit. Nam et quod dicitur, primogenitus omnia creaturae, quod ibi primogenitus Graece legitur, potest ita intelligi secundum novam creaturam, de qua dicit Apostolus, Si qua igitur in Christo nova creatura: (II. Cor. v, 17) ex qua ille primogenitus est, quia primitus ita resurrexit, ut jam non moriatur, nec ei mors ultra dominetur; (Rom. vi, 9) quod novae creaturæ, quae in illo est, futurum promittitur in fine. Sed ista distinctio non temere affirmanda, sed in Scripturis diligentius perscrutanda est. Movet enim, quemadmodum dici potuit in Proverbiis: « Primogenite tibi dico fili, » id est, ex cuius persona dictum intelligatur. Si enim ex Dei Patris persona ad Christum dicitur, (cui sententiae utrum sequentia consonent vix est asserere.) eumdem dicit primogenitum quem unigenitum ; primogenitum, quia etiam nos filii Dei sumus; unigenitum vero, quoniam solus ille de substantia. aussi fils de Dieu ; fils unique, parce qu'il est le seul qui soit sorti de la substance du Père et qui lui soit égal et co-éternel. Je regarderai donc comme chose extraordinaire que, d'après des textes certains de l'Écriture, on put établir une distinction solide entre engendrer et enfanter. QUESTION XXIV. — « Et vous immolerez la Pâque au Seigneur votre Dieu, en lui sacrifiant des brebis et des bœufs. » (Deut. XVI, 2). Pourquoi Moïse ajoute-t-il ici : « et des bœufs, » puisque d'après la loi établie de Dieu (Exod. xv, 2), l'immolation de la Pâque consistait dans l'immolation d'un agneau qui devait être choisi parmi les brebis et les boucs ou parmi les chèvres? Cette loi est fondée sur cette raison mystique que Jésus-Christ tire son origine selon la "chair, des justes et des pécheurs. Il n'est pas dit que l'agneau pascal sera pris parmi les brebis ou les chèvres, bien qu'on ne puisse en tendre dans un sens propre qu'un agneau soit choisi parmi les chèvres ; mais afin que les Juifs ne pussent en conclure qu'il fallait donc sous entendre qu'on pouvait offrir un chevreau si la loi avait dit: Ou parmi les chèvres, elle commande de choisir l'agneau pascal parmi les brebis et les chèvres. Pourquoi donc est-il fait ici mention des bœufs? Serait-ce pour d'autres sacrifices qu'on devait offrir pendant ces mêmes jours des azymes? QUESTION XXV. — Comment Dieu voulait-il qu'on observât le précepte suivant : « Vous compterez sept semaines entières depuis le jour où vous aurez mis la faucille dans les grains, vous commencerez à les compter de ce jour, et vous célébrerez la fête des semaines en l'honneur du Seigneur votre Dieu en lui offrant, suivant votre pouvoir, les prémices de tout ce qu'il vous a donné, selon la bénédiction que vous aurez reçue du Seigneur votre Dieu, et vous ferez devant le Seigneur votre Dieu des festins de réjouissance? » (Deut. XVI, 9, 11). Si le peuple tout entier était obligé d'observer cette fête de la Pentecôte, doit-on admettre que tous aussi devaient, le même jour, mettre la faucille dans les moissons? Mais si chacun célèbre cette fête des cinquante jours en comptant du jour où il commence la moisson, elle n'est plus la même pour tout le peuple. Celle, au contraire, qui se compte depuis l'immolation de l'agneau pascal jusqu'à la promulgation de la loi sur le Sinaï, était célébrée universellement par le peuple tout entier. QUESTION XXVI. — « Quand vous serez entrés dans le pays que le Seigneur vous donnera en partage, que vous en serez en possession, et que vous y demeurerez, si vous venez à dire : Je choisirai un roi pour me commander, comme en ont toutes les nations qui nous environnent; vous établirez celui que le Seigneur votre Dieu aura choisi du nombre de vos frères ; vous ne pourrez prendre pour roi un homme d'une autre nation. » (Deut., XVIII, 18.) Le mot hébreu sech signifie aussi bien une chèvre qu'une brebis. Patris et Patri sequalis atque coætemus est. Mirum est autem, utrum inter parere et gignere evidentissimis documentis sacra Scriptura distinguat. QUÆST. XXIV. — « Et immoleras Pascha Domino Deo tuo, oves et boves. » (Deut., XVI, 2.) Que veut dire cela, que l'a ajouté, « boves », alors qu'il a commandé d'immoler le Pâques de l'âne seulement, tantôt de moutons et de chèvres, ou de cabras ? (Exod., XII, 5) Ce qui est pris mystiquement pour le Christ, cujus ex justis et peccatoribus est origo carnalis. Non enim ait, ex ovibus aut capris, licet proprie non possit intelligi ovis ex capris; sed ne forte Judæi dicerent subaudiendum caprum si dictum esset, aut ex capris; dictum est, ex ovibus et capris. Quid ergo hic sibi volunt boves? An propter alia sacrificia quæ ipsis diebus azymorum sunt immolanda? QUÆST. XXV. — Quotidie præcipuerit observari quod ait, «Septem septimanas integras dinumerabis tibi ipsi, inchoare te falcem injicere in messem: incipies numerare septem septimanas, et facies diem festum septimanarum Domino Deo tuo, prout valet manus tua, quocumque Dominus tibi dederit, secundum quod benedicet te Dominus Deus tuus: et epulaberis ante Dominum Deum tuum. » (Deut., XVI, 9, 10 et 11.) Si enim ab universo populo hæc Pentecoste jussa est observari, numquid omnes uno die credendum est falcem jussos mittere in messem? Si autem sibi quisque observat istam quinquagesimam, dinumerans ab illo die quo falcem mittit; non una est universo populo: illa vero una est quæ computatur ab immolatione Paschæ usque in diem datas Legis in Sina. QUÆST. XXVI. — «Si autem intraveris in terram, quam Dominus Deus tuus dat tibi in sorte, et hereditaveris eam, et habitaveris in ea, et dices, Constituam super me principes, sicut et ceteræ gentes, quæ circa me sunt; constituendo constitues super te principem, quem elegerit Dominus Deus tuus ipsum: nation et qui ne soit point votre frère. » (Deut. XVII, 14, 15). On se demande pourquoi Dieu trouva mauvais que le peuple eut désiré un roi (I. Rois. VIII, 7), puisqu'il lui permet ici d'en avoir un. Nous devons comprendre que ce désir ne fut pas conforme à la volonté de Dieu qui ne commande pas aux Hébreux d'établir un roi, mais qui condescend simplement à leurs désirs. Cependant, il veut que ce roi ne soit point étranger, mais leur frère, c'est-à-dire choisi parmi le peuple, et non dans une autre nation. Cette expression : « Vous ne pourrez pas » a ici le même sens que : « Vous ne devrez point. » QUESTION XXVII. — Dieu fait au roi cette défense : « Il n'aura point une multitude de femmes pour ne point détourner son cœur de la loi de Dieu ni une quantité immense d'or et d'argent. » [Deut. XVII, 17). Or, on se demande si David n'a pas été contre cette défense, car il a eu plusieurs femmes. (II Rois v, 13). Quant à Salomon, il est certain qu'il a transgressé ce précepte sur ces deux points, les femmes, l'or et l'argent. (III Rois, XI, 1, etc.) Il faut donc entendre ce précepte dans ce sens que la pluralité des femmes était permise aux rois, mais qu'il leur était défendu d'en avoir un grand nombre. On n'allait point contre cette défense, si, comme David, on n'en avait que quelques-unes, et non une multitude comme Salomon. Dieu ajoute : « Pour ne point détourner son cœur, » et il semblerait que le motif principal de cette défense était d'empêcher que le roi, en multipliant le nombre de ses femmes, ne prît ces femmes étrangères qui détournèrent de Dieu le cœur de Salomon. (ibid. 4). Cependant, la défense d'avoir un grand nombre de femmes est générale, et ne les choisissant-on seulement que parmi les femmes des Hébreux, on était coupable de transgression de la loi. QUESTION XXVIII. — «Si un Lévite sort de l'une de vos villes répandues dans tout Israël, dans laquelle il habite, et qu'il veuille aller demeurer au lieu que le Seigneur aura choisi», c'est-à-dire s'il désire venir dans le lieu où le Seigneur est invoqué; «il sera employé au ministère du Seigneur votre Dieu, comme tous les Lévites ses frères, qui assistent devant le Seigneur; il recevra la même part que les autres, outre la part qui lui est acquise dans la vente des choses qui lui appartiennent comme droit de famille.» (Deut. XVIII, 6-8). On ne voit pas clairement quelle peut être cette vente. Peut-être Dieu ayant commandé à ceux qui étaient fort éloignés de vendre les dîmes et les prémices, pour n'être point obligés de les porter ou de conduire les animaux jusqu'au lieu où le Seigneur était invoqué, en leur laissant la faculté d'en acheter de semblables au même prix, et ex fratribus tuis constitues super te principem; non poteris constituere super te hominem alienum, quia non est frater tuus.» (Deut., XVII, 14 et 15.) Quaere potest cur displicuerit populus Deo, quando regem desideravit, cum hie inveniatur esse permissus. (I. Reg., VIII, 8,7.) Sed magis hinc intelligendum est, merito non fuisse secundum voluntatem Dei, quia fieri hoc non præcepit, sed desiderantibus permisit. Verumtamen præcepit, ne fieret alienus, sed frater, id est ex eodem populo indigena, non alienigena. Quod autem ait, «non poteris», intelligendum est, non debebis. QUAEST. XXVII. — De rege cum loqueretur ait, «Non multiplicabit sibi uxores, ut non discedat cor ejus : et argentum et aurum non multiplicabit sibi valde. » (Deut., XVII, 17) Unde quæritur utrum David contra hoc præceptum non fecerit : non enim unam habuit uxorem. (II. Reg., v, 13.) Nam de Salomone manifestum est, quod transgressus fuerit hoc præceptum, et in feminis, et in auro et in argento. (III. Reg., II, 1, 2, etc.) Sed hinc potius intelligitur permissum fuisse regibus, ut plures haberent quam unam : multiplicare enim prohibiti sunt: quæ prohibitio non habet transgressionem, sique ab uno fuerint, sicut David fuerunt; non autem multae, sicut Salomoni. Quamvis cum addidit, «ut non discedat cor ejus, » hoc magis videtur praecipisse, ne multiplicando perveniat ad alienigenas feminas : per quas factum est in Salomone, ut discederet cor ejus a Deo. (Ibid 4.) Multiplicatio tamen generaliter ita prohibita est, ut etiamsi ex Hebraeis solis eas multiplicasset, contra hoc præceptum fecisse merito argui posset.
| 10,373 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyonga
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Nanyonga
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanyonga&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 68 | 110 |
Suba ang Nanyonga sa Uganda. Nahimutang ni sa distrito sa Mukono District ug rehiyon sa Central Region, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa habagatan-sidlakan sa Kampala ang ulohan sa nasod. Ang Nanyonga mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa Nile River, ug nidagayday paingon ngadto sa Lake Victoria.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Nile River (suba sa Ehipto) tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa Central Region (rehiyon sa Uganda)
| 18,895 |
https://github.com/PatentLobster/stinker/blob/master/src/components/NavBar.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
WTFPL
| 2,022 |
stinker
|
PatentLobster
|
Vue
|
Code
| 334 | 1,278 |
<template>
<div class="flex flex-shrink-0">
<div class="flex flex-col w-16">
<div class="flex flex-col h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto bg-gray-800">
<div class="flex-1 flex flex-col">
<div class="flex-shrink-0 bg-indigo-700 py-4 flex items-center shadow justify-center">
<h1
class="font-gochi text-white leading-5 max-h-full text-5xl">
z
</h1>
</div>
<nav aria-label="Sidebar" class="py-2 flex flex-col items-center space-y-3">
<router-link v-for="item in navigation" :key="item.name" :to="item.href" exact-active-class="bg-gray-900 text-white hover:bg-gray-700" class="flex items-center p-4 rounded-lg text-gray-200 hover:bg-gray-700 text-base font-medium focus:ring-2 focus:ring-indigo-600">
<component :is="item.icon" class="h-4 w-4" aria-hidden="true" />
<span class="sr-only">{{ item.name }}</span>
</router-link>
</nav>
</div>
<Popover class="flex-shrink-0 flex pb-5 mx-auto">
<PopoverButton class="block" ><img class="block mx-auto h-10 w-10 rounded-full" :src="user.profileImage" alt="" /></PopoverButton>
<PopoverOverlay
class="bg-black"
:class='open ? "opacity-30 fixed inset-0" : "opacity-0"'
/>
<transition
enter-active-class="transition duration-200 ease-out"
enter-from-class="translate-y-1 opacity-0"
enter-to-class="translate-y-0 opacity-100"
leave-active-class="transition duration-150 ease-in"
leave-from-class="translate-y-0 opacity-100"
leave-to-class="translate-y-1 opacity-0"
>
<PopoverPanel
class="absolute z-10 w-screen max-w-md mt-4 transform -translate-y-32 left-1/8 sm:px-0 lg:max-w-3xl">
<div
class="overflow-hidden rounded-lg shadow-lg ring-1 ring-black bg-white ring-opacity-5 text-center"
>
<div class="relative grid grid-cols-1 bg-white">
<div class="ml-3 mr-3 p-3 overflow-guard">
<p class="inline">Hey {{ user.name }}</p>
</div>
<div class="ml-3 mr-3 p-3 overflow-guard">
<p class="inline">This is a useless menu 💩</p>
</div>
<div class="ml-3 mr-3 p-3 overflow-guard">
<p class="inline">Stinker V{{appVersion}}</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</PopoverPanel>
</transition>
</Popover>
<a href="#" class="flex-shrink-0 w-full">
<div class="sr-only">
<p>
{{ user.name }}
</p>
<p>
Account settings
</p>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import { computed, ref } from 'vue'
import { Dialog, DialogOverlay, Popover, PopoverButton, PopoverPanel } from '@headlessui/vue'
import { CodeIcon, TerminalIcon, ServerIcon, HomeIcon, MenuIcon, CogIcon, SparklesIcon, XIcon } from '@heroicons/vue/outline'
import { useStore } from 'vuex'
const navigation = [
{ name: 'Home', href: '/', icon: HomeIcon },
{ name: 'Tinker', href: '/Tinker', icon: SparklesIcon },
{ name: 'Snippets', href: '/snippets', icon: CodeIcon },
{ name: 'Tools', href: '/commands', icon: TerminalIcon },
{ name: 'Servers', href: '/servers', icon: ServerIcon },
{ name: 'Profile', href: '/preferences', icon: CogIcon },
]
export default {
name: 'NavBar',
components: {
Dialog,
DialogOverlay,
MenuIcon,
XIcon,
SparklesIcon,
Popover,
PopoverButton,
PopoverPanel
},
setup() {
const mobileMenuOpen = ref(false)
const store = useStore()
return {
user: computed(() => store.state.user),
appVersion: computed(() => store.state.appVersion),
navigation,
mobileMenuOpen,
}
},
}
</script>
| 26,809 |
https://github.com/dotnet/wpf/blob/master/src/Microsoft.DotNet.Wpf/src/PresentationCore/System/Windows/Input/KeyboardDevice.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
wpf
|
dotnet
|
C#
|
Code
| 3,677 | 10,294 |
// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Security;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Threading;
using MS.Internal;
using MS.Internal.PresentationCore; // SecurityHelper
using MS.Win32; // VK translation.
using System.Windows.Automation.Peers;
using SR=MS.Internal.PresentationCore.SR;
#pragma warning disable 1634, 1691 // suppressing PreSharp warnings
namespace System.Windows.Input
{
/// <summary>
/// The KeyboardDevice class represents the mouse device to the
/// members of a context.
/// </summary>
public abstract class KeyboardDevice : InputDevice
{
protected KeyboardDevice(InputManager inputManager)
{
_inputManager = new SecurityCriticalDataClass<InputManager>(inputManager);
_inputManager.Value.PreProcessInput += new PreProcessInputEventHandler(PreProcessInput);
_inputManager.Value.PreNotifyInput += new NotifyInputEventHandler(PreNotifyInput);
_inputManager.Value.PostProcessInput += new ProcessInputEventHandler(PostProcessInput);
_isEnabledChangedEventHandler = new DependencyPropertyChangedEventHandler(OnIsEnabledChanged);
_isVisibleChangedEventHandler = new DependencyPropertyChangedEventHandler(OnIsVisibleChanged);
_focusableChangedEventHandler = new DependencyPropertyChangedEventHandler(OnFocusableChanged);
_reevaluateFocusCallback = new DispatcherOperationCallback(ReevaluateFocusCallback);
_reevaluateFocusOperation = null;
// Consider moving this elsewhere
// The TextServicesManager must be created before the TextCompositionManager
// so that TIP/IME listeners get precedence.
_TsfManager = new SecurityCriticalDataClass<TextServicesManager>(new TextServicesManager(inputManager));
_textcompositionManager = new SecurityCriticalData<TextCompositionManager>(new TextCompositionManager(inputManager));
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the current state of the specified key from the device from the underlying system
/// </summary>
/// <param name="key">
/// Key to get the state of
/// </param>
/// <returns>
/// The state of the specified key
/// </returns>
protected abstract KeyStates GetKeyStatesFromSystem( Key key );
/// <summary>
/// Returns the element that input from this device is sent to.
/// </summary>
public override IInputElement Target
{
get
{
//VerifyAccess();
if(null != ForceTarget)
return ForceTarget;
return FocusedElement;
}
}
internal IInputElement ForceTarget
{
get
{
return (IInputElement) _forceTarget;
}
set
{
_forceTarget = value as DependencyObject;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns the PresentationSource that is reporting input for this device.
/// </summary>
public override PresentationSource ActiveSource
{
get
{
//VerifyAccess();
if (_activeSource != null)
{
return _activeSource.Value;
}
return null;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// The default mode for restoring focus.
/// </summary>
public RestoreFocusMode DefaultRestoreFocusMode {get; set;}
/// <summary>
/// Returns the element that the keyboard is focused on.
/// </summary>
public IInputElement FocusedElement
{
get
{
// VerifyAccess();
return (IInputElement) _focus;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Clears focus.
/// </summary>
public void ClearFocus()
{
Focus(null, false, false, false);
}
/// <summary>
/// Focuses the keyboard on a particular element.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="element">
/// The element to focus the keyboard on.
/// </param>
public IInputElement Focus(IInputElement element)
{
DependencyObject oFocus = null;
bool forceToNullIfFailed = false;
// Validate that elt is either a UIElement, a ContentElement or a UIElement3D.
if(element != null)
{
if(!InputElement.IsValid(element))
{
#pragma warning suppress 6506 // element is obviously not null
throw new InvalidOperationException(SR.Format(SR.Invalid_IInputElement, element.GetType()));
}
oFocus = (DependencyObject) element;
}
// If no element is given for focus, use the root of the active source.
if(oFocus == null && _activeSource != null)
{
oFocus = _activeSource.Value.RootVisual as DependencyObject;
forceToNullIfFailed = true;
}
Focus(oFocus, true, true, forceToNullIfFailed);
return (IInputElement) _focus;
}
private void Focus(DependencyObject focus, bool askOld, bool askNew, bool forceToNullIfFailed)
{
// Make sure that the element is valid for receiving focus.
bool isValid = true;
if(focus != null)
{
isValid = Keyboard.IsFocusable(focus);
if(!isValid && forceToNullIfFailed)
{
focus = null;
isValid = true;
}
}
if(isValid)
{
// Get the keyboard input provider that provides input for the active source.
IKeyboardInputProvider keyboardInputProvider = null;
DependencyObject containingVisual = InputElement.GetContainingVisual(focus);
if(containingVisual != null)
{
PresentationSource source = PresentationSource.CriticalFromVisual(containingVisual);
if (source != null)
{
keyboardInputProvider = (IKeyboardInputProvider)source.GetInputProvider(typeof(KeyboardDevice));
}
}
// Start the focus-change operation.
TryChangeFocus(focus, keyboardInputProvider, askOld, askNew, forceToNullIfFailed);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns the set of modifier keys currently pressed as determined by querying our keyboard state cache
/// </summary>
public ModifierKeys Modifiers
{
get
{
// VerifyAccess();
ModifierKeys modifiers = ModifierKeys.None;
if(IsKeyDown_private(Key.LeftAlt) || IsKeyDown_private(Key.RightAlt))
{
modifiers |= ModifierKeys.Alt;
}
if(IsKeyDown_private(Key.LeftCtrl) || IsKeyDown_private(Key.RightCtrl))
{
modifiers |= ModifierKeys.Control;
}
if(IsKeyDown_private(Key.LeftShift) || IsKeyDown_private(Key.RightShift))
{
modifiers |= ModifierKeys.Shift;
}
return modifiers;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// There is a proscription against using Enum.IsDefined(). (it is slow)
/// so we write these PRIVATE validate routines instead.
/// </summary>
private void Validate_Key(Key key)
{
if( 256 <= (int)key || (int)key <= 0)
throw new System.ComponentModel.InvalidEnumArgumentException("key", (int)key, typeof(Key));
}
/// <summary>
/// This is the core private method that returns whether or not the specified key
/// is down. It does it without the extra argument validation and context checks.
/// </summary>
private bool IsKeyDown_private(Key key)
{
return ( ( GetKeyStatesFromSystem(key) & KeyStates.Down ) == KeyStates.Down );
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns whether or not the specified key is down.
/// </summary>
public bool IsKeyDown(Key key)
{
// VerifyAccess();
Validate_Key(key);
return IsKeyDown_private(key);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns whether or not the specified key is up.
/// </summary>
public bool IsKeyUp(Key key)
{
// VerifyAccess();
Validate_Key(key);
return (!IsKeyDown_private(key));
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns whether or not the specified key is toggled.
/// </summary>
public bool IsKeyToggled(Key key)
{
// VerifyAccess();
Validate_Key(key);
return( ( GetKeyStatesFromSystem(key) & KeyStates.Toggled ) == KeyStates.Toggled );
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns the state of the specified key.
/// </summary>
public KeyStates GetKeyStates(Key key)
{
// VerifyAccess();
Validate_Key(key);
return GetKeyStatesFromSystem(key);
}
internal TextServicesManager TextServicesManager
{
get
{
return _TsfManager.Value;
}
}
internal TextCompositionManager TextCompositionManager
{
get
{
return _textcompositionManager.Value;
}
}
private void TryChangeFocus(DependencyObject newFocus, IKeyboardInputProvider keyboardInputProvider, bool askOld, bool askNew, bool forceToNullIfFailed)
{
bool changeFocus = true;
int timeStamp = Environment.TickCount ;
DependencyObject oldFocus = _focus; // This is required, used below to see if focus has been delegated
if(newFocus != _focus)
{
// If requested, and there is currently something with focus
// Send the PreviewLostKeyboardFocus event to see if the object losing focus want to cancel it.
// - no need to check "changeFocus" here as it was just previously unconditionally set to true
if(askOld && _focus != null)
{
KeyboardFocusChangedEventArgs previewLostFocus = new KeyboardFocusChangedEventArgs(this, timeStamp, (IInputElement)_focus, (IInputElement)newFocus);
previewLostFocus.RoutedEvent=Keyboard.PreviewLostKeyboardFocusEvent;
previewLostFocus.Source= _focus;
if(_inputManager != null)
_inputManager.Value.ProcessInput(previewLostFocus);
// is handled the right indication of canceled?
if (previewLostFocus.Handled)
{
changeFocus = false;
}
}
// If requested, and there is an object to specified to take focus
// Send the PreviewGotKeyboardFocus event to see if the object gaining focus want to cancel it.
// - must also check "changeFocus", no point in checking if the "previewLostFocus" event
// above already cancelled it
if(askNew && changeFocus && newFocus != null)
{
KeyboardFocusChangedEventArgs previewGotFocus = new KeyboardFocusChangedEventArgs(this, timeStamp, (IInputElement)_focus, (IInputElement)newFocus);
previewGotFocus.RoutedEvent=Keyboard.PreviewGotKeyboardFocusEvent;
previewGotFocus.Source= newFocus;
if(_inputManager != null)
_inputManager.Value.ProcessInput(previewGotFocus);
// is handled the right indication of canceled?
if (previewGotFocus.Handled)
{
changeFocus = false;
}
}
// If we are setting the focus to an element, see if the InputProvider
// can take focus for us.
if(changeFocus && newFocus != null)
{
if (keyboardInputProvider != null && Keyboard.IsFocusable(newFocus))
{
// Tell the element we are about to acquire focus through
// the input provider. The element losing focus and the
// element receiving focus have all agreed to the
// transaction. This is used by menus to configure the
// behavior of focus changes.
KeyboardInputProviderAcquireFocusEventArgs acquireFocus = new KeyboardInputProviderAcquireFocusEventArgs(this, timeStamp, changeFocus);
acquireFocus.RoutedEvent = Keyboard.PreviewKeyboardInputProviderAcquireFocusEvent;
acquireFocus.Source= newFocus;
if(_inputManager != null)
_inputManager.Value.ProcessInput(acquireFocus);
// Acquire focus through the input provider.
changeFocus = keyboardInputProvider.AcquireFocus(false);
// Tell the element whether or not we were able to
// acquire focus through the input provider.
acquireFocus = new KeyboardInputProviderAcquireFocusEventArgs(this, timeStamp, changeFocus);
acquireFocus.RoutedEvent = Keyboard.KeyboardInputProviderAcquireFocusEvent;
acquireFocus.Source= newFocus;
if(_inputManager != null)
_inputManager.Value.ProcessInput(acquireFocus);
}
else
{
changeFocus = false;
}
}
// If the ChangeFocus operation was cancelled or the AcquireFocus operation failed
// and the "ForceToNullIfFailed" flag was set, we set focus to null
if( !changeFocus && forceToNullIfFailed && oldFocus == _focus /* Focus is not delegated */ )
{
// focus might be delegated (e.g. during PreviewGotKeyboardFocus)
// without actually changing, if it was already on the delegated
// element. We can't test for this directly,
// but if focus is within the desired element we'll assume this
// is what happened.
IInputElement newFocusElement = newFocus as IInputElement;
if (newFocusElement == null || !newFocusElement.IsKeyboardFocusWithin)
{
newFocus = null;
changeFocus = true;
}
}
// If both the old and new focus elements allowed it, and the
// InputProvider has acquired it, go ahead and change our internal
// sense of focus to the desired element.
if(changeFocus)
{
ChangeFocus(newFocus, timeStamp);
}
}
}
private void ChangeFocus(DependencyObject focus, int timestamp)
{
DependencyObject o = null;
if(focus != _focus)
{
// Update the critical pieces of data.
DependencyObject oldFocus = _focus;
_focus = focus;
_focusRootVisual = InputElement.GetRootVisual(focus);
using(Dispatcher.DisableProcessing()) // Disable reentrancy due to locks taken
{
// Adjust the handlers we use to track everything.
if(oldFocus != null)
{
o = oldFocus;
if (o is UIElement uie)
{
uie.IsEnabledChanged -= _isEnabledChangedEventHandler;
uie.IsVisibleChanged -= _isVisibleChangedEventHandler;
uie.FocusableChanged -= _focusableChangedEventHandler;
}
else if (o is ContentElement ce)
{
ce.IsEnabledChanged -= _isEnabledChangedEventHandler;
// NOTE: there is no IsVisible property for ContentElements.
ce.FocusableChanged -= _focusableChangedEventHandler;
}
else if (o is UIElement3D uie3D)
{
uie3D.IsEnabledChanged -= _isEnabledChangedEventHandler;
uie3D.IsVisibleChanged -= _isVisibleChangedEventHandler;
uie3D.FocusableChanged -= _focusableChangedEventHandler;
}
else
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(SR.Format(SR.Invalid_IInputElement, o.GetType()));
}
}
if(_focus != null)
{
o = _focus;
if (o is UIElement uie)
{
uie.IsEnabledChanged += _isEnabledChangedEventHandler;
uie.IsVisibleChanged += _isVisibleChangedEventHandler;
uie.FocusableChanged += _focusableChangedEventHandler;
}
else if (o is ContentElement ce)
{
ce.IsEnabledChanged += _isEnabledChangedEventHandler;
// NOTE: there is no IsVisible property for ContentElements.
ce.FocusableChanged += _focusableChangedEventHandler;
}
else if (o is UIElement3D uie3D)
{
uie3D.IsEnabledChanged += _isEnabledChangedEventHandler;
uie3D.IsVisibleChanged += _isVisibleChangedEventHandler;
uie3D.FocusableChanged += _focusableChangedEventHandler;
}
else
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(SR.Format(SR.Invalid_IInputElement, o.GetType()));
}
}
}
// Oddly enough, update the FocusWithinProperty properties first. This is
// so any callbacks will see the more-common FocusWithinProperty properties
// set correctly.
UIElement.FocusWithinProperty.OnOriginValueChanged(oldFocus, _focus, ref _focusTreeState);
// Invalidate the IsKeyboardFocused properties.
if(oldFocus != null)
{
o = oldFocus;
o.SetValue(UIElement.IsKeyboardFocusedPropertyKey, false); // Same property for ContentElements
}
if(_focus != null)
{
// Invalidate the IsKeyboardFocused property.
o = _focus;
o.SetValue(UIElement.IsKeyboardFocusedPropertyKey, true); // Same property for ContentElements
}
// Call TestServicesManager change the focus of the InputMethod is enable/disabled accordingly
// so it's ready befere the GotKeyboardFocusEvent handler is invoked.
if (_TsfManager != null)
_TsfManager.Value.Focus(_focus);
// InputLanguageManager checks the preferred input languages.
// This should before GotEvent because the preferred input language
// should be set at the event handler.
InputLanguageManager.Current.Focus(_focus, oldFocus);
// Send the LostKeyboardFocus and GotKeyboardFocus events.
if(oldFocus != null)
{
KeyboardFocusChangedEventArgs lostFocus = new KeyboardFocusChangedEventArgs(this, timestamp, (IInputElement) oldFocus, (IInputElement) focus);
lostFocus.RoutedEvent=Keyboard.LostKeyboardFocusEvent;
lostFocus.Source= oldFocus;
if(_inputManager != null)
_inputManager.Value.ProcessInput(lostFocus);
}
if(_focus != null)
{
KeyboardFocusChangedEventArgs gotFocus = new KeyboardFocusChangedEventArgs(this, timestamp, (IInputElement) oldFocus, (IInputElement) _focus);
gotFocus.RoutedEvent=Keyboard.GotKeyboardFocusEvent;
gotFocus.Source= _focus;
if(_inputManager!=null)
_inputManager.Value.ProcessInput(gotFocus);
}
// InputMethod checks the preferred ime state.
// The preferred input methods should be applied after Cicero TIP gots SetFocus callback.
InputMethod.Current.GotKeyboardFocus(_focus);
//Could be also built-in into IsKeyboardFocused_Changed static on UIElement, ContentElement and UIElement3D.
//However the Automation likes to go immediately back on us so it would be better be last one...
AutomationPeer.RaiseFocusChangedEventHelper((IInputElement)_focus);
}
}
private void OnIsEnabledChanged(object sender, DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs e)
{
// The element with focus just became disabled.
//
// We can't leave focus on a disabled element, so move it.
ReevaluateFocusAsync(null, null, false);
}
private void OnIsVisibleChanged(object sender, DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs e)
{
// The element with focus just became non-visible (collapsed or hidden).
//
// We can't leave focus on a non-visible element, so move it.
ReevaluateFocusAsync(null, null, false);
}
private void OnFocusableChanged(object sender, DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs e)
{
// The element with focus just became unfocusable.
//
// We can't leave focus on an unfocusable element, so move it.
ReevaluateFocusAsync(null, null, false);
}
/// <summary>
/// Determines if we can remain focused on the element we think has focus
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// Queues an invocation of ReevaluateFocusCallback to do the actual work.
/// - that way if the object that had focus has only been temporarily
/// removed, disable, etc. and will eventually be valid again, we
/// avoid needlessly killing focus.
/// </remarks>
internal void ReevaluateFocusAsync(DependencyObject element, DependencyObject oldParent, bool isCoreParent)
{
if(element != null)
{
if(isCoreParent)
{
FocusTreeState.SetCoreParent(element, oldParent);
}
else
{
FocusTreeState.SetLogicalParent(element, oldParent);
}
}
// It would be best to re-evaluate anything dependent on the hit-test results
// immediately after layout & rendering are complete. Unfortunately this can
// lead to an infinite loop. Consider the following scenario:
//
// If the mouse is over an element, hide it.
//
// This never resolves to a "correct" state. When the mouse moves over the
// element, the element is hidden, so the mouse is no longer over it, so the
// element is shown, but that means the mouse is over it again. Repeat.
//
// We push our re-evaluation to a priority lower than input processing so that
// the user can change the input device to avoid the infinite loops, or close
// the app if nothing else works.
//
if(_reevaluateFocusOperation == null)
{
_reevaluateFocusOperation = Dispatcher.BeginInvoke(DispatcherPriority.Input, _reevaluateFocusCallback, null);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Determines if we can remain focused on the element we think has focus
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// Invoked asynchronously by ReevaluateFocusAsync.
/// Confirms that the element we think has focus is:
/// - still enabled
/// - still visible
/// - still in the tree
/// </remarks>
private object ReevaluateFocusCallback(object arg)
{
_reevaluateFocusOperation = null;
if( _focus == null )
{
return null;
}
//
// Reevaluate the eligability of the focused element to actually
// have focus. If that element is no longer focusable, then search
// for an ancestor that is.
//
DependencyObject element = _focus;
while(element != null)
{
if(Keyboard.IsFocusable(element))
{
break;
}
// Walk the current tree structure.
element = DeferredElementTreeState.GetCoreParent(element, null);
}
// Get the PresentationSource that contains the element to be focused.
PresentationSource presentationSource = null;
DependencyObject visualContainer = InputElement.GetContainingVisual(element);
if(visualContainer != null)
{
presentationSource = PresentationSource.CriticalFromVisual(visualContainer);
}
// The default action is to reset focus to the root element
// of the active presentation source.
bool moveFocus = true;
DependencyObject moveFocusTo = null;
if(presentationSource != null)
{
IKeyboardInputProvider keyboardProvider = presentationSource.GetInputProvider(typeof(KeyboardDevice)) as IKeyboardInputProvider;
if(keyboardProvider != null)
{
// Confirm with the keyboard provider for this
// presentation source that it has acquired focus.
if(keyboardProvider.AcquireFocus(true))
{
if(element == _focus)
{
// The focus element is still good.
moveFocus = false;
}
else
{
// The focus element is no longer focusable, but we found
// an ancestor that is, so move focus there.
moveFocus = true;
moveFocusTo = element;
}
}
}
}
if(moveFocus)
{
if(moveFocusTo == null && _activeSource != null)
{
moveFocusTo = _activeSource.Value.RootVisual as DependencyObject;
}
Focus(moveFocusTo, /*askOld=*/ false, /*askNew=*/ true, /*forceToNullIfFailed=*/ true);
}
else
{
// Refresh FocusWithinProperty so that ReverseInherited Flags are updated.
//
// We only need to do this if there is any information about the old
// tree structure.
if(_focusTreeState != null && !_focusTreeState.IsEmpty)
{
UIElement.FocusWithinProperty.OnOriginValueChanged(_focus, _focus, ref _focusTreeState);
}
}
return null;
}
private void PreProcessInput(object sender, PreProcessInputEventArgs e)
{
RawKeyboardInputReport keyboardInput = ExtractRawKeyboardInputReport(e, InputManager.PreviewInputReportEvent);
if(keyboardInput != null)
{
// Claim the input for the keyboard.
e.StagingItem.Input.Device = this;
}
}
private void PreNotifyInput(object sender, NotifyInputEventArgs e)
{
RawKeyboardInputReport keyboardInput = ExtractRawKeyboardInputReport(e, InputManager.PreviewInputReportEvent);
if(keyboardInput != null)
{
CheckForDisconnectedFocus();
// Activation
//
// MITIGATION: KEYBOARD_STATE_OUT_OF_SYNC
//
// It is very important that we allow multiple activate events.
// This is how we deal with the fact that Win32 sometimes sends
// us a WM_SETFOCUS message BEFORE it has updated it's internal
// internal keyboard state information. When we get the
// WM_SETFOCUS message, we activate the keyboard with the
// keyboard state (even though it could be wrong). Then when
// we get the first "real" keyboard input event, we activate
// the keyboard again, since Win32 will have updated the
// keyboard state correctly by then.
//
if((keyboardInput.Actions & RawKeyboardActions.Activate) == RawKeyboardActions.Activate)
{
//if active source is null, no need to do special-case handling
if(_activeSource == null)
{
// we are now active.
_activeSource = new SecurityCriticalDataClass<PresentationSource>(keyboardInput.InputSource);
}
else if(_activeSource.Value != keyboardInput.InputSource)
{
IKeyboardInputProvider toDeactivate = _activeSource.Value.GetInputProvider(typeof(KeyboardDevice)) as IKeyboardInputProvider;
// we are now active.
_activeSource = new SecurityCriticalDataClass<PresentationSource>(keyboardInput.InputSource);
if(toDeactivate != null)
{
toDeactivate.NotifyDeactivate();
}
}
}
// Generally, we need to check against redundant actions.
// We never prevet the raw event from going through, but we
// will only generate the high-level events for non-redundant
// actions. We store the set of non-redundant actions in
// the dictionary of this event.
// If the input is reporting a key down, the action is never
// considered redundant.
if((keyboardInput.Actions & RawKeyboardActions.KeyDown) == RawKeyboardActions.KeyDown)
{
RawKeyboardActions actions = GetNonRedundantActions(e);
actions |= RawKeyboardActions.KeyDown;
e.StagingItem.SetData(_tagNonRedundantActions, actions);
// Pass along the key that was pressed, and update our state.
Key key = KeyInterop.KeyFromVirtualKey(keyboardInput.VirtualKey);
e.StagingItem.SetData(_tagKey, key);
e.StagingItem.SetData(_tagScanCode, new ScanCode(keyboardInput.ScanCode, keyboardInput.IsExtendedKey));
// Tell the InputManager that the MostRecentDevice is us.
if(_inputManager!=null)
_inputManager.Value.MostRecentInputDevice = this;
}
// We are missing detection for redundant ups
if((keyboardInput.Actions & RawKeyboardActions.KeyUp) == RawKeyboardActions.KeyUp)
{
RawKeyboardActions actions = GetNonRedundantActions(e);
actions |= RawKeyboardActions.KeyUp;
e.StagingItem.SetData(_tagNonRedundantActions, actions);
// Pass along the key that was pressed, and update our state.
Key key = KeyInterop.KeyFromVirtualKey(keyboardInput.VirtualKey);
e.StagingItem.SetData(_tagKey, key);
e.StagingItem.SetData(_tagScanCode, new ScanCode(keyboardInput.ScanCode, keyboardInput.IsExtendedKey));
// Tell the InputManager that the MostRecentDevice is us.
if(_inputManager!=null)
_inputManager.Value.MostRecentInputDevice = this;
}
}
// On KeyDown, we might need to set the Repeat flag
if(e.StagingItem.Input.RoutedEvent == Keyboard.PreviewKeyDownEvent)
{
CheckForDisconnectedFocus();
KeyEventArgs args = (KeyEventArgs) e.StagingItem.Input;
// Is this the same as the previous key? (Look at the real key, e.g. TextManager
// might have changed args.Key it to Key.TextInput.)
if (_previousKey == args.RealKey)
{
// Yes, this is a repeat (we got the keydown for it twice, with no KeyUp in between)
args.SetRepeat(true);
}
// Otherwise, keep this key to check against next time.
else
{
_previousKey = args.RealKey;
args.SetRepeat(false);
}
}
// On KeyUp, we clear Repeat flag
else if(e.StagingItem.Input.RoutedEvent == Keyboard.PreviewKeyUpEvent)
{
CheckForDisconnectedFocus();
KeyEventArgs args = (KeyEventArgs) e.StagingItem.Input;
args.SetRepeat(false);
// Clear _previousKey, so that down/up/down/up doesn't look like a repeat
_previousKey = Key.None;
}
}
private void PostProcessInput(object sender, ProcessInputEventArgs e)
{
// PreviewKeyDown --> KeyDown
if(e.StagingItem.Input.RoutedEvent == Keyboard.PreviewKeyDownEvent)
{
CheckForDisconnectedFocus();
if(!e.StagingItem.Input.Handled)
{
KeyEventArgs previewKeyDown = (KeyEventArgs) e.StagingItem.Input;
// Dig out the real key.
bool isSystemKey = false;
bool isImeProcessed = false;
bool isDeadCharProcessed = false;
Key key = previewKeyDown.Key;
if (key == Key.System)
{
isSystemKey = true;
key = previewKeyDown.RealKey;
}
else if (key == Key.ImeProcessed)
{
isImeProcessed = true;
key = previewKeyDown.RealKey;
}
else if (key == Key.DeadCharProcessed)
{
isDeadCharProcessed = true;
key = previewKeyDown.RealKey;
}
KeyEventArgs keyDown = new KeyEventArgs(this, previewKeyDown.UnsafeInputSource, previewKeyDown.Timestamp, key);
keyDown.SetRepeat( previewKeyDown.IsRepeat );
// Mark the new event as SystemKey as appropriate.
if (isSystemKey)
{
keyDown.MarkSystem();
}
else if (isImeProcessed)
{
// Mark the new event as ImeProcessed as appropriate.
keyDown.MarkImeProcessed();
}
else if (isDeadCharProcessed)
{
keyDown.MarkDeadCharProcessed();
}
keyDown.RoutedEvent=Keyboard.KeyDownEvent;
keyDown.ScanCode = previewKeyDown.ScanCode;
keyDown.IsExtendedKey = previewKeyDown.IsExtendedKey;
e.PushInput(keyDown, e.StagingItem);
}
}
// PreviewKeyUp --> KeyUp
if(e.StagingItem.Input.RoutedEvent == Keyboard.PreviewKeyUpEvent)
{
CheckForDisconnectedFocus();
if(!e.StagingItem.Input.Handled)
{
KeyEventArgs previewKeyUp = (KeyEventArgs) e.StagingItem.Input;
// Dig out the real key.
bool isSystemKey = false;
bool isImeProcessed = false;
bool isDeadCharProcessed = false;
Key key = previewKeyUp.Key;
if (key == Key.System)
{
isSystemKey = true;
key = previewKeyUp.RealKey;
}
else if (key == Key.ImeProcessed)
{
isImeProcessed = true;
key = previewKeyUp.RealKey;
}
else if(key == Key.DeadCharProcessed)
{
isDeadCharProcessed = true;
key = previewKeyUp.RealKey;
}
KeyEventArgs keyUp = new KeyEventArgs(this, previewKeyUp.UnsafeInputSource, previewKeyUp.Timestamp, key);
// Mark the new event as SystemKey as appropriate.
if (isSystemKey)
{
keyUp.MarkSystem();
}
else if (isImeProcessed)
{
// Mark the new event as ImeProcessed as appropriate.
keyUp.MarkImeProcessed();
}
else if (isDeadCharProcessed)
{
keyUp.MarkDeadCharProcessed();
}
keyUp.RoutedEvent=Keyboard.KeyUpEvent;
keyUp.ScanCode = previewKeyUp.ScanCode;
keyUp.IsExtendedKey = previewKeyUp.IsExtendedKey;
e.PushInput(keyUp, e.StagingItem);
}
}
RawKeyboardInputReport keyboardInput = ExtractRawKeyboardInputReport(e, InputManager.InputReportEvent);
if(keyboardInput != null)
{
CheckForDisconnectedFocus();
if(!e.StagingItem.Input.Handled)
{
// In general, this is where we promote the non-redundant
// reported actions to our premier events.
RawKeyboardActions actions = GetNonRedundantActions(e);
// Raw --> PreviewKeyDown
if((actions & RawKeyboardActions.KeyDown) == RawKeyboardActions.KeyDown)
{
Key key = (Key) e.StagingItem.GetData(_tagKey);
if(key != Key.None)
{
KeyEventArgs previewKeyDown = new KeyEventArgs(this, keyboardInput.InputSource, keyboardInput.Timestamp, key);
ScanCode scanCode = (ScanCode)e.StagingItem.GetData(_tagScanCode);
previewKeyDown.ScanCode = scanCode.Code;
previewKeyDown.IsExtendedKey = scanCode.IsExtended;
if (keyboardInput.IsSystemKey)
{
previewKeyDown.MarkSystem();
}
previewKeyDown.RoutedEvent=Keyboard.PreviewKeyDownEvent;
e.PushInput(previewKeyDown, e.StagingItem);
}
}
// Raw --> PreviewKeyUp
if((actions & RawKeyboardActions.KeyUp) == RawKeyboardActions.KeyUp)
{
Key key = (Key) e.StagingItem.GetData(_tagKey);
if(key != Key.None)
{
KeyEventArgs previewKeyUp = new KeyEventArgs(this, keyboardInput.InputSource, keyboardInput.Timestamp, key);
ScanCode scanCode = (ScanCode)e.StagingItem.GetData(_tagScanCode);
previewKeyUp.ScanCode = scanCode.Code;
previewKeyUp.IsExtendedKey = scanCode.IsExtended;
if (keyboardInput.IsSystemKey)
{
previewKeyUp.MarkSystem();
}
previewKeyUp.RoutedEvent=Keyboard.PreviewKeyUpEvent;
e.PushInput(previewKeyUp, e.StagingItem);
}
}
}
// Deactivate
if((keyboardInput.Actions & RawKeyboardActions.Deactivate) == RawKeyboardActions.Deactivate)
{
if(IsActive)
{
_activeSource = null;
// Even if handled, a keyboard deactivate results in a lost focus.
ChangeFocus(null, e.StagingItem.Input.Timestamp);
}
}
}
}
private RawKeyboardInputReport ExtractRawKeyboardInputReport(NotifyInputEventArgs e, RoutedEvent Event)
{
RawKeyboardInputReport keyboardInput = null;
InputReportEventArgs input = e.StagingItem.Input as InputReportEventArgs;
if(input != null)
{
if(input.Report.Type == InputType.Keyboard && input.RoutedEvent == Event)
{
keyboardInput = input.Report as RawKeyboardInputReport;
}
}
return keyboardInput;
}
private RawKeyboardActions GetNonRedundantActions(NotifyInputEventArgs e)
{
RawKeyboardActions actions;
// The CLR throws a null-ref exception if it tries to unbox a
// null. So we have to special case that.
object o = e.StagingItem.GetData(_tagNonRedundantActions);
if(o != null)
{
actions = (RawKeyboardActions) o;
}
else
{
actions = new RawKeyboardActions();
}
return actions;
}
// at the moment we don't have a good way of detecting when an
// element gets deleted from the tree (logical or visual). The
// best we can do right now is clear out the focus if we detect
// that the tree containing the focus was disconnected.
private bool CheckForDisconnectedFocus()
{
bool wasDisconnected = false;
if(InputElement.GetRootVisual (_focus as DependencyObject) != _focusRootVisual)
{
wasDisconnected = true;
Focus (null);
}
return wasDisconnected;
}
internal bool IsActive
{
get
{
return _activeSource != null && _activeSource.Value != null;
}
}
private DeferredElementTreeState FocusTreeState
{
get
{
if (_focusTreeState == null)
{
_focusTreeState = new DeferredElementTreeState();
}
return _focusTreeState;
}
}
private SecurityCriticalDataClass<InputManager> _inputManager;
private SecurityCriticalDataClass<PresentationSource> _activeSource;
private DependencyObject _focus;
private DeferredElementTreeState _focusTreeState;
private DependencyObject _forceTarget;
private DependencyObject _focusRootVisual;
private Key _previousKey;
private DependencyPropertyChangedEventHandler _isEnabledChangedEventHandler;
private DependencyPropertyChangedEventHandler _isVisibleChangedEventHandler;
private DependencyPropertyChangedEventHandler _focusableChangedEventHandler;
private DispatcherOperationCallback _reevaluateFocusCallback;
private DispatcherOperation _reevaluateFocusOperation;
// Data tags for information we pass around the staging area.
private object _tagNonRedundantActions = new object();
private object _tagKey = new object();
private object _tagScanCode = new object();
private class ScanCode
{
internal ScanCode(int code, bool isExtended)
{
_code = code;
_isExtended = isExtended;
}
internal int Code {get {return _code;}}
internal bool IsExtended {get {return _isExtended;}}
private readonly int _code;
private readonly bool _isExtended;
}
// TextCompositionManager handles KeyDown -> Unicode conversion.
private SecurityCriticalData<TextCompositionManager> _textcompositionManager;
// TextServicesManager handles KeyDown -> IME composition conversion.
private SecurityCriticalDataClass<TextServicesManager> _TsfManager;
}
}
| 23,339 |
https://github.com/jamesu/rucksack/blob/master/app/assets/stylesheets/pages.scss
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
rucksack
|
jamesu
|
SCSS
|
Code
| 1,814 | 5,617 |
/*
= require_self
*/
@import "reset";
@import "css3";
a {
color: black;
}
a:visited {
color: #666666;
}
a:hover {
color: white;
background-color: black;
}
h1 {
font-size: 28px;
font-weight: bolder;
padding-bottom: 6px;
}
h2 {
font-size: 18px;
font-weight: bolder;
padding-bottom: 6px;
}
h3 {
font-size: 16px;
font-weight: bolder;
padding-bottom: 6px;
}
body {
margin: 0px;
padding: 0px;
background-color: #eeeeee;
color: black;
}
label {
display: block;
}
input.checkbox {
padding: 0px;
margin: 2px;
}
label.checkbox {
clear: none;
display: inline;
}
p.desc {
color: #555555;
}
ul, ol {
padding-left: 28px;
}
pre {
overflow: auto;
}
body, p, ol, ul, td {
font-family: lucida grande, verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 18px;
}
pre {
background-color: #eeeeee;
padding: 10px;
font-size: 11px;
}
form div {
margin-bottom: 3px;
}
.totalPageWidth {
width: 600px;
}
#header {
margin: 0pt auto;
/* width: 600px; */
padding: 8px 6px 0px 6px;
text-align: left;
background: #007700;
}
/* outer wrapper for content. contains side background */
#outerWrapper {}
#innerWrapper {
/*margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 48px; */
margin: 0pt auto;
text-align: left;
padding: 0px 16px 18px 16px;
}
#pageContent {
margin-top: 12px;
}
#innerContent {
padding: 18px 16px 18px 16px;
}
/* tabs */
#tabsWrapper {
margin: 0pt auto;
text-align: left;
padding: 12px 6px 0px 6px;
ul {
list-style-image: none;
list-style-position: outside;
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0pt;
padding: 0 12px;
li {
float: left;
margin: 0pt 1px;
a {
display: block;
font-size: 12px;
font-weight: bold;
text-align: center;
padding: 2px 12px;
color: white;
@include border-radius-top(5px);
}
}
li.active {
a {
background: #eeeeee;
text-decoration: none;
color: black;
}
}
}
}
#tabs {
float: left;
}
#userTabs {
float: right;
}
/* content floats left in the main box */
#content {
float: left;
width: 400px;
background: white;
border-right: 2px solid #bbbbbb;
border-bottom: 2px solid #bbbbbb;
margin: 0px;
}
/* sidebar floats right in the main box */
#sidebar {
width: 190px;
float: right;
margin: 0px;
}
.sidebarBlock {
padding-bottom: 3px;
margin: 6px 0px 6px 0px;
}
.newPage {
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 16px;
text-decoration: none;
}
#wrapper {
text-align: center;
}
.pageHeader {
padding-left: 14px;
}
.pageHeader h1 {
margin: 0px;
padding-bottom: 8px;
}
#pageTools {
margin-bottom: 12px;
}
#pageTools div {
padding: 8px 12px 8px 12px;
}
#pageTools #pageResizeHandle {
margin: 6px;
padding: 0px;
width: 17px;
height: 11px;
background-image: asset-url('icons/resize-handler.gif', image);
background-position: center center;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
cursor: move;
float: right;
}
#pageOptions {
padding: 12px 12px 8px 12px;
border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;
background-color: #fbfbfb;
text-align: left;
font-size: 85%;
color: #555555;
}
#pageOptions a {
color: #555555;
}
#pageOptions a:hover {
color: white;
background-color: black;
}
#stdPageListItems,
#usrPageListItems,
#pageListItems {
list-style-image: none;
list-style-position: outside;
list-style-type: none;
font-size: 12px;
padding: 0px;
}
#pageListItems {
li {
margin-bottom: 1px;
a {
display: block;
padding: 4px 4px 4px 12px;
}
}
li:hover {
background: gray;
a {
color: white;
text-decoration: none;
}
a:hover {
color: white;
text-decoration: none;
background-color: gray;
}
}
li.current {
background: gray;
a {
color: white;
text-decoration: none;
}
}
li.hover {
background: green;
a {
color: white;
}
}
li#all-pages-link {
background: none;
a {
color: black;
}
a:visited {
color: #666666;
}
}
li {
.usrPageLink {
position: relative;
}
}
li:hover {
.usr_page_handle {
display: block;
}
}
li {
.usr_page_handle {
cursor: move;
display: none;
width: 15px;
height: 15px;
background-image: asset-url('icons/drag_handle_white.gif', image);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: 2px 2px;
position: absolute;
top: 6px;
right: 5px;
}
}
li.std-page-separator {
background-color: #cecece;
display: block;
height: 2px;
padding: 0px;
margin: 5px 0px;
}
}
.std-page-link {
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 120%;
}
#slots .ui-sortable-helper {
border-top: 2px solid #cccccc;
border-bottom: 2px solid #cccccc;
width: 90%;
}
ul.albumPictures {
list-style-image: none;
list-style-position: outside;
list-style-type: none;
padding: 0px;
}
li.albumPicture, li.albumPictureForm {
display: inline;
width: 150px;
height: 180px;
float: left;
margin: 6px;
text-align: center;
}
li.albumPictureForm {
height: 60px;
}
li.albumPicture form, li.albumPictureForm form {
border: 1px dashed #cccccc;
}
li.albumPicture img {
border: 1px solid #dedede;
padding: 2px;
}
.albumPictureContent a:hover {
background: none;
background-color: white;
color: black;
}
.albumPictureCaption {
font-weight: bolder;
}
.pageSlot {
position: relative;
padding: 16px 18px 0px;
}
.pageSlots {
position: relative;
}
.pageWidget p {
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
margin-top: 0.5em;
}
/* Page slot handle. This is positioned relative to the containing div,
* so it starts at the top left of the widget. In addition width is set to 0
* so the right border is also on the left. */
.pageSlotHandle {
position: relative;
left: 0pt;
width: 0pt;
height: 0pt;
/* Page slot handle inner. This is positioned absolutely to the right of
* the containing div, so we essentially end up with content hanging off the
* left of the widget (or the right of the handle). */
div.inner {
position: absolute;
right: 0px;
margin: 0px;
background: #ffdd1a;
width: 58px;
text-align: right;
line-height: 24px;
z-index: 0;
@include border-radius-left(10px);
}
/* Page slot handle list. Inline and semantic */
ul {
display: inline;
padding: 2px;
}
li {
display: inline;
padding-right: 1px;
cursor: pointer;
font-size: 13px;
}
.slot_handle {
cursor: move;
}
}
/* Page insert bar. Indicates current insertion point */
#pageInsert {
position: relative;
/* Page insert bar. Inner p is positioned absolutely to the left of the containing div, so it hangs off the edge */
p {
background: black;
color: #e1e1e1;
left: -70px;
top: -12px;
padding: 5px 5px 0px 5px;
position: absolute;
height: 25px;
z-index: 100;
cursor: pointer;
}
}
/* Page insert items bar. Also contains forms for certain items */
#pageInsertItems {
position: relative;
}
#pageInsertItemsBar {
left: -70px;
padding-left: 70px;
padding-top: 5px;
top: 0px;
position: relative;
height: 25px;
z-index: 100;
width: 100%;
a:hover {
background: black;
color: white;
}
}
#pageTabletContainer {
margin-left: 16px;
}
#pageInsertItemCancel {
position: absolute;
left: 15px;
a {
color: red;
font-size: 80%;
}
}
#pageInsertItemWidgets {
padding-left: 11px;
}
/* Hidden forms container */
#pageWidgetForms {
display: none;
}
/* Generic forms */
.widgetForm, .fixedWidgetForm {
padding: 6px;
border: 1px solid #dddddd;
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}
input.long, textarea.long {
width: 99%;
}
input.moderate, textarea.moderate {
width: 70%;
}
.fixedWidgetForm {
margin-right: 18px;
}
/* Separator */
.pageSeparator {
border-bottom: 2px solid black;
}
/* File */
.pageUploadedFile {
font-size: 12px;
}
.pageUploadedFile:after {
content: "";
display: block;
height: 0;
clear: both;
}
.pageUploadedFile img {
float: left;
padding-right: 6px;
}
.pageUploadedFile .fileDetails {
float: left;
width: 90%;
}
div.fileDetails .fileSize {
color: #999999;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 10px;
}
div.fileDetails .fileDescription {
color: #999999;
}
/* Email */
.pageEmail {
a {
font-size: 14px;
background: asset-url('icons/mail.gif', image) no-repeat;
background-position: center left;
padding-left: 18px;
font-weight: normal;
}
h2 {
padding-bottom: 0px;
}
span.pageEmailFrom {
font-size: 12px;
font-weight: normal;
.address {
font-weight: bold;
}
}
}
/* Note widget */
.pageNoteDate, .pageEmailDate {
color: #cccccc;
font-size: 12px;
font-weight: normal;
}
/* List widget */
div.pageList {
.listItems {
padding: 0px;
list-style-type: none;
.listItem {
padding-left: 16px;
}
.completedItems {
color: #666666;
}
.itemDelete {
cursor: pointer;
}
}
}
/* Page tags */
#tagCrumbsWrapper {
padding: 4px;
p {
font-weight: bolder;
}
ul {
list-style-type: none;
}
}
li.tagCrumb {
display: inline;
color: white;
font-weight: bold;
background-color: rgb(255, 150, 20);
border: 1px solid rgb(255, 150, 20);
@include border-radius(6px);
padding-left: 3px;
padding-right: 3px;
margin-right: 3px;
cursor: pointer;
a, a:hover {
color: white;
background: none;
text-decoration: none;
}
span.pageTagRemove {}
}
#tagCrumbs {
li.tagCrumb span.pageTagAdd {
display: none;
}
}
#tagNewCrumbs {
li.tagCrumb span.pageTagRemove {
display: none;
}
}
#tagNewCrumbs li {
display: block;
margin-bottom: 3px;
}
#tagCrumbsWrapper .floatleft {
padding-right: 12px;
}
#tagNewCrumbsWrapper {
padding: 4px;
margin: 4px;
float: right;
border-left: 1px solid #666666;
text-align: right;
h3 {
font-size: 12px;
}
ul {
list-style-type: none;
padding-left: 0;
padding: 4px;
}
}
#pageTagsWrapper {
padding: 6px 12px 6px 12px;
}
#pageTagsWrapper span {
padding-right: 12px;
}
.pageTagRemove, .pageTagAdd {
cursor: pointer;
}
/* Sharing */
.pageShareForm {
padding: 0px 18px 0px 18px;
label {
display: inline;
}
}
.pageShareUsers {
width: 100%;
}
.pageShareUsers td {
padding: 0px 6px 0px 6px;
}
.pageShareSection {
margin-bottom: 8px;
margin-top: 8px;
}
.floatleft {
float: left;
}
.clear {
clear: both;
}
#pageTable {
margin-top: 8px;
.pageEntry {
padding-bottom: 8px;
font-size: 16px;
}
}
/* Reminders */
#reminderList {
padding: 12px;
}
.reminderGroup h2 {
border-bottom: 1px solid #cccccc;
padding-bottom: 2px;
margin-bottom: 4px;
}
#newReminderForm {
background: white;
margin: -16px -14px 0px -14px;
padding: 18px 16px 18px 16px;
border-bottom: 2px dashed #eeeeee;
}
#newReminderAtLabel {
font-size: 18px;
}
.reminderForm {
background: #eeeeee;
padding: 6px 4px 6px 4px;
border: 1px dashed darkgrey;
}
.reminderEntry {
margin-bottom: 6px;
}
.reminderContent {}
.reminderTime {
color: #8b8b8b;
}
/* Journal & Status */
#userJournal {
margin: 4px 0px 4px 0px;
padding: 4px 0px 4px 0px;
}
#userJournal input {
font-size: 13px;
}
#userJournal label {
clear: both;
display: block;
font-size: 14px;
}
#userJournals {
margin-top: 12px;
h2 {
border-bottom: 1px solid #cccccc;
}
}
#userJournalsMore {
text-align: center;
}
#userStatus {
border: 1px dashed #cacaca;
cursor: pointer;
}
#userStatusBlock {
background: white;
margin: -16px -14px 0px -14px;
padding: 18px 16px 18px 16px;
border-bottom: 2px dashed #eeeeee;
}
#user_status {
padding: 4px 6px 4px 6px;
background: white;
}
h2.userStatusDisplayName {
font-size: 13px;
font-weight: bolder;
}
h3.userStatus {
font-size: 16px;
font-weight: bolder;
}
ul.userJournalList, #userJournals ul {
padding-left: 20px;
}
.journalEntry span {
font-style: italic;
font-size: 10px;
color: #999999;
}
.sidebarBlock {
border-bottom: 2px solid #cecece;
}
/* activity log */
#activityLogs {
h2 {
padding-bottom: 0px;
margin-top: 12px;
font-size: 12px;
clear: both;
border-bottom: 1px solid #cccccc;
}
}
.activityUserAvatar {
margin: 4px;
font-weight: bolder;
}
.activityUserEntries li {
list-style-image: none;
list-style-position: outside;
list-style-type: none;
}
.activityEntry {
padding-left: 32px;
}
/* user list page */
#userList {
margin-top: 6px;
margin-bottom: 6px;
width: 100%;
td {
padding: 0px 3px 0px 3px;
}
td.userAvatar {
width: 50px;
padding: 0px;
}
td.userDisplayName {
font-weight: bolder;
}
}
/* user form */
#userForm label {
display: block;
margin-bottom: 4px;
}
#userForm label.yesno {
display: inline;
}
/* account form */
#settingsForm label {
margin-bottom: 4px;
}
#settingsForm label.yesno {
display: inline;
}
label {
font-weight: bolder;
}
label.yesno {
display: inline;
}
label.check {
font-weight: normal;
display: inline;
}
.formSubmit {
margin-top: 12px;
}
.hint {
background-color: #ffffcc;
border: 2px solid #e9be31;
margin: 0 0 5px 0;
padding: 5px;
}
.hint .header {
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 14px;
margin-bottom: 3px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #e9be31;
}
#statusBar {
display: none;
}
#statusBar.success,
.flash.error, .flash.success {
margin: 10px 0;
padding: 5px 10px;
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
clear: both;
cursor: pointer;
text-align: left;
}
.flash.error {
background: #ffb0b0;
border-color: red;
}
#statusBar.success,
.flash.success {
background: #90dc90;
border-color: green;
}
.statusBarContainer {
padding-bottom: 10px;
}
/* Add page
* ----------- */
.addPageLink {
display: block;
padding: 5px;
}
.addPageLink .newPage {
display: block;
}
.addPageLink .newPage:hover {
background-color: gray;
}
.addPageLink:hover {
background-color: gray;
}
.addPageLink:hover a {
color: white;
}
#footer {
color: #555555;
font-size: 80%;
}
#footer a {
color: #555555;
}
#footer a:hover {
color: white;
background-color: black;
}
@import "forms";
| 46,197 |
c6ff2b7358c584fab7ccd92b1bc6c616
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,022 |
Michelin: Déclaration du nombre total des droits de vote et du nombre d'actions composant le capital social
|
AMF
|
French
|
Spoken
| 307 | 657 |
COMMUNIQUÉ DE PRESSE
Clermont -Ferrand, le 11 Février 2022
COMPAGNIE GÉNÉRALE DES ÉTABLISSEMENTS MICHELIN
Société en commandite par actions
Au capital de € 357 060 900
855 200 887 R.C.S. CLERMONT -FERRAND
Siège social : 23, place des Carmes -Déchaux - 63000 Clermont -Ferrand
Déclaration du nombre total des droits de vote et du nombre d'actions
composant le capital social
(articles L.233 -8 du Code de commerce et 223 -16 du règlement général
de l'Autorité des marchés financiers)
Date Nombre d'actions Nombre total de droits de vote
31/01/2022
178 530 454
Nombre de droits de vote théoriques : 242 949 411
Nombre de droits de vote exerçables : 242 949 411 *
* Compte tenu de 0 actions en auto -détention
Relations Investisseurs
Édouard de Peufeilhoux
+33 (0) 6 89 71 93 73
edouard.de -peufeilhoux@michelin.com
Flavien Huet
+33 (0) 7 77 85 04 82
flavien.huet@michelin.com
Pierre Hassaïri
+33 (0) 6 84 32 90 81
pierre.hassairi@michelin.com Relations Presse
+33 (0) 1 45 66 22 22
groupe -michelin.service.de.presse@michelin.com
Actionnaires individuels
Isabelle Maiza ud-Aucouturier
+33 (0) 4 73 32 23 05
isabelle.maizaud -aucouturier@michelin.com
Clémence Ro driguez
+33 (0) 4 73 32 15 11
clemence.daturi -rodriguez@michelin.com
AVERTISSEMENT
Ce communiqué de presse ne constitue pas une offre de vente ou la sollicitation d’une offre d’achat de
titres Michelin. Si vous souhaitez obtenir des informations plus complètes concernant Michelin, nous
vous invitons à vous reporter aux documents publics déposés en France auprès de l’Autorité des
marchés financiers, également disponibles sur notre site Internet www.michelin.com .
Ce communiqué peut contenir certaines déclarations de nature prévisionnelle. Bien que la Société
estime que ces déclarations reposent sur des hypothèses raisonnables à la date de publication du
présent document, elles sont par nature soumises à des risques et incertitudes pouvant donner lieu à un
écart entre les chiffres réels et ceux indiqués ou induits dans ces déclarations.
| 41,098 |
https://github.com/qanh96/WordToTFS/blob/master/Sources/TFS.SyncService.Contracts/InfoStorage/IInfoStorageService.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
WordToTFS
|
qanh96
|
C#
|
Code
| 147 | 358 |
using System;
namespace AIT.TFS.SyncService.Contracts.InfoStorage
{
/// <summary>
/// Interface defines functionality for info storage service used to store information for user feedback.
/// </summary>
public interface IInfoStorageService
{
/// <summary>
/// Gets all stored information.
/// </summary>
IInfoCollection<IUserInformation> UserInformation { get; }
/// <summary>
/// Removes all information items.
/// </summary>
void ClearAll();
/// <summary>
/// Adds an item to the collection.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="information">The item to add</param>
void AddItem(IUserInformation information);
/// <summary>
/// Convenience method that adds an exception.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="title">Title of the entry.</param>
/// <param name="ex">Exception to trace.</param>
void NotifyError(string title, Exception ex);
/// <summary>
/// Convenience method that adds an exception.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="title">Title of the entry.</param>
/// <param name="ex">Exception to trace.</param>
/// <param name="navigateAction">An action to execute when the user clicks the navigateTo-button in the error view</param>
void NotifyError(string title, Exception ex, Action navigateAction);
}
}
| 43,495 |
https://github.com/bookingcom/grace/blob/master/go.mod
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
grace
|
bookingcom
|
Go Module
|
Code
| 49 | 436 |
module github.com/bookingcom/grace
go 1.12
require (
github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
github.com/deckarep/golang-set v1.7.1
github.com/facebookarchive/ensure v0.0.0-20200202191622-63f1cf65ac4c
github.com/facebookarchive/freeport v0.0.0-20150612182905-d4adf43b75b9
github.com/facebookarchive/httpdown v0.0.0-20180706035922-5979d39b15c2
github.com/facebookgo/clock v0.0.0-20150410010913-600d898af40a // indirect
github.com/facebookgo/ensure v0.0.0-20200202191622-63f1cf65ac4c // indirect
github.com/facebookgo/freeport v0.0.0-20150612182905-d4adf43b75b9 // indirect
github.com/facebookgo/httpdown v0.0.0-20180706035922-5979d39b15c2 // indirect
github.com/facebookgo/stack v0.0.0-20160209184415-751773369052 // indirect
github.com/facebookgo/stats v0.0.0-20151006221625-1b76add642e4 // indirect
github.com/facebookgo/subset v0.0.0-20200203212716-c811ad88dec4 // indirect
golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200301022130-244492dfa37a
)
| 35,596 |
https://github.com/AgNO3/code/blob/master/runtime/eventlog/eu.agno3.runtime.eventlog.elasticsearch/src/main/java/eu/agno3/runtime/eventlog/elasticsearch/internal/LoggerRegistration.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,021 |
code
|
AgNO3
|
Java
|
Code
| 405 | 1,440 |
/**
* © 2016 AgNO3 Gmbh & Co. KG
* All right reserved.
*
* Created: 08.09.2016 by mbechler
*/
package eu.agno3.runtime.eventlog.elasticsearch.internal;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Dictionary;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
import org.osgi.framework.BundleContext;
import org.osgi.framework.ServiceReference;
import org.osgi.service.cm.Configuration;
import org.osgi.service.cm.ConfigurationAdmin;
import org.osgi.service.component.ComponentContext;
import org.osgi.service.component.annotations.Activate;
import org.osgi.service.component.annotations.Component;
import org.osgi.service.component.annotations.Deactivate;
import org.osgi.service.component.annotations.Reference;
import org.osgi.util.tracker.ServiceTracker;
import org.osgi.util.tracker.ServiceTrackerCustomizer;
import eu.agno3.runtime.ldap.filter.FilterBuilder;
/**
* @author mbechler
*
*/
@Component ( service = LoggerRegistration.class, immediate = true )
public class LoggerRegistration implements ServiceTrackerCustomizer<ElasticsearchLoggerConfig, LoggerRegistrationHolder> {
private static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(LoggerRegistration.class);
private static final String INSTANCE_ID = "instanceId"; //$NON-NLS-1$
private ServiceTracker<ElasticsearchLoggerConfig, LoggerRegistrationHolder> serviceTracker;
private BundleContext context;
private ConfigurationAdmin configAdmin;
@Activate
protected synchronized void activate ( ComponentContext ctx ) {
this.context = ctx.getBundleContext();
this.serviceTracker = new ServiceTracker<>(this.context, ElasticsearchLoggerConfig.class, this);
this.serviceTracker.open();
}
@Deactivate
protected synchronized void deactivate ( ComponentContext ctx ) {
if ( this.serviceTracker != null ) {
this.serviceTracker.close();
this.serviceTracker = null;
}
this.context = null;
}
@Reference
protected synchronized void setConfigurationAdmin ( ConfigurationAdmin cm ) {
this.configAdmin = cm;
}
protected synchronized void unsetConfigurationAdmin ( ConfigurationAdmin cm ) {
if ( this.configAdmin == cm ) {
this.configAdmin = null;
}
}
/**
* @param cfgRef
* @param cfg
* @throws IOException
*/
protected void updateConfiguration ( ServiceReference<ElasticsearchLoggerConfig> cfgRef, Configuration cfg ) throws IOException {
Dictionary<String, Object> cfgProps = new Hashtable<>();
String cfgInstanceId = (String) cfgRef.getProperty(INSTANCE_ID);
cfgProps.put(INSTANCE_ID, cfgInstanceId);
FilterBuilder fb = FilterBuilder.get();
cfgProps.put(
"LoggerConfig.target", //$NON-NLS-1$
fb.eq(INSTANCE_ID, cfgInstanceId).toString());
cfg.update(cfgProps);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @see org.osgi.util.tracker.ServiceTrackerCustomizer#addingService(org.osgi.framework.ServiceReference)
*/
@Override
public LoggerRegistrationHolder addingService ( ServiceReference<ElasticsearchLoggerConfig> ref ) {
ElasticsearchLoggerConfig service = this.context.getService(ref);
if ( service == null || ! ( ref.getProperty("instanceId") instanceof String ) ) { //$NON-NLS-1$
log.warn("Does not have instanceId set"); //$NON-NLS-1$
return null;
}
String instanceId = (String) ref.getProperty("instanceId"); //$NON-NLS-1$
LoggerRegistrationHolder holder = new LoggerRegistrationHolder();
try {
if ( log.isDebugEnabled() ) {
log.debug("Creating backend and reader configuration for " + instanceId); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
Configuration backend = this.configAdmin.createFactoryConfiguration(ElasticsearchLoggerBackendImpl.INTERNAL_PID);
holder.setBackend(backend);
updateConfiguration(ref, backend);
Configuration reader = this.configAdmin.createFactoryConfiguration(ElasticsearchLogReaderImpl.INTERNAL_PID);
holder.setReader(reader);
updateConfiguration(ref, reader);
}
catch ( IOException e ) {
log.warn("Failed to create elasticsearch configuration", e); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
return holder;
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @see org.osgi.util.tracker.ServiceTrackerCustomizer#modifiedService(org.osgi.framework.ServiceReference,
* java.lang.Object)
*/
@Override
public void modifiedService ( ServiceReference<ElasticsearchLoggerConfig> ref, LoggerRegistrationHolder holder ) {
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @see org.osgi.util.tracker.ServiceTrackerCustomizer#removedService(org.osgi.framework.ServiceReference,
* java.lang.Object)
*/
@Override
public void removedService ( ServiceReference<ElasticsearchLoggerConfig> ref, LoggerRegistrationHolder holder ) {
if ( holder != null ) {
try {
holder.unregister();
}
catch ( IOException e ) {
log.warn("Failed to unregister logger"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
}
}
}
| 34,244 |
US-379873D-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 483 | 702 |
Daniel macnee
(No Model.)
' D. MAUNEE. f
GAR AXLE BOX.
No. 379,873. Patented Mar. 20, 1888.
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE DANIEL MAGNEE, OF NO. 2 WESTMINSTER CHAMBERS, VICTORIA STREET, COUNTY OF MIDDLESEX, ENGLAND.
CAR-AXLE BOX.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 379,873, dated March 20, 1888.
Application filed January 26, 1888. Serial No. 261,941.
To all whom it may concern:
Be it known that I, DANIEL MAONEE, a subject of the Queen ofEngland, residing at No. 2 \Vestminster Chambers, Victoria Street, in the county of Middlesex, England, engineer, have invented an Improvement in Axle-Boxes for Railway Rolling-Stock, of which the following is a specification.
Hy invention relates to means of preventing access of dust or grit to the axle boxes of railway rollingstock, and so preventing,toalarge extent, much of the friction and wear which result from the entrance of gritty particles mostly at that side of the box which is next to the wheel. For this purpose I form in the side of the box next to the wheel a circular groove concentric with the axle, and in this groove I insert a ring, which may be of soft metal or alloy or of iron or hard wood, with springs arranged in the groove behind it, so as to press it outward against the boss of the wheel.
The accompanying drawing is a longitudinal section of an axle-box of ordinary construction modified according to my invention.
A is the axle; B, the bush.
W is part of the boss of one of the running wheels, against which the ring R is pressed by several springs, S, arranged behind it in the circular groove G, which is formed in the inner face of the axle-box. The ring R, thus (No model.)
pressed against the boss W of the revolving wheel, and being capable of moving to and fro with it in the transverse oscillations of the axle, forms a joint practically tight, which prevents access of dust or grit on the inner side of the axle-box, the outer side of which is closed by a cover and lid, L, in the usual way.
Having thus described the nature of my invention and the best means I know of carrying it out in practice, I claim In combination with an axle-box for railway rolling-stock, a packing-ring fitted in agroove formed in the inner side of the box and pressed against the boss of the running wheel by springs arranged in the groove behind the said ring, substantially as and for the purpose herein set forth.
In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification,in the presence of two subscribing witnesses, this 13th day of January, A. D. 1888.
DAN. MACNEE. lVitnesses:
OLIVER IMRAY, Patent Agent, 28 Southampton Buildings, London,
M10. 1?. M. MILLARD, Clerk to Messrs. Abel 0% Barely, Consulting Eng lueers and Patent Agents, 28 Southampton Buildings, London, W C.
| 22,611 |
bub_gb_4xT4CjwKmocC_29
|
Italian-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,839 |
Le vite degli uomini illustri Plutarco 2
|
None
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 6,588 | 11,280 |
Il maggiore di questi figliuoli, salito sul tetto della casa, si gettò giù capovolto, ciò che alcuno aspettato mai non sarebbe. Benché ne fosse però assai male concio, pur non morì : ma sollevato fu, quantunque gridasse e si sdegnasse che gli fosse impedito il morire. Tolomeo poi, come sentite eh già le cose, diale commissione che il corpo di Cleomene circondato fosse di cuoio e sospeso in alto, e che uccisi fossero i di lui figliuoli e la madre, con le altre donne che lo circondavano, fra le quali trovavasi la moglie di Pantea, donna bellissima e di fattezze nobilissime. Sposata già di Pantea, e nel maggior fervore dei loro affetti a incontrarono tali sciagure. Subito da principio volò già ella navigare insieme con Panteo, ma ciò non le permisero i genitori, e la tennero a viva forza rinchiusa. Poco dopo, procacciatosi un cavallo, e alcuni pochi danari, di notte tempo fuggì, e a tutto corso portossi a Tenaro, ed ivi montò in una nave che partiva alla volta di Egitto. Andatasene così a ritrovare il marito suo, tollerati aveva senza afflizione e lietamente insieme con esso i disagi della vita in quel paese straniero. Allora pertanto conduceva ella per mano Cratesiclea, mentre da' soldati veniva tratta al suppicio, e ne sostentava il peplo, ed esortava a star d’animo forte; ne Cratesiclea sbigottita era già dall’ imminente sua morte, ma chiedeva questo solo, di essere fatta morire prima di quei fanciulli. Con tutto ciò, arrivati che furono al luogo dove. soliti erano i ministri di compiere sì fatte la virtù non può venir ingiuriata dalla forza, le esecuzioni, scannarono prima i fanciulli, poi. Pochi giorni dopo, quelli che sotto gli occhi stessi di Cratiaele, e poi lei stessa videro il corpo di Cleomene sospeso altresì, che altro non disse in tanti la forca, videro un drago assai grande, guai se non se: O figliuoli miei, a che si è avvicinato eragli intorno al capo e te colpì coi giunti! La moglie poscia di Pan- coprì il volto, acciocché veruno uccello carnivorò non andasse ad attaccarvisi. cintosi d'intorno il pallio, si prendeva cura, Quindi preso fu il re da superstizione e da senso, senza far parola e quietamente, di ben accetto tema, e quindi cominciavano le donne a far comporre, per quanto le era possibile, delle espiazioni, come se fosse stato tolto di lì possibile, ognuna delle altre donne che aveva vita un personaggio caro agli Dei, e di una uccisione veranica: alla finalmente dopo tutte, natura da più dell’umana: e gli Alessandrini componendo pure se stessa, e distendendo drappelli là tutti correrano, chiamando Climeo giù il pallio, e non permettendo che venisse eroe e figlio degli Dei: se non che ad esso le si accostasse, né che pur la mirasse, acchetarsi poi vennero le persone più sagge, mostrando la ragione di una tale cosa commessa, incontrò la morte eroicamente, e dicendo che, siccome i corpi dei buoi senza aver punto bisogno di chi poi l'accomoda, quando siano corrotti, nasce fanno le pecche, e la ricoprisse: così fattamente conservò, e quei dei cavalli le vespe, e quello anche in morte l'onestà dell'animo degli asini gli scarafaggi, così pure i corpi suo, e guardò il suo corpo con quella cura umana, allora che guastandosi gli umori con cui guardato sempre aveva in vito. Così: della midolla, concorrono e si stringono, avendo Lacedonia rappresentata insieme, nasce fanno i serpenti: il che ora in questa tragedia di donne un valore servato avendo gli antichi, fatto hanno emulo di quello degli uomini nell’estreme circostanze più calamitose, vide fece che il drago. ANNOTAZIONI Le fonti, onde Plutarco trasse questa colla virtù. Molte opere virtuose per la vita, se ne-bran essere i Commentari d’Arago, si farebbero se non apportassero fa ina relazione cominciavano alquanto innanzi i tempi degli autori. Di Arato medesimo, che scrivevano fino allo scrivere qualcosa di Avvi qualche oscurità in queste limande fino all'anno 140, cioè fino all'anno 320 innanzi il so. Lo si spiega così: l'autore, nella testimonianza di Polibio, si era tentato di quelle cose, le quali bene scritte di là comincia la sua Storia; e dopo il gettito che erano poco oneste, ma che nel Commentari d'Arato quelli di Baton da sero disoneste (perché è solo qui i Sinope, che scrisse pure delle cose di Perse e sappi che è turpe ciò che non è onesto sia, di tiranni d'Efeso, di tirannide di Sicilia, di Filagrio, di Timoleonte di Siracusa; la Storia di Filagrio, il quale da Polibio per vero dire si riconosce, cui aveva dedicato queste vittorie giudica più passionato che vero; e in fine i Non si conosce in l'anno una «Commentari laconici di Sibbero Storico», tal nome; onde alcuni citano Serio da Siro, discepolo di Zenone di Cizio, e precettore, che nel testo convenga leggere Cleomene. antico nome veramente è una civiltà. Quelli che andavano per consiglio alla Quest'oracolo, dov'erano di dormire nel tempio, ove la Dea dava loro in sogno le sue risposte. Cicerone, de Div. lib. 1, ne parla così: Alcuni anche che predevano Lacedaemoniis, soddisfatti del contento vigilando, in Pasiphae fono, che è in agro prossimo alla città, mandavano causa excubabant, quia vera quietis oracula ducebant. Nel qual testo il Dacier crede che manchi il nome della città, non potendosi intendere di Sparti. Nome composto da due vocaboli: vxit ya vvv, cioè mostrare a tutti. Pausania dice invece Parta. Intendo Lisandro, Mandroclide, Agesilao ed Acide stesso. Fu di Mileto, celebre poeta ditirammuco e gran musico. Egli aveva fatto peggio anche di Frinide, giacché aveva aggiunto alla lira l'undicesima e duodecima corda. Sparta fece un decreto severissimo contro di lui. Cioè l'abolizione dei debiti, e la divisione dei campi in uguali porzioni fra tutti i cittadini. Ottima ragione, poiché gli Etoli non avrebbero potuto fare gran danno dando il guasto alla campagna, essendo tutto il raccolto dentro alle città e nei luoghi murati, cui non era possibile prendere a assalto. Il Crusero e lo Xilandro vogliono che si legga: ijs rov x*>.oó(asvov Kjùì3*v; e i lessici greci spiegano il vocabolo Cauada per carcere regio, di cui anche Tucidide fa menzione. Altri dicono però che la Decade era una parte del carcere diversa dalla Cauada. Era questi Megistone. Il testo dice presso quella stessa città; e lo Xilandro crede che debba intendersi Megalopoli. Non si trova menzione di questa città. Però alcuni propongono di leggere Alea città d'Arcadia, menzionata da molti. Non avvi a città conosciuta di questo nome, e vari eruditi sospettano che debba leggersi Losione, ch'è veramente una città d’Elide. Confesso (dice il Dacier) di non comprendere come Antigono volesse far passare con navi il suo esercito da Erae, eh nell’Arcadia lungo l’Alfeo, a Siconca. Io credo (soggiunge) che o la parola Erae sia corrotta, o che vi fosse di questo nome qualche altra città diversa da quella d’Arcadia. Non può negarsi che Euclida non sia morto da guerriero generoso, ma non può darglisi lode di buon capitano; e Polibio ha dimostrato che la battaglia si perdé per sua colpa. Egli morì l’ultimo anno dell'Olimpiade CXI, 249 anni prima dell’Era Cristiana. Tolomeo Filopatore. Il Reiske avverte che in questo luogo la voce è di genere femminile: che la madre di Agatocle vinse detta ruffiana della propria figliuola, perchè l’aveva prostituita a Tolomeo. Cleomene parla da uomo virtuoso, nella persuasione che un re non possa avere ministri più affezionati dei propri fratelli. La storia però attesta che i fratelli di quasi tutti i re furono i loro nemici più pericolosi. I fratricidi, al dir di Plutarco stesso nella Vita di Demetrio, erano nelle case regie così frequenti, che, all’udirne alcun nuovo, non se ne dubitava più che degli assiomi della geometria. Era questo Dio, come tutti sanno, un bue di certa forma e colore, cui i sacerdoti d’Egitto cercavano e nudrivano con grande sollecitudine. (24) Il Dacier osserva benissimo che il serpente s’attaccò a quella parte del corpo ch’era scoperta, le altre erano circondate di cuoio, sicché il prodigio viene interamente a svanire. Ma non è pregio dell’opera lo spendere parole a confutare simili cose. Educazione dei Gracchi, e loro carattere, Maritaggio di Tiberio, e prime campagne sotto Sesto Africano il Giovane, e sua questura, Fa un trattato coi Numidiani per la salva dell’armata, Imprende a ristabilire l'uso di dare ai poveri terre del dominio, Saggezza di questa legge, e discorso onde ci si appoggia, Oppone il tribuno Ottavio, Altre due leggi proposte da lui, Fa deporre Ottavio dal tribunato, Mette la moglie e i figli sotto la protezione del popolo, Legge che ordina sia divisa tra i poveri l'eredità di Attalo, Rimproverato della deposizione di Ottavio difende il fatto, Altre leggi da lui proposte, Presagi a lui funesti, È avvertito che dal senato si trama la sua morte, Nasica esce dal senato per andare a ucciderlo, Tiberio muore, ed è gettato nel Tevere, Nasica è costretto ad abbandonare Roma e muore a Pergamo, Vita ritirata di Caio dopo la morte del fratello, Come è impegnato a camminare sulle orme di lui, Sua lodevole condotta in Sardegna, Corre a Roma, ove si giustifica di tutte le accuse dategli, Sua elezione al tribuno, Leggi da lui proposte, e favore grandissimo che ci si guadagna dal popolo col suo operato, Mezzo tentato dal senato per diminuire il credito di lui, È nominato commissario per il ristabilimento di Cartagine, Presagi funesti che accompagnano questa operazione, Ritorna a Roma: richiede il tribunato, ed ha una repulsa dal senato in quel turbamento di cose affillaume al consolo Opimio la salute della repubblica, Tumulto cagionato dall'uccisione di un littore d’Opimio, Caio è scongiurato dallo sposo di non andare nel foro, e vi va e muore, Onore reso dal popolo alla memoria dei Gracchi. Esposto avendo noi il primo racconto, non minori sciagure abbiamo ora da considerare in una coppia romana, mettendo in confronto le due vite di Tiberio ediacio a quelle due greche. Figliuoli erano questi di quel Titano Gracco, che, quantunque stato fosse censor dei Romani, e due volte stato consolo, e trionfato avesse due volte, maggior lustro non di meno aveva dalla propria virtù che da questi onori. Ond'è che dopo la morte di Scipione, il quale sconfisse Annibale, tenuto fu di degno sposare Cornelia, di lui figliuola, tante non fosse già stato amico di Scipione, in alcune stato gli fosse anzi contrario. Si narra che una volta ritrovò egli nel letto suo due draghi, e che gli indovini, considerato avendo un tale portento, non gli permisero né di ucciderli tutti e due, né di lasciarli tutti e due andare via, ma determinatamente di uccidere il maschio, apprese morte a Tiberio, e morte apporterebbe a Cornelia la uccisione della femmina. che Tiberio, il quale amava la moglie e pensava che, essendola ancora giovane e lui vecchio, si convenisse più a sé il fare il padre che a lei, uccise il maschio, con via poi andando la femmina per poi morire, lanciando dodici figliuoli e ché da Cornelia. Presa avendosi Cornelia tra i figliuoli e della casa, si mostra tanto saggia, e così a volte indignata alla prole e così magnanima, tale parca e talmente caritativo non si fosse mal consigliato in fatto di morire, egli in vece di una tale moglie, la quale ricusò sposarsi al re Tolemaide, ne agognava le nozze, e furiosa voleva per del suo diadema; e rimanendosi vedovo, avendo gli altri figliuoli, si restarono se non se una fanciulla. Consorte poi diede a Scipione minore, e due portato Tenia spesso volte dall’ira, alzava fanciulli, Tiberio e Caio che sono quelli in strillando la voce e prorompeva in improviso attorno a’ quali scrivimmo queste cose; ed a' prossimi, e tutto sconvolgeva il ragionamento, volli con tanto studio, che, sebbene per la qual cosa, metter volendo ei riparo comune consenso sortito avesser nuovi a questi suoi sviamenti, fece che, nel tentando un’ottima indole sopra tutti i Repubblicani egli arringava, un servo suo, chiamato sembra nulla ostante che per l'acquisto Licinio, uomo non privo di buon carattere della virtù statai siano meglio ancora scernimento, gli stessi dietro alle spalle con educati che nati non erano. Ma poiché, sicuramente di quegli strumenti con cui regola la simiglianza che hanno i due pianoforti e tuono alle voci, acciò che, senza l'influenza di Giove, rappresentatici da’ pittori, tendendolo a esasperarsi e proiettandolo in impeti furibondi da dipintori, ha pur qualche difesa ne’ loro asciti di distinguere il suono molle e temperato; e quindi egli, giù dal cursore; così la grande conformità moderando subitamente quel suo trasporto, che di due giovanetti avevano in quanto alla passione e alla voce, si mitigava, alla fortezza, alla temperanza, alla libertà e agevolmente richiamato era in via. Qualità, all'eloquenza, e alla grandezza dell'animo, aveva pure differenze grandi, che, per fra loro. Ma in quanto poi al valore contro cosi dire, fiorirono e vedersi fecero per intorno, alla giustizia verso de’ sudditi, mezzo le operazioni loro e la maniera che alla cura e diligenza intorno alle istituzioni che sostenevano, e alla temperanza in quella; sembrami che non sia per tornar male riguardo alle voluttà, non eravi di sommi esporre prima qui tali cose. Primamente l'uguaglianza veruna. Egli è il primo degli oratori che ritirasse il pallio, colpito appena dalla passione, e percuotesse la coscia. Il parlare poi, cura e celebre, era così terribile e trasportato dalla passione al maggior segno; e più soave era quel auguri, ben più in grazia della sua virtù, di Tiberio, e più atto a eccitare commozione che della illustre sua nascita. E ciò mostra l'orazione; e, perciò che spetta allo stile, quel tono fu palesemente da Appio Claudio, perso di Tiberio era puro e lavorato con esattezza, sostenuto aveva l’ufficio di colpisco, e quel di Caio accento era a persuadere solo e di censore, e che, per la sua dignità, re, e splendido tutto e sfarzoso. Così pure il primo posto occupava nel senato romano, anche intorno alla maniera dei vivere e dalla gran lunga superava in assennatezza gli altri. Tiberio era frugale e semplice, e l'altro tutto del tempo suo, perciò che Caio era bensì temperato e austero in confronto degli altri, ma in confronto del fratello suo, magnanimo era e sontuoso, onde con le maniere più amichevoli e affettuose, Druso ebbe a riprendere lo scelse in sposo alla propria figliuola. Aveva certe tavole d'argento da vendere a Tiberio, ben volentieri aderì, ed essendosi così approvata la cosa, Appio traspermò libbra. In quanto al costume poi, erano nossi a casa, e non tosto sulla soglia fu diverso allo stesso modo che nel parere della porta, che chiamò sua moglie, gridando; vale a dire l'uno placido e mite, l'altro dando ad alta voce: "O Autisticus", io prometto aspro e animoso; a segno che, anche sapendo in consorte la nostra Claudia. Dalle controvérsie sua volontà, mentre concionava, tras, qual cosa meravigliando ai Senatori, che concludendo che Visto disse, tanta sollecitudine? a che tanta fretta? Li trovi forse per marito un Tiberio Gracco? Non mi è ignoto che alcuni riferiscono ciò all'altro Tiberio, padre di questi Gracchi, a Scipione africano; ma dalla maggior parte degli storici si narra la cosa come la scriviamo noi: e Polibio racconta che, dopo la morte di Scipione africano, i parenti scelsero fra tutti gli altri quel Tiberio per darlo in sposa a Cornelia, siccome quella che non era né maritata né promessa dal padre. Il giovane Tiberio, pertanto, militando in Libia sotto il secondo Scipione, che marito era di una sua sorella, e vivendo sotto un padiglione medesimo col condottiero, venne ben presto a rilevare quale fosse la sua vera natura, che molte e grandi cose faceva per destare reazione di virtù, ed emulazione d'imitare le sue imprese. Subitamente però si distinse egli sopra tutti gli altri giovani in subordinazione e in valore, e il primo fu a salire sulle mura dei nemici, come racconta Fannio, dicendo che pure anche lui medesimo vi salì insieme con Tiberio stesso, e fu a parte anch’egli di quella prodezza. Mentre Tiberio si mantenne quivi, grande affezione portataagli dalla milizia, e, quando poi se ne partì, vi lasciò gran desiderio di se. Dopo quella spedizione eletto venne questore, e gli toccò a sorte di andarne a militare contro i Numantini sotto il consolo Caio Mancino, uomo non tristo, ma sventuratissimo fra tutti i condottieri romani; e però nelle stravaganze della fortuna, e nelle avversità alle quali soggetto fu quel personaggio, vie più maggiormente spiccò non solo la prudenza e la fortezza di Tiberio, ma inoltre, e ciò era veramente ammirabile, la molta riverenza e il grande onore che portava al suo comandante, il quale era a tale ridotto dalle sciagure, che più conoscerne non sapeva se stesso per condottiero. queste vane parole, pur le tavole di Tiberio, ve le scritture contenenti ed i conti dell'ufficio suo di questore: e, tenendo egli cosa di grande importanza il ricupero dopo che l'esercito messo già s'era in via, tornossene addietro, e portossi a Narbona, menando seco tre o quattro compagnie. Chiamatine quindi fuori i condenti della città, chiese che recatene alla sera le tavole, acciocché non venisse data opportunità ai suoi nemici di calunniarlo, quando non avesse maniera di starli a guardare intorno all'amministrazione. Rallegratisi però i Numantini che, per tale accidente, avessero bisogno di invitare ad entrare in città; e che, fermato s'era ad essi, deliberarono, avvicinatisi a lui, il sor per mano, e con grandi istanze il garantirono che più tenerli non volero nemici, ma che volevano anzi usarli come amici e fidarsi di loro. Parve adunque al Tiberio di acconsentire loro, sia per desiderio di riavere le tavole, che si ancora per di non irritarli col mostrare dissenso; trattato che egli fu nella città, gli fece subito un pranzo, e fecergli le più lusinghe perché si mettesse a mensa, e si sedesse anch’egli qualche cosa insieme con loro; indi gli restituì le tavole, ed andò a prendersi da quelle spoglie quanto altra cosa ei voleva; ma egli al prese che l’incenso di cui servi vasi nelle pubblici sacrifice, e partì dopo aver affettuosamente abbracciati quei personaggi. Ricandosi egli tornati in Roma, venne tacciato e biasimato, quanto egli faceva, come cosa incomportabile e di obbrogio alla città. Ma i parenti e gli amici dei soldati, che una gran parte formavano del popolo, concorsero intorno a Tiberio, rifacendo al comandante tutto ciò che v’era di vergognoso in quell'accomodamento, e dicendo che per Tiberio medesimo salvi erano tanti cittadini. Pure coloro, che disgustati erano sopra quelle convenzioni, pretendevano che si dovesse imitare l’esempio di quegli antichi, che mandarono ignudi ai nemici quei capi, i quali contenti si erano d’essere lasciati andare da’ Sanniti; mandarono via pure similmente anche gli altri che avevano ingerenza in quelle convenzioni, come i questori e i tribuni, rivolgendo così, sulle preoccupazioni, la violazione del giuramento e dei patti. Ora, in tale circostanza, principalmente manifestò il popolo la benivoglienza e la premura che aveva per Tiberio. Conciossiache, decretò che dato fosse il console ignudo e legato in mano dei Sannitensi, e perdonò agli altri tutti in grazia di Tiberio. E’ pare che giovò abbiagli anche Scipione, che in allora personaggio era grandissimo, e di sommo potere fra’ Romani. Ma non diminuendo data fu tacita a Scipione medesimo, perché salvato non avesse anche Mancino, e procurato che confermate fossero le convenzioni di pace coi Numantini, seguite già per opera di Tiberio, familiare ed amico suo. Sembra che la massima parte della dissidenza quindi insorta fra loro due, prodotta fosse dall'ambizione di Tiberio stesso e da' di lui amici e da' filosofi che lo esaltavano; pur non ne seguì già inimicizia irreconciliabile, né vento tristo effetto: anzi, io credo che mai caduto non sarebbe Tiberio in quelle calamità che ebbe di soffrire, se a' di lui maneggi politici si fosse trovato presente Scipione africano, il quale trovasse vasi allora a guerreggiare sotto Numanzia; e in quel tempo appunto s'accinse Tiberio a voler riformare la repubblica con nuove leggi, e per questa causa. Di tutte le terre, che acquistando andavano colla guerra i Romani da’ confinanti, ne vendevano una parte, e rendevano l’altra di ragione del pubblico, e distribuiva nella ai cittadini e indigenti e mendici, che ne pagavano una moderata contribuzione all’ erario. Ma, incominciato avendo i doviziosi ad esibire contribuzioni maggiori, e in tal maniera scacciando essi i poveri, fu fatta legge la quale proibiva il possedere più di cinquecento iugeri di terreno: e una tale determinazione represse per alcun poco di tempo l’avidità dei ricchi e diede soccorso ai poveri, che si rimanendone nei poderi ad esso loro allogati, e godevano i proventi di quella porzione che da prima stata era a ciascuno assegnata. Ma in progresso poi di tempo, trasferendosi i doviziosi confinanti in sé medesimi col mezzo di supposte persone quelle allegagno, e alla fine tenendone già palesemente moltissime sotto il proprio loro nome, i poveri, che se ne vedevano espulsi, più non si portavano di buona voglia alle guerre, nè più si prendevano cura di allevare i figlioli, di modo che l’Italia tutta era per esser ben tosto spopolata in gran parte di uomini liberi, e ripiena in vece di schiavi barbari, col mezzo dei quali i ricchi lavoravano le terre, donde scacciati avevano i loro cittadini. Caio Lelio, pertanto, amico di Scipione, intrapreso aveva di voler correggere un tale pregiudizio; ma, opposte essendogli si le persone più potente, egli, intimoritosi del tumulto, se ne rimase; e quindi chiamato fu saggio, o sia pulente (imperciocché pare che il vocabolo sapiens significhi l'uno e l'altro). Tillio però, essendosi essendo creato tribuno della plebe, s’accinse tosto alla medesima impresa, invitato vi, per quanto dalla maggior parte si dice, dal retore Diofane e dal filosofo Blossio (era quello un bandito mitileneo, e questi era d’Italia e Cuoiano, usato aveva in Roma familiarmente con Antipatro da Tarso, da cui onorato fu colla dedicazione dei libri suoi filosofici. Alcuni dicono che ne fu causa anche la di lui madre Cornelia, la quale rimproverava spesse volte ai suoi figlioli, che chiamata per ancora ella venisse da’ Romani la suocera di Scipione, e non ancora la madre dei Gracchi. Altri poi asseriscono che la cagione ne fu un certo Spurio Postumio coetaneo di Tiberio, e suo emulo nel cercare di acquistarsi gloria col patrocinare: e però Tiberio, al tornarsene dalla guerra, trovato avendo che questo Spurio andato ormai innanzi di molto in estimazione e in possanza, cassai veniva ammirato, volle, com’è probabile, superarlo, mettermelo alle spalle. La monna id una operazione politica così ardimentosa, per la quale stivatisi tutti in grande aspettazione. Il suo fratello Caio scrisse in un certo suo libro, che Tiberio, portandosi a Numanzia per la Provincia, e vedendo dei campi deserti, erano, e che gli agricoltori e i pastori erano tutte persone fatte venire da altrove e barbariche, si mise allora in capo di voler fare quell’azione che fu a essi principio di mali infiniti. Ma il popolo stesso, per altro quel fu principalmente quello che accese in lui un tale desiderio di una siffatta ambizione, incitandolo col mezzo di scritture attaccate a muri e a monumenti, a far recuperare ai poveri i beni di ragione del pubblico. Pura non formò già egli la legge da per sé solo, ma intorno a ciò consigliossi con quei cittadini che i principali in virtù erano e in credito, fra i quali vera Crasso il pontefice massimo, Mucio Scevola il giureconsulto e allora console, ed Appio Claudio il suo figlio di Tiberio medesimo: e pare che contro una tale ingiustizia e sopracchiera non sia mai stata fatta legge più mansueta e più dolce di quella. Conciossiache, quando era d’uopo che quegli usurpatori pagassero la pena della loro pervicacia, e che rimossi fossero con castigo da quei beni che si godevano in contro le leggi, Tiberio ordinò in vece che, ricevendone essi il prezzo, rinunciasse le terre ingiustamente da loro possedute, e date quindi fossero in mano di quei cittadini che bisogno avevano di soccorso. Pura, quantunque così benigna fosse una tale riforma, il popolo si contentava bensì, scordandosi le cose passate, d’essere sicuro dall’ingiustizia per l’avvenire, ma i ricchi ed i facoltosi, avendo in abominio per effetto dell'avarizia la legge, e per disdegno e per ostinazione il legislatore, si sforzavano di superare il popolo stesso con dire che Tiberio introducva quella divisione per confondere la repubblica, e per tutte sconvolgere le cose. Ciò nulla ostante non potevano essi ottenere nulla. A tali discorsi che, mossi da grande animo- sità e da un sentimento di verace passione, si spargevan sul popolo, il quale riempiasi quindi d’entusiasmo e si sollevava , non erari fra i di lui avversari chi si opponesse. Lasciato avendo adunque costoro il contraddetto, si rivolsero a Marco Ottavio, uno dei tribuni del popolo, giovane di costumi gravi e modesti, e, di più, amico e famigliare di Tiberio. Questi Ottavio, però, in sé le prime, per effetto di vera modestia in riguardo a lui, schivava di opporsi a lui; ma, venendo quasi quasi costretto dalla forza delle preghiere e dalle suppliche di molti personaggi autorevoli e poderosi, si alzò finalmente contro lo stesso Tiberio, e si mise ad impedire quella legge. Ora fra i tribuni la vince sempre quello che si oppone: perciocché nulla ottengono gli altri, tutti col loro volere, se uno solo di essi contrario sia. Per la quale cosa, esacerbatosi Tiberio in vederci ciò, rimosse quella legge così leniente, e ne produsse un’altra più gioconda al popolo e più terribile agli usurpatori ordinando che rinunziassero subito a quei terreni che possedevano e godevano contro le antiche determinazioni. Avevano pertanto ogni giorno a contenderle insieme su la rinviera egli ed Ottavio; ma, quantunque ambedue contrastassero con estrema premura ed ostinazione, raccontasi non di meno che non si disse mai nulla di contumelioso, che mai per collera non uscisse loro dalla bocca parola alcuna disconvenevole. Con ciò perché l'essere bene educato e moderante raffrena e modera (per quello che appare) la mente nostra non solo nei canali, ma negli impeti ancora della collera. in contrasto ambiziosi. Veggendo poi Tiberio e Ottavio, pur soggetto ad andare ad una tale legge, siccome quelli che possedevano molti campi di ragione del pubblico, si fecero a pregarlo che rimuovesse si volesse da quella ostinazione, promettendogli di pagargliene il prezzo e lo stesso delle proprie sue facoltà, quantunque non fossero già molto grandi. Ma, poiché Ottavio comportò ciò non volle, Tiberio allora impedì con un editto a tutti gli altri magistrati il potere operare nulla, l'intanto che deciso non fosse intorno a quella legge con voti; e chiuse il tempio di Saturno con i suoi propri sigilli, acciocché i questori non potessero né portarvi né levare cosa alcuna; e intimò la pena a quei pretori che avessero disobbedito; cosicché tutti intimoriti si abbandonarono alle rispettive loro amministrazioni. I facoltosi intanto, cambiatisi le vestimenta, se n'andavano attorno per la piazza in una figura miserabile e abbietta; ma nascosamente tendevano insidie a Tiberio, evero in agguato sicarii che gli togliessero la vita. Per questa cosa egli pure, senza tenerci punto celato ad alcuno, si cinse al di sotto una di quelle armi da ladri, le quali chiamate sono bolle. Venuto poi il giorno determinato, e chiamatosi da Tiberio il popolo a dare i voti, portarono via furono da' ricchi le urne; il che produceva grande sconvolgimento. I fautori di Tiberio in butta quantità erano che potevano benissimo usare la forza e già si univano insieme per questo effetto: se non che Manlio e Fulvio, personaggi consolari, gettatisi a piedi di Tiberio, e toccandogli le mani e versando lacrime, lo supplicarono di voler desistere; e Tiberio, considerando allora le terribili conseguenze che già erano per avvenire, e preso pure sentendosi da rispetto verso di lui, gli domandò cosa volessero che egli si facesse. Eglino però gli risposero che da tanto non erano di poter dargli consiglio intorno a cose di sì grande rilievo; pur facendogli istanza e, pregandolo che si rimettesse al senato, finalmente lo persuasero. Ritorna alla ricerca, avendo Ottavio una tale preghiera, Tiberio allora disse, che, essendo egli anch'io tribuno e di uguale autorità, e dissentendo intorno a cose di somma importanza, possibilmente non era che passasse il tempo di quella loro dignità senza guerra; e che però egli non vi vedeva se non un solo rimedio, il quale era di deporre uno o l'altro la carica; e istanza fece ad Ottavio perche egli ordinasse al popolo di dare i voti intorno a ciò, sottomettendovisi prima Tiberio stesso, e dicendo che ben tosto era egli per deporre la carica per diventar persona privata, se cosi fosse paruto bene ai cittadini. Ma, ricusato avendo Ottavio di farlo, Tiberio disse che lo avrebbe fatto avrebbe dato i voti sopra di esso, quanti esso, doppiamente avendo intorno a ciò consultato, non cambiasse consiglio: e allora intanto licenziò l'assemblea. Il giorno seguente poi, unito essendosi il popolo, Tiberio medesimo, salito sulla ringhiera, procurò nuovamente di persuadere Ottavio: ma, rimanendosi costui tuttavia immutabile nella sua opinione, propose il partito di levargli il tribunato; e chiamò subito i cittadini a dare il voto. Essendo le tribù trentacinque, ed avendo già diciassette dato il voto contro di Ottavio, cosicché bastava un’altra sola per che ci fosse de posto, Tiberio comandò che si fermassero, e si fece a pregare ancora lo stesso Ottavio, abbracciandolo e baciandolo in faccia al popolo, e lo scongiurava che non volesse né assoggettare sé medesimo a tale infamia, né farlo scontrato lui fosse d’aver proposto una così aspra e severa determinazione. Raccontasi che, mentre Ottavio non poteva udire le preghiere senza un po' di commovimento e ammonirsi; che aveva gli occhi pieni di lacrime, e a lungo si stette senza dir nulla: ma, volto poi con lo sguardo ai ricchi e facoltosi, che raccolti lì ivi, è pare che vergognato egli si sia, e avuto abbia timore di non incontrare infamia appreso loro ed ogni trattamento più fiero; e pro con animo non privo di generosità disse a Tiberio, che seguitasse pure a fare quanto voleva. Essendosi così approvata quella misura. determinazione, Tiberio commise ad un dei suoi liberti di grande gusto, di umori corrotti, cosicché ne derivò libera giustizia: e, quantunque la ghisa (perché serviva e per ministri dei altro fuoco vi recassero, non poterono però di suoi propri liberti), e ciò comparve fece bel nuovo accenderla, se prima trasportato Ottavio un oggetto più compassionevole, non ebbero in altro luogo il cadavere, a cui mentre giù tratto veniva per contumelia, non si attaccò il luogo se non a grande facilitate popolo poi mosso si era per avventarsi a lui e dopo molta briga. Tiberio inoltre, per sopra; ma, accorsi essendovi i ricchi, e ricavare incitare il popolo vie maggiormente, vedendo gli assalitori, fecero sì che Ottavio restasse a lutto, e presentando i figli suoi a mala pena, cavato fuori da al popolo stesso, il pregava di aver cura di quella città, salvossi fuggì: ma a uno di essi e della loro madre, consegnò si tenesse giù lui servo fedele, che gli stava dinanzi per istruito. Mancato essendo in tanto di difendendo, cavati furono gli occhi con dislivello Attalo Filopatore, Eudemo per piacere di Tiberio, che, come udì il fatto, meno portò il di lui testamento a Roma, e senz'altro corse là tosto con tutta fretta a sedare nel quale instituivasi erede di quel re il popolo romano. Subitamente allora Tiberio, intorno al dividere i campi, ed eletti venne per far piacere al popolo, produsse legge e che i danari di Attalo trasportati fossero a la divisione dei campi medesimi, Tiberio a Roma, e somministrati a quei cittadini che lo stesso, e Appio Claudio suo suocero, e sua porzione avevano delle terre nuovamente distribuite da Caio, che allora presente non era, ma sottosegretario, acciocché si potessero egli essi provvedere agli attrezzi necessari all'agricoltura. Avendo Tiberio queste cose eseguite con tutto, in quanto poi alle città che state tranquille, senza che più alcuno gli si opponesse, soggette al dominio di Attalo, disse che non ne era contento, e avendo in appresso sostituito per si aspettava punto al senato il deliberarne, tribuno in luogo di Ottavio non già alcuno ma che esso proposta n'avrebbe la determinazione dei primari cittadini, ma un certo Mucio al popolo: e con ciò incominciò egli a rimuovere le persone poderose dal maggior segno di rispetto al senato. Levatosi però dalle state altamente rimasero, e, temendo fino a Pompeo, disse che abitava ai vicino a Tiberio, al grandissimo di Tiberio, il vilipendeo nel Piccolo, che quindi venuto egli era in condivisione di quanto potevano, cosicché, domandando egli secondo il costume un aveva a Tiberio medesimo il regio diadema, padiglione a spese pubbliche, dove stare poi e la porpora, come fosse per dovere giù tesoro a fare quella divisione, non gliel'aveva concesso regnare in Roma. E Quinto Metello gli rinviò. cedettero (quantunque concesso fosse spazio fuoco o, che, essendo censore suo padre, ounque se volte ad altri, anche per affari di minore volta che sen tornava a casa da cena, i cittadini portanza), e non gli assegnarono di spesa tàdinis estinguevano le faci per timore che non se non nove oboli al giorno; ciò a sembrasse che più lungo tempo del convegno di Publio Nasica, il quale senza rigevole intertenuti si fossero nelle compagnie retaggio alcuno gli si era già palesato nemico e nelle gozzoviglie: dov’ei per contrario (siccome quelli che possedeano quantità grande accompagnato era di notte col lume da’ più sbandati di terreno pubblico, e mal volentieri temerari e da' più sbandati fra’ popolari) comportava Tesser costretto a rinunciare. Tito Annio poi, il quale era uomo che non e quindi il popolo maggiormente accendeva - aveva né probità né modestia, ma che nel si di sdegno. Morto essendo poi d’improvviso un certo amico di Tiberio, ed essendo sagacità sua intorno all’interrogare e al ricompareli sul quel cadavere segni lividi e spande re, lo sfidava a giurare, Protestando oscuri, i popolari a gridare si diedero che doglie che veramente aveva egli disonorato stato avvelenato, e corsero tutti uniti al collega suo, che pur sacro era per le leggi al inviolabile. Tumultuando quindi il cataletto, e stando presenti al cadavere, balzò fuori Tiberio, e convocava il popolo stesso, mentre appiccato egli al fuoco comandando che Annio fosse là condotto, il suo, parve loro che non essersi male apposti qual egli accusare voleva. Annio però, col sospettare di veleno: perocché il morto scendendosi da meno di Tiberio in eloquenza, allora crepò, e ne sgorgò fuori una quanta in riputazione, rifuggì a ciò. consiste nell'abilità sua, e chiese a Tiberio stesso, che prima di produrre le ragioni, rispose alle interrogazioni. Avendogli Tiberio conceduto che potesse interrogare pure, e essendosi fatto silenzio, Annio allora disse: Se volesti tu recarmi oltraggio e disonorarmi, e se io chiamassi alcuno dei tuoi colleghi, il quale venisse a darmi soccorso, e tu perciò ne fossi sdegnato, dimmi, gli leveresti la sua dignità? Raccontasi che a una tale interrogazione rimase Tiberio perplesso in maniera, che, quantunque si fosse egli prontissimo sopra ogni altro nel dire, e sia una franchezza sommamente ardimentosa, allora si tacque, e licenziò l'assemblea. Ma, essendosi egli accorto che, fra le sue determinazioni politiche, quella che era fatta aveva contro di Ottavio riuscita molesta, non meno che a' nobili, al popolo ancora (imperciocché parca che depressa e vilipesa egli aveva la dignità dei tribuni, la quale fino allora conservata era in grande lustro e decoro), fece un'orazione al popolo stesso, della quale non sarà fuori di proposito l'esporre qui alcuni piccoli capitoli, per far quindi conoscere quale fosse la di lui abilità in persuadere, e la solidità della sua eloquenza. Imperciocché disse che il tribuno è personaggio veramente sacro e inviolabile, consecrato essendo al popolo, e stando alla difesa di esso, così quando poi, segui a dire, cambiandosi da quel che essere deve, faccia ingiuria al popolo, ne diminuisca la forza, e lo privi della facoltà di dare i suffragi, a spogliarsi ei viene allora da se medesimo dell'onore che aveva, non facendo quelle cose per le quali era un tale onore conferito. Perché, se fosse pur da lasciar che il tribuno smantellasse il Campidoglio e incendiasse l'arsenale, quantunque operando così sarebbe egli un malvagio, nulla di meno rimarrebbe pur mai sempre tribuno maggiore, se poi voleva abbattere il popolo, più tribune, egli non è. Come non sarebbe ella tanto indegna cosa ed incomportabile che un tribuno, avendo autorità, mettesse prigione un console, e che il popolo non potesse averla di levare al tribuno la dignità, quand'egli si serve di essa in pregiudizio del popolo stesso che gliel'ha data. Cosa adunque giusta ella è che nei pur il tribuno che offende il popolo non abbia più quel privilegio che aveva in grazia del popolo stesso. Perché abbatte egli quella stessa possibilità che il rende forte. Oltre a ciò, se giustamente ottenne il tribunato, quando dalla massima parte delle tribù così decretarono col volere, come più giustamente ancora non gli sarà tolta ma tal dignità, quando le tribù tutte concorreranno con i loro voti a levargliela? E non v'è nulla per certo di cosi sacrosanto come le cose appese in dono agli Dei; eppure alcuno mai non impedì al popolo il servirsene, il muoverle e il trasportarle come più vuole. Deve dunque esser lecito il trasportare cosi anche il tribunato da un personaggio all'altro, come una di quelle sacre offerte. Che questa dignità poi non sia inviolabile, e tale che non possa esser levata, manifestatamente si vede dall’averla avuto più volte gli altri rinunziato, e aver addotte scuse per esserne dispensati. Questi erano dunque i capi della giustificazione di Tiberio. Ma poi che i suoi amici, osservando le minacce che facevano veramente, e l’ammutinamento che formavasi contro di lui, pensarono che d’un modo fosse che egli sostenesse pure un altro tribunato nell’anno appresso, egli cercava allora di cattivarsi pur di bel nuovo la plebe col proporre altre leggi, con le quali abrogava il tempo che impiegarvi essa doveva nel servizio della milizia, e le concedeva il potersi appellare dagli altri magistrati al popolo, e mescolava a quelli che facoltà avevano di giudicare, e che erano allora i senatori, un eguale numero di persone tolte dall'ordine dei cavalieri: e cosi sturia via in ogni maniera di reprimere il potere del senato, piuttosto per effetto di sdegno e di pertinacia, che per considerazione che egli avesse al giusto ed all’utile. Ma poiché, allora che per dileguare si era intorno a queste cose con i voti, accorti si furono Tiberio ed i suoi che gli avversari. VITA DI TIBERIO E CAIO GRACCHI. avevano maggior forza (non essendo già ivi presente il popolo tutto), prima si volsero a parlare controlli ad altri collegamenti, così andavano traendo il tempo in lungo; indi licenziarono l'assemblea con aver dato ordine che la gente ritornasse dovevole ad unirsi nel giorno appresso. Essendo poi Tiberio disceso nella piazza, si diede tutto dimesso e lacrimevole a far suppliche alle persone; e, dicendo che egli temeva che i suoi nemici non gli venissero la notte ad assassinarlo nella casa e noi trucidassero, commosse talmente il popolo, che vi furono moltissimi, quali attesero intorno alla di lui abitazione, e per notte rimasero intorno a di lui difesa. Allo spuntar del giorno, comparve nella piazza quelli che portavano i polli, da' quali trassero gli auguri, e gettarono loro il cibo davanti: ma non ne uscì fuori se non uno, e anche dopo che colui assai scosso e dibattuto ebbe la stizza; ne già quel medesimo, che uscito era, toccò punto il cibo, ma, come sollevata ebbe l'ala sinistra e distesa la gamba lungo di essa, ricovrì nella stizza di bel nuovo. Questo segno di cattivo augurio ne fece risovvenire a Tiberio un altro che avuto aveva prima.
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<!-- Add custom meta tags for blog page here. -->
<!-- You can also add custom JS for blog page within the script below:
<script async defer>
</script>
-->
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Neslandsvatn er en innsjø i delområdet Kroken sørvest i Drangedal kommune i Telemark. Den drenerer det sørvestlige Drangedal. Hovedtilløpet er Storelva. Øverste dreneringspunkt ligger i Søvassmarka, ca. 480 moh. Utløpet går via den ca. 1,3 km. lange elva Heldøla ned til nedre Toke, og er dermed en del av Kragerøvassdraget. Ved nordbredden av innsjøen ligger tettstedet og bygdesenteret Neslandsvatn.
Referanser
Innsjøer i Drangedal
Kragerøvassdraget
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#region Copyright
// Copyright (c) 2009 - 2010, Kazi Manzur Rashid <kazimanzurrashid@gmail.com>.
// This source is subject to the Microsoft Public License.
// See http://www.microsoft.com/opensource/licenses.mspx#Ms-PL.
// All other rights reserved.
#endregion
namespace MvcExtensions
{
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
/// <summary>
/// Represents an interface to store all the metadata of the models.
/// </summary>
[TypeForwardedFrom(KnownAssembly.MvcExtensions)]
public interface IModelMetadataRegistry
{
/// <summary>
/// Register a new convention
/// </summary>
/// <param name="convention"><see cref="IPropertyModelMetadataConvention"/> class</param>
void RegisterConvention(IPropertyModelMetadataConvention convention);
/// <summary>
/// Registers an <see cref="IModelMetadataConfiguration"/>
/// </summary>
/// <param name="configuration"></param>
void RegisterConfiguration(IModelMetadataConfiguration configuration);
/// <summary>
/// Gets the model property metadata.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="modelType">Type of the model.</param>
/// <param name="propertyName">Name of the property.</param>
/// <returns></returns>
ModelMetadataItem GetModelPropertyMetadata(Type modelType, string propertyName);
/// <summary>
/// Gets the model properties metadata.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="modelType">Type of the model.</param>
/// <returns></returns>
IDictionary<string, ModelMetadataItem> GetModelPropertiesMetadata(Type modelType);
}
}
| 17,299 |
https://github.com/rowtype-yoga/ry-blocks/blob/master/src/Yoga/Block/Atom/Range/Spec.purs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
ry-blocks
|
rowtype-yoga
|
PureScript
|
Code
| 32 | 85 |
module Yoga.Block.Atom.Range.Spec where
import Yoga.Prelude.Spec
import Yoga.Block.Atom.Range as Range
spec ∷ Spec Unit
spec =
after_ cleanup do
describe "The range" do
it "renders without errors" do
void
$ renderComponent Range.component {}
| 34,534 |
<urn:uuid:482d04ff-91b0-4611-9a38-0311d7d0ebb3>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,008 |
https://ife.ens-lyon.fr/manifestations/mercredis/2008-2009
|
ife.ens-lyon.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 8 | 17 |
Mercredis de la bibliothèque
Cycle de rencontres 2008-2009
| 43,106 |
https://github.com/PombertLab/Publication_scripts/blob/master/2014_PLoS_Genetics_Helicosporidium_sp/Table_S1/Table_S1_KEGG/Chlamy/Get_KEGG_ko.pl
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
Publication_scripts
|
PombertLab
|
Perl
|
Code
| 104 | 400 |
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
my $usage = 'perl script KEGG_file Table_KO_list';
open IN1, "<$ARGV[0]";
open IN2, "<$ARGV[1]";
open OUT, ">file.KOs";
my %orthology = ();
while (my $line = <IN1>){
chomp $line;
if ($line =~ /^cre:CHLREDRAFT_(\d+).*(K\d{5})/){
my $protein = $1;
my $ko = $2;
push (@{$orthology{$ko}}, $1);
}
}
while (my $kos = <IN2>){
chomp $kos;
if ($kos =~ /^\[KO:(K\d{5})\]/){
my $target = $1;
if (scalar(@{$orthology{$target}}) == 1){
print OUT "$target\tCHLREDRAFT_"."$orthology{$target}[0]\n";
}
elsif (scalar(@{$orthology{$target}}) >= 2){
my $nums = scalar(@{$orthology{$target}});
my $end = $nums - 1;
print OUT "$target\tCHLREDRAFT_";
foreach my $count (0..$end-1){
print OUT "$orthology{$target}[$count], ";
}
print OUT "$orthology{$target}[$end]\n";
}
}
}
| 3,169 |
https://github.com/MendelDdS/si1-lab2/blob/master/test/ApplicationTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
si1-lab2
|
MendelDdS
|
Java
|
Code
| 224 | 964 |
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import org.junit.*;
import controllers.Application;
import play.db.jpa.JPA;
import play.db.jpa.JPAPlugin;
import play.mvc.Result;
import play.test.FakeApplication;
import play.test.FakeRequest;
import play.test.Helpers;
import scala.Option;
import static play.mvc.Http.Status.OK;
import static play.mvc.Http.Status.SEE_OTHER;
import static play.test.Helpers.*;
import static org.fest.assertions.Assertions.*;
/**
*
* Simple (JUnit) tests that can call all parts of a play app.
* If you are interested in mocking a whole application, see the wiki for more details.
*
*/
public class ApplicationTest {
private EntityManager entityManager;
private static FakeApplication fake;
@BeforeClass
public static void startApp() {
fake = Helpers.fakeApplication(new Global());
Helpers.start(fake);
}
@Before
public void setUp() {
Option<JPAPlugin> jpaPlugin = fake.getWrappedApplication().plugin(JPAPlugin.class);
entityManager = jpaPlugin.get().em("default");
JPA.bindForCurrentThread(entityManager);
entityManager.getTransaction().begin();
}
@Test
public void renderIndex() {
Result result = Application.index();
assertThat(status(result)).isEqualTo(OK);
}
@Test
public void renderPublique() {
Result result = callAction(controllers.routes.ref.Application.cadastro(), new FakeRequest());
assertThat(status(result)).isEqualTo(OK);
}
@Test
public void precisaCriarAnuncio() {
Map<String, String> requestMap = new HashMap<>();
requestMap.put("titulo", "TituloTest");
requestMap.put("descricao", "Teste de application");
requestMap.put("cidade", "Campina Grande");
requestMap.put("bairro", "Jose Pinheiro");
requestMap.put("email", "email@test.com");
requestMap.put("facebook", "perfil1");
requestMap.put("palavraChave", "passTest");
requestMap.put("instrumentos", "teste, teste");
requestMap.put("interesse", "Ocasionalmente");
requestMap.put("estilosGosta", "testando, testando");
requestMap.put("estilosNaoGosta", "testando2, testando1");
FakeRequest fakeRequest = new FakeRequest().withFormUrlEncodedBody(requestMap);
Result resultPost = callAction(controllers.routes.ref.Application.novoAnuncio(), fakeRequest);
assertThat(status(resultPost)).isEqualTo(SEE_OTHER);
Result resultGet = callAction(controllers.routes.ref.Application.index(), new FakeRequest());
assertThat(status(resultGet)).isEqualTo(OK);
assertThat(contentType(resultGet)).isEqualTo("text/html");
assertThat(contentAsString(resultGet)).contains("TituloTest");
}
@Test
public void simpleCheck() {
int a = 1 + 1;
assertThat(a).isEqualTo(2);
}
/*@Test
public void renderTemplate() {
Content html = views.html.index.render(null, null, null);
assertThat(contentType(html)).isEqualTo("text/html");
assertThat(contentAsString(html)).contains("Your new application is ready.");
}*/
}
| 40,345 |
https://github.com/bandojulio/natds-js/blob/master/packages/web/src/Components/Intro.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
natds-js
|
bandojulio
|
TSX
|
Code
| 346 | 966 |
import React, { FunctionComponent, forwardRef } from 'react';
import { withTheme } from '@material-ui/styles';
import styled from 'styled-components';
import { Typography, TypographyVariant, TypographyColor } from './Typography';
import { IThemeWeb } from 'Themes';
export interface IIntroProps extends Omit<React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement>, 'title'> {
theme: IThemeWeb | unknown;
/**
* Node or text to apply to the Title
*/
title: React.ReactNode;
/**
* Node or text to apply to the Detail
*/
detail?: React.ReactNode;
/**
* Variant of the Title
*/
titleVariant?: TypographyVariant;
/**
* Variant of the Detail
*/
detailVariant?: TypographyVariant;
/**
* Color of the Title
*/
titleColor?: TypographyColor;
/**
* Variant of the Detail
*/
detailColor?: TypographyColor;
/**
* The component used for the title node. Either a string to use a DOM element or a component.
*/
titleComponent?: React.ElementType<React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLElement>>;
/**
* The component used for the title node. Either a string to use a DOM element or a component.
*/
detailComponent?: React.ElementType<React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLElement>>;
}
export const Intro: FunctionComponent<IIntroProps> = forwardRef((
props: IIntroProps,
ref: any
) => {
const {
theme,
title,
titleComponent,
titleVariant = 'subtitle1',
titleColor = 'textPrimary',
detail,
detailComponent,
detailVariant = 'body2',
detailColor = 'textPrimary',
...rest
} = props;
return (
<IntroContainer ref={ref} {...rest}>
<IntroTitle
as={Typography}
theme={theme}
children={title}
component={titleComponent}
variant={titleVariant}
color={titleColor}
/>
{detail && <IntroDetails
as={Typography}
theme={theme}
children={detail}
component={detailComponent}
variant={detailVariant}
color={detailColor}
/>}
</IntroContainer>
);
});
export default withTheme(Intro);
const titleVariants = ['h1', 'h2', 'h3', 'h4', 'h5', 'h6'];
const IntroContainer = styled.section`
position: relative;
`;
const IntroTitle = styled.h3`
display: flex;
align-items: center;
position: relative;
padding-left: ${({ theme: { sizes } }) => `${sizes.standard}px`};
margin-bottom: ${({ theme: { sizes } }) => `${sizes.micro}px!important`};
&:before {
content: "";
border-left: ${({ theme: { palette, sizes }, variant }: { theme: any, variant: any }) => {
const width = titleVariants.includes(variant) ? sizes.tiny : sizes.micro;
return `${palette.primary.main} ${width}px solid`;
}};
border-radius: ${({ theme: { sizes } }) => `0 ${sizes.micro}px ${sizes.micro}px 0`};
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
bottom: 0;
}
> .natds-icons {
margin-right: ${({ theme: { sizes } }) => `${sizes.tiny}px`};
}
`;
const IntroDetails = styled.p`
padding-left: ${({ theme: { sizes } }) => `${sizes.standard}px`};
display: block;
`;
| 40,108 |
https://github.com/lemon-robot/lemon-robot-dashboard/blob/master/lemon-robot-dashboard/src/define/url/UrlDefineServerNode.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
lemon-robot-dashboard
|
lemon-robot
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 11 | 27 |
export default class UrlDefineServerNode {
static readonly LIST = '/server_node/list'
}
| 6,072 |
https://github.com/outoftime/shell_elf/blob/master/lib/shell_elf.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,009 |
shell_elf
|
outoftime
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 40 | 178 |
gem 'escape'
require 'net/http'
require 'escape'
require 'logger'
module ShellElf
autoload :Job, File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'shell_elf', 'job.rb'))
autoload :Batch, File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'shell_elf', 'batch.rb'))
autoload :Runner, File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'shell_elf', 'runner.rb'))
class <<self
attr_writer :logger
def logger
@logger ||= Logger.new(nil) # stub logger
end
end
end
| 24,898 |
https://github.com/leedaoquan/java-xiaochengxu/blob/master/jeexjj-wxmall-admin/src/main/java/com/xjj/wxmall/customer/order/entity/OrderEntity.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
java-xiaochengxu
|
leedaoquan
|
Java
|
Code
| 917 | 3,201 |
/****************************************************
* Description: Entity for 订单
* Copyright: Copyright (c) 2018
* Company: xjj
* @author zhanghejie
* @version 1.0
* @see
HISTORY
* 2018-07-04 zhanghejie Create File
**************************************************/
package com.xjj.wxmall.customer.order.entity;
import java.util.Date;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import com.xjj.framework.entity.EntitySupport;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringBuilder;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringStyle;
public class OrderEntity extends EntitySupport {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
public OrderEntity(){}
private String customerName;//客户名称
private Long customerId;//customer_id
private String orderSn;//订单号
private Integer orderStatus;//订单状态
private String consignee;//收货人
private String mobile;//手机
private String address;//地址
private BigDecimal goodsPrice;//商品总费用
private BigDecimal freightPrice;//配送费用
private BigDecimal couponPrice;//优惠券减免
private BigDecimal integralPrice;//用户积分减免
private BigDecimal orderPrice;//订单费用， = goods_price + freight_price - coupon_price
private BigDecimal actualPrice;//实付费用， = order_price - integral_price
private String payId;//微信付款编号
private Integer payStatus;//支付状态
private Date payTime;//微信付款时间
private String shipSn;//发货编号
private String shipChannel;//发货快递公司
private Date shipStartTime;//发货开始时间
private Date shipEndTime;//发货结束时间
private Date confirmTime;//用户确认收货时间
private Date endTime;//end_time
private Date addTime;//add_time
private String status;//status
/**
* 返回customer_id
* @return customer_id
*/
public Long getCustomerId() {
return customerId;
}
/**
* 设置customer_id
* @param customerId customer_id
*/
public void setCustomerId(Long customerId) {
this.customerId = customerId;
}
public String getCustomerName() {
return customerName;
}
public void setCustomerName(String customerName) {
this.customerName = customerName;
}
/**
* 返回order_sn
* @return order_sn
*/
public String getOrderSn() {
return orderSn;
}
/**
* 设置order_sn
* @param orderSn order_sn
*/
public void setOrderSn(String orderSn) {
this.orderSn = orderSn;
}
/**
* 返回订单状态
* @return 订单状态
*/
public Integer getOrderStatus() {
return orderStatus;
}
/**
* 设置订单状态
* @param orderStatus 订单状态
*/
public void setOrderStatus(Integer orderStatus) {
this.orderStatus = orderStatus;
}
/**
* 返回consignee
* @return consignee
*/
public String getConsignee() {
return consignee;
}
/**
* 设置consignee
* @param consignee consignee
*/
public void setConsignee(String consignee) {
this.consignee = consignee;
}
/**
* 返回mobile
* @return mobile
*/
public String getMobile() {
return mobile;
}
/**
* 设置mobile
* @param mobile mobile
*/
public void setMobile(String mobile) {
this.mobile = mobile;
}
/**
* 返回address
* @return address
*/
public String getAddress() {
return address;
}
/**
* 设置address
* @param address address
*/
public void setAddress(String address) {
this.address = address;
}
/**
* 返回商品总费用
* @return 商品总费用
*/
public BigDecimal getGoodsPrice() {
return goodsPrice;
}
/**
* 设置商品总费用
* @param goodsPrice 商品总费用
*/
public void setGoodsPrice(BigDecimal goodsPrice) {
this.goodsPrice = goodsPrice;
}
/**
* 返回配送费用
* @return 配送费用
*/
public BigDecimal getFreightPrice() {
return freightPrice;
}
/**
* 设置配送费用
* @param freightPrice 配送费用
*/
public void setFreightPrice(BigDecimal freightPrice) {
this.freightPrice = freightPrice;
}
/**
* 返回优惠券减免
* @return 优惠券减免
*/
public BigDecimal getCouponPrice() {
return couponPrice;
}
/**
* 设置优惠券减免
* @param couponPrice 优惠券减免
*/
public void setCouponPrice(BigDecimal couponPrice) {
this.couponPrice = couponPrice;
}
/**
* 返回用户积分减免
* @return 用户积分减免
*/
public BigDecimal getIntegralPrice() {
return integralPrice;
}
/**
* 设置用户积分减免
* @param integralPrice 用户积分减免
*/
public void setIntegralPrice(BigDecimal integralPrice) {
this.integralPrice = integralPrice;
}
/**
* 返回订单费用， = goods_price + freight_price - coupon_price
* @return 订单费用， = goods_price + freight_price - coupon_price
*/
public BigDecimal getOrderPrice() {
return orderPrice;
}
/**
* 设置订单费用， = goods_price + freight_price - coupon_price
* @param orderPrice 订单费用， = goods_price + freight_price - coupon_price
*/
public void setOrderPrice(BigDecimal orderPrice) {
this.orderPrice = orderPrice;
}
/**
* 返回实付费用， = order_price - integral_price
* @return 实付费用， = order_price - integral_price
*/
public BigDecimal getActualPrice() {
return actualPrice;
}
/**
* 设置实付费用， = order_price - integral_price
* @param actualPrice 实付费用， = order_price - integral_price
*/
public void setActualPrice(BigDecimal actualPrice) {
this.actualPrice = actualPrice;
}
/**
* 返回微信付款编号
* @return 微信付款编号
*/
public String getPayId() {
return payId;
}
/**
* 设置微信付款编号
* @param payId 微信付款编号
*/
public void setPayId(String payId) {
this.payId = payId;
}
/**
* 返回支付状态
* @return 支付状态
*/
public Integer getPayStatus() {
return payStatus;
}
/**
* 设置支付状态
* @param payStatus 支付状态
*/
public void setPayStatus(Integer payStatus) {
this.payStatus = payStatus;
}
/**
* 返回微信付款时间
* @return 微信付款时间
*/
public Date getPayTime() {
return payTime;
}
/**
* 设置微信付款时间
* @param payTime 微信付款时间
*/
public void setPayTime(Date payTime) {
this.payTime = payTime;
}
/**
* 返回发货编号
* @return 发货编号
*/
public String getShipSn() {
return shipSn;
}
/**
* 设置发货编号
* @param shipSn 发货编号
*/
public void setShipSn(String shipSn) {
this.shipSn = shipSn;
}
/**
* 返回发货快递公司
* @return 发货快递公司
*/
public String getShipChannel() {
return shipChannel;
}
/**
* 设置发货快递公司
* @param shipChannel 发货快递公司
*/
public void setShipChannel(String shipChannel) {
this.shipChannel = shipChannel;
}
/**
* 返回发货开始时间
* @return 发货开始时间
*/
public Date getShipStartTime() {
return shipStartTime;
}
/**
* 设置发货开始时间
* @param shipStartTime 发货开始时间
*/
public void setShipStartTime(Date shipStartTime) {
this.shipStartTime = shipStartTime;
}
/**
* 返回发货结束时间
* @return 发货结束时间
*/
public Date getShipEndTime() {
return shipEndTime;
}
/**
* 设置发货结束时间
* @param shipEndTime 发货结束时间
*/
public void setShipEndTime(Date shipEndTime) {
this.shipEndTime = shipEndTime;
}
/**
* 返回用户确认收货时间
* @return 用户确认收货时间
*/
public Date getConfirmTime() {
return confirmTime;
}
/**
* 设置用户确认收货时间
* @param confirmTime 用户确认收货时间
*/
public void setConfirmTime(Date confirmTime) {
this.confirmTime = confirmTime;
}
/**
* 返回end_time
* @return end_time
*/
public Date getEndTime() {
return endTime;
}
/**
* 设置end_time
* @param endTime end_time
*/
public void setEndTime(Date endTime) {
this.endTime = endTime;
}
/**
* 返回add_time
* @return add_time
*/
public Date getAddTime() {
return addTime;
}
/**
* 设置add_time
* @param addTime add_time
*/
public void setAddTime(Date addTime) {
this.addTime = addTime;
}
/**
* 返回status
* @return status
*/
public String getStatus() {
return status;
}
/**
* 设置status
* @param status status
*/
public void setStatus(String status) {
this.status = status;
}
public String toString() {
return new ToStringBuilder(this, ToStringStyle.SIMPLE_STYLE).append("com.xjj.wxmall.customer.order.entity.OrderEntity").append("ID="+this.getId()).toString();
}
}
| 8,340 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107134182
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово)
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 232 | 726 |
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово)
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово) это частный случай понятия памятник истории
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово) это частный случай понятия братская могила
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово) это частный случай понятия мемориал
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово) административно-территориальная единица Токсово
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово) географические координаты
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово) государство Россия, дата начала 1991
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово) статус наследия объект культурного наследия России регионального значения
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово) указания, как добраться
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово) код Русского Викигида / kulturnoe-nasledie.ru 4700784000
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово) код «Вики любит памятники» RU-4700784000
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово) регистрационный номер ЕГРОКН 471711049770005
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово) изображение Братская могила советских воинов, три.jpg
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово) категория на Викискладе Mass grave in Toksovo (Dorozhnikov street)
Братская могила советских воинов, погибших в борьбе с фашистами (Токсово) входит в состав списка памятников культурного наследия Культурное наследие России/Ленинградская область/Всеволожский район (часть 1)
| 3,569 |
https://github.com/nagyist/SendBird-JavaScript/blob/master/javascript/javascript-basic-local-caching/src/js/SendBirdConnection.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
SendBird-JavaScript
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nagyist
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JavaScript
|
Code
| 127 | 450 |
import { uuid4 } from './utils';
import SendBird from 'sendbird';
import { Chat } from './Chat';
let instance = null;
class SendBirdConnection {
constructor() {
if (instance) {
return instance;
}
this.sb = SendBird.getInstance();
this.key = uuid4();
this.channel = null;
this._createConnectionHandler(this.key);
this.chat = Chat.getInstance();
this.onReconnectStarted = null;
this.onReconnectSucceeded = null;
this.onReconnectFailed = null;
instance = this;
}
_createConnectionHandler(key) {
const handler = new this.sb.ConnectionHandler();
handler.onReconnectStarted = () => {
if (this.chat && this.chat.main) {
this.chat.main.body.stopSpinner();
}
if (this.onReconnectStarted) {
this.onReconnectStarted();
}
};
handler.onReconnectSucceeded = () => {
if (this.onReconnectSucceeded) {
this.onReconnectSucceeded();
}
};
handler.onReconnectFailed = () => {
if (this.onReconnectFailed) {
this.onReconnectFailed();
}
};
this.sb.addConnectionHandler(key, handler);
}
remove() {
this.sb.removeConnectionHandler(this.key);
}
reconnect() {
this.sb.reconnect();
}
static getInstance() {
return new SendBirdConnection();
}
}
export { SendBirdConnection };
| 12,995 |
8147961_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 12 | 22 |
Dismissed with costs on motion of Mr. H. F. Stambaugh for appellant.
| 1,677 |
US-201816215228-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,018 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,316 | 9,435 |
Magnetically affixed heat spreader
ABSTRACT
There is disclosed in one example a computing apparatus, including: an active computing element; a first magnetic attractor mechanically coupled to the active computing element; and a cold plate disposed to conduct heat away from the active computing element, the cold plate including a second magnetic attractor disposed to magnetically couple with the first magnetic attractor.
FIELD OF THE SPECIFICATION
This disclosure relates in general to the field of thermal engineering, and more particularly, though not exclusively, to a system for providing a magnetically affixed heat spreader.
BACKGROUND
A modern system on a chip may include a multicore processor operating at several gigahertz (GHz), along with support circuitry including a chipset, communication elements, and other elements such as network controllers, interface controllers, and local interconnect controllers. All of these elements generate substantial heat. Thus, central processing units (CPUs), systems-on-a-chip (SoCs), and other discrete processing elements may use a number of thermal management techniques, including fans, heat spreaders, thermal paste, liquid cooling, and others.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present disclosure is best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying FIGURES. It is emphasized that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not necessarily drawn to scale, and are used for illustration purposes only. Where a scale is shown, explicitly or implicitly, it provides only one illustrative example. In other embodiments, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustration of a thermal management system.
FIG. 2 is a further block diagram illustration of a thermal management system.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a magnetically affixed heat spreader.
FIG. 4 is a top view of an illustrative central processing unit (CPU) assembly.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an example thermal solution.
FIG. 6 is a side view of selected elements of a thermal solution.
FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the relationship between the magnet aspect ratio and the demagnetization factor.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a computing platform.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating elements of a CPU.
EMBODIMENTS OF THE DISCLOSURE
The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the present disclosure. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. Further, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples, or in some cases across different FIGURES. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a specific relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed. Different embodiments may have different advantages, and no particular advantage is necessarily required of any embodiment.
A contemporary computing platform may include a complex and multi-faceted hardware platform provided by Intel®, another vendor, or combinations of different hardware from different vendors. For example, in a large data center such as may be provided by a cloud service provider (CSP) or a high-performance computing (HPC) cluster, the hardware platform may include rack-mounted servers with compute resources such as processors, memory, storage pools, accelerators, and other similar resources. As used herein, “cloud computing” includes network-connected computing resources and technology that enables ubiquitous (often worldwide) access to data, resources, and/or technology. Cloud resources are generally characterized by flexibility to dynamically assign resources according to current workloads and needs. This can be accomplished, for example, by assigning a compute workload to a guest device, wherein resources such as hardware, storage, and networks are provided to a virtual machine, container, or disaggregated node by way of nonlimiting example.
In embodiments of the present disclosure, a processor may include any programmable logic device with an instruction set. Processors may be real or virtualized, local or remote, or in any other configuration. A processor may include, by way of nonlimiting example, an Intel® processor (e.g., Xeon®, Core™, Pentium®, Atom®, Celeron®, x86, or others). A processor may also include competing processors, such as AMD (e.g., Kx-series x86 workalikes, or Athlon, Opteron, or Epyc-series Xeon workalikes), ARM processors, or IBM PowerPC and Power ISA processors, to name just a few.
Commonly used heat spreader designs may include a post with a threaded end to receive a nut. The post, which is mechanically affixed to the heat spreader, passes through holes on the printed circuit board (PCB) of a motherboard and receives nuts to secure the posts on the opposite side of the PCB. This configuration securely affixes the heat spreader to the central processing unit (CPU) or other processing element. A heat spreader may then be used in conjunction with other thermal management techniques, such as fans, thermal paste, or other cooling mechanisms to cool active circuit elements.
One disadvantage to such a configuration is that the through holes in the PCB required to affix the heat spreader to the CPU often pass through the so-called keep out zone (KOZ) near the CPU. The KOZ is an area of dense routing, because it carries signals out from the CPU to other elements of the system. Because of the dense routing requirements, space is at a premium in the KOZ. It is therefore disadvantageous to drill through holes in this area of the PCB, as such through holes need to be large enough both to allow the posts to pass through, and to ensure that there is sufficient insulation between the posts, nuts, and active circuit elements. Furthermore, this configuration requires mechanical assembly of screws, backplate, and retention arms to align and hold the thermal solution over the CPU or SoC. A mechanical assembly may also be required to maintain the required thermal contact force over the CPU or SoC. Another issue with this configuration is the desired “z-height.” As devices become thinner, and vertical space becomes a premium design consideration, it is desirable to provide thermal solutions that minimize the necessary z-height.
The present specification provides an improved thermal solution, in which a magnetically affixed heat spreader draws heat away from the CPU or SoC without requiring through holes or mechanical assemblies. As SoC packages become thinner, they lose structural integrity. Many SoCs therefore already require a metallic mechanical stiffener to provide structural integrity. Advantageously, because it is metallic, this mechanical stiffener has magnetic and electrical properties. Specifically, the metallic stiffener can be manufactured of a material that is passively magnetic. A heat spreader can then be manufactured with one or a plurality of magnets disposed around the periphery to attract the mechanical stiffener. This can include, in one embodiment, a plurality of small neodymium magnets dispersed around the periphery. A plurality of small magnets is useful in this embodiment because each magnet has a relatively small cross-section. While a single magnet could be used, it may be inappropriate for some embodiments, because the magnetic force is dispersed over a wider area. A larger number of small neodymium magnets has been found to provide sufficient magnetic attraction to secure the heat spreader to the SoC or CPU package assembly. This means that there is no need for through holes within the KOZ of the PCB, and there is no need for mechanical assembly of screws and nuts.
The heat spreader described in this specification realizes heat dissipation similar to or even exceeding that of a heat spreader affixed by mechanical means such as posts and screws, while simplifying assembly, reducing costs, eliminating screw holes in the KOZ of the PCB, and providing a reduced z-profile.
A system and method for providing a magnetically affixed heat spreader will now be described with more particular reference to the attached FIGURES. It should be noted that throughout the FIGURES, certain reference numerals may be repeated to indicate that a particular device or block is wholly or substantially consistent across the FIGURES. This is not, however, intended to imply any particular relationship between the various embodiments disclosed. In certain examples, a genus of elements may be referred to by a particular reference numeral (“widget 10”), while individual species or examples of the genus may be referred to by a hyphenated numeral (“first specific widget 10-1” and “second specific widget 10-2”).
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustration of a thermal management system 100. Thermal management system 100 could be an example of an existing thermal management system, or thermal management system 100 could be adapted to use the teachings of the present specification, such as by including magnets on cold plate 116.
In an embodiment where thermal management system 100 is designed according to known design principles, cold plate 116 may require mechanical assembly of screws on mounting post 104, backplate 106, and retention arms of mounting post 104 to align and hold cold plate 116 over CPU package 102. Note that CPU package 102 is disclosed as an illustrative example of an active element that may require a thermal solution. But CPU package 102 should be understood as a nonlimiting example. Examples of other active elements that may require a thermal solution include an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a system on a chip (SoC), a graphics processing unit (GPU), or any other controller or active circuitry. The teachings of the present specification should be understood to be broadly applicable to any computing element that requires a thermal solution.
Cold plate 116 may be a conductive thermal element, such as a metal plate, that is designed to draw heat away from CPU package 102 and vent it out to an ambient environment. Cold plate 116 may affix to CPU package 102 via a thermal interface material (TIM) 120. This could be, for example, a thermal paste or similar.
Mounting posts 104-1 and 104-2 are illustrated, and other mounting posts may be provided. For example, commonly four mounting posts are provided on a rectangular cold plate 116. Mounting posts 104 may include retention arms and screw elements that are configured to receive a nut. For example, nut 108-1 may affix to a screw element of mounting post 104-1, while nut 108-2 may affix to a screw element of mounting post 104-2. When mounting posts 104 and nuts 108 are mechanically assembled, cold plate 116 is held firmly against TIM 120, which secures the assembly to CPU package 102. Heat that dissipates from CPU package 102 is conducted onto cold plate 116, and from cold plate 116 may be conducted out to an ambient environment such as via a heat pipe and/or fans.
To allow mounting post 104 to secure to backplate 106, through holes may be drilled through PCB 112. Specifically, mounting post 104-1 mounts through through hole 110-1, and mounting post 104-2 mounts through through hole 110-2. Through holes 110 are drilled through PCB 112 and backplate 106, thus allowing mounting posts 104 to be secured to backplate 106 via nuts 108.
Because of the spatial proximity of cold plate 116 to CPU package 102, through holes 110 are also located close to CPU package 102. This may mean that through holes 110 have to be drilled through PCB 112 within the keep out zone (KOZ). Because the KOZ is dense with circuitry to carry signals to and from CPU package 102, space within the KOZ is at a premium. The mechanical considerations of cold plate 116 and mounting posts 104 dictate that through holes 110 be drilled near the KOZ.
Furthermore, the use of mounting posts 104 on cold plate 116 also increases the mechanical assembly cost of the system, as well as increasing the vertical (“z-axis”) profile.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustration of a thermal management system 200. It may be noted in connection with FIG. 2 that as the thickness of SoC packages decreases, a metal stiffener may be required to mitigate package mechanical warpage. The mechanical stiffener may be made of steel or some other metal. Advantageously, the steel or other metal has both electrical conductivity and good passive magnetic properties.
Because of these passive magnetic properties of stiffener 224, it is possible to make a magnetically self-aligned thermal solution by a combination of the passive magnetic properties of stiffener 224 and strong, hard magnets 228 on cold plate 216.
As before, CPU package 202 may be soldered to PCB 212, and have a TIM 220 disposed between cold plate 216 and CPU package 202. Note, however, that PCB 212 may not require a backplate as in system 100 of FIG. 1, because there are no mounting posts or through holes through PCB 212.
The large magnetic attractive force between hard magnets 228 and stiffener 224 can be produced along the package peripheral between CPU package 202 and cold plate 216. It should be noted that cold plate 216 may be only one element of a comprehensive thermal solution.
Because the elements here are magnetically self-aligned, assembly is simplified by eliminating mechanical assembly for PCB 212. This saves substantial two-dimensional (X-Y) PCB area, as compared to the previous approach that drills through holes through the KOZ of the PCB 212.
In thermal management system 200, mechanical screws and holes are removed, along with the backplate. The KOZ of PCB 212 is freed up, thus relaxing PCB routing constraints and improving PCB routing flexibility. It should be noted that the illustrated thermal management system is much more easily manufactured than thermal management system 100 of FIG. 1. Furthermore, because of the relaxed routing requirements, PCB 212 may be smaller in some cases than PCB 112 for a similar amount of routing. A smaller PCB allows more space for batteries, thereby increasing battery capacity for the overall system. In recent trends, small PCBs are in high demand to increase battery capacity. In some applications, greater than 80% of the system area is occupied by the battery, while less than 20% of the area is allowed for the PCB.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a magnetically affixed heat spreader 300. Heat spreader 300 may embody some elements of thermal management system 200 of FIG. 2, or may include other elements. In some cases, thermal management system 200 and heat spreader 300 may be considered a single element.
Visible in FIG. 3 is CPU package 202 with stiffener 224. Stiffener 224 may be a soft magnet, and may be disposed around the periphery of CPU package 202. Note that in addition to providing magnetic and electrical properties, mechanical stiffener 224 also helps to prevent warpage of CPU package 202, which is an issue as the thickness or z-profile of CPU package 202 is reduced.
Cold plate 216 is substantially rectangular in construction, and may be manufactured to approximate the dimensions of CPU package 202, or may be slightly larger than CPU package 202.
Hard magnets 228 are disposed in an array around the periphery of cold plate 216. Hard magnets 228 may be disposed so as to strongly magnetically influence stiffener 224, which may be passively magnetic. Note that in this embodiment, an array of small hard magnets 228 is used instead of a single large magnet around the periphery of cold plate 216. The use of several small magnets creates a number of strong independent magnetic fields that attract stiffener 224, thus increasing the overall magnetic attraction between magnets 228 and stiffener 224. Note, however, that if a sufficiently strong magnetic field were developed, then a single magnet around the periphery of cold plate 216 could also be used.
To achieve good thermal conductivity of the thermal interface material (TIM), sufficient normal force (F_(z)) is required. In an example application, greater than 15 foot-pounds of force is required for an illustrative SoC. In this illustrative example, to demonstrate the feasibility of the magnetically self-aligned solution, a simulation was performed. A three-dimensional Maxwell computational simulation was used to estimate the achievable force. The simulation used an SoC package with dimensions of approximately 32 millimeters (mm)×44 mm, with a steel 1008 stiffener. The magnets were neodymium iron 35 hard magnets on cold plate 216. The magnetic tile structure of hard magnets 228 was designed both to realize large normal magnetic force, and to ensure mechanical robustness. In other words, a tiled structure is more difficult to break than a single unibody structure. Applying these principles to a system similar to the one illustrated in FIG. 3, approximately 16 foot-pounds of uniform normal force was realized along the package peripheral without conventional mechanical assembly steps.
FIG. 4 is a top view of an illustrative central processing unit (CPU) assembly 400. CPU assembly 400 includes a CPU package 402, with a mechanical stiffener 424 mounted (e.g., soldered) to a PCB 412. CPU assembly 400 may realize substantial processing power, but as discussed herein, may generate substantial heat. Thus, a thermal solution such as heat spreader of 300 may be used to draw heat away from CPU package 402 and vent it out, via a heat pipe 232 or similar, to an ambient environment.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an example thermal solution 500. Thermal solution 500 illustrates a relationship between CPU package 502, mechanical stiffener 524, and magnets 528. In this illustration, mechanical stiffener 524 is disposed over and along the periphery of CPU package 502. An array of hard magnets 528 is disposed, for example, within a cold plate, and positioned so as to lie substantially directly over mechanical stiffener 524. In this example, magnets 528 are permanent magnets, while mechanical stiffener 524 is passively magnetic. However, other configurations are possible. For example, an array of magnets could be placed on CPU package 502, and the cold plate could be passively magnetic. In particular, this may be practical in cases where CPU package 502 does not require the support of mechanical stiffener 524. Furthermore, magnets 528 could be a single large magnet of approximately the same shape and size as mechanical stiffener 524.
To achieve good thermal conductivity of the thermal interface material, there must be sufficient normal force (F_(z)) between magnets 528 and mechanical stiffener 524. In one illustrative embodiment, the force should be greater than 15 foot-pounds. In one example, CPU package 502 has dimensions of approximately 32 mm×44 mm. This should be noted as only a single illustrative example, and is provided only to illustrate the teachings of the present specification. Any suitable size of CPU package or other active element may be used. In this example, mechanical stiffener 524 is made of steel 1008.
Hard magnets 528 are NdFe35 hard magnets, and have dimensions of approximately 2 mm wide, 2 mm long, and 1 mm thickness. This provides a magnet aspect ratio (A_(z)=T/W) of 1 mm/2 mm, or 0.5. This relatively low magnet aspect ratio helps to ensure a strong F_(z) develops between each magnet 528 and mechanical stiffener 524.
In this example, mechanical stiffener 524 is a steel 1008 stiffener with a width of approximately 5 mm, and other dimensions substantially matching the dimensions of CPU package 502 (e.g., 32 mm×44 mm). The thickness of mechanical stiffener 524 is approximately 0.3 mm.
In simulation, this configuration was found to develop approximately 16 foot-pounds of uniform normal force along the package periphery without conventional mechanical assembly necessary.
FIG. 6 is a side view of selected elements of a thermal solution 600. Thermal solution 600 may be an example or embodiment of the thermal solutions of any of the previous illustrations, or may be a separate thermal solution.
Thermal solution 600 includes a CPU package 602, a stiffener 624, and hard magnets 628.
It should be noted that embodiments of the present specification may be rated to a shock force on the order of 5 foot-pounds, which is about 30% of the total static force of 15 to 16 foot-pounds. Thus, shock performance is not a major issue when an array of hard magnets 628 is used.
Thermal solution 600 also illustrates the tolerances of variations that may be expected according to manufacturing process variations. For example, in the illustrative example where mechanical stiffener 624 has dimensions of 32 mm×44 mm×5 mm width and 0.3 mm thickness, process variations may result in mechanical variations of approximately 100 μm. In other words, stiffener 624 may have a flatness with variations up to approximately 100 μm. Illustrated in this FIGURE is that some hard magnets 628 may not make full contact with stiffener 624 because of these process variations.
However, simulations have determined that in this configuration, a sufficient normal force of 14.6 foot-pounds is achieved when up to 20% of the magnets have a gap space of up to 100 μm from stiffener 624 as illustrated in FIG. 6. Thus, thermal solution 600 achieves acceptable adherence even in the presence of normal process variations in the manufacture of stiffener 624.
FIG. 7 is a graph 700 illustrating the relationship between the magnet aspect ratio and the demagnetization factor. The x-axis of graph 700 is aspect ratio a=z/x, or in other words, the ratio of the thickness to the width. Demagnetization factor N_(z) is a unitless factor.
As the vertical aspect ratio a=z/x increases, the normal magnetic field H_(Z) can substantially increase by lowering demagnetization factor N_(Z) along the vertical direction.
These calculations can take the form of:
H_(Z) = 4π M(1 − N_(Z)) $N_{Z} = {\frac{1}{\left( {r^{2} - 1} \right)}\left\lbrack {{\frac{r}{\sqrt{r^{2} - 1}}{\ln\left( {r + \sqrt{r^{2} - 1}} \right)}} - 1} \right\rbrack}$ ${{Aspect}\mspace{14mu}{ratio}},{r = {\frac{z}{x}\left( {> 1} \right)}}$
- - N_(Z): demagnetization factor - M: magnetization - H_(Z): magnetic field - μ_(eff, z): effective permeability
As illustrated in graph 700, the desired magnetic structure can be designed to meet the required magnetic force. This graph illustrates the advantage of using an array of small magnets instead of one large magnet. But it should be noted that in some embodiments, a single large magnet may be capable of developing sufficient normal force between the magnet and the stiffener or other passive attractor to meet design requirements. Therefore, the teachings of the present specification should not be understood to limit or to exclude an embodiment in which a single large magnet is used instead of an array of smaller magnets.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of components of a computing platform 802A. Embodiments of computing platform 802A disclosed herein may be adapted or configured to provide a magnetically affixed heat spreader, according to the teachings of the present specification.
In the embodiment depicted, hardware platforms 802A, 802B, and 802C, along with a data center management platform 806 and data analytics engine 804 are interconnected via network 808. In other embodiments, a computer system may include any suitable number of (i.e., one or more) platforms, including hardware, software, firmware, and other components. In some embodiments (e.g., when a computer system only includes a single platform), all or a portion of the system management platform 806 may be included on a platform 802. A platform 802 may include platform logic 810 with one or more central processing units (CPUs) 812, memories 814 (which may include any number of different modules), chipsets 816, communication interfaces 818, and any other suitable hardware and/or software to execute a hypervisor 820 or other operating system capable of executing workloads associated with applications running on platform 802. In some embodiments, a platform 802 may function as a host platform for one or more guest systems 822 that invoke these applications. Platform 802A may represent any suitable computing environment, such as a high-performance computing environment, a data center, a communications service provider infrastructure (e.g., one or more portions of an Evolved Packet Core), an in-memory computing environment, a computing system of a vehicle (e.g., an automobile or airplane), an Internet of Things environment, an industrial control system, other computing environment, or combination thereof.
In various embodiments of the present disclosure, accumulated stress and/or rates of stress accumulated of a plurality of hardware resources (e.g., cores and uncores) are monitored and entities (e.g., system management platform 806, hypervisor 820, or other operating system) of computer platform 802A may assign hardware resources of platform logic 810 to perform workloads in accordance with the stress information. In some embodiments, self-diagnostic capabilities may be combined with the stress monitoring to more accurately determine the health of the hardware resources. Each platform 802 may include platform logic 810. Platform logic 810 comprises, among other logic enabling the functionality of platform 802, one or more CPUs 812, memory 814, one or more chipsets 816, and communication interfaces 828. Although three platforms are illustrated, computer platform 802A may be interconnected with any suitable number of platforms. In various embodiments, a platform 802 may reside on a circuit board that is installed in a chassis, rack, or other suitable structure that comprises multiple platforms coupled together through network 808 (which may comprise, e.g., a rack or backplane switch).
CPUs 812 may each comprise any suitable number of processor cores and supporting logic (e.g., uncores). The cores may be coupled to each other, to memory 814, to at least one chipset 816, and/or to a communication interface 818, through one or more controllers residing on CPU 812 and/or chipset 816. In particular embodiments, a CPU 812 is embodied within a socket that is permanently or removably coupled to platform 802A. Although four CPUs are shown, a platform 802 may include any suitable number of CPUs.
Memory 814 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile memory including, without limitation, magnetic media (e.g., one or more tape drives), optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, removable media, or any other suitable local or remote memory component or components. Memory 814 may be used for short, medium, and/or long-term storage by platform 802A. Memory 814 may store any suitable data or information utilized by platform logic 810, including software embedded in a computer-readable medium, and/or encoded logic incorporated in hardware or otherwise stored (e.g., firmware). Memory 814 may store data that is used by cores of CPUs 812. In some embodiments, memory 814 may also comprise storage for instructions that may be executed by the cores of CPUs 812 or other processing elements (e.g., logic resident on chipsets 816) to provide functionality associated with the manageability engine 826 or other components of platform logic 810. A platform 802 may also include one or more chipsets 816 comprising any suitable logic to support the operation of the CPUs 812. In various embodiments, chipset 816 may reside on the same die or package as a CPU 812 or on one or more different dies or packages. Each chipset may support any suitable number of CPUs 812. A chipset 816 may also include one or more controllers to couple other components of platform logic 810 (e.g., communication interface 818 or memory 814) to one or more CPUs. In the embodiment depicted, each chipset 816 also includes a manageability engine 826. Manageability engine 826 may include any suitable logic to support the operation of chipset 816. In a particular embodiment, a manageability engine 826 (which may also be referred to as an innovation engine) is capable of collecting real-time telemetry data from the chipset 816, the CPU(s) 812 and/or memory 814 managed by the chipset 816, other components of platform logic 810, and/or various connections between components of platform logic 810. In various embodiments, the telemetry data collected includes the stress information described herein.
In various embodiments, a manageability engine 826 operates as an out-of-band asynchronous compute agent which is capable of interfacing with the various elements of platform logic 810 to collect telemetry data with no or minimal disruption to running processes on CPUs 812. For example, manageability engine 826 may comprise a dedicated processing element (e.g., a processor, controller, or other logic) on chipset 816, which provides the functionality of manageability engine 826 (e.g., by executing software instructions), thus conserving processing cycles of CPUs 812 for operations associated with the workloads performed by the platform logic 810. Moreover the dedicated logic for the manageability engine 826 may operate asynchronously with respect to the CPUs 812 and may gather at least some of the telemetry data without increasing the load on the CPUs.
A manageability engine 826 may process telemetry data it collects (specific examples of the processing of stress information are provided herein). In various embodiments, manageability engine 826 reports the data it collects and/or the results of its processing to other elements in the computer system, such as one or more hypervisors 820 or other operating systems and/or system management software (which may run on any suitable logic such as system management platform 806). In particular embodiments, a critical event such as a core that has accumulated an excessive amount of stress may be reported prior to the normal interval for reporting telemetry data (e.g., a notification may be sent immediately upon detection).
Additionally, manageability engine 826 may include programmable code configurable to set which CPU(s) 812 a particular chipset 816 manages and/or which telemetry data may be collected.
Chipsets 816 also each include a communication interface 828. Communication interface 828 may be used for the communication of signaling and/or data between chipset 816 and one or more I/O devices, one or more networks 808, and/or one or more devices coupled to network 808 (e.g., system management platform 806). For example, communication interface 828 may be used to send and receive network traffic such as data packets. In a particular embodiment, a communication interface 828 comprises one or more physical network interface controllers (NICs), also known as network interface cards or network adapters. A NIC may include electronic circuitry to communicate using any suitable physical layer and data link layer standard such as Ethernet (e.g., as defined by a IEEE 802.3 standard), Fibre Channel, InfiniBand, Wi-Fi, or other suitable standard. A NIC may include one or more physical ports that may couple to a cable (e.g., an Ethernet cable). A NIC may enable communication between any suitable element of chipset 816 (e.g., manageability engine 826 or switch 830) and another device coupled to network 808. In various embodiments a NIC may be integrated with the chipset (i.e., may be on the same integrated circuit or circuit board as the rest of the chipset logic) or may be on a different integrated circuit or circuit board that is electromechanically coupled to the chipset.
In particular embodiments, communication interfaces 828 may allow communication of data (e.g., between the manageability engine 826 and the data center management platform 806) associated with management and monitoring functions performed by manageability engine 826. In various embodiments, manageability engine 826 may utilize elements (e.g., one or more NICs) of communication interfaces 828 to report the telemetry data (e.g., to system management platform 806) in order to reserve usage of NICs of communication interface 818 for operations associated with workloads performed by platform logic 810.
Switches 830 may couple to various ports (e.g., provided by NICs) of communication interface 828 and may switch data between these ports and various components of chipset 816 (e.g., one or more Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) lanes coupled to CPUs 812). Switches 830 may be a physical or virtual (i.e., software) switch.
Platform logic 810 may include an additional communication interface 818. Similar to communication interfaces 828, communication interfaces 818 may be used for the communication of signaling and/or data between platform logic 810 and one or more networks 808 and one or more devices coupled to the network 808. For example, communication interface 818 may be used to send and receive network traffic such as data packets. In a particular embodiment, communication interfaces 818 comprise one or more physical NICs. These NICs may enable communication between any suitable element of platform logic 810 (e.g., CPUs 812 or memory 814) and another device coupled to network 808 (e.g., elements of other platforms or remote computing devices coupled to network 808 through one or more networks).
Platform logic 810 may receive and perform any suitable types of workloads. A workload may include any request to utilize one or more resources of platform logic 810, such as one or more cores or associated logic. For example, a workload may comprise a request to instantiate a software component, such as an I/O device driver 824 or guest system 822; a request to process a network packet received from a virtual machine 832 or device external to platform 802A (such as a network node coupled to network 808); a request to execute a process or thread associated with a guest system 822, an application running on platform 802A, a hypervisor 820 or other operating system running on platform 802A; or other suitable processing request.
A virtual machine 832 may emulate a computer system with its own dedicated hardware. A virtual machine 832 may run a guest operating system on top of the hypervisor 820. The components of platform logic 810 (e.g., CPUs 812, memory 814, chipset 816, and communication interface 818) may be virtualized such that it appears to the guest operating system that the virtual machine 832 has its own dedicated components.
A virtual machine 832 may include a virtualized NIC (vNIC), which is used by the virtual machine as its network interface. A vNIC may be assigned a media access control (MAC) address or other identifier, thus allowing multiple virtual machines 832 to be individually addressable in a network.
VNF 834 may comprise a software implementation of a functional building block with defined interfaces and behavior that can be deployed in a virtualized infrastructure. In particular embodiments, a VNF 834 may include one or more virtual machines 832 that collectively provide specific functionalities (e.g., WAN optimization, virtual private network (VPN) termination, firewall operations, load balancing operations, security functions, etcetera). A VNF 834 running on platform logic 810 may provide the same functionality as traditional network components implemented through dedicated hardware. For example, a VNF 834 may include components to perform any suitable network function virtualization (NFV) workloads, such as virtualized evolved packet core (vEPC) components, mobility management entities, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) control and data plane components, etc.
SFC 836 is a group of VNFs 834 organized as a chain to perform a series of operations, such as network packet processing operations. Service function chaining may provide the ability to define an ordered list of network services (e.g. firewalls, load balancers) that are stitched together in the network to create a service chain.
A hypervisor 820 (also known as a virtual machine monitor) may comprise logic to create and run guest systems 822. The hypervisor 820 may present guest operating systems run by virtual machines with a virtual operating platform (i.e., it appears to the virtual machines that they are running on separate physical nodes when they are actually consolidated onto a single hardware platform) and manage the execution of the guest operating systems by platform logic 810. Services of hypervisor 820 may be provided by virtualizing in software or through hardware assisted resources that require minimal software intervention, or both. Multiple instances of a variety of guest operating systems may be managed by the hypervisor 820. Each platform 802 may have a separate instantiation of a hypervisor 820.
Hypervisor 820 may be a native or bare metal hypervisor that runs directly on platform logic 810 to control the platform logic and manage the guest operating systems. Alternatively, hypervisor 820 may be a hosted hypervisor that runs on a host operating system and abstracts the guest operating systems from the host operating system. Hypervisor 820 may include a virtual switch 838 that may provide virtual switching and/or routing functions to virtual machines of guest systems 822. The virtual switch 838 may comprise a logical switching fabric that couples the vNICs of the virtual machines 832 to each other, thus creating a virtual network through which virtual machines may communicate with each other.
Virtual switch 838 may comprise a software element that is executed using components of platform logic 810. In various embodiments, hypervisor 820 may be in communication with any suitable entity (e.g., a software-defined network controller) which may cause hypervisor 820 to reconfigure the parameters of virtual switch 838 in response to changing conditions in platform 802 (e.g., the addition or deletion of virtual machines 832 or identification of optimizations that may be made to enhance performance of the platform).
Hypervisor 820 may also include resource allocation logic 844, which may include logic for determining allocation of platform resources based on the telemetry data (which may include stress information). Resource allocation logic 844 may also include logic for communicating with various components of platform logic 810 entities of platform 802A to implement such optimization, such as components of platform logic 810.
Any suitable logic may make one or more of these optimization decisions. For example, system management platform 806; resource allocation logic 844 of hypervisor 820 or other operating system; or other logic of computer platform 802A may be capable of making such decisions. In various embodiments, the system management platform 806 may receive telemetry data from and manage workload placement across multiple platforms 802. The system management platform 806 may communicate with hypervisors 820 (e.g., in an out-of-band manner) or other operating systems of the various platforms 802 to implement workload placements directed by the system management platform.
The elements of platform logic 810 may be coupled together in any suitable manner. For example, a bus may couple any of the components together. A bus may include any known interconnect, such as a multi-drop bus, a mesh interconnect, a ring interconnect, a point-to-point interconnect, a serial interconnect, a parallel bus, a coherent (e.g. cache coherent) bus, a layered protocol architecture, a differential bus, or a Gunning transceiver logic (GTL) bus.
Elements of the computer platform 802A may be coupled together in any suitable manner such as through one or more networks 808. A network 808 may be any suitable network or combination of one or more networks operating using one or more suitable networking protocols. A network may represent a series of nodes, points, and interconnected communication paths for receiving and transmitting packets of information that propagate through a communication system. For example, a network may include one or more firewalls, routers, switches, security appliances, antivirus servers, or other useful network devices.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating elements of a CPU 912. Embodiments of CPU 912 disclosed herein may be adapted or configured to provide a magnetically affixed heat spreader, according to the teachings of the present specification.
Although CPU 912 depicts a particular configuration, the cores and other components of CPU 912 may be arranged in any suitable manner. CPU 912 may comprise any processor or processing device, such as a microprocessor, an embedded processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a network processor, an application processor, a co-processor, an SoC, or other device to execute code. CPU 912, in the depicted embodiment, includes four processing elements (cores 930 in the depicted embodiment), which may include asymmetric processing elements or symmetric processing elements. However, CPU 912 may include any number of processing elements that may be symmetric or asymmetric.
Examples of hardware processing elements include: a thread unit, a thread slot, a thread, a process unit, a context, a context unit, a logical processor, a hardware thread, a core, and/or any other element, which is capable of holding a state for a processor, such as an execution state or architectural state. In other words, a processing element, in one embodiment, refers to any hardware capable of being independently associated with code, such as a software thread, operating system, application, or other code. A physical processor (or processor socket) typically refers to an integrated circuit, which potentially includes any number of other processing elements, such as cores or hardware threads.
A core may refer to logic located on an integrated circuit capable of maintaining an independent architectural state, wherein each independently maintained architectural state is associated with at least some dedicated execution resources. A hardware thread may refer to any logic located on an integrated circuit capable of maintaining an independent architectural state, wherein the independently maintained architectural states share access to execution resources. A physical CPU may include any suitable number of cores. In various embodiments, cores may include one or more out-of-order processor cores or one or more in-order processor cores. However, cores may be individually selected from any type of core, such as a native core, a software managed core, a core adapted to execute a native instruction set architecture (ISA), a core adapted to execute a translated ISA, a co-designed core, or other known core. In a heterogeneous core environment (i.e. asymmetric cores), some form of translation, such as binary translation, may be utilized to schedule or execute code on one or both cores.
In the embodiment depicted, core 930A includes an out-of-order processor that has a front end unit 970 used to fetch incoming instructions, perform various processing (e.g. caching, decoding, branch predicting, etc.) and passing instructions/operations along to an out-of-order (OOO) engine. The OOO engine performs further processing on decoded instructions.
A front end 970 may include a decode module coupled to fetch logic to decode fetched elements. Fetch logic, in one embodiment, includes individual sequencers associated with thread slots of cores 930. Usually a core 930 is associated with a first ISA, which defines/specifies instructions executable on core 930. Often machine code instructions that are part of the first ISA include a portion of the instruction (referred to as an opcode), which references/specifies an instruction or operation to be performed. The decode module may include circuitry that recognizes these instructions from their opcodes and passes the decoded instructions on in the pipeline for processing as defined by the first ISA. Decoders of cores 930, in one embodiment, recognize the same ISA (or a subset thereof). Alternatively, in a heterogeneous core environment, a decoder of one or more cores (e.g., core 930B) may recognize a second ISA (either a subset of the first ISA or a distinct ISA).
In the embodiment depicted, the OOO engine includes an allocate unit 982 to receive decoded instructions, which may be in the form of one or more micro-instructions or uops, from front end unit 970, and allocate them to appropriate resources such as registers and so forth. Next, the instructions are provided to a reservation station 984, which reserves resources and schedules them for execution on one of a plurality of execution units 986A-986N. Various types of execution units may be present, including, for example, arithmetic logic units (ALUs), load and store units, vector processing units (VPUs), floating point execution units, among others. Results from these different execution units are provided to a reorder buffer (ROB) 988, which take unordered results and return them to correct program order.
In the embodiment depicted, both front end unit 970 and OOO engine 980 are coupled to different levels of a memory hierarchy. This memory hierarchy may include various levels of cache. The cache is a fast memory structure that is often multilayered. In common practice, cache is much faster than main memory (often two to three orders of magnitude faster), and includes cache ways that map to address spaces within main memory. Cache design may be driven by the principle that faster is generally more expensive, and larger is generally slower. Thus, in some cases, cache is divided into multiple levels. For example, a small, very fast, and relatively expensive level 1 (L1) cache may service an individual core. A larger, somewhat less expensive, but also slower layer 2 (L2) cache may service a plurality of cores within the same CPU socket. An even larger, slower, and less expensive layer 3 (L3) cache (also known as “last level cache” (LLC)) may be located on the motherboard, and may service multiple CPU sockets within the same system. These are illustrated as nonlimiting examples only, and it should be understood that other cache configurations are also possible.
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https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nkeyou&action=history
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Suba ang Nkeyou sa Kamerun. Nahimutang ni sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa amihanan sa Yaoundé ang ulohan sa nasod. Ang Nkeyou mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa Sanaga.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Sanaga tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa Kamerun
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90da12331a072730e0a8dbe715866127
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French Open Data
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Various open data
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journal-officiel.gouv.fr
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e
154 année. - N°38
Mardi 20 septembre 2022
JOURNAL OFFICIEL
DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE
D.I.L.A
serialNumber=S17140003,CN=DILA - SIGNATURE
DILA,OU=0002
13000918600011,organizationIdentifier=NTRFR-13000918600011,O=DILA,C=FR
75015 Paris
2022-09-20 09:01:43
Associations et fondations d'entreprise
DIRECTION DE L'INFORMATION LÉGALE ET ADMINISTRATIVE
26, rue Desaix, 75727 PARIS CEDEX 15
www.dila.premier-ministre.gouv.fr
www.journal-officiel.gouv.fr
Annonce n° 1444
75 - Paris
ASSOCIATIONS
Créations
Déclaration à la préfecture de police
MA PETITE ODYSSÉE, PREMIERS PAS VERS UN MONDE D'AVENTURES..
Objet : l'association a pour but de de créer des établissements d'accueil du jeune enfant afin d'offrir et de garantir
aux enfants et leurs familles un accueil qualitatif et sécurisant en répondant à leurs besoins, en contribuant au
développement harmonieux des enfants accueillis, en offrant aux familles les mêmes opportunités en favorisant une
mixité sociale dans ses établissements, et en accompagnant les parents dans leur parentalité
Siège social : 20, avenue Ambroise Rendu, 75019 Paris.
Date de la déclaration : 12 septembre 2022.
La Directrice de l’information légale et administrative : Anne DUCLOS-GRISIER
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bub_gb_xqM8AAAAYAAJ_34
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German-PD
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Open Culture
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Jahrbücher für philologie und pædagogik
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Johann Christian Jahn
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M. oder einer seiner Anhänger in dieser Meinung die Worte des Plinius Phidias fecit alt er uni cofossicon nudum nicht von dem Beitercoloss gedeutet hat, wo er wenigstens mehr Beistimmuug erhalten hätte, als Herr Pc t er sc u in Kopenhagen erhalten kann. Digitized by Google 8 Archacologie. der diese Worte jüngst auf eine höchst überraschende Weise von einer Mi nerven statue erklärt hat;) wenn er die ältesten noch roh gearbeiteten G riech. Skarabäen in da9 llte oder lOte Jahrhdt. vor Chr. Geb. setzt, und wenn er endlich, um uns mit diesen wenigen Beispielen zu begnügen, das Basrelief mit der Er- ziehung des Bacchus und eine Minervenstatue , beide aus der Villa Albani, schon im 8ten Jahrhundert entstanden glaubt. Nie- mand wird geradezu diess läugnen können , eben so wenig als es die Absicht von Herrn M. ist, es apodiktisch zu behaupten; aber es scheint doch die bekannte Stelle des Plinius von Dipoenus und Scyllis: qui marmore scalpendo primi omnium inclaruertud etiamnum Medis imperantibus , priusquam Cyrus in Persis re- gnare inciperet , hoc est Olympiade circiter Zr, uns in jedem Urtheil über so frühe Verfertigung von Marmorwerken sehr vor- sichtig machen zu müssen. Es ist bekannt , dass die Erzkunst bereits zu einem weit hohem Grad von Ausbildung gelangt war, ehe Marmorkünstler von einiger Bedeutung auftraten. Vieles aber von dem und anderm ihm ähnlichen kommt auf die Rech- nung jener Eigentümlichkeit des Herrn Verf., die wir schon in unsrer Anzeige seiner Kunstgeschichte erwähnen mussten , näm- lich auf die fast zum System gewordne Sitte, die neuen Unter- suchungen als nicht vorhaudeu anzusehen. Wir wollen nicht über die Ursachen dieses Stillschweigens nachforschen, sondern nur die Sache nehmen, wie sie liegt. Hätte Herr M. in der Vorrede zu seiner Kunstgeschichte oder in einer diesen Tabellen beige- gebnen Erinnerung seinen Lesern bemerklich gemacht, dass er seine Untersuchungen so geben wolle , wie sie nun vielleicht seit 20 — 30 Jaliren * n Pulte vor ihm lagen , unbekümmert um das, was Neuere gut oder schlecht über denselben Gegenstand beige- bracht hätten, so würde jeder Herrn Meyer’s Schrift als ein schönes Vermächtniss des noch lebenden ehrwürdigen Mannes bewundern und lieben. Anders aber verhält sich die Sache jetzt Herr M. hat so etwas nicht erwähnt, die Forschungen von an- dern sind da , und der unbefangne Dritte kann fragen , warum man denn so gar nichts von den fruchtbaren Untersuchungen in diesem Buche findet, wodurch die Kunstgeschichte in neuem Zeiten so wesentlich gefördert worden ist. Was zuerst die Vollständigkeit anlangt, so lag es natürlich nicht in Herrn M. Plan, alle Künstler, deren Zeitalter sich be- stimmen lässt, in seine Tabelle aufzunehmen. Auch sind wirk- lich nicht eben viele ausgefallen, und wir begnügen uns die, die wir bis auf Phidias herunter vermisst haben, hier nachzutra- gen. Mit Uebergehung der symbolischen Malernamen, die hier sämmtiieh fehlen , aber doch wohl ein Plätzchen verdient hätten, konnten wir von Erz- und Marmorkünstlern folgende nicht fin- den: Euchir und Eugrammus in Italien, Learchus, Deu- tas, Doryclidas, Medon, Cleoetas (dem wir einen in unbestimmter Zeit lebenden Namensbruder ans einer sehr cor- rumpirten Stelle des Plinius restituirt haben , w ovon zu einer an- dern Zeit), Demeas aus Kroton, Clearchus, Menae- chmu8, Scidas, Telephanes, Arcesilans, Storni u 8, Ascarus, Demophilus und Gorgasus, beide in der LXXI Olympiade und sehr merkwürdig, Amyclaeus, Diyllus, Ohionis, Synnoon, Aristomedes, Socrates, Ptoli- ebus aus Aegina, Acestor, Scymnus, Eucadmus, und um von spätem wenigstens einen hinzuzufügen , Euthycrates. Um etwas aus eignem kleinen Vorrath zu geben, so dürfte die Krttähnung eines Künstlers hier an ihrer Steilerem, der, wie er jetzt bei dem Plinius gelesen wird, gewiss nieexlstirthat,und dem wir hier seinen wahren Namen wieder verschaffen wollen. Plinius nämlich führt (XXXIV, 8 s. 19) eine Reihe Künstler nach der Ordnung des Alphabets auf, und es ist auffallend, dass sogleich unter dem Buchstaben A eine Verwirrung eintritt. Nachdem nämlich Plinius von dem Alcamenes und Aristides gespro- chen hat, geht er zum Iphicrates über, einem fast nirgends erwähnten Künstler der 60ger Olympiaden, der eine Löwinn ge- arbeitet hatte. Es ist hier nicht der Platz zu erwähnen, was andere mit diesem Namen vorgenommen haben: uns genügt ans der vor- trefflichen V ossischen Handschrift (At Polycleti discipulus Art - *tide8 fecit quadrigas bi gas quam. Phicrates etc. ) das einzig wahre wiederherzustellen : bigasqtie . Amphicrates. Wir gehen jetzt zur Chronologie über, wo uns zuerst sehr befremdet hat , dass G i t i a d e s als in der läten Olympiade le- bend erwähnt wird, während Theo dorus und Tele des der 54stcn vindicirt werden. Welche Verwirrung aus dieser Annah- me entsteht, wie sehr sie allen Zeugnissen der Alten wider- ; spricht, und wie einfach und natürlich, ja sogar aus den Klassi- * ■ Digitized by Google 10 / Archacologic. keru bewahrt, die Annahme von Tliiersch ist, dass zwei Künst- ler, die jene Namen trugen, mit einander verwechselt worden sind, bezweifelt keiner der neuern Forscher. Schon die von Herrn M. selbst aus Plinius wiederholte einfache Aufzählung der von T h e o d o r u s gemachten mechanischen Erfindungen mussten ihn eines bessern belehret. Aber so wie sich hier die Folgen der Nichtbeachtung neuerer Untersuchungen zeigen, so auch bei an* dern Künstlern. Kanachus, Schüler Polyclet’s des Jüngern, ar- beitet seinen Apollo Philesius um 01. 98. Mit ihm gleichzeitig ist natürlich sein Bruder Aristo des aus Sicyon, wo es uns un- begreiflich ist , wie Herr M. die von diesem in gerader Linie ab- geleiteten Meister ( Pausan. VI, 9, 1) Synnoon, Pto 1 i chu s, Sostrat us und Pantias angeordnet haben würde, wenn sie nicht sämmtlich mit einziger Ausnahme des Sostratus — fehlten, der sich aber nun auch bequemen muss, ein Zeitgenoss Ly sipp’s zu werden. Auf der andern Seite steht Aristocles der Cy- doniate unter 01. 25, der nach dem Schluss, welcher sich aus Pausa nias Angabe (VI, 3, 4) begründen lässt, erst gegen OL 54 geblülit haben kann. Die Zeit wo C a 1 1 o n aus Acgina lebte, ist zu schwankend angegeben , da wir doch wissen , dass er schon 01.09 die Kunst ausgeübt habe. (Pausan. VII, 18, 6; vergl.il, 32, 4.) Von C a 1 a m i s sollte man nach Herrn M. glauben, dass seine eigentliche Blühte in 01. 88 falle, während er damals schon sehr alt gewesen sein muss, indem er bereits 01. 18 grossen Ruhm genoss, was aus dem Weihgeschenke des Dinoraeiaes , wel- ches Onatas verfertigte, klar hervorgeht. Der Maler Aristo- phon wird noch fortwährend mit Aglaophon II verwechselt, worü- ber schon Böttiger in der Archäologie der Malerei 1 S. 209 ei- nen guten Fingerzeig gab. Der Stammbaum dieser Maleriamiiie ist folgender : Aglaophon Polygnotus — Aristophon Aglaophon. Unbegründet ist die Behauptung , dass P h i d i a 8 01. 16 die Mi- nerva Area zu Plataeae gemacht habe. In der einzigen Stelle, wo Pausanias (IX, 4, 1) von ihr spricht, erw älint* er mit keinem \\ ort die Zeit der Verfertigung, und eine andere Stelle, die von der Zeit handelt, wo Plüdias seine Minervenbilder gearbeitet habe (VII, 27, 1), sagt nichts anderes, als dass die Minerva zu Pel- lene früher gearbeitet worden sei , als die auf der Acropolis zu Athen und die zu Plataeae. Die Parthenos aber weihte er , wie bekannt ist, 01. 85, 3. Ueberhaupt herrscht in dem Artikel P h i d i a s manche Verwirrung. Die Lemnische Minerva* (j$ xaAiJ) auf der Burg soll nach der Parthenos gearbeitet worden ' sein; der Zeus hingegen früher entstanden als die Pärüieuos, Digitized by < Gcschiclitc der Kunst b. d. Griechen v. Meyer. 11 worin Herr M. die Meinung von II e y n c theilt, während Corsi- ni und Otfried Müller das Gegeiitheil behaupten. Wir wis- sen nicht, welchem Ideengang der letzte von beiden genannten Männern , unser hochverehrter Lehrer, folgt, indem er sich be- gnügt, nur die Hauptresultate seiner Untersuchungen in einer vorläufigen Anzeige seiner Vorlesungen in den Göttinger Gelehr- ten-Anzeigen (1824 Nr. 115) darziiiegen ; ohne den Vorwurf der Anraasslichkeit zu befürchten, glauben wir hinzufügen zu können, dass nach der genausten Beleuchtung aller auf diesen Gegenstand bezüglichen Stellen der Alten auch bei uns die nämlichen Er- gebnisse sich gebildet haben, die dort O. Müller dargelegt hat. l)en meisten Aufschluss giebt die Geschichte vom Process des Pbidias (Plutarch. Pericl. 31 ; Diod. Sic. XII, 39 ; zu vergleichen mit dem sehr corrumpirten Bruchstück des Philochorus). Die Gründe für unsre Meinung hie$ zu entwickeln, wäre zweckwidrig, und wir erlauben uns nur die Freunde solcher Forschungen auf das zu verweisen , w as wir in unserm Catalogus artificuin darüber gesagt haben, der im Lauf des nächsten Jahres erscheinen wird. Einen grossen Thell der Fehlgriffe aber hätte nach unserer Mei- nung Herr M. vermeiden können , wenn er sich einen deutlichen Begriff von dem vagen Worte Jlorebat beimPlinius gebildet hätte. Nach unserer Beobachtung umfasst dies Wort bei diesem Schrift- steller den ganzen Kreis des menschlichen Lebens , und bezeich- net die Geburt , die eigentliche Blühte und den Tod des Künst- lers. So sehr wir nun auch durch diese Annahme der Willkühr Thor und Riegel geöffnet zu haben" scheinen mögen, so ist diess doch weit weniger der Fall, als der erste Anblick es glaublich macht, indem die Vergleichung der Nachrichten anderer Schrift- steller die Wahrheit unserer Meinung bezeugt. — Des Poly- clet’s Statuen standen nicht allemal (wie Herr M. sagt) nur auf einem Beine, sondern Plimus meldet nur, dass es ihm eigen- thümlich gewesen wäre, diese Neuerung einzuführen. Wenigstens durfte gewiss der Canon nicht so gebildet sein ; auch der Diadu- menos, so weit wir wenigstens aus, der Nachbildung schliessen Linnen, stand auf beiden Beinen. Wegen „Po ly des, Ti- marchides Sohn,“ der das Hermaphroditen - Ideal 01.102 geschaffen haben soll, verweisen w ir auf Amalthea Bd. III S. 289 — 293. — Der Sohn des Praxiteles hiess nicht Ccpliissodo- rus Bondern Cep hisodo tus. Mit Uebergehung der politischen und literarischen Colum- nen, die vielleicht auch manches zn erinnern geben dürften, (z. B. Aeneas in Italien, wozu vergl. Niebuhr und Otfried Mül- lerim Classical Journal, der Friede zwischen Griechenland und Persien 01. 82 , 3 , der nie geschlossen worden ist, die Elei- *che Philosophie des Xeuophanes, die Vorlesungen des Hero- wH, alles Gegenstände, die schon von andern erörtert worden watl) wollen wir hier noch etwas liiuzofügen, wozu wir die Ver- Digilized by Google 12 Archaeologie. * 4 • anlassung aus Herrn M. Tabellen nehmen. Der Künstler An- thermus hatte, wie Plinius sagt, zwei Söhne Bupalus und Anthermus, die der Scholiast zu Aristophanes Aves 513 und Suidas s. v. 'Innccn/cd; Bupalus und Athenis nennen. Aber auch der Name des Vaters ist nicht so ganz sicher, wie die mei- sten meinen. Denn nicht zu erwähnen, dass die Handschriften des Plinius ihn Ärchermus schreiben, so ist überhaupt das gan- ze Wort Anthermus gar kein Wort, und Thier sch und We Icker hätten daher nach Junius Vorgänge den angeführten Scholiasten korrigiren sollen, der ’Aqxewovq hat. So aben- teuerlich diess auch aussehen mag, so liegt doch das Wahre darin, wenn man nui* eine kleine Aenderung damit vornimmt. Auf • der 22n Inschrift in Boecklfs Corpus (T. I p. 38) steht ein Name ’j4q%8V£OS* was i ii’Aqxevov$ contrahirt wird, eine Endung, wel- che uns nicht auffallen wird, wenn wir die treffliche Bemerkung von llulinkenius (Ilist. Crit. Orator. Gr. p. XLII sq.) uns zu- rückrufen. Da es nun ferner bekannt ist, wie in den spätem Zei- ten die Consonanten oft verdoppelt wurden, so würden die Wor- te des Scholiasten , die noch ausserdem lückenhaft sind , etwa so zu verbessern sein : ’Aqxzvovv yag (prjöL f'/ov zöv Xlov ] xctl tov Bovndkov xai ’dfojvidog vtazega — Igydöccö&ccL, Der Name 9'Ig)v ist nur eine Verinuthung, die sich auf Bentley’s Opusc. Philol. p. 506 stützt. Findet jemand den Namen eines andern Gewährsmannes dieser Stelle mehr entsprechend, so lasse ich meinen Dithyrambographen gern fallen. Die Namen der Künst- lerfamilie aber glaube ich auf die obige Art berichtigt zu haben. — Der Erz- und Marmorkiinstler Callimachus war wegen seines grossen Kunstfleisses berühmt, und man nannte ihn deswegen xarcczsxvov (den künstlichen, Vitruv. IV, 1 § 9). Andere aber, welche meinten, dass der Künstler in dem Ausfeilen seiner IWr- ke zu weit gehe, und dasjenige nicht verstehe, was später App- les als Maler durch sein manum de tabula so vortrefflich bezeich- nete , änderten diesen Namen und machten aus einem Lobspruch einen Tadel. (Plinius XXXIV, 8 s. 19; Pausan. I, 26, 7i der aber darin irrt, dass er behauptet, Callimachus habe sich jenen Namen selbst gegeben , w as eben so wenig geschah , als mit dem TturdtExvog.) Diess Wort hat man bis jetzt in allen Ausgaben bei- der Schriftsteller xccxL^ozexvog gelesen, was, trotz aller willkühr- liclien und weithergesu eilten Deutungen der Interpreten, nichts anders heiss&i kann als der, der die Kunst tadelt, sehr wunderbar von einem Künstler. Die Codd. helfen auch hier aus; denn die besten und meisten (vielleicht alle) Handschriften des Plinius geben catotex itechnm ; die besten Handschriften desPau- sanias (Vatic. Paris. 1410, 1411) haben xazazrj^lzExvov oder x«- rd rrjZizExvov ; ein anderer Pariser 1400 xaz^izE%vov-> un(* der interpolirte Nr. 1399 xuyut,6zE%vov , was Bekker, dessen Ausgabe des Pausanias mir so eben in die Hände kommt, beibc- Digitized by Google Geschickte *dc r Kunst k. d. Griechen v. Meyer« 13 ■ halten hat, jedoch so dass er die Variante seiner Handschrift binzufügte. Und wenn man nun diese überraschende Ueberein- sümmung aller Handschriften des Pliniiis und Pausanias mit ei- ner Stelle des Dionysius von Ilalikarnass vergleicht, die Schnei- der im Lexikon anführt: tag xi%vas slg rccvtcc v.axaxr]Kuv , so ist wohl kein Zweifel, dass Kaxaxrfelxiyyos der wahre Beiname des alten Meisters ist, wodurch ein Mann bezeichnet wird, der durch zu grosse Kunst diese verweichlicht. Man betrachte die Aclmlichkeit der Laute in dem lobenden und tadelnden Beina- men, und ich glaube, dass niemand mehr zweifeln wird. Wie oft aber Präpositionen in Zusammensetzungen Missverständnisse der Abschreiber veranlasst haben, ist bekannt; ein ähnliches Beispiel aus Pausanias fällt mir gleich jetzt ein,' wo das in den Hand- schriften befindliche t7tl %aqivov längst in das richtigere Xaqlvov geändert worden ist. Doch genug und für manchen vielleicht schon mehr als ge- nug zur Würdigung dieses bei einzelnen Mängeln sehr brauchba- ren Buches , das auch die Verlagshandlung sehr anständig ausge- atattet hat. Möge der würdige Hr. Verf. , der die unbefangenen Bemerkungen eines Anfängers gewiss mit Nachsicht aufnehmen wird, Zeit und Lust gewinnen, das zweite Stadium seiner Kunst- gerechte bis auf den gänzlichen Verfall der Gr. Kunst eben so voruckzulegen , wie er das erste zurückgelegt hat. Es wäre zu beklagen, wenn das mit so ausdauernder Liebe gepflegte Werk ein Torso bliebe. Denn jeder Torso erregt eine traurige Empfin- dung, er mag es geblieben oder geworden seyn. Julius Sillig. Lehre vom Griechischen Accent, 1* Lehre vom Accent der griechischen Sprache. Für Schulen. Von Dr. Carl Göttling. Dritte umgearbeitete und vermehrte Auflage. Rudolstadt in der Hof -Buch- und Kunst- Handlung. 1825. VI u. 128 S. 8. 10 Gr. [VrgL Sommer in der Krit. Biblioth. 1826. VIII S. 834 — 853. ] 2» Auszug aus Cyrillus Sammlung derjenigen ^'Wörter, die ihrer verschiedenen B edeutun g I. nach einen verschiedenen Accent haben. Eine i kleine, vielleicht nicht unerwünschte Zugabe zu jeder griechischen * Grammatik. Giessen bei Georg Friedrich Heyer. 1825. 14 S. 8. 14 Lehre vom Griechischen Accent 3. lieber den griechischen Accent. Für Schulen bear- beitet von Dr. Julius Emil Wemicke9 Lehrer am Königl. Gymna- sium zu Thorn. Berlin. 18% X und 58 S. gr. 8. 12 Gr. [Vrgl. Beck's Repert. 1825 Bd. IV S. 138; IlaU. Lit. Zeit. 1826 Nr. 174 S. 564 — 566. ] In wiefern die Einführung einer besondern Accent -Lehre für Schulen thunlich oder forderlich sei, darüber könnte man mit den Verfassern der vorliegenden Schriften rechten. Wir haben das Bedürfnis darnach eben so wenig gefühlt, als nach Homerischen Tabellen, Homerischen Wörterbüchern und ähnlichen Hülfsmit- teln, welche dem Schüler sein Lexicon und seine Grammatik ver- einigt darbieten soll. Die Griechische Accentlehre aber syste- matisch erlernen zu lassen, scheint uns Ueberfüllung. Indessen mögen liier die Bedürfnisse verschieden sein : vielleicht ist unsre Ansicht schon irgendwo sogar durch die Erfahrung widerlegt Wir lassen daher diese zweischneidige Frage auf sich beruh», und können dieses um so mehr in Rücksicht auf die Arbeit des Herrn Götti in g, zu welcher wir uns zuerst wenden , da selbst ein flüchtiger Ueberblick lehrt, dass Herr Göttling nie oder sel- ten Schüler , sondern Lehrer vor Augen hatte. Auf die vorzüg- lichsten Erfordernisse macht uns Herr G. selbst in der Vorrede aufmerksam. Durch „grössere Genauigkeit, Ordnung und Voll- ständigkeit, drei nothw endige Dinge,' zeichne sich die jetzige Ausgabe vor den frühem aus.“ Ja Herr G. erklärt sich noch wei- ter. „Was die Genauigkeit anlangt , so besteht diese vor allem in den Angaben der Autorität alter Grammatiker, auf deren Be- dürfniss der Verf. von einsichtsvollen Schulmännern aufmerksam gemacht ward.“ Aber, uns dünkt, hier habe der Verf. den rech- ten Punkt nicht getroffen. Immerhin kann die Autorität der al- ten Grammatiker angeführt sein ; wenn aber die beigebrachten Citate nicht beweisen, wo sie sollen , wenn die wichtigsten Zeug- nisse übergangen sind, wenn aus Stellen der Alten falsch oder schief berichtet wird, sei’s aus Nachlässigkeit, sei’s aus Mangel an Kritik, dann, glauben wir, herrsche demohnerachtet Unge- nauigkeit. Verlangt Herr Göttling, der einen andern Grundsatz aufstellte, den Beweis, so können wir ihn aus seinem eignen Buche führen. — Nachdem z. B. S. 22 Herr G. die Regel des Apollonius de adv. p. 545 erwähnt, dass ein ausfallendes 6 Zu- rückziehung des Accents bewirke, ovtafisvog, 6wshrjk(iptBV0gf ÖEö7COTi]g9 igyatqg, und eine ähnliche Versetzung des Tons an dem verkürzten %Qoct statt bcmerklich gemacht, fährt er fort: „Ebenso betonte Apollonius neicxa^svog , Hefodian aber it&tcccfiBVog . Phavor. p. 1473, 41.“ Sehen wir zu, mit welche^ > Genauigkeit hier Phavorinus citirt worden , den Wir ohne Beden- ken mit den alten Grammatikern in dieselbe Klasse nehmen , i* so mehr , da Herr Göttling sehr oft ilui allein anführt , ohne. Digitized by ■ » I Göttüng, Winkler u. Wernicke : über den Accent der Griecli. Sprache. 15 seine Quellen zurückzugehn. Bei Phavorinus also lesen wir: ns- xtccfisvov nagu toi ’AnoXXa)vl(p 'HgoÖiavog nagolgvvBi ; d. li. in der Stelle bei Apollon. Rhod. Argon. II, 1210, wo der Dichter vom Drachen sagt, er hütete das goldne Vlicss (xc5a<?), nsntafiBvov XaoLoiövv inl ögvog dxgsfiovsööt v, habeHerodian dies Wort als Parox. geschrieben. Denn so berichtet das schol. Fior. iteitTccptvov f. Hgcodiavog nago%vv£i. Und dieses schrieb Phavorinus ab : wahrscheinlich mit Unrecht. — S. 23: qpaOi habe Apollon. oxyt<mirt „während es Herodian paroxytonirte oder vielmehr properispomenirte. Draco p. 58.u Hier lesen wir: xAtföt, dvfh, q>d%i ^laxgonagaXrjx rovöiv and tov xXvs, dve, xccrd nerankaGfidv , rd de xkxXvfti ßga%vvsTai, ofiotog xal rd OQVt&t xal ’lhadog ß . ßuöx ’töh, ovXs» — Um genau zu Bein, musste der Verf. fürs erste, wollte er nicht beide hieher gehörige Stellen aus Draco citiren, die andre wählen, welche idehtiger und deutlicher ist. S. 31 : dv&i , xXv&t xal cpä&i , cog tcc Xoina rav Big 0 aoglöTOv fiaxgä nagaXrfyovtai xaLtot and tov xXvb xal övB/xarä pLBzanXaöfiov yivofiBva , diä rd Iv ap- %alg x c5v ötCxcjv t l&sö&ai. Gesetzt nun, es habe wirklich ein Grammatiker neben dvfh und xXv&i auch (pafti aufgefülirt, etwa nach dei* Aehnlichkeit von dtüOt (v. Draco p. 58, 9; Etym. M. 520, 15) — woran man bei näherer Betrachtung durch die Stelle selbst zu zweifeln berechtigt sein mochte — woher hat Herr G. auch nur eine Spur, dass dieser Grammatiker Herodian sei 1 Die- jMäbt die andre Ungenauigkeit. Die dritte aber liegt darin, dass llerr G. Stellen vernachlässigte, aus denen sich deutlich genug das Gegentheü ergiebt : Schol. Aristopli. Equ. 21 : qp afh, oneg 6 ftiv ’AnoXXnviog ojgvvEt,' o öh 'Hgcoöiavog ßagvvtv • nagaXo - ■ fmg yäg 6h vvbö&cu. Hätte abei* Herr G. selbst diese Stelle be- nutzt, was leicht genug war, da sie z. B. von Buttmann Gr. I p. 563 angezeigt worden , noch immer hätte er eine Ungenauigkeit begangen, weil in jener Stelle die beiden Namen umgestellt wer- den müssen. Denn für sich wird wohl der beste Zeuge Apollo- nius selbst sein. Sy nt. p. 203, 26: h>%w ov övyxaxarLb spat zolg iv ngogtaxnxf) ngogepoga 6%vtovov6i rd g?adl, övvsktyxo- ftivotg xd) c tov zglzov ngoganov tov <pdzG)r o örj opozovov zafreö zog rc 5 davrip« o^oUog xolg uXXoig rjkey%s r rjv nagd rd Öiov 6%siccv. So wenig besteht die Genauigkeit in den Citateu! Ausserdem durfte Herr G. nicht für tpaftl die Stelle Theocr. XXII, 56 anführen. Denn überall mit Ausnahme der Ausgaben von Schäfer und Meineke finden wir geschrieben <pa&i9 bloss mit der Variante aus einer Hdschr. tpaöL — Das abgerissne <pa%l d£vr ov&g. i£6niö&s vvv avzo ya&l tov fioXaptev bei Suidas hi wohl eben aus Herodian. — S. 50 : „Selbst ’AöxX rpuog und. dvttyiog waren zu Homerts Zeit nocli Proparoxytona. Eust. II. p. 800, 10.“ Wir lesen: c5g dh 6 [iv&og ftsolg IvzdzzBt, tov AoxXtjmov xal 6g tfmog tu ngeova xaXovpEVog ’AöxXqniog Digitized by Google * Lehre vom Griechischen Accent. . 16 [iBXEXÄyftrj xal diu zl xovzo xal dg xaivoxegov o%vvezai 6 ’Aöxkymog ev zy Cvv&eOel 6 itgo zavzyg Iv rc5 rjittog ngoitag- o^vvo[iEvog , akka%ov dedykazai. Wir lesen wieder : nichts aber will uns beifallen zu Gunsten der Tliatsache, die Herr G. ; mit dieser Stelle belebt , als die, vielleicht sehr irrige, Venn u- tliung , dass Herr Göttling in der £ile aus xulvozbqov etwas her- ausgelesen, was freilich sonderbar ist. — Und die Stellen zn vergleichen, oder anzuführen, auf die uns Eustathius verweist, lohnte sich’s der Midie nicht? Wir meflien p. 463, 35, wo die Ableitung des Namens von ijxiog angegeben, und dann hinzuge- fügt wird : y di o^vzovtjiHg zov ov6[iuzog dnogiav l%ei , blxeq xal cckkcog* at öw&iöetg zovg zovovg ävaßißd£ov<Sr xcdüg ovv hcoiu Arjfioö&svrjg , dg [özoQEizai, 7t ago^vvov zyv ki^iv xal ävayiyv ciöxcov ’Aöxkyxiog* Cf. 1447 , 44 : öfioiov di slg aizo- gtav xal zo rjxtog ofcw&iv Iv zu ’Aöxkyxiog. Ix zov rjxlov yap iyvGHSxcu 6vyxelC%ai 6 ’Aöxkyxiog. Und daselbst 63: zov di xagakoycog o %uvetöai doxovvza 'AOxkyxiov efrsydxevöEV 6 dr}- [io <5&tvyg> yA6xkr\7aov xgoxagolgvxovcog zol[iy<Sag ngoylgeiv avxöv, dg xal IZAovzap^og lOzoqeL Nämlich vit. dec. or. T. IV p. 300 Wytt. ( p. 845 B. ) , wo es von Demosthenes heisst : XQoeXftdv Öe xakiv elg zag Ixxkyolag veazeg ixdg xiva Ai- yav dieövgezo. Und zu diesen Neuigkeiten gehört auch, dass er schwor : zov ’Aöxkipiiov* ngoxago^vvov ’AöxXyiuov. xal xaoEdeLxvvEv avzdv og&dg keyovxa. elvai yag zov fteov yxiov. Kai Inl xovxto itokkaxig i&ogvßy&y. Wo 6ind von Herrn tim* Beweise für das Homerische dvdfyiog und ’AöxXyxiog ? Wahr- scheinlich sind die beweisenden Steilen , die Herr G. verschweigt, Hermann de em. gr. p. 61 und elem. doctr. metr. p. 56. Da je- doch äussere Beweise ganz mangeln (denn dass in einem Wie*-* ner codex der lliade, und in dem Pariser schol. zu Apollon. Rhod. IV , 611 so geschrieben wird , kann nicht dafür gelten — wo ist* ein Wort niemals verschrieben?), da ferner, was Hermann be- absichtigte, sich nicht einmal durchführen lässt, weil noch genug Verlängerungen in der Thesis ohne Unterstützung des Accents übrig bleiben (s. Spitzner de vers. her. p. 84), so möchte man diesen Vorschlag ebensowenig anzunehmen geneigt sein, als et- wa den ähnlichen fiavzyog (El. doctr. metr. 347). Auch Spits- ner am angef. Orte verwarf jene Accentuation. Ausserdem be- weist jene Erzählung bei Flut. , dass den Griechen die Accehtua- tion ’AöxkynLov unerhört war, dass ihnen also auch in ihrem Homer nichts anders zu hören einfiel, als ’AöxkrjJCiov dvo naids. Und wenn der Grieche selbst an solcher Verlängerung keinen An- fito8S nahm , dürfen wir sie unerträglich oder unnatürlich finden ? Zu zweifeln an der Anekdote scheinen wir nicht berechtigt. Nicht aber wolle man erinnern an jene ähnliche Erzählung von zog . Diese hat einen völlig ungültigen Zeugen und trägt das Ge- k präge des Unsinns in sich selbst; der Grund ferner, welcher ei- Digitized by Gooqjg , Güitling, Wincklcr u. Wern icke : über den Accent der Griech. Sprache. 17 * nen thörichten Erklärer zu der Erfindung veranlasste, liegt $o deutlicli am Tage , sic ist endlich so gezeichnet durch geschicht- lichen Widerspruch ( Meineke ad Menandr. p. XXIV), dass sie dem Urtheil der Verdammung, welches ihr alle neueren Heraus- geber des Redners gesprochen, nicht entgehn konnte. Alles die- ses lässt sich jener audern Erzählung nicht nachsagen. — S. 58 wird unter den paroxytonirten Genith en plur. der einsilbigen Wörter neben Tgdav, öpdav9 ftcdav auch angeführt nldg jrÄco- ov (Eust. Od. p. 1425, 52): rov Öl dp mav rj xXlGcg g5$ Tgcoav. Uyst de 'Hgaäfavdg , Sri dg dpdg öpaog , Tgdg Tgdog , frag ftoös ovreo xai xXdg xXaog, elÖog ix&vog. Wir wünschten Herr G. wiese uns die Flexion nldg nXaog nach. Wir kennen nur xkdg zJLarog (v. Athen. VH p. 307, b). Aber Iferodian musste sie doch kennen! Sicher nicht. Schon Eustatliius Ausdruck zeigt, dass Ilcrodian nur raisonnirte, aber von Beispielen entblösst war. Dass es ferner ihm nicht einfiel TtXdav unter jenen Ausnahmen mR aufzufuhren (v. Jo. gr. p. 18 ), ist ein neuer Beweis , dass er seiner Sache ganz und gar nicht gewiss war. Er hatte nur, wie häufig, geäussert, man sollte, irtich der Analogie, bei nXcig die Flexion %kadg erwarten, also etwa, c5g dpdg dpcoog — ovra xcu iÖH Ttkdg nXaog. Gegen seine Zweifel ist die Hesel in E. M. f*. 770 , 26 gerichtet: xd elg c rg oivtova povo6vW.ctß& , ei phf fyn övpycavov rfjg rglr^g öv^vyiag rdv ßccgvxovav (d. li. einen Zuiigenbuchstabcu) Öuc xa&ugov rov og xAtvezac, dpdg fyuoug, 3 dg ftadg' et de pi] , öuc rov rog, cpdg qxorog 6 di njgy Blag xk otog 6 i%&vg, %gdg %q(dt ugro adpcc. Jenes nXdg also verlasse die Gesellschaft wieder, mit welcher es bisher, auch bei Herrn Götti. (s. zum Theodos. p. 237, 8) , keine Gemeinschaft hatte. — S. 77 bei dnXoog öinXoog u. s. w. w ird hinzugefügt : «ln der Betonung als n ctg o^vxovov folgt ihnen allein noch das tftcontrahirbare d&guog (in Haufen), «u unterscheiden von dem ni'nrnmengesetztcn dftgoog (ohne härm ).u Und dann Amu. 2: «Heber c&pdog uml «D'poog >gl. Arcad. p. 42 und Schot. Ari- 8toph. Acfcirn. 2(i.u Da wirft nun Herr G. seinen Lesern ein Paar verdorbene und sich widersprechende Stellen hin und überlässt de damit ihrem Schicksale. Denn bei Arcad. lesen wir: to de iftgoag (cod. Havn. bei Djndorf. grarnm. Gr. I p. 53 hat das rieh- % ßdpoog) itetgo fvrovov to dpcc örjpaivei • ro da o£v xovov to aepavov. Und zu der Stelle des Aristophanes * äd’gooi xaxccggtovxeg • das Scliolion: aftgooi dvxl rov öpov. TCOoxago^vveLV de Set to dvopa xcä dccCvveiv rrjy xgdjrjv övlXccfifjv’Jxtncdg, welches Scho). Suidas abschrieb. Freilich muss hier TtagoigvvELV gele- gen werden, wie schon Heur. Steph. sah, der auch in seinem cod. des Arcad. das richtige naoo^vtovov statt v^vtovov las oder hiaebla.. — W arum aber hob Herr G. gerade solche Stellen zu BtwtissteJlen aus, da an unverdorbnen kein Mangel ist‘$ Warum Jokrb.f. Mit. u. I'ä'lag. Jahrg. I. lieft 3. 2 1 ♦ • I 18 Lehre vom Griechischen Accent. 1 i erwähnte er nicht kurz auch jener Vorschrift bei den Alten, dass |* in der Bedeutung plötzlich das Wort aftgoog zu. betonen sei |s (E. M. p. 25, 53), um zugleich zu belehren, dass sich hier t blosse grammatische Spitzfindigkeit schon in der Ableitung ver- rathe (nämlidi in dieser Bedeutung komme es von ftgovg, v. Eu- - stath. p. 1386, ohne Geftusch , d. h. unvermerkt, plötzlich ! ) und dass sich diese Betonung auch nirgend finde (s. z. B. Theo er. XIII, y 50, 51; XXV, 252; Antip. Sidon. LXIU; ApoUonid. XV). Wa- i rum adoptirte Herr G. 11 Schn. cf. den Scholiasten zu Aristoph. Vesp. 727. Herodian. bei Phavorin. p. 1281, 25 sagt geradezu, dass f ivgioi in beiden Bedeutungen die einzig richtige Betonung sei.“ Allerdings sagt dieses Herodian bei Phavorin. und nofch ausführlicher bei Eu- stath. p. 15, 33, auch ausserdem bei Draco p. 66, 8 (wo nach o|uror£f(?0«thinzuzufiigen scheint xar« xrjv 7tgo7cc(gcd/jyov6c(v)' Aber beunruhigt es Ilerrh G. nicht, dass Herodian bei sich selbst das Gegentheil sagt und den alten Unterschied anerkennt’? Ar- cad. p. 41, 16 ff. Sei nun dies ebenso zu erklären, als es oben bei itl&og geschehn musste, oder gehöre dieser Fall 1 u den bis- weilen vorkommenden, wo Herodian seine Meinung änderte — immer beweist es klar genug, auf welcher Seite die Erfahrung war. Und sagt nicht Eustath. am angef. Orte ausdrücklich, Mehrzahl befolge die Unterscheidung*? „ lözeov , on z (ov vcov nago^vvov rav zo äogiözov zcc [Ivgla , Tcgonago^vvovrav da to cogiö^iEvov — 'Hgadiavog exazsga ocpsl^eiv tpijölv 6%v- rovEiö&ccL xaxcc zryv zglzryv ano xiKovg.iC Und lehren es nicht alle übrigen uns erhabnen Grammatiker (Suid., Ammon., Tzetz. exeg. II. 63) ohne weiteres als angenommene Sache? Und hat es Herr Götti, in unsern Büchern anders gefunden? Auf jene Frage wegen %lfooi aber möchte wohl die Antwort genügen, dass %tfooi seiner Natur nach auch den Begriff der Vielzahl überhaupt mitunter erhalten konnte, dass aber, wie in den übrigen Sprachen } Digitized by Google Göttling, Winckler u. Wcrnicke : über den Accent der Griech. Sprache. 19 so im Griechischen ein Zahlwort vor den andern zur Bezeichnung unbestimmter Vielheit gangbar wurde , die Zehntausend im Grie- chischen so gangbar , dass {ivgiog selbst als Sing, geradezu iu der Bedeutung unzählig gebraucht wurde. Dass also liier der Sprachgebrauch einen Unterschied festsetzte, auf den er bei %ikioi nicht gjerieth, ist doch kein Wunder. — Noch führen wir ein Beispiel von Uncritik an aus S. 42. Nachdem der Unterschied von ßuöLXeiu und ßaöiXela gelehrt worden , wird in einer Anm« hin zu ge fügt : „Nach Ammonius ward ßaöUela (Königthum) auch perispomenirt. Diess ist aber dann offenbar Neutrum des Plura- lis von ßaöiXelog, der altern Form für ß aöLkeiog.“ So lesen wir allerdings bei Ammon. S. 21): ßaöikela xal ßaölXeicc ÖLuytQU*, 7CQ07tBQiG7CC)fiivcog iitv fj ßaÖL/.eiog ccqxV' ^QOJcaQo^vrovcjg da rj ßaöikecog yvvy- Aber verdient eine Stelle eines noch vielfach verdorbnen Grammatikers Glauben , wenn sie aller Erfahrung und allen sonst bekannten Gesetzen zuwiderläuft? Wir könuten uns denken , dass es einem oder dem andern Grammatiker eingefal- len, das Wort in der Bedeutung eines königlichen Pallastes als Properispomenon zu verlangen, nach scheinbarer Aehnpchkeit an- derer zum Theil schwankender, über w elche w ir von Lobeck zum Fhrynichus S. Stil) ff. hinlänglich beLehrt sind. Aber in der Bedeutung Königthum, Herrschaft? Welche entfernte Analogie wusste Herr G. dafür aufzufinden? Die Verwechslung eines ngom- QLüzcoutv og und Ttago^vzovtog wird doch Herr Göttling , der den Arcadius kennt, unter solchen Umständen nicht für einen Anstoss halten? War doch Hn. Göttling selbst die Form ß aöiXela so an- slössig, dass, er zu einem alten unerhörten Adjectivmn ßaöiXelog «eine Zuflucht nimmt: ohne Beweis, ohne Analogie. Wir wrollen Hn. G. zu Hülfe kommen. Im Etym. M. p. 805 , 4 7 findet Herr XL die Bemerkung, heisse ein Fest, welches die Athe- nischen Schmiede feierten: doch lehre Herodian, gewöhnlicher schreibe man gaAxaa. Und der treffliche Grammatiker hatte Recht; nur bei Eustatlu p. 284, 37 sieht noch yßikxeia, ausser- dem , wo das Fest und Menanders gleichnamiges Stück erwähnt wird (Harpocr. Neuere hat Herr G. nicht häufig angeführt, und, wie es scheint, ohne Plan; mit welcher Genauigkeit er das Angeführte benutzt, prüfen wir an dem Beispiele S. 43: ,,ot^odo4ut« wurde bei den Attikern oxytonirt o Ixodotuu. Lob. Phryn. p. 48 Xu Wrenn aber Ilr. G. irgendwoher das Gegentheil lernen konnte, so war es aus dieser Stelle bei Lobeck. Hier wird nachgewiesen, dass Suid. sein olxodo^ut ot ’Axzixoi o^vzoveog avxd ävuyiyvcatixov- 6iv schöpfte aus schol. Thucyd. I, 93: ro olxodo[iltt zivlg o$u- tovovölv: wodurch schon allein des Suidas o i '' Axxixol sein Ge- wicht verliert. Aber Lobeck glaubte ja an des Suidas Vorschrift, wenn er sagte: cui inutilissimam medicinam adhibuit Kuesterus, 3tuQO$vr6v(x)g corrigens. So dachte Herr G. und darum berief j er sich auf diese Stelle. Wreil Suidas übercinstimme mit dem schol. des Thucyd. , weil die Grammatiker leicht darauf verfal- len konnten, olxodo^ila zu oxytoniren, als Periektikon, darum darf Suidas nicht corrigirt werden: so, meinen wir, dachte Lo- beck, als er jene Worte schrieb; er konnte nicht anders denken. Hätte Herr G. nur fortgelesen bis S. 490 ; er wäre selbst bedenk- lich geworden; ja, hätt’ er sich, was ihm oblag, gar die Mühe genommen, die dort angeführten Stellen naclizusehn, so würde er sich überzeugt haben, dass in den Ausgaben und Handschrif- ten keine Spur von dem Attischen o IxoÖofiLa sei, Plat. Legg. VIII p. 848 I), Thucyd. VII, 0; und dass an denjenigen Stellen, wo das Wort nicht B a ti, sondern das Aufbauen bedeutet, eine solche Betonung gradezu unmöglich sei. Aus dem Gesagten wird sich hinlänglich ergeben, dass Herr Göttling keinesweges bemüht gewesen, sich über seinen Stoff klar zu werden. Dagegen bemerken wir durch das ganze Buch ein Streben, für die Erscheinungen der Accentuation Gründe auf- zustellcn. Dass dieses auf so unsicherm Boden eine gefährliche Sache sei, liegt am Tage. Den Stoff zu sammeln und zu ordnen möchte der Accentlehre für den Anfang (und sind wir weiter? ) das notlmendigste und w ünschensw ertlieste sein. Die an und für sich grosse Masse ist noch grösser und verwirrter geworden durch Digitized by Google Göttling, Winckier u. TVernicke : über den Acccnt der Gricch. Sprache. 21 den ausserordentlichen Flciss der alten Grammatiker, den sie, ausser der Orthographie wohl keinem Theile der Grammatik in solchem Maasse zugewendet haben. Hier Widersprüche gegen einander abzftwägen und auszugleichen, den vielleicht nie schwan- kenden Gebrauch abzusondern von den speculativen Vorschriften Einzelner, das sollte jeder, der Accente lehrt, für das Wich- tigste halten. Dann erst, wenn nicht mehr 6[iov tcuvtcc %Q7)~ I iura , wird man mit einiger Sicherheit Begründung versuchen dürfen , durchgehende und genügende gewiss erst mit der Lehre von der Wortbildung finden. Doch sehen wir zu, auf welche W eise Herr Göttling in dieser Gattung zu Werke gegangen ist. W ir machen den Aufang mit S. 75, wo über die anomalische Ac- centuation %QvGEog u* älml. folgendes ergründet wird: „Die Betonung der zusamraengezognen Formen sog in ovg er- scheint als durchaus anomal. Allein man muss entweder auneh- meu, dass neben der altern Betonung £pi$<J£og , dgyvQEog u. s. w. wohl auch eine neuere %QVÖEog u. s. w. bestand , nach der Analo- gie von iveug, ÖucpoiVEug , ixEog; aus dieser ward nachher, wie aus &e6g &£vg, aus ddE^cpiÖsog adalgjtd'ojg, aus %Qv6eog %qv - 6ovg (S. § 23, I Aum. 4 [lies 5]), oder mit Döderlein ZQV~ Govg u. s. w. als eine Coutraction aus jrptnfthig betrachten.41 Al- kixt wir fragen, jene neuere Betonung XQvöeog, agyvQSog, wo bestand sie? In den Büchern? Welcher Schwarzkünstler hat sie weggezaubert ? Im gemeinen Leben ? Davon weise Herr Göttling die Spuren nach ; wir können deutsche Spuren nachweisen, dass .fl&Vin mehreren Dialekten nicht bestaud. ( Aristoph. Nub. 249, c. echol. Tiieocr. Adon. 84 ; Thucyd. V , 16. ) Und sonderbar, dass sich die contralurenden Attiker nach der Verderbniss der einen oder andern' Mundart sollten gerichtet haben, noch sonderbarer, dass grade die Wörter, nach deren Analogie unsre neuern Oxy- a gebildet sein sollen, nämlich IvEog , ÖacpoiVEog , Ireog, dass e niemals conirahirt werden, oder ihrer Natur nach contra- tt werden können. Dämm sieht sich Herr G. genöthigt, sich bei den Göttern nach Hülfe umzusehn: frfog &Evg. Die Alten wagten von diesem poetischen &Evg (bekanntlich bei Callimach. "Cer. 58) keine Analogie herzunehmen, wie Hcrodian n eq. /uov. A. p. 6, welcher (so schein t’s) &tvg accentuirte, und den häufi- ger von iluien erwähnten Accus. &evv brachten sie in dieselbe Klasse mit pvv,*kiv> Zevv u. den ähnl. (Eustath. p. 30, Clioe- robosc. p. 1231, und von dort Etym. M. 448, 31* und beson- ders cod. Paris, bei Sturz p. 802), Beweis genug, wie verlegen sie ura eine Analogie waren für diese Formen, auf welche Herr Göttling Schlüsse baut. Doch Herr G. halte den entfliehenden Gott ja beim Saume; denn die letzte menschliche Hülfe entzieht sich ihm. dÖEX(piÖEog nämlich schreiben zwar Grammatiker z. B. Cboerobosc. Bekk. p. 708, 18; cf. Arcad. p. 175, 10; Etym. M. p* 0, aber weder die alten Schriftsteller z. B. lierod, I, 63; IV, it * Lehre vom Griechischen Accent. 147; VI, 94; VIII, 130, nocli neuere Gelehrte wie Bast und Schäfer ( ad Gregor. Corinth. p. 900 , 954). — Ueber endlich haben wir folgendes zu bemerken: 1) Contractionen wie yQvöoEvrog %gv6otir T*S %QV( zQvöosööca wol- len uns nicht einieuchten. 2) Dergl. Adjcctiva sind poetisch. 3) Nicht XQVÖoecg darf von hergeleitet werden , sondern iQVöij ei$. Darüber belehren von den Alten Eustath. p. 642 , 53, von den Neuern Struve : g rammatis che und kritische Bemer- kungen, 14tes Stück. Durch diese Probe hat Herr G. nicht das Vorurtheil erregt, dass er, um gewisse Erscheinungen des Accents zu erklären, ge- schickt oder vorsichtig zu Werke gehe. Er wird daher nicht Glauben verlangen, wenn er zu diesem Zwecke Unerhörtes ohne Bew eis behauptet , z. B. otpslov sei ein Particip , nicht ein Indi- cativ, der nur cStpekov lauten könne S. 20; Accusativ und Yoca- tiv seien ursprünglich nicht vom Nominativ verschieden gewesen S. 3*7; die Wörter öxoqtcios , yo^icpLog , vvpyiog seien wahr- scheinlich durch Syncope entstanden S. 50, wie nkrjölov und dvTLog paroxytOna aup ickrjtiUov und uvrhog sein sollen S. 17, crtolog aus edohog S. 78^ S. 80 oMyog aus oklycog; fio^os sei eigentlich ciil Adjectivnm S. 54; r girjgqg rücke wie sämmüiche Adjective auf rfgtjg den Accent nicht über die Silbe rjg hinaus, weil sie durch Contraction entstanden S. 61 ; im gewöhnlichen Gen. ov der masc. der lstcn* Deel, erscheine das o der Endung mit dem Characten ocal a contrahirt in ov S. 69 ; cpkvagog sei Wahrscheinlich zusammengesetzt S. 79. — Wenn Seite 100 be- hauptet wird TjgEfia tfei entstanden aus Igrjficc , welchen Heber- gang der Bedeutung dachte sich wohl Herr Göttling? Wir können uns vorstellen, dass der Begriff der Einsamkeit bei Leuten, die es mit dem Denken nicht gar zu genau nehmen , in den Begriff der ungestörten Ruhe übergehe , w ie aber in den Begriff der all- mähligen Bewegung (und dies bedeutet bleibt uns un- auflöslich. Dass yvvcuKog, a , wie yveaxog, i , «ausgespro- chen werde, wie uns Herr G. S. 59 belehrt, ist eine Bestätigung der neuesten Entdeckungen in diesem Felde , nach welchen der Vers Aristöph. Pac. 185 lautete : r i öol 7Cox idx rovv* jt i ovx igsig t u gcotccrog. Aus den eben angeführten Beispielen sehen w ir Herrn G’s unglück- liche Erfindsamkeit zur Begründung anomaler Erscheinungen : noch schlimmer aber ist’s , dass er sich verleiten liesS, zu Gunsten vorgefasster Regeln Thatsaclien zu erschüttern. Hr. G. spricht S. 59 über die Betonung der einsilbigen Wörter der 3ten Dcdination, worüber wirseine Lehre schon aus einer 1821 her- nusgegebnen Abhandlung (Miscell. crit. Seeb. et Friedcm.il, 1 P* 97 ) und aus einer Anm. zum Theodos. p. 235 kennen. Alle ein- silbigen Neutra sind circuraBectirt , dahin gehören die Namen der Buchstabcm Aber üuv stellt einstimmig beiHerod. I, 139 > ^ % Digitized Cruitling, Winckler u. Wernicke : über den Accent der Griech. Sprache. 23 stellt ebenso , gesichert durch’s Metrum, in jenem Epigramm auf Thrasymachus (Brunck. III p. 204, Jac. IV adesp. DXXXVI1): r ovvopcc &rjra qco cckcpcc ödv v [iv akepa %f ov ödv. Uebcr das Epigramm ’äussert sich Herr G. in der Abhandlung zweifelnd : „ibi, nisi scribendum po5 ä ödv tJ, ödv tanquam licen- tia, ab ipso versu et loco flagitata, ferri potcrit;“ dreister führt er zum Theodos. seine Vermuthung ein, mit einem blossen legen- * - dum est, auf welches auch jetzt ( Vöäv nicht ödv , s. zu Theo- dos.“) verwiesen wird; bei Ilerodot yQap.ua } xo zJcoql eeg pev jGccv xcckeovöi, "Icoveg de öiypa wurde diese Aenderung gleich- falls verlangt, und überdies beiläufig das öiypa (öige Od. t, 304) in öiypa , der Zischlaut in einen Schweigelaut verwandelt, Pin- dar’s von den Alten mehrmals angeführtes ödv xißdakov aber (v. ad Dion. Ilalic. comp. verb. p. 172 Scliaef., Boeckli Staatsh. der Ath. II p. 380) blieb unerwähnt, vielleicht, damit es sich als Schweigelaut bewähre. — Als zweiter Punkt wird aufgestellt, dass alle einsilbigen Nomina gen. masc. und fern., welche den Acc. auf v endigen, im Nomin. circumflectirt sein: 9fkig kiv (nicht Mg kiv) xig xiv (nicht xig xiv)9 ygccvg yp avv, pvg pvv, dgvg Öqvv9 övg övvy vavg vavv.iC Jenes xig' xiv können wir Herrn G. wieder nicht nachgeben, denn an der Betonung xig xiv ist un- ter den Alten nie gezweifelt : und wäre die Betonung nicht so durchaus gangbar gewesen, so hätten sich die Alten mit dem Worte, das in keinen ihrer Kanoncs passen wollte, nicht so viel *ira schaffen gemacht; xig xiv führten diejenigen zum Belege an, welche Xig kiv verlangten: denn über dieses stritten sie, wie be- kannt, besonders auch weil sie über die ursprüngliche Quantität des i nicht aufs Reine kamen; denn für beide Quantitäten Hessen sich Dichterstellen auffiuden (s. Choerobosc. ap. Bekk. III p. 1194). Bei Draco p. 30, 14 , wo auch Kccq und i[>ccq steht , ist xig falsch, geschrieben, das richtige steht daselbst S. 103, 8. Wegen eini- ger Stellen der Schriftsteller über xig verweisen w ir Herrn Gott- Kng noch auf Yalck. ad Ammon, p. 101. In der zunächst folgen- den Anm. heisst es: Aristarch habe kig kiv betont, und nach Etym. M. p. 501 flectirt kig kivog. Aber nach dem wenigstens, was jetzt gelesen wird schol. Ven. Ä, 480 und Eustath. p. 857, 37 , schrieb Aristarch den Acc. kiv ; schon daraus ergiebt sich, dass er keineswegs flectirt kevog, sonst hätte er, wie es einige allerdings tliaten (v. Eustath.) schreiben müssen ini re kiv ijyctye datfuav. Auch sagt davon die zum Beleg angeführte Stelle des Etymologen nichts. Wir müssen nun einen Hauptgrundsatz des Herrn G. erwäh- nen, dessen Einfluss sich durch seine ganze Arbeit äussert, und auf welchen er viel zu halten scheint. Man glaubte bisher allge- mein, dass sich in dem Princip der Betonung unsre Mutterspra- che wesentlich unterscheide von den alten, namentlich von der Grieehiftchen ; dass in jener, so wie die Länge, so auch der Ton* Digltized by Google 24 Lehre vom Griechischen Accent. festgehaftet auf der Stammsilbe; im Griechischen dagegen, wie sich überhaupt die Stammsilbe sehr oft verdunkelt, so auch Lau- ge nnd Ton unabhängig von ihr nach andern Gesetzen sich ge- richtet und den Ableitungssilben eben so häufig zu Thcil gewor- den. Dies leugnet Herr G. nnd behauptet, auch in der Griechi- schen Sprache gelte dasselbe Princip, als in unsrer Mutterspra- che (§7, 8, 0). Jeder Kenner des Griechischen wird sich hier von allen Oxytonis, die ihm jemals vorgekommen, umschwirrt fühlen, und welche Mittel hat Herr G. dies Geziefer zu verscheu- chen? Gewaffnct sollte man meinen mit siebenhiiutigem Schilde werde Herr G. auftreten, um so abweichende Ansichten zu ver- theidigen. Aber zu zeigen, dass Herr G. auch nicht einen ein- zigen haltbaren oder wenigstens bewiesenen Grund vbrgebracht, dazu braucht es zum Theil*bIoss der Erwähnung. Der erste Be- weis ist hergenommeu vom Aeolischen Dialekt (§ 1) „in ihm, als dem ältesten Dialekt habe sich noch die alte Betonung der Stamm- silbe erhalten.“ Allein, sagt man billig, wenn der Aeol. Dialekt auch die letzte Silbe nicht betont, so betonte er doch die vor- letzte. Wie will Herr G. beweisen, dass tcccqQ tvog Aeolisch an- ders gelautet, oder das der Aeol. Dialekt keine ähnlichen W örter gehabt? Ist’ s etwa so im Lateinischen, welches ja Herr Göttling seihst mit dem Aeol. zusainmenstellt? Ist in habere die Stamm- silbe betont? Wrelche Verwirrung ist liier eingetreten? Wenn'das Princip der Betonung der Stammsilbe das leitende war, wiekoiiu- te wieder die Quantität, die mit der Stammsilbe in keiner Ver- bindung steht, von so grossem Einfluss sein? Wie beweist Herr G. ferner, dass der Aeol. Dialekt der älteste sei? Bloss dadurch, dass er keinen Dual kenue, der nur eine abgekürzte Form des äl- teren Plurals ist (Buttin. I p. 137)? Wieder ein falscher Schloss.
| 35,675 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/47390365
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
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Chris, F0XS, axiac, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4265352, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8646529, https://stackoverflow.com/users/874188, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8970586, tripleee
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English
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Spoken
| 481 | 687 |
REGEX toggle nth character between "a" or "b"
Hi I have a string for example aaaaabbbaaaababababaaaaabaaa. Now I want to be able to go to Nth place and if it is an "a" replace with "b" and if it is a "b" replace with an "a".
If this can´t be done with REGEX, what is the REGEX pattern to find and replace simply the Nth character with an "a".
Been trying to figure out REGEX but it´s more complex than German :(
Thanks
The regex are present in the code to prevent the user from typing anything wrong. For example an age does not have characters etc ... Here, it is not a regex but methods you need.
You don't need regex to find, inspect and modify a character identified by its position inside the string. The programming language you use provides functions/methods to work with strings and that's all you need for this purpose.
Thing is i´m using bubble.is and it ONLY allows find-replace with regex. It´s a non-techie´s (codefree) website builder but allows REGEX, hence the need to use that.
@Chris Bubble is a visual programming language, the fact is that on bubble.is you can not type code. If the site you want to do needs more specificity, you use the wrong tool. Even if your only possibility is to manipulate the REGEX it does not change the fact that you can not handle the strings with.
ok. But is there a way to do that in REGEX? How can i find the Nth character for example?
ok found out how to select the nth character: .(?<=^.{9}) would be awesome if i could find out how to replace though.
Regular expressions as such do not have any facility for modifying a string. They can match and (by extension) return the matched substring, but what happens then is completely under the control of the calling language. You might be able to pull something off with ^.{38}a to match an a at an the 39th position in the string, but the rest will depend on the platform you are using.
You don't understand.... replace is a method, it does not exist in REGEX. This is not a language, It is an abbreviation of regular expressions. Search in google for exemple you will understand.
Conditional replacement exists in some regex engine (at least Boost, used for example by Notepad++).
Assuming you want to toggle 10th character in your given input. Use this regex to find it (as you already managed to):
(?<=^.{9})(?:(a)|b)
Character occuring at that position will be stored in group 1 if an a, 2 if a b, else in group 3.
Using that conditional replacement pattern will toggle it if a or b are found, or else will let it unchanged:
?1b:a
You can test it in Notepad++ hitting "Replace all" button.
Note: another example of conditional replacement here.
| 20,227 |
https://github.com/MinwookJo/MiniSNS/blob/master/Sns Application/app/src/main/java/dgsw/hs/kr/snsapplication/network/RetroModel/ResponseModel/ListResponse.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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MiniSNS
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MinwookJo
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Java
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Code
| 70 | 242 |
package dgsw.hs.kr.snsapplication.network.RetroModel.ResponseModel;
import java.util.List;
import dgsw.hs.kr.snsapplication.network.RetroModel.BoardDomain;
//게시물 리스트 응답모델
public class ListResponse implements Response {
int code;
String description;
List<BoardDomain> resultList;
public int getCode() {
return code;
}
public void setCode(int code) {
this.code = code;
}
public String getDescription() {
return description;
}
public void setDescription(String descreption) {
this.description = descreption;
}
public List<BoardDomain> getResultList() {
return resultList;
}
public void setResultList(List<BoardDomain> resultList) {
this.resultList = resultList;
}
}
| 12,444 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32279470
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
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Категория:Театры Братска
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 16 | 58 |
Категория:Театры Братска
категория в проекте Викимедиа
Категория:Театры Братска это частный случай понятия категория в проекте Викимедиа
| 41,890 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granicznik%20%28ujednoznacznienie%29
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Granicznik (ujednoznacznienie)
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https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granicznik (ujednoznacznienie)&action=history
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Polish
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Spoken
| 287 | 723 |
granicznik – w geodezji materialne oznaczenie granicy działki
granicznik (łac. Lobaria) – rodzaj grzybów z rodziny granicznikowatych
Miejscowości i ich części w Polsce
Wg TERYT jest ich 13, w tym 1 podstawowa
Granicznik – część miasta Kosów Lacki
Granicznik – część miasta Lublin
Granicznik – osada wsi Świerki w woj. dolnośląskim, w pow. kłodzkim, w gminie Nowa Ruda
Granicznik – część wsi Klimkówka w woj. małopolskim, w pow. nowosądeckim, w gminie Chełmiec
Granicznik – część wsi Kicznia w woj. małopolskim, w pow. nowosądeckim, w gminie Łącko
Granicznik – przysiółek wsi Bodzanowice w woj. opolskim, w pow. oleskim, w gminie Olesno
Granicznik – część wsi Bażanówka w woj. podkarpackim, w pow. sanockim, w gminie Zarszyn
Granicznik – część wsi Wola Baranowska w woj. podkarpackim, w pow. tarnobrzeskim, w gminie Baranów Sandomierski
Granicznik – część wsi Donimierz w woj. pomorskim, w pow. wejherowskim, w gminie Szemud
Granicznik – przysiółek wsi Świnna w woj. śląskim, w pow. żywieckim, w gminie Świnna
Granicznik – część wsi Pęczyny w woj. świętokrzyskim, w pow. sandomierskim, w gminie Wilczyce
Granicznik – część kolonii Wiązownica-Kolonia w woj. świętokrzyskim, w pow. staszowskim, w gminie Staszów
Granicznik – osada w woj. wielkopolskim, w pow. leszczyńskim, w gminie Krzemieniewo
Szczyty w Polsce
Granicznik – wzniesienie w Sudetach Środkowych, w Górach Kamiennych, 801 m n.p.m.
Granicznik – wzniesienie w Sudetach Zachodnich, w Górach Izerskich, 870 m n.p.m.
Cieki w Polsce
Granicznik – potok, dopływ Binczarówki
Granicznik – potok, dopływ Dunajca (Jeziora Czchowskiego)
Granicznik – potok, dopływ Kaczej, w woj. dolnośląskim, w pow. karkonoskim, w gminie Podgórzyn
Granicznik – potok, dopływ Potoku Knurowskiego
Granicznik – potok, dopływ Siedlisk
Granicznik – potok, dopływ Łużycy
Inne
Granicznik był także dawną nazwą folwarku Granecznik w woj. wielkopolskim, w pow. kościańskim, w gminie Kościan
| 2,872 |
https://github.com/plus-provenance/plus/blob/master/src/main/java/org/mitre/provenance/simulate/attack/SeverAttack.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,016 |
plus
|
plus-provenance
|
Java
|
Code
| 152 | 278 |
/* Copyright 2014 MITRE Corporation
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.mitre.provenance.simulate.attack;
/**
* Attack where the base graph is severed into two distinct graphs by removing a single edge.
* @author moxious
*/
public class SeverAttack extends BaseGraph {
public SeverAttack() throws Exception {
super();
attack();
}
private void attack() throws Exception {
addDefaultNodes();
addDefaultEdges();
sever(pdu.getId(), filter2.getId());
} // End attack
} // End SeverAttack
| 4,324 |
https://openalex.org/W2091148368
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,011 |
A Blind Circadian Clock in Cavefish Reveals that Opsins Mediate Peripheral Clock Photoreception
|
Nicola Cavallari
|
English
|
Spoken
| 11,944 | 21,648 |
Introduction In certain extreme environments such as caves some fish
species have remained completely isolated from the day-night
cycle for millions of years [10]. They show convergent evolution,
sharing a range of striking physical ‘‘troglomorphic’’ properties
including
notably
degeneration
of
the
eyes
during
early
development. However, many aspects of cavefish biology still
remain incompletely understood. Does evolution in constant
darkness lead to loss of other aspects of photoreceptor function
including regulation of peripheral circadian clocks by light? Furthermore, do these remarkable animals even retain normal
circadian clocks? The circadian clock is a highly conserved, physiological
timing mechanism that allows organisms to anticipate and
adapt to daily environmental changes and it is synchronized
primarily by light. In mammals, intrinsically photosensitive
retinal ganglion cells serve as the principal circadian photo-
receptors [1]. In non-mammalian vertebrates, photoreceptors
located outside of the retina (in the pineal complex and in the
deep brain) have also been implicated in the regulation of the
circadian timing system [2]. At the core of the vertebrate
circadian clock is a transcription translation feedback loop
mechanism composed of activator and repressor clock proteins
[3]. Light-induced expression of certain clock genes represents
a key step in the relay of lighting information to the core clock
machinery [4,5]. In this report we explore the circadian clock and its regulation
by light in Phreatichthys andruzzii, a Somalian cavefish that shows an
extreme troglomorphic phenotype. We compare the circadian
clock mechanism of this cavefish with that of the zebrafish with the
goal of identifying key components of the light input pathway. We
reveal that P. andruzzii possesses a clock that is entrained by
periodic food availability, displays a long infradian period, and
lacks temperature compensation. However, importantly, this
cavefish clock is no longer entrainable by light. Strikingly, in the
cavefish we encounter mutations in the candidate non-visual
photoreceptors Melanopsin (Opn4m2) and TMT (teleost multiple
tissue)-opsin and we provide direct evidence for a light-sensing
function of these non-visual opsins in the regulation of vertebrate
peripheral clocks. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) represents a fascinating model to
study the mechanisms whereby light regulates the clock. The
‘‘peripheral’’ clocks in most zebrafish tissues and even cell lines are
entrained by direct exposure to light [6]. However, fundamental
questions
concerning
the
identity
of
the
widely
expressed
photoreceptor molecules and how they signal to peripheral clocks
remain unanswered. Abstract The circadian clock is synchronized with the day-night cycle primarily by light. Fish represent fascinating models for
deciphering the light input pathway to the vertebrate clock since fish cell clocks are regulated by direct light exposure. Here
we have performed a comparative, functional analysis of the circadian clock involving the zebrafish that is normally exposed
to the day-night cycle and a cavefish species that has evolved in perpetual darkness. Our results reveal that the cavefish
retains a food-entrainable clock that oscillates with an infradian period. Importantly, however, this clock is not regulated by
light. This comparative study pinpoints the two extra-retinal photoreceptors Melanopsin (Opn4m2) and TMT-opsin as
essential upstream elements of the peripheral clock light input pathway. Citation: Cavallari N, Frigato E, Vallone D, Fro¨hlich N, Lopez-Olmeda JF, et al. (2011) A Blind Circadian Clock in Cavefish Reveals that Opsins Mediate Peripheral
Clock Photoreception. PLoS Biol 9(9): e1001142. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142 Academic Editor: Ueli Schibler, University of Geneva, Switzerland Copyright: 2011 Cavallari et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribut
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. allari et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
tion, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was supported by funding from the Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tu¨bingen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT,
Germany), the CNRS (France), the University of Ferrara (Italy), MIUR (Italy) projects PRIN2008 and Azione Integrata Italia-Spagna, the VIGONI program of the DAAD
and the AIT-MIUR, and the MICINN (Spain) projects CRONOSOLEA and AQUAGENOMICS. JFLO has a postdoctoral fellowship from Fundacion Seneca (Murcia,
Spain). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Abbreviations: CF, cavefish; Clk, Clock; Cry, Cryptochrome; CT, circadian time; DD, constant darkness; d-old, days old; LD, light/dark; LRM, light responsive
module; per1b, period1b; per2, period2; TMT, teleost multiple tissue; UTR, untranslated region; wk-old, weeks old; zf, zebrafish; ZT, Zeitgeber time * E-mail: bru@unife.it * E-mail: bru@unife.it A Blind Circadian Clock in Cavefish Reveals that Opsins
Mediate Peripheral Clock Photoreception Nicola Cavallari1,2, Elena Frigato1, Daniela Vallone2, Nadine Fro¨ hlich2, Jose Fernando Lopez-Olmeda2,3,
Augusto Foa` 1, Roberto Berti4, Francisco Javier Sa´nchez-Va´zquez3, Cristiano Bertolucci1*, Nicholas S. Foulkes2 1 Department of Biology and Evolution, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, 2 Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein, Germany,
3 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain, 4 Department of Evolutionary Biology ‘‘Leo Pardi,’’ University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 Exploring the Circadian Clock in the Cavefish
Phreatichthys andruzzii We chose to study a species of cavefish expressing an extreme
‘‘troglomorphic’’
phenotype,
P. andruzzii
(Figure
1B). This
Somalian cavefish evolved from surface dwelling ancestors,
isolated in a totally dark environment beneath the desert at a
nearly constant temperature for 1.4–2.6 million years [10],
approximately 1 million years longer than the well-studied cavefish
Astyanax mexicanus [11]. P. andruzzii shows total eye degeneration,
no scales, and complete depigmentation [12]. p
p g
[
]
As a first step we wished to explore the circadian clock and its
regulation by light in this cavefish species. We initially measured
locomotor activity in cavefish exposed to a 12:12 light-dark (LD)
cycle (Figures 1D,F and S1B). We documented striking arrhythmic
locomotor activity that contrasts with the clear rhythmic, diurnal
pattern
observed
for
zebrafish
under
the
same
conditions
(Figures 1A,C,E and S1A). In order to explore at the molecular
level this lack of behavioural rhythmicity in cavefish, we next
subcloned a set of P. andruzzii clock gene homologs with the aim of
examining their expression pattern under LD cycles (Table S1). These genes were selected since their zebrafish counterparts are
either clock- or light-regulated. Sequence analysis confirmed a
close similarity between zebrafish and P. andruzzii genes (Table S2
and Figure S2), consistent with both species belonging to the
Cyprinidae family. We measured the expression of a subset of
clock-regulated (Clk1a, Clk2, Per1, Per1b) and light-regulated genes
(Per2, Cry1a, and Cry5) [4,5,8,13,14] in vivo in adult tissues and in
whole larvae from both species (Figure 1G–J and Figure S3). In the
zebrafish, in agreement with previous reports, exposure to a LD
cycle results in robust rhythmic expression of these genes
(Figure 1G,I and Figure S3A,B,E) [6,14]. Remarkably, arrhythmic
gene expression was encountered in cavefish tissues and larvae
(Figure 1H,J and Figure S3C,D,F,G), even during the first day of
life when eye rudiments still persist [12]. Importantly, these clock
gene expression patterns are consistent with the behavioural
activity profiles observed under LD cycles for both species. Circadian clocks are encountered in most vertebrate cell types and We also tested the effect of alternative zeitgebers on clock gene
expression in cavefish CF cells. Transient treatments with
glucocorticoids
are
widely
used
to
induce
rhythmic
gene
expression in cultured cells [20]. Author Summary The circadian clock is a physiological timing mechanism
that allows organisms to anticipate and adapt to the day-
night cycle. Since it ticks with a period that is not precisely
24 h, it is vital that it is reset on a daily basis by signals
such as light to ensure that it remains synchronized with
the day-night cycle. The molecular mechanisms whereby
light regulates the clock remain incompletely understood. Here we have studied a cavefish that has evolved for
millions of years in the perpetual darkness of subterranean
caves in Somalia. Like many other cave animals, these fish
display striking adaptations to their extreme environment,
including complete eye degeneration. We show that
despite evolving in a constant environment, this blind
cavefish still retains a circadian clock. However, this clock
ticks with an extremely long period (nearly 47 h), and
importantly it does not respond to light. We reveal that
eye
loss
does
not
account
for
this
‘‘blind’’
clock. Specifically, mutations of two widely expressed non-visual
opsin photoreceptors (Melanopsin and TMT opsin) are
responsible for the blind clock phenotype in the cavefish. Our work illustrates the great utility of cavefish for
studying the evolution and regulation of the circadian
clock. To distinguish between these two hypotheses, we first assessed
whether the cavefish circadian clock could be entrained by an
alternative environmental time signal (zeitgeber), periodic food
availability. Adult cavefish and zebrafish were fed once at the same
time each day for one month under constant dark conditions, and
during this period, locomotor activity was measured (Figure 3). For
both species we observed food anticipatory activity (FAA, [17]), a
characteristic increase in locomotor activity encountered a few
hours
prior
to
mealtime
(Figure
3A,B,D,E) and
a
strong
entrainment of rhythmic locomotor activity (Figure 3C,F). FAA
is indicative of regulation by a food entrainable oscillator (FEO,
[18]); thus we tested circadian clock gene expression in various
tissues of both species during the final day of food entrainment and
then two days of fasting under constant conditions (Figure 4A). Consistent with previous results [19], rhythmic clock gene
expression (Clk1a and Per1b) was observed in zebrafish brain,
heart, fin, and liver (Figures 4B,D,F and S4A), with the only
exception of Clk1a in the zebrafish brain (Figure 4B, red trace). However, in all cavefish tissues including the brain, robust
circadian rhythms of both Clk1a and Per1 expression were
observed (Figures 4C,E,G and S4B). Introduction To date, a set of widely expressed opsins, one
cryptochrome homolog, and flavin-containing oxidases have all
been implicated as candidate peripheral photoreceptors [7–9]. September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 1 Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors even in cell cultures in vitro. Furthermore, the persistence of
circadian
clocks
in
vitro
has enabled
many more
detailed
mechanistic studies. Therefore, we established cell lines from
adult cavefish caudal fins (CF cells) to test whether P. andruzzii cells
in vitro also lack rhythmic gene expression under LD conditions. Again we observed arrhythmic clock gene expression in P. andruzzii
cells (Figure 2C,D) that contrasts with the robust rhythms
documented in zebrafish cells (Figure 2A,B) [6,15,16]. Thus, we
failed to detect rhythmic clock gene expression in vivo or in vitro in
P. andruzzii under LD cycles. So our data reveal that either P. andruzzii lacks the circadian clock itself or it has a clock lacking a
functional light input pathway. Author Summary In both species, differences
in the phase and amplitude of rhythmic expression for each gene
were observed between different tissues. Importantly, these results
point to P. andruzzii having a functional clock that is entrainable by
feeding but not by LD cycles. This contrasts with the situation in
zebrafish where both light- and food-entrainable oscillators are
present. Exploring the Circadian Clock in the Cavefish
Phreatichthys andruzzii Records
are double plotted on a 48 h time scale to aid interpretation; the y-axis
progresses in single days with each day being plotted twice (day 1 on
the right side is repeated on day 2 on the left side). The activity was
binned every 10 min, the height of each point representing the number zebrafish (E) and cavefish (F) are represented. Each point in the mean
waveform has been calculated as the mean 6 SEM from 10 min binned
data across all the experimental days shown (n = 16) on each actogram
and for all experimental aquaria (n = 6 for zebrafish and n = 6 for
cavefish). For x2 periodogram analysis (confidence level, 95%), see
Figure S1. (G–J) Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of endogenous clock gene
expression for 2 consecutive days in adult zebrafish and P. andruzzii fins
(G,I and H,J, respectively; n = 6 per time point) exposed to 12:12 LD
cycles. For all panels, each point represents the mean 6 SEM. In P. andruzzii, neither clock-regulated (Per1 (blue), Clk1a (red), and Clk2
(black) (H)), nor light-regulated genes (Cry1a (purple), Cry5 (orange), and
Per2 (green) (J)), show significant cycling (p.0.1) compared with high
amplitude rhythms for the same genes observed in the zebrafish
(p,0.0001) (panels G and I). White and black bars represent light and
dark periods, respectively. On the y-axes are plotted relative expression
levels, while on the x-axes time is expressed as zeitgeber time (ZT,
where ZT0 represents lights on). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g001 a relatively constant period was observed (t = 23.6 (22uC), 24.2
(25uC), and 24.6 (29uC)) h, respectively (Q10<1 [22]). Thus,
together our results indicate that P. andruzzii possesses a circadian
timing system with an aberrant core clock mechanism. Could the discrepancy between the striking infradian period of
the P. andruzzii clock (t.30 h) and the period of the LD cycle
(T = 24 h) have been the origin of the observed arrhythmicity
under LD cycles? In such a scenario, the cavefish clock might still
be entrainable by light. In zebrafish cell lines, exposure to brief
light pulses results in advances or delays in pre-existing clock gene
expression rhythms depending on the precise time when the cells
are illuminated [13]. Thus, we wished to test whether light is able
to
regulate
the
cavefish
clock
in
a
similar
manner. We Figure 1. Lack of rhythmicity in P. andruzzii under light dark
cycles. Adult zebrafish (A) and P. Exploring the Circadian Clock in the Cavefish
Phreatichthys andruzzii andruzzii (B). (C,D) Representative
actograms of zebrafish (C) and cavefish (D) maintained under LD
conditions (each cycle: 12 h light, 12 h dark) and fed randomly. Records
are double plotted on a 48 h time scale to aid interpretation; the y-axis
progresses in single days with each day being plotted twice (day 1 on
the right side is repeated on day 2 on the left side). The activity was
binned every 10 min, the height of each point representing the number
of interruptions of the infrared light beam. (E,F) Mean waveforms of
Figure 2. Lack of rhythmic clock gene expression in P. andruzzii
cell lines exposed to LD cycles. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of
clock and light-regulated clock gene expression in zebrafish (A,B) and
cavefish (CF; C,D) cell lines. The presentation, color code for the plotted
data, and the experimental conditions are identical to Figure 1G–J. Each
point represents the mean 6 SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g002 Figure 2. Lack of rhythmic clock gene expression in P. andruzzii
cell lines exposed to LD cycles. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of
clock and light-regulated clock gene expression in zebrafish (A,B) and
cavefish (CF; C,D) cell lines. The presentation, color code for the plotted
data, and the experimental conditions are identical to Figure 1G–J. Each
point represents the mean 6 SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g002 Figure 1. Lack of rhythmicity in P. andruzzii under light dark
cycles. Adult zebrafish (A) and P. andruzzii (B). (C,D) Representative
actograms of zebrafish (C) and cavefish (D) maintained under LD
conditions (each cycle: 12 h light, 12 h dark) and fed randomly. Records
are double plotted on a 48 h time scale to aid interpretation; the y-axis
progresses in single days with each day being plotted twice (day 1 on
the right side is repeated on day 2 on the left side). The activity was
binned every 10 min, the height of each point representing the number
of interruptions of the infrared light beam. (E,F) Mean waveforms of Figure 2. Lack of rhythmic clock gene expression in P. andruzzii
cell lines exposed to LD cycles. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of
clock and light-regulated clock gene expression in zebrafish (A,B) and
cavefish (CF; C,D) cell lines. The presentation, color code for the plotted
data, and the experimental conditions are identical to Figure 1G–J. Each
point represents the mean 6 SEM. Exploring the Circadian Clock in the Cavefish
Phreatichthys andruzzii Records
are double plotted on a 48 h time scale to aid interpretation; the y-axis
progresses in single days with each day being plotted twice (day 1 on
the right side is repeated on day 2 on the left side). The activity was
binned every 10 min, the height of each point representing the number
of interruptions of the infrared light beam. (E,F) Mean waveforms of
zebrafish (E) and cavefish (F) are represented. Each point in the m
waveform has been calculated as the mean 6 SEM from 10 min bi
data across all the experimental days shown (n = 16) on each acto
and for all experimental aquaria (n = 6 for zebrafish and n = 6
cavefish). For x2 periodogram analysis (confidence level, 95%)
Figure S1. (G–J) Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of endogenous clock
expression for 2 consecutive days in adult zebrafish and P. andruzz
(G,I and H,J, respectively; n = 6 per time point) exposed to 12:1
cycles. For all panels, each point represents the mean 6 SEM. andruzzii, neither clock-regulated (Per1 (blue), Clk1a (red), and
(black) (H)), nor light-regulated genes (Cry1a (purple), Cry5 (orange)
Per2 (green) (J)), show significant cycling (p.0.1) compared with
amplitude rhythms for the same genes observed in the zebr
(p,0.0001) (panels G and I). White and black bars represent light
dark periods, respectively. On the y-axes are plotted relative expre
levels, while on the x-axes time is expressed as zeitgeber time
where ZT0 represents lights on). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g001
Figure 2. Lack of rhythmic clock gene expression in P. andr
cell lines exposed to LD cycles. Quantitative RT-PCR analys
clock and light-regulated clock gene expression in zebrafish (A,B)
cavefish (CF; C,D) cell lines. The presentation, color code for the plo
data, and the experimental conditions are identical to Figure 1G–J. point represents the mean 6 SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g002
Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photorece
PLoS Biology | www plosbiology org
3
September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e100 Figure 1. Lack of rhythmicity in P. andruzzii under light dark
cycles. Adult zebrafish (A) and P. andruzzii (B). (C,D) Representative
actograms of zebrafish (C) and cavefish (D) maintained under LD
conditions (each cycle: 12 h light, 12 h dark) and fed randomly. PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org Exploring the Circadian Clock in the Cavefish
Phreatichthys andruzzii CF cells transfected with a
clock-regulated zebrafish reporter construct (zfPer1b-Luc) [13] were
treated transiently with 100 nM dexamethasone, an agonist of the
glucocorticoid receptor (Figure S5; Figure 5B, green trace) [20]. Surprisingly, this induced a bioluminescence rhythm in cavefish
cells that persisted for almost three cycles with an extremely long
period (t = 43 h at 25uC). This contrasts with the circadian
bioluminescence rhythm observed upon dexamethasone treatment
of zebrafish cells (t = 24.2 h at 25uC) (Figure 5A, green trace). These results reveal the existence of an abnormal circadian clock
in P. andruzzii that displays an infradian period under constant
conditions. We next wished to determine whether other circadian
clock properties are abnormal in the cavefish. One highly
conserved feature of the circadian clock is that its period remains
relatively constant over a physiological range of temperatures (so-
called temperature compensation) [21]. Thus, we measured the
period of rhythms induced by dexamethasone pulses in CF and
zebrafish cells held at two additional constant temperatures 22uC
and 29uC (Figure 5). With an increase in temperature the period
length of the cavefish clock decreased significantly (t = 47 (22uC),
43 (25uC), and 38 h (29uC)) revealing reduced temperature
compensation with Q10<1.35, while in zebrafish cells, as expected, PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 2 Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors a relatively constant period was observed (t = 23.6 (22uC),
(25uC), and 24.6 (29uC)) h, respectively (Q10<1 [22]). T
together our results indicate that P. andruzzii possesses a circa
timing system with an aberrant core clock mechanism. Could the discrepancy between the striking infradian perio
the P. andruzzii clock (t.30 h) and the period of the LD c
(T = 24 h) have been the origin of the observed arrhythm
under LD cycles? In such a scenario, the cavefish clock migh
be entrainable by light. In zebrafish cell lines, exposure to
light pulses results in advances or delays in pre-existing clock
expression rhythms depending on the precise time when the
are illuminated [13]. Thus, we wished to test whether light is
to
regulate
the
cavefish
clock
in
a
similar
manner. Figure 1. Lack of rhythmicity in P. andruzzii under light dark
cycles. Adult zebrafish (A) and P. andruzzii (B). (C,D) Representative
actograms of zebrafish (C) and cavefish (D) maintained under LD
conditions (each cycle: 12 h light, 12 h dark) and fed randomly. Exploring the Circadian Clock in the Cavefish
Phreatichthys andruzzii doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g002 September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org 3 Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors Figure 3. Behavioral entrainment by periodic food availability. Representative actograms of zebrafish (A)
constant darkness and fed once a day at a fixed time (ZT = 0). Feeding time is indicated by the black arrow at t
details on actogram representation, see legend; Figure 1). (B,E) Mean waveforms of zebrafish (B) and cavefish (E)
mean waveform has been calculated as the mean 6 SEM from 10 min binned data across all the experimental day
and all experimental aquaria (n = 5 for zebrafish and n = 3 for cavefish). (C,F) x2 periodogram analysis (confiden
cavefish (F) actograms. The periodogram indicates the percentage of variance (%V) of the rhythm explained by e
of 20–28 h. The sloped dotted lines represent the threshold of significance, set at p = 0.05. Periodogram analysis
activity rhythms synchronized to the 24 h feeding cycles. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g003
PL S Bi l
|
l
bi l
4
S
t
b
2011 Figure 3. Behavioral entrainment by periodic food availability. Representative actograms of zebrafish (A) and cavefish (D) maintained under
constant darkness and fed once a day at a fixed time (ZT = 0). Feeding time is indicated by the black arrow at the top of each actogram (for more
details on actogram representation, see legend; Figure 1). (B,E) Mean waveforms of zebrafish (B) and cavefish (E) are represented. Each point in the
mean waveform has been calculated as the mean 6 SEM from 10 min binned data across all the experimental days (n = 30) shown on each actogram
and all experimental aquaria (n = 5 for zebrafish and n = 3 for cavefish). (C,F) x2 periodogram analysis (confidence level, 95%) for zebrafish (C) and
cavefish (F) actograms. The periodogram indicates the percentage of variance (%V) of the rhythm explained by each analyzed period within a range
of 20–28 h. The sloped dotted lines represent the threshold of significance, set at p = 0.05. Periodogram analysis showed the presence of behavioral
activity rhythms synchronized to the 24 h feeding cycles. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g003 September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org 4 Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors Figure 4. A non-photic zeitgeber entrains the cavefish clock. Exploring the Circadian Clock in the Cavefish
Phreatichthys andruzzii (A) Adult zebrafish and cavefish were fed once per day (at ZT0) for 30 d (dark
blue arrowheads). Fish were then starved and after 24 h, brains, hearts, and fins were harvested each 4 h (n = 4) during the last day of food
entrainment and the first 2 d of fasting (black arrowheads). (B–G) Real time PCR analysis of rhythmic endogenous Clk1a (red, orange) and Per1 (green,
dark blue) expression in the brain (B,C), heart (D,E), and fin (F,G) of zebrafish (B, D, and F) and cavefish (C, E, and G). Time is expressed as ZT or
Circadian Time (CT) during starvation. In each panel, a solid, vertical line (at ZT0) indicates the last feeding time. Subsequently during starvation, the
two vertical dotted lines (at CT0 and CT24) denote when the feeding would normally have occurred according to the previous regular feeding
regime. Each point represents the mean 6 SEM. In all cavefish tissues tested (C,E,G) robust circadian rhythms of Clk1a and Per1 expression were
observed (p,0.01). Rhythmic clock gene expression was also observed in zebrafish heart (D) and fin (F) (p,0.01). However, in the zebrafish brain (B)
only Per1b (green trace) was rhythmically expressed (p,0.01). See also Figure S4. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g004 Figure 4. A non-photic zeitgeber entrains the cavefish clock. (A) Adult zebrafish and cavefish were fed once per day (at ZT0) for 30 d (dark
blue arrowheads). Fish were then starved and after 24 h, brains, hearts, and fins were harvested each 4 h (n = 4) during the last day of food
entrainment and the first 2 d of fasting (black arrowheads). (B–G) Real time PCR analysis of rhythmic endogenous Clk1a (red, orange) and Per1 (green,
dark blue) expression in the brain (B,C), heart (D,E), and fin (F,G) of zebrafish (B, D, and F) and cavefish (C, E, and G). Time is expressed as ZT or
Circadian Time (CT) during starvation. In each panel, a solid, vertical line (at ZT0) indicates the last feeding time. Subsequently during starvation, the
two vertical dotted lines (at CT0 and CT24) denote when the feeding would normally have occurred according to the previous regular feeding
regime. Each point represents the mean 6 SEM. In all cavefish tissues tested (C,E,G) robust circadian rhythms of Clk1a and Per1 expression were
observed (p,0.01). Rhythmic clock gene expression was also observed in zebrafish heart (D) and fin (F) (p,0.01). Exploring the Circadian Clock in the Cavefish
Phreatichthys andruzzii However, in the zebrafish brain (B)
only Per1b (green trace) was rhythmically expressed (p,0.01). See also Figure S4. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g004 synchronized rhythmic clock gene expression in CF cells by
dexamethasone treatment and then exposed the cells to a 15 min
light pulse at five different time-points distributed throughout the
43 h cycle (Figure S6) [13,23]. None of the light pulses changed
either the phase or levels of rhythmic clock gene expression. Hence, we conclude that P. andruzzii indeed possesses a truly blind
clock. Thus, this cavefish represents a powerful complementary
model for exploring the function of the light input pathway in
vertebrates. (unpublished data). Light-induced transcription of clock genes
represents a key step in photic entrainment of the zebrafish clock
[4,5]. Therefore, we speculated that mutations in promoter
sequences of light-inducible clock genes could account for the
cavefish blind clock phenotype. We have previously defined an
essential light responsive module (LRM) containing E- and D-box
enhancer elements in the zebrafish per2 promoter [5]. In the LRM
promoter region from the cavefish per2 gene, we identified several
base substitutions compared with the zebrafish sequence, including
one in the E-box element (Figure 6A). We wished to test whether
the cavefish LRM was still able to direct light-induced gene
expression. With this aim we transfected zebrafish cells with a
cavefish per2 promoter driving luciferase expression (cfPer2-Luc)
(Figure 6B, green trace). These cells exhibited robust light-driven PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 Defining Molecular Defects in the Light Input Pathway of
P. andruzzii Dexamethasone induces rhythmic clock gene expression in cells
at each of the three temperatures (p,0.0001). While in zebrafish cells
(A) the period remains relatively constant with changes in temperature
(Q10<1), CF cells (B) showed a marked shortening of period length with
increasing temperature indicating a poorly temperature compensated
clock (Q10<1.35) (for calculations, see Materials and Methods). Each
point represents the mean 6 SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g005 reporter expression comparable to that of the zebrafish per2
promoter (zfPer2-Luc) (Figure 6B, blue trace). Conversely, zebrafish
zfPer2-Luc transfected into cavefish cells failed to show light-
induced expression (Figure 6C, green trace). Together, these
results indicate that mutations disrupting the cavefish light input
pathway should lie upstream of directly light-regulated clock gene
promoters. Figure 6. The defect in the cavefish light input pathway lies
upstream of the period2 gene promoter. (A) Alignment of the
cavefish period2 promoter LRM with the corresponding sequence from
the zebrafish and other vertebrates [5]. Boxing highlights the highly
conserved E- and D-box enhancers. Within each enhancer, yellow
highlighted sequences are conserved in all species. Blue highlighting
indicates the mutation in the cavefish E-box. Below, asterisks (*) indicate
perfectly conserved sequences. (B) Zebrafish cells transfected with
cfPer2-Luc (green trace) and zfPer2-Luc (blue trace) and exposed to LD
cycles. Both constructs were rhythmically expressed (p,0.0001). The
strongest induction coincided with the onset of the light period. (C) In
vivo luciferase assays of cavefish (CF, green trace) and zebrafish cells
(ZF, blue trace) transfected with zfPer2-Luc. The absence of rhythmic
reporter expression in cavefish cells (p.0.1) contrasts with high
amplitude rhythms observed in zebrafish cells (p,0.00001). The plotted
values were calculated by subtracting the basal expression levels of the
luciferase reporter. For each time point, mean 6 SEM is plotted. White
and black bars represent the light and dark periods, respectively. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g006 Defining Molecular Defects in the Light Input Pathway of
P. andruzzii Our systematic cloning and sequencing strategy failed to detect
any mutations significantly affecting clock gene coding sequences PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 5 Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors t
i
bl
t
th t
f th
b
fi h p 2
Figure 5. Reduced temperature compensation of the P. andruzzii clock. Following transfection with zfper1b-Luc, zebrafish (A)
and CF (B) cells were transiently treated for 30 min with dexametha-
sone and then incubated either at 22uC (blue), 25uC (green), or 29uC
(red). Dexamethasone induces rhythmic clock gene expression in cells
at each of the three temperatures (p,0.0001). While in zebrafish cells
(A) the period remains relatively constant with changes in temperature
(Q10<1), CF cells (B) showed a marked shortening of period length with
increasing temperature indicating a poorly temperature compensated
clock (Q10<1.35) (for calculations, see Materials and Methods). Each
point represents the mean 6 SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g005 Figure 6. The defect in the cavefish light input pathway lies
upstream of the period2 gene promoter. (A) Alignment of the
cavefish period2 promoter LRM with the corresponding sequence from
the zebrafish and other vertebrates [5]. Boxing highlights the highly
conserved E- and D-box enhancers. Within each enhancer, yellow
highlighted sequences are conserved in all species. Blue highlighting
indicates the mutation in the cavefish E-box. Below, asterisks (*) indicate
perfectly conserved sequences. (B) Zebrafish cells transfected with
cfPer2-Luc (green trace) and zfPer2-Luc (blue trace) and exposed to LD
cycles. Both constructs were rhythmically expressed (p,0.0001). The
strongest induction coincided with the onset of the light period. (C) In
vivo luciferase assays of cavefish (CF, green trace) and zebrafish cells
(ZF, blue trace) transfected with zfPer2-Luc. The absence of rhythmic
reporter expression in cavefish cells (p.0.1) contrasts with high
amplitude rhythms observed in zebrafish cells (p,0.00001). The plotted
values were calculated by subtracting the basal expression levels of the
luciferase reporter. For each time point, mean 6 SEM is plotted. White
and black bars represent the light and dark periods, respectively. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g006 Figure 5. Reduced temperature compensation of the P. andruzzii clock. Following transfection with zfper1b-Luc, zebrafish (A)
and CF (B) cells were transiently treated for 30 min with dexametha-
sone and then incubated either at 22uC (blue), 25uC (green), or 29uC
(red). PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors We documented mRNA expression of both Melanopsin and TMT-
opsin in various cavefish tissues including the CF cell line (Figure
S7), consistent with previous results that revealed widespread
expression for the zebrafish homologs [9,24]. Furthermore,
sequence alignment with other teleost homologs revealed strong
conservation (unpublished data). Interestingly, however, prema-
ture stop-codons were encountered in the coding sequences of
both TMT-opsin and Melanopsin (at the C-terminus of the 5th
transmembrane domain and the N-terminus of the 6th transmem-
brane domain,
respectively)
(Figure 7A). These C-terminal
truncations were the result of frame shift mutations in the two
coding sequences (an insertion of one T in TMT-opsin at position
+654 and deletion of one G in Melanopsin at position +842 relative
to the ATG initiation codons of the zebrafish homolog sequences). Both opsin mutations would be predicted to eliminate binding of
the essential chromophore, retinaldehyde, that normally occurs at
the 7th transmembrane domain. Therefore, we decided to test
whether ectopic expression of the zebrafish homologs of these two
opsins would rescue light-inducibility of a zfPer2-Luc reporter in
cavefish cells. Simply supplementing the culture medium with
retinaldehyde failed to induce rhythmic expression of zfPer2-Luc
(Figure 7B). Strikingly, upon cotransfection with single opsin
expression vectors, zfPer2-Luc was robustly induced during the light
phase
and
subsequently
decreased
during
the
dark
phase
(Figure 7C, blue trace and 7D, red trace). In contrast, expression
in cavefish cells of zebrafish Melanopsin and TMT-opsin carrying
mutations introducing premature stop codons equivalent to the
two cavefish opsins (zfOpn4m2K286X and zfTMTY224X) failed to Figure 7. Rescue of light-induced gene expression in cavefish. (A) Schematic representation of the seven transmembrane domains of a
generic opsin protein. Red and blue crosses denote the position of stop codons in cavefish TMT-opsin and Melanopsin (Opn4m2), respectively. Below,
the C-termini of the truncated cavefish opsin proteins are aligned with the corresponding zebrafish sequences (asterisks (*) indicate identical
aminoacids; periods (.), non-conservative aminoacids; and colons (:), conservative aminoacids. (B) Arrhythmic bioluminescence expression (p.0.5) of
zfper2-Luc in CF cells under LD cycles in the presence (black) or absence (grey) of 100 nM 9-cis-/all-trans-retinal. (C–D) Rescued light-inducible
expression in CF cells of zfper2-Luc co-transfected with zebrafish Opn4m2 (blue trace, C) and TMT-opsin (red trace, D) (p,0.0001). TMT-Opsin and Melanopsin Are Essential Photoreceptors
for Peripheral Clocks Mutations
affecting
peripheral
photoreceptors
could
also
account for the blind cavefish clock. Although the identity of the
teleost peripheral photoreceptor remains unclear, candidates
include the opsins Melanopsin (Opn4m2) and TMT-opsin that
are widely expressed in most tissues [9,24]. Melanopsin was
originally isolated from the photosensitive melanophores of Xenopus
[25]. Subsequently, orthologs of Melanopsin were isolated from
other non-mammalian vertebrates including zebrafish [26]. TMT-
opsin was originally identified by virtue of its opsin sequence
homology, and to date has only been isolated from teleosts [9]. We
chose to clone and characterize these two opsins in the cavefish. PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 6 Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors Expression of TMTK295A failed to rescue light-
induced zfper2-Luc expression in cavefish cells (Figure 7D, green
trace), thus strongly indicating that TMT-opsin indeed functions
as an opsin photopigment. It is well established that the response of opsins to light is
wavelength dependent. Melanopsin has been shown to respond
preferentially to the blue region of the light spectrum [25], while
the wavelength sensitivity of TMT-opsin is unknown. Are
Melanopsin and TMT-opsin alone sufficient to account for the
wavelength sensing properties of zebrafish peripheral clocks? As a
first step towards addressing this key question, we repeated our
cavefish zfper2 expression rescue assay under three different
monochromatic light sources (blue, green, and red, Figure S8). We then compared these results with the response of the zfper2
promoter to the same light sources in zebrafish cells. Exposure of
Melanopsin or TMT-opsin transfected cavefish cells to blue
(468 nm) or green (530 nm) light is able to activate the zfper2
promoter (Figure 8A–D). In contrast, no rescue was observed
under red (657 nm) light (Figure 8E). However, exposure of
zebrafish cells to these same monochromatic light sources
revealed activation by all three light sources, with the strongest
induction by blue (Figure 8F). These results confirm the
wavelength sensitivity of Melanopsin [28] and provide the first
evidence, to our knowledge, that TMT-opsin can respond to blue
and green but not red wavelengths of light. The differences in the
red light response of the zfper2 promoter between the zebrafish
cells and the rescued cavefish cell system point to the existence of
additional peripheral photoreceptors. Importantly, comparable
results were obtained in all our rescue experiments when we
substituted zfper2-Luc for the minimal light-responsive promoter
fragment of the zebrafish per2 gene 20.43per2:Luc (unpublished
data)
[5]. This
predicts
that
light-driven
gene
expression
mediated by Melanopsin and TMT-opsin is dependent upon
the LRM of the per2 promoter. By employing a comparative functional analysis involving
zebrafish and P. andruzzii, we have been able to provide direct
evidence that TMT-opsin and Melanopsin serve as peripheral
tissue photoreceptors in teleosts. Furthermore, our results strongly
indicate that the two opsins activate gene expression via the LRM
promoter element that mediates light-driven per2 expression [5]. Previously, the identity of the widely expressed photoreceptors that
mediate the direct entrainment of peripheral clocks was unclear. In addition to opsins, other candidates include Cry4, a member of
the cryptochrome family in zebrafish, and flavin-containing
oxidases [7,8]. Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors Rangifer tarandus [29]. To further test this hypothesis, it will be
fascinating to compare the circadian clock phenotype of P. andruzzii with that of other cavefish species representing the full
range of troglomorphic phenotypes. rescue light inducible zfper2-Luc expression (Figure 7C and D, grey
traces). These data are consistent with the predicted loss of the
chromophore binding domains in the cavefish opsins. Further-
more, our results constitute strong evidence that Melanopsin and
TMT-opsin indeed function as peripheral clock photoreceptors. Our study reveals that a regular daily feeding time does entrain
the cavefish clock. Interestingly, a comparison of the clock gene
expression rhythms encountered in various tissues of the regularly
fed cavefish reveals many differences in phase and amplitude
between tissues. This situation is strongly reminiscent of the
different patterns of cycling gene expression observed in individual
light entrained peripheral clocks of zebrafish [30] and may reflect
differences in the molecular regulatory networks associated with
each tissue. Several reports point to the general importance of
feeding entrainment for the circadian timing system in fish [17,19]. It
is
tempting
to
speculate
that
food
availability
in
the
subterranean environment of this cavefish might indeed be
periodic, and therefore a clock responding to and anticipating
feeding time may confer a survival advantage. Interestingly,
several lines of evidence point to the existence of a food-
entrainable oscillator in vertebrates distinct from the light-
entrainable oscillator, however the anatomical location and
molecular mechanism remains unclear [18,19,31,32]. In this
regard, fish could emerge as powerful models for the investigation
of food entrainment. A comparative study involving zebrafish that
possess both light and food entrainable oscillators and P. andruzzii
that retains only the food entrainable oscillator could provide
important insight into the basis of the feeding entrainment
mechanism in vertebrates. While Melanopsin represents a well-characterized photorecep-
tor [25,26], until now TMT-opsin has been implicated as a
photopigment based only upon sequence homology [9]. The
cavefish represents a powerful model to confirm that TMT-opsin
indeed functions as a photopigment. In all opsins a highly
conserved lysine residue within the 7th transmembrane domain
provides a Schiff base linkage with the chromophore retinal that is
critical for phototransduction [27]. In zebrafish TMT-opsin, a
lysine residue at position 295 would be predicted to fulfil this role
[9]. To test this prediction, we mutated lysine 295 to an alanine
(TMTK295A). Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors It will now be important to re-evaluate the relative
contribution of these other candidate photoreceptors to peripheral
clock entrainment. Based on our study of the effects of different
wavelengths of light on the induction of clock gene expression we
predict that Melanopsin and TMT-opsin are not the only
photoreceptors for peripheral clocks. This finding begs the
question as to why several different photoreceptors might
contribute to the photic entrainment properties of peripheral
tissues. Changes in the photoperiod, intensity, as well as the
spectral composition of sunlight represent reliable indicators of
day-night as well as seasonal changes in the environment [33]. The
presence of multiple photoreceptors, each one differentially
extracting timing information from sunlight, could enable the
circadian system to more reliably indicate the timing of dawn and
dusk. Discussion In summary, during 1.4–2.6 million years of isolation from the
day-night cycle, the evolution of the cavefish P. andruzzii has lead
to an aberrant circadian clock. Contrary to the situation in most
organisms, this clock is no longer entrained by light. Furthermore,
upon exposure to alternative zeitgebers it cycles with a remarkably
long infradian period and shows reduced temperature compensa-
tion. It is possible that this reflects progressive loss of a mechanism
that provides no selective advantage for animals that live under
constant darkness and temperature. In support of this hypothesis,
one recent report has documented a severe attenuation of
circadian clock rhythmicity in an arctic mammal naturally
exposed to the extreme polar photic environment, the reindeer, Finally from a broader perspective, in addition to displaying a
unique and fascinating collection of adaptations to its extreme
environment, we have demonstrated that P. andruzzii serves as a
powerful complementary model to dissect the molecular pathways
that respond to light. PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors In contrast,
expression of the zebrafish Opn4m2K286X (C) and TMTY224X (D) carrying equivalent truncation mutations to the two cavefish opsins (grey traces) or
TMTK295A (with lysine 295 mutated to an alanine) (green trace) (D) failed to rescue rhythmic light induced zfper2-Luc expression (p.0.1). For each time
point, mean 6 SEM is plotted. White and black bars represent the light and dark periods, respectively. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g007 Figure 7. Rescue of light-induced gene expression in cavefish. (A) Schematic representation of the seven transmembrane domains of a
generic opsin protein. Red and blue crosses denote the position of stop codons in cavefish TMT-opsin and Melanopsin (Opn4m2), respectively. Below,
the C-termini of the truncated cavefish opsin proteins are aligned with the corresponding zebrafish sequences (asterisks (*) indicate identical
aminoacids; periods (.), non-conservative aminoacids; and colons (:), conservative aminoacids. (B) Arrhythmic bioluminescence expression (p.0.5) of
zfper2-Luc in CF cells under LD cycles in the presence (black) or absence (grey) of 100 nM 9-cis-/all-trans-retinal. (C–D) Rescued light-inducible
expression in CF cells of zfper2-Luc co-transfected with zebrafish Opn4m2 (blue trace, C) and TMT-opsin (red trace, D) (p,0.0001). In contrast,
expression of the zebrafish Opn4m2K286X (C) and TMTY224X (D) carrying equivalent truncation mutations to the two cavefish opsins (grey traces) or
TMTK295A (with lysine 295 mutated to an alanine) (green trace) (D) failed to rescue rhythmic light induced zfper2-Luc expression (p.0.1). For each time
point, mean 6 SEM is plotted. White and black bars represent the light and dark periods, respectively. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g007 September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org 7 Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 Ethics Statement The animal handling procedures and research protocols were
approved by the University of Ferrara (Italy), University of Firenze September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 8 Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors (Italy), University of Murcia (Spain), and Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (Germany) Institutional Animal Care and Use
Cavefish and Cavefish Cell Lines
P andruzzii originally collected from Somalia (Figure S9) were
Figure 8. Rescue of light-induced gene expression in cavefish cells under different monochromatic light sources. Rescued rhythmic
light-inducible expression of zfper2-Luc in CF cells transiently co-transfected with zebrafish Opn4m2 (blue trace, (A and C)) and TMT-opsin (red trace,
(B and D)) exposed to blue (468 nm, A and B) or green (530 nm, C and D) light (p,0.0001). In contrast, no rescue was observed under red (657 nm)
light (p.0.1) (E). The truncated zebrafish Opn4m2K286X and TMTY224X (grey traces) failed to rescue rhythmic light-induced zfper2-Luc expression in all
lighting conditions (p.0.2) (A–D). Interestingly, in zebrafish cells (PAC-2 21.7per2:Luc) exposed to each of the same three monochromatic light
sources, zfper2-Luc reporter expression is light-driven (p,0.0001) (black trace, (F)), with the strongest induction (+35% of peak values) observed under
blue light. Above each panel, coloured and black bars indicate the types of light sources utilized and the duration of the light and dark periods. For
each time point, mean 6 SEM is plotted. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g008 Figure 8. Rescue of light-induced gene expression in cavefish cells under different monochromatic light sources. Rescued rhythmic
light-inducible expression of zfper2-Luc in CF cells transiently co-transfected with zebrafish Opn4m2 (blue trace, (A and C)) and TMT-opsin (red trace,
(B and D)) exposed to blue (468 nm, A and B) or green (530 nm, C and D) light (p,0.0001). In contrast, no rescue was observed under red (657 nm)
light (p.0.1) (E). The truncated zebrafish Opn4m2K286X and TMTY224X (grey traces) failed to rescue rhythmic light-induced zfper2-Luc expression in all
lighting conditions (p.0.2) (A–D). Interestingly, in zebrafish cells (PAC-2 21.7per2:Luc) exposed to each of the same three monochromatic light
sources, zfper2-Luc reporter expression is light-driven (p,0.0001) (black trace, (F)), with the strongest induction (+35% of peak values) observed under
blue light. Above each panel, coloured and black bars indicate the types of light sources utilized and the duration of the light and dark periods. For
each time point, mean 6 SEM is plotted. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001142.g008 Phylogenetic Analysis Sequences from the cavefish PER and CLK protein families
were aligned with homologs from other teleost species (Takifugu
rubripes, Tetraodon nigroviridis, Danio rerio, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and
Oryzias latipes) [36,37] using ClustalW. Alignments were manually
verified and phylogenetic trees were generated using Neighbour-
joining methods [38] with a complete deletion mode. Bootstrap
tests were performed with 1,000 replications. Poisson correction
distance was adopted and rates among sites were set as uniform. Drosophila melanogaster PER and CLK sequences were used as an
out-group to root the trees. Gene Expression Analysis Single-stranded cDNA was synthesized using SuperScript III
Reverse
Transcriptase
(Invitrogen). Quantitative
PCR
was
performed for P. andruzzii and zebrafish clock genes using the
pairs of primers shown in Table S1. The StepOnePlus Real-Time
PCR System (Applied Biosystems) was employed using SYBR-
green-primer-master mix according to the manufacturer’s recom-
mendations with the following cycle conditions: 15 min at 95uC,
then 40 cycles of 15 s at 95uC, and 30 s at 60uC. The relative
levels for each RNA were calculated by the 22DDCT method. Relative expression levels were normalized to b-actin. Each CT
value is the mean of three biological replicates and each assay was
performed a minimum of three times. Opsin Expression Vectors The
full-length
zebrafish
TMT-opsin
(ENSDART000
00081729) was amplified with the primers Fwd 59-AATG-
GATTGCGGATTGGATCCATTGTGTCCAACTTG-39
and
Rev
59-CTGCAGAATTCACTAGTGATTTCGCCTGTA-39
resulting in the mutation of the ATG translation initiation codon
sequence into TTC and the creation of BamHI and EcoRI
restriction
sites,
respectively,
for
cloning
into
a
modified Zebrafish and Zebrafish Cell Lines All experiments using adult and larval zebrafish as well as the
zebrafish cell lines AB9 [35], PAC-2, and a stable PAC-2 cell line
expressing 21.7per2:Luc were performed using standard methods
described elsewhere [5,13]. Induction of rhythmic clock gene
expression in zebrafish cells using transient dexamethasone
treatment was performed as described for the cavefish CF cell
line (see also Figure S5). Luciferase Reporter Constructs and Bioluminescence
Assays y
zfPer1b-Luc contains a promoter region extending 3.3 kb
upstream of the 59 end of the Period1b cDNA (equivalent to the
zfperiod4 promoter construct in [13]). The zfPer2-Luc reporter has
been described previously as 21.7per2:Luc that contains a fragment
of 1,571 bp upstream of the transcription start site and 129 bp of
the 59UTR of the zebrafish Period2 gene [5]. In addition, the
minimal
light
responsive
per2
promoter
reporter
construct
20.43per2:Luc
was
also
tested
in
the
cavefish
cell
rescue
experiments. This construct contains 431 bp upstream of the
transcription start site and 164 bp of the 59UTR of the zebrafish
Period2 gene [5]. Both zfPer2-Luc reporters responded in an
equivalent manner. cfPer2-Luc contains 876 bp upstream of the
transcription start site and 112 bp of the 59UTR of the cavefish
Period2 gene. All in vivo bioluminescence assays were performed as
described previously [13,34]. Cavefish and Cavefish Cell Lines (Italy), University of Murcia (Spain), and Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (Germany) Institutional Animal Care and Use
Committees. P. andruzzii originally collected from Somalia (Figure S9) were
maintained and bred at the University of Firenze, Italy. The P. andruzzii originally collected from Somalia (Figure S9) were
maintained and bred at the University of Firenze, Italy. The PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 9 9 Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors (Table S1). Bands of the predicted sizes were cloned into the
pGEM-T Easy Vector (Promega). The cavefish gene cDNA
fragments were sequenced (QIAGEN GmbH) and compared with
the GenBank database by using the BLAST algorithm. Additional
cDNA sequences were subsequently cloned using a 59-39SMART
RACE cDNA amplification kit (BD Bioscience), and then coding
sequences were deposited in GenBank (Table S2). By this
approach, we cloned 13 clock genes (Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1a, Cry1b,
Cry2a, Cry2b, Cry3, Cry4, Cry5 Clk1a, Clk1b, Clk2) and 2 opsins
(Opn4m2, TMT-opsin) from P. andruzzii. cavefish were kept in darkness at a constant 27uC except during
food administration and aquaria maintenance. Three times per
week the fish were fed with frozen chironomid larvae. Fertilized
eggs were collected every 30 min and aliquots of 10–20 eggs were
transferred into 75 cm2 tissue culture flasks (BD GmbH). Flasks
were sealed and submerged in a large volume, thermostatically
controlled water bath (Tetra). From the third/fourth day after
hatching, larvae were fed once a day. Cavefish (CF) cell lines were derived from fin clips of adult fish
and maintained using standard methods described elsewhere [34]. Cells were transiently transfected using FuGene HD reagent
according to the manufacturer’s recommendations (Roche) in the
absence of serum. Rhythmic clock gene expression originally
established by serum treatment during the seeding of the CF cells
was resynchronized by a 30 min treatment with a range of
dexamethasone (Sigma) concentrations from 50 nM to 1 mM (see
Figure S5) [20]. Subsequently the dexamethasone-containing
medium was replaced by fresh medium again lacking serum and
containing luciferin. Recording of Adult Locomotor Activity Cavefish and zebrafish locomotor activity was registered
continuously by means of an infrared photocell (E3S-AD62,
Omron) placed at the aquarium wall, in the corner where food was
provided. The photocell was placed 5 cm from the water surface
and 20 cm from the bottom. The number of light-beam
interruptions was counted and stored every 10 min by a computer
connected to the photocell. The analysis of locomotor activity
records, representation of actograms, and calculations of mean
waveforms and x2 periodograms (Sokolove-Bushell test) were
performed using the chronobiology software El Temps (version
1.228). Lighting Conditions To test for photic entrainment of rhythmic clock gene
expression, cavefish and zebrafish adults and larvae as well as
cell lines were maintained at 27uC under a 12:12 LD cycle with a
light intensity of 350 mW/cm2 (full-spectrum cool fluorescent
tubes, Osram GmbH). For behavioural analysis, zebrafish and
cavefish were maintained under full-spectrum cool fluorescent
tube light sources with a light intensity of 20 mW/cm2. For
monochromatic light sources, light-emitting diodes (LED, Kopa)
sources were used (blue: lpeak = 468 nm, green: lpeak = 530 nm,
red: lpeak = 657 nm; white: 450 nm,l,700 nm) (Figure S8). The
light intensity of each LED light source was adjusted to ensure an
equivalent number of photons were emitted from each source
(1.426101860.0461018 photons/s/m2). PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org Testing of Opsin Expression Constructs Testing of Opsin Expression Constructs g
p
p
Hepa1-6 cells (16105) (ATCC) were transfected with 2 mg of
each HA-Tag opsin expression construct using the standard
Promo-Fectin transfection protocol (PromoKine). Twenty-four
hours after transfection, protein extracts were prepared according
to a standard method [40], with some modifications. Cells were
solubilized and incubated at 4uC in a mixture of equal volumes of
TSA buffer (2 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 140 mM NaCl, 0.025%
NaN3) and Lysis buffer (TSA buffer plus 2% Triton X-100, 5 mM
iodoacetamide, 0.2 U/ml aprotinin, and 1 mM phenylmethylsul-
fonyl fluoride). After 1 h, 0.2 volumes of 5% sodium deoxycholate
were added, and the mixture was incubated on ice for 10 min. The lysate was centrifuged at 2,800 g for 10 min at 4uC, and the
supernatant was collected and stored at 280uC until use. Before
electrophoresis in 10% or 15% SDS-polyacrylamide gels, the
proteins were diluted in Laemmli buffer (final concentration
0.05 M Tris, pH 6.8, 2% SDS, 100 mM DTT, 10% glycerol,
0.05% bromophenol blue) without heating. Following transfer to
nitrocellulose, the membranes were incubated with a high affinity
anti-HA rat monoclonal antibody (clone 3F10, Roche) according
to the manufacturer’s instructions and the bound antibody was
visualized using the ECL detection system (Amersham Biosciences)
(Figure S10). Figure S3
Absence of rhythmic clock gene expression in cavefish
brain and larvae. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of endogenous
clock gene expression under LD cycles in the whole brain of
zebrafish (A,B) and cavefish (C,D) (n = 6 per time point) as well as
in 5-d-old zebrafish larvae (E) and 1-d- or 4-wk-old cavefish larvae
(F and G, respectively). Results are plotted as described in Figure 1. In the case of cavefish, no rhythmic expression was detected either
in the brain (C,D; p.0.1), 1-d-old larvae which still retain eye
rudiments (F, p.0.07), or even in larvae exposed for 4 wk to LD
cycles (G, p.0.1). (TIF) Figure S4
Rhythmic clock gene expression in the liver following
feeding
entrainment. Real-time
PCR
analysis
of
rhythmic
endogenous Clk1a (red trace) and Per1b (green trace) expression
in the liver of zebrafish (A) and Clk1a (orange trace) and Per1 (dark
blue trace) expression in the cavefish liver (B). Time is expressed as
ZT time or Circadian Time (CT) during starvation. In each panel,
a solid, vertical line (at ZT0) indicates the last feeding time. Cloning Cavefish cDNA Sequences To obtain partial cDNA sequences, single-stranded cDNA was
synthesized using SuperScript III Reverse Transcriptase (Invitro-
gen). Cavefish genes were amplified by PCR using Taq DNA
Polymerase
(Invitrogen)
with
primers
designed
by
Primer3
software on the basis of sequence of the zebrafish homologs PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 10 Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors pcDNA3.1(+) expression vector (Invitrogen) that incorporates an
HA-Tag into the N-terminus of the expressed protein [39]. Similarly,
the
full
length
zebrafish
Opn4m2
(ENSDART
00000018501) was amplified with the Fwd 59-GCTCGGATCCG-
CCTTGAGCCATCACTCTTCA-39 and Rev 59-GCCCTCTA-
GACTCTTAGTTCCCTCCAAGCAA-39 primers, thus mutat-
ing the ATG initiation codon into TTG as well as creating BamHI
and XbaI sites, respectively, for cloning into the pcDNA3.1(+)HA-
tag modified expression vector. PCR reactions were performed
using the Perkin Elmer Gene Amp XL PCR kit according to the
manufacturer’s instructions. Construction of the expression vectors
for zfTMTK295A and the truncated forms zfOpn4m2K286X and
zfTMTY224X involved site-directed mutagenesis using the Quik-
Change MultiSite-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene) accord-
ing to the manufacturer’s instructions. For the truncated forms, in
the case of zfTMT-opsin the codon at position 224 (TAT, tyrosine)
was mutated to a stop codon (TAA) while for Melanopsin
(zfOpn4m2), the codon at position 286 (AAA, lysine) was mutated
to a Stop codon (TAA). For the mutation of a key lysine in the 7th
transmembrane domain of zfTMT-opsin to an alanine residue, the
codon sequence AAG was mutated to GCG. Following sequence
analysis, the integrity and function of all opsin expression vectors
was tested by transient transfection into a mammalian cell line and
then Western blotting analysis using an anti-HA-tag specific
antibody. analysis
with
CHRONO. For
Q10
temperature
coefficient
calculations, period length estimates for cells held at 22uC,
25uC, and 29uC were calculated as cycles per hour and then
plotted against temperature. Linear regression analysis revealed a
good fit to a straight line (cavefish R2 = 0.99; zebrafish R2 = 0.98). Mean period lengths at 22uC and 29uC were then substituted into
the equation Q10 = (R2/R1)10/(T22T1), where R is rate and T is
temperature. Genbank Accession Numbers The sequences reported in this article are deposited in GenBank
under accession numbers GQ404475–GQ404490 (see Table S2). Testing of Opsin Expression Constructs Subsequently during starvation, the vertical dotted lines (at CT0
and CT24) denote when the feeding would normally have
occurred according to the previous regular feeding regime. Each
point represents the mean 6 SEM. In both species robust
circadian rhythms of clock gene expression were observed
(p,0.01) (see also Figure 4). (TIF) Supporting Information Figure S1
Periodogram analysis of behavioral activity in LD
cycles. x2 periodogram analysis (confidence level, 95%) for the
zebrafish (A) and cavefish (B) actograms shown in Figure 1. The
periodogram indicates the percentage of variance (%V) of the
rhythm explained by each analyzed period within a range of 20–
28 h. The
sloped
dotted
lines
represent
the
threshold
of
significance, set at p = 0.05. Periodogram analysis confirms that a
behavioral activity rhythm is synchronized with the 24 h LD cycle
in zebrafish but not in cavefish. Figure
S2
Phylogenetic
analysis
of
cavefish
clock
genes. Comparison of PERIOD (top panel) and CLOCK (bottom panel)
cavefish proteins with other published teleost homologs [36,37]
using phylogenetic tree analysis. This confirms the close similarity
between zebrafish and P. andruzzii sequences. (TIF) Figure
S2
Phylogenetic
analysis
of
cavefish
clock
genes. Comparison of PERIOD (top panel) and CLOCK (bottom panel)
cavefish proteins with other published teleost homologs [36,37]
using phylogenetic tree analysis. This confirms the close similarity
between zebrafish and P. andruzzii sequences. (TIF) PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org Statistical Analysis All the results were expressed as means 6 SEM. Data were
analyzed by one- or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to
determine significant differences using the software GraphPad
Prism
4.0
(GraphPad
Software
Inc.). p
values,0.05
were
considered statistically significant. To evaluate the period length
of gene expression, we measured the time span between two
consecutive peaks. A trigonometric statistical model was applied to
evaluate periodic phenomena. The single cosinor procedure [41]
was used to define the main rhythmic parameters (circadian period
and peak time). (p
(TIF) Figure S5
Effects of different dexamethasone doses to synchro-
nize rhythmic clock gene expression. Bioluminescence (cps) of
cavefish cells transfected with the zebrafish reporter construct,
zfPer1b-Luc and transiently treated with different dexamethasone
concentrations (50 nM, 100 nM, 500 nM, and 1 mM). A control
lacking dexamethasone (‘‘Control,’’ black trace) was also included. Bioluminescence data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel or
CHRONO software [13,42]. Period estimates measured after 2 d
in DD were made by linear regression following peak finder September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 11 Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors All 4 dexamethasone treatments were able to advance by 560.5 h
the phase of a pre-existing oscillation evident in the control cells. Serum treatment during the seeding of the cells is responsible for
the original establishment of this oscillation (unpublished data). The vertical dotted and solid lines indicate the peaks of the control
and dexamethasone pulsed cells, respectively. (TIF) that developed in Eocene horizontal limestone formations at the
end of the Pliocene (1.4–2.6 million years ago) and became
isolated with the extinction of epigean sister species as the result of
extreme climatic changes. (TIF) (TIF) Figure S10
Expression of HA-tagged opsins in Hepa1-6 cells. Western
blot
analysis
of
cells
transfected
with
HA-tagged
expression vectors which encode (A) zfOpn4m2 (ca. 57 kDa),
zfTMT-opsin (ca. 45 kDa), zfTMTK295A (ca. 45 kDa), and (B)
zfTMT-opsinY224X
(ca. 27 kDa)
and
zfOpn4m2K286X
(ca. 34 kDa). The position of HA-immunoreactive opsin bands is
indicated by arrowheads. The presence of doublet bands for some
opsins may result from the denaturing conditions used to prepare
the 7-transmembrane domain protein extracts for SDS PAGE
analysis. Protein extracts prepared from cells transfected with the
empty expression vector were loaded as negative controls. (TIF) Figure S6
Light pulses fail to shift the phase of a dexametha-
sone-entrained cavefish clock. (A) Five sets of CF cells were
transiently transfected with the zfPer1b-luc reporter and then at 8 h
intervals (at time points I–V) were transiently treated with 100 nM
dexamethasone before being simultaneously exposed to a 15 min
light pulse. (B–F) Resulting bioluminescence profiles of the five sets
of cells, compared with non-light-pulsed controls. At each time
point, the mean 6 SEM is plotted. During the assay, cells were
maintained at a constant temperature and in constant darkness. In
each panel, colours of the bioluminescence traces match those in
the experimental design (A). Acknowledgments We thank Elena Kage, Andrea Margutti, and Pietro Farinelli for excellent
technical assistance; Saulo Bambi (Museum of Natural History of the
University of Florence) for the photographs; Ferenc Mu¨ller, Ralf Dahm,
Robert J. Lucas, Thomas Dickmeis, Olivier Kassel, and Yoav Gothilf for
critically reading the manuscript and many very constructive discussions; as
well as Philipp Mracek, Maria Laura Idda, and Luisa M. Vera for helpful
comments. We thank Olivier Kassel for the gift of the modified
pcDNA3.1(+) HA tag expression vector. We also thank Paul Spiring and
summer practical students from the European School Karlsruhe for
technical help. Figure S8
Irradiance curves for different monochromatic light
sources. Light-emitting diode sources were used to produce white
light (black trace) (450 nm,l,700 nm) and monochromatic light
in the blue (lpeak = 468 nm), green (lpeak = 530 nm), and red
(lpeak = 657 nm) region of the spectrum. The light intensity of
each source was adjusted to ensure that a constant number of
photons was emitted by each source (1.426101860.0461018 pho-
tons/s/m2). (p
(TIF) Pale coloured traces represent
constant dark controls, while dark coloured traces represent the
light pulsed sets of cells (except D, where the light pulsed trace is
shown as yellow and the dark control trace is shown as olive). None of the light pulsed sets of cells show a significant difference in
phase relative to their constant dark controls (p.0.4). (TIF) Table S1
PCR primers. Summary of the sequences of forward
(F) and reverse (R) PCR primers used to amplify the initial P. andruzzii cDNA fragments (based on evolutionary conserved D. rerio nucleotide sequences) as well as the cavefish and zebrafish
sequence primers used for quantitative PCR analysis. (DOC) Table S2
P. andruzzii circadian clock cDNAs. Summary of the
Genbank accession numbers for each of the P. andruzzii clock-
related cDNAs cloned and sequenced. For each cDNA, the
percentage of amino acid similarity with the zebrafish (D. rerio)
homologs is also indicated. (DOC) Figure S7
Tissue localization of Melanopsin (Opn4m2) and TMT-
opsin in cavefish. RT-PCR results using brain, heart, muscle, fin,
and CF cell RNA for the amplification of Melanopsin, TMT-opsin,
and b-actin (as control). Equal volumes of the three PCR reactions
performed for each tissue were subsequently mixed and then
products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Melanopsin
was expressed in all samples, whereas TMT-opsin was not found in
the heart and the skeletal muscle (Sk. Muscle). A negative control
lacking reverse transcriptase at the cDNA synthesis step was also
included (RT (2)). (TIF) Author Contributions The author(s) have made the following declarations about their
contributions: Conceived and designed the experiments: CB NSF FJSV
AF NC. Performed the experiments: NC EF DV NF JFLO RB. Analyzed
the data: CB DV NC EF JFLO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis
tools: CB NSF RB AF FJSV. Wrote the paper: NSF CB NC DV FJSV. Figure S9
Origin of Phreatichthys andruzzii. Adult cavefish were
originally
collected
in
the
wild
in
the
oasis
of
Bud-Bud
(04u119190N–46u289270E) in the centre of the Somalian desert
during several expeditions to Africa (1968–1982). Ancestors of P. andruzzii entered the large phreatic layers of the Somalian desert Figure S9
Origin of Phreatichthys andruzzii. Adult cavefish were
originally
collected
in
the
wild
in
the
oasis
of
Bud-Bud
(04u119190N–46u289270E) in the centre of the Somalian desert
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directs zebrafish period2 expression via conserved D and E boxes. PLoS Biol 7:
e1000223. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000223. 6. Whitmore D, Foulkes NS, Sassone-Corsi P (2000) Light acts directly on organs
and cells in culture to set the vertebrate circadian clock. Nature 404: 87–91. PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 12 PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org Cavefish Blind Clock Reveals Photoreceptors (2006)
Evolution of melanopsin photoreceptors: discovery and characterization of a
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special reference to the analysis of circadian rhythms. Methods Enzymol 305:
104–119. PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org September 2011 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | e1001142 PLoS Biology | www.plosbiology.org 13
| 14,237 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111191173
|
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Semantic data
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| null |
Template:1989 World Soccer World XI
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 21 | 36 |
Template:1989 World Soccer World XI
Template:1989 World Soccer World XI
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Template:1989 World Soccer World XI instance of Wikimedia template
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8072281_1
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Court Listener
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English
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No opinion. Order to show cause granted.
| 10,663 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B6jnummer
|
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Tröjnummer
|
https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tröjnummer&action=history
|
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Spoken
| 657 | 1,378 |
Tröjnummer är det identifikationsnummer som en idrottsutövare i en lagsport har på sin tröja eller motsvarande. Syftet är att domare, funktionärer och åskådare lättare skall kunna identifiera och särskilja spelare åt. Inom vissa sporter såsom ishockey och fotboll har man numera kompletterat tröjnumren med spelarens namn.
I vissa idrotter och i vissa förbund kan ett visst nummer "pensioneras" för att hedra en idrottsutövare. Ett exempel är ishockeylegendaren Wayne Gretzkys nummer 99, som är pensionerat i samtliga NHL-lag.
Tröjnummer i fotboll
Den tidigaste kända matchen med tröjnummer spelades i American Soccer League när Scullin Steel från St. Louis spelade finalmatchen säsongen 1922/1923. Numrerade tröjor kom inte till Storbritannien förrän 1928 då Arsenal och Chelsea spelade de två första ligamatcherna med tröjnummer. Experimentet upprepades till FA-cupfinalen 1933, men istället för att varje lag numrerades från 1 till 11, bar Evertons spelare numren 1-11 och Manchester Citys numren 12-22. Evertons målvakt fick äran att bära nummer 1, medan motståndarna Manchester Citys målvakt fick nummer 22. Numrerade tröjor blev dock inte obligatoriskt i brittisk fotboll förrän 1939.
I internationellt spel dök numrerade tröjor upp först 1937 då England mötte Skottland (utan nummer) på Hampden Park. Nästföljande år spelades VM 1938 då flera lag använde numrerade tröjor, det var dock först i VM 1954 som tröjnummer blev obligatoriskt. Det var vid EM 1992 i Sverige som tröjnumren även kompletterades med spelarnas namn på tröjorna.
Inom fotbollen var det tidigare obligatoriskt att numrera de elva spelarna i startuppställningen mellan 1 och 11, numret var därmed knutet till en viss position, det vill säga att centerforwarden hade alltid tröja nummer 9 oavsett vilken spelare som spelade i den positionen för dagen. Detta system användes av Football Association i England fram till 1993 då de introducerade ett nytt system, ett system där samtliga spelare i ett lags trupp tilldelas ett nummer och spelaren använder det tilldelade numret under hela säsongen oavsett på vilken position han eller hon spelar på. Inom några år hade det nya systemet annamats av de flesta fotbollsförbund.
I det gamla systemet med nummer från 1 till 11 så användes tröjnumren i följande positioner, en tradition som många lag följer än idag:.
Nummer 1 - används normalt av målvakter
Nummer 2 - används oftast av en högerback eller försvarsspelare
Nummer 3 - används oftast av en vänsterback eller försvarsspelare
Nummer 4 - används oftast av en defensiv mittfältare eller en mittback
Nummer 5 - används oftast av en mittback
Nummer 6 - används oftast av en defensiv mittfältare eller en mittback
Nummer 7 - används oftast av en högermittfältare
Nummer 8 - används oftast av en central mittfältare
Nummer 9 - används oftast av en anfallsspelare
Nummer 10 - är oftast numret på en offensiv mittfältare
Nummer 11 - används oftast av en vänstermittfältare eller en anfallsspelare
Nummer 12, 22 och 23 - bärs traditionellt av reservmålvakter
I svenska landslaget ger oftast nummer 2-3-4-5 till backlinjens spelare från höger utan att ta någon hänsyn till numrens historiska bakgrund eller spelarnas klubblagsnummer.
Tröjnummer i ishockey
I ishockey tillämpas systemet där samtliga spelare i ett lags spelartrupp tilldelas ett nummer och spelaren använder alltid det numret under en hel säsongen eller turnering oavsett på vilken position han eller hon spelar.
Nummer 1, 30 och 35 - används oftast av en målvakt.
Kända spelare som fått sina tröjnummer hedrade
Ishockey
När ishockeylegendaren Wayne Gretzky avslutade sin spelarkarriär år 2000 beslöt NHLs ligastyrelse att hedra honom genom att pensionera hans tröjnummer 99 i samtliga NHL-lag. Det innebär att ingen spelare kommer att använda nummer 99 i NHL i framtiden.
Fotboll
Följande spelare har fått sina respektive tröjnummer hedrade genom pensionering:
Pelé (10)
Maradona (10)
Johan Cruyff (14)
Franco Baresi (6)
Paolo Maldini (3)
Raúl González Blanco (7)
José María "Guti" Gutierrez (14)
Basket
Följande spelare har fått sina respektive tröjnummer hedrade genom pensionering:
Michael Jordan (23)
Scottie Pippen (33)
Magic Johnson (32)
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (33)
Shaquille O'Neal (33)
Se även
Positioner i lagsporter
Referenser
Noter
Lagsport
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https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%20%28%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90-%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%29
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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კონკორდია (სანტა-კატარინა)
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https://ka.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=კონკორდია (სანტა-კატარინა)&action=history
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Georgian
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Spoken
| 57 | 412 |
კონკორდია () — მუნიციპალიტეტი ბრაზილიაში, სანტა-კატარინას შტატში; მდებარეობს ზღვის დონიდან 550 მეტრზე. მიეკუთვნება სანტა-კატარინას შტატის დასავლეთ მეზორეგიონს. შედის ეკონომიკურ-სტატისტიკურ მიკრორეგიონ კონკორდიის შემადგენლობაში.
2010 წლის მონაცემებით, მოსახლეობა 68 621 ადამიანს შეადგენდა, მოსახლეობის სიმჭიდროვე 85.79 კმ²-ზე. ფართობი 799 879 კმ²-ია.
იხილეთ აგრეთვე
სანტა-კატარინა
ბრაზილიის შტატები
რესურსები ინტერნეტში
ბრაზილიის სტატისტიკის ეროვნული ინსტიტუტი
ბრაზილიის სტატისტიკის ეროვნული ინსტიტუტი, ზოგადი სტატისტიკა
სანტა-კატარინას მუნიციპალიტეტები
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https://github.com/Somesh23-Disrupt/plato-naman-mohit/blob/master/Themes/themeone/views/faqs/form_elements.blade.php
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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plato-naman-mohit
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Somesh23-Disrupt
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Blade
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Code
| 134 | 708 |
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6">
<fieldset class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('category', getphrase('category')) }}
<span class="text-red">*</span>
{{Form::select('category_id', $categories, null, ['class'=>'form-control'])}}
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('question', getphrase('question')) }}
<span class="text-red">*</span>
{{ Form::text('question', $value = null , $attributes = array('class'=>'form-control', 'placeholder' => getPhrase('question'),
'ng-model'=>'question',
'required'=> 'true',
'ng-class'=>'{"has-error": formQuiz.question.$touched && formQuiz.question.$invalid}'
)) }}
<div class="validation-error" ng-messages="formQuiz.question.$error" >
{!! getValidationMessage()!!}
</div>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<?php $status = array('1' =>'Active', '0' => 'Inactive', );?>
{{ Form::label('status', getphrase('status')) }}
<span class="text-red">*</span>
{{Form::select('status', $status, null, ['class'=>'form-control'])}}
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<fieldset class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('answer', getphrase('answer')) }}
<span class="text-red">*</span>
<?php
$val=old('answer');
if ($record)
$val = $record->answer;
?>
{{ Form::textarea('answer', $value = null , $attributes =
array('class' => 'form-control ckeditor',
'placeholder' => 'Answer',
'ng-model' => 'answer',
'rows' => '5',
'ng-init'=>'answer="'.$val.'"',
))
}}
</fieldset>
<div class="buttons text-center">
<button class="btn btn-lg btn-success button"
ng-disabled='!formQuiz.$valid'>{{ $button_name }}</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94994467
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
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Lista de deputados estaduais do Espírito Santo da 18.ª legislatura
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 41 | 72 |
Lista de deputados estaduais do Espírito Santo da 18.ª legislatura
Lista de deputados estaduais do Espírito Santo da 18.ª legislatura instância de artigo em forma de lista da Wikimedia
Lista de deputados estaduais do Espírito Santo da 18.ª legislatura país Brasil
| 24,698 |
https://github.com/dartartem/eventuate-tram-messaging-http/blob/master/eventuate-tram-messaging-proxy-service/src/test/java/io/eventuate/tram/messaging/proxy/consumer/customereventexample/CustomerValidationFailedEvent.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
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eventuate-tram-messaging-http
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dartartem
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Java
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Code
| 19 | 74 |
package io.eventuate.tram.messaging.proxy.consumer.customereventexample;
public class CustomerValidationFailedEvent extends CustomerEvent {
public CustomerValidationFailedEvent() {
}
public CustomerValidationFailedEvent(String orderId) {
super(orderId);
}
}
| 29,303 |
boletindelinstit22inst_4
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,881 |
Boletín del Instituto Geográfico Argentino
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Instituto Geográfico Argentino
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Spanish
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Spoken
| 7,327 | 11,546 |
Desde el xido de cuervo se podía ver el mar completamente helado todavía en la sonda formada por la isla de Dundee y la isla de Joinville. PARTES OFICIALES 69 A las 10 a. m. reconocimos la isla Paulet, la que continúa viendo durante casi todo el tiempo de la navegación dentro del golfo. La navegación del golfo en su principio fue bastante facilmente, teniendo que maniobrar a menudo para evitar los numerosos témpanos y icebergs diseminados en esta parte. A medida que avanzabamos el hielo se hacía más compacto, y a las 11 a. m. cruzamos una faja de pack, relativamente liviana. A la 1:30 p. m. se avistó la isla Cockburn y el monte Hadington. La isla y el monte se avistaran con días claros a una distancia no menor de 40 millas, apareciendo a los rumbos indicados en el croquis adjunto en la forma dibujada. Como a 8 millas al N de la isla Cockburn encontramos una faja de pack que parecía bloquear la bahía Almirantazgo desde el cabo Seymour hasta la tierra de Palmer, y este mismo pack desde el mencionado cabo se extendía hacia el N, al parecer muy pesado. Cuando esta uvimos un poco más cerca de la isla Cockburn puñado ver que detras de la faja de hielo antes mencionada, había nuevamente aguas libres, y que a pesar de estar formada por trozos grandes y pesados, ofrecía, sin embargo, zonas angostas de relativa facilidad para cruzarlas. Con las precauciones que son propias de estos casos y en el punto que nos parece más debil aprovechamos al hielo, y después de 40 minutos de maniobrar dentro de él, aprovechando algunas veces los espacios entre blocks y otras abriendo camino a proazos, navegamos con rumbo al cabo Seymour. A las 6:40 llegamos a su punta O, donde tuvimos que parar la maquina, pues encontramos que desde el cabo para el interior, el mar estaba completamente helado. Por otra parte, del lado O del cabo se veía el fácil recostado a la tierra y extendiéndose al NE todo lo que la vista alcanzaba a divisar desde el tope. En esta circunstancia tratamos de buscar un lugar apropiado para poder fondear con seguridad y iniciar al día siguiente las primeras exploraciones con objeto de alcanzar a Snow Hill. Cuando la sonda acuso 9 brazas, días fondo en un buen tenedero de barro y conchilla. Inmediatamente de fondearse se reconocid el hielo de la bahía, encontrando que tenía proximamente dos pies de altura sobre el agua por siete a nueve de profundidad, lo que nos permitirá arrastrar sobre el consejo nuestro trineo. Esa misma noche se tomaron todas las disposiciones necesarias para que al aclarar de la madrugada siguiente, una comisión compuesta por el alferez Fisher, doctor Gorrochategui y un marinero, desembarcarán en la isla Seymour, y cruzando hacia el Este trataran de llegar al deposito de provisiones para recoger las noticias que allí hubiera, y traer al mismo tiempo informaciones sobre el estado del hielo en esa parte del cabo Seymour. Conforme a lo dispuesto, en la madrugada siguiente desembarcará esta comisión, llevando provisiones para tres días y con todas las recomendaciones necesarias para que en su camino, sobre el hielo, no sufrieran accidentes, habiendo asimismo juzgado oportuno hacer que durante la marcha fueran amarrados continuamente con los cabos alpinos, por si les ocurrió el accidente, tan general en estas regiones, de caerse dentro de las grietas del hielo. Para no perder tiempo, también se empezo a preparar inmediatamente la excursion en trineo, que la pensaba hacer con uno de los que tenía a bordo, arrastrado por nosotros, para lo cual me acompanaron el teniente Yalour y un marinero. Después de los ensayos que hicimos sobre el hielo con el trineo cargado, calculabamos que en dos días podríamos estar perfectamente en el Snow Hill: Por la tarde del día 7 llegaron a bordo el teniente Fliess y el doctor Gorrochategui. Habían cruzado sin inconveniente la parte de la bahía helada hasta llegar a la isla Seymour, la habían pasado al E, y después de recorrer parte de la costa, en una playa de facil acceso. O para bote, habían encontrado un bicicleo clavado en un mojon de piedra. Este bicicleo tenía las inscripciones siguientes: Jasson, 1899, Sobral, Anderson, octubre 1903; el mojon fue removido piedra por piedra, escarbada la tierra de los alrededores sin haber podido, en ninguna parte, encontrar otra noticia que nos pudiera orientar con respecto a los expedicionarios del Antarctic. En las proximidades de esta senal, habían encontrado pisa-das relativamente frescas, que las pudieron seguir hasta cierta parte del terreno duro en el cual se perdían. También nos informa esta comisión, que el viento del NO retiraba el hielo de la isla Seymour, hacia el 5ª, y que era posible pasar al Este de la isla con el buque. El hecho de no haber encontrado ninguna noticia en la casa hallada por la comisión Fisher, me hacía creer que no habían llegado hasta el deposito, asaltando una cantidad de conjeturación. En el acta citada figuraban los nombres de Sobral y Anderson como escritos en el mes anterior. Luego, estos senores hasta esa fecha vivían; Anderson pertenecía a la tripulación del Antarctic. ¿Qué hacían en Snow Hill? ¿Habían venido en el Antarctic y este se había llevado a todos los habitantes de la estación de invierno? ¿Habían el Antarctic naufragado y sus tripulantes refugiados en aquella? Con estas dudas resolvi, para llegar más pronto a Snow Hill, levantar en la madrugada siguiente y reconocer la isla Seymour por el E, lo que, según la exploración del día anterior, era posible, y en caso de que no encontrara a nadie en esta isla, desprender la excursión en trineo en la punta N de Snow Hill, lo que me permitiría llegar a la estación de invierno con Más rapidez y con grande ahorro de fatiga. A media noche del 7 se corrido el viento al S, y los hielos, aglomerados al E del cabo Seymour, impulsados por el viento y la corriente, empezaron 4 bloquear completamente nuestro fondeadero. Con la aceleración que el caso requiere, zarpamos, ganando segundos, pudimos evitar el quedar bloqueados, quizás por algunas semanas. Navegamos de manera a despuntar el cabo Seymour, al este del cual el mismo viento había dejado dejado. Con maquina a media fuerza, y con todas las precauciones del caso, empezamos a recorrer la costa de aquella isla, a las 4 de la mañana, mientras nos alejabamos de la isla para dejar libres a varios icebergs varados y un acumulamiento de templos que había sobre ellos, se avistó algo así como una carpa inmensamente agrandada por la refraccion. Despuntados ya los icebergs, pusimos proa a ella, y poco después pudimos convencernos de que realmente lo era. Wie, BOLETÍN DEL INSTITUTO GEOGRÁFICO ARGENTINO A conveniente distancia de la costa se paró el buque, y mientras este se aguantaba sobre las maquinas, bajó en la ballenera con un oficial para reconocer lo que hubiese en la carpa. Llegamos a ella sin notar señales de vida, recién después de nuestro llamado, encontramos, con la alegria consiguiente, que en ella habitaban dos hombres de la expedición Nordenskjéld, quienes profundamente emocionados nos daban la noticia tan deseada relacionada con la expedición. Supimos por ellos que el Dr. Nordenskjéld y sus acompanantes de Snow Hill estaban bien; y que se habían agregado a ese. a estacion tres hombres que el Antarctic había dejado el año anterior en Monte Bransfield, que este buque zarpo de dicho punto el 29 de diciembre de 1902, con intencion de alcanzar a cabo Seymour por el después de la despuntando el pack, y que desde esa fecha no tenían más noticias, y Suponian que hubiese sufrido algun accidente de gravedad. Inmediatamente resolvi trasladarme a la estación de invierno de Snow Hill, distante de donde estabamos 12 millas, y después de haber mandado instrucciones al segundo comandante para que se aguantara convenientemente con el buque, seguirá con el teniente Yalour que me acompañaba, el Dr. Bodman y el cocinero de la estación de invierno, que eran los encontrados en la carpa. Después de 7 horas de marcha, Ilegamos a aquella, de la que salieron a recibirnos el Dr. Nordenskjold, el teniente Sobral y los demás miembros de la comisión internacional. Allí nos confirmaron las noticias que el Dr. Bodman nos había dado durante la marcha, y a que antes he hecho referencia. Conforme a las instrucciones, comuniqué al Dr. Nordenskjold que tenía orden de V. E. de prestarle toda clase de auxilios en relación con los elementos que tenía a bordo y que si deseaba abandonar la estación de invierno, estaba el barco a su disposición para ser trasladado a costa argentina, previo un reconocimiento de los lugares probables en que pudiera encontrarse la gente del Antarctic. El Dr. Nordenskjold, profundamente agradecido. La al auxilio que nuestro gobierno le mandaba, acepto embarcarse con todo su personal en la Uruguay para regresar a Buenos Aires, desde que se encuentra. PARTES OFICIALES Para no perder tiempo, el embarque debía empezar a hacerse al día siguiente. Hechos estos arreglos regresé inmediatamente a bordo y me aproxime con el barco al canal que queda entre la isla Seymour y el Snow Hill, y que estando helado era el sitio más adecuado para tomar con los botes el equipaje de los invernadores que debía venir hasta allí en trineo. A las 2 de la mañana del día siguiente, después de haber estudiado convenientemente la manera que creía podía dar mayor resultado para buscar la tripulación del Antarctic, mandé al segundo comandante a la estación de invierno, para que mostrara al Dr. Nordenskjold mis opiniones al respecto, pudiendo así dejar instrucciones en la estación de invierno sobre el destructor que pensaba seguir, a fin de que sirvieran de guía, por si llegaba alguna de las otras dos expediciones, que a nuestra salida se decía iban también con auxilios al Dr. Nordenskjold. Al llegar el teniente Hermelo a la estación de invierno, fue sorprendido con la fausta nueva que había llegado el capitan Larsen con seis hombres, y que el resto de la tripulación del Antarctic estaba en la isla Paulet. Quizás al mismo tiempo yo recibía la emocionante sorpresa de la llegada a bordo del capitan Larsen, que se había cruzado con Hermelo por distinto camino. Por aquel supe que en diciembre del año 1902, había hecho diversas tentativas para alcanzar con su buque la estación de Snow Hill, pero que debido al muy mal verano, encontraba todos los pasos. Bloqueados por pack, pesado. En vista de esto, el 29 de diciembre habían desembarcado el Dr. Anderson, teniente Duse y un hombre, con objeto de atravesar con trineo desde Bransfield a Snow Hill, para prevenir al Dr. Nordenskjé de los obstaculos imposibles de franquear para ir a buscarlo, y que, salvo su mejor opinion, le indicaba la conveniencia de embarcarse por Bransfield. Esta comision supo después, que hizo esfuerzos sobrehumeros para avanzar, pero ante las dificultades insuperables tuvo que volverse a invernar en las condiciones más pobres de vida al pie del monte Bransfield. El Antarctic hizo rumbo al N E con intencion de bordear la costa N de la isla Joinville, para entrar en el golfo de Erebus; y Terror por el E, tratando por este lado de alcanzar la estación de Snow Hill. El 31 de diciembre, como a 45 millas al E, de Punta Francais, fueron aprisionados en el pack y arrastrados por el hielo a lo largo de Punta Moody, pasando por entre las islas Dangerous, hasta que el 4 de enero de este ano, uno de los blocks del pack le destrozó toda la popa, rompiendo el timón y codaste a la altura de la marca de 12 pies. En estas condiciones continuo arrastrado en todas direcciones, y ellos de febrero sesvaban al News delscalo Seville, a las 10 millas. En esos días les tomo un temporal duro del E, arrastrándolos al N O, hasta el 12 en que produciéndose el rompimiento de los hielos y formado un canal, el Aztarctic fue inundado por el agua, teniendo que ser abandonado como a 20 millas al E, de Punta, en 200 brazas de fondo. Dieciséis días de constantes esfuerzos y penurias, arrastrando unas siete toneladas de peso sobre el fábrico, pusieron para alcanzar la isla Paulet. Sin perdida de tiempo habían construido una casa de piedra, pasando el invierno alimentando con carne de toca. Un marinero, que padecía de una enfermedad al corazón, se les murió en una enfermedad al punto donde había desembarcado a Anderson y Duse, encontrando allí las noticias dejadas por estos de que se retiraban a Snow Hill, después de producir la natural sorpresa a Nordenskjéld y demás compañeros, quienes le dieron la noticia de nuestra llegada y que hacía pocas horas nos habíamos retirado. Con la llegada del capitán Larsen, nuestra comisión quedada erandemente simplificada, pues éste quiere lo mismo que el doctor Nordenskjéld, regresar con su tripulación a bordo de la Uruguay; resolvimos, en consecuencia, que así que hubieramos tomados a todos los de Snow Hill, zarpariamos inmediatamente para la isla Paulet, a fin de embarcar la tripulación del Antarctic y emprender el regreso. Desgraciadamente, el 9 tuvimos que perderlo. El viento, que se había mantenido flojo al N O, refresco de una manera brusca y con una intensidad grande al principio para degenerar por la noche en temporal. PARTES OFICIALES La ballenera que teniamos amarrada por la popa corto la boza, y endosado al garete. Inmediatamente se mandó una lancha con ocho hombres y el teniente Fiese a buscarla, pero cuando este regresaba con la balandera endurecida el viento, viéndose obligado a irse al lado de Snow Hill para no dejarse llevar al S. Dandonos cuenta desde a bordo de la situación de los botes, zarpamos inmediatamente, poniéndonos a bordegear frente a donde ellos estaban, máximo, madelme, en que cecién amano el viento y pudo regresar la lancha a bordo. En la ensenada, donde se habían retugiado los botes, el viento metid varios telegraphers de hielo, y el teniente Fiese con los hombres, tuvieron que luchar continuamente para salvar las embarcaciones, no habiendo sido sus estuerzos suficientes para evitar que la balandera fuera aplastada entre dos blocks de hielo, y al llegar a bordo solamente con la lancha tenían sus fuerzas agotadas por el trabajo de 14 horas entre el hielo. El día 10, a las 4 p. m., terminamos el embarque del doctor Nordenskjold y sus compañeros, como asimismo el de las colecciones que tenían y el equipaje. Este es que ellos consideraban necesario llevar. Fuimos luego con el buque a la parte de la isla Seymour, donde tenían la senal del deposito, con objeto de recoger allí una coleccion de fosiles que había hecho el doctor Anderson. Considerando que el golfo de Erebus y Terror será el punto de recalada forzosa para cualquier expedicion en desgracia en esta parte del Atlantico, juzgué util y altamente humanitario dejar depositos de viveres en los puntos más accesibles; y consultando la opinión del doctor Nordenskjold y del capitán Larsen, seleccionamos las islas Seymour y Paulet, para dejarlos. El deposito de la isla Seymour lo dejamos en el paraje donde anteriormente lo había tenido la expedición Nordenskjold, que es adecuado y bastante visible, teniendo además un movimiento con una percha alta. El deposito se cubrió con un encerado y piedras, quedando bien seguro para resistir los más fuertes vientos y las nevadas. En una percha con un tablero puesto al lado del deposito, se coloca en un tubo la lista de las provisiones y el aviso siguiente: On board the Uruguay Argentine Navy, the 10th day of November of the year one thousand nine hundred and three. The subscriber, commander of the Uruguay in his voyage to the Antarctic regions te releave the Swedish commission directed by Dr. Nordenskjold; having arrived to Cape Seymour depot, and being so lucky as to find Dr. Nordenskjold and all the rest of the commission as well as Captain Larsen commander of the Antarctic, has decided to sail back with all these gentlemen on board: going to Paulet Island to pick up the crew of the Antarctic. In Cape Seymour depot, we leave the provisions as described in the adjoining list for the use of those persons reaching this point in need. In other depot which will be established in Paulet Island, shall leave also the same kind of provisions, but in greater quantity, as well as a report of the probable route which the ship will follow. —/. /rizar, Commander. La lista de provisiones de cabo Seymour, es la siguiente: Carnes conservadas, 960 raciones; verduras en conserva, 2517; legumbres secas, 8.750; frutas en conserva, 240; pemmican, 266; galleta Bagley, 200; leche y manteca, 1200; azucar, 750; te, 1.800; sal, 1.500; kerosene, 2 cajones; fdésforos, 440 cajas. Hecho el deposito en Seymour y recogidos los fosiles, empezamos a navegaron demanda de la isla Paulet. En el golfo de Erebus y Terror encontramos varias fajas de hielo suelto, que se pasaron sin dificultad, y al almanecer del 11 llegabamos al sitio donde la tripulación del Antarctic había pasado el invierno anterior. La isla Paulet es perfectamente reconocible por su forma Caracteristica que parece ser un volcan extinguido, rodeandolo el hielo en toda su costa. Tiene, más 6 menos, la forma del croquis adjunto. La casa de piedra de la tripulación naufraga, esta situada al N° de la isla, en una hondonada del terreno, para llegar a ella es menester abordar el hielo más al O, pues la costa es muy desplazada y con poca agua. Toda la formación geologica de Paulet parece ser de origen volcanico, abundan los pengués por millares y algunas focas. Durante todo el tiempo que nos aguantamos frente ala casa, tuvimos que maniobrar para evitar los trozos de hielo que el viento la corriente tenían en continuo movimiento. PARTES OFICIALES En la tumba del marinero del Antarctic, fallecido durante el invierno, le colocamos una cruz de madera, y antes de zarpar, luego de terminado el embarque de todo el personal y material del capitán Larsen, dejamos en tierra, en la casa de piedra, provisiones que constituyen un buen deposito y la noticia sí. UNEASE On board the Uruguay ship belonging to the navy of the Argentine Republic. The 11.º of November of the year one thousand nine hundred and three. The undersigned captain of the Uruguay on his voyage to the Antarctic regions, to relieve the Swedish expedition directed by Dr. Nordenskjold, wintering in Snow Hill, having picked up in this point Dr. Nordenskjold, lieutenant Sobral and their companions, came to this Island for embarking the crew of the Antarctic wrecked in Erebus and Terror gulf, where they had passed the winter. After having taken on board this wrecked crew we continued to Buenos Aires. We intend leaving Paulet to sail through the strait between Joinville and Louis Felipe, picking up there the fossil collection left by Dr. Anderson in his wintering place, following from that station in demand of New Year Island passing E. of King George Island. In this place we have left a depot of provisions specified in the adjoining list for the use of any needed person. We have left also another on the depot on the eastern part of Seymour Island. Juhn J. Grizar, commander. La lista de las provisiones dejadas y 4 que se hace referencia anteriormente, es la siguiente: Carne conservada, 2000 raciones; verdura en conserva, 8514; legumbres secas, 4500; fruta en conserva, 480; pemmican, 798; galleta Bagley, 600; leche, manteca y queso, 2560; azadera, 3000; te y coco, 3180; sal, 8000; kerosene, 10 cajas; fosforos, 600; alcohol para beber, 12 botellas. Con la tripulación del Aztarctic, el número de personas embarcadas a bordo de la Uruguay, lego a 28, y cuyos nombres son los siguientes: Jefe de la expedición, Dr. Otto Nordenskjold; capitán del buque, Carlos A. Larsen; teniente, José M. Sobral; geologo, G. J. Anderson; médico, Erik Ekelof; botanico, K. A. Anderson; cartografo, teniente L. A. Duse; botanico, Carlos Scotsberg; meteordlogo, G. Bodman; maquinista, Andrés Carisen; pilotos: L. Andreasen, H. Hashum, Acsel Reinholtz y 15 hombres más que completaban la tripulación de cubierta y maquinas del Antarctic. Se hizo lo posible. Para dar a este personal el mayor número de comodidades de acuerdo con los alojamientos y los elementos de que se dispone a bordo. Todos los camarotes de la camara fueron cedidos galantemente por los oficiales, para que alojaran el Dr. Nordenskjold, el capitán Larsen y el resto del personal científico. La tripulación del Antarctic fue provista con los colchones de nuestros marineros, quedando éstos solamente con el coy y las bolsas de dorado. Como los expedicionarios carecían completamente de ropa, fue necesario proveerlos con la del personal de la Uruguay, habiendo dado a cada uno de ellos dos mudas interiores y una exterior. Habiendo comunicado el Dr. Nordenskjold que durante el invierno anterior el Dr. Anderson y el teniente Duse habían coleccionado algunos fosiles de importancia en el monte Bransfield, donde habían quedado depositados, se resolvió tomar el estrecho Bransfield, pasando por entre la isla Joinville y Luis Felipe, que aunque nos haría perder un poco de tiempo por el estado del hielo alrededor de la isla Dundee, nos permitía, en cambio, recoger las mencionadas colecciones. De Paulet navegamos al 30, para librarnos del pack, muy pesado, recostado en la isla Dundee, maniobrando convenientemente hasta que hallamos un canal con hielo suelto que pudimos navegar sin dificultad hasta monte Bransfiel, pasando entre el cabo Scryngeour y una isla sin nombre de la carta inglesa. Como a la 1 p. m. del mismo día 11, paramos en una bahía frente al monte Bransfield, aguantandonos sobre la maquina, y se largo un bote que fue con parte de los expedicionarios sueños a recoger los fosiles dejados allí por el Dr. Anderson. A las 5 p. m., habiendo regresado estos sefioros 4 bordo, hicimos proa al N. y empezamos a navegar el estrecho de Bransfield, con rumbo a pasar al E de la isla del Rey Jorge. Toda la tarde del 11 y hasta que estuvimos bien libres de las islas que hay al N de la tierra de Luis Felipe, encontramos variadas fajas de pack liviano e innumerables zecbergs, que nos obligaban a maniobrar continuamente para evitarlos. Alas 8:20 p.m. el mar comenzo a ser libre y fue posible hacer rumbo al N 10 al O verdadero, en demanda del cabo Melville. El 12 a las 7:10 a.m. teniamos por el traves de babor al mencionado cabo, y desde entonces empezamos a sentir vientos duros del NO y a medida que avanzabamos endurecian más. A las 3:25 p.m. la mar muy arbolada y el viento fuerte, nos obligan a capear al N 5 al O verdadero, amarillas a babor. A las 6 p.m., abriendo su poco el viento, se dan las cangrejas, estas y velacho bajo; durante la noche el tiempo empeora y la mar se pone muy gruesa. El viento continua soplando arrachado con fuerza de 15 metros por segundo, viendo obligados a cargar el pafio, no dejando más que el estay de mesana y trinquetilla; la mar es muy gruesa y arbolada, haciendo dar al buque rolidos que alcanzan hasta 40°. El mal tiempo continua durante toda la noche del 12: el día y la noche del 13, y por la manana del 14, ronda el viento al 30 con fuerza de 15 metros por segundo. Después de medio día el viento salta al O, disminuyendo en intensidad hasta 3 metros por segundo, 4 las 4 p. m. A las 6 p. m. comienza a endurecer soplando arrachado, y el barometro baja rapidamente, cayendo chubascos de nieve y granizo. Finalmente, al ponerse el sol de ese día, vuelve a recrudecer el temporal, con viento rolando entre el O, OS O y S O, alcanzando a la 1 de la manana del 15 la fuerza extraordinaria de 27 metros por segundo. Al aclarar el 15 se notó la rotura del palo macho, la altura de la encapilladura de las jarcias mayores; inmediatamente se trata de ver la posibilidad de remediar tan grave ayer, pero era materialmente imposible, dada la forma en que se había tronchado el palo. El mastelero con las vergas de gavia, se aguantaba solamente por la coz y las burdas que lo tenían bastante firme. Un momento después, se notó que igual avería se producía en el palo trinquete. El tiempo a esta hora había empezado a amar, continuando solamente la mar gruesa anterior. Hasta las 9 de la mañana los masteleros aguantaron sin caerse, y viendo que esto era ya inevitable, se resolvió picar las burdas. La tripulación fue repartida toda en sus puestos de maniobra, y al picar las burdas, cayeron los masteleros, el mayor a estribor y el trinquete a babor, quedando suspendidos éstos y las vergas por la maniobra firme, toda la cual hubo que picar para quedar libre de ella. Durante esta dificil y penosa maniobra, hubo que mantener la maquina parada para evitar que la hélice pudiera ser. iera tomar algun cabo y volver crítica la posición en esa circunstancia, y así permanecimos hasta las 12, hora en que terminamos esta faena, pudiendo entonces dar adelante, continuando la navegación con tiempo de muy mal cariz. Durante el día 16, el viento rojo entre el NO y SO con fuerza variable entre 15 y 8 metros por segundo, manteniéndose el tiempo en estas condiciones hasta que el 17, a las 7:20 p.m., avistamos el cabo San Juan, de la isla de los Estados, y a las 10 de la noche recalabamos en el faro de la isla Observatorio, donde nos aguantamos a maquina hasta las 4 de la mañana en que estabamos frente al atracadero de la Olla, donde desembarcaron el teniente Sobral y Dr. Bodman que iban al observatorio a comparar los instrumentos magneéticos. También dejamos en esta ocasión en la isla Observatorio 9 perros groenlandeses, 4 machos y 5 hembras, que el Dr. Nordenskjold me había regalado galantemente. Estos perros, perfectamente amaestrados, han prestado servicios de trineos en la estación de Snow Hill. Juzgando la utilidad que el país puede sacar de ellos en el futuro, y siendo, a mi juicio la isla de Afio Nuevo el paraje más adecuado por el momento para su conservación y procesión, resolvió dejarlos allí mientras V. E. tome otra disposición. Debo manifestar también a V. Este es que esta recalada fue a pedido del Dr. Nordenskjold, quien tenía muy especial interés en la comparación de su instrumental magnetico con el Observatorio. Esa misma mafiana, a las 7, fondeabamos en Puerto Cook, donde permanecimos hasta el día 20 a las 4 de la mañana, en que zarpabamos 4a la isla Observatorio para recoger al teniente Sobral y doctor Bodman, no habiéndolo hecho el día anterior a causa del viento duro que soplo continuamente del E, haciendo imposible el embarque. A las 7 a. m. navegabamos con proa al N 30 al O verdadero, con objeto de recalar en Santa Cruz, a fin de satisfacer un pedido del Dr. Nordenskjéld, que quiera a la brevedad posible comunicar telegraficamente con su país. En las primeras singladuras, entre la isla y puerto Santa Cruz, tuvimos que aguantar vientos duros del O, variando de su velocidad entre 7 y 14 metros por segundo. El día 21 el viento arrachado y la mar gruesa, nos obligan a capear al O verdadero durante tres horas, después de las cuales volvimos al rumbo por haber amainado el tiempo. El día 22, a las 6 p. m., dabamos fondo en Santa Cruz, desde donde comuniqué a V. E. por telegrafo un extracto de este parte. A las 6:10 p. m. del día 23 lev. amos anclas, dejando este puerto y al obscurecer pusimos proa al N 44 al E verdadero con objeto de pasar a la vista del faro de la isla Pengiiin, que avisamos por la amura de babor a las 355’ del día 24. Al dejar por la aleta el mencionado faro, el viento comenzo a refrescar del 50 y por la noche estableciéndose a este rumbo con fuerza de 1% metros por segundo y mar muy gruesa, corrimos en popa cerrada con maquina, estos de mesana y trinquetilla. El mal tiempo duro hasta el 26 a la tarde, en que el viento rondando al O calmo a la puesta del sol, y continuando así la navegación hasta que recalamos en el faro de Medanos el día 9 de mayo. Navegando al rumbo N 20 al O verdadero en demanda del faro de Recalada, avistamos un vapor por babor nuestro, que a las 8 p. m. nos hacen sefiales: nos aproximamos, resultando ser el vapor Amon, bandera alemana, compafiia Kosmos, con la senal. ¢ Donde estoy? ¢ Cual es mi situación actual? Dimosle su situación exacta y luego de agradecer, aproximamos a Montevideo. A las 7:10 p. m. avistamos el faro de Recalada y después de navegar sin novedad en el río de la Plata, fondeamos a las 2:30 a. m. frente a la Atalaya, com objeto de limpiar y arreglar el buque. A las 12:10 p. m. avistamos el Andes y Gaviota que navegaban hacia nuestro fondeadero, los cuales, después de cordiales saludos, fondearon cerca, y un momento más tarde subian a bordo el capitan de navidad. Lo acompañaban, recibiendo de aquel jefe las primeras instrucciones de V. E. para la entrada. A las 11 a. m. del 1.° de diciembre zarpabamos de Atalaya, y a las 3 p. m. dimos fondo en la Rada, donde estuvimos hasta el 2 a las 2.80 en que cumpliendo las ordenes para la entrada, zarpabamos nuevamente escoltados por numerosos vapores que nos acompafiaron en todo nuestro camino hasta la darona norte. A las 5 p. m. amarrabamos sin novedad en la cabecera S O del dique nimero 4, donde tuvimos el honor de recibir 4 V. E. y las distinguidas personas que lo acompanaban. Al terminar este parte, deseo hacer presente a V. E. la decidida ayuda que me han prestado durante el viaje, tanto el segundo comandante, como el resto de los oficiales de la plana mayor, quienes sin excepcion han cooperado continuamente a todas las faenas del buque, sin tener en muchas ocasiones horas francas para ellos. Me permito también recomendar a la consideración de V. E. el comportamiento del personal subalterno, del cual no puedo expresar sino palabras de mi más grande elogio. Adjunto a este parte elevo el del primer maquinista, correspondiente al departamento de maquinas. Execmo. senor, JULIAN IRIZAR. LA EXPEDICIÓN POLAR DEL “ANTARCTIC” RESULTADOS CIENTIFICOS — DESCUBRIMIENTOS IMPORTANTES OBSERVACIONES Y COMPROBACIONES (Primer informe oficial del Dr. Otto Nordenskjold, enviado desde Buenos Aires al Real Academia de Ciencias de Suecia). A bordo de la corbeta argentina Uruguay, no viembre de 1903. PREPARATIVOS PARA EL INVIERNO Cuando el 14 de febrero de 1902 el Antarctic nos dejo en la estación de invierno en Snow Hill, es natural que nuestra actividad al principio exclusivamente debía aplicarse a la construcción y arreglo de nuestra vivienda, y cuando el buque, después de una corta excursion hacia el sur el Zl de febrero, nos hizo una visita, habían estos trabajos ya adelantado tanto que pudimos justamente en esa fecha pasar por primera vez la noche bajo nuestro nuevo techo. Sentimientos de indole variada se habían apoderado de nuestro espiritu, cuando algunas horas más tarde vimos desaparecer en el horizonte a nuestro barco tras de la isla Cockburn. Seguramente era una felicidad para nosotros, que entonces no preveiamos que dentro de dos años volveriamos a comunicarnos con otros hombres, y que nunca más veriamos a nuestro querido Antarctic, que tantas veces había resistido las duras pruebas de los hielos polares. Todavia quedaba mucho que hacer para dejar definitivamente instalada nuestra estacion, y el mal tiempo causaba demoras en nuestros trabajos. Dos días después de la partida del Antarctic empezo un huracan de nieve con una temperatura de 12°. Duro tres días. $4 BOLETÍN DEL INSTITUTO GEOGRAFICO ARGENTINO A nosotros mismos no nos hacen padecer, pero nos causó una gran perdida, haciendo perecer a todos los cachorros groenlides recién nacidos, los que murieron de frio. Semejante a tiempo estival no habíamos esperado bajo esta latitud. Quedamos con los cuatro perros grandes de Groenlandia que habían sobrevivido al paso por los tropicos, y con los que habíamos adquirido en las islas Malvinas. En marzo comenzaron con regularidad las observaciones meteorologías, y desde ese mes han sido continuadas sin interruption hasta. a el 8 de noviembre de 1903, día en que llegó la expedición argentina que nos salvo. Ahora pudimos tambien empezar el arreglo del observatorio magneético, y a mediados del mes estaban tan adelantados nuestros principales trabajos que ya podamos pensar en excursiones a los alrededores. LAS PRIMERAS EXCURSIONES Con el teniente Sobral y el marinero Jonassen emprendi el 11 de marzo un viaje en bote, siguiendo hacia el sur por el estrecho del Almirantazgo. Había antes hecho buen tiempo, pero desde el principio del viaje el hielo nuevo nos impedia avanzar con rapidez, y después de remar un día ya no pudimos seguir adelante en el bote que se encontraba completamente encerrado en packs compacto. Llevaba conmigo perros y untrincheo, y con estos elementos conseguimos desembarcar en un sitio apropiado de la costa un depósito de viveres para futuras excursiones. Antes de tener tiempo de volver al bote, nos sorprendió un huracán con 16° de temperatura. Por una hora estuvimos expuestos a un peligro inminente y a nuestra llegada a la estación, el 14 de marzo, ya podemos dar cuenta de las grandes dificultades que nos iba a oponer el clima antartico. TEMPESTADES Y OBSERVACIONES Eran ya imposibles las excursiones en bote, y por otra parte iba a transcurrir mucho tiempo, antes de que el hielo nuevo estuviera bastante solido para admitir viajes en trineo. Entretanto, LA EXPEDICIÓN POLAR DEL "ANTARCTIC" 85 no faltaban ocupaciones en la estación misma para un personal reducido como el nuestro. Desde el principio de abril se Organizaron las guardias nocturnas permanentes para observaciones, de tal manera que se verificaban una vez por hora, tanto de día como de noche, haciendo excepcion de una sola durante esta. Las observaciones magneéticas empezaron el 1° de abril. Por mi parte, aprovechaba todos los días lindos para estudios geoldgios y para coleccionar fosiles en los alrededores de la estación. Para estos mismos objetos realice a fines de abril una pequena excursion con trineo a la isla de Seymour. Mis compafieros eran esta vez el Dr. Ekeleef y Jonassen. Hasta ahora habiamos tenido tempestades y fío, pero el tiempo, sin embargo, no nos había causado dificultades excepcionales. Desde mayo, empero, se cambiaron las cosas. Festejabamos justamente el 1° de mayo, la fiesta de la primavera en nuestro país, cuando allí la naturaleza sonrió al despertar del letargo del invierno, y de repente estallé un huracan, el más fuerte que habiamos sufrido hasta entonces, el que duro tres días, y a pesar de una temperatura de 30°, otra vez desgarré el hielo en el estrecho, a cuyas orillas estaba situada la estación. Desde el 27 de mayo comenzo un periodo de tempestades, como quiza pocos hombres han experimentado. Durante quince días, hasta el 10 de junio era el termino medio, calculado por todo este periodo de la velocidad del viento —19 metros por segundo — mientras que la temperatura generalmente se mantenía bajo de 25°, y una vez llego a 32. En estas circunstancias era casi imposible salir fuera de la puerta, y muchas veces la violencia del huracan era tan grande que solo con dificultad uno podía dar vuelta alrededor de la casilla. Arrastrandose de barriga y caminando con pies y manos. La tempestad causó muchas averias en nuestro bagaje y el bote mayor fue llevado por el viento a gran distancia de la casa, estrellandose contra los témpanos de hielo. Afortunadamente, se mantuvo firme la casilla y empezamos a cobrarle confianza. Todo el invierno, con cortos intervalos, continuaba este tiempo inclemente. El mes de más hora fue entre el 15 de julio y el 15 de agosto. Temperatura media de cerca de 28° y una minima de 41.2°. A pesar de la temperatura baja, continuaban con vio-lentos las tempestades, y el frio más intenso casi siempre era acompafiado por temporales del sudoeste. Uno de los días poderos fue el 10 de agosto, con una temperatura media de 31° y al mismo tiempo una velocidad del viento de 2° 1/2 metros por segundo; por consiguiente, pleno huracan. Al empezar la segunda quincena de agosto la temperatura subió bastante, pero las tempestades continuaban con casi igual frecuencia, especialmente durante la segunda mitad del mes de septiembre. DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA TARDE Los trabajos más importantes de la expedición durante este tiempo fueron la observaciones meteorologías. Para la ejecución de éstas se turnaban Bodman y Sobral; el servicio nocturno se repartía entre los cuatro miembros de la expedición. Las observaciones magneéticas las tuvo Bodman durante el primer... Invierno a su Cargo. Según el programa internacional, debía efectuarse observaciones horarias durante veinticuatro horas cada primero y quince de mes; pero, con motivo de un convenio especial con el observatorio argentino de Tierra del Fuego, aumentamos los días de observaciones horarias, de modo que éstas, cada tres meses, abril, julio, octubre y enero, eran más 6 menos diez por mes. Aun en circunstancias favorables, se necesita no poca energía para efectuar la lectura de tres instrumentos cada 20 segundos durante 8 a 8 minutos por hora, continuando estas observaciones por el espacio de 25 horas sin dormir. Pero cuando se trata de salir acada observación en una noche obscura y helada para alcanzar a traves del huracán de nieve a un observatorio lejano, sin calefacción, entonces la constancia del observador merece admiración y es dificultad darse cuenta de la energía que tiene que desplegar, para una persona que no haya ensayado personalmente este trabajo, con el que solo podrían tal vez compararse las observaciones de la marea alta y baja que efectuaban cada hora durante un mes, en medio del invierno, en un agujero de hielo, a 250 metros de la casa, el cual tenía que tenerse abierto permanentemente a fuerza de hacha. Este trabajo lo evocaba juntos todos los miembros de la expedición, exceptuado el cocinero Aakerlundh, a quien la cocina y el servicio de la casa daban ocupación continua. LA EXPEDICIÓN POLAR DEL "ANTARCTIC" 87 Los estudios bacteriologísticos del doctor Ekeloef, siempre se proseguían sin interrupción. Yo, por mi parte, dedicaba los días buenos a la geología y a la cartografía preliminar de los afectados de la estación. Hice también una serie de estudios muy interesantes sobre la constitucion y formación del hielo, ante todo en el gran ventisquero en forma de cañón, que cubria al Snow Hill, a cuyos pies estaba situada nuestra estación. Esta clase de ventisqueros son tipicos para las regiones antarticas. VIAJE CON TRINES Hasta fines de septiembre el tiempo había imposibilitado por completo toda excursion con trineos, exceptuados unos viajes a corta distancia de la estación, los que pude llevar a cabo, estudiando detenidamente el estrecho del Almirantazgo. Ya antes nos habíamos convencido de que nuestra estación se hallaba situada en una isla y de que los alrededores estaban mucho más cruzados por estrechos y canales que lo que indica el mapa de Ross. Los meses de agosto y septiembre se emplearon en preparativos para una expedición con trineos, en que proyectaba llegar tan al sur como me fuese posible. Nos proponemos llevar para esta expedición un equipo completo, pero creíamos de buenos perros en suficiente numero para formar un buen atalaje, lo que es de mayor importancia cuando hay que organizar una expedición de esta clase, con tan escaso personal, que no es posible contar con mandar expediciones parciales de vuelta a la estación para buscar provisiones de repuesto. Los cuatro perros groenlandeses eran animales de tiro de primera categoría categoria; pero habíamos tenido mala suerte con los malvinenses: uno tras o tro sucumbio en las peleas que con ellos trababan sus compaferos más vigorosos del norte, sin que no sotros lo pudieran impedir. De los malvinenses que todavía quedaban no había más que uno solo que servía para animal. Mis compafieros de expedicion fueron Sobral y Jonassen. Llevaban dos trineos, de los que uno era tirado por los cinco perros, el otro por dos de nosotros, generalmente Sobral y yo. Gracias a los perros, podiamos poner en este trineo una Carga mucho más liviana que lo que había sido posible, si no hubiera tenido animales; pero siempre la velocidad de nuestra marcha dependía de la rapidez con que podiamos llevar adelante nuestro trineo. Provisiones para nosotros teníamos para 45 días, y todavia algo en reserva; pero con el objeto de algerar en tanto como fuera posible los trineos, tuvimos que limitar las provisiones para los perros a solo la necesaria para 20 días, y esperaba encontrar focas y tal vez pengtíines para completar las necesarias. Después de varias demoras causadas por las tempestades, partimos el 80 de septiembre. Los primeros diez días tuvimos muy buen tiempo; pero desde el 10 de octubre siguio una época de temporales que duro hasta el fin del viaje, y que si bien no eran tan fuertes como los anteriores, los pasaban en dura ciudad y tenacidad. La temperatura media era de 20°. Después de doblar el cabo Foster, en la embocadura austral del estrecho del Almirantazgo, descubrimos un golfo de mucha extension, que entra hacia el norte, y que ya entonces sospechée fuese un gran canal, que más adelante desemboca en los golfos de Erebus y Terror, lo que después comprobamos en un viaje con trineos. Al otro lado de este estrecho existe una alta y extendida cadena de montafias, que se demostró ser la continuación al norte de la Tierra del Rey Oscar, descubierta en 1893 por Larsen. El objeto principal de mi expedición era seguir tan adelante como me fuese posiblemente día costas de estas tierras, pero, al llegar a la isla de Christensen, me sorprendió una alta muralla de hielo. O que al sur de la isla Lindenborg se extendía hasta el horizonte. Sobre este banco hemos viajado hasta que el 21 de octubre tuvimos que dar vuelta en dirección a la estación, encontrándonos entonces más 6 menos en el grado 66 de latitud sur y 62 de longitud oeste y a la distancia de 350 kilometros de Snow Hill. Aquí ascendi a un cerro muy alto con vista libre para todos lados. La tierra comienza desde este punto a ser más partida por brazos del mar, y no creo inverosimil que uno desde aquí pudiera sobre el hielo Hegar a la costa occidental de esta tierra. Pero tuvimos que dar vuelta por dos causas: la primera, el tiempo, pues era imposible marchar contra el violento huracán del sudoeste, mientras que siguiendo su dirección resultaba differente; la segunda causa, que las provisiones para los perros ya estaban concluidas y el hielo sobre el que marchabamos era de naturaleza que no podíamos esperar encontrar focas y penitencias con que reemplazarlas. Estabamos sobre un vasto plateau de hielos, que parecía perfectamente plano, elevando paulatinamente hacia la tierra. Donde tenía una hendidura, podría observar su estructura, formada por hermosas capas paralelas. DESCUBRIMIENTO IMPORTANTE Pertenece a los resultados más importantes de la expedición el descubrimiento y examen de este campo de hielo, que tiene una extension de muchos miles de kilometros cuadrados. Por su espesor y altura presenta los caracteres del Andes (hielo terreste), mientras que el hecho de que probablemente continúa bajo la superficie del mar, había por su clasificación como huesos (hielo marino). Su descubrimiento va a explicar muchas circunstancias hasta. Ahora ignoradas, en cuanto a la formación de los técnicos antarticos. Por la noche del 7 de noviembre llegamos a la estación, después de una ausencia de 84 días, de los que, sin embargo, a causa de las tempestades habiamos tenido que pasar 11 de 12 en acción.
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In other embodiments, virus-host membrane fusion is assayed using an in vitro liposome-based assay. In an exemplary assay, the host cell receptor is reconstituted into liposomes containing one half of a reporter. A chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide described herein is reconstituted into another set of liposomes containing another half of a reporter. When the two liposome populations are mixed together, fusion is detected by reconstitution of the reporter, for example, an enzymatic reaction that can be detected colorimetrically. The antibody inhibits fusion if reporter activity is reduced or inhibited compared to reporter activity in an assay conducted in the absence of antibody or in the presence of a control antibody. In certain embodiments, the ability of an antibody to inhibit fusion is determined by assessing the percentage of fusion in the presence of the antibody relative to the percentage of fusion in the presence a control.
5.13.3 Assays for Testing Activity of Stimulated Cells
Cells stimulated in accordance with the methods described herein may be analyzed, for example, for integration, transcription and/or expression of the polynucleotide or gene(s) of interest, the number of copies of the gene integrated, and the location of the integration. Such analysis may be carried out at any time and may be carried out by any methods known in the art. In other embodiments, successful stimulation of the target cell with a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide described herein is determined by detecting production of neutralizing antibodies against the chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide using methods known in the art or described herein.
In certain embodiments, subjects in which the stimulated cells, e.g., DCs, are administered can be analyzed for location of the cells, expression of a vector-delivered polynucleotide or gene encoding the chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide, stimulation of an immune response (e.g., production of neutralizing antibodies against the chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide), and/or monitored for symptoms associated with influenza virus infection or a disease associated therewith by any methods known in the art or described herein.
Reporter assays can be used to determine the specificity of the targeting of the chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide described herein. For example, a mixed population of bone marrow cells can be obtained from a subject and cultured in vitro. The chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide can be administered to the mixed population of bone marrow cells, and expression of a reporter gene associated with the f1 chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide can be assayed in the cultured cells. In some embodiments, at least about 50%, more preferably at least about 60%, 70%, 80% or 90%, still more preferably at least about 95% of stimulated cells in the mixed cell population are dendritic cells.
5.13.4 Antiviral Activity Assays
Antibodies described herein or compositions thereof can be assessed in vitro for antiviral activity. In one embodiment, the antibodies or compositions thereof are tested in vitro for their effect on growth of an influenza virus. Growth of influenza virus can be assessed by any method known in the art or described herein (e.g. in cell culture). In a specific embodiment, cells are infected at a MOI of 0.0005 and 0.001, 0.001 and 0.01, 0.01 and 0.1, 0.1 and 1, or 1 and 10, or a MOI of 0.0005, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 or 10 and incubated with serum free media supplemented. Viral titers are determined in the supernatant by hemagglutinin plaques or any other viral assay described herein. Cells in which viral titers can be assessed include, but are not limited to, EFK-2 cells, Vero cells, MDCK cells, primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), H292 human epithelial cell line and HeLa cells. In vitro assays include those that measure altered viral replication (as determined, e.g., by plaque formation) or the production of viral proteins (as determined, e.g., by Western blot analysis) or viral RNAs (as determined, e.g., by RT-PCR or northern blot analysis) in cultured cells in vitro using methods which are well known in the art or described herein.
In one non-limiting example, a monolayer of the target mammalian cell line is infected with different amounts (e.g., multiplicity of 3 plaque forming units (pfu) or 5 pfu) of virus (e.g., influenza) and subsequently cultured in the presence or absence of various dilutions of antibodies (e.g., 0.1 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, or 10 μg/ml). Infected cultures are harvested 48 hours or 72 hours post infection and titered by standard plaque assays known in the art on the appropriate target cell line (e.g., Vero cells).
In a non-limiting example of a hemagglutination assay, cells are contacted with an antibody and are concurrently or subsequently infected with the virus (e.g., at an MOI of 1) and the virus is incubated under conditions to permit virus replication (e.g., 20-24 hours). The antibodies are preferably present throughout the course of infection. Viral replication and release of viral particles is then determined by hemagglutination assays using 0.5% chicken red blood cells. See, e.g., Kashyap et al., PNAS USA 105: 5986-5991. In some embodiments, a compound is considered an inhibitor of viral replication if it reduces viral replication by at least 2 wells of HA, which equals approximately a 75% reduction in viral titer. In specific embodiments, an inhibitor reduces viral titer in this assay by 50% or more, by 55% or more, by 60% or more, by 65% or more, by 70% or more, by 75% or more, by 80% or more, by 85% or more, by 90% or more, or by 95% or more. In other specific embodiments an inhibitor results in a reduction of approximately 1 log or more, approximately 2 logs or more, approximately 3 logs or more, approximately 4 logs or more, approximately 5 logs or more, approximately 6 logs or more, approximately 7 logs or more, approximately 8 logs or more, approximately 9 logs or more, approximately 10 logs or more, 1 to 3 logs, 1 to 5 logs, 1 to 8 logs, 1 to 9 logs, 2 to 10 logs, 2 to 5 logs, 2 to 7 logs, 2 logs to 8 logs, 2 to 9 logs, 2 to 10 logs 3 to 5 logs, 3 to 7 logs, 3 to 8 logs, 3 to 9 logs, 4 to 6 logs, 4 to 8 logs, 4 to 9 logs, 5 to 6 logs, 5 to 7 logs, 5 to 8 logs, 5 to 9 logs, 6 to 7 logs, 6 to 8 logs, 6 to 9 logs, 7 to 8 logs, 7 to 9 logs, or 8 to 9 logs in influenza virus titer in the subject. The log-reduction in Influenza virus titer may be as compared to a negative control, as compared to another treatment, or as compared to the titer in the patient prior to antibody administration.
5.13.5 Cytotoxicity Assays
Many assays well-known in the art can be used to assess viability of cells (infected or uninfected) or cell lines following exposure to an active compound or a composition thereof and, thus, determine the cytotoxicity of the compound or composition. For example, cell proliferation can be assayed by measuring Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation (See, e.g., Hoshino et al., 1986, Int. J. Cancer 38, 369; Campana et al., 1988, J. Immunol. Meth. 107:79), (3H) thymidine incorporation (See, e.g., Chen, J., 1996, Oncogene 13:1395-403; Jeoung, J., 1995, J. Biol. Chem. 270:18367 73), by direct cell count, or by detecting changes in transcription, translation or activity of known genes such as proto-oncogenes (e.g., fos, myc) or cell cycle markers (Rb, cdc2, cyclin A, D1, D2, D3, E, etc). The levels of such protein and mRNA and activity can be determined by any method well known in the art. For example, protein can be quantitated by known immunodiagnostic methods such as ELISA, Western blotting or immunoprecipitation using antibodies, including commercially available antibodies. mRNA can be quantitated using methods that are well known and routine in the art, for example, using northern analysis, RNase protection, or polymerase chain reaction in connection with reverse transcription. Cell viability can be assessed by using trypan-blue staining or other cell death or viability markers known in the art. In a specific embodiment, the level of cellular ATP is measured to determined cell viability.
In specific embodiments, cell viability is measured in three-day and seven-day periods using an assay standard in the art, such as the CellTiter-Glo Assay Kit (Promega) which measures levels of intracellular ATP. A reduction in cellular ATP is indicative of a cytotoxic effect. In another specific embodiment, cell viability can be measured in the neutral red uptake assay. In other embodiments, visual observation for morphological changes may include enlargement, granularity, cells with ragged edges, a filmy appearance, rounding, detachment from the surface of the well, or other changes. These changes are given a designation of T (100% toxic), PVH (partially toxic-very heavy-80%), PH (partially toxic-heavy-60%), P (partially toxic-40%), Ps (partially toxic-slight-20%), or 0 (no toxicity-0%), conforming to the degree of cytotoxicity seen. A 50% cell inhibitory (cytotoxic) concentration (IC₅₀) is determined by regression analysis of these data.
In a specific embodiment, the cells used in the cytotoxicity assay are animal cells, including primary cells and cell lines. In some embodiments, the cells are human cells. In certain embodiments, cytotoxicity is assessed in one or more of the following cell lines: U937, a human monocyte cell line; primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); Huh7, a human hepatoblastoma cell line; 293T, a human embryonic kidney cell line; and THP-1, monocytic cells. In certain embodiments, cytotoxicity is assessed in one or more of the following cell lines: MDCK, MEF, Huh 7.5, Detroit, or human tracheobronchial epithelial (HTBE) cells.
Active compounds (e.g., chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptides described herein) or compositions thereof can be tested for in vivo toxicity in animal models. For example, animal models, described herein and/or others known in the art, used to test the activities of active compounds can also be used to determine the in vivo toxicity of these compounds. For example, animals are administered a range of concentrations of active compounds. Subsequently, the animals are monitored over time for lethality, weight loss or failure to gain weight, and/or levels of serum markers that may be indicative of tissue damage (e.g., creatine phosphokinase level as an indicator of general tissue damage, level of glutamic oxalic acid transaminase or pyruvic acid transaminase as indicators for possible liver damage). These in vivo assays may also be adapted to test the toxicity of various administration mode and/or regimen in addition to dosages.
The toxicity and/or efficacy of an active compound (e.g., chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptides described herein) can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED₅₀ (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD₅₀/ED₅₀. An active compound that exhibits large therapeutic indices is preferred. While an active compound that exhibits toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets such agents to the site of affected tissue in order to minimize potential damage to uninfected cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.
The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage of an active compound for use in humans. The dosage of such agents lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED₅₀ with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any active compound used in a method described herein, the effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC₅₀ (i.e., the concentration of the test compound that achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high-performance liquid chromatography. Additional information concerning dosage determination is provided herein.
Further, any assays known to those skilled in the art can be used to evaluate the prophylactic and/or therapeutic utility of the active compounds and compositions described herein, for example, by measuring viral infection or a condition or symptoms associated therewith.
5.13.6 In Vivo Antiviral Activity
Active compounds (e.g., chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptides described herein) and compositions thereof can be assayed in vivo for the desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity prior to use in humans. For example, in vivo assays can be used to determine whether it is preferable to administer an active compound or composition thereof and/or another therapy. For example, to assess the use of an active compound or composition thereof to prevent an influenza virus disease, the composition can be administered before the animal is infected with influenza virus. Alternatively, or in addition, an active compound or composition thereof can be administered to the animal at the same time that the animal is infected with influenza virus. To assess the use of an active compound or composition thereof to treat an influenza virus infection or disease associated therewith, the compound or composition may be administered after infecting the animal with influenza virus. In a specific embodiment, an active compound or composition thereof is administered to the animal more than one time.
Active compounds (e.g., chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptides described herein) and compositions thereof can be tested for antiviral activity in animal model systems including, but are not limited to, rats, mice, chicken, cows, monkeys, pigs, ferrets, goats, sheep, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, etc. In a specific embodiment, active compounds and compositions thereof are tested in a mouse model system. Such model systems are widely used and well-known to the skilled artisan. In a specific embodiment, active compounds and compositions thereof are tested in a mouse model system. Non-limiting examples of animal models for influenza virus are provided in this section.
In general, animals are infected with influenza virus and concurrently or subsequently treated with an active compound or composition thereof, or placebo. Alternatively, animals are treated with an active compound or composition thereof or placebo and subsequently infected with influenza virus. Samples obtained from these animals (e.g., serum, urine, sputum, semen, saliva, plasma, or tissue sample) can be tested for viral replication via well known methods in the art, e.g., those that measure altered viral titers (as determined, e.g., by plaque formation), the production of viral proteins (as determined, e.g., by Western blot, ELISA, or flow cytometry analysis) or the production of viral nucleic acids (as determined, e.g., by RT-PCR or northern blot analysis). For quantitation of virus in tissue samples, tissue samples are homogenized in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and dilutions of clarified homogenates are adsorbed for 1 hour at 37° C. onto monolayers of cells (e.g., Vero, CEF or MDCK cells). In other assays, histopathologic evaluations are performed after infection, preferably evaluations of the organ(s) the virus is known to target for infection. Virus immunohistochemistry can be performed using a viral-specific monoclonal antibody.
The effect of an active compound (e.g., chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptides described herein) or composition thereof on the virulence of a virus can also be determined using in vivo assays in which the titer of the virus in an infected subject administered an active compound or composition thereof, the length of survival of an infected subject administered an active compound or composition thereof, the immune response in an infected subject administered an active compound or composition thereof, the number, duration and/or severity of the symptoms in an infected subject administered an active compound or composition thereof, and/or the time period before onset of one or more symptoms in an infected subject administered an active compound or composition thereof, is assessed. Techniques known to one of skill in the art can be used to measure such effects. In certain embodiments, an active compound or composition thereof results in a 0.5 fold, 1 fold, 2 fold, 4 fold, 6 fold, 8 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 50 fold, 75 fold, 100 fold, 125 fold, 150 fold, 175 fold, 200 fold, 300 fold, 400 fold, 500 fold, 750 fold, or 1,000 fold or greater reduction in titer of influenza virus relative to an untreated subject. In some embodiments, an active compound or composition thereof results in a reduction in titer of influenza virus relative to an untreated subject of approximately 1 log or more, approximately 2 logs or more, approximately 3 logs or more, approximately 4 logs or more, approximately 5 logs or more, approximately 6 logs or more, approximately 7 logs or more, approximately 8 logs or more, approximately 9 logs or more, approximately 10 logs or more, 1 to 3 logs, 1 to 5 logs, 1 to 8 logs, 1 to 9 logs, 2 to 10 logs, 2 to 5 logs, 2 to 7 logs, 2 logs to 8 logs, 2 to 9 logs, 2 to 10 logs 3 to 5 logs, 3 to 7 logs, 3 to 8 logs, 3 to 9 logs, 4 to 6 logs, 4 to 8 logs, 4 to 9 logs, 5 to 6 logs, 5 to 7 logs, 5 to 8 logs, 5 to 9 logs, 6 to 7 logs, 6 to 8 logs, 6 to 9 logs, 7 to 8 logs, 7 to 9 logs, or 8 to 9 logs.
Influenza virus animal models, such as ferret, mouse, guinea pig, squirrel monkey, macaque, and chicken, developed for use to test antiviral agents against influenza virus have been described. See, e.g., Sidwell et al., Antiviral Res., 2000, 48:1-16; Lowen A. C. et al. PNAS, 2006, 103: 9988-92; and McCauley et al., Antiviral Res., 1995, 27:179-186 and Rimmelzwann et al., Avian Diseases, 2003, 47:931-933. For mouse models of influenza, non-limiting examples of parameters that can be used to assay antiviral activity of active compounds administered to the influenza-infected mice include pneumonia-associated death, serum al-acid glycoprotein increase, animal weight, lung virus assayed by hemagglutinin, lung virus assayed by plaque assays, and histopathological change in the lung. Statistical analysis is carried out to calculate significance (e.g., a P value of 0.05 or less).
In other assays, histopathologic evaluations are performed after infection of an animal model subject. Nasal turbinates and trachea may be examined for epithelial changes and subepithelial inflammation. The lungs may be examined for bronchiolar epithelial changes and peribronchiolar inflammation in large, medium, and small or terminal bronchioles. The alveoli are also evaluated for inflammatory changes. The medium bronchioles are graded on a scale of 0 to 3+ as follows: 0 (normal: lined by medium to tall columnar epithelial cells with ciliated apical borders and basal pseudostratified nuclei; minimal inflammation); 1+ (epithelial layer columnar and even in outline with only slightly increased proliferation; cilia still visible on many cells); 2+ (prominent changes in the epithelial layer ranging from attenuation to marked proliferation; cells disorganized and layer outline irregular at the luminal border); 3+ (epithelial layer markedly disrupted and disorganized with necrotic cells visible in the lumen; some bronchioles attenuated and others in marked reactive proliferation).
The trachea is graded on a scale of 0 to 2.5+ as follows: 0 (normal: Lined by medium to tall columnar epithelial cells with ciliated apical border, nuclei basal and pseudostratified. Cytoplasm evident between apical border and nucleus. Occasional small focus with squamous cells); 1+ (focal squamous metaplasia of the epithelial layer); 2+ (diffuse squamous metaplasia of much of the epithelial layer, cilia may be evident focally); 2.5+ (diffuse squamous metaplasia with very few cilia evident).
Virus immunohistochemistry is performed using a viral-specific monoclonal antibody (e.g. NP-, N- or HN-specific monoclonal antibodies). Staining is graded 0 to 3+ as follows: 0 (no infected cells); 0.5+ (few infected cells); 1+ (few infected cells, as widely separated individual cells); 1.5+ (few infected cells, as widely separated singles and in small clusters); 2+ (moderate numbers of infected cells, usually affecting clusters of adjacent cells in portions of the epithelial layer lining bronchioles, or in small sublobular foci in alveoli); 3+ (numerous infected cells, affecting most of the epithelial layer in bronchioles, or widespread in large sublobular foci in alveoli).
In one example, the ability to induce lung lesions and cause infection in an animal model of virus infection is compared using wild-type virus and mock virus. Lung lesions can be assessed as a percentage of lung lobes that are healthy by visual inspection. Animals are euthanized 5 days p.i. by intravenous administration of pentobarbital, and their lungs are removed in toto. The percentage of the surface of each pulmonary lobe that is affected by macroscopic lesions is estimated visually. The percentages are averaged to obtain a mean value for the 7 pulmonary lobes of each animal. In other assays, nasal swabs can be tested to determine virus burden or titer. Nasal swabs can be taken during necropsy to determine viral burden post-infection.
In one embodiment, virus is quantified in tissue samples. For example, tissue samples are homogenized in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and dilutions of clarified homogenates adsorbed for 1 h at 37° C. onto monolayers of cells (e.g., MDCK cells). Infected monolayers are then overlaid with a solution of minimal essential medium containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 0.01% DEAE-dextran, 0.1% NaHCO₃, and 1% agar. Plates are incubated 2 to 3 days until plaques could be visualized. Tissue culture infectious dose (TCID) assays to titrate virus from PR8-infected samples are carried out as follows. Confluent monolayers of cells (e.g., MDCK cells) in 96-well plates are incubated with log dilutions of clarified tissue homogenates in media. Two to three days after inoculation, 0.05-ml aliquots from each well are assessed for viral growth by hemagglutination assay (HA assay).
5.13.6.1.1 Assays in Humans
In one embodiment, an active compound (e.g., chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptides described herein) or composition thereof that modulates replication of an influenza virus are assessed in infected human subjects. In accordance with this embodiment, an active compound or composition thereof is administered to the human subject, and the effect of the active compound or composition on viral replication is determined by, e.g., analyzing the level of the virus or viral nucleic acids in a biological sample (e.g., serum or plasma). An active compound or composition thereof that alters virus replication can be identified by comparing the level of virus replication in a subject or group of subjects treated with a control to that in a subject or group of subjects treated with an active compound or composition thereof. Alternatively, alterations in viral replication can be identified by comparing the level of the virus replication in a subject or group of subjects before and after the administration of an active compound or composition thereof. Techniques known to those of skill in the art can be used to obtain the biological sample and analyze the mRNA or protein expression.
In another embodiment, the effect of an active compound (e.g., chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptides described herein) or composition thereof on the severity of one or more symptoms associated with an influenza virus infection/disease are assessed in an infected subject. In accordance with this embodiment, an active compound or composition thereof or a control is administered to a human subject suffering from influenza virus infection and the effect of the active compound or composition on one or more symptoms of the virus infection is determined. An active compound or composition thereof that reduces one or more symptoms can be identified by comparing the subjects treated with a control to the subjects treated with the active compound or composition. In a specific embodiment, administration of an active compound (e.g., chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptides described herein) or composition thereof results in a decrease in hospitalization of a human or population of humans caused by influenza virus disease or infection. In another specific embodiment, administration of an active compound or composition thereof results in a reduced need for respiratory/breathing assistance in a human or population of humans with an influenza virus disease or infection. In another specific embodiment, administration of an active compound or composition thereof results in a reduced length of illness of a human or population of humans with an influenza virus disease or infection. In another specific embodiment, administration of an active compound or composition thereof results in improvement (e.g., an increase) in lung volume as assessed by, e.g., whole body or lung plethysmography. In another embodiment, an active compound or composition thereof is administered to a healthy human subject and monitored for efficacy as a vaccine (e.g., the subject is monitored for the onset of symptoms of influenza virus infection; the ability of influenza virus to infect the subject; and/or a reduction in/absence of one or more symptoms associated with influenza virus infection). Techniques known to physicians familiar with infectious diseases can be used to determine whether an active compound or composition thereof reduces one or more symptoms associated with the influenza virus disease.
5.14 Assessment of Antibodies in a Subject
In another aspect, a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide described herein, or virus expressing a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide described herein, can be used to assess the antibody response of a subject (e.g., a naive subject or an immunized/vaccinated subject) or a population of subjects to an influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptide (e.g., a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide described herein). In specific embodiments, a chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptide or a virus expressing a chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptide can be used to assess the presence of stem-specific antibodies in the subject or population of subjects.
In a specific embodiment, the antibody response of a subject or a population of subjects that has been an immunized/vaccinated with an influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptide (e.g., a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide described herein, or a virus expressing a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide described herein), is assessed to identify the types of stalk-specific antibodies in the subject or population of subjects. Such an assessment may allow for the identification surrogate markers/endpoints important in determining the clinical response to administration of an influenza virus HA polypeptide polypeptide(s) (e.g., a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide described herein, or a virus expressing a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide described herein) described herein. In such an approach, a biological sample, e.g., blood, from the subject or population of subjects may be isolated and tested directly for the presence of antibodies, or may be processed (e.g., to obtain sera) and subsequently tested for the presence of antibodies. Such antibody testing can utilize assays known in the art, e.g., ELISA.
In another specific embodiment, the antibody profile of a naive subject (i.e., a subject that has not been immunized/vaccinated with an influenza virus HA polypeptide(s) (e.g., a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide described herein), or a virus expressing an influenza virus HA polypeptide(s) (e.g., a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide described herein)) or a population of naive subjects is assessed to determine whether said subject or population of subjects possesses globular head-specific and/or stem specific antibodies against various influenza virus strains or subtypes. Such an assessment may allow for the generation of a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide, or viruses expressing chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptides, that are suitable for administration to said subject or population of subjects. Such an assessment may determine an immunization strategy for the patient.
In another specific embodiment, provided herein is a method of assessing/detecting the presence of antibodies in a subject that are specific for a stem domain of a particular influenza virus strain or subtype comprising contacting in vitro a biological sample (e.g., blood, sera) from said subject with a chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein, wherein said chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptide comprises a stem domain from the strain or subtype of interest. In another specific embodiment, provided herein is a method of assessing/detecting the presence of antibodies in a subject that are specific for a stem domain of a particular influenza virus strain or subtype comprising contacting in vitro a biological sample (e.g., blood, sera) from said subject with a virus expressing/containing a chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein, wherein said chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptide comprises a stem domain from the strain or subtype of interest.
5.15 Kits
Provided herein is a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical/immunogenic compositions described herein, such as one or more active compounds provided herein. Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration.
The kits encompassed herein can be used in accordance with the methods described herein. In one embodiment, a kit comprises an active compound described herein, preferably one or more chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide described herein, in one or more containers. In certain embodiments, a kit comprises a vaccine described herein, e.g., a split virus vaccine, a subunit vaccine, an inactivated influenza virus vaccine, or a live influenza virus vaccine, wherein said vaccine comprises one or more chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptides described herein. In a specific embodiment, provided herein are kits comprising a chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein and instructions for using the chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptide to assess the antibodies present in a subject. In another specific embodiment, provided herein are kits comprising a chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein for use in methods of assaying for the presence of HA stem domain specific antibodies in a sample.
In a specific embodiment, a kit provided herein comprises a cH5/1 chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide), a cH5/3 chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide), a cH7/3 chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide), a cH5/B chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide), a cH7/B chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide), or a cHB/B chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide).
In another specific embodiment, a kit provided herein comprises a combination of a cH5/1 chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide) and a cH5/3 chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide); or a combination of a cH5/1 chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide) and a cH7/3 chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide).
In another specific embodiment, a kit provided herein comprises a combination of a cH5/1 chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide) and a cH5/3 chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide) and either of a cH5/B, a cH7/B, or a cB/B chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide).
In another specific embodiment, a kit provided herein comprises a combination of a cH5/1 chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide) and a cH7/3 chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide) and either of a cH5/B, a cH7/B, or a cB/B chimeric influenza hemagglutinin polypeptide described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, a vector (e.g., a viral vector, or a bacteria) containing or expressing such a polypeptide, or cells stimulated with such a polypeptide).
6. EXAMPLES 6.1 Example 1: Chimeric Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Polypeptides
This example describes chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptides and methods for inducing high levels of cross-neutralizing HA stalk antibodies in a subject comprising administration of said chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptides. As described in this example, chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin were generated that were successfully expressed by influenza virus and by cells engineered to express the chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin. The chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin were successfully recovered in their proper conformation, as evidenced by antibody recognition of both the stem and head domains of the chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin.
FIG. 2 depicts chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinins (HAs), comprising the stem/stalk domain of an H1 subtype of influenza virus and the heterologous globular head domains of other influenza virus subtypes (H2, H3, and H5). Following the strategy outline in FIG. 2, an influenza virus was generated that comprises a chimeric HA composed of a stem domain derived from an H1N1 (PR8-H1N1) influenza virus and the globular head domain of the 2009 pandemic H1 HA (Cal/09). The globular head domains of the HAs of the two viruses are very distinct (˜70% amino acid identity) whereas the stem domains are highly conserved but still divergent (˜89% amino acid identity). As demonstrated in FIG. 3, the chimeric HAs with the same stem domain but very different HA heads within the same subtype were expressed.
In addition, a chimeric HA consisting of the stalk domain of A/PR8/34 HA and the globular head domain of HK/68 (chimeric H3) as well as wild type HAs (PR8-HA and HK68 HA) were expressed in 293T cells. FIG. 5 demonstrates that it is also possible to express stable chimeric HAs with the same stem domain (derived from the H1 subtype HA) and with a globular head from a different subtype (H3).
Thus, HA immunogens that completely share the HA stem domain but are highly divergent in their globular heads were designed. Repeated immunizations with these constructs should result in high levels of cross-neutralizing antibodies against the common stem domain of the HA. An improved vaccine strategy thus uses chimeric HAs with a constant stem/stalk domain and a changing globular head to induce robust cross-neutralizing anti-stem domain antibodies. A constant stem domain of, e.g., the H1 HA from A/PR/8/34 can be used together with globular heads from different group 1 HAs (H1, H2, H5, H9) to make a panel of either recombinant inactivated viruses, recombinant attenuated viruses or recombinant HAs (FIG. 4). A similar panel for group 2 HAs based on the stem domain of, e.g., H3 HA of an X31 virus, in combination with H3, H4 and H7 globular heads can provide the basis for a group 2 HA universal vaccine. Recombinant viruses can be rescued on an influenza virus vaccine backbone, such as PR/8 or cold-adapted influenza viruses, grown by standard techniques and used as inactivated or attenuated vaccines. Recombinant HAs can be expressed in insect cells that are able to perform mammalian-like glycosylation (MIMIC Sf9) or by transient transfection of, e.g., 293 T or Vero cells, and then can be purified by Ni-chelat chromatography with the help of a C-terminal his tag. Other strategies can include the use of DNA vaccines expressing the chimeric HAs or other vectors, such as adenovirus vectors, expressing the chimeric HAs.
6.2 Example 2: Viruses Expressing Chimeric Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Polypeptides
This example describes several functional chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinins encompassing a variety of globular head and stalk combinations from different hemagglutinin subtypes as well as recombinant influenza viruses expressing these chimeric hemagglutinins, which had growth properties similar to those of wild-type influenza viruses.
6.2.1 Materials and Methods
6.2.1.1 Cells and Viruses
293T and MDCK cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Va.) and were maintained either in Dulbecco's minimal essential medium (DMEM) or in MEM (Gibco, Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (HyClone; Thermo Scientific) and penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco, Invitrogen).
All A/PR/8/34 recombinant viruses were grown in 10-day old embryonated chicken eggs at 37° C. for 2 days.
6.2.1.2 Construction of plasmids
Plasmids encoding the different chimeric hemagglutinins were constructed by a similar strategy adapted from constructing reverse genetics plasmids for generating recombinant viruses as previously described (see, e.g., Fodor et al., 1999, J Virol 73:9679-9682; and Hai et al., 2008, J Virol 82:10580-10590). Briefly, the different segments of chimeric HA were amplified by PCR with primers containing SapI sites, digested with SapI, and cloned into the SapI sites of the pDZ vector that contains the human RNA polymerase I promoter and the mouse RNA polymerase I terminator (see, e.g. Quinlivan et al., 2005, J Virol 79:8431-8439), through multi-segmental ligation.
6.2.1.3 Flow Cytometric Analysis
To assess levels of hemagglutinin proteins at the cell surface, 293T cells were transfected with 1 μg of the appropriate plasmid using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. At 24 h post-transfection, cells were trypsinized and resuspended in PBS containing 2% FBS prior to staining them with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 6F12 against H1 HAs at a 1/1000 dilution or with the mAb 12D1 against H3 HAs (see Wang et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog 6:e1000796) at a 1/400 dilution. Stained cells were enumerated on a Beckman Coulter Cytomics FC 500 flow cytometer, and the results were analyzed using FlowJo software.
6.2.1.4 Pseudoparticle Generation and Entry Assay
The procedure for pseudo-particle production was adapted from previous studies (see, e.g., Evans et al., 2007, Nature 446:801-805; and Sui et al., 2011, Clin Infect Dis 52:1003-1009). Briefly, 293-T cells were co-transfected with four plasmids encoding (i) a pro-virus containing the desired reporter (V1-GLuc), (ii) HIV Gag-Pol, (iii) the different chimeric hemagglutinin protein and (iv) influenza A PR8 neuraminidase (NA). Supernatants were collected 72 h post-transfection and subsequently, filtered (0.45 m pore size). All transductions and infection assays using pseudo-particles were performed in the presence of 1 μg/ml polybrene (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) (see Sui et al., 2011, Clin Infect Dis 52:1003-1009).
The entry assay was performed through infecting MDCK cells with pseudo-particles with different chimeric hemagglutinin containing the G-Luc reporter. Twenty-four hours post-infection, cells were washed three times with fresh medium to remove G-Luc protein that was present in the pseudo-particle inoculum. Forty-eight hours post-infection luciferase assays were performed (see Evans et al., 2007, Nature 446:801-805).
6.2.1.5 Rescue of Recombinant Chimeric Influenza a Viruses
Rescue of influenza A viruses from plasmid DNA was performed as previously described (see, e.g., Fodor et al., 1999, J Virol 73:9679-9682; and Hai et al., 2008, J Virol 82:10580-10590). To generate the recombinant wild-type (rWT) PR8 virus, 293T cells were co-transfected with 1 μg of each of the 8 pDZ PR8 rescue plasmids using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The viruses expressing different chimeric HA were generated in the same way but substituting the HA plasmid by the corresponding chimeric one to recover the corresponding chimeric viruses. At 6 h post-transfection, the medium was replaced with DMEM containing 0.3% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 10 mM HEPES, and 1.5 μg/ml TPCK (L-1-tosylamide-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone)-treated trypsin. After 24 hours post-transfection, virus-containing supernatant was inoculated into 8-day old embryonated chicken eggs. Allantoic fluid was harvested after 2 days of incubation at 37° C. and assayed for the presence of virus by hemagglutination of chicken red blood cells and by plaque formation in MDCK cells.
6.2.1.6 Virus Growth Kinetics Assay
To analyze the replication characteristics of recombinant viruses, 10-day old embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with 100 pfu of each respective virus. Allantoic fluid was harvested and subsequently assayed for viral growth at 0, 9, 24, 48, and 72 h post-infection (hpi). The titers of virus present in allantoic fluid were determined by plaque assay on MDCK cells.
6.2.1.7 Immunostaining of Plaques
Plaques were visualized by immunostaining with the mAb (HT103) against the influenza A NP protein.
6.2.1.8 Western Blot and Indirect Immunofluorescence Analysis
One well of a 12-well dish of confluent MDCK cells was infected (multiplicity of infection [MOI] of 2) with indicated recombinant influenza viruses or mock infected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 1 h at 37° C. At 12 h post-infection (hpi), cells were lysed in 1× protein loading buffer as described previously (see, e.g., Hai et al., 2008, J Virol 82:10580-10590). The reduced cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot analysis by using mAbs against, A/NP (HT103), A/PR8/HA (PY102), A/Cal/09/HA (29C1), A/VN/HA (M08) (20), A/H3/HA (12D1). The detection of Perth-cH7 used a goat polyclonal sera, NR-3152, against A/FPV/Dutch/27 (H7) virus, which was obtained from the BEI Resources. The mAb anti-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) loading control antibody was from Abcam. All the proteins of interest were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence protein detection system (PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Boston, Mass.).
For immunofluorescence analysis, confluent monolayers of MDCK cells on 15-mm coverslips were infected with recombinant viruses at an MOI of 2. At 15 hpi, cells were fixed and permeabilized with methanol-acetone (ratio, 1:1) at −20° C. for 20 min. After being blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin in PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20, cells were incubated for 1 h with the antibody directed against A/NP (HT103), A/H1/HA (6F12), A/PR8/HA (PY102), A/Cal/09/HA (29C1), A/VN/HA (M08) (20), A/H3/HA (12D1), and A/H7 virus (NR-3152) as mentioned above. After three washes with PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20, cells were incubated for 1 h with Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) or Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated anti-goat immunoglobulin G (IgG, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Following the final three washes, infected cells were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy with an Olympus IX70 microscope.
| 16,221 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%20%28%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Ситно (крепость)
|
https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ситно (крепость)&action=history
|
Russian
|
Spoken
| 210 | 583 |
Ситно () — крепость (в некоторых источниках — замок), существовавшая в XVI веке на правом берегу реки Полоты, в том месте где она вытекает из озера Измок вблизи деревни Малое Ситно Полоцкого района Витебской области Белоруссии.
История
Согласно распространённой версии крепость была возведена по приказу Ивана Грозного после захвата Полоцка в 1563 году. По другим данным, она была построена литовцами в XV веке и захвачена русскими войсками во время Ливонской войны.
В декабре 1566 года отряд литовских казаков под командованием Бирули хитростью завладел крепостью, вырезав 300 человек русского гарнизона. Трофеями победителей стали несколько небольших пушек, 120 гаковниц, много пороха и пуль. Несмотря на то, что уходя казаки сожгли крепость, через некоторое время она была заново отстроена русскими войсками. 4 августа 1579 года крепость вновь была сожжена после внезапной атаки литовско-венгерским войском по приказу Стефана Батория и более не восстанавливалась.
Описание
На сохранившейся гравюре Дж. Б. Кавальери, сделанной по рисунку С. Пахоловицкого 1579 года, крепость имеет форму трапеции с четырьмя башнями и одними воротами и окружена водами реки Полоты и близлежащего озера.
На сегодняшний день от неё сохранились только земляные валы высотой до 7 метров. На этом месте установлен памятный знак.
Примечания
Литература
Ссылки
Малое Ситно на сайте Radzima.org
Замки и укрепления времён Ливонской войны
Крепость Ситно
Замки Белоруссии
Снесённые сооружения
| 44,703 |
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish%20Rising
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Catfish Rising
|
https://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catfish Rising&action=history
|
Greek
|
Spoken
| 232 | 630 |
Το Catfish Rising είναι το 18ο άλμπουμ του αγγλικού ροκ συγκροτήματος Jethro Tull, το οποίο κυκλοφόρησε στις 10 Σεπτεμβρίου του 1991 μέσω της δισκογραφικής εταιρίας "Chrysalis Records". Στις 29 Σεπτεμβρίου 2006, η "EMI Music Distribution" κυκλοφόρησε τον δίσκο σε μορφή CD με τρία επιπλέον κομμάτια.
Οι κριτικές για τον δίσκο υπήρξαν μέτριες, με το "Allmusic" να το βαθμολογεί με τρία αστέρια με άριστα τα πέντε, το "Sputnik Music" με μέσο όρο βαθμολογιών 2,7 / 5 και το "ProgArchives" με 2,6 / 5.
Το άλμπουμ έφθασε στο # 27 στην πατρίδα του συγκροτήματος και το Top-20 στην Ελβετία και τη Νορβηγία, αλλά έφθασε μόλις στο # 88 του Billboard στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες, όντας ο τελευταίος δίσκος του συγκροτήματος που μπήκε στο Top-100.
Λίστα Τραγουδιών
Όλες οι συνθέσεις γράφτηκαν από τον Ίαν Άντερσον.
Θέσεις τσαρτ
Μέλη των Jethro Tull
Οι μουσικοί οι οποίοι ηχογράφησαν το "Catfish Rising" ήταν οι εξής:
Ίαν Άντερσον - φωνητικά, φλάουτο, ακουστική κιθάρα, μαντολίνο, πλήκτρα, κρουστά, τύμπανα
Μάρτιν Μπαρ - Ηλεκτρική κιθάρα
Ντέιβ Πεγκ - μπάσο, ακουστικό μπάσο
Ντον Πέρι - τύμπανα
Γκεστ συμμετοχές
Άντι Γκίντινγκς - πλήκτρα
Φος Πάτερσον - πλήκτρα
Τζον Μπούντρικ - πλήκτρα
Ματ Πεγκ - μπάσο
Παραπομπές
Πηγές
Catfish Rising - Jethro Tull | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards | AllMusic
Jethro Tull - Catfish Rising (album review) | Sputnikmusic
JETHRO TULL Catfish Rising reviews and MP3 - Prog Archives
Δισκογραφία των Jethro Tull
Άλμπουμ του 1991
| 13,179 |
https://github.com/2019-a-gr2-web/pachacama-simba-a-pamela-abigail/blob/master/01-http/02-servidor-web-nodejs/api-web/views/inicio.ejs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
pachacama-simba-a-pamela-abigail
|
2019-a-gr2-web
|
EJS
|
Code
| 38 | 211 |
<%const nombre = 'Hola Pamela'; %>
<%=nombre%>
<% const arreglo =[1,2,3,4]; %>
<%= arreglo%>
<% const objeto = {nombre:'Pamela'};%>
<%=objeto.nombre%>
<%arreglo.forEach((valorActual)=>{%>
<p>Numero: <%=valorActual%></p>
<%})%>
<ol>
<%arreglo.forEach((valorActual)=>{%>
<li>Numero: <%=valorActual%></li>
<%})%>
</ol>
<% if(estavivo){%>
<h1>Estaaaa Vivooooo!!!</h1>
<%}else{%>
<h1>Se murio!!</h1>
<%}%>
| 25,601 |
https://github.com/wish/prometheus-json-exporter/blob/master/json_exporter.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,018 |
prometheus-json-exporter
|
wish
|
Go
|
Code
| 24 | 131 |
package main
import (
"github.com/kawamuray/prometheus-exporter-harness/harness"
"github.com/kawamuray/prometheus-json-exporter/jsonexporter"
)
func main() {
opts := harness.NewExporterOpts("json_exporter", jsonexporter.Version)
opts.Usage = "[OPTIONS] HTTP_ENDPOINT CONFIG_PATH"
opts.Init = jsonexporter.Init
harness.Main(opts)
}
| 22,883 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30220921
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
Bradley Smith, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4871302
|
English
|
Spoken
| 290 | 613 |
Better way to create multiple notlike if statement
This if statement doesn't match anything for some reason even though the output in the CSV has the data $MemberName in the cell.
if($MemberName -notlike "Administrator" -or $MemberName -notlike "Domain Admins" -or $MemberName -notlike "Workstation Admin"){
Add-Content -Path $OutPutFile -Value "$Computer, $LocalGroupName, SUCCESS, $MemberType, $MemberDomain, $MemberName"
}
Also is there a more effeciet way to write the if statement? I only want to add the row IF the $MemberDomain and $MemberName DON'T MATCH the following sets of criteria:
$MemberDomain $MemberName
LocalUser AND Administrator
DomainGroup AND Workstation Admin
DomainGroup AND Domain Admins
Somethinng like:
if(($MemberName -notlike "Administrator" -and $MemberDomain -notlike "LocalUser") -or ($MemberName -notlike "Domain Admins" -and $MemberDomain -notlike "DomainGroup") -or ($MemberName -notlike "Workstation Admin" -and $MemberDomain -notlike "DomainGroup")) { do something }
This is what works but I think there is a more efficient way of testing for the two values together.
$ExcludedNames = ("Administrator","Workstation Admin","Domain Admins")
$ExcludedMemberTypes = ("LocalUser","DomainGroup")
if(($ExcludedNames -contains $MemberName) -and ($ExcludedMemberTypes -contains $MemberType) ){
} else {
Add-Content -Path $OutPutFile -Value "$Computer, $LocalGroupName, SUCCESS, $MemberType, $MemberDomain, $MemberName"
}
The issues that that I want to match both at true together. For example the combination of "DomainGroup and Administrator" would be true with the code above and it should be false when only LocalUser and Administrator should be true.
As long as you don't need wildcard-matching, you could use a switch and -notcontains
$Success = switch($MemberDomain)
{
"LocalUser" {"Administrator" -ne $MemberName}
"DomainGroup" {"Workstation Admin","Domain Admins" -notcontains $MemberName}
}
if($Success){
Add-Content # ...
}
In PowerShell 3.0 and above, you can also use the equivalent -notin operator, might be a little more intuitive:
$MemberName -notin "Workstation Admin","Domain Admins"
Interesting. Never thought of switch. I'll have to read up on it.
| 28,810 |
https://github.com/meteorice/devilfish/blob/master/src/main/java/com/meteorice/devilfish/web/config/MyBatisConfig.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
devilfish
|
meteorice
|
Java
|
Code
| 67 | 295 |
package com.meteorice.devilfish.web.config;
import org.mybatis.spring.boot.autoconfigure.ConfigurationCustomizer;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager;
import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.EnableTransactionManagement;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.TransactionManagementConfigurer;
import javax.sql.DataSource;
@Configuration
@EnableTransactionManagement
public class MyBatisConfig implements TransactionManagementConfigurer {
@Autowired
DataSource dataSource;
@Bean
public ConfigurationCustomizer mybatisConfigurationCustomizer() {
return configuration -> {
};
}
//
// @Bean
// public SqlSessionTemplate sqlSessionTemplate(SqlSessionFactory sqlSessionFactory) {
// return new SqlSessionTemplate(sqlSessionFactory);
// }
@Override
public PlatformTransactionManager annotationDrivenTransactionManager() {
return new DataSourceTransactionManager(dataSource);
}
}
| 14,725 |
US-51019209-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,009 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,978 | 9,616 |
For illustrative purposes, some embodiments are described below in whicha specific form of electronic marketplace provides various specifictypes of capabilities and functionalities with respect to variousspecific types of tasks, and interacts with task requesters and taskperformers in specific types of ways. However, those skilled in the artwill appreciate that the techniques of the invention can be used in awide variety of other situations, including with other types of tasks,with types of programmatic interfaces and/or access mechanisms that donot use Web services, and in situations other than with an electronicmarketplace, and that the invention is not limited to the exemplarydetails provided.
FIGS. 2A-2G illustrate examples of programmatic messages used tointeract with an example embodiment of an electronic marketplace forhuman performance tasks, with the message contents formatted in XML touse various example types of XML tags. In other embodiments, similartypes of information could be formatted in other ways, and a variety ofadditional types of messages may similarly be used to provide othertypes of information and obtain other types of functionality from theelectronic marketplace.
In particular, FIG. 2A illustrates an example of a task submissionmessage that a task requester can programmatically provide to theelectronic marketplace in order to describe a task that is available tobe performed. In this example, the task is of a type identified by thetask requester as being “ImageChoice” (as shown in line 5), such asbased on a previous specification by the task requester of that tasktype or instead based on a predefined type of task provided by theelectronic marketplace. The task in this example involves answering thequestion of which one of 4 specified photographs best shows a specifiedsubject (which in this example is a business in Seattle by the name of“Wildboar Tavern,” as indicated in lines 30-37), with the answer beingthe selected photograph. The task may be, for example, one of thousandsor millions of related tasks for a task requester who is creating adirectory of businesses with associated photographs. As discussed ingreater detail later, FIG. 12A illustrates an alternative example ofencoding task information for a similar type of task.
In this example, the message identifies the task requester in line 2 ofthe message as having an ID of “BarnabyPhoto”, specifies detailsregarding the task in lines 29-44, and specifies information in lines4-28 regarding criteria and other associated information for the task. Averbal description of the task is provided in lines 7-8, an indicationof payment compensation for successful performance of the task isprovided in lines 9-12 (which in this example is 6 cents, to be providedto the task performer after approval of the results of task performanceby the task requester), and an estimate of the time needed to completethe task is indicated in line 13 to be 30 seconds. The message alsoindicates various criteria in lines 17-23 regarding task performers whoare allowed to perform the task, which in this example does not includeany specific qualification criteria (as shown in line 22) or anyspecific task performers who are identified as being allowed to performthe task (as shown in line 18), but does specify one task performer inlines 19-21 who is excluded from performing the task. Timeoutinformation in lines 24-27 indicates that the task will remain open forperformance for 172,800 seconds (or 48 hours), but that an assignment ofthe task to a task performer will be kept open for only 60 secondsbefore the task becomes available to others. The message furtherindicates in lines 39-42 the supplied photographs to be analyzed, and inlines 15-16 indicates an application that will provide functionality forcomparing the images (e.g., by displaying all four photographs alongwith a control for indicating which photograph was selected). Inresponse to submitting this message, the task requester receives amessage (not shown) indicating that the task information was receivedand including a unique task ID of “109234875” that was generated forreferencing the task.
FIG. 2B illustrates an example message that a task requester mayprogrammatically supply to the electronic marketplace in order todetermine the status of various tasks previously submitted by the taskrequester. In this example, the previously discussed task requesterwhose ID is “BarnabyPhoto” has supplied previous tasks that were also oftype “ImageChoice”, and is gathering information about the performanceof those tasks. The message in this example identifies the taskrequester in line 2, and lines 3-11 indicate to perform a search andprovide information about tasks of type “ImageChoice” that have beensubmitted by the task requester and that have been completed. Inresponse, the task requester will receive a message (not shown)including information about each of the tasks matching those specifiedcriteria.
FIG. 2C illustrates an example message that is later provided to thetask requester to give task results from performance of the taskillustrated in FIG. 2A, such as after receiving a similar message from atask performer to whom the task was assigned. In particular, line 3 ofthis example message indicates the task ID for the task to which theresults correspond, line 5 identifies the task performer as being“BestManBryan”, and in line 6 indicates that the task performance hasbeen completed. Lines 7-10 indicate the actual results of the task,which in this example includes an indication of a particular photographthat was selected, as well as a corresponding ID supplied by the taskrequester for the business being identified (in line 31 of the messageillustrated in FIG. 2A).
FIG. 2D next illustrates an example message sent back to the electronicmarketplace from the task requester to indicate that the results areacceptable by closing the task, which in this example triggers thepayment of 6 cents to be provided to the human performer for the taskperformance. If the task requester had instead been unsatisfied with theresults, the task requester could have rejected the prior performanceresult and instead made the task again available for performance toother task providers.
FIGS. 2E-2G next illustrate examples of some messages that areprogrammatically exchanged with a task performer in order to identifyand perform tasks of interest. In particular, FIG. 2E illustrates anexample message that a task performer can send to the electronicmarketplace in order to identify available tasks, such as by indicatingin lines 2-5 of this example message to perform a search for all tasksthat are open and available, and to rank the available types of tasks bythe number of each type that are available.
In response, the electronic marketplace may provide an example messageas illustrated in FIG. 2F, which indicates two types of available tasks.In this example, lines 3-6 of the message indicate that there are 400available tasks related to selecting photographs or other images (e.g.,to match them to business locations), and lines 7-10 of the messageindicate that there 80 available tasks related to translating textbetween French and English. In some embodiments, all available tasks maybe indicated to the task performer regardless of the qualifications ofthe performer, while in other embodiments only available tasks for whichthe performer is qualified and/or which the performer is authorized toaccess may be indicated (e.g., if the performer in this example has apreviously established associated qualification of having French toEnglish translation abilities).
FIG. 2G then illustrates an example message that a human task performercan use to request that an available task be assigned to them. While insome situations a human task performer may identify one or more specifictasks of interest (e.g., by the task IDs of those tasks), in thisexample the human task performer indicates an available task byspecifying criteria related to the task. In particular, this examplemessage requests in lines 3-10 to assign and lock one of the open tasksfor selecting images, and in particular to rank tasks of that type bytheir creation date so as to select the oldest available task of thattype. After information about the task is provided to the human taskperformer (such as in a message similar to that of FIG. 2A), the humantask performer can make an appropriate selection and provide results oftask performance to the electronic marketplace (such as in a responsemessage similar to that of FIG. 2C). It will be apparent that a varietyof other types of messages could similarly be exchanged for variousother types of functionality and using various other formats, and thatsimilar types of messages could be used for a wide variety of types oftasks.
FIGS. 4A and 4B are a flow diagram of an embodiment of a TaskFulfillment Facilitator routine 400. The routine may, for example, beprovided by execution of an embodiment of the TFF system 130 of FIGS. 1Aand 1B and/or of TFF system 340 of FIG. 3, such as to in thisillustrated embodiment provide an electronic marketplace for humanperformance tasks by interacting with task requesters and taskperformers as appropriate to facilitate performance of tasks, as well asoptionally to interact with other third-party systems as appropriate.
The routine begins in step 405, where an indication is received ofinformation or a request, and in step 410 determines whether the senderof the information or request is authorized to perform requests of thattype or provide information of that type, such as based on previouslydefined access controls for specific users or types of users. If theroutine identifies the sender as authorized in step 415, the routinecontinues to step 420 to determine whether the received indication was arequest to submit a task. If so, the routine continues to step 425 tostore task information received in step 405, including any task criteriarelated to task performance, information about any associated rewardsfor performance of the task, and any associated information to beanalyzed or manipulated as part of the task.
The routine then continues to step 430 to determine whether to performautomated matching to identify task performers who are appropriate toperform the task, such as based on the type of task submitted and/or anexplicit request by the submitter of the task, although in otherembodiments such automated matching functionality may not be provided.In the illustrated embodiment, if automated matching is to be performed,the routine continues to step 435 to execute an Automated Matcherroutine, and in step 440 then receives identifications from theAutomated Matcher routine of any identified task performers. The routinethen notifies those identified task performers of the task in anappropriate manner (e.g., based on previously specified user preferencesfor those task performers). After step 440, or if it was insteaddetermined in step 430 that automated matching was not to be performed,the routine continues to step 490.
If it was instead determined in step 420 that the received indicationwas not to submit a task, the routine continues instead to step 445 todetermine whether a request was received to perform an update for anexisting task, and if so continues to step 450 to perform the update asappropriate. Such updates may take a variety of forms, such as to modifyinformation about or delete a pending task that has not been performed,to perform an indicated activity related to a task (e.g., to cause areward to be provided to a task performer after the task requester hasreviewed and accepted the task results), etc. If it was insteaddetermined in step 445 that the received indication was not to update anexisting task, the routine continues to step 455 to determine whetherthe received indication was a request for information about one or moretasks and/or one or more users, such as for a search or browse request,a request for detailed information about a particular task or user, arequest for summary or aggregate information about some or all types oftasks and/or users, etc. If so, the routine continues to step 460 toidentify and obtain the requested information, and then continues tostep 462 to determine whether the indicated recipient of the informationis authorized to receive all of the obtained information, such as basedon access controls associated with any aspects or elements of theobtained information (although in other embodiments the accessdetermination may be made before or as part of the obtaining of theinformation). In step 464, the routine then removes any information forwhich the recipient is not authorized, and in step 466 sends anyremaining information to the recipient. In some embodiments, indicationsmay be provided to the recipient of any removed information for whichthey were not authorized, while in other embodiments such indicationsmay not be provided. After steps 450 or 466, the routine continues tostep 490.
If it was instead determined in step 455 that the received indicationwas not a request for information about tasks or users, the routinecontinues instead to step 470 to determine whether the receivedindication was a request from a task performer to perform an indicatedtask. If so, the routine continues to step 471 to retrieve and provideinformation about the task to the task performer in an appropriatemanner (e.g., in a manner specified for the task), and in step 473obtains results of performance of the task by the task performer. Instep 475, the routine then determines whether to immediately send thetask results to the task requester, such as based on informationassociated with the task and/or user preferences for the task requester.If so, the routine continues to step 477 to send the results. After step477, or if it was instead determined in step 475 not to send the resultsto the task requester at this time, the routine continues to step 479 tooptionally provide any reward associated with the task to the taskperformer in accordance with the task information, such as if suchrewards are to be provided automatically upon receipt of the taskresults or instead if the task results satisfy any automaticallyverifiable criteria specified for the task that trigger the providing ofthe reward. After step 479, the routine continues to step 490.
While the illustrated embodiment indicates a synchronous flow in whichthe routine waits for and obtains task results in step 473 after sendingthe task information in step 471, in other embodiments the routine couldbe structured in other manners, such as to continue with otherprocessing while waiting for task results (if any) to be sent. Inaddition, in some situations task performers may not provide taskresults for a task after they accept an assignment to perform the task,which may be indicated to the routine in an explicit message from thetask performer that the task performer is abandoning or withdrawing fromtask performance or instead by not receiving task results within aspecified period of time, and if so the routine would continue to handleother task-related requests and information. In addition, while notillustrated here, in other embodiments various types of notificationsmay be sent to task requesters related to their submitted tasks, such aswhen a task is assigned to a task performer for performance and/or whenan assigned task is withdrawn from a task performer who has notcompleted the performance.
If it was instead determined in step 470 that the received indicationwas not to perform a task, the routine continues instead to step 480 todetermine whether a request was received to specify information relatedto user qualifications, and if so continues to step 482 to execute aQualification Manager routine to handle the qualification-relatedactivities. If it was instead determined in 480 that the receivedindication was not to specify qualification-related information, theroutine continues instead to step 484 to determine whether informationor a request was received related to corroboration of userqualifications or other user information, and if so continues to step486 to execute an Information Corroboration Manager routine to handlethe corroboration-related activities. If it was instead determined instep 484 that the received indication was not related to corroboration,the routine continues instead to step 488 to perform another indicatedoperation as appropriate, such as from a task performer indicating awithdrawal from or abandonment of an assignment to perform a task, tospecify various types of user information (e.g., information related toa user's identity or attributes, information related to an account of auser with the TFF system, information related to specifying accesscontrols for information and/or functionality, administrative requestsrelated to system operations, requests for information related tomonitoring performance of tasks or other operations of the system,etc.).
After steps 482, 486, or 488, the routine continues to step 490 toexecute an Activity Tracking Manager routine to log information aboutactivities that have occurred and to generate various types of reviewand summary aggregate information for the system related to tasks andusers. After step 490, the routine continues to step 492 to perform anyadditional housekeeping operations, such as to take appropriate actionswhen events do not occur within specified periods of time (e.g., towithdraw assigned tasks from task performers who do not timely performthe tasks, to provide rewards to task performers for tasks that theyhave performed when task requesters do not timely reject the taskresults provided by the task performers, etc.). After step 492, theroutine continues to step 495 to determine whether to continue. If so,or if it was determined in step 415 that the sender was not authorized,the routine returns to step 405, and if not continues to step 499 andends. While the illustrated embodiment may include tasks being specifiedone at a time, in other embodiments tasks may instead be specified inother manners, such as to allow multiple tasks to be submitted together(e.g., to allow for batch processing), whether or not those tasks arerelated to each other.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart of an embodiment of a Qualification Managerroutine 500. The routine may, for example, be provided by execution ofan embodiment of the User Qualification Manager module 133 of FIG. 1B,such as to receive information related to user qualifications and handlethe information as appropriate.
The routine begins in step 505, where an indication is received ofinformation or a request related to user qualifications. In step 510,the routine then determines whether the received indication was arequest from a user to define a new type of qualification for use withthe system, such as for use by that user and/or other indicated users(or all users). If so, the routine continues to step 515 to obtainvarious information about the new qualification type and to store it forlater use. As discussed in greater detail elsewhere, such qualificationtypes may include a unique name, indications of one or more entitiesauthorized to issue qualifications of that type, indications of a ratingscale for how qualifications of that type may be rated, an indication ofa particular system at which the qualification type is defined, (e.g.,the TFF system), etc.
If it was instead determined in step 510 that the received indicationwas not a request to define a new type of qualification, the routinecontinues instead to step 520 to determine whether the receivedindication was a request to specify a particular qualification for aparticular user, such as from an issuing entity for qualifications ofthat type. As discussed in greater detail elsewhere, in some embodimentsany user is allowed to author any qualification for any user (includingthemselves), with other corroborative and/or reputational informationable to be used to determine how much weight to give to a particularqualification. If it is determined in step 520 that the receivedindication was related to specifying a qualification, the routinecontinues to step 525 to obtain the received qualification informationand to store it for the indicated user. As discussed in greater detailelsewhere, such qualifications may include an indication of aqualification type for the qualification, of a rating or value for thequalification, the issuer of the qualification, an indication of aparticular system that stores the qualification (e.g., the TFF system),etc. After step 525, a determination is made in step 530 whether toattempt to corroborate the qualification information at this time, suchas based on other information that may serve as evidence of the accuracyor validity of the qualification. If so, the routine continues in step535 to execute Information Corroboration Manager routine 535, and if notcontinues to step 599. In other embodiments, such corroborationfunctionality may not be provided or may be performed at other times.
If it was instead determined in step 520 that the received indicationwas not a request to specify a qualification for a user, the routinecontinues instead to step 590 to perform another indicated operation asappropriate, such as to update information about or remove existingqualifications, or to provide information about user qualifications to auser or other system. In addition, in some embodiments the routine mayissue qualifications to at least some users, such as based on pastactivities of the user with regard to the TFF system that had beentracked, such as automatically (e.g., on a periodic basis) and/or inresponse to a received request from a user to issue one or morequalifications of a specified type for one or more specified user basedon specified types of tracked activity, and if so could perform suchqualification issuance in step 590. After steps 515, 535, or 590, theroutine continues to step 599 and ends. While the illustrated embodimentmay include qualifications and qualification type definitions beingspecified one at a time, in other embodiments qualifications and/orqualification type definitions may instead be specified in othermanners, such as to allow multiple qualifications and/or qualificationtype definitions to be submitted together (e.g., to allow for batchprocessing).
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of an InformationCorroboration Manager routine 600. The routine may, for example, beprovided by execution of an embodiment of the User InformationCorroboration Manager module 137 of FIG. 1B, such as to receiveinformation and requests related to corroborating user qualificationsand other types of user information, and to respond as appropriate.
The routine begins at step 605, where an indication is received of acorroboration request or of corroborative information for a specifiedtype of user information. In step 610, the routine determines whethercorroborative information was received, such as for a particular userqualification or other piece of user information. If so, the routinecontinues to step 615 to associate the corroborative information withthe user qualification or other user information that it corroborates,such as for later presentation to others along with that userinformation to allow the recipient to assess its credibility.
The routine then continues to step 620 to determine whether toautomatically assess a degree of corroboration provided by thecorroborative information if possible, although in some embodiments suchautomatic assessment functionality may not be provided. In theillustrated embodiment, if the corroboration is to be automaticallyassessed, the routine continues in step 625 to analyze information aboutthe corroborative information in order to assess a degree ofcorroboration that the information provides for the user qualificationor other information to which the corroborative information applies. Forexample, the analysis may be based at least in part on the type ofcorroborative information and indicators about the reliability of thatinformation, such as the source of the information (and other associatedinformation about the source, such as a reputation of the source). Afterstep 625, the routine continues to step 630 to optionally combine theassessed degree of corroboration for the newly received corroborativeinformation with any other corroborative information for each userqualification or other user information to which it applies in order toassess an overall degree of corroboration for those user qualificationsor other user information, such as by using any of various informationcombination techniques (e.g., averaging, weighted averaging, etc.).
If it was instead determined in step 610 that the received indicationwas not corroborative information, the routine continues instead to step635 to determine whether a request was received to attempt to performcorroboration for indicated user information at this time, although inother embodiments such requests may not be handled. In the illustratedembodiment, if a corroboration-related request was received, the routinecontinues to step 640 to attempt to obtain appropriate corroborativeinformation, and if it is determined in step 645 that it was obtained,the routine returns to step 615 to process the corroborativeinformation. Attempts to obtain corroborative information may beperformed in a variety of ways, such as based on the type of informationto be corroborated (e.g., attempting to corroborate a user's identitybased on querying the user to provide evidence of the identity invarious forms, attempting to corroborate a qualification of the user bytesting the user with respect to that qualification, attempting toobtain information from a third party that may have additional relatedinformation, etc.).
If it was instead determined in step 635 that a corroboration-relatedrequest was not received, the routine continues instead to step 690 toperform another indicated operation related to corroboration asappropriate, such as to provide corroborative information or an assesseddegree of corroboration to users or other systems. After steps 630 or690, or if it was instead determined in step 620 not to assess thedegree of corroboration or in step 645 that corroborated information wasnot obtained, the routine continues to step 699 and ends. While notillustrated here, in other embodiments additional types of functionalitycould be provided, such as to provide a response to the sender thatprovided the corroborative information or corroboration-related requestin step 605, such as to indicate the results of the analysis of providedcorroborative information and/or the results of attempting to satisfy areceived corroboration-related request. While the illustrated embodimentmay include corroborative information being specified one piece at atime, in other embodiments corroborative information may instead bespecified in other manners, such as to allow multiple pieces ofcorroborative information to be submitted together (e.g., to allow forbatch processing).
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of an Activity Tracker routine700. The routine may, for example, be provided by execution of anembodiment of the Activity Tracking Manager module 138 of FIG. 1B, suchas to track user activities related to task performance. The routinebegins at step 705, where an indication is received of one or moreactions taken by task requesters and/or task performers since a lastactivity tracking analysis. The routine continues in step 710 to storethe activity information and to update quantitative measurements and/orrankings for users that are affected by the indicated actions. Theroutine then continues to step 799 and ends. In some embodiments, theroutine may be executed at various times, such as periodically, inresponse to an activity to be tracked and/or in response to a request toperform the routine.
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of an Automated Matcher routine 800. Theroutine receives indications of new task requests and attempts toautomatically match the tasks to appropriate task performers. Theroutine may, for example, be provided by execution of an embodiment ofthe Task and User Matching Manager module 132 of FIG. 1B, such as tomatch tasks and task performers as appropriate. In some embodiments, theroutine may be performed in response to receiving new submissions ofsome or all tasks and/or at other times (e.g., in response to requeststo perform the matching). In addition, in some times the automatedmatching may be performed in other ways, such as to receive anindication of one or more task performers (e.g., new task performers forthe system) and to match appropriate tasks to those performers.
In the illustrated embodiment, the routine begins at step 805, where anindication is received of a new task. In step 810, the routineidentifies one or more task performers whose qualifications satisfy anyqualification criteria for the new task. In some embodiment the matchingof qualifications may be performed without the routine understanding themeaning or context of the qualifications (e.g., based on identifyingqualifications from task criteria and for task performers that are ofthe same qualification type and that have compatible values or ratings),such as in embodiments in which the qualifications are of types definedby users. The routine then continues in step 815 to retrieve preferenceinformation for the identified task performers to determine whether andhow to notify them of the new task. In step 820, the routine notifiesthe identified task performers of the new tasks in accordance with thepreference information. While not illustrated here, in other embodimentsthe automated matcher subroutine could further automatically assign newtasks to one or more human task performers as appropriate, such as basedon prior requests by the task performers. In addition, in someembodiments the automated matcher routine may perform one or more of theindicated activities for a fee, such as from the task requester whosupplied the new task and/or the task performers who are notified of thetask. After step 820, the routine continues to step 899 and ends. Whilethe illustrated embodiment may include tasks and tasks performers beingmatched one at a time, in other embodiments tasks may be instead matchedto task performers and/or task performers may instead be matched totasks in various other manners, such as to allow multiple tasks and taskperformers to be matched together (e.g., to allow for batch processing).
As previously noted, a variety of types of tasks can be submitted andperformed in various embodiments, and may include tasks that involve avariety of types of activities by human task performers, such asanalysis of one or more supplied pieces of information (e.g., totranslate a supplied word or paragraph, to select which of severalsupplied photographs best represents a specified subject matter, or toidentify whether a supplied human signature is authentic, such as bycomparison to a known sample and/or on another basis), or retrieval oridentification of desired information. In some embodiments the tasks mayeach require little time of the human task performer (e.g., at most afew seconds), while in other embodiments tasks may be sufficientlycomplex to take significant amounts of time (e.g., hours or days). Inaddition, while in some embodiments each of the tasks may be a cognitivehuman performance task that uses cognitive and/or other mentalcapabilities of human task performers, in other embodiments some or allof the tasks may include physical activities by one or more human taskperformers (e.g., to take and supply a specified type of picture),whether instead of or in addition to one or more cognitive or othermental activities of one or more human task performers.
In addition, in some embodiments each task may be a stand-alone activitythat is unrelated to other tasks, while in other embodiments some tasksmay each be a small part of a larger collective, such as to allow alarge number of unrelated human task performers to perform atime-consuming collective task in parallel in a very short time (e.g.,without the individual task performers even being aware that theindividual tasks are part of a larger collective task), such as in amanner analogous to grid computing. When individuals tasks are part of alarger collective task, a single task requester may in some situationscollect and aggregate or analyze the individual results, while in othersituations some or all of the aggregation or analysis activities mayinstead be one or more other tasks made available through the electronicmarketplace. Other information related to users performing tasks isincluded in pending commonly-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/976,717, filed Oct. 12, 2001 and entitled “A Hybrid Machine/HumanComputing Arrangement.”
A non-exclusive list of examples of types of human performance tasksthat may be performed via the electronic marketplace include thefollowing: translation or conversion of information of various forms(e.g., text, speech and other audio, images and other video, etc.)between languages and/or information form (e.g., transcription of audiomaterial); selection of one or more groups of visual information (e.g.,photographs or other images) and/or audio information (e.g., songs,voice messages, etc.) that satisfy a specified criteria (e.g., toidentify groups that are similar, that have specified characteristics,etc.); supplying answers to specified questions (e.g., to obtaininformation for use in research, for marketing purposes, for use asfeedback, for use with computer-human interface and other types of userstudies, for use as pre-release and/or post-release reviews of orreactions to products and/or content, etc.) and/or supplying other typesof specified information (e.g., a missing description for a specifieditem available from a Web store); outsourced tasks of various types(e.g., engineering, marketing, sales, customer support, etc.); andanalysis of content of various forms of information to identifyspecified types of content (e.g., spam, pornography and other obscene oroffensive material, etc.) and/or to otherwise categorize the information(e.g., according to a predefined taxonomy; based on a determined sourceor other aspect of the information; etc.). As one specific example, a task requester may submit tasks on behalf ofa store (e.g., a Web store) that each request at least two human taskperformers to submit a specified type of data that is missing for one ormore items offered by the store (e.g., performance specifications for astereo). The first two human task performers that submit the same (orsufficiently similar) data for a task will each receive payment (e.g.,$0.25), thus providing information with some degree of reliability in amanner that minimizes overhead for the task performers and the taskrequester. As another examples, tasks may include analyzing results oftask performance from other task performers, such as to corroborate orverify the accuracy or other aspect of interest of the results (e.g., tohave a human task performer with a higher level or qualification and/oradditional qualifications review the results from less-qualified taskperformers), to compare results from multiple task performers for thesame or related tasks (e.g., to compare performance of human taskperformers to automated task performers, such as for research purposes,or to compare performance of different groups of human task performers),to analyze results in an attempt to determine whether the task performeris human or not (e.g., for research purposes, or to verify orcorroborate the identity and/or qualifications of a task performer),etc.
As previously noted, in some embodiments a variety of types of userqualifications can be specified and used, and may further in someembodiments each be associated with a specified qualification type. Suchqualification types may include a variety of associated information invarious embodiments, including a name (e.g., for later referencepurposes), a rating scale to indicate allowed values (e.g., any floatingpoint number, true/false, an enumerated ranked set of values, etc.),indications of one or more entities or entity types who may issuespecific qualifications of the qualification type to users, expirationconditions (e.g., an expiration date/time) or other indications of howand when qualifications of the type are effective, an indication of theuser (e.g., a unique user identifier) who specified the qualificationtype (e.g., to limit who can modify, delete and/or view informationabout the qualification type), etc. In some embodiments, eachqualification may be stored in or as part of a qualification datastructure that may contain some or all of the indicated types ofassociated information, whether using a qualification data structurespecific to a specified qualification type or independent of anyspecific qualification type. In addition, for embodiments in whichmultiple instances or versions of the TFF system are operating, or inwhich other types of systems with overlapping types of functionality mayinteract, the specified qualification types may further have anassociated indication of the system at which the qualification type isspecified. Moreover, in some embodiments users may be allowed to definenew qualification types for use within the system.
As previously noted, task performer qualifications can also take variousforms in various embodiments, including self-assertions by a user ofqualifications that they possess, human-generated ratings of human taskperformers by other humans based on prior task performances by the taskperformers (e.g., feedback from task requesters who supplied the tasksand/or ratings by other reviewers of the past performances), andcredentials supplied by third-party authorities (e.g., educationaldegrees or other accomplishments from specified educationalinstitutions, awards and other recognitions from specified organizationsor contests, recognitions of levels of training or knowledge, etc.). Oneform of credential that may be used in some embodiments is a reputationor other rating of a user that is supplied by a third party as aservice, such as for a fee. A discussion of techniques related togenerating and providing user rating information that could be used insome embodiments for user qualifications is included in pendingcommonly-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/646,341, filed Aug.22, 2003 and entitled “Managing Content Based On Reputation,” which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Task performer qualifications may also include various quantitativemeasurements by the electronic marketplace of tracked activities ofhuman task performers, including measurements related to a specifictask, average and/or cumulative measurements over a specified group ofmultiple tasks and/or a specified period of time, and information abouta rate of change for one or more measurements over one or more specifiedperiods of time. A non-exclusive list of types of measurements that maybe used in various embodiments include the number of tasks assigned to atask performer, the number or percentage of tasks assigned to a taskperformer that are completed, the number or percentage of taskscompleted by a task performer that are approved or rejected (e.g., bythe task requester), the number or percentage of assigned tasks that areexplicitly abandoned (or “dropped”) by a task performer beforecompletion, the number or percentage of assigned tasks that arewithdrawn from a human task performer before completion (e.g., by theelectronic marketplace for failure to complete the task within aspecified time limit), the number or percentage of tasks that areoffered to a task performer that are refused (if an embodiment includesoffering tasks to task performers), an amount of time taken beforeperforming assigned tasks (e.g., an average or distribution over time),etc. In some embodiments, task requesters may also be givenqualifications based on quantitative measurements by the electronicmarketplace of tracked activities, such as the number of submittedavailable tasks from a task requester, the number or percentage ofsubmitted tasks that are removed before assignment by a task requester,the number or percentage of completed tasks that are approved orrejected by a task requester, the number or percentage of submittedtasks that are modified by a task requester, the timeliness of a taskrequester in providing payment when due, etc. In addition, in someembodiments task performers may be able to provide qualifications fortask requesters by rating them, such as for task performers that havebeen involved in performance of tasks submitted by those taskrequesters. Such ratings may be based on, for example, thereasonableness of the task requester in categorizing their submittedtasks, in providing appropriate compensation for the level of taskdifficulty, in providing payment after satisfactory task results areprovided, etc.
In some embodiments, the electronic marketplace may also providerankings of task performers relative to other task performers on thebasis of one or more of the various types of qualifications, and a taskperformer's ranking level could further be used as a qualification(e.g., a performer in the top 10% for a specified quantitativemeasurement). More generally, a performer qualification can in someembodiments include any information about a performer that can bemeasured or identified.
Thus, as previously noted, a variety of types of information may serveas qualifications in some embodiments. More generally, in someembodiments any user may specify any qualification for any user(including themselves), with the qualification measuring any dimensionor aspect, using any rating scale, and may further include objectiveand/or subjective qualifications. The meaning or context of aqualification may in some embodiments be maintained externally to theTFF system (e.g., by the issuers of the qualifications and/or taskrequesters that use them as criteria for tasks being submitted), suchthat the TFF system performs tracking of and matching of qualificationsas arbitrary data values without knowledge or use of the meaning of thequalifications. Thus, in such embodiments any user can act as their ownissuing authority to issue qualifications, and to later use thequalifications by searching for users that have them and/or tasks thatinclude them in their task criteria. In addition, in some embodimentsqualifications may be issued to and used for entities that are notdirectly associated with users of the TFF system, such as qualificationsfor various types of third-party entities (e.g., issuers ofqualifications).
In addition, in some embodiments the activities of users with othersystems may be used as qualifications or in other manners, such as basedon importing data from such other systems. For example, in someembodiments the TFF system may be affiliated with or otherwise receiveinformation related to shopping-related activities of users, such aswith a Web retailer or other online merchant. Types of information thatmay be obtained and used from a retailer's system include the user'sbrowsing history, search history, click-stream history, click-throughhistory, purchase or rental history, payment and/or credit history,returns history, history of service-related activities (e.g., frequencyand number of calls to customer service), use of discounts and purchaseincentives, contributions of content and/or information (includingvarious details about such contributions, such as length, subjectmatter, frequency of submission, quality as judged by other users, etc.)provided by the user (e.g., reviews of items, lists or groups of itemsof interest, etc.), participation in various community-based features,reputation within the system (e.g., based on voting or other rating byother users), browser and browsing device used, etc. Similarly,qualification and other information from the TFF system may in someembodiments be able to be exported to other systems for use by thoseother systems. In addition, when such types of information areavailable, they can also be used in other ways. For example, ifrecommendation information is available for a user based on arelationship of the user to other users, such recommendation informationmay be used as qualification information for the user (e.g., this useris likely to want to do tasks of a certain type) and/or to recommendtasks to a task performer (e.g., other task performers similar to youperform tasks of this type).
A non-exclusive list of various example qualifications includes thefollowing:
C++ programming Level 2 test certification, issued by Professor BobSmith of Stanford University, test score 95% (Jan. 13, 2005, 10:03 GMT;expires 5 years from issuance)
C++ programming recommendation certificate, issued by Kernighan &Ritchie, “Expert” rating (Jan. 13, 2005, 10:03 GMT; no expiration date)
Able to distinguish pornography from non-pornography according tocommunity standards prevalent in St. Louis, Mo., issued by myself, “Iknow it when I see it” (Jun. 27, 2006, 14:18 PDT)
Completes tasks requiring a self-issued “Able to distinguish pornographyfrom non-pornography according to community standards prevalent in St.Louis, Mo.” qualification with over 90% acceptance rate, issued by TFFsystem, 1000 tasks completed with acceptance rate of 98% (Jun. 27, 2006,14:18 GMT, based on performance results in TFF system from Jan. 14,2005, 9:00 GMT through the present)
Dialysis patient unable to eat solid food, issued by the Mayo Clinic,(no value) (Jan. 15, 2005, 22:47 EST)
Scholastic Aptitude Test taken, issued by Educational Testing Service,Princeton, N.J., scores verbal=508, math=518 (Oct. 1, 2004, expiry date6 years from issuance)
Qualified to practice law in the state of California, issued by theState Bar of California, “active member” and “member in good standing”(Oct. 3, 2004; date of bar admission May 15, 1994; continued statuscontingent on compliance with continuing legal education requirement,with next compliance period ending on or before Jan. 31, 2005).
Has published at least two reviews of popular English-language novels inThe New York Times Book Review, issued by The New York Times, totalnumber of such reviews published by the reviewer to date (Jun. 15, 2005,12:01 EDT).
Is a considerate person, issued by Jeanette Smith of Geneva,Switzerland, “très sympa” (Feb. 29, 2004, 12:32 CET).
Information about qualification-related activities can also be trackedand stored in various ways. For example, performance-relatedqualification scores could be tracked for all tasks, regardless of tasktype and/or required qualifications. Alternatively, activities could betracked for particular types of tasks or groups of related tasks (e.g.,to determine that a task performer completes tasks with qualification‘A’ 95% of the time but completes tasks with qualification ‘B’ only 80%of the time). Similarly, activities could be tracked for categories oftasks, such as to determine that a task performer completes ‘pornographyidentification’ tasks correctly 100% of the time, but only completes‘czech-english translation’ tasks satisfactorily 80% of the time.
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LA LIBERTÉ DiJ.1Ctanoh,e 31 XoTenibvo 1869 FB1X DU NUMÉRO : 15 CENTIMES 64. FB. FAB'KN... 1.3 HI. 50 PAR rBIMSTSE nÉBlvno;k M'hlS, HUE MOMMAiV!'Rr> 123 Oimaiicli©21 Noven:lb,re 1@60. ANNONCES MB. cn. lAGRAMGf, CERF ET C', PLACE De LA BOURSE, 'Ji¡..E,H:IS: PAIUS, RIE MOXmmTRE, 145 Ce soir k.lxi deuxième et à la troisième page j S.K JE :iv Jbîfet r*, :v i HISTOIRE l'E&jANK' 'y. v PAR' JUDITH MEN DÈS LES TÉLÉGRAMMES DE LA NUIT ET DU MATIN Allemagne Berlin, 19 novembre. ChemLln'c, des 8cigneuT's. — L'ordre du jour appelle la discussion de la proposition de M. Be-Jcnv, tendant à l'introduction du monopole du tahac dans le Zollverciu. Le ministre.du commerce dit que le gouvernement no peut se lier par des déclarations, sur ce point envers ses confédérés du Zollverein, sans 'porter un préjudice anticipé à tous les intérêts engages dans cette question. La Chambre adopte les conclusions de la commission, qui invite le couvernenient"a s'efforcer •à'iîîablir l'entente sur la question de l'iutrodnction Ju monopole uu tabac dans le Zollverein, Berlin, 19 novembre, soir. Le gouvernement baf'toi;! a adressé an chancelier fédéral la demande de conclure avec la Confédération du Nord un traité étendant au grand-duché de Bade la loi fédérale concernant i'as-sis-fance rumueile des tribunaux. Angleterre Londres, 19 novembre. Des avis de Yoko-Hama (Japon) en date du 10 octobre annoncent que le duc d'Edimbourg était parti pour Pékin. Danemark Copenhague, 19 novembre, :-oir. La nouvelle télégraphiée de Berlin, que M. de , Quaade aurait reçu l'instruction de ne pas l'ecevoir la députation du Slesvis septentrional, est fausse et a éfc répandue dan-s un but malveillant. Le Dagbla,-?,dément catégoriquement cet te nouvelle, ainsi que le motif dorme aux prétendues instructions de M. de Quaade. Egypte Isma'ilia, 19novembre, 9 h. 30 matin. Toute la flotte de l'inauguration du canal de Suez, l'Aigle, en tête,, partira cette après-midi pour aller mt)uH!er ce soir au phare sud des lacs Amers, et demain matin dans la mer Rouae. Espagne Madrid, 19 novembre. Plusieurs journaux ayant assuré que certaines Îeuiîles unionistes conspiraient pour donner le trône au duc de Montpensier, ces feuilles répondent par un démenti énergique, en ajoutant que si le duc de Gènes arrivait ;tti trône il aurait plus n craindre du vide que des tentatives révolution-nuirea. Elles disent que l'établissement d'une nouvelle dynastie est possible seulement avec 'l'appui de toutes les forces libérales du pays. On ne sait pas encore quand sera levé l'état de siége, L'Impartial annonce qu'il est arrivé hier des nouvelles de Florence favorables à la candidature du duc de Gènes. Cette candidature réunit maintenant 161 voix. Madrid, 19 novembre, soir. Les Cortès continuent la discussion de la loi siectorale. M. Ochoa (légitimiste) a attaqué la légalité du projet. M. Alvaredo a défendu vigoureuscment le projet,en faisant.ressortir la neces-mc de connaître l'opinion du pays dans la ques-iion des candidatures au trône. Impartial dit que l'ordre d'annoncer Je payement du prochain coupon a été envoyé par le télégraphe au président dp, la commission des finances à Paris. 11 ajoute que le ministre des finances est également en mesure pour le payement du coupon de la dcttojntérieure. M. Rivero va mieux. Il a pu présider au jour-d IIUJ la séance des Cortès. Italie Florence, H) novembre, JO h. hO, ëoir. M.Pisanelli a été élu vice-président de la Chambre par 176 voix. rn scrutin de ballottage aura lieu demain pour les trois autres riee-présidenl;;. Rome, 20 novembre. La Civiltà caUolica, comptant son appré J ciation générale, publie un'second article contre Maret, et en promet un troisième et dernier. Dans sa chronique politique elle se réjouit de la guérison du roi Victor-Emmanuel, en ajoutant que sa mort .eût clé un véritable et grand malheur. es évêques étrangers commentaient à arriver en assez grand nombre. Suisse y Berne, rg novembre. Ge-' meil fédéral a autorisé M, Kern à signer la CStyif ention relative au chemin de for d'Annecy à A#ramasse et Genève, conclue entre la. France et lâ, uisse. ( lia vas-Bu Uie,r.) PARIS, SAMEDI, 20 NOVEMBRE 1869 LA DÉCLARATION DU 19 NOVEMBRE Nous annoncions hier « que toutes les probabilités étaient, que les ministres du 1 ( juillet affronteraient héroïquement, sans séparation d'aucun d'eux, la Iégblature nouvelle qui s'ouvrira le 29 novembre ". L'exactitude, lion de cette in forma.tion, mais de cette prévision tirée de la nature des choses, est confirmée ce matin en ces termes par le Journal officiel : Plusieurs journaux parlent de diverses modifications ministérielles. Les bruits répandus à ce sujet sont dénués de fondement. Nous nous bornons à enregistrer cette déclaration, sans la faire suivre d'aucune réflexion. EMILE DE GIRARDIN. A monsieur Emile de Girardin. New-York, 6 novembre 1869. Monsieur, Une traduction de mes Sermons et Discours est donnée à New-York par un pasteur de l'Eglise presbytérienne. Elle sera précédée d'une lettre adressée par moi au traducteur. Cette lettre a été lue publiquement par le destinataire à la réunion de la Liguc évan-géliquc, le fi courant, et reproduite immédiatement par les journaux américains. J'attacherais une importance particulière, dans les circonstances où je me trouve, à ce que cette lettre fut connue en Europe. Je vous prie donc de vouloir bien la reproduire intégralement dans votre estimable journal. Je fais des vœux pour que la cause de la liberté triomphe et fructifie en Europe comme elle le fait dans ce noble pays. C'est, avec le triomphe et la fécondité du christianisme, le seul salut du présent, le seul espoir de l'avenir. Je vous félicite, monsieur, pour le talent que vous mettez au service de la première de ces causes et pour le respect, qu'à défaut de la foi, vous accordez à la seconde. F. HYACINTHE. Au révérend Léonard W. Bacon, à Brooklyn. Hevereuu monsieur, Je suis aussi charmé que surpris de l'honneur que vous voulez faire aux quelques discours que j'ai publiés en Europe : les uns véritablement l'œuvre de ma plume, mais en très petit nombre, et se rattachant à des circonstances de temps ou de lieu, qui seront, je le crains, sans intérêt pour des lecteurs américains; les autres, plus importants par leur objet, puisqu'ils font partie du cours de conférences insti-tué par les archevêques de Paris, mais n'of-frant que des morceaux détachés recueillis par une sténographie hâtive et réunis par une analyse htcompictc. J eusse voulu, je l'avoue, apporter en Am(:¡-i'-Iun quelque chose de moins indigne 1 des sympathies qui m'y accueillent. et qui ^ resteront l'un des plus grands honneurs et l'une des plus-pures joies de ma vie. Telles qu'elles, sont cependant, je livre ces ébauches à I'indulgencc de vos lecteurs/français et catholiques; je les présente par vos mains it cette grande République américaine, dont vous êtes citoyen, à ces nombreuses et florissantes Eglises protestantes dont vous êtes ministre. Je suis fier de ma France; mais je crois qu'une de ses plus solides gloires est d'avoir contribué à l'indépendance de ce noMe pay?, qu'elle n'a pas cessé d'aimer et qu'elle saura un jour imiter. Peuple pour qui la liberté est autre chose qu'une théo-rie stérile ou une pratique sanglante; pour qui la cause du travaIl ne se confond point avec celle de la révolution, et ne se sépare point de celle de la religion, et qui, élevant sous-toutes les formes et sous toutes les dénominations des maisons de prière entre ses maisons de commerce et ses mai-sons de banque, couronne sa bruyante et féconde semaine par la douceur et la ma-! ; jesté de son dimanche 1 « Et il acheva au sep tic me jour son œuvre qu'il avait faite, et il se reposa au septième jour de toute son œuvre qu'il avait accomplie. » (1). 1 Je demeure fidèle -"t mon Eglise, et si j'ai réclamé contre les excès qui la désho"norent et qui voudraient la perdre, on a pu mesurer au cri de ma douleur l'intensité de mon amour. Quand notre Maître et notre Modèle à tous s'arma du fouet contre les profanateurs du temple, ses disciples se ressouvinrent qu'il était écrit : « Le zèle de ta maison m'a dévoré. n Je demeure fidèle à mon Eglise, mais je n'en suis pas moins sensible it l'intérêt que l'on veut bien prendre, au sein d'Eglises différentes, ,t ce que je puis dire ou faire dans les limites du catholicisme. Je n'ai jamais pensé d'ailleurs que les communions chrétiennes séparées de ROlIle fussent déshéritées du Saint-Esprit, et sans une part dans l'œuvre immense de la préparation du royaume de Dieu. Dans mes relations avec quelques-uns des plus pieux et des plus savants de leurs membres, j'ai expérimenté, à des profondeurs de l'âme où l'illusion n'est plus possible, ce bienfait ineffable de la communion des saints : tout ce qui divise au dehors, dans l'espace et dans le temps, s'abî-mant comme un songe devant ce qui unit au dedans, la grâce d'un même Dieu, le sang d'un même Christ, les espérances d une mème éternité! Quels que soient nos préjugés, nos froideurs ou nos colères, sous l'œil de Dieu, qui voit ce qui nous est caché, sous sa main, qui nous mène où nous ne voulons pas aller, nous. travaillons tous en commune l'édification de cette Eglise de l'avenir qui sera l'Eglise du passé dans sa pureté et sa beauté originelles, mais avant en plus la profondeur de ses analyses, la largeur de ses synthèses, l'expérience de ses travaux, de ses luttes et de ses douleurs pendant la durée des siècles. Aux tristes jours du schisme et de la captivité, la parole du Seigneur se fit (Attendre au prophète Ezéchiel : cc Fils de l'homme, lui dit-il, prends un bois et écris dessus : Pour Judas et pour les fils d'Israël, ses compagnons. Prends encore un autre bois et écris dessus : Pour Joseph, le bois d'Ephraïm, et pour toute la maison d'Israël, ses compagnons. Puis, tu lesjoin-dras L'un iL l'autre pour ne former qu'un même bois; et ils seront unis dans ta main (2) ». Eh bien. ! à moi aussi, lemoin-dre des chrétiens, dans ces visions de rÚme qui ne S011 t pas refusées aux hommes de désirs, l'Eternel a parlé. Il m'a mis dans les mains ces deux bois divisés et flétris, (l) GeT/{!se, II, 2. (2) Ezéclâcl, XXXVII, IC. et l ï. Rome et les enfants .d'Israël qui la suÎvent, les Eglises de la informe et les peuples qui sont avec elles. Je les ai serrés sur mon crene, et, sous l'effusion de m'»s [:11'1110"'et de mes prièrcs, je les ai rapprochés (h manière à n'en plus faire rjit1'-1 même tronc. Mais les hommes ont ri de mon effort, en apparence insensé, et ils m'ont dcnnmlé, comme à l'antique voyant : « :0 nous di-rez-vous pas où vous en youk:-: venir (1 y>? Et moi, sur l'arbre qui semble encore stérile et mutilé, je contemple déjà la bril-hint&Jletii* et le fruit savoureux !. « Un Dieu, une fni, un baptême! » « Il se fera un seul troupeau et un seul pasteur ! » Ilighland-Lalls, !e jour des Morts, 2 novembrc 1869. FRÈRE HYACINTHE. Le Moniteur universel et le Constitutionnel publient la réponse snh-antc, adressée par M. Emile Ollivier à un électeur de la 30 circonscription : Cher monsieur. Je trouve votre lettre en arrivant. à Pans. Je suis et je serai encore en dissentiment avec Pouycr-Qucrtier; mais sa. personne m'est sympathique. Je Je considère comme un yaillant orateur, et je sais qu'à force de combattre la liberté commerciafe il s'est pris à aimer la liberté politique. Aussi j'engage mes amis à le préférer à tous les tribuns poussifs qui, de Londres ou d'ailleurs, nous fatiguent de leurs pauvres déclamations. Il n'y a qu'un moyen de vaincre le parti qui veut la révolution, dût-elle nous coûter la liberté : c'est de se rallier à ceux qui veulent la liberté sans. la révolution. Je vous félicite de n'avoir pas été découragé par notre glorieuse défaite plus que je ne l'ai été moi-même. Aujourd'hui mes adversaires soM pitre vaincus que' nous, et ils n'ont pas la consolation de s'être tenus debout. On les hue autant qu'on m'a hué; seulement mon impopularité était une erreur dont l'avenir fera justice ; leur impopularité est un châtiment que l'avenir aggravera. Ils ont, beau aujourd'hui devenir modestes, doux, pacifiques, sous prétexte que le gouvernement qu'ils provoquent veut une journée, la responsabilité des violences devant lesquelles ils reculent remonte jusqu'à eux ; ce sont eux qui les ont déchaînées. Et, quoi qu ils fassent, les voilà devenus aussi impuissants à servir la liberté qu'à servir la ré volution, Quelle leçon de moralité pour tous ! Luttez toujours : il ne faut jamais courber la tête devant des démagogues ; mieux vaut succomber. EMILE OLLIVIER. PROPOS POLITIQUES Tandis que la gauche publiait son manifeste, auquel tous les journaux accordaient des louanges méritées, l'extrême droite se donnait un mal immense pour faire des sottises. M. Mathieu, connu sous le nom de député dissolvant, avait essayé, on le sait, de réunir chez-îui un grand nombre de ses collègues. Il en est venu sept. Comprenant alors -que son nom paraissait manquer de prestige, M. Mathieu s'est mis à écrire des lettres anonymes, peur le bon motif s'entend. Les députés ont reçu des convocations pour une vaste réunion à tenir au Grand Hôtel; ces lettres non signées ont d'abord intrigué un peu leurs destinataires; mais on a lu bientôt entre les lignes le terrible nom de Mathieu; et voilà encore une affaire manquée. Pourquoi donc M. Mathieu, pourquoi M. de Benoist, pourquoi M. Jérôme D.t.vid se donnent-ils une peine si inutile? Pourquoi ce dernier atrectel-il la superbe générosité de ne pas prétendre à la vice-présidence de la (1) Eïédnrt, WXVff, ]8, Chambre ? C'est là sans doute un noble désitiiéressement, mais étalé en puce perte, car M. Jérôme David n'; au.'a'"e espèce de chance. Il ferait bleu mieux d'user du peu d'in-Huence qui lui reste pou-.* essaver de f-ore valider les élections de qu^iques-uns de sos nuut; v-; ^îx pas pai 1er, j .i -jn cri1 ondu, do MM Di'éolle, =Je la bizeranue et autres. Quant à l'interpellation de M. de Benoît, dont je vous ai déjà parle, son auteur persiste à la présentée. H veut demander compte aux ministres de leur tolérance vis-à-vis de la presse. Les ministres n'ont à faire que cette réponse : « Les lois politirftW3 sont d'une appnca<k'n facultative, et. le cabinet peut toujours, sous sa responsabilité, rester juge do 1 opportunité d application. Nous croyons avoir réussi. » Cette fois la majorité dira oui. Quand un enfant turbulent d'ord:na.!re ne fait entendre aucun bruit, aucun cri, les parents peuvent être sûrs qu'il est occupé à quelque gros méfait, et il s'inquiètent. Da-puis un mois qu'on n'cnl"'llil point parler de M. ilouher on commence aus>i à .s'mqtuéter. Ou affirme en efictquo le président du Sénat travaille d -us l mbre, et qu'il fait toujours mouvoir pas m.'d de Ji's g.onverncnont.ujx. beulemcnt, il reste dans la coulisse, ou plutôt dans Ir. (lessom. C'est le machiniste en chef d une fcai'Ic, que l'on ne voit pas, qui cependant fait tout marcher, et qui est souvent plus payé que les auteurs et les acteurs. Le général Le Boeuf est toujours fort préoccupé de la garde moMIe. Que va-t-elle devenir? Descompagnie? de dépôt, paraît-Il. Cette malheureuse institution, qui a fait tant de mal, ne fera jamais grand bien. On dit la garde mobile an!mée*d'un mauvais esprit; on est presque certain que la Chambre refusera^ les fonds nécessaires au payement des officiers. Affaire mal commencée et qui finira mal. Pourquoi aussi avoir débuté par étaler la garde mobile de Paris, par la réunir en grandes agglomérations dans la. plaine de Saint-Denis, où les jeunes gens trinquaiont et ripaillaient tout le jour, au lieu de réunir simplement chaque bataillon dans une caserne de son quartier? On a voulu faire trop v"(md; on a voulu s'enller, et... on sait le reste. 1 , Je trouve dans le journal anglais le Globe le tout petit article que voici : Gâchis est le mot dont se servent les Français pour expliquer leur situation présente. L'expression n'est peut-être pas très digne de la politique, mais elle est vraie. Le gouvernement paraît complètement hors de lui; il ne dit rien et ne fait rien. Les classes riches et libérales, qui pendant dix-huit ans se sont plaintes de vivre sous ce qu'elles appelaient un despotisme honteux, ne font aucun effort pour profiter de l'occasion qui leur a été ofterte, par une concession de l'empereur, d'établir une forme de gouvernement donnant à la France les libertés politiques pour lesquelles elle lutte depuis sa grande Révolution. Le parti démocratique, qui a besoin de se concilier les classes aisées et intelligentes, afin d'obtenir leur aide pour arriver à son but, la destrllction de l'Empire, ce parti accable ces classes d'insultes et les effraye par l'absurdité de ses théories sociales et politiques. Ce n'est pas tout : les différentes sections de cet intelligent parti se font une guerre acharnée, et la discorde règne même dans chacune de ces sections. Très sévère, le Globe, mais très juste. Parmi les dames de la cour, celle à qui le prince impérial accorde le plus d'affection... printanière, c'est Mme de P s. Nous ne ferons pas à Mmo de P...s l'injure de la comparer à i)l"" de Souhise, pour laquelle Louis XIV conserva toujours un si tendre souvenir et une si vive... reconnaissance. « Jamais, en effet, raconte Saint-Simon, le roi ne lui refusa rien ; quand elle voulait le voir, elle attendait sa sortie, se mettait. tou-jours à la même place, sur laquelle le roi ne manqua jamais une fois de jeter les yeux. Le roi, allant vers MrllG de'Soubise, la saluait comme savait saluer Louis XIV, et, la volonté de la charmante femme était iHitr'. » Qui sait si vil jour Mmo de P...s }l'e:u'rcera pas sur Napoléon IV une influence pareille, I i.;'! q;:e due à des causes diiï.-reoie;; ? t LA CRISE ITALIENNE Hier r.:)g(m03 Ida vas nous transmuait la dé pèche suivante : • La Xaiioncannonce qu'une téf a décidé hier soir de porter M. M™ à ' sidcnce de la Chambre. jft c? M. Menabrea (qui assistait à cet déclaré au nom du ministère aoeeplfe* vij faisant même de sa nomination t;' '%.j Fy^ Ce matin la même agmuv fH#v;u.i noué transmet la dépêche qui suitv Florcnce, 15 JJ'^enibrA.. Cb<xml>rc de* (!(jm£t:s. Election du prési,kllt. Votant;;, 30G. M. Lanza a obtenu 169 voix; M. Mari, 1';:) vo'x, ci M. Berti. 3. Il y a cinq bulletins t)';u;cs. M. Lanza est élu président de la Chambre. On pont donc considérer que la crise ministérielle est déchu-ce, et (tue 31. Mena» brea se retire avec tous ses collègue?. L 'icelice de M. Mari n'et)1111'HI;1c sa gravité qu au ', paroles de M. !euatn'ca td8clarant faire de la. nomination de ce dernier une question de cabinet. JI. Lanza, président actuel de let Chambre, est: lUI des chefs de la fraction pié-monta! se de la majoritc qui depuis plus d'une année faisait au programme financier de M. Cambra) -Digny une opposition à outr;.uiC('. La retraite de cc dernier nc peut donc pms, croyons-nous, être mise en question. Il est probable que le roi chargera M. Monabrca de composer un nouveau mlnis-1ère ; mais on ne doit pas se dissimuler qn'aprè.-) nvon' eu déjà onze ministres tués sous lui, le président du conseil parviendra difficilement à .constituer un ministère durable. Nous ne voyous en ce moncnt. de possible il la tète du gouvernement, que les hommes de la Permanente, unis à cette fraction imposante de la majorité qui est toujours restée étrangère aux .tuai't'r'UYrfs inancières de la Consorteria. — CHRONIQUE ÉLECTORALE Les Réunions privées 1re CIRCONSCRIPTION Réunion du boulevard Ornano, 3. La salle est une boutique non occupés des bâtiments neufs élevés récemment à l'entrés du boulevard Ornano. Ce local,petit, mal ÚelaJ ré, totalement dépourvu de sièges, affecto lx forme d'un pentagone assez régulier: doux énormes piliers cachent la tribune à Lan nombre d'auditeurs, qui dans nu instant traduiront leur impatience par des cris nt. un tumulte indescriptibles. La boutique est déjà4 presque pleine, lorsque surgit une contestation entre le propriétaire et les locataires de la salle. Le propriétaire s'oppose à ce qu'on entre par l'allée de la rue Belhommc; nuds ta différend s'apaise. La foule est compacte. La séance est ouverte. On procède à l'élection du bureau. Cela dure un grand quart d'heure, au milieu des cris et des lazzis des assistants. M. Carnof, prend place à 1;1, gaucho du président.. Le citoyen Cc'l!';'.v'')' se place à côté dn candidat Les formalités de i'élecf ;on du bureau cfan'C remplienon sans peine, la parole est au citoyen Houe!sel pour défendre la candèci'ure Carnot. Il parle '.'(S di.v eusions du parti ra.-died dan-j ia premier*!, et présente l'annir>'l m;i:;sl:',; uc in. 'ru. Ii. 'Il publique de ISv* connue d -sn' faire c(:s"u. tout d''''sa'.''.*0t'd. (Cris tu.'iiilie, pr'».r;sïa:.:ou-} I/o; s'en; o c; po i::j,U¡c dix minuter pat:s pouvoir reprendre la p'-.t'ole; il y p3.i'-vieni d■; i, odé 'lare qu'il s'abstien SPECTACLES DU SAMEDI 20 NOV. B l/J. Italien. — Rigctfetto. ? ) J. ttPéra-Comî,4ue. — Le CU&tet. — La Petite FaaeUe. 8 v/., «Ltrff|Mo. .Le R;¡I masqué. '--:" v/i j.— IJ nOBneur et l'Argent. — Au Printemps. — Une l'ernpête dans un verre n'eau. t? »/«• .,dt'oft. — Seapin marié. — Le Bîiard. 5 Ilà — Froufrou. 4 1/i VanderilJe. — La Fièvre du tour. ? 111. Vartétéa. — Les Pommes du voisin. — Un Orage à Tonnerre. ? 1/i Palaia-Hoya!. — La Cagnotte. —Le Piège 't femmes. 1 114 Chàtelet. — La Poudre de Perlin-pinpin. 6 3/i Porie-Si-SSarSIn. — Le Chevalier de M:ti:3on-Hol1;e. 7 3,;i Atub!,pi. — Le Dompteur. 7 1 lk — La Chatte blanche. 7 3/4 SStnaËfes-Parisiens. — La Nuit du 15 octobre. — Le Mariage aux lanlernes. — L'Ile de Tulipatan 8 "lit %«teéné©. — Le Docteur Crispin. 7 3/4 ij'o's^s-Hramalfqîïe». — Le Petit Faust. — Cirloriette. K ' 1/4 C?:.t{t.y. — Le Doute et la Croyance.! -Les InutJles.-DrOlt des fcnuTn-g.' 8 »/» i&cjauee. — Vert-Vert.. — La Cheva-bère' de Chignon-Rouge. 7 II" lïëSjisscïKoits. — La St-Sylvestre. ,_,'=~LesBrigandes.—Le Bien â' autrui. 7 na 1/2 B.?MMM&roha!9. — L'Honneur du twm. J 1/2 Memi«.PïaI»ir».—RaymondLindev. 8 ')/? fr'oiies-iM.irisijy.— On dit que c'est drôte! 7 i>/» WeSîît aie. — La Bête du bon Dieu. 7 1/1. fftHre-Œscolay (passage de l'Opéra). — Prestidigitation. SPECTACLES DU DIMANCHE 21 NOV. ©péra. — Concert Littolff. — Galathée.— La Dame Jkyrîîjïae, 'Le Val d'Andorre. '.l'héaltrc''."''r&D!'ais.L'Istiune de Suez, p Le Pour et le Contre. — Mercadet. — Le 811pplicc d'une femme. — Scapin mana. — Le Bâtard. ~ Froufrou. »ts».ev5!le. — La Fièvre du jour. Les Pommes du voisin. rî!^ sLa Cagnotte. Pw! ^ La Poudre deperlinpinvin. ■■«rte-a*.Martin. Le Chevalier de A-'i;Uson-Rouge. — Le Dompteur. J * — La Chatte blanche. » uâcB-Paru?«ns.~ LaNnil dn in octo-HôVr •MamSe aux lanternes. -L'lle «e l niipaian. Les Marnes. il d'; ^7maSiT^---Le Petit Faust. ® t:;¡uny.-Le ÎI)!;; Doute et la Crovance 7 0 l'oit des Femmes '~Vert"VerL ~ La Chevalière de te^n«*non-j<ouSc. — Vcrt-Vcrt. L'Honneur du nom. v e L~te Raymond Lindey. du que c est drô!e1; BOURSE DU 20 NOVEMB. ~arj'a-jB(M ce m" wift | j'S' | " k ] l'Srjj 0Bu<^iÔN3js^;rp:rpr; O/®". cptL 7f 6sî.. 71 70 7i 6511 Départ, de la 9eilie. 230 -.1 33? .. 1.2 10;° janvier.. 31 .. 71 75 .. 7t 63 .. 7t 7P 71 62 J4 .. 71 651, Ville, 1852, 5 0/0.. IliSl 25 i.... A Cpl Ii 101 50 101 50 iOl 30 1855-1860...j 462 .. 463 ...3 7Ad-^r'tembr9ls8®101 '''1 — 1865 514 -513 .. 1 .. "* kù * f'Ji ft/ftil' 22 • * epl 87 50 88 » 88-' ~ 186 366 50 365 ..! 150 .. 50 .. 1518 EmPruDtl868, inOS8. cpi .. 71 73 .. 71 5 .... 71 63 Íi£,oO fr. 3 0/0.. 1010 " W®/ 1870.. 31 " 73 15 " i' * 500 Cr. 4 0o.. 507 *• 510 •' '3 '• " " .... iii! Idcm escomptable cji 71 75 .. 71 55 !...... 71 60 il g 10", 4 0/0.. 101 75i 101 50 25 4.,35 75 688 l | Htlli j.... 20 ..; 1 .""/"IU" ...""'" .. DeFRAKCK cp' 2770 .. 2770 2730 .. Comm., 3 0/0.. 428 75. 42S 75 ...e.... l'. "1'. jCaÉDITFoxc DSFHANCB ep il J655 .. 1630 j 1655 .. Colon'il.3 ?!* 400 400 " ! ! ! ! *' "i rni31 ^56 20 1650 ISÏO .. if,>17 50 Bourbonnaii, 3 0,10. 3-31 .. 333 .... J.1 .. ......... Crk»!TP0|<o. rOLON14L. cpl 400 .. 400 400 .. Méditerranée fusion. 334 50 331 ........ 50 '• ....: J. aVrII-OOlObre..... cpv 615.. 615!.' !!! !! 6i3 !! Word." t866.. |f|75 «P !? T •; jCKKDïTiKttMT.coMMn*. cpi 632 50 632 50 632 50 Orléan« !... 337 50 838 .. !. 80 '... 'i K- " ' R 31 503 Grand-Central 333 50 831 ... 50 .... 2 50 . DÉPOTS BTUoMPT.cooi. cPt 567 50 570 570.. Lyon-UenèTe, gar!. 329 50 ® "!<Jnr.i'r^uÊn0T r0"" :: .. 570 570 .. Lyon 331 .. 331 .SOUS-COIdPT. DU COMM. cpt 830 piri«-Lyon-Méiil.! 3.13 .. m ......... ** •* •• •• J. avril-octobre • • • Si àQA Ouôfii 4 9-î •• l opt si l{'6 •* 205 •• 205 25 ••• •• ^ 75 IH9 751 S 50 75 !! !r 150 SOCIÉTA j. ektîïÏÏLB 21375 57750, !S6-3! 203 25! Est «37.. 337.. !" *•!*£ H firiŒ i? I'7 0-0, 57o 572 501 Vendée 3&9 .. 29S 50 .. 50 .... * I'" !co*txô*EB'B8coMP-i'' f IMl 5Z250! 670 .. Ardenne» 331 .. 334 .. "-•••■ 0Mwxfr.^rB_sa^fPlB'«P»! 6*2 50 690 .. 692 50 il in.6 33,13 .. 332 1 .. 1....; 10 ..1 J. lôTrier-aoai B1, 6y3(| 685.... 683 .. Médoc 300 .. 300 .. OarKAJî# . „ Réthune A Lille.... 800 50 300 50 ....... uaLEAKS...,...., cpt 937;o 935 P37 50 Vicior-Emmaunel... 320 50 3-20 50 '5 " " " NORD 50 Ml 50 937 50 ~ IMS 148.. 146 5Ô 150 .0 ...... ,1 0KV• j-,-.,--crt 1095 "l 1100 .. 11 t)O .. Lombard et S.-Aatr. 243 .. 243 7j .. 75 .... " " lô 50 EST J,nT,6r J011161'— >1 1133 .. 3193 1093 .. Saragosse 1.51 loi î ' 'mâi-MTÔmb-i* " * * *8 573 75, 573 73 571 25 Romaines iS.) .. 134-25;.. 75 " "l'ir, Pabis-Lvoh-mI^Ïtrbb * ,Si. °'à Suez libérée, arril.. 402 50 400 ..!...!.3 50' .....3 Ii) "ABis ^wraa, OPt 963 75 965 S60 .. Saragosse-Pkapel.. 9:1 •• 92 501.. :JQ!.. V. I" 'I'*"" MIDI S 963 73 &e2 50 S63 75 Nord d'Espagne.... 147 „î.. !. ** " " •* i * "i'anViêr-i'aiilVr ' ' * °i!i " S'2'ï 620 .. Portugais 91 .. 90 50 .. 50 J XI OUEST jaillet.... 81 620 .. 620 620 .. Ville de Lille, 3 0/0 S9 .. 100 ...1 ..I.l 25 | aVViî-ôctob'rfl C!i 6s2 50 585 581 23 Ville de Lille, 180. 97 75 On ÀSOBVX CNAPL'^' 3i. 583 75 Botib&ix, Tourcoing. 40 50 40 50 j férSoûf 8 " 4SO 4S0 .. Ville de Bordeaux.. 91 50 91 50 Vbndéb! H3 Comp. 207 . 207 50 .. 50 .... * j UnViôr-rnïilV. ..-j-;,--,'<..cpt 473 Gaz central 278 :: :: :: :: ^ ^ ^ hb ^ ^ Lits militairoi 527 50 3îs 75 .1 23.... ;. j. juin-décembre!:;! Si 785 . 7S7 50 DIVUSI8 .7 50 .... GA Z-cpt J555 " 1570 i! 1572 50 smpr. Iggyptirn 1888 77 % 77 % .. % .. ,, •6 2j •• " CANiL^Tm«nvV"* 31 1568 23 1570 1572 50 Ent. Mag. g. Pari,.. 500.. 490 .' ...! 10 i ÏÏS? !Cf 37250 m 372 50 Banque Ouomane.. 563 50 S "(;o C. rsAKSATLANT IQUA ' ' 3 372 50 370 370.. Banque Pays-.Ba....! 590.. 590 ...2 50 C,, 235 .. 233 232 5; CameMirei. 48 .. 47 50 50 " " SociMB^MMoBiute;'' i1, 230 " 2:12 §°' 23) 23! Sos-Compt-EmreP. 132 .. 133 75 .1 75 .... .. f " T 88 .. 88 75 1-18 73 Compt. de PAgno.. 613 615 " " •• gj 90 ^ 90 ti ,, t< 87 50; Gaïcentra! 560 .. mO " 50! ITALIEN * ...0/.0: ......... cpt .. 53 6ûJ.. 53 30 53 10 (; az ael. d 6 500'^' 905 " 803 .! !! i! !! :: ::i:: î?sockrT^-S^s.:: $ 53î5-53?5-4^13: vieiiie-!Icntast uan.. 2o6 ,50i " "! •1 15 ETATS ' ' * Sl 481 23' 430 ^ 430 "H Docks entrep. MAri. 222 30 Y. Y. Y Y, Y. « T, H % 96 93 H î 420 . ! !! " "• •• " J* Janti6r JWllet.... 8i 95 ,, ,, c> t, jt ti w Union des t; az w. 240 j.... " 50 Ca. J?B fkr AKTRicHiSHS cpt 716 25 : 773 75 773 75 PetUM-V'oiittres.... 270 270 :! J L* " " " ''I ^2 <SrtRJitJSBTier~'ir 31 t,6 23! 776 25 773 7 Comp gén. des Eaux jgo . "H .....2 ,0 cpt 5112 soi 500 MO., Saline, de PHIl. ,..: 795-. 730 .. j....' .5 0 *A ro D ■"* 31 498 75' 503 502 50 Emprunt ttl"c 4430 44 20 .. AOL' f a^f ^,îrS''* °lil 40 "i à7 25 48 50 OWlg. ottofaanei... 933 50 332 30 i.... i. j .. ! • * • *. • „ Jsvra-ootobre si ..... g ° tunisien 1S63 ... il ,5 —. Go,f^uiB«BoW8.cpt |93.. 200..i.....1 ".' .....¡ m :: toprft? jg. 135 yy ;;I:: ::ii •* •* " ^ ® • '1 1-5 •« .......... Eltérieure Espagne. 95 rt» 25 Il 2ii "* ^ j. AIOB. ESPAGNOL. " 346 25 3iS 75 S-M 23 Intérieure -22 '}• ...'il.. !!:.! ,'jj 1 J. janTlor-jUinet.... Si 348 75 847 3,1 3JO 847 50 Oblig. mexicaine».. 168 168 ... ....... SABAQOSSB...., cpt 61.. 62 bo! 61 Transcontinental(B* 08 1 "j" "I j. janvier-juillet, ... 31 72 50 r. il,000 d. ch. P.) 670 .J H 3 NOBDBS LfispAGK3>... cpt 46.. ls 49 iRmseisoV oôf ** «à» ';ô i w " "! , J, JanMr-Jlllltel.... 81 48 75 ObliAutrich.1865 "I 335 5^ 30 " "l .. •• .2 .. SABAOOSSBAPAMPBtOHE cri, 2S .. 28 26 .. Honduras Ob. hyp 1% "i %i<' S| '* u J. JanTlcr-JOIliel.... Si 41 25 . il !! !! f? * SonsLomb. 1874 .. m " fsG i !" ,.1 PoBTCGAts ic* SoYAiB). Cfij 3} ; Sons Lomb. 1871-76 loi îl> h ê' "!î „ j. JMT'er-ju:ties.... 31] 37 ....... ,, <0 Obl.Fonc'd'Autric. 242 lil 2^!* i* ' 7V ...... Fojfcisa K'AcTBIcaa:... m 50 ....... îlarohes és î^pîes. l" " *s t? !•s j. ... Mi S42 a0 97 50 47 50 tmpr. 4uÛI"I....1 93 H J Y.lY. "lit "il PRIMES LIQUIDATION FLI PROCRA1S 3 0/0 dt 1 .... à .... 71 95 4 72 22 dt 50 71 82 à il 77 72 15 à 72 2". — dt 25 71 92 à 71 85 72 45 à 73 30 Emprani italien dt 1 ....à A .... — — dt 50 53 43 à 53 39 53 83 A 53 70 — dt 2,5 53 60 à 53 50 .. à Crédit mobilier dt 20 ..... à ..... ,,, à .. ,, ,,, ™" —* dt 10 ... i. A ... .. ... ,, à ....i dL 5 * à Société générale....dt 20 * ,,, ....... & — ....dt 10 t à ,,, ,, Mobilier eipagnol,..dt 10 ..... A ........ àà Nord d 110 à ,, Orléan» fen dt dt 10 10 ... ,, A A A i ..... Midi dt 10 A A Lombards dt 10 505 .. à ... „ A Nord de l'fijpagnê...dt 10 A A CI Iransatlantique... dl 10 .....' .......A "" " ..... Société immobilièr«..dt 10 A à ,, Gaz parisien dl 10 A ... A ,TL, ,, REPORTS. — Fin courant. 3 0/0 2 A ..3 Ouest ...A ... EmprNU italien.... 4 ... Autrichiens ...... I ... Credifjbucier b . ,. Lombards . 25 à * •• Crédi ne. co!.... A ... Victor-Emman., • .. t , ,, Crédit mobilier.... à ... Romains........ ,, à ... Crédit agricole.... à ... Portugais , ,, à ... Comptoir dleqe.. à ... Saragossô . ,, A ... jCréditindus'risl.... A ... Pampelune • .. à ... Société générale ... à ... Séyillé-Xérèï.. » b ... Crédit mob. esp.... à ... Nord-Espagne.. a .. b ... Soc. d4 dépdts.. ....t ... Barcelone V ,, A ... S.-C. du Comm.... à ... Rnsscs . ,, A ... ï2rlé*n, 4 ... Guill.-Luxeœb..... à ... S"4 b ... Suez b ... I»*1 I ... Ctransatlant...... A ... 4 ... Gaz, C. pa,îg.. A , .. "'d* à ... C' Immobilière.. * .' Il LE BULLETIN FINANCIER Deux heures. — La première cote des fonds Anglais est arrivée avec '1/8 de baisse 93 6/8 à 93 7/8. Les dispositions de la Bourse de Paris sont à allures intermittentes depuis le commencement de la semaine. La hausse d'une journée est contrariée par la baisse du lendemain. Tout était beau et facile hier; tout ou presque tout est nébuleux aujourd'hui ; les prix cotés se ressentent de ces appréciations. La note insérée dans le Journal officiel fait connaître que le ministère actuel ne sera ni changé ni modifié avant la réunion du Corps législatif. Certains spéculateurs, faute d'affaires, s'en prennent toujours au moindre incident pour justifier leur inaction. Ils trouvent mauvais que le nouveau rouage parlementaire commence à fonctionner avec les hommes du régime autoritaire, comme s'il n'était pas naturel que le ministère a -tuel continuât, la situation transitoire afin que le Corps législatif pût se prononcer en toute liberté et choisir les hommes qui auront la confiance de la majorité; ce qui empêcherait jusqu'à l'apparence d'une crise, La samedi est d'ordinaire un jour de régulari sation pour ceux qui ont des opérations faciles à dénouer; mais il est en même temps un jour où, 2 à moins d'événements importants, les spécula--, teurs restent l'arme au bras. C'est ce qui arrive !) aujourd'hui. Les affaires sont au calme plat. Le j comptant de la Rente est sans animation; il n'y a eu qu'un seul cours de coté. Le marché du terme ,t des prix inférieurs à ceux du comptant. Le 3 0/0 au comptant, 71 70; à terme, 71 65, 71 60, 71 70, 7l 65. Les actions du Crédit foncier à terme, 1,655, 1,650, 1,6h7 50, la Société générale, au comptant, 575; à terme, 571 e5. Il y a une nuance de faiblesse à constater sur les prix des actions des chemins de fer français. Le Lyon 961 95, 962 50. Le Midi 0:20. Le Nord 1,091 25. L'Orléans 935. On parle beaucoup de la démission du ministère Menebrea. Les cours du 5 0/0 Italien s'en sont ressentis. On dit que cette nouvelle avait occasionné hier soir une forte dépréciation sur les prix de la rente Italienne à Florence et à Turin. Les cours inscrits à Paris ont été 5315,53 10, 53 20, 53 95, 53 15. Les chemins Autrichiens se soutiennent avec une grande fermeté : 775, 776 35; il en est de même des Lombards : 1198 75, 500, 501 25. Les obligations des Honduras ont un marché très actif, elles sont avec raison demandées par la petite épargne. L'affiche de l'escompte réclame 2,875 actions de Suez, quoiqu'il n'y ait que deux jours d'intervalle depuis la livraison des titres de la liquidation de quinzaine. On ne croit pas-à l'impatience des acheteurs; on croit que les spéculateurs veulent forcer les vendeurs à découvert de se racheter. Supposons qu'ils obtiennent ce résultat. A qui auront-ils été utiles? Est-ce aux porteurs, est-ce à la Compagnie? A aucun d'eux. Le marché à terme s'éteindrait peu à peu, et si quelques détenteurs de ces actions avait besoin de réaliser leurs titres, ils seraient exposés à passer alors sous les fourches caudines des spéculateurs. Les escomptes ne conduisent à la hausse qu'avec le concours du public acheteur. Est-ce bien là ce qui se passe? Trois heures. — 2® cote sans changement. Le 3 0/0--finit à 71 65, l'Emprunt à 71 60, le 5 0/0 Italien à 53 20. M. MONBEL. DÉPÊCHES FINANCIÈRES Londres, 30 novembre. Consolidés anglais..., SÎJ 3/4 à 93 7/S Consolidés turcs 43 ./. à 43 ., j:i Emprunt égyptieû 1868. 77 ii/H à 77 1/4 Bons américains 1882 83 1/ï à 83 3/4 E8pi;tgnol3 0/0diiféré ii 4 lfcà27 /. — extérieurs aae B8 ./, à 23 1 — uouveau..,, 26 7/8 à 27 118 Italien 50/01861,......t..,,...,. 53 ... a i!8 Tabacs — obligations.. ,.... ",." , " , '. à j Portugais 3 0/0 32 3/4 h 3-3 1/4 Cl1enune Lombard''.,......,.,,......,,. 12 ï;8 à .../ New-York, HI novembre, clôtura. Or, 120 3/8. Change sur Londres, 409 ./.. Bons américains 1882,113 7/8. Ten Forty -1865, 407 7/8. Chemin de fer do l'Illinois, 139 ./.; de i'Ërté, 57 3/4. Coton middllng upland, 23 3/8 cent' la livre auglauS. Pétrole standard white, 34 cent' ./. le gallon. Saint-Pétersbourg, 19 embr9, 80!C. Emprunt avec primo 1864 151 ./. — 1866 130'./. — 3" émission 144 1/2 Change sur Paris (par rouhl). 3 fr. 10 — Londres — W 5/8 penc — Hambourg — 2tJ 11/16 schel, — Amsterdam — 147 c. 3/4 LES TÉLÉGRAMMES DE TROIS HEURES Londres, 20 novembre. Le Times, d'après des renseignements qu'il dit tenir de bonne source, dément l'assertion des journaux ministériels de Madrid d'après laquelle le duc de Gênes accepterait la couronne s'il était élu. Le Times dit que le duc est déterminé fermement à ne jamais accepter la couronne d'Espagne, ni à présent ni plus tard. Le limes se dit aussi autorisé à déclarer qu5 le marquis Rapallo, mari de la duchesse de Gè nes, n'a jamais intrigue pour l'élection du duc de Gênes. Le marquis est .,ctuellemeut à Londre,,, Le Times ajoute que le marquis et la duchesse se sont toujours montrés formellement opposés à l'acceptation de la couronne d'Espagne par Je duc de Gênes. Municli, 20 novembre. A en juger d'après les résultats des élections du premier degré, l'élection des députés, qui aura lieu le 25 novembre, donnera la majorité à l'opposition ultramontaine. Vienne, 20 novembre. On mande de Cerkvia, le 19 : _ « Hier, pour forcer les défilés conduisant à Dragali, les troupes impériales ont livré des combats sanglants qui ont partiellement étti courons nés de succès. L'attaque devra continuer pour forcer tous les défilés. M Les troupes ont perdu jusqu'ici, en mort:, ou blessés, un officier d'état-major, plusieurs officiers supérieurs et 30 soldats. » Les insurgés, contre lesquels a été dirige m feu d'artillerie très vif, ont été refoulés, prcs de Pornic, sur la frontière. » _ Kabret, 19 novembre, 6 h, soir. Aujourd'hui, à quatre heures et demie, 1 Au/ * ît la flotte ont mouillé en face du phare Sud, (l1W1:: les lacs Amers. Florence, 2u novembre. Hier ëoir, le conseil des ministres a décide de présenter a'l roi la démission du cabinet. New-York, 19 novembre. Le steamer EúJ,/(L/'ÙJ., de la Compagnie ham-•.curgeoise-amer-icaine, est arrivé â la :t>ioUY611g-Jrle'ans le 17 norembrs. (Havas-HulUer.> dra. d'attaquer la personnalité du citoyen Rochefortmais qu'il lui est impossible de ne ip3g juger sévèrement son sens politique. Il proche au candidat socialiste de la première d'accepter le mandat impératif, et se 1 .Ja.nce à ce sujet dans des considérations qui 1 fatiguant vite l'assemblée. Il se déclare pour Carnot. Les cris redoublent dans la salle à la suite d'interruptions qui ne viennent pas jus'qu'à nous. Le président veut rétablir l ordre et n'y parvient qu'à Grand'peine. L'orateur, interrompu pour la quatrième fois au moins, reprend fOll discours en conseillant 38X électeurs présents d affirmer leur foi politique sur la personne des membres du gouvernement provisoire. La parole est au citoyen Camoi. L'ai tendon redouble, le calme est absolu. Après avoir exprimé cet avis, que sa situation lui commande de ne point l'a ;li e de longs discours, puisque, descendu dans la lutte fres tard et sur le conseil de ses amis, il n'a I)II prendre une part aussi active qu'il FauraK voulu aux réunions électorales, il annonce «■ju'il va dire deux mots des raisons qui l'ont décidé à paraître dans l'arène. « Citoyens, après mon échec du moisde mai dernier^ (Ln interrupteur : Cela fera la paire. — Bruit. — Tu'nuHe. — Le silence se rétablit.) j'avais cru devoir rester tout à fait à Técart. On avait choisi <4ambctia : on avait préféré l'éloquence et i'irnpétuosli.c de la jeunesse à l'expérience de l'homme blanchi dans !#»s affaires publiques. Ce vote me dictait ma conduite, et je reprenais le cours de mes occupations ordinaires, lorsqu'on présence d line candidature qui ne répondait pas sans débute aux aspirations de tous, mes amis poHtiques, et surtout des journalistes émi-DMita... » (Bruit. — Tumulte. — Ceux du Siècle ! crie-t-on d'un coin de la galle ) La sonnette s'agite en vain; le trouble dure dix minutes. Le candidat reprend enfin la parole, et se présente comme personnifiant la démocratie prudente. Il craint que parmi ceux qui lui sont restés fidèles lors de l'élection de mai quelques-uns ne votent, en son absence, pour le candidat du gouvernement. 'il avait là un devoir civique it remplir, et quand il s'est agi ou s'agira de cela il s'est H-ouvé et il se trouverai toujours IÙ. (Applaudissements.) L'assemblée décide q'h 'elle entendra alternativement un orateur pour, un orateur contre le candidat Carnot. Le citoyen Blette monte à la tribune pour défendre Rochefort; il s'ebstine à vouloir parler de la 3e, de Can-*agr«l, et provoque un tumulte qui lui coupe la parole pour un grand quart d'heure. Les Vvria de : Vive Carnot ! Vive Rochefort ! commencent à retentir dans la salle; l'assemblée, pressée, bousculée, flottante, pour ainsi dire, est peu disposée à la patience. La parole est retirée au citoyen Biette. Col-v m, ancien représentant, lui succède à la (tribune. Il expose d'abord qu'il a souffert pour la liberté; puis développe sur le mandat 'impératif une théorie pouvant se résumer ainsi ; le mandat impératif, c'est le mandat impérial ; c'est le plébiscite sur lequel repose Se pouvoir. L'assemblée écoute avec une stupéfaction évidente, et Colfavru, qui s'est déclaré pour Carnot, étonne aussi bien les amis que les adversaires. Bientôt, le premier éba-hissement passé, l'assemblée se met à faire comprendre à l'ancien représentant du peuple qu'elle n'aime pas la plaisanterie trop longtemps prolongée, et le tumulte, les cris, les interpellations recommencent de plus l'elle. Colfavru reprend cependant la parole et déclare que le mandat de député n'est pas et ne peut vire une récompense. Deux minutes après il dit que les longs services de Carnot, digne fils de son père, le recommandaient aux électeurs qui, au scrutin de mai et dans plusieurs circonscriptions, avaient fait 'preuve d'ingratitude et d'oubli des services l'ouhz.-;, Cette contradiction est saisie par l'assemblée, et les : Ah! Oh! Assez ! vont encore une fois leur train. L'orateur termine en disant que si Carnot père a organisé la victoire, Carnot fils a organisé l'instruction publique. La parole est au citoyen Millière, qui rappelle que, lui aussi, comme le citoyen Colfavru, a été transporté; il s'abstiendra néanmoins de jeter, comme l'a fait son adversaire, cotio considération dans le débat ; les arsnr,.!j!nts ont une valeur propre et n'emprun-rien aux caractères ou aux faits et gestes df ceux qui les exposent. il assimile le mandat impératif il. la procuration civile, se prononce comme le citoyen Colfavru pour le gouvernement direct, et conclut qu'en son absence l'électeur a le droit de s entourer de toutes les garanties possibles. Il admet les difficultés de la pratique, mais soutient qu'il ne saurait comprendre comment un représentant pourrait être offensé dans sa dignité en acceptant sur tel ou tel point l'impérativité du mandat. Il fait ressortir I ' contradiction que nous citons plus haut et. relative au mandat qui ne peut être nue c<:'Jmpen::;e, et prétend que le discours du ci:'J.eu Culfavru, depuis sa théorie fan-t?uaii<;du mandat Impératif jusqu'à sa COll-o!a~k?n est un tissu de contradictions. (Tu-hiuite, Cris.) Colfavru se lève brusque-malit oi prétend répondre desuite. Millière l'abcuse de provoquer le tumulte; discussion p u IJL¿l'êau, Les cris de Vive Rochefort ! et Vive Cariiul, recommencent. Le désordre est à son eomLle. Nous quittons la salle. — J. J. 3e CIRCONSCRIPTION. Réunion du théâtre Molière Après les églises, les théâtres son t les rle"lx t les mieux choisis pour la tenue des assem1 blées électorales, lesquelles n ont jamais été * aussi nombreuses que depuis qu'elles ont f cessé d'être publiques pour devenir privées. « Quel argument el, faveur de la liberté ! Hier < soir le petit thr-.u re Molière était^ rempli de citoyens cit'otcuis .'f la troisième circonscription, qui faisaient parfois beaucoup de bruit parce qu'ils étouffaient, et qui fussent restés j silencieux si on leur eût prêté Sai nt-E us tache. I A quel but plus noble ces magnifiques cathédrales liotirraieiit,-p lies servir ? S'il est dit que j qui travaille prie, il doit prier deux fois relui qui cherche à éclairer ses concitoyens sur leurs devoirs électoraux. Quand 1 Esprit saint doit-ilsmJout nous guider? N'est-ce point lorsque nous avons à choisir ceux qui pendant six longues années doivent substltuer leur volonté à la nôtre? Le citoyen Pascal Duprat aprono:!!-''un doquent discours renversant de fond en comble les sophismes de M. Ponyer. Quertier. 11 S est exprime avec, une aisance parfaite, comme un professeur habitué à manier la parole et la pensée, non comme un avocat habitué à platder la question du mur mitoyen entre la liberté et le pouvoir ari>îtraire. C est M. Pascal Duprat qui, ayant fuit des études économiques l'objet de sa vie entière, est le véritable adversaire de M. I>oliv(,tQuertier , le représentant du système profectioniste cherchant A s'i<npir:!'ter dans le quartier du grand commerce parisien, de ce grand commerce qui n'a que faire de la.protection, car il sait bien se protéger lui-même 1 Quelle loi prohibitive, quel tarif douanier vaudrait l'intelligence de nos artistes, le génie de nos ouvriers passés maîtres en matière de délicatesse, inimitables dans les tours de force que les doigts parisiens savent réaliser tous les jours! Pascal Duprat était fatigué en commençant son discours ; il s'est reposé en parlant, en dominant .le tumulte, signe excellent du véritable orateur. Son geste était éloquent, son attitude simple et sévère comme il convient à l'homme de pensée, au proscrit qui vient se présenter aux électeurs dont, tes votes n'ont jamais pactisé avec les proscrip-teurs. Les républicains doivent être justes pour leurs adversaires, pour ceux qu'ils détestent le plus. Pascal Duprat reconnaît que l'Empire a eu raison de faire faire à la France un pas important vers la liberté commerciale. Il défendra cette conquête. due à un régime dont il est l'adversaire déterminé, convaincu. Le propre du despotisme, c'est d'empoisonner tout le bien qu'il fait dans un moment d'enthousiasme , de générosité peut-être. C'est le châtiment du despote de ne pouvoir jamais être complétement lier de ses oeuvres ! Quant au libre échange, ce n'est point, COlllme on l'a dit, une importation anglaise. Il a été défendu par les physiocrates, par les économistes, par l'immortel Turgot, ce type des grands ministres, auxquels devront ressembler les ministres de l'avenir. La France est la nation libre échangiste par excellence. Paris est à ce point de vue la capitale morale de la France, et le 3e arrondissement doit être considéré comme la capitale de la capitale elle-même. Il nous semble que le sens de l'élection doit être fixé énergique-ment par les considérations précédentes, car tous les citoyens électeurs rassemblés étaient sous le charme de cette parole sympathique, de cette pensée vibrante. Des accusations sans fondement, qui avaient déjà été' écartées par une lettre de la citoyenne Cavaignac, ont été de nouveau pulvérisées. Ceux qui les ont éditées une première fois hésitaient à les reproduire.
| 3,899 |
https://github.com/alex1230608/Bedrock/blob/master/monitoring/qp_exhaustion/attacker.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Bedrock
|
alex1230608
|
C++
|
Code
| 316 | 1,134 |
/**
* ReDMArk: Bypassing RDMA Security Mechanisms
*
* Launch a client for measuring latency and throughput of RDMA operations towards an RDMA service
*
* Copyright (c) 2020-2021 ETH-Zurich. All rights reserved.
*
* Author(s): Konstantin Taranov <konstantin.taranov@inf.ethz.ch>
*
*/
#include "verbsEP.hpp"
#include "connectRDMA.hpp"
#include <chrono>
#include "cxxopts.hpp"
#include <thread>
cxxopts::ParseResult
parse(int argc, char* argv[])
{
cxxopts::Options options(argv[0], "A client for measuring latency and throughput");
options
.positional_help("[optional args]")
.show_positional_help();
try
{
options.add_options()
("a,address", "IP address of the victim", cxxopts::value<std::string>(), "IP")
("p,port", "port of the victim", cxxopts::value<int>(), "port")
("help", "Print help")
;
auto result = options.parse(argc, argv);
if (result.count("help"))
{
std::cout << options.help({""}) << std::endl;
exit(0);
}
if (result.count("address") == 0 || result.count("port") == 0)
{
std::cout << options.help({""}) << std::endl;
exit(0);
}
return result;
} catch (const cxxopts::OptionException& e)
{
std::cout << "error parsing options: " << e.what() << std::endl;
std::cout << options.help({""}) << std::endl;
exit(1);
}
}
uint32_t totalQps = 0;
void printTotalQps() {
std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point begin = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point cur;
while(true) {
sleep(1);
cur = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
int64_t relative = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(cur - begin).count();
printf("%ld\t%u\n", relative, totalQps);
fflush(stdout);
}
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]){
auto allparams = parse(argc,argv);
std::string ip = allparams["address"].as<std::string>(); // "192.168.1.20"; .c_str()
int port = allparams["port"].as<int>();
std::thread recordingThread(printTotalQps);
// ClientRDMA * client = new ClientRDMA(const_cast<char*>(ip.c_str()),port);
for (int p = port; p < 9999; p++){
ClientRDMA * client = new ClientRDMA(const_cast<char*>(ip.c_str()),p);
struct ibv_qp_init_attr attr;
struct rdma_conn_param conn_param;
memset(&attr, 0, sizeof(attr));
attr.cap.max_send_wr = 1;
attr.cap.max_recv_wr = 1;
attr.cap.max_send_sge = 1;
attr.cap.max_recv_sge = 1;
attr.cap.max_inline_data = 0;
attr.qp_type = IBV_QPT_RC;
memset(&conn_param, 0 , sizeof(conn_param));
conn_param.responder_resources = 0;
conn_param.initiator_depth = 0;
conn_param.retry_count = 3;
conn_param.rnr_retry_count = 3;
VerbsEP *ep;
struct ibv_pd* pd = NULL;
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
ep = client->connectEP(&attr,&conn_param,pd);
if (ep == NULL) {
printf ("Cannot request new QP, last port: %d.\n", p);
while (true) {
sleep(1000);
}
} else {
totalQps++;
}
}
}
return 0;
}
| 7,840 |
27/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr-tel-00714309-document.txt_6
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,381 | 13,756 |
4 and 5 for a 2 ð0; 1Þ and b 1⁄4 1=2. In both cases, we have a family of nonnegative functions, equal to zero for the mean of the reference measure. It can also be checked that FðCÞ a ðxÞ is convex for a 2 ð0; 1.
3.4. Poisson reference x
As a final example, let us consider the case of a Poisson measure QðxÞ 1⁄4 lx! el, for x P 0. Domain D is D 1⁄4 DQ \ Dc, where DQ 1⁄4 Nþ and Dc 1⁄4 fx : cðx mÞ þ 1 P 0g. The partition function is given by x X m l l e : ð41Þ Z m ðc; mÞ 1⁄4 1⁄2cðx mÞ þ 1 x! D Three cases appear, according to the value of c: (a) if m1 P c P 0, then D reduces to D1 1⁄4 fx : x 2 1⁄20; þ1Þg; (b) for c P m1 the domain is D2 1⁄4 fx : x 2 1⁄2dm 1ce; þ1Þg; (c) when c < 0, D 1⁄4 D3 1⁄4 fx 2 1⁄20; bm 1ccg. In these expressions bxc denotes the floor function that returns the largest integer less than or equal to x; and dxe is the ceil function, the smallest integer not less than x. Closed-form formulas can not be derived in the general case, but only in the case of an integer exponent m. When m is not an integer, we will have to resort to the serie (41), possibly truncated for numerical computations. In order to save space, we only sketch the derivation in D1 :
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 α=0.98 0.5 0.4 α=0.38 0.3 α=0.1 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 x
Fig. 4. Entropy functional FðCÞ a ðxÞ for
a Bernoulli reference measure and a 2 ð0; 1Þ. 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 α=0.98 0.6 α=0.68 0.5 α=0.3 α=0.1 0.4 α=0.01 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1 x
Fig. 5. Entropy functional FðGÞ a ðxÞ for a Bernoulli reference measure and a 2 ð0; 1Þ. m Z m ðc; mÞ 1⁄4 ð1 cmÞ el þ1 X x1⁄40 ðhx þ 1Þ m lx x! ð42Þ m ð1þhxþhÞÞ c with h 1⁄4 1cm. In the serie above the ratio of successive terms ðxþ1Þð1þhxÞ m l is the ratio of two completely factored polynomials. This indicates that the serie can be written as a generalized hypergeometric function, when m is integer. So doing, we obtain m Z m ðc; mÞ 1⁄4 ð1 cmÞ el jmj F jmj ða;. ; a; b;. ; b; lÞ with a 1⁄4 ð1 þ hÞ=h and b 1⁄4 1=h for m > 0; or with a 1⁄4 1=h and b 1⁄4 ð1 þ hÞ=h for m < 0. On some entropy functionals derived from Rényi information divergence The derivative with respect to c is þ1 x X d m ml ; Z mþ1 ðc; mÞ 1⁄4 ð1 cmÞ el ðm þ 1Þ ðx mÞð1 þ hxÞ x! dc x1⁄40 ð43Þ that can also be expressed using hypergeometric functions. Formulas for domains D2 and D3 also involve hypergeometric functions. With these formulas, or by direct evaluation of (41), functionals DC ðcÞ and DG ðcÞ can be evaluated and maximized on their domains of definition so as to find the optimum value c. Given the signs of m and c, and the supports D1, D2 and D3, it is already possible to deduce that the solution c is necessarily in a specific interval. Hence, we obtain here that for m > 0 (respectively for m < 0), solutions associated to a constraint m > l corresponds to case (a) (resp. case (c)) and that solutions for m < l correspond to case (c) (resp. case (a)). The argumentation relies on the fact that if P i and P j are two optimum distributions with supports Di and Dj, with the same (generalized) mean but different parameters, then by Theorem 1 Da ðP j jjQÞ P Da ðP i jjQÞ if P j is dominated by P i. In the case m > l, m < 0, the solution with minimum divergence is for a distribution P 3 in case (c), and furthermore we have Da ðP 3 jjQÞ! 0. This can be seen as follows. Let x 2 D3 and k 1⁄4 bm 1cc, so that x < k þ 1. 1 1
1
Let now c 1⁄4 mk þ with 2 ð0; mk1
mk Þ
. Then the mean of the distribution is given by m k1 X 1 kx 1⁄2k mm m QðkÞ; ð44Þ x QðxÞ þ k Em 1⁄2X 1⁄4 Z m ðc; mÞ x1⁄40 k m Z m ðc; mÞ and any value higher than l 1⁄4 EQ 1⁄2X can be obtained by tuning, for many values of k. When k increases, 1 c 1⁄4 mk tends to 0 by lower values and P 3 tends to Q, which results in Da ðP 3 jjQÞ! 0. 1 The m < 0 case has the specificity that Z m ðc; mÞ exhibits singularities at c 1⁄4 mk for all k P 0. Then Z m ðc; mÞ, 1 1 1 1 (for k þ 1 > m > k), with with m 1⁄4 ðn þ 1Þ or m 1⁄4 n, is only convex on intervals 1⁄2mk ; mk1 or 1⁄2mk1 ; mk Z m ðc; mÞ 1⁄4 þ1 on the bounds of each interval. Consequently, log Z m ðc; mÞ may present several maxima. This is illustrated in Fig. 6 where function DC ðcÞ with a 1⁄4 0:5 presents many extrema. The solution with minimum Rényi divergence corresponds to the minimum of these maxima. The limit case a! 1 is obtained with j m j1⁄4j n j! þ1. According to the discussion above, the optimum c corresponds to case (a) for fm > l; m > 0g and fm < l, m < 0g, and to case (c) for fm < l; m > 0g. For case (a), the support is D1, and the derivative of the partition function Z m ðc; mÞ is given by (43). In this derivative, the sum can be rewritten as þ1 þ1 x x
X
X m m l ml 1⁄4 ðlð1
þ
h
x þ
h
Þ
mð1
þ hxÞ Þ ; ðx mÞð1 þ
hxÞ x! x! x1⁄40 x1⁄40 ð45Þ so that Z mþ1 ðc; mÞ is minimum when the RHS of (45) is equal to zero. We have to solve this equation in h. Suppose that h is small and that hx 1 for the significative values of the probability distribution. In this case, m we use the approximation ð1 þ hxÞ 1⁄4 em logð1þhxÞ emhx, that leads to 1 0 –1 –2 μ=3, α=0.5, m=1.15 –3 –4 –1
–0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 γ
Fig. 6. Example of functional DC ðcÞ for the Poisson reference with classical mean constraint, with l 1⁄4 3; a 1⁄4 0:5 (n 1⁄4 2) and m 1⁄4 1:15. It presents singularities at 1=ðm kÞ; 8k, and maxima at c 1⁄4 0:35 and c 1⁄4 1:24.
–2506 þ1 X ðlemhðxþ1Þ memhx Þ x1⁄40 lx mh 1⁄4 ele ðlemh mÞ 1⁄4 0: x! ð46Þ The solution is
given by
h
1⁄4
1
m logðml Þ
, that in turn
provides ln ml : c 1⁄4 m þ m ln ml ð47Þ
In case (a), c is positive, and this will be true for c if fm > l; m > 0g or fm < l; m < 0g. For the log-partition function, when jmj! þ1, this leads to m ð48Þ log Z mþ1 ðc ; mÞ m log þ ðl mÞ: l In domain D3, the derivative of the partition function Z m ðc; mÞ is equal to zero if k x X 1 ml 1⁄4 0; with k 1⁄4 m ; c < 0: ðx mÞð1 þ hxÞ c x! x1⁄40 If c is small enough, k! þ1 and we obtain for m > 0 the same formulation and solution as in D1 The solution c in (47) is now negative, that imposes m < l for m > 0. Finally, we have shown above that if m > l with m < 0 then Da ðP 3 jjQÞ! 0. Hence, we obtain that the entropy functional s converge to x ðÞ Fa!1 ðxÞ 1⁄4 x ln þ ðl xÞ ð49Þ l with the restriction that FðÞ a ðxÞ 1⁄4 0 for x > l if (C) a < 1 or (G) a > 1. This functional is simply the cross-entropy between x and l or Kullback–Leibler (Shannon) entropy functional with respect to l [9]. It measures a 'distance' between a possible mean (observable) and a reference mean l, and it has been used as a regularization functional in several applied problems, such as astronomy, tomography, RMN, and spectrometry.
ð
GÞ As in the previous cases, the entropy functionals FðCÞ a ðxÞ and Fa ðxÞ can be evaluated numerically. For ðGÞ instance, Fa ðxÞ is given in Fig. 7 for l 1⁄4 3. It presents an unique minimum for m 1⁄4 l, and we note that it is is not convex for small values of a.
9 8 7 6 5 4 α=10 α=2 α=1 3 α=0.01 2 α=0.7 1 α=0.98 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x ðÞ x
Fig. 7. Entropy functional FðGÞ a ðxÞ for a Poisson reference measure with l 1⁄4 3 and a P 0. For a! 1, Fa ðxÞ converges to x ln l þ ðl xÞ. On some entropy functionals derived from Rényi information divergence
4. Conclusion and future work
By weakening one of the postulates that lead to the definition of Shannon entropy, Rényi [32] introduced a one parameter family of entropy and divergence. Shannon entropy and Kullback–Leibler divergence are recovered in the limiting case for the parameter a! 1. In this work, we considered the maximum entropy problems associated with Rényi Q-entropies. We characterized the solutions for a standard mean constraint and for the generalized mean constraint of nonextensive statistics. We defined and discussed the entropy functionals as a function of the constraints. These entropies were characterized and various properties and relationships were highlighted. We also discussed numerical aspects. Finally we illustrated this setting through some specific examples and recovered some well-known entropy functionals. Future work will consider the extension of this setting in the multivariate case. An issue that should be examined is the fact that the direct multivariate extension of (5) is not separable in the case of a separable reference QðxÞ; which means that some dependences are implicitly introduced in the maximum entropy solution. We also intend to investigate a possible underlying geometrical structure of the maximum entropy distributions (5). This structure should extend the geometrical structure of exponential families and involve the Bregman-like divergence introduced by (25). Finally, maximum entropy methods have been successfully employed for solving inverse problems. We intend to consider the potential of Rényi entropies and divergence in this field. A simple contribution would be to examine the interest of a Rényi entropy functional, e.g. (39), as a potential in a Markov field for image deconvolution or restoration.
Appendix A Proof of Theorem 1.
Let us begin with the classical constraint (C). In this first case, we follow the approach of [37]. Consider the functional Bregman divergence: Z Z Bh ðf ; gÞ 1⁄4 dðf ; gÞhðxÞ dx 1⁄4 ðf ðxÞa gðxÞa aðf ðxÞ gðxÞÞgðxÞa1 ÞhðxÞ dx; where hðxÞ is a nonnegative functional, associated to the (pointwise) Bregman divergence dðf ; gÞ built upon the strictly convex function xa for a 2 ð0; 1Þ. Then Z a a a1 a 1a BQ1a ðP ; P C Þ 1⁄4 P ðxÞ P C ðxÞ aðP ðxÞP C ðxÞ P C ðxÞ ÞQðxÞ dx; ðA:1Þ S Z Z a 1a a 1a P C ðxÞ QðxÞ dx ðA:2Þ P ðxÞ QðxÞ dx þ 1⁄4 S S with hðxÞ 1⁄4 QðxÞ1a and where S denotes the support of P C ðxÞ. The second line follows from the fact that 1 when P and P C have the same mean x 1⁄4 EP C 1⁄2X 1⁄4 EP 1⁄2X, then using the expression in (5) with m 1⁄4 n 1⁄4 a1 it is possible to check that Z Z a 1a a a1 1a P C ðxÞ QðxÞ dx 1⁄4 Z n ðc; xÞ P ðxÞP C ðxÞ QðxÞ dx 1⁄4 S S provided the whole support of P ðxÞ is included in S, which is the case by the absolute continuity of P ðxÞ with respect to P C ðxÞ. The Bregman divergence BQ1a ðP ; P C Þ being always positive and equal to zero if and only if P 1⁄4 P C, the equality (A.2) implies that, for a 2 ð0; 1Þ, Da ðP jjQÞ P Da ðP C jjQÞ ðA:3Þ which means that P C is the distribution with minimum Rényi (Tsallis) divergence to Q, in the set of all distributions P P C with a given mean x, for a 2 ð0; 1Þ. The case a > 1 can be derived accordingly, beginning with the Bregman divergence associated to the strictly convex function xa. As far as the generalized mean constraint (G) is concerned, let us now consider the Rényi information 1 divergence Da ðP jjP G Þ from P to P G, with P G given in (5) with m 1⁄4 n 1⁄4 1a 122 / 216 2504 ða 1ÞDa ðP jjP G Þ 1⁄4 log Z a P ðxÞ P G ðxÞ 1a dx; ðA:4Þ S with S the support of P G ðxÞ, and which can be rearranged as Z a 1a P ðxÞ QðxÞ 1⁄2cðx xÞ þ 1 dx ða 1ÞDa ðP jjP G
Þ
1⁄4
log R
a 1a
dx S S P
ðxÞ QðxÞ Z a 1a P ðxÞ QðxÞ dx ð1 aÞ
log
Z 1a 1 ðc
;
xÞ: þ log ðA:5Þ
ð
A
:6
Þ
S The generalized mean with respect to P appears in the first term, and cancels if P and P G have the same generalized mean x and P G P. In such a case, we obtain Z 1 a log P ðxÞ Q1a dx þ log Z 1a Da ðP jjP G Þ 1⁄4 xÞ; ðA:7Þ 1 ðc; ða 1Þ ðA:8Þ 1⁄4 Da ðP jjQÞ Da ðP G jjQÞ; xÞ as stated in Proposition 5. Since the Rényi information where we used the fact that Da ðP G jjQÞ 1⁄4 log Z 1a 1 ðc; divergence is always greater or equal to zero, we have Da ðP jjQÞ P Da ðP G jjQÞ ðA:9Þ and conclude that P G is the distribution with minimum Rényi (Tsallis) divergence to Q, in the set of all distributions P P G with a given generalized a-mean x. Finally, it is easy to check, given the expression of P G and the fact that an
1⁄4
n þ 1, that the generalized mean of P G is also the standard mean of the distribution with ðaÞ exponent m 1⁄4 ðn þ 1Þ, that is EP G 1⁄2X 1⁄4 EP G 1⁄2X 1⁄4 Eðnþ1Þ 1⁄2X. Note that the equality in (A.8), Da ðP jjQÞ 1⁄4 Da ðP jjP G Þ þ Da ðP G jjQÞ, is a pythagorean equality, which means that P G is the orthogonal projection of P on the set of probability distributions with fixed generalized mean x.
Appendix B Proof of Proposition 6. The exact behaviour depends on the reference distribution QðxÞ and on the sign of the exponent m. Because the domain of definition D might depend on c, the derivative of the partition function writes dZ m ðc; xc Þ 1 1⁄4 lim ðZ m ðc þ dc; xcþdc Þ Z m ðc; xc ÞÞ; dc!0 dc dc where xc and xcþdc now denote the parameter x for distributions with parameter c and c þ dc. Let us begin with the continuous case. If dD denotes the domain increment associated to the variation dc, it remains Z dZ m ðc; xc Þ
d m 1⁄4
ð
1
þ cð
x
xc ÞÞ QðxÞ dx ðB:1Þ dc dc D Z
1
m ð1 þ ðc þ dcÞðx xcþdc ÞÞ QðxÞ dx ðB:2Þ þ
lim
dc!0 dc dD
Of course, when D does not depend on c, we only have the first term, and it is easy to obtain (14). Otherwise, in order to satisfy the positivity of the integrand, the domain D is bounded above by ðxc 1cÞ for c < 0 and below by the same value for c > 0. Then, the second integral, say G, can be expressed as Z xc 1c m ð1 þ ðc þ dcÞðx xcþdc ÞÞ QðxÞ dx; ðB:3Þ G 1⁄4 signðcÞ 1 xcþdc cþdc 1⁄4 signðcÞ c þ dc Z a ymQ 0 y1 þ xcþdc dy c þ dc ðB:4Þ with a 1⁄4 ðc þ dcÞðxcþdc xc Þ dcc, that tends to zero with dc if xc is continuous. At first order, we then obtain On some entropy functionals derived from Rényi information div
ergence
G 1⁄4 signðcÞ 1 Z Q xcþdc cþdc c þ dc a
a1þm 1þm for m > 1. Then, it is readily checked that limdc!0 dc1 G 1⁄4 0 for m > 0, so that (B.2) is always zero for m > 0 and (14) is true. In the discrete case, the partition function is X Z m ðc; xc Þ 1⁄4 ð1 þ cðx xc ÞÞm QðxÞ: x2D There exists singular isolated values of c such that 1 þ cðx xc Þ 1⁄4 0, for x integer. For such values, the corresponding term in the partition function diverges for m < 0. Contrary to the continuous case where the domain of c is contiguous, the domain of values of c ensuring that the partition function is finite will be interrupted by isolated values of c: the domain of possible c will be constituted of segments. As in the continous case, the derivative of the partition function writes as the sum of two terms, the second one involving a domain increment dZ m ðc;
xc Þ X d 1⁄4 ð1 þ cðx xc ÞÞm QðxÞ ðB:5Þ dc dc D 1 X m þ lim ð1 þ ðc þ dcÞðx xcþdc ÞÞ QðxÞ: ðB:6Þ dc!0 dc dD
If D does not depend on c, there is no domain increment and the derivative is given by (B.5). When the bounds 1 of D depend of c, the domain increment is given by the integers in the interval ðdxcþdc cþdc e; dxc 1ceÞ (c > 0) 1 cÞ (c < 0); where bxc is the floor function that returns the largest integer less than or or ðbxc 1cc; bxcþdc cþdc equal to x; and dxe is the ceil function, the smallest integer not less than x. If c belongs in some interval such that the domain increment remains empty, then the derivative is of course simply (B.5). An extension will occur for an infinitesimal variation dc if xc 1c is precisely an integer, say k, Then, the second sum reduces to
m G 1⁄4 ð1 þ ðc þ dcÞðk xcþdc ÞÞ QðkÞ m dc 1⁄4 ðc þ dcÞðxcþdc xc Þ QðkÞ; c ðB:7Þ ðB:8Þ and finally lim dc!0 1þm 1 ðxcþdc xc Þ 1 G 1⁄4 lim dcm1 ðc þ dcÞ 1⁄40 dc!0 dc dc c for m > 1
ðB:9Þ since all terms in the parenthesis remains finite when dc! 0. In such
case
the derivative reduces to
(
B
.5) and
(14)
is true.
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Plastino, The role of constraints within generalized nonextensive statistics, Physica A 261 (1998) 534– 554. [37] C. Vignat, A. Hero, J.A. Costa, closedness by convolution of the Tsallis maximizers, Physica A 340 (2004) 147–152. [38] S. Vinga, J.S. Almeida, Rényi continuous entropy of DNA sequences, Journal of Theoretical Biology 231 (2004) 377–388. On some entropy functionals derived from Rényi information divergence 125 216 C. Vignat and J.-F. Bercher, "On Fisher information inequalities and score functions in non-invertible linear systems," Journal of Inequalities in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 4, no. 4, p. Article 71, 2003. 128 / 216 Publications annexées On Fisher information inequalities and score functions in non-invertible linear systems 129 / 216 Journal of Inequalities in Pure and Mathematics http://jipam.vu edu au/ Volume 4, Issue 4, Article 71, 2003 ON
C. VIGNAT AND J.-F. BERCHER E.E.C.S. U NIVERSITY OF M ICHIGAN 1301 N. B EAL AVENUE A NN A RBOR MI 48109, USA. 1. I NTRODUCTION
The Fisher information matrix JX of a random vector X appears as a useful theoretic tool to describe the propagation of information through systems. For instance, it is directly involved in the derivation of the Entropy Power Inequality (EPI), that describes the evolution of the entropy of random vectors submitted to linear transformations. The first results about information transformation were given in the 60's by Blachman [1] and Stam [5]. Later, Papathanasiou [4] derived an important series of Fisher Information Inequalities (FII) with applications to characterization of normality. In [6], Zamir extended the FII to the case of non-invertible linear systems. However, the proofs given in his paper, completed in the technical report [7], involve complicated derivations, especially for the characterization of the cases of equality. The main contributions of this note are threefold. First, we review some properties of score functions and characterize the estimation of a score function under linear constraint. Second, ISSN (electronic): 1443-5756 c 2003 Victoria University. All rights reserved. Part of this work was presented at International Symposium on Information Theory, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2002. 077-03 C. V IGNAT AND J.-F. B ERCHER we give two alternate derivations of Zamir's FII inequalities and show how they can be related to Papathanasiou's results. Third, we examine the cases of equality and give an interpretation that highlights the concept of extractable component of the input vector of a linear system, and its relationship with the concepts of pseudoinverse and gaussianity.
2. N OTATIONS AND D EFINITIONS
In this note, we consider a linear system with a (n × 1) random vector input X and a (m × 1) random vector output Y, represented by a m × n matrix A, with m ≤ n as Y = AX. Matrix A is assumed to have full row rank (rank A = m). Let fX and fY denote the probability densities of X and Y. The probability de nsity fX is supposed to satisfy the three regularity conditions (cf. Rn EX,Y and EX|Y will denote the mutual and conditional expectations, computed with the mutual and conditional probability density functions fX,Y and fX|Y respectively. The covariance matrix of a random vector g(X) is defined by cov[g(X)] = EX (g(X) − EX [g(X)])(g(X) − EX [g(X)])T. The gradient operator ∇X is defined by T ∂h(X) ∂h(X),,. ∇X h(X) = ∂x1 ∂xn Finally, in what follows, a matrix inequality such as A ≥ B means that matrix (A − B) is nonnegative definite.
3. P RELIMINARY R ESULTS
We derive here a first theorem that extends Lemma 1 of [7]. The problem addressed is to find an estimator φ\ X (X) of the score function φX (X) in terms of the observations Y = AX. Obviously, this estimator depends of Y, but this dependence is omitted here for notational convenience.
J. In
equal
. Pure
and
Math., 4(4) Art
. 71,
2003
http://jipam
.
vu
.
edu.au/
QUAL Theorem
3.1. Under the hypotheses expressed in Section 2, the solution to the minimum mean square estimation problem 2 (3.1) φ\ subject to Y = AX, X (X) = arg min EX,Y ||φX (X) − w(Y )|| w is T φ\ X (X) = A φY (Y ). (3.2) The proof we propose here relies on elementary algebraic manipulations according to the rules expressed in the following lemma. Lemma 3.2. If X and Y are two random vectors such that Y = AX, where A is a full rowrank matrix then for any smooth functions g1 : Rm → R, g2 : Rn → R, h1 : Rn → Rn, h2 : Rm → Rm, Rule 0 EX
[g1 (AX)] = EY [g1 (Y )] Rule 1 EX [φX (X) g2 (X)] = −EX [∇X g2 (X)]
Rule
2 EX φX (X) hT1 (X) = −EX ∇X hT1 (X)
Rule
3 ∇X hT2 (AX) = AT ∇Y hT2 (Y ) Rule 4 EX ∇X φTY (Y ) = −AT JY
. Proof. Rule 0 is proved in [2, vol. 2, p.133]. Rule 1 and Rule 2 are easily proved using integration by parts. For Rule 3, denote by hk the k th component of vector h = h2, and remark that m X ∂hk (AX) ∂yi ∂ h (AX) = k ∂xj ∂yi ∂xj i=1 = m X Aij [∇Y hk (Y )]i i=1 T = A ∇Y hk (Y ) j. Now hT (Y ) = hT1 (Y ),..., hTn (Y ) so that ∇X hT (Y ) = ∇X hT1 (AX),..., ∇X hTn (AX) = AT ∇Y hT (Y ). Rule 4 can be deduced as follows:
EX ∇X φTY (Y ) Rule 3 = AT EX ∇Y φTY (Y ) Rule 0 = AT EY ∇Y φTY (Y ) h i Rule 2 = −AT EY φY (Y ) φY (Y )T.
For the proof of Theorem 3.1, we will also need the following orthogonality result. T Lemma 3.3. For all multivariate functions h : Rm → Rn, φ\ X (X) = A φY (Y ) satisfies T (3.3) EX,Y φX (X) − φ\ h (Y ) = 0. X (X) Proof. Expand into two terms and compute first term using the trace operator tr(*) h i EX,Y φX (X)T h (Y ) = tr EX,Y φX (X) hT (Y ) Rule 2, Rule 0 = −tr EY ∇X hT (Y ) Rule 3 = −tr AT EY ∇Y hT (Y ). Second term writes i h T T \ EX,Y φ\ (X) h (Y ) = tr E (X)h (Y ) φ X X,Y X T = tr EY A φY (Y ) hT (Y ) = tr AT EY φY (Y ) hT (Y ) Rule 2 = −tr AT EY ∇Y hT (Y ) thus the terms are equal. Using Lemma 3.2 and Lemma 3.3 we are now in a position to prove Theorem 3.1.
Proof of Theorem 3.1.
From Lemma 3.3, we have h i EX,Y φX (X) − φ\ φX (X) − AT φY (Y ) h(Y ) X (X) h(Y ) = EX,Y = EY EX|Y φX (X) − AT φY (Y ) h(Y ) = 0. Since this is true for all h, it means the inner expectation is null, so that EX|Y [φX (X)] = AT φY (Y ). T Hence, we deduce that the estimator φ\ X (X) = A φY (Y ) is nothing else but the conditional expectation of φX (X) given Y. Since it is well known (see [8] for instance) that the conditional expectation is the solution of the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) estimation problem addressed in Theorem 3.1, the result follows. Theorem 3.1 not only restates Zamir's result in terms of an estimation problem, but also extends its conditions of application since our proof does not require, as in [7], the independence of the components of X. 4.
F ISHER I NFORMATION M ATRIX I NEQUALITIES
As was shown by Zamir [6], the result of Theorem 3.1 may be used to derive the pair of Fisher Information Inequalities stated in the following theorem: Theorem 4.1. Under the assumptions of Theorem 3.1, (4.1) JX ≥ AT JY A and (4.2) J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 4(4) Art. 71, 2003 JY ≤ AJX−1 AT −1. http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ On Fisher function vert 5 We exhibit here an extension and two alternate proofs of these results, that do not even rely on Theorem 3.1. The first proof relies on a classical matrix inequality combined with the algebraic properties of score functions as expressed by Rule 1 to Rule 4. The second (partial) proof is deduced as a particular case of results expressed by Papathanasiou [4]. The first proof we propose is based on the well-known result expressed in the following lemma.
B Lemma 4.2.
If U = CA D is a block symmetric non-negative matrix such that D−1 exists, then A − BD−1 C ≥ 0, with equality if and
only
if
rank(U )
=
dim(D). Proof
. Consider the
block L∆M factorization [3]
of
matrix
U
:
I BD−1
A − BD−1 C 0 I 0
.
U= 0 I D−1 C I 0 D {z }| {z }| {z } | L ∆ MT
We remark that the symmetry of U implies that L = M and thus ∆ = L−1 U L−T so that ∆ is a symmetric nonnegative definite matrix. Hence, all its principal minors are nonnegative, and A − BD−1 C ≥ 0. Using this matrix inequality, we can complete the proof of Theorem 4.1 by considering the two following (m + n) × (m + n) matrices φ
X (X
)
T φX (X) φTY (Y ), U1 = E φY (Y ) φY (Y ) T φY (Y ) φTX (X). U2 = E φX (X)
For matrix U1, we have, from Lemma 4.2 (4.3) EX φX (X)
φTX
(
X
)
−1 EX,Y φY (Y ) φTX (X). ≥ EX,Y φX (X) φTY (Y ) EY φY (Y ) φTY (Y )
Then, using the rules of Lemma 3.2, we can recognize that
EX φX (X) φTX (X) = JX, EY φY (Y ) φTY (Y ) = JY, EX,Y φX (X) φTY (Y ) = −EY ∇φTY (Y ) = AT JY, T EX,Y φY (Y ) φTX (X) = AT JY = JY A. Replacing these expressions in inequality (4.3), we deduce the first inequality (4.1). Applying the result of Lemma 4.2 to matrix U2 yields similarly JY ≥ JYT AJX−1 AT JY. T Multiplying both on left and right by JY−1 = JY−1 yields inequality (4.2). Another proof of inequality (4.2) is now exhibited, as a consequence of a general result derived by Papathanasiou [4]. This result states as follows.
J. Inequal. Pure and Math., 4(4) Art. 71, 2003 http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ .
V IGNAT AND J.-F. B ERCHER
Theorem 4.3. (Papathanasiou [4])
If g(X) is a function Rn → Rm such that, ∀i ∈ [1, m], gi (x) is differentiable and var[gi (X)] ≤ ∞, the covariance matrix cov[g(X)] of g(X) verifies:
cov[g(X)] ≥ EX ∇T g(X) JX−1 EX [∇g(X)]. Now, inequality (4.2) simply results from the choice g(X) = φY (AX), since in this case cov[g(X)] = JY and EX ∇T g(X) = −JY A. Note that Papathanasiou's theorem does not allow us to retrieve inequality (4.1).
5. C ASE OF E QUALITY IN M ATRIX FII
We now explicit the cases of equality in both inequalities (4.1) and (4.2). Case of equality in inequality (4.2) was already characterized in [7] and introduces the notion of 'extractable components' of vector X. Our alternate proof also makes use of this notion and establishes a link with the pseudoinverse of matrix A. Case of equality in inequality (4.1). The case of equality in inequality (4.1) is characterized by the following theorem. Theorem 5.1. Suppose that components Xi of X are mutually independent. Then equality holds in (4.1) if and only if matrix A possesses (n − m) null columns or, equivalently, if A writes, up to a permutation of its column vectors A = [A0 | 0m×(n−m) ], where A0 is a m × m non-singular matrix. Proof. According to the first proof of Theorem 4.1 and the case of equality in Lemma 4.2, equality holds in (4.1) if there exists a non-random matrix B and a non-random vector c such that φX (X) = BφY (Y ) + c. However, as random variables φX (X) and φY (Y ) have zero-mean, EX [φ(X)] = 0, EY [φ(Y )] = 0, then necessarily c = 0. Moreover, applying Rule 2 and Rule 4 yields h i EX,Y φX (X) φY (Y )T = AT JY on one side, and h i EX,Y φX (X) φY (Y )T = BJY on the other side, so that finally B = AT and φX (X) = AT φY (Y ). Now, since A has rank m, it can be written, up to a permutation of its columns, under the form A = [A0 | A0 M ], where A0 is an invertible m × m matrix, and M is an m × (n − m) matrix. Suppose M 6= 0 and express equivalently X as }m X0 X= X1 }n − m so that Y = AX = A0 X0 + A0 M X1 = A0 X̃, J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 4(4) Art. 71, 2003 http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ with X̃ = X0 + M X1. Since A0 is square and invertible, it follows that φY (Y ) = A−T φ 0 X̃ X̃ so that φX = AT φY (Y ) = AT A−T 0 φ
X̃ X̃ AT
0 −
T φ
=
A 0 X̃ X̃ M T AT0 I φX̃ X̃ = T M φX̃ X̃ . = M T φ
X̃ X̃ As X has independent components, φX can be decomposed as φX0 (X0 ) φX = φX1 (X1 ) so that finally φX0 (X0 ) φX1 (X1 ) from which we deduce that φX̃ X̃ , = M T φX̃ X̃ φX1 (X1 ) = M T φX0 (X0 ). As X0 and X1 are independent, this is not possible unless M = 0, which is the equality condition expressed in Theorem 5.1. The rest of the proof relies on the following two well-known results: • if X is Gaussian then equality holds in inequality (4.2), J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 4(4) Art. 71, 2003 http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ 136 / 216 C. V IGNAT AND J.-F. B ERCHER • if A is a non singular square matrix, equality holds in inequality (4.2) irrespectively of X. We thus need to isolate the 'invertible part' of matrix A. In this aim, we consider the pseudoinverse A# of A and form the product A# A. This matrix writes, up to a permutation of rows and columns I 0 0 A# A = 0 M 0 , 0 0 0 where I is the ni × ni identity, M is a nni × nni matrix and 0 is a nz × nz matrix with nz = n − ni − nni (i stands for invertible, ni for not invertible and z for zero). Remark that nz is exactly the number of null columns of A. Following [6, 7], ni is the number of 'extractable' components, that is the number of components of X that can be deduced from the observation Y = AX. We provide here an alternate characterization of ni as follows: the set of solutions of Y = AX is an affine set X = A# Y + (I − A# A)Z = X0 + (I − A# A)Z, where X0 is the minimum norm solution of the linear system Y = AX and Z is any vector. Thus, ni is exactly the number of components shared by X and X0. The expression of A# A allows us to express Rn as the direct sum Rn = Ri ⊕ Rni ⊕ Rz, and T T, XzT. Then equality in inequality (4.2) can be to express accordingly X as X = XiT, Xni studied separately in the three subspaces as follows: (1) restricted to subspace Ri, A is an invertible operator, and thus equality holds without condition, (2) restricted to subspace Rni, equality (5.2) writes M φ̃(Xni ) = φ̃(M Xni ) that means that necessarily all components of Xni are gaussian, (3) restricted to subspace Rz, equality holds without condition. As a final note, remark that, although A is supposed full rank, ni ≤ rankA. [4] V. PAPATHANASIOU, Some characteristic properties of the Fisher information matrix via Cacoullos-type inequalities, J. Multivariate Analysis, 14 (1993), 256–265. [5] A.J. STAM, Some inequalities satisfied by the quantities of information of Fisher and Shannon, Inform. Control, 2 (1959), 101–112. [6] R. ZAMIR, A proof of the Fisher information matrix inequality via a data processing argument, IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, IT, 44(3) (1998), 1246–1250. [7] R. ZAMIR, A necessary and sufficient condition for equality in the Matrix Fisher Information inequality, Technical report, Tel Aviv University, Dept. Elec. Eng. Syst., 1997. Available online http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~zamir/techreport/crb.ps.gz [8] H.L. van TREES, Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Part I, New York London, John Wiley and Sons, 1968. C. Vignat and J. F. Bercher, "Analysis of signals in the Fisher-Shannon information plane," Physics Letters A, vol. 312, no. 1-2, pp. 27–33, June 2003.
Analysis of signals in the Fisher
–S
hannon information plane
C. Vignat a,b,∗, J.-F. Bercher b a EECS, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA b Équipe Signal et Information, ESIEE and UMLV, France
Abstract
We show that the analysis of complex, possibly non-stationary signals, can be carried out in an information plane, defined by both Shannon entropy and Fisher information. Our study is exemplified by two large families of distributions with physical relevance: the Student-t and the power exponentials. 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 02.50.Cw; 02.50.Ey; 65.40.Gr
Keywords: Complexity; Fisher information; Shannon–Boltzmann entropy; Power exponential; Student-t distribution
1. Introduction
Fisher Information Measure (FIM) was introduced by Fisher in 1925 [9] in the context of statistical estimation. In the last ten years, a growing interest for this information measure has arisen in theoretical physics. In a seminal paper [1], Frieden has characterized FIM as a versatile tool to describe the evolution laws of physical systems; one of his major results is that the classical evolution equations (e.g., the Schrödinger wave equation, the Klein–Gordon equation, the Helmoltz wave equation, the diffusion equation, the Boltzmann and Maxwell–Boltzmann law) can be derived from the minimization of FIM
un* Corresponding author. Université de Marne-la-Vallée, Cité Descartes, 77454 Champs-sur-Marne cedex 2, France. E-mail addresses: vignat@univ-mlv.fr (C. Vignat), bercherj@esiee.fr (J.-F. Bercher). der proper constraint. As another important result, a version of the H -theorem has been extended-under the name I -theorem-to the notion of Fisher information [3]. Until recently, Shannon (Boltzmann) entropy was considered as the major tool to describe the informational behavior and complexity of physical systems. The theoretical contributions cited above suggest that this judgment should be revised and that FIM appears as an appealing alternative to Shannon entropy. Since FIM allows an accurate description of the behavior of dynamic systems, its application to the characterization of complex signals issued from these systems appears quite natural. This approach was adopted for example by Martin et al. [2] for the characterization of EEG signals. One of the interesting results of their study was that FIM allowed the detection of some non-stationary behavior in situations where the Shannon entropy shows limited dynamics. Motivated by this work, we define a Fisher–Shannon information plane and show that the simultaneous examination of both Shannon entropy and FIM may be required to characterize the non-stationary behavior of a complex signal. More precisely, we exhibit two families of physically relevant signals, the Tsallis signals and the power exponential signals which have the unexpected property that their temporal trajectory in the Fisher–Shannon (FS) information plane can be arbitrarily designed. As a consequence, any nonstationarity measurement device based on only one of these two measures would yield a suboptimal result. This Letter is organized as follows: in Section 2, we review some basic properties of entropy and Fisher information measures and introduce the notion of the Fisher–Shannon plane. In Section 3, we study two families of parameterized random variables and their locations in the Fisher–Shannon plane. These results are used in Section 4 to build explicitly two families of signals whose trajectories in the FS plane can be designed arbitrarily.
2. Fisher's information measure and Shannon entropy power (2)
For convenience, we will use, rather than entropy, the alternative notion of entropy power (see [4]), defined by NX = 1 2HX e. 2πe δNX 0 (4) whereas the I -theorem writes accordingly δIX 0. (5) • Superadditivity property: the Shannon entropy of the sum of two independent random variables verifies the entropy power inequality [4] NX+Y NX + NY (6) and the corresponding Fisher information inequality [4] writes −1 IX+Y IX−1 + IY−1. (7) Two additional properties will help us to track the information trajectory of a random signal. • The scaling property: when scaling a random variable X by a scalar factor a ∈ C∗, the entropy power and FIM transform as follows NaX = |a|2 NX, In the following, we consider a random variable X whose probability density function is denoted as fX (x). Its Shannon entropy writes HX = − fX (x) log fX (x) dx (1) and its Fisher information measure writes 2 ∂ dx IX = fX (x). ∂x fX (x) writes (3) Among other properties, both measures NX and IX verify a set of resembling inequalities. • Evolution law: if X represents the state of a system, the second law of the thermodynamics −1 = |a|2IX−1. IaX • The uncertainty property: NX IX 1 (8) with equality if and only if X is a Gaussian random variable. A proof of this property can be found, for example, in [4]. Both scaling and uncertainty properties enlight the fact that FIM and Shannon entropy are intrinsically linked, so that the characterization of signals should be improved when considering their location in the Fisher–Shannon (FS) plane. Definition 1. The FS area, denoted as D, is the set of all reachable values of FIM and Shannon entropies, namely D = (N, I ) | N 0, I 0 and NI 1. (9) Next, as a consequence of the scaling property, we
note that
a
scale
d
version aX
of
a random variable X
On
Fisher information inequalities and score functions in non-invertible linear systems 143 /
216
C. Vignat, J.-F. Bercher / Physics Letters A 312 (2003) 27–33
29
where q > 0 is the extensivity parameter. Their exact expression is the
following:
Ŵ
m+1 2 fS (m, σ, x) = √ σ m − 2 Ŵ m2 Ŵ 21 − m+1 2 x 2 × 1+ (m − 2)σ 2 for (m > 2, 1 > q > 0, x ∈ R) (11) 1+q where m = 1−q and σ is a scale parameter. These distributions and their properties have been extensively characterized, including in the multivariate case, in [6].
Note
that the Gaussian law can be
recover
ed
from
the Student-t family
by
lett
ing
m → +∞ or q → 1−. Fig. 1. The FS area. belongs to the same NI = K curve as X, as illustrated on Fig. 1. 3. Two families of random variables X=
In this part, we study two families of probability densities, namely the Student-t and the power exponential distributions. Both families include heavy tailed densities and the Student-t family is a member of the larger class of power laws. Furthermore, the Gaussian distribution is a particular case of both families and the uniform and exponential distributions are special cases of the power exponential family. For both types of distributions, we compute the Shannon entropy power and FIM and the area spanned by these distributions in the FS plane.
3.1. Student-t random variable
1 q = 1 −
fX
(
x
) dx, q −1 N, χm (12) where χm is a gamma distributed random variable with parameter m, independent of N which is Gaussian with zero mean and variance σ 2 (m − 2). • Moreover, if m is integer, χm is distributed as a chi variable with m degrees of freedom and a stochastic representation of X is thus X= N m 2 k=1 Nk (13), where the {Nk }1km are independent Gaussian random variables with unit variance. The information measures of a Student-t law are characterized in the following theorem. The importance of Student-t distributions in statistical physics has been highlighted in the seminal work of Tsallis (see [7] and references therein). A part of the versatility of these distributions is due to the fact that they maximize under variance constraint a relevant statistical quantity, namely the Tsallis entropy (q) HX • If X is distributed according to a Student-t law fS (m, σ, x), then a stochastic representation of X writes (10) Theorem 1.
The
entrop
y power and the Fisher information measure of
the Student-t distribution with parameters m and σ
are 2 √ σ m − 2 Ŵ m2 Ŵ 21 1 NS (m, σ ) = 2
πe
Ŵ m+1 2
× e(m+1) ψ( m+1 m 2 )−ψ( 2 ), (14) 144 / 216 30 C. Vignat, J.-F. Bercher / Physics Letters A 312 (2003) 27–33 IS (m, σ ) = 1 m(m + 1), σ 2 (m − 2)(m + 3) (15)
where ψ denotes the digamma function. Proof. By direct computation. Result (14) has been already obtained, for example, in [8]. We are now in position to determine the area spanned by all Student-t laws in the Fisher–Shannon plane. Theorem 2. Denote DS the area of the FS plane defined by 5 3e, 1 IS NS 80π IS 0, NS 0. (16)
Then the application
]
2,
+∞[ × [0, +∞[ → DS, (m, σ ) → (IS, NS )
(17) Theorem
3.
The entropy power and the FIM of the power exponential law with parameters λ and γ are 1
/
γ
2 1 e 1 2 Ŵ, NPE (λ, γ ) = (21) 2πe γ γ λ Ŵ 1 − γ1 IPE (λ, γ ) = (22) γ (γ − 1)λ2/γ. Ŵ γ1
Proof. By direct computation. Result (21) has already been derived in [5]. is a bijection. Proof. The product IS (m, σ )NS (m, σ ) depends only on m since σ is scale parameter. Denote hS (m) this function so that
m(m + 1) Ŵ 2 m2 hS (m) = 2e(m + 3) Ŵ 2 m+1 2 × e(m+1) ψ( m+1 m 2 )−ψ( 2 ) (m > 2).
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Coelichneumon leucocerus
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Coelichneumon leucocerus
soort uit het geslacht Coelichneumon
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Coelichneumon leucocerus таксономічний ранг вид
Coelichneumon leucocerus є одним із таксон
Coelichneumon leucocerus батьківський таксон Coelichneumon
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор у GBIF 1293049
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор Fauna Europaea 331464
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор у Dyntaxa 260697
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор EOL 3775626
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор TAXREF 229806
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор NBN NBNSYS0000031462
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор Nederlands Soortenregister 162689
Coelichneumon leucocerus новий ідентифікатор Fauna Europaea fe8260d8-13ac-4950-8b61-41a91fc7ba8f
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор таксона NDOP 23677
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор BioLib 68984
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор Бельгійського списку видів 9137
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор списку видів FinBIF MX.308480
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор таксона ZOBODAT 18290
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор таксона BOLD 293500
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор EUNIS 209588
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор таксона NBIC 114892
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор Catalogue of Life WQJX
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор NCBI 2881741
Coelichneumon leucocerus UMLS CUI C5638882
Coelichneumon leucocerus коротка назва
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор виду Naturbasen 17686/coelichneumon-leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus ідентифікатор Open Tree of Life 3285677
Coelichneumon leucocerus
especie d'inseutu
Coelichneumon leucocerus nome del taxón Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus categoría taxonómica especie
Coelichneumon leucocerus instancia de taxón
Coelichneumon leucocerus taxón inmediatamente superior Coelichneumon
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador EOL 3775626
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador taxonómicu NCBI 2881741
Coelichneumon leucocerus nome curtiu
Coelichneumon leucocerus
specie de viespe
Coelichneumon leucocerus nume științific Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus rang taxonomic specie
Coelichneumon leucocerus este un/o taxon
Coelichneumon leucocerus taxon superior Coelichneumon
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificator Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1293049
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificator Fauna Europaea 331464
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificator EOL 3775626
Coelichneumon leucocerus nume scurt
Coelichneumon leucocerus
speiceas feithidí
Coelichneumon leucocerus ainm an tacsóin Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus rang an tacsóin speiceas
Coelichneumon leucocerus sampla de tacsón
Coelichneumon leucocerus máthairthacsón Coelichneumon
Coelichneumon leucocerus ainm gearr
Coelichneumon leucocerus
espécie de inseto
Coelichneumon leucocerus nome do táxon Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus categoria taxonómica espécie
Coelichneumon leucocerus instância de táxon
Coelichneumon leucocerus táxon imediatamente superior Coelichneumon
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1293049
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Encyclopedia of Life 3775626
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador BioLib 68984
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador taxonomia NCBI 2881741
Coelichneumon leucocerus ciclo diurno diurnalidade
Coelichneumon leucocerus nome curto
Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus naukowa nazwa taksonu Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus kategoria systematyczna gatunek
Coelichneumon leucocerus jest to takson
Coelichneumon leucocerus takson nadrzędny Coelichneumon
Coelichneumon leucocerus identyfikator GBIF 1293049
Coelichneumon leucocerus identyfikator Fauna Europaea 331464
Coelichneumon leucocerus identyfikator Dyntaxa 260697
Coelichneumon leucocerus identyfikator EOL 3775626
Coelichneumon leucocerus identyfikator TAXREF 229806
Coelichneumon leucocerus identyfikator BioLib 68984
Coelichneumon leucocerus identyfikator taksonu ZOBODAT 18290
Coelichneumon leucocerus identyfikator taksonu NBIC 114892
Coelichneumon leucocerus identyfikator NCBI 2881741
Coelichneumon leucocerus tryb życia dzienny tryb życia
Coelichneumon leucocerus identyfikator pojęcia w UMLS C5638882
Coelichneumon leucocerus nazwa skrócona
Coelichneumon leucocerus identyfikator Open Tree of Life 3285677
Coelichneumon leucocerus
lloj i insekteve
Coelichneumon leucocerus emri shkencor Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus instancë e takson
Coelichneumon leucocerus emër i shkurtër
Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus tieteellinen nimi Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus taksonitaso laji
Coelichneumon leucocerus esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Coelichneumon leucocerus osa taksonia Coelichneumon
Coelichneumon leucocerus Global Biodiversity Information Facility -tunniste 1293049
Coelichneumon leucocerus Fauna Europaea -tunniste 331464
Coelichneumon leucocerus Dyntaxa-tunniste 260697
Coelichneumon leucocerus Encyclopedia of Life -tunniste 3775626
Coelichneumon leucocerus TAXREF-tunniste 229806
Coelichneumon leucocerus NBN-tunniste NBNSYS0000031462
Coelichneumon leucocerus NSR-tunniste 162689
Coelichneumon leucocerus NDOP-taksonitunniste 23677
Coelichneumon leucocerus BioLib-tunniste 68984
Coelichneumon leucocerus Belgian Species List -tunniste 9137
Coelichneumon leucocerus Lajitietokeskuksen eliölajitunniste MX.308480
Coelichneumon leucocerus BOLD Systems -taksonitunniste 293500
Coelichneumon leucocerus lajin EUNIS-tunniste 209588
Coelichneumon leucocerus NBIC-taksonitunniste 114892
Coelichneumon leucocerus Catalogue of Life -tunniste WQJX
Coelichneumon leucocerus NCBI-tunniste 2881741
Coelichneumon leucocerus UMLS CUI C5638882
Coelichneumon leucocerus lyhyt nimi
Coelichneumon leucocerus Open Tree of Life -tunniste 3285677
Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus taksonomia nomo Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus taksonomia rango specio
Coelichneumon leucocerus estas taksono
Coelichneumon leucocerus supera taksono Coelichneumon
Coelichneumon leucocerus numero en Dyntaxa 260697
Coelichneumon leucocerus identigilo laŭ Enciklopedio de Vivo 3775626
Coelichneumon leucocerus numero en BioLib 68984
Coelichneumon leucocerus taksonomia identigilo NCBI 2881741
Coelichneumon leucocerus UMLS CUI C5638882
Coelichneumon leucocerus mallonga nomo
Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus nomine del taxon Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus rango taxonomic specie
Coelichneumon leucocerus instantia de taxon
Coelichneumon leucocerus taxon superior immediate Coelichneumon
Coelichneumon leucocerus ID EOL 3775626
Coelichneumon leucocerus ID NCBI 2881741
Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus izen zientifikoa Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus maila taxonomikoa espezie
Coelichneumon leucocerus honako hau da taxon
Coelichneumon leucocerus goiko maila taxonomikoa Coelichneumon
Coelichneumon leucocerus GBIFen identifikatzailea 1293049
Coelichneumon leucocerus Dyntaxa identifikatzailea 260697
Coelichneumon leucocerus EOL-en identifikatzailea 3775626
Coelichneumon leucocerus TAXREF identifikatzailea 229806
Coelichneumon leucocerus National Biodiversity Network identifikatzailea NBNSYS0000031462
Coelichneumon leucocerus Nederlands Soortenregister identifikatzailea 162689
Coelichneumon leucocerus Nálezová databáze ochrany přírody identifikatzailea 23677
Coelichneumon leucocerus BioLib identifikatzailea 68984
Coelichneumon leucocerus Belgian species list identifikatzailea 9137
Coelichneumon leucocerus Suomen Lajitietokeskus identifikatzailea MX.308480
Coelichneumon leucocerus ZOBODAT taxon baten identifikatzailea 18290
Coelichneumon leucocerus NBIC identifikatzailea 114892
Coelichneumon leucocerus Catalogue of Life identifikatzailea WQJX
Coelichneumon leucocerus NCBI-ren identifikatzailea 2881741
Coelichneumon leucocerus eguneko zikloa eguneko
Coelichneumon leucocerus UMLS CUI C5638882
Coelichneumon leucocerus izen laburra
Coelichneumon leucocerus Naturbasen species identifikatzailea 17686/coelichneumon-leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus Open Tree of Life identifikatzailea 3285677
Coelichneumon leucocerus
especie d'insecto
Coelichneumon leucocerus instancia de Taxón
Coelichneumon leucocerus
espècie d'insecte
Coelichneumon leucocerus nom científic Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus categoria taxonòmica espècie
Coelichneumon leucocerus instància de tàxon
Coelichneumon leucocerus tàxon superior immediat Coelichneumon
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador GBIF 1293049
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Fauna Europaea 331464
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Dyntaxa 260697
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Encyclopedia of Life 3775626
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador TAXREF 229806
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador National Biodiversity Network NBNSYS0000031462
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Nederlands Soortenregister 162689
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Fauna Europaea (nou) fe8260d8-13ac-4950-8b61-41a91fc7ba8f
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Nálezová databáze ochrany přírody de tàxon 23677
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador BioLib 68984
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Belgian Species List 9137
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Suomen Lajitietokeskus d'espècie MX.308480
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador ZOBODAT de tàxon 18290
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador BOLD Systems de tàxon 293500
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador EUNIS 209588
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Artsdatabanken 114892
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Catalogue of Life WQJX
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador NCBI 2881741
Coelichneumon leucocerus cicle diürn diürnalitat
Coelichneumon leucocerus UMLS CUI C5638882
Coelichneumon leucocerus nom curt
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Naturbasen d'espècie 17686/coelichneumon-leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Open Tree of Life 3285677
Coelichneumon leucocerus
speco di insekto
Coelichneumon leucocerus kurta nomo
Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus nom scientific Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus reng taxonomic espècia
Coelichneumon leucocerus natura de l'element taxon
Coelichneumon leucocerus taxon superior Coelichneumon
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificant GBIF 1293049
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificant Encyclopedia of Life 3775626
Coelichneumon leucocerus BioLib ID 68984
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificant NCBI 2881741
Coelichneumon leucocerus UMLS CUI C5638882
Coelichneumon leucocerus nom cort
Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus nem brefik
Coelichneumon leucocerus
especie de insecto
Coelichneumon leucocerus nome do taxon Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus categoría taxonómica especie
Coelichneumon leucocerus instancia de taxon
Coelichneumon leucocerus taxon superior inmediato Coelichneumon
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador GBIF 1293049
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Fauna Europaea 331464
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Dyntaxa 260697
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador EOL 3775626
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador TAXREF 229806
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador National Biodiversity Network NBNSYS0000031462
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Nederlands Soortenregister 162689
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Nálezová databáze ochrany přírody 23677
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador BioLib 68984
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Belgian Species List 9137
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Suomen Lajitietokeskus de especie MX.308480
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador BOLD Systems de taxon 293500
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador EUNIS 209588
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Artsdatabanken 114892
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Catalogue of Life WQJX
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador NCBI 2881741
Coelichneumon leucocerus UMLS CUI C5638882
Coelichneumon leucocerus nome curto
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Naturbasen de especie 17686/coelichneumon-leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador Open Tree of Life 3285677
Coelichneumon leucocerus
espécie de inseto
Coelichneumon leucocerus nome taxológico Coelichneumon leucocerus
Coelichneumon leucocerus categoria taxonômica espécie
Coelichneumon leucocerus instância de táxon
Coelichneumon leucocerus táxon imediatamente superior Coelichneumon
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador GBIF 1293049
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador EOL 3775626
Coelichneumon leucocerus identificador NCBI 2881741
Coelichneumon leucocerus ciclo diário diurnalidade
Coelichneumon leucocerus nome curto
| 9,833 |
https://github.com/fakhirula/lelangonline/blob/master/send_contact.php
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,020 |
lelangonline
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fakhirula
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PHP
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Code
| 56 | 238 |
<!-- Page Content -->
<?php
$koneksi = mysqli_connect('localhost', 'root', '', 'dblelang');
$nama_lengkap = $_POST['nama_lengkap'];
$telp = $_POST["telp"];
$tgl = date('Y-m-d');
$perihal = $_POST["perihal"];
$masalah = $_POST["masalah"];
$sql = $koneksi->query("insert into hubungi (nama_lengkap, telp, tgl, perihal, masalah) values('$nama_lengkap', '$telp', '$tgl', '$perihal', '$masalah')");
if ($sql){
?>
<script type="text/javascript">
alert("Terima kasih,, pesanmu sudah terkirim");
window.location.href="index.php";
</script>
<?php
}
?>
| 29,530 |
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneo%20di%20Wimbledon%202011%20-%20Doppio%20ragazze
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Torneo di Wimbledon 2011 - Doppio ragazze
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https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torneo di Wimbledon 2011 - Doppio ragazze&action=history
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Italian
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Spoken
| 105 | 272 |
Tímea Babos e Sloane Stephens erano le detentrici del titolo, ma quest'anno non hanno partecipato.
Eugenie Bouchard e Grace Min hanno battuto in finale Demi Schuurs e Tang Haochen 5–7, 6–2, 7–5.
Teste di serie
Dar'ja Gavrilova / Dar'ja Sal'nikova (ritiro)
Eugenie Bouchard / Grace Min (campioni)
Barbara Haas / Anett Kontaveit (secondo turno)
Ashleigh Barty / Miho Kowase (quarti di finale, ritiro)
Victoria Duval / Zarah Razafimahatratra (secondo turno)
Jesika Malecková / Chantal Škamlová (secondo turno)
Victoria Bosio / Patricia Iveth Ku Flores (primo turno)
Montserrat González / Ganna Poznikhirenko (secondo turno)
Tabellone
Fase finale
Parte alta
Bottom Half
Note
Torneo di Wimbledon 2011
| 31,676 |
bibliothecasmith00smit_53
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Latin-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,755 |
Bibliotheca Smithiana, seu Catalogus librorum D. Josephi Smithii Angli per cognomina authorum dispositus
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Smith, Joseph, 1674-1770
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Latin
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Spoken
| 6,392 | 14,102 |
Epistola etd illuftrem Principem CAROLUM MARCHIONEM B A DENSEM, Et Dominum fuum obfervandifs. Jacobi [ i ] Locher Poettf laureatiP EX omnibus rebus, quibus humanum admiratur ingenium, nullus fru- clus uberior, nullaque emolumenta dulciora manant, quam e jucun- difiimo optimarum artium ftudio , humaniflime Princeps, quod & ^nimi falutem prseftat, corporis ornamentum fubminiftrat, & vita? decorem ac honeftatem iuggerit , Sed cum Principum Germaniae ftatus & conditio- nes confidero , invenio plus operae rebus militaribus , mavortiisque ftrepiti- bus Noftrates pofuiffe , quam ftudiis litterarum . Itaque negotia publica plus honoris , quam otia fuaviftima huc ufque meruerunt . Sed quia Principes & Proceres Nationum noftrarum magis in bello , quam litterariis paleftrjs verfati , externis tum Grarcis , tum denique Latinis contemptui fuerunt , tanquam ipfi foli fapientiam Philofophiseque ftudia ampletterentur ; maxi- mus autem Tonans, cujus nutu divina atque humana gubernantur, nos ad tantam calamitatem non profcripfit, ut Natio Germanica , qua fub rutilo Sole non eft populofior terra , inter barbaras trucesque Gentes cenferetur. Supe- r 1] Jacobus Locher Philomufus, Germanus , promptum , Epodion de Morte Plutonis , & alia qui fioruit fub initium xvi.fseculi, praeter fcho- nonnulla confcripfit. Vide Gaddium de'Scr'ipt. Li Marci Tullii Orationem pro Milone, & non Ecclesiastic. p. 250, commentarium Rhetorices e Tulliano thesauro de- Superamus, ut aliorum pace dixerim, praesentia rei militaris Aufonios t Romanosque, penes quos bellorum armorumque Deus illustrres produxit Ne- potes. Superamus Graecos, Macedonasque, quorum res gestas, praclaraque praemia millenis voluminibus memorat vetustas. Superamus Parthos fugaces, Indiaeque inaccessibiles Gentes. Nemo unquam Teutonicos prostravit Lares: nemo unquam in mediis Germaniae limitibus bellaica locavit trophaea. Superamus, inquam, rebus bellicis, corporisque robore, animique viribus Gallos, Britannos, Hyberos, Sarmatas, ceterasque barbaras Nationes, ad quorum fines atque limites Teutonicum Marte diduximus, opimaque ipso in Olympia Nostros ad Penates cum triumphali pompa reduximus. Nemo unquam Teutonas a propriis finibus pepulit, aut saltem ausus fuit propellere. Quamobrem dubitare non soleo, quin Deus Optimus Maximus ob singularem animi praesentiam, rerumque bellicarum excellentiam nobis Imperium Romanorum Fascium consensent, aliisque Gentibus, quae tanti Imperii splendorem non merebantur, absolverit. Ubique enim locorum sacrofanctum imperium tutius, honestius, ac gloriofius habitare potuit, quam penes Germanos, qui fidei integritate, justitia, pietate, officiis, dexteritate, amicitia, humanitate, ceterique virtutibus totius mundi homines superant, et excellunt. De fortitudine taceo, quam & Barbari, & Etruscii jamdiu sepeque experiant sunt. Dicat Franciscus Philelphus homo paucis sidi, quicquid vult, dicat Germanos esse vinolentos, ebriosque; tamen si a mortuis, imo ab ellsio campo resurgeret, non tamen Imperium Romanum penes Italos visurum esset; & si centena revivisceret lustria; non pugno cum larvis, sed dicut Philelphi gravius trutino, qui stigmate nigro frontes Germanorum inurere nifus est; quosque Regios Fascis Italia per luxum, per nefas, perque timiditatem amitit, Id theutona virtus bistonio Marte adeptus est, quod vitio contritum atque prostratum studium virtus nostra bellica, ceterisque justitia restauravit: sic vere, faneque sine dictu postum, Deos immortales Romanum Regnum apud nos statuifte. Taceo de Federico Primo cognomentum Barbarossa, ex Svevorum nobilissimis, bellicosisque Ducibus nato, qui victrices Aquilas ab Occiduo freto ad Rubrum usque deduxit mare, terroremque cunctis Gentibus atque Populis incussit. Quid de aliis Federicis? Quid de Conradis, Othonibus, refero? Quid Henricos clarißimos Imperatores memoro? Quid Austrae Archiduces, qui longo temporum et aetatum intervallo Sacrum Regnum Romanum Imperii Sedem tenuerunt? Sed quia de Casparibus mentionem feci, Divum Maximilianum omnium Principum fulgentissimum jubar praeterire nequeo, neque debeo: qui Romanas res ita temperat, Imperium tanta modestia gubernat, frenum regale tanta magnitudine moderatur & tenet; ut non homo mortalis, sed heros, aut Divus in terris esse videatur. In singulis Imperatoribus Romanis singulas quasdam virtutes numerant Historici, hic noster Maximilianus perfectissimus est, in cuius pecucole virtutes candidi sum ardифicarunt et in homine honestißimo quiescunt. Profecto, Carolus Princeps humanissime, tibi gloriam bellicam Nostro-rahum declaro, ut aliquid illustre penes nos semper exstitisse intelligas, quod ceteris Nationibus non sit commune. De studio literarum dicere volui, quod Germanis non semper cognitum fuit, cujus rei multas causas referre posses, nisi me brevitas exemplaris subtraheret. Objecerunt nobis, & hoc quidem tempore Itali abiiciunt, & pro probro adscribunt, quod tam serio ad nos litterarum studia perrexerint. Et recte qui - p p dem - dem nos reprehenderent, nisi totius Philosophiae flumina agros nostros, prataque Germanica inundarent. Sacram Mathesis, Theologicamque sublimitem praeter alios exinde cohlmus, eamipfam rem divinam cum magna gravitate, sinceritateque profitemur, ut nihil in Coelo & in terris incognitum esse possit. Legum itidem, iuriorumque togatorum clarissimas instituimus palastitras ut & Scevolas, & Rufos, & Labientes, Sulpitiosque apud Theuthones videri liceat, physicarum rationes causasque rerum, atque philosophorum veterum sancitissima volvimus dogmata, ut sacra Minerva in paludibus Germaniae nata judicetur. Ad Oratores, Vates candidissimos redeo, quos divi contempsit Gens nostra, sed hac tempestate tanquam utiles atque necessarios conducit Poetas, quorum sublimitem si cuperem exprimere, igneis vocibus opus foret. Sed quia, juculisse Princeps, multos annos in studiis eloquentiae me docore usu fusus, meque ceteris professibus in hac docendi Provincia perspexisti, quamobrem Te hortari ad studia Poetica, dulcissimasque Musarum secessus pietas me cogit. Ade, quod ex illustri genere tuam ducas originem;isque natus ex clarissimis Principibus; tamen virtus litteraria omnibus rebus externis est antepaonenda. Vani hominis judicium est, sui generis vetustatem Ja&are, si vacua est benefaciolum testimonii; igitur vero gloria, qui simul cum genitrici praesentia virtutes litterarias coniunxit. Igitur cum in Te positae spes sit domus Badenensis, tuis pronus ad virtutem, Poetarumque lectiones utiles & jucundas memoriae commendes; tuis denique piger ad vitium, quod de Te, & Badenensis Familia & Parentes Germanico perpetuo lecitari queant, Tibi humana mea opera, omneque studium polliceor, cui & corporis servitium, & ingenii frucutus omnes debeo. Horatium itaque nuper a me revisum, & formis, imaginibusque pulcherrimis adornatum, cum in manu tenerem, cogitavi eundem non alteri, quam Tibi Principi clarissimo dedicari, ut Horatius noster, cujus laudes & praemia infra videbis, honorem & authoritatem faceres, ne ab ignobili vulgo penitus contaminaretur. Appone scutum tuum noster laboribus, ut posteri ad maoria quaeque vota aarioris simus. Vale spes unica, unicumque praesidium ex Friburgenia Gymnasio mccccxcvii. Nescio, quibus alii studis meis offendere tibi, Vir clarissime atque optime Cicero Simonetta, dilucidius posit in meam erga Te benevolentiam atque observantiam, quam re litteraria et libraria. Haec enim mea munuscula sunt, quibus et ipse cum per otium liceat aliquando delere et satis, et liberi tui, quos tibi opto quam simillimos fore, consuessis ad doctrinam, et usum intelligendi. Qua ipsi ductus sententia, P. Ovidium Nasonem Metamorphoeson mea opera correctum atque emendatum imprimendum curavi. Verum cum diligentiusquirerem, quis prisci Scriptores litteris mandaverunt, inedi in Celebium Firmianum Laclium Placidum, qui in Statii Thebaida scripsit, virum mea sententia et diligentissimum et differtissimum, et qui in Fabulas ejusdem Poesis commentatus est: cujus ego ingenium non potui equidem non mirari, nam incredibili quadam brevitate fabulam quamque completur et interpretatur. Quae omnia ita in hoc opere inserui, ut nimiam pulchritudinem praefererent, et sicas enim nostras tempore venire in lucem hanc imprimendorum voluminum artem, rem profecto utilem et perpulchram. Nam libros exscriptos haud facile est omnis sibi comparare propter precii, et pecuniarum difficultatem. Quae tamen et si divina benignitate tibi nulli impedimento esse potest, non tamen est contemnenda pro proprio pulchritudine artificii; et quia ubi hujusmodi librorum impressio, et quantique formatio remanebit in initio constituta, semper eodem procedit ordine in omnibus hujusmodi voluminibus, ut vix errare liceat, id quod in exscribendis libris longe secus evenire solet. Sed haec ignota tibi certe non sunt; ego autem quicquid seci, eo ductus feci consilio, ut rem tibi facerem pergratam. Tu vero, ut es humanitate singulari, animum meum potius quam rem ipsam considerabis. Sed quoniam Tu harum rerum gravissimus judex es, longior esse nolim. Suscipe igitur munusculum hoc meum, indicium certe mei summi erga Te amoris, atque observantiae. Nam si rem ipsam in sese animo volueris tacitus cogitare, intelliges profecto apprimis dignam esse, quam plurimi facias, habeasque charissimam. Vale vir clarissime, et me commendatum habe. De Bono Accuratus, Vide supra p. clxxxix. Omnem simplissimae conditionis summum penes aureum imperio moderatur. Imo sublato. Cichus Simoneta eximis; nobilitatis, do- conjuratorum perfidia postremo hoc Duce, Tutturinae, & autoritatis vir, iuque unum Bonum, tor una cum Principe Matre datum Infantulo Accuratus oculos intenderat, & ut aquum literam successori. Neque liberalitas tantum, aut summis suis laboribus aequalitor, atque Patronum ma Cichus autoritas in causa fuit, ut Eruditodelegerat. Hujus elogium habes apud Saxium tumorum collectus frequens eidem adfueret, nominis laud. pag. 175. quod ne tanti viri gloria om- que famam longe protenderet. Validius amor insigna laudibus careat, saltem ex parte hic omnium incitamentum fuerunt eximiae animi doctrina, excritte placuit: Cichus, CV verba sunt Saxii, et praecipue singularis doctrina, qua mirae Franciscus Sfortia patri, & Galeatio Maria sole cultus, accedente etiam plurium linguarum studiorum, Mediolani Principes, acceptissimus fuit, perita &c. unus propedendum a consillis effiet, remque. SUIDJE LEXICON Graece; Mediolani, per Joannem Bisbium, & Benedictum Mangium MCCCCXCIX, AiaXoyoc; SrtQcwou 7tu M/Aovo^. Bt/3X/07rco?w$ . ^ $tXofxad-n£ - . a %'vp t5ri (piXofJLoc^rig 3 d Tnq i>\bjji)cn; g'/>*$ tox^ (pwvn? • 0/X» r/ 7ron<rm •' / J> &i<ari fJLOi • K yap fxot ^oXw gg/v B/« Sreuo-ofjJfao; Totyapouu tclutLuj 7lw /?//?X0V r[«/ VfW^/j oT;77gp C*'4« J TtTVTTCdfjJc/jtjJJ • *J fMiTtTTHTOC CdVnd 6 fJL^JOq ' 7T;X- Xcov yapi$i 7TOtKiXodv ngj TTcVDTQfoiiTM /xg^» * op*s JV TO TTciyjjC, CUJTnq v^l} TQ lAiy&oq' vSu> yapigtv XTt Trapct 7roinTcug xn Trap tgoevcolc. Xgq Xoyoypcttpct; Q-m SucrxoXov y&j ltkot&vov y OTTip xk djyipic, cra(p«c 7T0/£t • ipfjbjj&H yap 6ic 7rX«Vtf K$t/ ;^cr//XG> ra- m • O/X* «)c cF<xTcc «c e/x0,V ro 7rcuiwc%n T&pv)bMiifyov o 770>Xat XaXwv 7ro>\cc it) srqct}\tTcu • B/- o/Vcc 77G)c ycy ou • ctM.' «Jt/ga m tou TovtJoc nroXvycdviot ur:%tTcu r>? vrapotfjLtoi • 7ov >^ <c&V tto>Xcov J^t/ tfgtyopw Xiyovm, , ^roMa >\$t/ X«y«v ct*3)/><c*2ov • H$tj JV n$t/ SooiVfit? 7rd(A7T0}hoi aiWTifj.u>v oXtyotg TTiox&Xnyi • ^ 73 r(J' /xgX/oj&jv /zcc- X/gc* iuifjLn^rn • ugftfp >cy iic&vcu c*p* ocVcwtk jk (2Xx7nfMxm xx&nZ&iowtv ct<p* iKxgov Si m %%ncrifJ.cc XctfjL/Sxvovotv y ovm 'tgq *ZoVi£oic y ty ot7rkcdc oi azrvfcaoi t£ fMoV ^J/xo/ rp* cwJpQV 77oM6)V /x$/ )aro7T&pzLv XotfAfioutMv &cd$roccrtv • ci§ oJt&v </V tk %$n<rifJLot ){gLj icoc>\icd crv)\iy&v • O/X* giT -^w rov ^croMo Ji^i/ KasXwcj fync • jccw cro/ ^ceaev o/zoXc- ya« » outl r«g /?/'|gX3 r//xw 770VH Ttqi^t* Bf ^vcroov ^iSv 0/X« XdfjLfiocvi in Hst/ «fo^ ?W (5/^Xov [1] Is eft Stepbanus Niget ( MgXa*'©' ) Cre- Medhlanenfihas typis impvejfum , Srephanus NI. monensise, de quo Saxis Hist. Litt. Typ. B^ 2,0.8?1? Græce faptum eidem praefixit % in p. 277. Cremonensem, ait Cl. Author, s0 ^Theophanum cum juvenilem studium amante Calcho acceptissimum, s0» 4um crediderim latentem inducere thmum libertatem exposquam Stephanum Nigrum, qui M dolanum demans tumultum aureum, s0 «« «. V, ^»fV0^/4m»%r^f«m^ cm^ redendum constans, &c. Vide etiam, » Græcam præcipue quam optime Tom. 2, Pas. 9 calluit, s0 i w/re 2)mm Chalcondyla, Cremonensibus agris producse affirmavit familiari stylo fuit. Quocirca cumpratum, republicane tamen quum ipfius met cum, nempe Lexicon Suida, lucem educeret. CCM^m indubitanter anto nius Motta, Emestus demesne debet tibi mundus honores, quod dignum quod tam nobile tradis opus, debet Motta magis, Caro cui tanta resultat Gloria disciplulo te duce quanta datur. Antonius Motta, Olim Phocis erat dosto celebrata poetis unde novum exhaussit fonditus asperam melos, Proximus huic Helicon, Rivo forte semel illi In quo tam expressit nobile strnum sophos, Cadmeas dicereus olera volitare per arces Dicus & immensus est: per strenuum dignius Stubri Suidae decus exit ab Urbe in cuius lapsum est Græcia tota finum. Demetrius Chalcondylas, Auditor. Vid. praed. Sax. p. 405. In omni re gefta potissimum considerari solet, quid per quos, et quam bene tractata fit: nam si horum unum absit, nulla operi nec auctoritas, nec pulchritudo relinquetur. Quis enim potest hanc divinam imprimendi artem, librum aliquem suis undique numeris absolutum publicavit, nisi characteribus decoris insignitum, emendatore optimo illustratum, utilitate publica necessarium? Ego autem non negaverim, jam plurima utriusque lingua volumina per eruditos in lucem venisse, quae splendoris multum & utilitatis fecum attulerunt; sed qui eam, quam Suidas Graecus absolutiom fit consequutus, nullum facile contenderim. Nam ut quidam de eo breviter percipiam, si ordinem attenderis, nihil facilius; si rem, nihil melius; si copiam, nihil fertilius. Locis enim suis necessaria complectitur quaecumque fieri ab Orbe condito supra annos 5780. memoranda, Hebraeas, Graecas, Latinus, omniumque historias compendiose tangens; Philosophorum lectas & dictas, poetarum fabulas mirabili temperamento narrans; somniorum involucra, latentes latebras, innumera pene proverbia acri intentione dissolvens; opus profelicium necessarium tam in late in Greek sceire ventibus. Nam quid illam multiplicem verborum solutionem mirer? cum satis constat ex probatissimis diveriarum rerum auctouribus excerpsisse diffusam xvQoxoyiow; & eam tam facilis dicendi genere complexum, ut quivis mediocriter Graecis eruditus per hunc summa brevi consecutus possit; cum alias nobis ad hanc Linguae perdidendam, longa vigilia, continuo admonitore, & magistro opus esse. Latebat tamen in tenebris paucorum factus tam pretiosus auctor, & ab omnibus in dies desiderabatur; nulla opem fiebat, nec poterat. Tandem ad hanc provinciam reservatus vir Atticae facundia, Princeps Demetrius Chalkondyles praetor noster, non, ut ceteri Graecorum studiorum tantam felicitatem invidit, sed ducem se constituints, egregios hujus artis & industrios artifices Joannem Byzantium & Benedictum Mangium Carpeses accervit, per quos typis in melius reformatis, additis etiam plerisque & magnis & admirands Graces, quippe qui in eo genere praedilantissimi sunt; & praeter conditionem & aetatem suam multoties collatis exemplaribus emendandum, jure excolendum, & renovandum Suidam aggreditur tanto studio & diligentia usus, ut obscura detexerit, inversa correxerit, manca suppleverit, & ut demum quod sentio dicam, in illo expoliendo auctorem ipsum superaverit. Gaddius de Scriptor. non Ecclesiasticus. Pag. 134. contexueMENT. CCCXII tam utile, politumque volumen devenerit. Quare si ulla absque curatione librum hunc emerint, hi fortasse vicem rependere non putabunt, at illi sic cumulatam sibi restituere censteunt. 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Nobis, Attica scripta quo resolvere, Tanta cum gravitate, cum tenore Constat, ut videaris ore sapere Quo prius cecinere qui haec dederunt Sudamen multiplici vocabularium, Et rerum serie gravem, frequentem Lethseis in aquis latere futum, A nostris manibus male evolutum, Auras in superas redire cogeis, Accedente meo simul sodali, sed, Caro contra tempus omne amenti, Non stulta ratione, sed perita Motta cum Maria meo Ioanne, Sed praesente operam manumque in arte Inter calcographos locum tenente Primum nuc Benedicto in orbe nostro Antiquo in solem suum Ioanne Per quos historias vocabulaque Si quid quefieris & auctuaris Hoc Suda duce non potest latere Sic nostra in regione qui tenebat Vix tecum breve seum larem pusillima Jam regnat dicione fretus ampla Lectore candidus iam valeo juste. ECTOR. Olias plenis monumenta solis haaurire labellis, Attica qui graxis fontibus orsa trahis, Huic Suda infundes largo qui ut copiam cornu Fondit opes animi pabula magna tui, Motta tibi Antoni: Maria tua tibi amicus Ioannes, Debet gratiam pallados aureos honor Tantum opus agrestus, per quos Demetrius edit, Caustigatque operi quae minus apta putat, Quod superest Iector pretio haud absiste magno, Magnum opus illud emas, maxima meis inesto Chalcondylis discipulus. EPI- Chalcondylis discipulus Venetiis, apud Aldum, mccccxcix. Aldus Manutius Romanus Antonio Codro Urceo S. P. D. COLEGIMUS nuper, Codri docilitate, quotquot habeMus grancas Epistolas, easque typis nostris excusas, duobus libris publicamus, partem multarum illarum Basilii, Gregorii, & Libanii, quas, cum primum fuere facultas, imprimendas domi servamus. Autores vero, quorum Epistolas damus, funt numero circiter quinque & triginta, ut in ipsis libris licet videre. Has ad te, qui & latinas & graecas litteras in celeberrimo Bononiensi gymasio publice profiteris, muneri mittimus, tum ut a te discipulis tuis ofiendantur tuis, quoad cultiores litteras capessendas incendantur magis, tum ut apud te sint Aldi tuorum studiorum pignus amoris. Vale. Venetiis, quintodecimo Calendas Martias, m id. Natus sum ex Cortefio Gerardina parentibus modicis, £ ann. 1442. Herberia oppidulum agri Regiensis mihi est patria. Atillud mihi inter minima non est reputandum, quod mihi in celeberrima studiorum, ac litterarum Urbe doceri contigit Ferraria, sed ab eo in statu qui linguae latinae, graecaeque decus Baptista Guarini Veronensis filius. Addendum illud, quod patria tua: (Forilivii) publicus litterarum praefector decem annis fuí, tanto stipendiis, quanto ante me fortaße nullus. Ex patria demum tua, seu nostra, nam pro Foro Livii potius appellor, et confuscor, quam Herberiensis; tandem Bononiam me recepi, ubi ad lectionem grammaticae et rhetorices publice conductus fuí. Hasci de seipso Urceus in Epistola ad Eugenius Menghi Bononiae edita cura posterioris ejusdem Urcei Opp. per Platonem de Benedictionibus 1502. fol. Quo vero de causa Codri cognomentum Urceo daretur, ita rem enarrat Bartholomaeus Blanchinus in vita quam de ipso contexuit, ediditque: Accidit forte cum Forilivii C Urceus) effe ut Princeps Pinus C Ordelaffus Urceo se commendaret in via forte sibi obviavi; cui Antonius subridens: Dii boni, inquit, Jupiter Codro se commendat. Hinc omnes eum, mutato nomine, Codrum appellaverunt. Et ipse Bononiae moriens anno satisfactis liv. astimate suffocatus, sepulcrum hac tantum Epitaphem indicari voluit: CODRUS ERAM. Inexorabilis ingenii suisse perhibent, obstinatoque supra omnes animo; ira insuper urgente, impium & prope amentem. Frequentissime falsus, jocos, lepores, facetiasque, & nonnumquam turpiuscula & obscena seripsit intermixtus vel sic mavis semper, scurriliter jocando, docebat. A D D E N D A. Pragmaticus tres, quae sequuntur, typothetarum officinantia suo loco deturbatas, et sic (ut agunt) extra chorum, hic tamen subnectendas curavimus, ne quid detrimenti, quod deserari posset ab eruditis Lecturibus, jure culparemur. JOSEPHI MACHACU Filius Hebraeus generis Sacerdotis ex Hieropolis DE BELLO JUDAICO, et de antiquitate judaeorum contra Appionem Grammaticum Alexandrinum. Veronae, per Magistrum Petrum Mauger Gallicum, mcccclxxx. Ludovicus Cendrata Veronensis clarissimo Equite aurato, Da Antonio Donato Patricio Veneto Urbis Veronae Pictor Salutem. Nemo meum excogitando invenit commodiorem, ad quem emendatum Josephi clarissimum opus destinarem, Te optimo Praetore nostro, qui accuratissime versatus in secularium litterarum, & divinorum operum commendatissima lectione, fructus etiam uberrimos his Josephi Libellos colegerus eris. Quamvis enim tibi glorari liceret pretiosissima fruge Patria scilicet Veneta, genere, opibus, primaria sobole, & ceteris fortuitis bonis: fructum tamen singularem natura ipsa bene dispositiona tibi pepigit, & illustrissima patria Hieronymum filium vatem ingeniosum professus in philosophia praestantem, specie liberali, & decore Senatorio. Sed tu pro ingenita modestia submersus humanas laudes: & illae te profecto vel in vitium domi, forisque comitantur. Legendo namque Josephum ante oculos adducentur gesta, mores, gaza, & loca miranda, quae decem fere annos aut paria, aut majora tuis legationibus a Serenissimo Venetorum Senatu merito collatis apud Galliarum Christianissimum Regem, & illustres Principes, vel geminata legatione ad beatissimum Pontificem Sixtum diligentissime contemplatus es: a quo pro tuis benemeritis regali munere Rosae donatus, celebri Cardinalium pompa, & aurata militia decoratus es: Majora tamen militia? ornamenta tribuit gloria virtutis, rerumque gestarum, quam ab illa proculdubio sussceperis. Variae & in Aetolia Questor militum Venetorum exercitus, gubernia, ut ruentem Tuscie Statum erecturis. Laudabis itaque plurimim pro tua maximarum rerum experientia Vespasiani Ducis, & Titi filii rei militaris scientiam, virtutem, fortunam, auctoritatem, & admiranda virtue. Præfectus Veronensis fuit anno 1479. Venitque in locum Augustini Barbadi, qui deinde ad Ducalem dignitatem elevatus est proxime post Marcum Fratrem. Plures Donationes gestit, remque militarem in castellis administravit, ut ex hac ipsa Praestatione habes. Venetiis obit anno 1481. Tumulum habuit in Ecclesia S. Maris Servorum. Rerum ab Venetis Ducibus gestarum epitomen scripsit. Ejus Vita sussiori stylo exarata P. Joannes de Augustinis sui Operis de Scriptoribus Venetis Tomo tertio quamprimum emittet. Dignum talis Patri Filius; de quo nihil attinet dicere, cum multa de eo nuper sensu P. Joannis de Augustinis, Tom. II. de Venetis Scripturis a pag. 201 usque ad pag. 239. Recognoscite Praetium Romanorum justinam erga populos: facilitatem in audiendo, iustitiam in decernendo, satisfaciendo, et disputando diligentiam. Quod quidem & tu in Senatu Veneto, & in his Pratoriae ut optimus hares clarissimi Equitis parentis tu i D. Andreas Donati in concives meos recete administrasti: adhuc quem iam annis XL sequens Propraetorem experti, dum adhuc agro illo bella sevirent Duce inclyto Francisco Fortia Comite, parentem Patricis posteritati gratissime commendaverint; quando cives pestantissimos inde quidem extorres tunc sacelos ad Magistratum Veronam accedere triumphantes reduxit in patriam, clementia illustralimi Senatus Veneti innocentes judicatos. Leges igitur, & decies avidissime repetes summe placituros septem Libros Josephi de bello quod adversus Judaeos gesserunt Romani duce Vespasiano & Tito filio, opus quidem elegans, & fidei nostra locuples testimonium: & Libros adversus Appionem Grammaticum Alexandrinum, in quibus tanta gentilium prosper testimonium, ut prosequitur admirandum sit, quomodo vir hebraicus ab infania sacris litteris eruditus, eunclam graeorum Bibliothecam evolverit memoria? commendatam. Et opusculum contra Philonen de vituperatione gentis Judaica?: cujus Philonis tanta fuit eloquentia, ut apud Graecos vulgo diceretur, aut Plato Philonem sequitur, aut Platonem Philo: quondam eaedem sit & sententiarum & eloquii Civilutudo. Ipse autem Josephus ex Hieronymis Sacerdos diligenter ducissimus, hebraea lingua prius digestum opus, deinde graecum edidit; & ex graeco fecit esse Romanum. Verum certe Historicus nemo negabit eum qui gestis interfuit, & cum Romanis bello consensit. Itaque jam plane graecum excellenter vero latinum quisque Plavium Josephum extollet, qui ita dicit & sapit maxima laude nominis suis & historicarum veritate & modestia. Adducit quidem ante oculos Galilaeorum oppida pene infinita, & praeclariissima urbem Hierosolem triplici muro conceptam, fertilissimos agros, colles apricos, flumina, lacus, & fontium murmura, hortus arbutis, balsami, & mille suavissimorum fructuum generibus redundantes; ordinatas utrinque acies sapienter videre licet, admota opitudine machinas, & quatientes Romanos milites ariete turres. Modo Romanum peditem summa virtute pugnantes, modo Judeos fortiter animo Romanam aciem repellentes. Apportata vero funt Bononia & aliunde hus historise exemplaria, quibus longa vigilia assidue elaboravi, ut quoad valerem quorundam ardenti desiderio satisfacerem. Leeluros autem quisque veniam praesentet, si eorum honesta desideria in corrigendo fortaesse non adimpleverim. Nam tanta fuit illorum incuria, qui tranfcribere apportata volumina, ut difficile limum fuit vaticinari ipsius Josephi edita verba. Sed ita studui rogantibus & impellentibus satisfacere, ut delegerim non sine rubore potius ardenti quorundam voluntati morem gerere, quam utile opus & justum omnino imperfectum & praesentibus & posteris relinquere. Vale magnifice Praetor, quem celeberrimum merito desiderat universa Civitas. Verona, pridie Kalendas Decembris, mccclxxx. Hieronymus Donatus Ludovico Cendrata S. Hespereias non te veniste pigebit ad oras. Ius quidque conditor historiae: Nam te si vicio quisquam labefecerat ullo. Id Cendrata tibi sedulus eripuit. Sic emendatus manibus tuis peritus: Nulla erit inque tuis menda voluminibus. PANTHEI VERONII CARMEN Exis unde liber nitida sic fronte polius? Quis domus est? nomen quod tibi? dicit quid habes? Vis dicam? externis venio de finibus exul Laustus ut optatam pervagor Italiam. Barbara struentes latios populata penates, Cum reliquis rapuit; trusit & in latebras. Proh dolor! Hic est Joannes Antonius Pantheus, qui valde eum colebat Latinam, jus Canonicum docuit Patavii, & Hermolai Bar-Poefim, indubiam fidem facit. Codex Epigrammatum Veronensis Episcopi fuit a secretis, mox matum & Elegiarum ab eo conscriptus, cujus Archipresbyter Ecclesiae Ornium Sanctorum, & videndi copiam nobis fecit. Clar. Doctor Joannes Canonicus Tarvisinus uti testatur idem Marcus Franciscus Burchiellatus Civis Tarvisinus. Hodie Maffeus Verona Illustatae P. II. Lib. III. . Hic quaqualore, fitu, cane confumptus et atra t. Jam dudum tineis putandus est, causa sui. Evadit tandem: Vervòso debeo, quis me Exstulit: elatum praestat & orbe legi. Nomen Josephus: Judaeus gentis alumns: Flavium cognomen, cui dedit alma domus. Qui patria, & graia, Romana denique lingua Descriptio in nostros tristia bella lares, Quae Titus & genitor paribus gestiere triumphis Quo necenas Christi gens recensita dedit. Me plebs ergo legat, si fueram qui rarus in aula Regum, me parvo quisque populus emat. Jam censura gravis me castigavit ad unguem: Crispantes natos tutus adire queo. Post hoc noscere forsitan requiris Quae impensa niteo novis liturgis, Hoc transibo neque: Innocens Siletus Exortus puer Urbes novellis, Sed Veronso alitus, divi per orbem Dum praestat veniam legendus, auro, Exhaustus simul assibus crumenam. CGCV LAURENTIUS VALLA DE LINGUA LATINA. Impressum Mediolani, impensis Philippi Lavagnini A. D. mdclxxix. CK&H CVseJ C^I^J C*&* CVjse^j LAURENTII VALLENIS VIRI CLARISSIMI. et de Lingua Latina benemeriti Ad Joannem Tortellium Aretinum Opus, Laurentius Valenfis Joanni Tortellio Aretino cubiculario Apostolico Theologorum facundissimo salutem P. D. Libros de lingua Latina elegantia, mi Joannes, unicum amicitiae specimen, & omnis scientiae decus, olim jam tibi debitos, totiesque abs te deslagitatos, & tanquam creditore repetitos, tandem exhibeo, nominique tuo dedico, ac velut alienum perfolvo: & ut longioris maesurae de pœnas etiam cum senore, eoque tanto, ut fortis par sit. Nam cum sex essent libri, quos tibi, cui omnia debeo, repromitteram, nunc totidem ad illows accedunt eusdem germanceque materiae, & quas semel semel addita expleto affectu lucri. Fecisti itaque tu longam quidem expectationem, verum ipsius expectationis non negligentia mea, sed consilium extitit causa. Nolo enim fraudare beneficium meum gratia tua, si quidem nullam aliquam inire rationem poteram, qua liberos injungul Tu meo, ut scis, editos, & in plurima exemplaria transcriptos tibi dicarem, nisi & repurgarem diligentius; & (quod majus esse) aliorum veluti reliqui corporis accessione perfectos me emittere destinarer: ut nemo nisi ab hoc fonte, & eus rivis nostrarum elegantiarum aquas sibi hauserit, existimaret non solum uberiori gurgite, sed etiam nitidiore. Quo magis & spero & opto, libros hos abs te in Summi Pontificis Bibliotheca repostonir; teque curaturum, ut ille, cujus contubernalis es, & studiorum intimus comes, non numquam eos evolvat: & quemadmodum de parte jam fecit, totum opus laudet, eximium profecto, & maximi laboris meritum & praemium. Nam quis uberior fructus, aut quod magis optimum praemium generoso animo contingere potest, quam laudari a laudato viro? Ut ille apud Accium inquit: Gaudeo abs te laudari a patre laudato viro. Et enim quisnam multis jam seculis laudatior extitit, qui vel sit magis jure laudandus, quam noster omni Pater Summus Pontifex Nicolaus Quintus? Qui non magis prudentissimorum hominum judicio electus est, quam natus ad illam dignitatem videtur; quem Deus nobis praebens singulari qua- De Tortellio Aretino, qui conjungit vixit cum Nicolao V. P. M., vid. supr. pag. xcvi. "Cum hoc seculum est bene sentientia prosecutus, et quo spete, ut est hominum opinio, res humanas futuras sescere sunt. Adeo necsias, an virtus ejus, an dignatio inter homines magis eminet, et inter ipsius virtutes, quam cuique praestet (si qua modo purustat) et non unaqua;que omnes in se numeros habet, nisi ut quod quisque maxime virtutem aliquam colit, ita maxime adesse huic illam eximiat, veluti tu nonnunquam, atque ego prudentiam cum ceterarum rerum, tum vero litterarum. Quidem tam arduum, tam difficile, tam profundum, quod non consilii altitudine expediat, consiciat, trausgat? Tot Summi Pontificatus, quem prope Lacernum ac naufragum acceperat negotia, quibus distinguuntur quorum pars quemlibet alium deprimere, unus omnia curat, omnia sua humeris sument; unus omnia obit; et quod magis nostram admirationem auget, non fortiter modo, sed etiam libenter. Divina est in eo ingenii celeritas et vis; jam vero de litteris, quoties nobiscum alio vel quo erudito post clavicularii occupationum loquitur, taceo, qua pronunciandi maiestate et gratia; quanta memoria, quanta rerum copia, quanta doctrinarum omnium peritia eluceat; vel humanarum, ut Historicus, ut Oratorius, ut Grammaticus, Philosphicus, ut Poeticus, etiam metricus; vel divinarum, ut Theologus, ut omnis juris, ut ejus, quam Gracii vocant. Nihil ita arduum, itaque abditum, quod eum salet: nihil ita tenue in litteris, exiguumque (unde haud secus miror) quod eum fugiat, eoque nunquam minus loqui, magis attendere mihi ibet; quam cum ipsum audio, pace tamen ejus dicendum sit, non minus ornat illam dignitatem, quam ab illa ornetur. Nec ego minus veneror ejus virtutes apud me, quam datas ab Deo Apostolicas claves; cum praesertim scientia Sacrarum Litterarum clavis vocetur ab eodem Deo data, qua aperit, et nemo claudit; claudit, et nemo aperit. Itaque utraque mana claves gestat sapientiae altera, altera potentiam. Quare (ut libere quod sentio, dicam) vel magis mihi leitendum, atque gloriandum erit, si a tam integro, tam sano, tam sapienti viro, quam si a Summo Pontifice laudabor." GIU- CCCVII GIUVENALE PERSIO VOLGARIZZATI DA GIORGIO SUMMARIPA. Tarvifii, per Michaelem Manzolinum , mcccclxxx. Sereniss. Principi e Domino Excellentiss. Domino Petro Mocenico Dei Gratia Venetiarum Duci inclyto, Spectabilis & Generosus Vit Georgius Summaripa Veronensis Fortilitiorum Provisor & servus humiliter se commendat. Il lustrimo D i v o inclito Prince Pier Mocenigo mio , Duca e Signore La Maiestà suprema e Lutto splendore A sarti riverenza ognora mi vince. Ma sopra tutto ancora più mi convince Del mio sublime impero e grande onore Veneto degno fatto inel mio cuore A venerarti con occhio di lince, Per tal che avendo Iunio Iuvenale Summo reprehenditor di castigare vizio Tradotto in terza rima e su morale Non ho trovato in lo Italiano elze favore Fautrice alla virtù più cordiale Di tua Excellence , per probato indicio • In questo bel incerto Sia dunque grato al tuo sereno Trono E fedele servitore più che il piccol dono. Gentiluomo Veronese , prima Dottore di Leggi , di Omero , e scrisse in terza Rima "L'Istoria del Re-epilogo; nel quale mestiere ottenne il posto di Napoli, con altre cose ancora . Vedi il cedimento Provveditore alle Fortezze del Contado Verona Illustr. pag. 134. Leggendo intorno agli anni 1416 ; indi il comando del- donde abbiamo tratto le presenti notizie » la Città di Gradisca . Oltre queste Satire , volgarizzate da me Add. Pag. clxiv. in Notis. Vedi anche la lettera 22 del 15 luglio 1416 da parte del Provveditore di Verona al Senato di Venezia. Luphus feu mavis Lupus Numajus Forolivienfis Comes & Eques , floruit xv, vergente fseculo fub Pino Ordelaphi patriae fuae Dynafta , eique Scribx primarii , & a Secretis munere fun£tus eft . Extat in Templo Fratrum vulgo Servitarum Forolivienfium Luphi cenotaphium , quod vide , fi lubet , apud Sigismund. Mar- chefium Hift. Forolivienf. Lib. viii. pagg. 508. & 596. Ibidem adduntur verfi- culi , quos retuliffe non pigebit. Linguam habui Charitum , cor Palladis , ora Dianx. Non perii : mors eji fplendida vita bonis , qq 2 [ CCCVIII ] PRjEFATIONES, ET EPISTOLjE APPOSIT^: VOLUMINIBUS Anno , loca , & Typographo prorfus deftitutis. r\^fc» cVfe» CV*» CViftA, cV?V: <VS**. C\*/1 XENOPHON DE CYRI PjEDIA. VERTENTE PHILELPHO. Franciscus Philippi Pnefatio in Xenophontis Libros de Cyri Persia ad Paulum Secundum Pontifem Maximum. Dicunt mihi multumque cupienti aliquid ad te scribere, Pater Beatiissime, quod vel observantia in te mea, vel acerrimo tuo gravissimoque judicio dignum possit iure existimari; Xenophon ille Socraticus, qui non minus ob nitorem oculi et suavitatem orationis, quam ob doctrinae magnitudinem atque praestantiam, Musarum Atticarum meruit cognomen, tempetive fesse in hoc opus his libris obtulit, qui de Cyri Persarum Regis & vita & institutione, quam Graeci paediam vocant, inscripti sunt. Quid enim ad summum christianae totius & religionis & reipublicae Principem, Paulum II Pontificem Maximum, scribi a Francisco Philipo convenientius poterat, quam de sapientissimi unius & clarissimi Principis rebus gestis & disciplina? Etenim cum tria sint gubernanda in republica, res, genus, populi, optimatium, regis; quis ambigat hunc Principatum ceteris antecellere, qui sub una virtutis praestantissimi viri sapientia & virtute sit constitutus? Scimus, quod studia nostra omnia ad finem quendam, ut appetitum bonum referri oportere. Ita navis gubernator portum sibi proponit, quem ubi attigerit, conquidat. Ita Medicus ipse bonam valitudinem; ita persuasio orator; ita Imperator victoriam sibi statuit. Eadem quoque ratione in civitate administranda, ad civium concordiam, quietem, felicitatem nostri cogitatus sunt omnes & consilia referenda. At hujusmodi civitatis status quis omnium est qui nescit multo & facile & melius ab uno, quam vel ab omnibus, vel a pluribus & parari & servari solere? Nam neque optimates, nec populus universus bene & pro dignitate rem publicam gerant, ubi minus inter se conveniant; quippe qui illorum similes sint futures? Latet annis, & cum anno locus & Typographus Editionis. Verum ante annum mcccccLXVII. Sive in Romae, Sive in Mediolani, quod non satis mihi constare lubens fateor, peraspam siffe evincit Epistola ejusdem Philippi ad Herm. Barcarum Antistit. Veronensem eodem anno data, in qua scripsit: Quod ille, ce nemo Paulus II), mei observantiae munus quam habuerit gratum, ildem ejus dilucidum argumentum, quod aureos quadrinarios denis ad me dedit, scilicet pro Cyri Pedis versione. Neque adtendendus, quisquis tandem fuerit, qui ad calcem hujus Praefationis in veteri Editione versionis istius a Cl. Zeno in vol. i. Call Ottobres Ann. nativ. Chr. 1471. De loco Editionis nostre, Cl. Maittaire, et sit in expectando hujusmodi negotiationibus, sagacissimus, nulli quod viderim ausus est proferre judicium. Turres, qui in Euxino pelago singuli pro suo arbitratu in diversas agere navim pergamant. Navigant autem quam facile, si una rente, unoque consentiente omnes simule eodem agere contenderint. Sic ibidem ea civitas optime gubernatur, in qua nulla fuisset dissentio, idemque consentus. Hunc vero qui diligenter fuere secuti & in optimatium, & in populi conditione, regium tamen quodam modo Principatum representare & iampridem elaborarunt & hodie elaborant. Nam & Venetorum Senatus, qui ex optimatibus constat, Ducem creat; & Florentinus populus Vexilliferum Justitiam. Apud Romanos quoque Senatus Principem delegavit solitum viris diligenter producere. Sic Publii Cornelii Scipionis illum, cognomen Africanum, bis & alterum aliis temporibus Principem, Senatus, Consules alii & alii legerunt. Sic in extremis reipub. causibus diclatorem peripse conconstitutum audimus, qui verbo fortassis a Rege multum, re autem nihil differbat omnino. Quod si vel in optimatium, vel in multitudinis potentate nulli rei magis, quam uni eidemque omnium voluntati atque consensu studetur: quanto id facturus fit unus facilius & perfissimus, qui cum solus fit in regendo, neminem habet, a quo possit dissentire? Itaque non absurde videtur Lycurgus illi respondisse, a quo et hortatus, ut Lacedaemonii populi potentatum faceret: fac, inquit, tu primus istum domi tuis: perinde quasi monere Lycurgus voluerit, nullam pristinam societatem recipit administratum sibi, in qua plures velint excellere. Paulatim enim ferpit tum avaritia, tum ambitio, quae perniciosissima duae pestes cum in omni multitudine, tum in civitatibus maxime jura divina omnia humanaque pervertunt. Quare quod modo dicebatur, multo est et tutius et presentius ab uno quodam reipub., quam a pluribus gubernari. Nam unum quendam Principem & sapientem & bonum satis nonnumquam legimus. Idem vero aut de omnibus optimatibus, aut de universo populo non facile fit dicendum. Magnum Atheniensium fuit imperium, majus Carthaginensium, & omnium maximum Romanorum. Sed quando vel Romani, vel Carthaginenses, Athenienses vel in optimatium, vel in populi principatu tanta sunt usi benignitate fortunae, ut minus inter fessa mutuis odiorum incendiis conflagrarent? Etenim qui fieri potest, quo minus inter multos aliqui sint vel pauci, qui veluti pessiser quidam morbus universi corporis valitudinem viitent? Nam sub uno quodam, qualem & loquimur, & optamus, sapientissimo iustissimo Principe, ea aut vitas juconditas viris virtute praestantibus, ut nihil neque optatius queat, neque beatius excogitari. Tales vero permultos aliis temporibus atque aliis existisse dinumeremus, sed illum in primis, quo neminem protulit natura omni virtutum omnium numero perfeliorem, magisque absolutum C. Iulium Caesarem: qui primus, quod adhuc perdurat, regium Romanis post sedatas factiones, furoresque civiles, & constituit et stabilivit Imperium; deinde post curriculum temporis Traianus, duoque Antonini, & Pius, & philosophus Marcus sequuti sunt singuli laude digni. Nec multo post Alexander Severus, & cum iis Constantinus qui novam Romanam Constantinopolim condituit: tum alii plures viri magni atque perijusti. oftendit, quam fit optandum unius Principis optimi, moderatissimique imperium, & quam rebus quibusque principatibus praefendum. Praeterea mens humana cum Dei ipsius mente, ad cujus imaginem & similitudinem est creata, debet convenire. Sed quemadmodum naturam a mente divina manasse constat, sic etiam artem ab humana perspicuum est oriri. Omnis autem naturae principatus non pluribus, sed uno quodam Principe definitur. Sic unarius numerus ea ratione pluribus anteponitur numeris, quoniam plura ab uno sunt, non autem contra. Sic omnis motus superior & inferior a primo motore uno proficiscitur. Sic omnia corporis membra motum a corde tanquam a principe probatur accipere. Sic universo corpori praesit animus. Sic ipsa ratio partibus animi praesidet. Sic uni sapientiae tanquam leginae cuidem omnes extera virtutes & actionis & morum subiiciuntur. Quod si natum etiam fit, ut quae funt, omnia Deus unus digerat certo ordine, et totam hanc mundi machinam atque ornamentum Deus idem negat atque moderetur; cui dubium effere debet unius viri prudentis et optimi imperium industria arteque humana, quae originum est et cognata et imitatrix, sapientissime simul, saluberrimeque constituit atque propagari? Quam quidem sententiam amplexus poetarum illic nobilissimus Homerus ita Ulyssem loquentem facit: "muitorum imperium maius res est, unius est Deus, et rex unus, statuit quem rector Olympi." Quid quod et grues etiam ipsas suspici licet, quae natura duce, cum faciunt volatu aera, veluti alio trajecturae, unam sibi per vices praeviam habent, cujus iter miro quodacumque ordine sequuntur reliqua? Nonne insuper videmus, apes quodam quasi naturae persuasio unum lege principem, eidemque parere? Quid igitur homines ipsi faciant, quorum mente nihil est post Deum neque pulchrius, neque melius, praefertim cum sapientes ignoverunt nemo, quascumque plura ad unum quoddam referuntur, huic ea subesse oportere. Ita universa domus patrifamilias, ita vivus vicario, ita civitas Principi uni jure subjecta est. Non igitur fortase virtute dandum est Alexandro Macedonum Regi, quod Dario secundum iam villo, qui ei polliceretur et filiam uxorem, et talentum triginta milia, et Aiae regnum ex aequo possidendum sibi, responderit, neque terram duos Solles, neque Aiam capere duos Reges. Ad quid aliis aut exemplis aut rationibus opus est, quandoquidem constat, Christum optimum maximum, et ipsum Deum, et summi Dei illius filium, qui ea lege primum creavit hominem, ut ceteris cunctis animantibus praeesse, illo se tempore humanitati conjungere voluisse, quo princeps unus Caesars Augustus universo terrarum.
| 19,547 |
https://github.com/wilkieolin/snn_toolbox/blob/master/scripts/yuhuang_hu/imagenet.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
snn_toolbox
|
wilkieolin
|
Python
|
Code
| 187 | 755 |
"""Test ImageNet model.
Author: Yuhuang Hu
Email : duguyue100@gmail.com
"""
from __future__ import print_function
import os
import argparse
import numpy as np
from keras.models import model_from_json
home_path = os.environ.get("HOME", '~/')
config_path = os.path.join(home_path, ".snntoolbox")
data_dir = os.path.join(config_path, "datasets")
def model_evaluation(model_name, data_path, x_data_path, y_data_path):
"""Evaluate ImageNet model.
Parameters
----------
model_name : str
the name of the model
"""
model_json = os.path.join(config_path, model_name+".json")
model_data = os.path.join(config_path, model_name+".h5")
X_path = os.path.join(data_dir, data_path, x_data_path+".npz")
Y_path = os.path.join(data_dir, data_path, y_data_path+".npz")
print ("[MESSAGE] Loading data...")
data = np.load(X_path)["arr_0"]
label = np.load(Y_path)["arr_0"]
print ("[MESSAGE] X data shape ", data.shape)
print ("[MESSAGE] Y data shape ", label.shape)
print ("[MESSAGE] Data loaded.")
print ("[MESSAGE] Loading model...")
json_file = open(model_json, 'r')
model = model_from_json(json_file.read())
model.load_weights(model_data)
model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer=None,
metrics=['accuracy'])
print ("[MESSAGE] Model Loaded...")
print ("[MESSAGE] Evaluating model...")
score = model.evaluate(data, label, batch_size=100)
print ("[MESSAGE] Model evaluated...")
print('Test score:', score[0])
print('Test accuracy:', score[1])
if __name__ == "__main__":
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Model Visualization \
by Yuhuang Hu")
parser.add_argument("-m", "--model-name", type=str,
default="imagenet",
help="The name of the model")
parser.add_argument("-d", "--data-path", type=str,
default="imagenet",
help="The dataset set.")
parser.add_argument("-xd", "--x-data-path", type=str,
default="X_norm",
help="The dataset set.")
parser.add_argument("-yd", "--y-data-path", type=str,
default="Y_norm",
help="The dataset set.")
args = parser.parse_args()
model_evaluation(**vars(args))
| 38,164 |
bpt6k6290213g_6
|
French-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Cours de mécanique pratique à l'usage des directeurs et contre-maîtres de fabrique
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,240 | 10,848 |
Si t = 200, D = 1 et ni = 60 m, il viendra : Travail utile. — L'effet utile d'une soufflerie se calcule en fonction du poids d'air lancé par la buse et de la hauteur génératrice de la vitesse d'écoulement. Ainsi cet effet sera en chevaux-vapeur : Force motrice. — La force motrice nécessaire pour activer une soufflerie à piston, se compose : 1° Du travail utile calculé par la formule et de la perte d'air évaluée à 113 de ce travail; 2° Du travail absorbé par les frottements du piston et par ceux de la tige. Soit R le rayon du piston, E la hauteur d'une des garnitures, 2 π R E représentera la surface frottante, 2 π R E h' sera le poids dont elle est chargée, et si F représente le coefficient de frottement, et U la vitesse par seconde, 2 π R E h' F U sera le travail absorbé en kilogramme seconde. Si nous faisons F = 0,30, E = 0,04, et que nous divisions par 75, il viendra : 13,60 R F U pour la valeur en chevaux-vapeur des frottements du piston. Soit r le rayon de la tige, e la hauteur du stuffing-box = 2 r et f = 0,2 — le coefficient de frottement, sera le travail en chevaux-vapeur. h' représente l'effort qui fait sortir l'air de la buse ; mais, le moteur agissant dans le cylindre et au commencement de la conduite avec un effort représenté par h, il faut augmenter tous les travaux dans le rapport de h à h'. En additionnant ces valeurs et en les augmentant comme il vient d'être dit, il vient pour le travail total T : Au lieu de se servir de la formule précédente, il est plus commode et peut-être plus exact de calculer le travail dans le cylindre soufflant seul, en fonction de la pression de l'air, et de la vitesse moyenne du piston. R étant toujours le rayon du piston et U sa vitesse, le poids dont il est chargé sera r. R-1 h. 13,568, et l'on obtiendra la force motrice en chevaux-vapeur en multipliant ce produit par la vitesse, et en le divisant par 75, on aura donc : Dans les cas d'une communication de mouvement compliquée, il serait bon d'augmenter le résultat de l'entête à 118 b + h et environ. — On peut prendre w R1 U = l,ii V o,b + h'et U — Om,60. IX DES CHEMINÉES. Notice bibliographique. Cet article est fait d'après l'excellent travail de M. Péclet, intitulé Traité de la chaleur. J'ai ajouté quelques notes que M. Péclet a publiées dans ses cours. Autres ouvrages : Kallstenius, Versuch sur Bestimmung der Luftmenge welche bei vollem Zug durch den Flammenofen streift; dans Archiv fuer Bergbau und Hüttenwesen de Karsten, V, 545. — Brief ueber den Widerstand der Luft an den Wänden der Leitungsrohren; in den Studien des Göttingischen Vereins bergmännischer Freunde, IV, 200. (Suivant Karsten, l'expérience ne confirme pas le résultat du calcul d'après lequel la résistance des parois de la cheminée pourrait rendre inutile, et même nuisible, l'augmentation de la cheminée au-delà de la limite calculée. Nous verrons plus loin, p. 180, que les résultats obtenus par Buff se déduisent aussi des formules de Péclet.) Vitesse d'ascension de l'air dans une cheminée. Pour déterminer la vitesse d'écoulement de l'air non brûlé par une cheminée, il faut 1° supposer la cheminée remplie d'air froid extérieur, et ramener par le calcul la colonne gazeuse à la hauteur qu'elle occuperait si la température s'abaissait à 0° ; 2° calculer la hauteur de cette colonne d'air pour la température moyenne de la cheminée, et retrancher la hauteur de la cheminée du résultat obtenu. La différence est la hauteur génératrice de la vitesse cherchée, et cette vitesse est la même que celle qu'acquerrait un corps grave en tombant librement de la hauteur dont il s'agit. En désignant par H la hauteur de la cheminée, par t la température extérieure, par t' la température intérieure, et par a la dilatation de l'air pour chaque degré du thermomètre centigrade, nous trouvons que la colonne d'air froid réduite à 0° a pour longueur H : (1 + at) et cette colonne ramenée à t', a pour longueur H (1 + at') : (1 + at). Par conséquent la hauteur de la colonne génératrice de la vitesse est égale à H (t' - t) a : (1 + at), et la vitesse due à cette hauteur est donnée par la formule v2 = 2g H a (t' - t) : (1 + at). Dans les cas ordinaires 1 + ta peut être pris On pourrait supposer que la colonne chaude se contractât, et calculer la différence de hauteur des deux colonnes froides. Mais la vitesse qu'on obtiendrait alors serait celle de l'air froid et non pas celle de l'air chaud. Voici les calculs qu'on fait dans cette méthode. La colonne d'air chaud, réduite à la densité de l'air extérieur, a pour hauteur H (1 - fat) : (1 + atl) la longueur génératrice de la vitesse est H (t' - t) a : (1 + at'), et la vitesse est donnée par la formule V2 = 2g H (t' - t) a : (1 + a). On voit que pour passer de la vitesse v' de l'air froid à la vitesse v de l'air chaud on doit multiplier v' par la racine carrée de (1 + t' a): (1 - f-at). Nous avons admis que l'air en mouvement dans la cheminée était de l'air ordinaire. Cependant, il faut tenir compte de l'augmentation de densité qu'éprouve l'air par la combustion. En supposant que l'air de la cheminée soit à demi saturé de carbone, ce qui porte sa densité à 1,555, on trouve que la vitesse cherchée est égale à celle qu'acquerrait un corps en tombant d'une hauteur \(h' = H \times (at' - 0,043 - 1,045 at) : 1,045 (1 + at)\). Nous verrons plus loin pourquoi on est dispensé de chercher la vitesse de l'air brûlé par la méthode que nous venons d'exposer. Le calcul suivant donne la vitesse \(v'\) de l'air froid dans la cheminée d'un four à puddler. La hauteur de cette cheminée est de 34 pieds anglais ou de \(10m,35\), et la température moyenne de \(1000\) degrés centigrades, l'atmosphère étant à \(0^\circ\). La température au milieu de la cheminée d'un four à puddler est quelquefois suffisante pour liquéfier le fer cru et pour fondre les briques dont est formée la cheminée. Les fours à réchauffer ont des cheminées plus hautes et la chaleur y est plus intense. On ne connaît pas bien le degré de saturation de l'air dans la cheminée des fours à puddler. Nous admettrons par hypothèse que l'air de la cheminée est à deux tiers saturé de carbone. Dans les fours à réchauffer, l'air est plus complètement saturé. Cela posé, le poids de \(1\) mètre cube d'air à \(0^\circ\) pèse \(12,986\). Comme il faut 8 m³ d'air pour brûler 1 m³ de charbon, il en consommera 6 m³. Ainsi le poids d'un mètre cube d'air complètement saturé de carbone est de 12,412, et celui d'un mètre cube d'air aux deux tiers saturé s'élève à 8,374, la température étant supposée égale à zéro. À une température de 1000 degrés, la densité de l'air aux deux tiers saturé ou le poids d'un mètre cube de cet air, sera 1,574 : (1 + 0,00575.1000) = 1,574 : 4,750 = 0,289. La hauteur de la colonne intérieure ramenée à la densité de l'air extérieur s'obtiendra au moyen de la proportion : 0,289 (densité de l'air intérieur) : 1,298 (densité de l'air extérieur) :: x (hauteur de la colonne de gaz après la réduction à la densité de l'air extérieur) : 10 m,55 (hauteur de la colonne extérieure ou de la cheminée) ; d'où x 5 m,08. Différence 7 m,27. La vitesse due à cette hauteur sera V' (19,02.7,27) = 31,94. Les formules précédentes donnent les vitesses beaucoup trop grandes parce qu'on y a négligé les frottements, les étranglements et l'influence de la grille. Kallstenius a cherché à mesurer la vitesse avec laquelle la flamme sort par la cheminée d'un four à réverbère au moyen d'un anémomètre composé d'un moulinet à ailettes et placé au sommet de la cheminée. Il a trouvé que cette vitesse était de 26,21605 pieds de Prusse pour un four à réverbère dont la cheminée était élevée de 52,75 pieds au-dessus de la grille. Au moyen de la section de la cheminée, il a calculé que cette vitesse correspondait à un volume de 26,7,5 pieds cubes par minute. En admettant que la température au sommet de la cheminée ait été de 1000° R., le volume de l'air s'est trouvé quintuplé. Par conséquent, le volume d'air ou de gaz froid était le cinquième de 2687,5 ou 537,5 pieds cubes par minute. Résistance due au frottement. Il résulte des expériences de M. d'Aubuisson sur le mouvement des gaz froids dans des tuyaux, que la résistance due au frottement est proportionnelle au carré de la vitesse et à la longueur du tuyau, et en raison inverse de son diamètre. Appelons P la hauteur génératrice de la vitesse qui devrait avoir lieu sans le frottement; désignons par p la hauteur génératrice de la vitesse effective: P - p sera la perte de hauteur due au frottement dans le tuyau; v serait - 2gP, s'il n'y avait pas de frottement; mais v = réellement V2gp. Cela posé, et en désignant par D le diamètre et par L la longueur du tuyau, nous aurons P - p = k * L, D; k étant une constante qui varie avec la nature du tuyau. M. Péclet a trouvé que la résistance pour l'air chaud suit sensiblement la même loi que celle pour l'air froid dans les tuyaux. D'après ce physicien, le coefficient k, dans la formule précédente appliquée à l'air chaud, est 0,0050 pour la tôle, 0,0025 pour la fonte, recouverte à l'intérieur d'une couche de noir de fumée, et 0,0127 pour la terre cuite. Ce coefficient ayant été déterminé pour l'air brûlé tel qu'il circule ordinairement dans les cheminées, il n'y a pas lieu, comme nous l'avons observé plus haut, de tenir compte des altérations que l'air éprouve dans le foyer. Avec la formule ci-dessus, en a celle-ci : v = 3P Éliminant p et résolvant par rapport à v, nous trouverons v1 = 2grP / (2g + kL + D). L désigne ici la longueur totale du circuit. Il ne faut pas confondre cette quantité avec H qui n'est que la distance verticale entre les deux bouts de la cheminée, depuis le niveau de la grille jusqu'au sommet. Lorsque L = H, et qu'en outre la valeur de H est tellement grande que D peut être négligé au dénominateur à côté de 2g + kL, on trouve v2 = a (f - t) / k; résultat qui coïncide avec celui de M. Buff dont il a été parlé plus haut. Par conséquent dans ce cas, la vitesse est indépendante de la hauteur de la cheminée. Observations sur les variations de vitesse de l'air dans les tuyaux de conduite. — La vitesse de l'air dans les tuyaux de conduite varie : 1° par le décroissement progressif de la pression, et 2° par l'abaissement de la température. L'effet qui résulte de la première cause est inappréciable dans presque tous les cas. Celui qui tient à l'autre cause est, au contraire, facile à apprécier, puisque, si nous désignons par t et t' les températures de l'air chaud dans deux sections égales du conduit, l'air extérieur étant à 0°, nous trouvons que les vitesses dans ces sections sont comme 1 + 0,00565 t : 1 + 0,00565 t'. Cependant il n'est pas nécessaire que la formule relative au mouvement de l'air dans une cheminée tienne compte des variations de résistance qui résultent du refroidissement, et la formule que nous avons trouvée en considérant seulement la résistance pour la température moyenne, ne s'écarte pas beaucoup de l'exactitude. À la vérité, si nous faisons le calcul en supposant que la température décroisse uniformément, et que nous prenions la somme des résistances dans tous les éléments du conduit, nous obtenons une vitesse moindre que celle trouvée en calculant la résistance d'après la température moyenne ; mais cette vitesse plus petite correspond à la température qui a lieu au sommet de la cheminée, et il suffit de la ramener à ce qu'elle serait à la température moyenne de l'air dans la cheminée, température qui est celle de l'air écoulé, d'après notre hypothèse, pour obtenir un résultat très peu différent du premier. Considérons, par exemple, une cheminée de 20 m de hauteur et de 0,5 m de diamètre, et admettons que l'température au bas de la cheminée soit de 100°, et que celle au sommet soit de 0° comme à l'extérieur. En intégrant l'équation dp = Av^2 (1,563 - 5.0,00365 T)^2 dh : 0,5, depuis fi = 0 jusqu'à h = 20 m, nous trouvons v = 2,17, et en déterminant la vitesse V de l'air pour la température moyenne de 50°, nous obtenons V = 2,55; v étant la vitesse de l'air à 0° et V celle de l'air à 50°, si nous multiplions la vitesse v par (1 - 0,00365 x 50) pour la ramener à ce qu'elle serait à 50°, il vient v (1 - 0,00365 x 50) = 2,56, valeur qui diffère peu de V. Effet d'un rétrécissement de section vers le haut. Si la section de la cheminée était uniforme, nous aurions comme ci-dessus, P - p = kv^2 H : D. Si nous supposons que l'orifice supérieur ait un diamètre d, plus petit que D, la vitesse dans le canal sera v d^2 : D^2, au lieu d'être v, et par conséquent la résistance deviendra P - p = X v1 H : m^2 d, eu faisant m = D : d. Cette équation, combinée avec la suivante p - V^2 : 2y, donne W = d^2 y (2 g P) : (m^2 d + 2gk H). Il est facile de voir que v augmente à mesure que m devient plus grand, et qu'à la limite on a v = a V (2g P), c'est-à-dire la vitesse théorique. Désignons par Q la dépense d'air qui se fait au moyen de la cheminée dont nous nous occupons. Cette dépense sera Q = d^2 y (2 g P m^2 d) : V (m^2 d + 2gk H). Si la section de la cheminée était partout égale à celle de l'orifice supérieur, la quantité de gaz qui s'en échapperait serait donnée par la formule q = da y (2g P d) : y (2gk H + d). Le rapport de ces deux dépenses peut se mettre sous la forme : Q : q — y (2gli H + d) : (d + 2gk H + d). Si m = l'infini, ce rapport devient = (2gk H + d) : ∞. Il sera alors un maximum et s'élèvera à (0,25.10 - 0,20) ; y 0,20 = 13,5 3,7 environ, pour une cheminée en briques de 10 de hauteur et d'une section ayant un diamètre égal à 0,20 l'orifice supérieur. Mais en supposant m = 2, 5, 4, 5, on trouvera que les rapports des dépenses d'air sont respectivement 3,16; 5,42; 5,55; 5,7. Donc pour m = 5, la différence avec l'effet maximum est insignifiante. Il y a par conséquent avantage à rétrécir la cheminée vers le haut, quand on veut obtenir un fort tirage au moyen d'une faible température. Effet d'un rétrécissement au bas de la cheminée. Dans une cheminée rétrécie au bas, la vitesse réelle de l'air est moindre que la vitesse théorique, non seulement à cause du frottement exercé par la cheminée, mais encore parce que l'étranglement occasionne une perte de hauteur motrice. La perte due au frottement a pour mesure hv1 / H : D. Quant à l'autre perte, elle se détermine d'après les lois de l'hydraulique et en admettant que la veine fluide puisse s'épanouir complètement à sa sortie de l'étranglement. De cette manière on trouve qu'elle a pour expression (v2 - V) : 2g, formule dans laquelle v' et v désignent les vitesses respectives de l'air dans l'étranglement et dans la cheminée. Cela posé, nous aurons P - p = (ko2 H : D) + (v2 - v) : 2g. Posons D1 = m et remplaçons v2 par sa valeur v' = V D~ : d4 = v2 m2; nous trouverons P - p = (ko2 H : D) + v1 (m2 - 1) : 2g; ou bien, en observant que v2 = v2 2gP et en résolvant: v2 2g PD : (2gk H + D m2). Soit Q le volume d'air dépensé au moyen de la cheminée que nous considérons; nous trouverons pour ce volume Q = D2 (2g PD) : (2gk H + Dm"). Si la cheminée avait partout la même section qu'à l'étranglement, le volume q d'air dépensé serait T = d2 v 2g Pd; v (2gkH+d). Le rapport Q : q = m [D (2gk H + d)] : [d fâgk H + D m2) ] sera un maximum lorsque m = l'infini. Ce maximum sera (2gk H + d) : d. Prenant d = 1, pour une cheminée en briques de 10m de hauteur, on obtiendra pour ce maximum y (0,25 .10 + 1) = y 5,5 = 1,85. En prenant successivement un diamètre double, triple et quadruple de celui de l'orifice inférieur, on trouvera pour le rapport Q : q les valeurs 76, 180 et 182. Ainsi, quand le diamètre de la cheminée est quatre fois plus grand que celui de l'étranglement du bas, l'effet produit ne diffère de l'effet maximum que de 1 centième. Ainsi, d'après la théorie, il serait bon de donner aux cheminées des fours à réverbère une section quadruple de celle du rampant. Lorsque les produits de la combustion doivent parcourir un canal qui présente plusieurs étranglements, on détermine la vitesse d'écoulement en faisant la somme de toutes les pertes dues au frottement dans les diverses parties du circuit, et de celles dues aux changements de vitesse dans les étranglements. Il résulte des nouvelles observations rapportées par Péclet dans la deuxième édition de son Traité de la chaleur, que la perte de hauteur motrice qu'éprouve l'air en traversant un étranglement percé dans une paroi épaisse n'est pas (v3 — v2) : 2g = V1 (m2 — 1) : 2g, comme nous l'avons supposé ci-dessus, mais, à moins approximativement, [(v2 - v2) : 2g] (d2 : D') = (m2 — d) v2 : 2gm. Nous avons par conséquent, pour déterminer v, l'équation P — (v2 : 2g) = k H v2 : D + [(m2 — 1) v.® : 2gm], qui conduit néanmoins à des vitesses d'écoulement plus grandes que les vitesses réelles. Si les mouvements de l'air se faisaient d'après les mêmes lois que ceux des liquides, l'obstacle opposé par un étranglement aurait pour mesure (v' — v)2 : 2g = (m — 1)v : 2g, et P — (v2 : 2g) = k H v2 : D + [(m — 1) v : 2g]. Cette dernière équation conduit, comme M. Péclet l'a observé, à des valeurs de v plus petites que les vitesses réelles, et moins rapprochées de celles-ci que les vitesses qui résultent de la première équation. Les vitesses d'écoulement par l'orifice supérieur de la cheminée, déduites de ces deux équations, sont v1 = 2gm DP : [Dm + 2gmh H + D (m — 1)], et v2 = 2g PD : [D + 2gk H + D (m — 1)*]. Lorsqu'on suppose m égal à l'infini, on peut négliger au dénominateur de la dernière équation les termes qui ne renferment pas m1, et elle devient v2 = 2g P ; de sorte que la vitesse dans l'orifice sera v* = 2g P. Ainsi, dans l'hypothèse sur laquelle est fondée cette équation, si on augmente progressivement le diamètre d'une cheminée dont l'orifice inférieur reste constant, la vitesse dans l'orifice augmentera jusqu'à une certaine limite qui est la vitesse due à la hauteur de la colonne d'air chaud ; on ne gagnerait donc par l'accroissement de diamètre que la hauteur motrice correspondante aux frottements, et cet effet s'obtiendrait sensiblement en donnant à la cheminée un diamètre trois ou quatre fois plus grand que celui de l'orifice inférieur, attendu que les frottements étant proportionnels aux carrés des vitesses, ils diminuent dans une progression très rapide à mesure que les diamètres augmentent. D'après la première équation qui, comme nous l'avons dit, s'approche beaucoup plus de la réalité que l'autre, la vitesse dans l'orifice va en croissant indéfiniment à mesure que le diamètre de la cheminée augmente, et elle peut devenir beaucoup plus grande que celle qui est due à la hauteur de la colonne d'air chaud. L'accroissement de vitesse dans l'orifice inférieur devient aussi grand que possible si, à partir des bords de l'orifice, la section de la cheminée augmente progressivement et d'une manière continue jusqu'à une certaine hauteur ; car on sait qu'alors il n'y a point de hauteur motrice perdue par les changements de vitesse, et il ne reste que la perte qui résulte des frottements. Cette influence de l'élargissement d'une cheminée sur l'appel qu'elle produit est un fait très important dans la construction des appareils de chauffage et de ventilation ; car elle permet, avec la même dépense de chaleur, de vaincre de plus grandes résistances ou de produire le même effet en abaissant la température de l'air brûlé ou de l'air chaud. Cheminées coniques. Pour trouver la valeur de P - p dans une cheminée conique dont les diamètres à la base et au sommet sont respectivement D et d', il faut évaluer la perte de hauteur motrice due au frottement de l'air contre les parois de la cheminée, c'est-à-dire, prendre l'intégrale définie de la différentielle dp = kv2 dL : b, dans laquelle dp représente la perte de hauteur motrice due au frottement qui s'exerce le long d'un élément annulaire de la surface conique de diamètre b et d'une longueur égale à dL. En désignant par h la hauteur de la cheminée, on devra prendre cette intégrale depuis 0 jusqu'à h. Appelons H la hauteur du cône entier dont la cheminée fait partie; F, l'angle que la génératrice du cône forme avec la verticale, et h' la hauteur d'un élément quelconque de la surface conique au-dessus de la base de la cheminée. Faisons en outre D = md'; exprimons dL en fonction de dh'; b en fonction de h' et de H, et v2 en fonction de la vitesse V à l'orifice de la cheminée. Nous aurons successivement: dp = kv2 dL : b = kV2 d'h : b5 cos F = 1V1 d'h : m5 d'h5 (H - h')5 cos F = A Y2 H5 dh' : d'm5 (H - h')5 cos F. En prenant l'intégrale de cette expression depuis A = 0 jusqu'à h' = h, on obtient: dp = h [AY2 H5 dh' : d'm5 (H - h')5 cos F] = [hV2 H5 : 4m5 d'(H - h)4 cos F][AY3 H : 4m5 d'cos F] = P - p. En combinant cette équation avec celle-ci, H mh : (m 1), on trouve P — p = k Va h (mi — 1) : 4 d' (wt— 1) m4 cos F. Avant de déduire de cette expression la valeur de V, nousdevons remarquer que cos F peut être pris, "Sans erreur sensible , égal à l'unité, de même que (m4 -1) ; m4, de sorte que P — p se réduit à le V1 h : 4 d' (m 1). Cela posé, nous aurons P — V2 : 2g = k Y* h : 4d' (m -1) et Y1 = 4 P d' (m d) g : [gkh + 2 d' (m 1)]. Maximum de tirage. La température influe de deux manières sur la quantité d'air qui passe par la cheminée : elle accélère le mouvement de l'air chaud, ce qui doit augmenter la quantité d'air qui afflue; mais elle diminue en même temps la densité de l'air, et par ce moyen elle nuit à l'appel opéré par la cheminée. Comme ces deux effets sont contraires, il doit y avoir une température qui donne le maximum de tirage. Supposons que l'air extérieur soit à la température t. La vitesse de l'air dans la cheminée sera v /12g PD : (2g"L + D)] = [2g H o (f t) D : [1gk L +D)] . Le volume d'air qui passe par l'orifice D2 sera v D'1 = D2 [2gHa(t' t) D : (1gIL+D)] et son poids = 2,991 D3 ,/ [2g H a (f — t) D : 2 gh L + D) (1 + af')2]. Cette quantité sera un maximum lorsque (t' — t) : (1 + at')^ = y aura la plus grande valeur possible. Or, en différenciant nous trouvons dy : dt' = [(1 + at') 2 — 2a (lt t) (i + at')] : (1 + at'H. Si nous égalons à zéro le numérateur de cette fraction, nous trouverons 1 — a t' + 2a t = 0, d'où t' = + 2t 267° + 2t. Ainsi le maximum du poids d'air appelé par la cheminée correspond à une température d'environ 267° plus deux fois celle de l'air environnant. M. Péclet a dressé le tableau des tirages à diverses températures, en mettant au dénominateur de y, t' — t en place de t', erreur que nous avons corrigée dans les calculs précédents. Il résulte du tableau de M. Péclet que, dans le voisinage du maximum, une différence considérable, même de 100° C. en plus ou en moins dans la température, n'influe pas beaucoup sur la dépense d'air. C'est là une des propriétés des maxima et minima. Elle permet de calculer la section d'une cheminée, sans connaître exactement la température produite. Voici un extrait du tableau de Péclet sur les tirages à diverses températures : Températures. Tirages. 50 3,55, 60 5,47 90 6,47 120 7,06 150 7,45 180 7,66 Températures. Tirages. 210 7,80 240 7,89 270 7,93 300 7,94 350 7,91 400 7,84 600 7,44 1000 6,60 On peut maintenant se rendre compte de l'augmentation de tirage qu'on observe dans les fours à réverbère à cheminée commune dont on utilise les flammes perdues pour le chauffage des chaudières à vapeur. Cette proposition sur le maximum de tirage renferme tout le secret de la construction des fourneaux. Si je suis bien informé, elle est due à M. Péclet. Comme on admet maintenant que le coefficient de dilatation des gaz est 0,00565 et non 0,00575, il s'ensuit que la valeur de t' qui rend (£ — t) : (1 + at') un maximum, est t' = 2740 + 2t. En partant de ce nouveau coefficient de dilatation des gaz et posant t = 0, on obtient les valeurs suivantes pour les tirages à diverses températures. Températures. Tirages. 50 3,55, 60 5,47 90 6,47 120 7,06 150 7,45 180 7,66 Températures. 30 ft : (14 ft)2 4,95 ft 60 ft 6,35 ft 90 ft 7,13 ft 120 ft 7,62 ft 150 ft 7,92 ft 180 ft 8,09 ft 210 ft 8,21 ft 240 ft 8,26 ft 270 ft 8,27 ft 500 ft 8,27 ft 550 ft 8,21 ft 400 ft 8,15 ft 600 ft 7,62 ft 1000 ft 6,8 ft Influence de la grille. La grille et le combustible qu'elle supporte opposent beaucoup de résistance au passage de l'air. Lorsqu'on ouvre la porte d'un foyer, il ne passe presque plus d'air par la grille, tout l'appel se fait par la porte, qui offre un passage plus facile. L'effet de la grille est le même que celui d'un étranglement. L'air y acquiert beaucoup de vitesse. L'influence de la grille est variable selon l'époque de la combustion. Immédiatement après le chargement, la houille grasse, par exemple, présente beaucoup de vides qui laissent passer l'air; mais ensuite elle forme une espèce de pâte qui bouche le courant. On ne peut donc calculer cette influence. Dans la valeur du coefficient A pour les cheminées en briques des chaudières à vapeur, valeur qui est 0,0127, M. Péclet a compris l'effet dû à la grille. Mais cet effet doit être différent dans les fours à réverbère. Calcul de la section d'une cheminée. La formule v = y (2g H at D) : (D + 2gk L) montre que lorsque la hauteur H de la cheminée reçoit un accroissement, le rapport de la fraction soumise au radical augmente davantage que le dénominateur, et que par suite la vitesse v se trouve augmentée. Mais la hauteur de la cheminée est limitée. Car on ne peut donner une grande hauteur à une cheminée étroite, par exemple. Pour ce qui concerne la section qu'il convient de donner à la cheminée, elle se détermine de la manière suivante. Appelons n le nombre de kilog. de combustible qu'on veut brûler par heure; m, le nombre de mètres cubes d'air froid par kilog. de combustible; t, l'excès de température de l'air chaud sur l'air extérieur, mn sera le nombre de mètres cubes d'air froid par heure, et mn (1 + at) sera le volume d'air chaud pour le même temps, ce qui fait mn (1 + at) : 3600 par seconde. Il faudra que l'on ait tiD1 ou D7 [2gr H at D : (D + 2gk L)] = à cette quantité. En négligeant au dénominateur la quantité D, qui est très petite par rapport à l'autre terme, on trouve, tout calcul fait, D5 = m" n2 (1 + at)* k L : 36002 Hat. Après avoir résolu cette équation par logarithmes, on peut trouver une valeur plus approchée en substituant la valeur trouvée de D au dénominateur où on l'avait négligée d'abord et résolvant ensuite la nouvelle équation par rapport à D. Quel que soit l'usage auquel on destine la chaleur développée par un foyer, une quantité donnée de combustible exigera, pour être brûlée dans un temps également donné et pour produire le maximum d'effet utile, une grille d'une certaine étendue sur laquelle elle devra être disséminée en couche d'une épaisseur convenable et en une fois ou à plusieurs reprises, selon les dimensions de la grille et l'épaisseur de la couche de combustible. Le maximum de chaleur que peut développer le combustible serait obtenu si l'on parvenait à transformer en acide carbonique tout l'oxigène de l'air qui traverse le combustible. Cette condition ne peut pas évidemment être réalisée pour les combustibles qui brûlent avec flamme. Elle pourrait l'être pour les combustibles qui brûlent sans flamme, si on donnait à la surface de la grille une étendue suffisante, et à la couche de combustible une épaisseur convenable ; mais il y aurait toujours des filets d'air qui parcourraient de plus longs circuits que les autres, et qui pourraient former de l'oxyde de carbone, et la plus légère augmentation d'épaisseur produirait infailliblement cet effet. Or, comme la formation de l'oxyde de carbone diminue dans une proportion énorme la quantité de chaleur développée par le combustible, on conçoit qu'il est important de l'éviter, en employant un excès d'air, quand ce dernier n'est pas nuisible. Ainsi, dans les fours à réchauffer où l'on est obligé de dépouiller l'air autant que possible de son oxigène, on doit brûler le combustible d'une manière plus désavantageuse sous le rapport calorifique, que dans les fours à puddler et les fourneaux des chaudières à vapeur, par exemple. On voit bien, par ce qui précède, que c'est à l'expérience à indiquer l'épaisseur que devra avoir la couche de combustible étendue sur la grille. Cette épaisseur est, en Belgique, de 6 à 8 centimètres pour les foyers de chaudières à vapeur, de 15 à 20 cent. pour les fours à puddler, et de 20 à 25 cent. pour les fours à réchauffer. C'est encore à l'expérience à déterminer la surface de grille exigée pour la combustion, dans un temps donné, d'une certaine quantité de combustible, car il existe une certaine composition de l'air brûlé qui correspond au plus grand effet utile du combustible, et cette composition n'est atteinte qu'avec une grille bien proportionnée et une épaisseur de combustible convenable. Celle-ci étant supposée constante, si on emploie une grille trop grande, il passera un excès d'air sur le combustible et tout cet air devra être «haussé en pure perte ; si on emploie une grille trop petite, il passera moins d'air sur le combustible, la combustion sera languissante et le combustible mal utilisé. D'après ce raisonnement, il paraît que, dans un fourneau quelconque, la surface de la grille ne dépend que de la quantité de combustible à brûler par heure, et non des dimensions des autres parties de l'appareil, par exemple, de la section ou de la hauteur de la cheminée ; car la vitesse de l'air dans le foyer doit être constante pour une même espèce de fourneaux. On a reconnu par l'expérience que les foyers les plus avantageux sous le rapport de la chaleur développée par le combustible, sont ceux d'où l'air se dégage seulement à moitié brûlé, et que, pour les foyers de chaudières à vapeur, cette condition est remplie lorsque les grilles ont une surface telle que la quantité de houille brûlée par heure et par décimètre carré soit à peu près de 1,5 à 1,8, l'épaisseur du combustible étant environ de 6 à 8 centimètres. Les dimensions de la grille d'un fourneau ne dépendant que du poids de combustible à brûler, on voit que la présence de la grille a pour effet d'ajouter une certaine résistance presque constante aux résistances provenant du frotte ment et des changements de vitesse de l'air dans les tuyaux qu'il parcourt. La détermination de la résistance de la grille par des considérations théoriques est impossible, car on ne. connaît pas l'influence du passage de l'air à travers les intervalles des fragments du combustible, celle de réchauffement subit de l'air par la combustion, et celle des jets de gaz combustibles qui se produisent pour certains combustibles, au moins pendant un certain temps ; d'ailleurs, si ce calcul était possible , il serait sans aucune utilité , parce que l'état d'un foyer change à chaque instant. Ainsi on ne peut avoir une évaluation approximative de la résistance que présentent les foyers que par l'expérience. Les intervalles des fragments du combustible retardent le mouvement de l'air, parce qu'ils agissent comme des étranglements et que l'air frotte contre leurs parois. Le premier effet est de la forme inversée, étant un nombre constant et v la vitesse d'écoulement de l'air à la partie supérieure de la cheminée. Le retard, dû au frottement de l'air contre les parois des petits conduits formés par le combustible, est indépendant de v, puisque la quantité d'air qui doit traverser l'unité de surface de la grille est constante dans les fourneaux d'une même espèce. Mais comme v ne varie pas entre des limites très éloignées dans les fourneaux d'une même espèce, il paraît qu'on peut, comme le propose M. Péclet, représenter la résistance totale de la grille par une expression de la forme Ru2, R étant un nombre à déterminer par l'expérience. Alors, en désignant par D le diamètre du sommet de la cheminée, par L la longueur d'un canal ayant le diamètre D qui produirait la même résistance que la totalité du circuit, excepté le foyer, on aura évidemment P — (v1 / 2g) = KL v / D + RV2. Supposons maintenant qu'on calcule la vitesse d'écoulement de l'air à l'extrémité d'une cheminée, en partant de la consommation du combustible, du volume d'air nécessaire à la combustion, et de la composition de la fumée et de la température de l'air brûlé dans la cheminée; en mettant cette vitesse à la place de v dans l'équation précédente, on en déduira la valeur de R. M. Péclet a trouvé 2g R = 12, dans les bons fourneaux de chaudières à vapeur. Les données nécessaires nous manquent encore pour appliquer la méthode de M. Péclet aux fourneaux à réverbère. En conservant les notations établies précédemment, posant le = 0,0025, et observant que v = 2g PD : (D - 0,05 L + 12 D), on aura D* = m7 n2 (1 + at)2 (15 D + 0,05 L) : (36002. 2g P). C'est donc à l'aide de cette formule qu'on pourra déterminer les sections à donner aux cheminées des fourneaux des chaudières à vapeur. Quoique les sections des cheminées déterminées par cette formule soient toujours suffisantes pour produire l'effet demandé, du moins quand la surface de la grille a les dimensions convenables, il est toujours avantageux de donner à la cheminée une plus grande section, sans changer pourtant celle des carnivals. On donne ainsi à la cheminée un excès de puissance que l'on réduit à volonté à l'aide d'un registre. Perte de chaleur produite par l'ouverture de la porte d'un foyer. Quantité de chaleur qui s'échappe par la cheminée. Lorsque la porte d'un foyer est ouverte, une masse d'air froid s'y précipite et enlève une quantité considérable de calorifique, comme le prouve le calcul suivant fait pour un four à réverbère qui consomme 100 kilog. de houille par heure. Le minimum d'air nécessaire à la combustion de la houille étant 10 m3 par kilog., il en faudra pour 100 kilog. 1000 m3, et pour la dose réellement consommée 1100 m3, qui, multipliés par 0,125, poids approximatif de 1 m3 d'air, portent à 1875 le nombre des kilog. d'air à employer. La capacité de l'air pour le calorifique étant à peu près le quart de celle de l'eau, et l'air qui s'échappe par la cheminée étant à 1000° C., la quantité de chaleur emportée par l'air, lorsque la porte du foyer est fermée, est 2875.1000 : 4 = 468750 calories, et la totalité de la chaleur développée étant 100. 7050 = 705000 calories, le rapport entre ces deux quantités sera 0,66. Si l'on suppose maintenant qu'il est nécessaire, pour introduire le combustible dans le foyer, d'en laisser la porte ouverte pendant 4 minutes toutes les heures, voici quelle serait la perte de chaleur, dans le cas où la porte aurait 0,50 en hauteur et en largeur, et la vitesse du tirage de la cheminée étant de 12 mètres. La surface de la porte étant 0,09, la quantité d'air passant en une seconde par cette ouverture serait 0,09.12 = 1,08 mètre cube, en une minute elle serait 64,8 mètre cube, et en 4 minutes 259 mètre cube ; et comme il ne faut, d'après ce qui a été établi ci-dessus, que 1500 mètre cube d'air pour alimenter la combustion, on voit qu'il faudrait, si la porte restait ouverte pendant 4 minutes chaque heure, échauffer inutilement une quantité d'air égale aux 17 centièmes de celle qui est nécessaire, ce qui donne une idée de la perte de chaleur qui se fait par le regard de la porte des fours à puddler et de l'influence que des jours dans la cheminée exercent sur le tirage. Lorsqu'on ouvre la porte d'un foyer pour introduire le combustible, il ne se fait pas seulement une grande perte de chaleur, parce qu'il se précipite une grande masse d'air froid dans le fourneau et qu'il ne passe presque plus d'air à travers la grille, mais la couche de combustible froid et plus ou moins humide occasionne aussi un abaissement de température. Enfin les pertes de chaleur provenant de l'échauffement du combustible et de l'évaporation de l'eau qu'il contient donnent lieu à une autre perte plus considérable, en éteignant, au moins momentanément, les gaz de la houille qui entraînent beaucoup de parties combustibles tant solides que gazeuses. De là cette fumée noire et épaisse qui se développe chaque fois qu'on met une nouvelle couche de combustible sur la grille. On voit combien il est important que le service de la grille se fasse avec soin. Quantité de chaleur utilisée dans les foyers. La quantité de chaleur absorbée dans un temps donné par le corps qu'il s'agit de fondre ou de chaufer, dépend de la différence qu'il y a entre la température nécessaire pour produire l'effet voulu, et celle qui est réellement développée par la combustion. Plus cette différence est grande, plus le corps s'échauffe rapidement, et moins on perd de chaleur. Les calculs suivants indiquent la manière dont on peut déterminer la quantité absolue de chaleur abandonnée dans le foyer. Considérons la combustion de 1 kilogramme de houille qui produit environ 7500 calories. Si cette quantité de chaleur était employée à chauffer 1 kilogramme d'air, comme le calorimètre spécifique de l'air est le quart de celui de l'eau, la température s'élèverait à 50,000°. Il faut au moins 10 mètres cube ou 10,13 kilogrammes d'air pour brûler 1 kilogramme de houille. Par conséquent, la température produite n'est que de 5000° : 13 = 2300° environ. Dans les foyers où l'on emploie respectivement 20, 40 et 50 mètres cube d'air, au lieu de 10, l'élévation de température due à la combustion de 1 kilogramme de houille n'est que de 1155°, 576° et 288°. Si donc l'air de la cheminée devait atteindre environ 300°, on perdrait respectivement 128, 124, 112 ou toute la chaleur développée. On voit qu'il est utile d'employer le moins d'air possible. Mais en limitant trop l'affluence de l'air, on forme de l'oxyde de carbone, ce qui occasionne une grande perte dans les foyers ordinaires, et si en outre la houille est grasse, il s'opère une distillation qui peut faire perdre 50 pour 100 de la matière combustible. QUELQUES DONNÉES SUR LES MACHINES À VAPEUR. Relation entre la tension et la température de la vapeur, lorsqu'elle est en communication continuelle avec la chaudière qui la produit : p = 0,033 (0,2847 + 0,00753 t)5; p, pression sur un centimètre carré; t, température en degrés centigrades. Poids d'un mètre cube de vapeur d'eau ou sa densité à une température donnée : d = 1 + 0,00368 t; d, densité de la vapeur à la température t; p, pression par centimètre carré, correspondante. Poids d'un volume donné de vapeur d'eau : q = dv kil. ; v, volume donné à la température t et à la pression p. Volume d'un poids donné de vapeur à une pression et une température données : q = 1,277 q. Mêmes notations v = — = d p. Quantité de chaleur dans un poids donné q de vapeur à la température t : q (550 + t) calories. — Une calorie est, comme on sait, la quantité de chaleur nécessaire pour élever de 1° centigrade la température de 1 kg d'eau. DÉTERMINATION DE LA QUANTITÉ DE COMBUSTIBLE À BRULLER. La quantité de combustible à brûler pour transformer un poids donné q d'eau, à la température t, en vapeur à la température t', en appelant n le nombre d'unités de chaleur que l'on peut utiliser dans un bon foyer par kilogramme de combustible brûlé, est donnée par la formule q x (550 + t' - t) kil. : n. En effet, puisqu'un kilo d'eau à 100° c. exige 550 calories pour se convertir en vapeur, il faudra 550 + t' - t calories pour transformer un kilo d'eau à 100 en vapeur à t' degrés, et par suite q (550 + t' - t) cal., pour q kil. Si n = 3000, la formule précédente deviendra : q (550 + t' - t) kil. : 3000. D'après cela, la quantité de vapeur qu'un kilo de houille pourra développer sera : q = 5000 kil. : (550 + t - t).
| 22,652 |
https://github.com/GayanSamuditha/assesment/blob/master/api-frontend/src/app/services/api-service.service.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
assesment
|
GayanSamuditha
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 66 | 196 |
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
import { Item } from '../model/item.model';
import { ApiMain } from '../api.main';
import { Observable, from, observable } from 'rxjs';
import { HTTPResponse } from '../model/HTTPResponse';
@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class ApiServiceService {
apiConfig: ApiMain;
constructor(private http: HttpClient) {
this.apiConfig = new ApiMain();
}
getAllItems(); : observable<Item[]>{
return this.http.get(this.apiConfig.getApiUrl('items/getAllItems/')) as Observable<Item[]>;
};
}
| 22,211 |
https://github.com/mbobakov/acme-operator/blob/master/pkg/apis/acmeoperator/group.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
acme-operator
|
mbobakov
|
Go
|
Code
| 42 | 61 |
// Package acmeoperator contains acmeoperator API versions.
//
// This file ensures Go source parsers acknowledge the acmeoperator package
// and any child packages. It can be removed if any other Go source files are
// added to this package.
package acmeoperator
| 5,099 |
oslusiadaseocos00ribegoog_407
|
Portuguese-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,858 |
Os Lusiadas e o Cosmos; ou, Camões considerado por Humboldt como admiravel pintor da natureza
|
Ribeiro, José Silvestre, 1807-1891
|
Portugueuse
|
Spoken
| 8,610 | 12,062 |
O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirêm e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição.
| 45,668 |
https://github.com/sparkLiwei/ProgrammingNote/blob/master/scalaLearning/scalaBase/ClassGetterSetter.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC0-1.0
| null |
ProgrammingNote
|
sparkLiwei
|
Scala
|
Code
| 144 | 604 |
/**
* Created by Variant on 16/3/15.
*/
object ClassGetterSetter {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
val teacher = new Teacher()
teacher.name ="bable"
teacher.sayHello()
val teacheroop = new TeacherOOP("bable",24)
teacheroop.gender ="female"
}
}
class Teacher{
var name : String = _
private var age = 27
private[this] val gender = "male"
def this(name:String){
//重写构造方法都要继承主构造器
this
this.name = name
}
def sayHello(){
println("teacher's name :" +this.name +" "+this.age +this.gender)
}
}
class TeacherOOP(val name:String,val age :Int){
//不让他人调用主构造器,而强行调用辅助构造器,在类名后面加入private
//class TeacherOOP private(val name:String,val age :String){
//new 一个类时除了方法,其他语句都会被执行
println("constructor")
var gender : String = _
println(gender)
def this(name:String,age:Int,gender: String){
//重写构造方法都要继承主构造器
this(name,age)
this.gender = gender
}
def sayHello(){
println("teacher's name :" +this.name +" "+this.age +this.gender)
}
}
class Student{
private var privateAge = 0
//类自己的方法只能访问自己的对象(this调用),对象私有属性
//private[this] var privateAge = 0
//生成private fanal字段的变量,带有getter方法
val name = "hadoop"
//带有getter\setter方法 age和age_
var age = 0
//类里的方法可以访问类的所有对象的私有属性
//
def isYounger(other:Student) =privateAge < other.privateAge
}
| 28,929 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14677901
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Heterotropus nigritarsis
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 1,688 | 5,366 |
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis vetenskapligt namn Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis taxonomisk rang art
Heterotropus nigritarsis instans av taxon
Heterotropus nigritarsis nästa högre taxon Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis Global Biodiversity Information Facility-ID 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis Encyclopedia of Life-ID 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis IRMNG-ID 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis BioLib-ID 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis kort namn
Heterotropus nigritarsis Open Tree of Life-ID 4431047
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis namo takson Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis takson induak Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis namo singkek
Heterotropus nigritarsis
spesies serangga
Heterotropus nigritarsis nama takson Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis tingkat takson spesies
Heterotropus nigritarsis adalah takson
Heterotropus nigritarsis penanda Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis penanda Encyclopedia of Life 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis penanda IRMNG 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis penanda Google Knowledge Graph /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis siklus diurnal diurnalitas
Heterotropus nigritarsis nama singkat
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Art der Gattung Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis wissenschaftlicher Name Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis taxonomischer Rang Art
Heterotropus nigritarsis ist ein(e) Taxon
Heterotropus nigritarsis übergeordnetes Taxon Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis GBIF-ID 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis EOL-ID 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis IRMNG-ID 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis BioLib-ID 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis CoL-ID 3LFBS
Heterotropus nigritarsis Tagesgang tagaktiv
Heterotropus nigritarsis Kurzname
Heterotropus nigritarsis OTT-ID 4431047
Heterotropus nigritarsis
especie de insecto
Heterotropus nigritarsis nombre del taxón Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis categoría taxonómica especie
Heterotropus nigritarsis instancia de taxón
Heterotropus nigritarsis taxón superior inmediato Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador de taxón en GBIF 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador EOL 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador IRMNG 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador BioLib 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador Catalogue of Life 3LFBS
Heterotropus nigritarsis ciclo diurno diurnalidad
Heterotropus nigritarsis nombre corto
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador Open Tree of Life 4431047
Heterotropus nigritarsis
specie di insetto
Heterotropus nigritarsis nome scientifico Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis livello tassonomico specie
Heterotropus nigritarsis istanza di taxon
Heterotropus nigritarsis taxon di livello superiore Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificativo GBIF 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificativo EOL 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificativo IRMNG 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificativo BioLib 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificativo Catalogue of Life 3LFBS
Heterotropus nigritarsis ciclo diurno diurnalità
Heterotropus nigritarsis nome in breve
Heterotropus nigritarsis
species of insect
Heterotropus nigritarsis taxon name Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis taxon rank species
Heterotropus nigritarsis instance of taxon
Heterotropus nigritarsis parent taxon Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis GBIF taxon ID 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis Encyclopedia of Life ID 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis IRMNG ID 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis BioLib taxon ID 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis Catalogue of Life ID 3LFBS
Heterotropus nigritarsis diel cycle diurnality
Heterotropus nigritarsis short name
Heterotropus nigritarsis Open Tree of Life ID 4431047
Heterotropus nigritarsis
espèce d'insectes
Heterotropus nigritarsis nom scientifique du taxon Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis rang taxonomique espèce
Heterotropus nigritarsis nature de l’élément taxon
Heterotropus nigritarsis taxon supérieur Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis identifiant Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis identifiant Encyclopédie de la Vie 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis identifiant Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis identifiant BioLib 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis identifiant Catalogue of Life 3LFBS
Heterotropus nigritarsis cycle diurne diurne
Heterotropus nigritarsis nom court
Heterotropus nigritarsis identifiant Open Tree of Life 4431047
Heterotropus nigritarsis
вид насекомо
Heterotropus nigritarsis име на таксон Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis ранг на таксон вид
Heterotropus nigritarsis екземпляр на таксон
Heterotropus nigritarsis родителски таксон Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis IRMNG ID 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis кратко име
Heterotropus nigritarsis
вид насекомых
Heterotropus nigritarsis международное научное название Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis таксономический ранг вид
Heterotropus nigritarsis это частный случай понятия таксон
Heterotropus nigritarsis ближайший таксон уровнем выше Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis идентификатор GBIF 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis идентификатор EOL 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis идентификатор IRMNG 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis идентификатор BioLib 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis код Catalogue of Life 3LFBS
Heterotropus nigritarsis суточный цикл дневной образ жизни животных
Heterotropus nigritarsis краткое имя или название
Heterotropus nigritarsis код Open Tree of Life 4431047
Heterotropus nigritarsis
soort uit het geslacht Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis wetenschappelijke naam Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis taxonomische rang soort
Heterotropus nigritarsis is een taxon
Heterotropus nigritarsis moedertaxon Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis GBIF-identificatiecode 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis EOL-identificatiecode 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis IRMNG-identificatiecode 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis BioLib-identificatiecode 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis Catalogue of Life-identificatiecode 3LFBS
Heterotropus nigritarsis dagelijkse gang dagactief
Heterotropus nigritarsis verkorte naam
Heterotropus nigritarsis Open Tree of Life-identificatiecode 4431047
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis taxon nomen Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis ordo species
Heterotropus nigritarsis est taxon
Heterotropus nigritarsis parens Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis nomen breve
Heterotropus nigritarsis
вид комах
Heterotropus nigritarsis наукова назва таксона Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis таксономічний ранг вид
Heterotropus nigritarsis є одним із таксон
Heterotropus nigritarsis батьківський таксон Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis ідентифікатор у GBIF 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis ідентифікатор EOL 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis ідентифікатор IRMNG 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis ідентифікатор BioLib 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis Google Knowledge Graph /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis ідентифікатор Catalogue of Life 3LFBS
Heterotropus nigritarsis коротка назва
Heterotropus nigritarsis ідентифікатор Open Tree of Life 4431047
Heterotropus nigritarsis
especie d'inseutu
Heterotropus nigritarsis nome del taxón Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis categoría taxonómica especie
Heterotropus nigritarsis instancia de taxón
Heterotropus nigritarsis taxón inmediatamente superior Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador EOL 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis nome curtiu
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis ainm an tacsóin Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis rang an tacsóin speiceas
Heterotropus nigritarsis sampla de tacsón
Heterotropus nigritarsis máthairthacsón Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis ainm gearr
Heterotropus nigritarsis
specie de insecte
Heterotropus nigritarsis nume științific Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis rang taxonomic specie
Heterotropus nigritarsis este un/o taxon
Heterotropus nigritarsis taxon superior Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificator Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificator EOL 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis nume scurt
Heterotropus nigritarsis
espécie de inseto
Heterotropus nigritarsis nome do táxon Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis categoria taxonómica espécie
Heterotropus nigritarsis instância de táxon
Heterotropus nigritarsis táxon imediatamente superior Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador Encyclopedia of Life 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis IRMNG ID 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador BioLib 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis ciclo diurno diurnalidade
Heterotropus nigritarsis nome curto
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis naukowa nazwa taksonu Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis kategoria systematyczna gatunek
Heterotropus nigritarsis jest to takson
Heterotropus nigritarsis takson nadrzędny Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis identyfikator GBIF 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis identyfikator EOL 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis identyfikator IRMNG 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis identyfikator BioLib 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis identyfikator Google Knowledge Graph /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis tryb życia dzienny tryb życia
Heterotropus nigritarsis nazwa skrócona
Heterotropus nigritarsis identyfikator Open Tree of Life 4431047
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis tên phân loại Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis cấp bậc phân loại loài
Heterotropus nigritarsis là một đơn vị phân loại
Heterotropus nigritarsis đơn vị phân loại mẹ Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis định danh GBIF 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis ID Bách khoa toàn thư Sự sống 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis ID IRMNG 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis ID BioLib 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis ID trong sơ đồ tri thức của Google /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis tên ngắn
Heterotropus nigritarsis
lloj i insekteve
Heterotropus nigritarsis emri shkencor Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis instancë e takson
Heterotropus nigritarsis emër i shkurtër
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis tieteellinen nimi Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis taksonitaso laji
Heterotropus nigritarsis esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Heterotropus nigritarsis osa taksonia Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis Global Biodiversity Information Facility -tunniste 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis Encyclopedia of Life -tunniste 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis IRMNG-tunniste 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis BioLib-tunniste 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis Google Knowledge Graph -tunniste /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis Catalogue of Life -tunniste 3LFBS
Heterotropus nigritarsis lyhyt nimi
Heterotropus nigritarsis Open Tree of Life -tunniste 4431047
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis taksonomia nomo Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis taksonomia rango specio
Heterotropus nigritarsis estas taksono
Heterotropus nigritarsis supera taksono Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis identigilo laŭ Enciklopedio de Vivo 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis numero en BioLib 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis identigilo en Scio-Grafo de Google /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis mallonga nomo
Heterotropus nigritarsis
espécie de inseto
Heterotropus nigritarsis nome taxológico Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis categoria taxonômica espécie
Heterotropus nigritarsis instância de táxon
Heterotropus nigritarsis táxon imediatamente superior Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador GBIF 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador EOL 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis ciclo diário diurnalidade
Heterotropus nigritarsis nome curto
Heterotropus nigritarsis
speco di insekto
Heterotropus nigritarsis identifikilo che Google Knowledge Graph /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis kurta nomo
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis nom scientific Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis reng taxonomic espècia
Heterotropus nigritarsis natura de l'element taxon
Heterotropus nigritarsis taxon superior Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificant GBIF 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificant Encyclopedia of Life 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis BioLib ID 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis nom cort
Heterotropus nigritarsis
especie de insecto
Heterotropus nigritarsis nome do taxon Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis categoría taxonómica especie
Heterotropus nigritarsis instancia de taxon
Heterotropus nigritarsis taxon superior inmediato Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador GBIF 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador EOL 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador IRMNG de taxon 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador BioLib 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador de Google Knowledge Graph /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador Catalogue of Life 3LFBS
Heterotropus nigritarsis nome curto
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador Open Tree of Life 4431047
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis izen zientifikoa Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis maila taxonomikoa espezie
Heterotropus nigritarsis honako hau da taxon
Heterotropus nigritarsis goiko maila taxonomikoa Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis GBIFen identifikatzailea 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis EOL-en identifikatzailea 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis IRMNG identifikatzailea 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis BioLib identifikatzailea 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis Google Knowledge Graph identifikatzailea /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis Catalogue of Life identifikatzailea 3LFBS
Heterotropus nigritarsis eguneko zikloa eguneko
Heterotropus nigritarsis izen laburra
Heterotropus nigritarsis Open Tree of Life identifikatzailea 4431047
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis nomine del taxon Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis rango taxonomic specie
Heterotropus nigritarsis instantia de taxon
Heterotropus nigritarsis taxon superior immediate Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis ID EOL 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis
especie d'insecto
Heterotropus nigritarsis instancia de Taxón
Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis nem brefik
Heterotropus nigritarsis
espècie d'insecte
Heterotropus nigritarsis nom científic Heterotropus nigritarsis
Heterotropus nigritarsis categoria taxonòmica espècie
Heterotropus nigritarsis instància de tàxon
Heterotropus nigritarsis tàxon superior immediat Heterotropus
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador GBIF 1670872
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador Encyclopedia of Life 780469
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador IRMNG de tàxon 10124069
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador BioLib 1433856
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/12nvpd779
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador Catalogue of Life 3LFBS
Heterotropus nigritarsis cicle diürn diürnalitat
Heterotropus nigritarsis nom curt
Heterotropus nigritarsis identificador Open Tree of Life 4431047
Heterotropus nigritarsis
| 39,151 |
25138-8-20
|
Gutenberg
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Dokter Helmond en zijn vrouw
|
Cremer, Jacobus Jan
|
Dutch
|
Spoken
| 8,220 | 15,187 |
Haar ontroering zal ze nu toch verbergen. Moet ze
het dan hooren, van die lippen, dat ze zelve.... Neen, hoor:
"Maar naar die oorzaken vraag ik niet. Ik wilde u slechts zeggen,
dat ik August op mijn weg heb ontmoet. Van zijn onschuld was ik niet
overtuigd. 't Sprak vanzelf dat ik hem in bescherming nam, en een
eed zwoer dat men den armen zieke _niet_ vatten zou. Ha, daar was
een middel!" vervolgt Philip, en zijn oogen glinsteren ofschoon
hij dat middel niet noemt. Goddank, 't was onnoodig geweest zich
inplaats van zijn broeder, den vluchteling te noemen: "Maar noodig
was 't wèl dat ik hem hier bracht: Zijn eenige "trouwe vriend" kon
hem niet opnemen. 't Was om de "lieve kleinen" zei Woudbergs vrouw;
men vreesde voor een epidemische ziekte.--Nú is hij hier: 't zal u
vrijstaan mevrouw, te blijven of te vertrekken naar goedvinden; maar,
ik zeg 't u nóg eens: hier zal hij beter worden of--sterven!--En,
als er niemand mocht zijn om hem te verzorgen, al moest het ook
weken en maanden lang duren"--Philips stem bekwam eensklaps iets
trillends, iets onbeschrijfelijk roerends: "dan, zie,--dan zouden
wij hem toch terzij blijven, _mijn vrouw_ en _ik_; en aan niets,
nee, zoo waarachtig als hier een hart klopt, aan niets zou het hem
ontbreken, al moest het laatste stuk uit ons huis, ja, al moest de
wieg waar ons kind in slaapt, er voor verkocht worden."
--O God, die tranen in dat oog.... Eva weerstaat ze niet. "Philip!" zegt ze en grijpt de hand van dien vurigen man; en weder:
"Philip!"
En hij?--O, dat klinkt als muziek.--Maar neen, dat heeft hij niet
bedoeld; niet gewild; en.... Ha, gelukkig, een zachte kreet van den
ontwakenden kleine geeft hem het recht om snel zijn hand uit die van
Eva terug te trekken. Nu spoedt hij zich voort naar de wieg. Zie,
het wakker geworden jongske, met zijn frissche koontjes door den
slaap gekleurd, het lacht en kraait zijn lieven vader weer toe. "Sust sust Fritsje, stil! geen leven maken mijn kleine man!" zegt
Philip, en neemt het blondkopje uit de wieg, dien lieven kleinen
mol! En als hij nu zijn lippen op die lachende koontjes drukt, dan
strekt het kind de kleine poezele handjes naar Eva uit, en wiegt
onrustig met het lijfje naar die zij; en ziet haar aan met zijn
lokkende blauwe kijkers. --O welk een engelachtig kind! Zie, zie, hoe het haar toelacht. Met een
snelle beweging wischt Eva zich de tranen af; en--als ze het kind, dat
zich al meer en meer naar haar vooroverbuigt en bijna het evenwicht zou
verliezen, nu met de beide handen heeft opgevangen, dan zegt ze zacht:
"Dat is je zoontje, niewaar Philip?"
"Ja," klinkt het op zonderlingen toon: "_en het kindje van Virginie_."
Terwijl Eva het jongske zoent, heft ze haar schoone oogen tot den
broeder op, en dan.... dan wil ze iets vragen.... Maar 't was niet noodig. Terwijl het in de voorkamer rustig bleef,
scheen de moeder te hebben gevoeld dat haar kind was ontwaakt. Virginie kwam zachtjes den hoek der deur om, in het achtervertrek. Ze
zag haar Fritsje in Eva's armen. En:
"Virginie.... zuster!" zegt Eva met bevende stem. Meer zeide ze
niet. Maar 't was genoeg. En, als het spartelende jongske een oogenblik later op den arm
der moeder zijn Fiffie, Fiffie! roept, dan heeft Eva den strijd
gestreden. Ze had op de bleeke wang dier moeder een zoen gedrukt,
een zoen van dankbare liefde. 't Was nu omstreeks een half jaar geleden. Aan Philips eisch was
voldaan: August had _zijn vrouw geroepen_ en--hun jongske heeft _nú_
niet _geslapen_. VIER EN VEERTIGTSE HOOFDSTUK. Slechts voor weinige oogenblikken mocht een weldadig gevoel Eva's borst
doorstroomen. Droeve hulpkreten klonken er weer uit de aangrenzende
kamer. Eva's hoop, straks door Helmonds kalmer neerliggen gewekt, en
de zoete gewaarwording der overwinning die zij op zich zelve behaalde,
ze waren eensklaps vergeten. Het innigst medelijden met dien lijder moest nu wel het ongevoeligste
hart vervullen.--Eva was radeloos.--'t Werd onmogelijk dat zij
langer in de ziekenkamer bleef. Slechts mannenkrachten waren instaat
om den armen zieke te beteugelen. Zijn ijlende waanzin uitte zich
het allermeest door het denkbeeldig beschermen van een kind tegen
duizenden moordenaars, die het van een schaap wilden wegtronen, hem
lokkend met gansche snoeren van diamant; en dan weder, zoo mogelijk
nog sterker, door in doodsangst te willen ontvluchten aan de handen van
bloeddorstige beulen die hem aangrijnsden omdat--zie maar, omdat daar
het lijk lag van den generaal, den pleegvader, door hem vergiftigd,
door hem vermoord. De dokter, die tegen den avond nog eens terugkwam, heeft het niet
tegengesproken dat het misschien weldadig op den patiënt zou kunnen
werken, indien mijnheer Van Barneveld zich spoedig aan hem kon
vertoonen:
"Ja zeker mevrouw, toen hij ú zag, toen werd hij óók kalmer. Welzeker!"
"Indien ik dan aanstonds schreef?"
"Ja, dat zou niet kwaad zijn.--Van harte 't beste! Tot morgen. Als
ik van nacht soms noodig mocht zijn dan...."
"O God, dokter, u vreest toch niet....? Nee! mijn beste Helmond zal
immers beter worden?"
"We zullen doen wat we kunnen mevrouw. Zoolang er geen zekerheid voor
een droevig einde is, geven we de hoop niet verloren. In uw beider
belang moet ik u echter bepaald ontraden om vooreerst weer bij hem
te gaan. Wanneer hij morgen rustiger is.... Ja, dán, welzeker!"
--O, is er een vreeselijker toestand te bedenken!? Hier in het
benedenhuis, in een benauwd en somber vertrekje, hier moet ze werkeloos
toeven en verteren van angst, terwijl daarboven een aangebeden man
door anderen wordt geholpen.... Eva vliegt overeind. "Lieve kind, blijf toch wat kalm," zegt mevrouw van Hake: "Papa is
immers óók boven. En hoor maar.... 't is nu weer rustig."
"Maar hier, hier is de onrust onbeschrijfelijk!" roept Eva, en drukt
de hand met geweld op de borst. "O God, _als_ hij stierf.... ik zou
krankzinnig worden, want.... Maar nee, _ik_ heb het niet gedaan. Nee,
nee!" klaagt en schreit ze voort: "nee, ik heb hem zoo lief, zoo
waarachtig lief.--Die vrek is de hoofdschuldige. En hij moet hier
komen; hij _zal_! O schrijf hem, lieve engelachtige vrouw; schrijf
hem dat August zal sterven als hij niet _aanstonds_ hier komt. Nee ik,
_ik_ kan het niet."
Mevrouw Van Hake is tot schrijven bereid.--Maar dan--zou een brief
er niet te laat komen, en zal die gestrenge man gevolg geven aan het
dringend verzoek indien Eva het niet zelve vraagt? --Ja zeker, de brief zal te laat komen, meent Eva, en, waar is het
ook, indien zij 't niet zelve vraagt dan zal hij spotten met haar
droefheid en angst.--In Godsnaam! Als zij dan kruipen moet, dan zal
zij 't nú doen ter wille van dien eenigen vriend!--'t Zal een telegram
zijn,--Goed, zij schrijft met trillende hand:
"Generaal!"
--Neen, dat kan niet blijven. Weder schrijft ze:
"De pleegvader van dokter Helmond wordt dringend verzocht..."
--Neen, alweder neen! Zóó weigert hij.--Opnieuw:
"Geachte oom!"--O welk een leugen! "Indien gij nog eenig gevoel voor
uw pleegkind hebt...."
--Maar is zij dan krankzinnig! Al ware die stijl geschikt voor een
telegram, op dien toon zal zij hem zeker niet bewegen om in allerijl
naar hier te komen. Eva staart voor zich heen. En, 't is haar eensklaps alsof ze den
grijsaard dáár zag. Zij spreekt hem aan; zij verzoekt hem dringend
dat hij August zal gaan zien en tot kalmte brengen.--Hij weigert.--
"Lieve oom!"--Hij schudt met dat grijze.... toch wel eerwaardige
hoofd.--"Oom, beste oom, ik bid, ik smeek u!"--Hij ziet haar aan,
maar zwijgt.--"Lieve oom.... ik heb schuld; ja wij zullen terugkeeren
van dien weg.... beste oom, maar om Godswil.... ga dan ook mee?"
--Zie, nu wenkt hij haar toe. Eva drukt vluchtig de hand voor de oogen. Een oogenblik later schrijft
ze opnieuw. Eerst het adres, en dan:
"Beste oom. In bitteren zielsangst smeek ik u, kom Helmond
_aanstonds_ zien. Hij roept u. Hij zal sterven indien u
wegblijft. Eeuwig dankbaar zal u zijn uw
Amsterdam, Buitenkant 103. Eva Helmond,
Armelo."
Het telegram werd verzonden. En--er volgde een lange en droevige nacht. Des anderendaags tegen den namiddag, bevonden zich onder de aangekomen
reizigers met den sneltrein uit Utrecht, een deftig oud heer benevens
een tengere jonge dame. Een oude knecht in eenvoudige livrei, met
een valies in de hand, is hen reeds vooruitgegaan, en helpt straks
met de meeste zorgvuldigheid den grijsaard en diens bleeke dochter
in de vigilante, welke hij spoedig als de beste heeft uitgezocht. "Naar de Keizerskroon Willem;" beveelt de oude heer. "Best generaal;" zegt Willem, en slaat even aan, alvorens hij zich
naast den huurkoetsier op den bok zet. "Niet zoo hard rijden;" zegt Willem tot den voerman: "De generaal
is niet al te wel, en hard rijden op de steenen zou hem kwaad kunnen
doen."
"Zoo, is dat een generaal?" zegt de aangesprokene: "Ik dacht wel dat
het een hooge van 't volk was. Nou hier in Amsterdam malen we daar
weinig om."
Willem zweeg, maar op gevaar af van een "standje" met dien huurkoetsier
te krijgen, greep hij als man van 't vak, naar de leidsels, want,
dat vreeselijk gehots op die keien 't moest den generaal zeer zeker
hinderen. Ja, Van Barneveld was inderdaad zeer vermoeid toen hij aankwam. 't
Was volstrekt noodzakelijk dat hij eerst in 't logement een half
uurtje uitrustte. De eerste vraag van Jacoba aan den opperschenker in het logement,
was, om haar aanstonds een kopje en wat melk te bezorgen. Nog
met haar handschoenen aan, maakte ze voor den lieven vader weer
een van de poeders klaar die den zieke zoo heilzaam zijn geweest;
en--in geen geval zou ze het anders doen dan dokter August Helmond
had voorgeschreven. "Over een half uur de vigilante;" beval Van Barneveld: "Buitenkant,
nummer honderddrie."
Aan dien Buitenkant Nº. 103 stond het dokterskoetsje voor de deur. De
dokter sprak in een der benedenkamertjes nog even met mevrouw van
Hake. 't Was heel goed dat mevrouw Helmond nu maar boven bij hem
was. Neen, kwaad kon het volstrekt niet; och nee.--Over een paar uren
hoopte hij nog even aan te rijden, want..... Mevrouw Van Hake vernam verder de laatste woorden in de gang, en zag
daarna het koetsje wegrijden. O welk een onbeschrijfelijk zalig oogenblik is het geweest, toen die
schrikkelijke nacht was voorbijgegaan en de afgetobde lijder, na eenige
uren van rust, de oogen heeft geopend, en kalm en zacht heeft gevraagd;
"Is Eva niet hier?"
--Ach, wáár zou ze nu anders wezen! Ja ja, hier was ze:
"August! eeuwig dierbare, lieve August! Och je kent me dan weer?"
"Ja, ja juist, ik wist wel dat je komen zoudt."--Hij ziet haar aan:
"Goddank dat je er bent mijn lieve.--Ik ben erg ziek Eva; heel ziek."
"Ja mijn beste, maar nu ben je beter."
"Beter?--Toch niet _heelemaal_ beter Eva. Ik voel.... Luister
eens.... Hier.... Geef me die hand.... Zoo.... Wacht even.... 'k Ben
moe.... heel moe...."
"Lieve beste August, als het je vermoeit, spreek dan niet; word dan
eerst weer sterk en gezond."
"Ja, maar dan zou het te laat kunnen zijn;" zegt Helmond weder na een
korte pauze en nu op zeer duidelijken toon: "Zoo, ja met die lieve
hand op mijn hoofd dat is goed.--Eva, zeg, zijn wij alleen? Is daar
nog iemand?"
"Ja beste, hier is papa; en Philip is daar ook. Je trouwe brave Philip
die je in zijn woning verzorgt."
"Ik weet het; ik heb dat alles gehoord.--Goeje
jongen! Onverdiend!"--Hij roept luider: "Philip!"
De jongere Helmond staat nu bij het ledikant. 't Is hem onmogelijk
om een woord te spreken, nu hij de trillende broederhand vat die
hem werd toegestoken, terwijl die afgetobde blauwe oogen hem zoo
onverklaarbaar gevoelvol aanstaren. "Papa ook;" herneemt August: "Brave man! Hier blijven allebei Mevrouw
Van Hake....--_Virginie_!" zegt hij weer luider. "Och Philip, roep je vrouw; hij wil haar zien;" zegt Eva snel:--O
hoe helder spreekt hij nu. "Lieve eenige August!--Goddank, Goddank
dat alles voorbij is!"
Een oogenblik bleef het stil. "Ja, alles is voorbij...." herneemt Helmond, en vervolgt, somtijds
zwakker doch ook telkens weer met heldere stem: "Voorbij!.....'t
Was een korte dag. De morgen was wel schoon, maar de avond is vroeg
gevallen; een leelijke mist had den dag verdonkerd...."
"Het ijlen begint weer;" fluistert Armelo bijna onhoorbaar tot mevrouw
Van Hake; "Dan moet Eva weg. Volstrekt!"
"Ja Eva, ja, mijn zwakheid heeft dien korten dag in een mist
gehuld...."
"August, mijn lieve August, spreek daar niet van."
Helmond slaat vluchtig de oogen tot haar op:
"Ik heb vreeselijke droomen gehad Eva."
"Och, die zijn nu voorbij," zegt Eva weder, en zoent hem op de
ingevallen wang. "Zóó, dat wilde ik juist vragen," herneemt de zieke zeer luid: "een
_zoen_! Ik wist wel dat je hem geven zoudt, mijn _mooi lief kind_,
mijn _nachtegaal_!"
Eva blijft hem zoenen met vuur, totdat de stem eener zorgvolle,
vriendin haar in 't oor fluistert:
"Spaar hem. 't Is niet goed lieve Eva!"
"Laat haar, brave vrouw;" zegt Helmond weder, en heeft nu de oogen
der doktersweduwe ontmoet: "Zij wil het doen voor u allen: mij mijn
schuld vergeven." En dan nog luider: "Ja, _mijn schuld mij vergeven,
mijn zondige zwakheid, mijn ellendige zwakheid_!"
Het moede hoofd viel terzij. Zóó kon hij niet voortgaan, maar toch
vernam men nog met bijna onhoorbare klanken: "Als een kind grijpt
naar de vlam eener kaars, dan.... weerhoudt men dat kind...."
't Gaf Eva na de oogenblikken van stille blijdschap over die merkbare
beterschap--waardoor ze als 't ware in den zoeten dommel van 't
verleden was teruggevoerd--een vreeselijken schok toen Helmonds
laatste, misschien alleen voor haar verstaanbare woorden, haar zoo
ontzettend diep in de ziel zijn gedrongen. --Nu weet zij het weer; ja, alles ineens:
--Door háár, door háár alleen, is die brave goede man al dieper en
dieper gezonken. --Door hare schuld, o God, was er in zijn reine ziel waarschijnlijk
voor een oogenblik--een _ondeelbaar_ oogenblik--de _gedachte_
opgerezen dat het geneesmiddel voor den grijzen pleegvader in een
grooter hoeveelheid toegediend, het middel ter uitredding in den
nijpenden geldnood zou kunnen worden.--Ja, Eva weet het nu alles: Wat
zij niet zelve heeft begrepen, dat heeft die trouwe vriendin haar op
't zachtst en 't liefderijkst doen gevoelen. "Och August!" barst Eva nu bitter schreiende los: "Moet ik, _ik_
vergeven, ik, ongevoelig ijdel schepsel, _ik_!" Zij verbergt haar
schoon gelaat in de beide handen, en dan, voorover vallend op zijn
kussen, schreit ze nokkend voort: "_Ik_ ben schuldig, _ik_ heel
alleen. O wát geef ik om _alle_ schatten ter wereld als _hij_ maar
leeft. Och goede God!"
De oudere Helmond heeft het hoofd weer naar Eva's zij gewend: hij
doet een poging om zijn hand op haar hoofd te leggen. Mevrouw Van Hake ziet het, en is hem behulpzaam. Hij dankt haar met
dat moede goedaardige oog. De weduwe verwijdert zich van het ledikant,
't Kon iemand te machtig worden. Helaas! zij weet dat er maar zeer
weinig hoop op beterschap is. "Eva niet schreien;" herneemt nu Helmond. En na een oogenblik
stilte: "Wij hebben elkander te zwak.... maar toch zeer liefgehad,
Eva.... _zeer_! En, nu zullen wij scheiden lieve kind."
't Was dokter Helmond aan te zien dat hij zich nog in deze laatste ure
beheerschen kon. Hij heeft Eva de naderende scheiding zelf willen
aankondigen. Hij had zich voorbereid op de uitwerking van dien
vreeselijken schok. Het moest zoo wezen, in aller belang. En, na een akeligen wanhoopskreet van Eva, en een uitbarsting van
haar hevig beangst gemoed, terwijl ze schier in vertwijfeling God
en menschen om redding smeekt voor hem die haar zoo lief is, slaat
Helmond met alle krachtsinspanning den arm om haar hals, en zegt met
heldere stem:
"Toon dan nog eens Eva, dat je mij waarlijk liefhebt, en schrei niet
zoo hevig lieve; dat schreien maakt mij het sterven _bang_!"
Zie, die woorden wekken haar op. Ja zij vermant zich.--Moet zij hem
dan ook het sterven nog bang maken. _Zij_! "O, maar God zal het niet gedoogen! Nee August! Nee, nee, _niet_
sterven, mijn lieve _lieve_ man! In een hut wil ik wonen als je maar
bij mij blijft; met brood en water zal ik tevreden zijn. O, voor wie,
_voor wie_ zou ik leven, als jij, mijn eenige, me ontvallen moest!"
En Helmond fluistert met trillende stem:
"Voor ons kindje Eva. Als God wil dan zie je mij in ons kindje
weer.... Wees sterk, en leef voor hem lieve vrouw...." En dan bijna
onhoorbaar: _Als een kind grijpt naar de vlam eener kaars_...."
"Mijn engel, mijn eenige!" nokt Eva aan zijn oor: "Zoo waar als God
leeft, ik zal sterk zijn en goed. Maar jij zult bij mij blijven;
jij zult _hem_ leeren, en mij steunen; ja August, ja!"
"Ik heb het wel vurig gewenscht.... lieve vrouw. Ik zou hem zoo
graag.... op den arm hebben gedragen.... en gekust op dat lieve kopje,
maar, dat zal niet zoo zijn." En zich afwendend, onhoorbaar: "Nee,
niet zoo zijn. Ik heb het niet verdiend!"
In het uur dat volgde kwam de dokter weder. Hij schudde het hoofd. Maar
gelukkig, de zieke was nu zeer kalm; en de liefde van allen die hem
omringden spreidde zijn peluw zacht. Daareven was het een treffend oogenblik geweest. Met de vervlogen hoop
om ooit het kindje te zullen zien waarnaar hij zoo vurig verlangde,
heeft hij, waarschijnlijk teneinde zich nog even in de aanschouwing
van een kleinen Helmond te verheugen, de namen van Virginie en Fritsje
genoemd. En, ijlings is toen de moeder heengesneld en met haar jongske
teruggekomen. Ja, ofschoon August onmiddellijk na het roepen van
die namen heeft gestameld, dat men hem het kindje toch liever niet
brengen moest--immers de vrienden Woudberg waren misschien met eenig
recht bezorgd voor hun kroost geweest,--die moeder, die ouders _hier_,
ze hebben geen oogenblik berekend. Ach zie, met Fritsjes kleine warme handje, streelt nu die moeder
nog zijn kille wang.--O God, dat deed hem zoo onbeschrijfelijk goed,
en hij heeft gestameld:
"Philip, Virginie.... Eva, lieve vrouw, onze kinderen zullen, als
God wil.... vrienden zijn, _trouwe brave vrienden_!"
Slechts twee wenschen, die de lijder een paar malen heeft geuit,
schenen niet vervuld te zullen worden. De generaal Van Barneveld was
nog niet gekomen, ofschoon hij desnoods reeds in den voormiddag te
Amsterdam had kunnen zijn.--Mevrouw Van Hake bedroefde dit, misschien
het allermeest in _Eva's belang_. Maar, innig deed het haar tevens
goed, dat Helmonds tweede wensch--ofschoon die bezwaarlijk zou kunnen
vervuld worden--haar besten Thomas gold. Helaas, het zou zeker te laat
zijn al wilde men hem nú nog ontbieden, maar--Thom zou het weten,
en levenslang zal hij den geliefden dokter er voor zegenen, dat hij
nog in zijn laatste uren tot driemaal toe naar zijn "braven Thom"
heeft gevraagd. Een weldadig gevoel mocht mede de goede vrouw vervullen, toen zij
weinige oogenblikken later het papier kon toevouwen, 'twelk een zeer
kort afscheidswoord van dokter Helmond aan zijn pleegvader bevatte,
een vaarwel, 'twelk hij haar met zwakke stem gedicteerd had, en daarna,
ofschoon met onvaste hand toch zeer goed leesbaar, met zijn voornaam
heeft onderteekend.--Dat afscheid luidde:
"Oprecht geliefde pleegvader! "Heb dank voor alles. Laat mijn sterven de zoen zijn voor het
leed, dat wij u hebben aangedaan.--Ik beveel u de vrouw aan,
die ik te zwak heb bemind, en het kindje waarvoor zij leven
wil. Mijn vertrouwen staat vast dat mijn weldoener grootmoedig
mijn schuldeischers voldoen, en mij bovenal de schuld mijner
zwakheid zal vergeven. Groet mijn zusje met een kus. Vaarwel! Uw stervende
August."
Onder 't schrijven heeft mevrouw Van Hake op een schier gebiedenden
wenk van Philip den volzin weggelaten, dien August er bij gedicteerd
had: "Vergeef ook den trouwen Philip; zijn vrouw is zijn leven
en kroon!"
Neen neen! Philips oogen hebben gefonkeld: Dat nooit; dat in der
eeuwigheid niet! Papa Armelo, die in het benedenvoorkamertje een brief aan mama en
Louise schrijft, ziet eensklaps op. Onder den bril door, naar buiten
turend, meent hij dat zijn oude oogen hem bedriegen. Daar ginds,
dicht bij den waterkant zag hij een blond jongmensch die, terwijl hij
zich het zweet van het aangezicht wischte, aan een sjouwerman eenige
inlichtingen scheen te vragen. En die jonkman was.... Maar een rijtuig is er eensklaps tusschen in
gereden.--Het hield stil; hier, juist hier voor de deur. --Is het Willem van _De Zonsberg_, de oude koetsier, die daar van
den bok springt? Is het de generaal die.. .? Armelo weet niet of hij waakt of droomt. Hij schreef daar juist aan
mama en Louise dat die generaal toch zeer koud en hardvochtig was,
want, dat Eva gisteren een telegram had gezonden en.... Maar nu,
in een oogenblik heeft de oud-kapitein zijn onvoltooiden brief van
de tafel weggegrepen en, ineengefrommeld, in den jaszak gestoken. Nu
heeft hij de deur van het kamertje geopend. De generaal Van Barneveld
is binnengetreden. Hij ziet er zeer slecht uit, en is nog bleeker dan zijn dochter die
achter hem aankomt. De grijsaard kan ternauwernood spreken. Armelo is een weinig verlegen, en neemt daardoor onwillekeurig een
eenigszins militaire houding aan, terwijl hij in zijn woorden een
paar rrs meer dan gewoonlijk gebruikt. "Ja 't is zeer zeer erg generaal! Ik vrees.... Tenminste...."
Van Barneveld ziet op. Tenminste.... kapitein?--Dus er is nog hoop?"
"Volgens den dokter _niet_, generaal. Hij heeft ontzettend geleden."
"Wij weten dat alles kapitein;" valt Jacoba zeer haastig in, en even
snel vervolgt ze: "Is de familie van Helmond óók bij hem? Ik meen
zijn broer en zuster?" en terwijl zij dat vraagt, wenkt zij den man
dat hij ontkennend zal antwoorden. Maar de goede Armelo is de jaren
van mimiek en taal der oogen voorbij. Hij heeft het niet begrepen. "Jawel juffrouw, tenminste nog voor weinig minuten waren ze er
allebei.--O generaal, uw komst is een waarachtige zegen van God. Wat
heeft die arme Helmond om u geroepen en naar u verlangd." Armelo werd
stouter: "'t Is braaf, 't is edel generaal, dat u gekomen bent. Ik
zal ze boven met uw komst gaan bekend maken."
"Kapitein!" roept Van Barneveld hem na. Maar, of de oudedag Armelo
soms al wat hardhoorig maakte, althans hij keert niet terug. 't Was een vreemde verschijning voor den generaal en zijn dochter,
toen ze inplaats van Armelo, daar eensklaps Thomas Van Hake, zoo rood
als scharlaken zagen binnenkomen. Thom heeft in één adem gezegd wat hij op 't hart had: Dezen morgen,
juist tien minuten voor 't vertrek van den sneltrein, heeft hij
dezen grooten verzegelden brief aan 't adres van zijn goeden meester
ontvangen. In verband met courantenberichten, en een paar woorden
die de dokter zich in den laatsten tijd, zeer in vertrouwen, heeft
laten ontvallen--als zou men hem namelijk over iets zeer gewichtige
gepolst hebben,--in verband met dit alles heeft het aanstonds bij
hem vastgestaan dat deze brief dokters benoeming tot professor
bevatte. Terstond heeft hij Bus verzocht om voor dezen enkelen dag
het huis te bewaren, en is hij zelf, zonder oponthoud naar het station
gevlogen, waar de sneltrein juist het sein tot vertrekken gaf, toen hij
bijna ademloos in een derde-klasse-waggon is neergevallen. Bij aankomst
te Amsterdam heeft men hem eerst naar een geheel verkeerden Buitenkant
gezonden; maar nu, hier zijnde, nu dankte hij den goeden God, dat
hij--zooals de kapitein hem reeds in de gang heeft gezegd--zijn lieven
meester nog in leven vindt om hem _zelf_ dit schrift te kunnen geven,
en, nog eens de hand te mogen drukken van den vriend, die zich zoo
liefderijk over een arme weduwe en haar kind had ontfermd. Van Barneveld scheen zeer getroffen.--Hij aarzelde een oogenblik,
en sprak toen schijnbaar kalm:
"Je ijver prijs ik jongmensch; maar wat je doen wilt, keur ik af. Zulk
een stuk moet den man niet meer onder de oogen komen, die binnenkort
voor den rechterstoel van God zal verschijnen. Geef mij dien brief
menheer Van Hake, en spreek er niet van."
"Maar generaal, maar...." stottert Thomas onthutst. "Ik verzoek dat je mij dat stuk geeft menheer Van Hake!"
"Nee generaal, nee! Neem mij niet kwalijk, maar dat, _dat is_ te
erg. Om mijn besten dokter die laatste eer.... die...." Thomas ziet
eensklaps Jacoba's angstig smeekenden blik. Hij weet niet wat het haar
heeft gekost om den vader tot deze reis, en vooral tot het bezoeken
van den stervende _in de woning van Philip Helmond_ te bewegen; neen,
Thomas weet het niet; maar die blik van Jacoba doet hem plotseling de
waarheid vermoeden; en.... zou hij haar smeekend vragen weerstaan? Mag
hij dien al te gestrengen man, hier--nog eer hij den dorpel van dat
ziekenvertrek overschrijdt--door een vermetele tegenspraak ontstemmen,
en daardoor misschien veel meer bederven dan honderd zulke stukken
kunnen goedmaken? "O vergeef mij generaal" valt hij nu zich zelven in de rede: "ik wil
mij aan uw wijzer oordeel onderwerpen. Ik dacht maar dat het iemands
sterven verlichten kon, wanneer hij _de zorg aan zijn jeugd besteed_,
nog in 't laatst zoo krachtig gewaardeerd zag."
Een half uur later zat de oude generaal aan het sterfbed van zijn
pleegzoon. Mevrouw Van Hake heeft het reeds gezegd: 't kon iemand soms te machtig
worden. Ook dien grijsaard werd het te machtig toen het reeds mat
geworden oog hem voor 't laatst zoo smeekend aanzag, en zijn woorden
nog bijna onhoorbaar klonken:
"Dank vader! Uw vloek.... gold de zonde! Uw gestrengheid was
liefde.... _Onnut_ en _zwak_.... mijn leven.... _Verzoening_ mijn
_sterven_.... O, voor allen vergiffenis vader?"
En de oude generaal? Er gleden dikke tranen langs zijn grijzen knevel
neer; en hij drukte de magere hand van dien.... ja, van dien geliefden,
dien meest geliefden pleegzoon; en, hij wilde nog spreken, maar neen,
neen, die hand kan hij nog drukken, maar spreken, o God der genade,
spreken, dat kon hij niet. Maar hoor, daar klonk al schreiend en bevend toch een welluidende
stem. 't Was die van Jacoba:
"Nee mijn goede August: _onnut_ was je leven niet, nee! Dat mijn beste
vader nog hier kon wezen, hij dankt het, naast God, aan de hulp van
mijn lieven broeder!"
Thom kan niet zwijgen in dezen stond. Neen, goede God, hij _kon_ het
niet!--Als een doode zoo wit, grijpt hij de hand van zijn vriend, en
zie zie,--er zweeft voor 't laatst een glimlach over Helmonds gelaat. Heeft hij 't verstaan, heeft hij 't begrepen dat men hém, "den ellendig
_zwakken_, den verder voor _dit_ leven _onmogelijken_ mensch"--zooals
hij straks zich zelf had genoemd--nog den schoonsten en hoogsten
titel als man der wetenschap heeft waardig gekeurd? Sinds de generaal en Jacoba waren binnengekomen, heeft Eva zich met
alle kracht beheerscht. Bijna onveranderlijk is zij in dezelfde houding gebleven; met den
arm om het hoofd van haar dierbaren man geslagen, want o, dát was
hem zoo _goed_, heeft hij gefluisterd--en, ofschoon zij nog altijd op
herstelling en leven hoopte, ach! als het dan anders wezen _moest_,
neen, dan zou ze hem die ure toch niet bang maken, maar voor 't laatst
nog toonen dat ze hem wel innig en waarachtig liefheeft. --Maar--o God, wat is dat! Met een kreet van ontzetting vliegt ze
eensklaps overeind:
"Eva!" heeft hij nog eens al stervend gefluisterd. En toen, toen
is zijn laatste adem gevloden.--Helmond, haar dierbare, haar eenige
Helmond; hij was niet meer. Aan den avond van den volgenden dag kwam er van den kant der
Nieuwe-Stadsherberg een trekschuit langzaam aangevaren. Juist tegenover het huis nº. 103 aan den Buitenkant, zag men het
vaartuig aan wal komen, en de schipper met zijn knecht wachtte er
totdat de avond geheel was gevallen en de torenklok van de Oude Kerk
zes had geslagen. Weinige minuten later heerschte er een buitengewoon gestommel in het
kleine voorkamertje der genoemde woning. Een agent van politie stond
buiten, en hield een nieuwsgierige menigte terzij, die al spoedig
een langwerpig voorwerp met een zwart laken overdekt door een achttal
mannen ter deure uit en dwars over de straat zag dragen, terwijl het
daarna met alle behoedzaamheid in het ruim der schuit geborgen werd. Toen het vaartuig eenige minuten later van den wal was losgemaakt,
gleed het weer langzaam heen. In den stuurstoel stond, met het hoofd voorover, een reeds bejaarde
man in eenvoudige livrei. Men kon het hem duidelijk aanzien dat hij
een oud-gediende was. Bij het wegvaren sloeg de oude nog eens de oogen op dat smalle hooge
Amsterdamsche huis. --In die woning was dan de brave pleegzoon van zijn meester, zoo jong,
nog zoo bitter jong, gestorven! De gaslantaarn, die juist was opgestoken, verlichtte inzonderheid het
nummer der kleine woning. De oude Willem gaf er zich geen rekenschap
van hoe hem nu eensklaps de woorden vol droeve waarheid zoo levendig
voor den geest kwamen:
"Gelijk het gras is ons kortstondig leven,
Gelijk een bloem die, op het veld verheven,
Wel sierlijk pronkt, maar krachtloos is en teer. Wanneer de wind zich over 't land laat hooren,
Dan...."
"Ach, zoo jong, zoo in de kracht van 't leven!" herhaalt de oude
nog eens; en, het oogenblik kwam hem weer levendig voor den geest,
toen hij--nog zoo kort geleden, dien goeden dokter als bruigom, met
bloemen en linten aan 't tuig, mocht rijden, en hem benijdde omdat
hij al spoedig het graf zou zien van den grooten Keizer die de heele
wereld verwon.... Willem de grijze koetsier weet niet hoe het komt, maar 'tgeen hij nú
gevoelde, dat heeft hij nog nooit gevoeld.--Hij zou niet weten wát te
antwoorden indien men hem vroeg of hij nóg gaarne zou meegaan om het
graf van dien grooten Keizer te zien. 't Zou hem nu zijn alsof....--De
oude schudde het hoofd, en staarde vóór zich in het zwarte water,
en streek den traan weg, die hem in den grijzen knevel gebiggeld was. Thomas Van Hake is reeds in den morgen met Armelo naar Romphuizen
vertrokken, om er den kapitein, met hetgeen er voor de begrafenis te
regelen viel, behulpzaam te zijn. De generaal die gisteren, na zooveel aandoening, weer minder wel was
geworden, zal eerst morgen naar Romphuizen terugkeeren. Op dit oogenblik, terwijl de pendule in de ruime hotelkamer halfzeven
wijst, zegt hij tot Jacoba die juist weer een der poeders, waarop ze
zooveel vertrouwen heeft, voor hem gereedmaakte:
"De schuit kan al twintig minuten weg zijn. 't Verwondert me dat ze
nog niet komen."
"Misschien gaan de klokken hier niet zoo goed als op _De Zonsberg_
lieve papa;" antwoordt Jacoba en geeft hem de medicijn. De vader gebruikt die stilzwijgend, en zijn oog rust weder op
het schrift, waaronder August met reeds stervende hand zijn naam
had geschreven, en waarvan de inhoud hem telkens herinnert aan
die smeekende woorden van den gestorven pleegzoon: "Verzoening,
vergiffenis."
Van Barneveld weet niet dat er, op Philips uitdrukkelijk verlangen,
een paar regels uit dien laatsten brief zijn weggebleven. Maar, evenmin weet hij dat Jacoba's hart, bij al de droefheid
en zorg--waarin ze schier wonderdadig tot de vervulling van haar
moeielijke kindertaak werd gesterkt--nog onrustiger klopt dewijl het
aanstonds zal uitkomen, dat zij zich alweder, uit waarachtige liefde,
aan een klein bedrog heeft schuldig gemaakt. Van Barneveld weet het
niet dat Jacoba een paar woorden heeft gevoegd bij de weinige regels,
die de vader haar verzocht heeft aan Eva te schrijven, en die toen
aanstonds naar het huis aan den Buitenkant zijn gezonden. Alvorens Amsterdam te verlaten, heeft de oude generaal zijn jongsten
pleegzoon doen weten: dat hij hem ter wille van dien afgestorven
broeder, vergiffenis wilde schenken, wanneer hij waarachtig berouw
gevoelde over de vreeselijke woorden, die hij vroeger gesproken had. Jacoba heeft moeten schrijven:
"Indien Philip alzoo gezind is Eva, laat hij dan met u meekomen." En,
Jacoba heeft er uit zich zelve bijgevoegd: "Natuurlijk, Philip _èn
Virginie, zijne vrouw_."
Jacoba wordt eensklaps nog bleeker dan zij gewoonlijk is. Op dit
oogenblik heeft er een rijtuig voor de Keizerskroon stilgehouden. Was het een wreedaardig spel van het lot, dat die jonge moegeschreide
weduwe in dezen stond den drempel van hetzelfde hotel moest betreden,
waar ze aan de zij van haar geliefden vriend, den avond van haar
eersten huwelijksdag was binnengegaan! Zij wankelde op dien drempel. --Maar Goddank, nog altijd was de trouwe vriendin haar terzij,
die haar telkens dat woord van den eenige herhaalde: "Wees sterk,
en leef voor ons kind lieve vrouw."
Van Barneveld zag bij het zwakke licht der beide bougies niet aanstonds
dat er vier personen waren binnengekomen. Jacoba beefde. De grijsaard is opgestaan. Zijn oogen waren vochtig. --Goddank! juicht het tengere meisje in stilte: Hij is zeer bewogen. "God plaagt niet uit lust tot plagen!" zegt Van Barneveld terwijl
hij Eva's hand vat: "Wij hebben veel verloren, maar het _betere_
zeker gewonnen Eva."
Ach, hoe kon zij dit toestemmen in dezen stond! Eva schreide bitter. "Wij hebben hem beiden liefgehad," herneemt Van Barneveld: "maar ieder
op een andere wijze. Voortaan--zoolang als God mij het leven schenkt,
zullen wij elkander liefhebben Eva, als vader en dochter.--Je hebt
nu geleerd dat het geluk niet uit weelde en overdaad wordt geboren,
terwijl de handen er werkeloos bij neerhangen."
--O God, wat klinken die woorden hard, vreeselijk hard in zulke uren
van bitteren rouw! "Maar ik spreek geen verwijt;" herneemt de generaal: "Ik heb mijn
ongelukkig pleegkind beloofd dat ik voor je zou waken en zorgen. Berust
in den wil van God. Leer met weinig tevreden zijn, en geloof dat ook
_ik_ aan 't eind van mijn leven zwaar ben geslagen, want ik had hem
lief Eva, zeer _zeer_ lief!"
Terwijl zijn handen beven, en de tranen hem over de wangen rollen,
geeft hij Eva een zoen.--En zij....? Ze wil spreken; doch, zij kan het niet. Een oogenblik nog, en dan,--dan
ziet ze hem aan en zegt op vasten toon:
"Ik wil u liefhebben oom, want mijn August had u lief. Uw raad wil ik
hooren, en uw lessen opvolgen, maar," en nu trilt hare stem "_Ik zal
voor mij zelve zorgen, want_...." In een hevig snikken barst zij uit,
en de woorden er bijvoegen kon ze niet: Want van úw weldaden te leven,
dat zou mij _onmogelijk_ zijn. O Goddank, dat zij die laatste woorden terug heeft gehouden. Die
eersten, ze hebben den grijsaard zoo innig goedgedaan, ja gegrepen in
't hart.--Weet die oude man, dat men hem soms van bekrompenheid of
zelfs van gierigheid beschuldigt? Weet hij dat zijn gestrengheid
en zijn strijden voor wat hij recht en goed acht, inderdaad wel
eens hardheid wordt?--Maar nu, o, nú wordt zijn hart zoo warm als
een zomer-zonnestraal, en die gloed blonk hem uit de oogen; en zijn
beide armen naar Eva uitstrekkend, zegt hij op onbeschrijfelijk en
roerenden toon:
"Goed zoo kind! lieve kind! goed zóó!--Ach God, wáárom is nú mijn
arme jongen er niet!"
"Oom, is er dan nog geen jongen die u wil liefhebben?" zegt Philip,
eensklaps naderbij komend, en vat de hand van den trillenden grijsaard
die Eva nu vast aan het hart hield gedrukt: "Oom, de arme August heeft
verzoening gewild; en, ú hebt ons de hand toegereikt. Nú, weldoener
van mijn jeugd, is het aan mij om u vergiffenis te vragen voor dat
onzinnige woord in blinde drift gesproken. Ik moest het toen geweten
hebben dat uw toorn alleen mijn stap van onbedachtzaamheid gold: uw
rein gevoel, uw _diep gevoel van eer_ kon immers nooit op den duur
het lieve meegesleepte kind verstooten, aan wie uw wilde jongen zijn
woord van trouw had gegeven."
Door Jacoba onmerkbaar vooruitgestuwd, is Virginie Helmond nu mede,
ofschoon schoorvoetend en met neergeslagen blik, den grijzen generaal
genaderd. Philip grijpt haar hand en vervolgt:
"Oom, hier staan we nu beiden. U hebt ons geroepen. U wilt vergeven;
en wij, wij zullen u eeren en liefhebben. Ja, door duizend vuren zou
ik voor u vliegen omdat u haar, mijn _alles_, hebt erkend; en zij, mijn
schat, ze vloog met me mee, want, oom, we zijn één, in alles _één_!"
Verrassing en verbazing hebben eensklaps Van Barnevelds gelaat
geteekend, toen hij Philips vrouw, zoo geheel onverwacht, heeft voor
zich gezien.--Wat moest dat beduiden!--Heeft hij, _hij zelf_ haar
geroepen, _hij_! Is het dan noodig dat men ook _die vrouw_....? Maar
hoor:
"O, wij zijn al vriendinnen, niewaar lieve zuster!" roept Jacoba;
en inwendig bevend slaat ze den arm om Virginie's hals, en geeft haar
voor 't oog van den vader, een teederen zoen. En de oude generaal? O, indien men de sterkste vesting wel veroveren kan, hoeveel te eer
zal men dan het hart overrompelen van een bewogen grijsaard, aan den
eindpaal van het leven. "Virginie!" zegt de oude man; en ofschoon hij de hand op dat
overrompelde hart moet drukken, hij voldoet toch geheel aan dokter
Helmonds uitersten wil, en geeft ook een zoen aan de schoone maar
tevens goedaardige vrouw van zijn jongsten pleegzoon. En de najaarsstormen hebben gewoed; en de winter heeft ijsbloemen
op de vensterglazen geteekend, schoone maar koude bloemen.--En de
eerste groene scheutjes en blaadjes en veldbloempjes zijn toen te
voorschijn gekomen, en, evenals zij, ook de vogels met hun luid
getjilp en gefluit vooral 's-morgens vroeg op de daken. 't Was in die zeer koude dagen, toen de ijsbloemen niet van de glazen
wilden wijken, dat Eva Helmond aan een vaderloos jongske het leven
schonk. Maar met de eerste bloemen en zangen der lente, toen ook de eerste
kraaiende lachjes van het onschuldige wicht die arme moeder hebben
verkwikt, toen was het haar mede alsof ze tot een nieuw leven ontwaakt
was. 't Moest een leven worden ten nutte van dat lieve kind, en een
leven ten nutte van anderen bovendien. De generaal Van Barneveld heeft er voor gezorgd. Het groote huis op de markt, 'twelk hij van mevrouw de weduwe Helmond
ondershands heeft gekocht, en betaald met een som waardoor alle
schuld kon vereffend worden, het groote voormalige burgemeesters-
en doktershuis is--het _doktershuis_ gebleven. Zie, die steen in den
gevel moet het aanduiden; daarop staat gegriffeld: HELMONDS-STICHTING. Ofschoon van alle meubelsieraad ontdaan, is het gebouw in- noch
uitwendig belangrijk veranderd. 't Was een kostbaar geschenk, 'twelk de stad Romphuizen, met deze
langgewenschte stichting, van den generaal had ontvangen. En, _wie_
zou men nu eerder tot beschermvrouw van dat prachtige _Weeshuis_ hebben
gekozen, dan de weduwe van den man wiens naam de stichting droeg,
en die voorzeker zooveel ze kon, haar kracht eraan zou willen wijden! Maar nog een ander monument mocht de stad Romphuizen in datzelfde
voorjaar ontvangen. 't Was het monument op Donerie's graf. Aan den avond van den dag toen de plechtige onthulling ervan heeft
plaats gehad, en de cantate nogmaals was gezongen en besloten met
dat roerend:
"Slaap zacht, tot den morgen die u wacht!"
aan den avond van dien dag hield er een rijtuig voor het kerkhof
stil. Twee jonge vrouwen in rouwgewaad stapten eruit. Ze werden
geholpen door den tuinman van _De Zonsberg_, die naast den ouden
Willem op den bok heeft gezeten. "Hierheen Eva!" fluistert Jacoba, en gaat haar voor op een welbekend
pad. En ja, aan 't eind van den doodenhof, waar het kleine doch smaakvolle
gedenkteeken verrees, daar moesten ze zijn. Jacoba's oogen glinsterden terwijl ze er beiden nu sprakeloos stonden. "En die steen.... dat is....?" zuchtte Eva. "Ja dat is ons nieuwe graf;" bevestigde Coba: "Daar rust nu die goede
August, in de schaduw van Donerie's monument."
Eva sprak niet.--O, dat woord moest haar ziel wel treffen: "_In de
schaduw van Donerie's monument!_"
Jacoba zweeg mede.--Zij had haar doel bereikt. Op die stille plek
naast het gedenkteeken, heeft haar vader den nieuwen grafkelder moeten
koopen. Jacoba had het zoo besloten: _zijzelve_ wilde er eenmaal
rusten, naast de groeve van den eenige, dien ze zoo diep in haar ziel
heeft liefgehad. En Eva en Jacoba ze bleven daar sprakeloos nog een geruimen tijd
staan. Beider oog was nu voor 'tmeerendeel op den tuinman gevestigd,
die aan 't boveneind van de nieuwe blauwe zerk zijn arbeid verrichtte. Wat hij er doet?--Hij plant er het takje van den meidoorn, 'twelk Eva,
op den laatsten middag van haar zaligen bruidstijd, aan den geliefden
bruigom heeft gegeven. Pas kort geleden heeft Eva vernomen wat er met dat takje gebeurd is:
Met een schoonere bloem voor oogen, die hij den volgenden dag de zijne
zou noemen, had August het reeds verflensende meidoornbloempje dien
avond op _De Zonsberg_ achtergelaten. En de oom die het takje vond,
had er bloem en blaadjes en de kleine zijtakjes afgedaan, en--om
eens te zien wat er nog van komen kon, heeft hij het binnen de serre
in een pot met aarde gestoken. Zóó was het takje, wèl verzorgd, aan
't botten gegaan, totdat.... totdat op een lateren droeven morgen de
tuinbaas het "wegwerpen zou". Maar de tuinman heeft dat niet gedaan. Hij heeft den pot met het
takje erin, bewaard. Immers Willem de oude koetsier wist heel zeker
dat dokter Helmond op dien middag een takje rooden meidoorn in het
knoopsgat heeft gedragen, en--'t was toch aardig, ja, en nú aandoenlijk
erbij--dat de oude generaal het _zelf_ gepoot en _zelf_ gekweekt had. En zie, nu staat het daar; en 't zal mettertijd een struik worden,
een boom misschien, en de roode meidoornbloempjes zullen vallen op
Helmonds graf, dat ook eenmaal Eva's graf zal zijn. NASCHRIFT. Wie voorts van vriend of vijand in Romphuizen nog iets meer zou
willen vernemen; van den man die door een _schot los kruit_ aan zijn
eind kwam; of van de huwelijksplannen van den jongen Hardenborg;
of van de gronden misschien waarop het engagement van den apotheker
Van Hake met Louise Armelo rust; die zal zeker het best doen om zich
in persoon te vervoegen bij den heer Jules Janin Kippelaan. Althans,
er bestaat geen twijfel: wie zich bij hem aanmeldt, dien zal hij--met
de beide handen vooruit--welkom heeten als zijn besten vriend, en hem
alles meedeelen wat hij maar weten wil. Wel is waar zal Kippelaan
moeten bekennen dat het hem nooit heel duidelijk werd hoe mijnheer
Philip Helmond van "_gemeen acteur, assuradeur_" is geworden; maar
zeer zeker zal hij steeds besluiten met de verklaring: dat hij altijd
de intieme vriend was van dokter Helmond en zijn vrouw. Den Haag 1869. J. Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
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throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact
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gbnewby@pglaf.org
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($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
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with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit https://pglaf.org
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Donations are accepted in a number of other
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Section 5. Professor Michael S. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
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| 26,907 |
https://github.com/VGAMER5658/carl0.ml---account-generator/blob/master/generator/AdminPanel/manage-support.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
carl0.ml---account-generator
|
VGAMER5658
|
PHP
|
Code
| 988 | 4,109 |
<?php
include "inc/header.php";
if ($_SESSION['rank'] < "5") {
header('Location: ../haha.php');
exit();
}
if (isset($_GET['read'])){
$id = sec_tag($con, $_GET['read']);
mysqli_query($con, "UPDATE `support` SET `read` = '1' WHERE `id` = '$id'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
echo '
<script>
window.history.replaceState("object or string", "Title", "manage-support.php");
</script>
';
}
if (isset($_GET['delete'])){
$id = sec_tag($con, $_GET['delete']);
mysqli_query($con, "DELETE FROM `support` WHERE `id` = '$id'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
echo '
<script>
window.history.replaceState("object or string", "Title", "manage-support.php");
</script>
';
}
if (isset($_POST['reply']) & isset($_POST['id']) & isset($_POST['to']) & isset($_POST['subject'])){
$reply = sec_tag($con, $_POST['reply']);
$id = sec_tag($con, $_POST['id']);
$to = sec_tag($con, $_POST['to']);
$subject = sec_tag($con, $_POST['subject']);
mysqli_query($con, "INSERT INTO `support` (`from`, `to`, `subject`, `message`, `date`) VALUES ('Admin', '$to', '$subject', '$reply', DATE('$date'))") or die(mysqli_error($con));
mysqli_query($con, "UPDATE `support` SET `read` = '1' WHERE `id` = '$id'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
}
$result = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `support`") or die(mysqli_error($con));
$totaltickets = mysqli_num_rows($result);
$result = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `support` WHERE `to` = 'Admin'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
$receivedtickets = mysqli_num_rows($result);
$result = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `support` WHERE `from` = 'Admin'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
$senttickets = mysqli_num_rows($result);
$result = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `support` WHERE `read` = '0'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
$unansweredtickets = mysqli_num_rows($result);
if($receivedtickets == 0){
$replystatus = 0;
}else{
$replystatus = $senttickets / $receivedtickets * 100;
}
if($receivedapplications == 0){
$replystatus = 0;
}else{
$replystatus = $sentapplications / $receivedapplications * 100;
}
if (isset($_POST['adduser']) && isset($_POST['password']) && isset($_POST['rank'])){
$username = sec_tag($con, $_POST['adduser']);
$password = sec_tag($con, md5($_POST['password']));
$email = sec_tag($con, $_POST['email']);
$rank = sec_tag($con, $_POST['rank']);
mysqli_query($con, "INSERT INTO `users` (`username`, `password`, `email`, `rank`, `date`) VALUES ('$username', '$password', '$email', '$rank', DATE('$date'))") or die(mysqli_error($con));
}
if (isset($_GET['read'])){
$id = sec_tag($con, $_GET['read']);
mysqli_query($con, "UPDATE `apply` SET `read` = '1' WHERE `id` = '$id'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
echo '
<script>
window.history.replaceState("object or string", "Title", "manage-support.php");
</script>
';
}
if (isset($_GET['delete'])){
$id = sec_tag($con, $_GET['delete']);
mysqli_query($con, "DELETE FROM `support` WHERE `id` = '$id'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
echo '
<script>
window.history.replaceState("object or string", "Title", "manage-support.php");
</script>
';
}
if (isset($_POST['reply']) & isset($_POST['id']) & isset($_POST['to']) & isset($_POST['subject'])){
$reply = sec_tag($con, $_POST['reply']);
$id = sec_tag($con, $_POST['id']);
$to = sec_tag($con, $_POST['to']);
$subject = sec_tag($con, $_POST['subject']);
mysqli_query($con, "INSERT INTO `support` (`from`, `to`, `subject`, `message`, `date`) VALUES ('Admin', '$to', '$subject', '$reply', DATE('$date'))") or die(mysqli_error($con));
mysqli_query($con, "UPDATE `support` SET `read` = '1' WHERE `id` = '$id'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
}
$totalalts = 0;
$result = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `generators`") or die(mysqli_error($con));
while($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) {
$result2 = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `generator$row[id]` WHERE `status` != '0'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
$totalalts = $totalalts + mysqli_num_rows($result2);
}
$result = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `freegenerators`") or die(mysqli_error($con));
while($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) {
$result2 = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `freegenerator$row[id]` WHERE `status` != '0'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
$totalfree = $totalfree + mysqli_num_rows($result2);
}
$totalfreenpaid = $totalalts + $totalfree + $privtotalalts;
$result = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `users`") or die(mysqli_error($con));
$totalusers = mysqli_num_rows($result);
if (isset($_GET['delete'])){
$id = mysqli_real_escape_string($con, $_GET['delete']);
mysqli_query($con, "DELETE FROM `news` WHERE `id` = '$id'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
echo '
<script>
window.history.replaceState("object or string", "Title", "index.php");
</script>
';
}
if (isset($_POST['addnews'])){
$title = sec_tag($con, $_POST['addtitle']);
$message = sec_tag($con, $_POST['addnews']);
$colourp = sec_tag($con, $_POST['coloured']);
mysqli_query($con, "INSERT INTO `news` (`title`, `message`, `writer`, `date`, `colour`) VALUES ('$title', '$message', '$_SESSION[username]', '$datetime', '$colourp')") or die(mysqli_error($con));
}
if (isset($_POST['newsid']) && isset($_POST['editmessage'])){
$id = sec_tag($con, $_POST['newsid']);
$title = sec_tag($con, $_POST['edittitle']);
$message = sec_tag($con, $_POST['editmessage']);
mysqli_query($con, "UPDATE `news` SET `message` = '$message' WHERE `id` = '$id'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
mysqli_query($con, "UPDATE `news` SET `title` = '$title' WHERE `id` = '$id'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
}
$result = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `news`") or die(mysqli_error($con));
$totalnews = mysqli_num_rows($result);
$result = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `news` WHERE DATE(date) = '$date'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
$todaysnews = mysqli_num_rows($result);
$generatestotal = 0;
$result = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `statistics` WHERE `username` = '$username'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
while($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) {
$generatestotal = $generatestotal + $row['generated'];
}
$result = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `date` = '$date'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
$todaysusers = mysqli_num_rows($result);
$result = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `subscriptions` WHERE `active` = '1' AND `expires` >= '$date'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
$activesubscriptions = mysqli_num_rows($result);
$privtotalalts = 0;
$result = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `privgenerators`") or die(mysqli_error($con));
while($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) {
$result2 = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `privgenerator$row[id]` WHERE `status` != '0'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
$privtotalalts = $privtotalalts + mysqli_num_rows($result2);
}
$privgeneratestotal = 0;
$result = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `privstatistics` WHERE `username` = '$username'") or die(mysqli_error($con));
while($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) {
$privgeneratestotal = $privgeneratestotal + $row['generated'];
}
?>
<?php include("noob/header.php"); ?>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-8 grid-margin">
<div class="card">
<div class="card-body">
<center><h4 class="card-title">News & Updates</h4></center>
<div class="table-sorter-wrapper col-lg-12 table-responsive">
<table id="sortable-table-2" class="table table-striped">
<?php
$supportquery = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM `support` WHERE `to` = 'Admin' ORDER BY `date` DESC") or die(mysqli_error());
while ($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($supportquery)) {
echo '
<a href="#" style="margin-top: 5px;" class="list-group-item ';
if($row['read'] != "1"){
echo 'active';
}
echo '" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#message'.$row[id].'" data-parent="#menu">
<span class="name" style="min-width: 120px;display: inline-block;">'.$row["from"].'</span> <span class="">'.$row["subject"].'</span>
<span class="badge">'.$row["date"].'</span>
<span class="badge"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i></span>
</span>
</a>
<div id="message'.$row[id].'" class="sublinks collapse" style="background:#F1F2F7;">
<textarea class="form-control" rows="8" disabled>'.$row[message].'</textarea></br>
<form method="POST" action="manage-support.php" id="reply" name="reply">
<textarea name="reply" class="form-control" rows="4"></textarea></br>
<input type="hidden" name="id" value="'.$row[id].'"/>
<input type="hidden" name="to" value="'.$row[from].'"/>
<input type="hidden" name="subject" value="'.$row[subject].'"/>
<button type="submit" style="margin-left: 5px;width:495px;" class="btn btn-info btn-large">Send Reply</button>
<div class="btn-group">
<a style="width:150px;" href="manage-support.php?read='.$row[id].'" class="btn btn-primary btn-large">Set Read</a>
<a style="width:150px;" href="manage-support.php?delete='.$row[id].'" class="btn btn-default btn-large">Delete</a>
</div></br></br>
</form>
</div>
';
}
?>
</tbody></thead>
</table>
</div>
</div> </div> </div>
<div class="col-md-4 grid-margin stretch-card">
<div class="card">
<div class="card-body">
<h4 class="card-title">Todo</h4>
<div class="add-items d-flex">
<input type="text" class="form-control todo-list-input" placeholder="What do you need to do today?">
<button class="add btn btn-primary font-weight-bold todo-list-add-btn">Add</button>
</div>
<div class="list-wrapper">
<ul class="d-flex flex-column-reverse todo-list todo-list-custom">
<li><a href="#"> <strong><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i></strong> Total Tickets<span class="label label-primary pull-right r-activity"><?php echo $totaltickets;?></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#"> <strong><i class="fa fa-download"></i></strong> Received Tickets<span class="label label-warning pull-right r-activity"><?php echo $receivedtickets;?></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#"> <strong><i class="fa fa-upload"></i></strong> Sent Tickets<span class="label label-success pull-right r-activity"><?php echo $senttickets;?></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#"> <strong><i class="fa fa-remove"></i></strong> Unanswered Tickets<span class="label label-info pull-right r-activity"><?php echo $unansweredtickets;?></span></a></li>
</ul></br>
<legend></legend>
<center><font size="3"><strong><i class="fa fa-upload"></i></strong> Reply Status</font></center></br>
<div class="progress progress-striped active progress-sm">
<div class="progress-bar progress-bar-success" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="<?php echo $replystatus;?>" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100" style="width: <?php echo $replystatus;?>%">
<span class="sr-only"><?php echo $replystatus;?>% Complete</span>
</tbody></thead>
</table>
</div>
</div> </div></div> </div>
</div> <!-- content -->
<?php include("noob/footer.php"); ?>
</body>
</html>
| 25,376 |
https://github.com/olympiawojcik/ceciljohn-tantay/blob/master/src/view/DashboardView.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ceciljohn-tantay
|
olympiawojcik
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 48 | 155 |
import React from 'react';
import Dashboard from '../components/Dashboard/Dashboard';
import { connect } from 'react-redux';
const DashboardView = props => {
if (!props.isLogginSuccess) {
props.history.push('/signup');
}
return (
<div>
<Dashboard {...props} />
</div>
);
};
const mapStateToProps = state => ({
isRegisterSuccess: state.auth.isRegisterSuccess,
isLogginSuccess: state.auth.isLogginSuccess
});
export default connect(mapStateToProps)(DashboardView);
| 27,570 |
https://github.com/Zhang-C-C/GraduationProject/blob/master/GraduationProject-ZCC/GraduationProject-ZCC/MeSetting/SettingVC/Controller/AboutUSViewController.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,016 |
GraduationProject
|
Zhang-C-C
|
C
|
Code
| 40 | 128 |
//
// AboutUSViewController.h
// GraduationProject-ZCC
//
// Created by 诺达科技 on 16/12/8.
// Copyright © 2016年 诺达科技. All rights reserved.
//
#import "BaseViewController.h"
@interface AboutUSViewController : BaseViewController
@property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UILabel *version;
@property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UILabel *identifier;
@end
| 3,441 |
https://github.com/mgireesh05/algorithms/blob/master/old/quicksort.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
algorithms
|
mgireesh05
|
Python
|
Code
| 723 | 1,630 |
from random import randint
def quicksort(arr, option):
comparisons = [0] #sending as an array so as to preserve the values across recursion levels
do_quicksort(arr, 0, len(arr), comparisons, option)
return comparisons[0]
def do_quicksort(arr, start, end, comparisons, option):
if start >= end:
return
if len(arr) == 2 or end - start == 1: #base case
if arr[end-1] < arr[start]:
temp = arr[start]
arr[start] = arr[end-1]
arr[end-1] = temp
return
# count the swaps in reach recursion step (for coursera assignment)
m = end - start - 1
comparisons[0] = comparisons[0] + m
#partition the arrary - in place
pivot_index = partition(arr, start, end, option)
#sort the left sub array
do_quicksort(arr, start, pivot_index, comparisons, option)
#sort the right sub array
do_quicksort(arr, pivot_index + 1, end, comparisons, option)
return
def median_of_three(a, idx_a, b, idx_b, c, idx_c):
if a <= b <= c or c <= b <= a:
return idx_b
elif b <= a <= c or c <= a <= b:
return idx_a
else:
return idx_c
def choose_pivot(arr, start, end, option):
if option == "first":
#just return the first element
pivot = arr[start]
elif option == "last":
#swap the last and first and then return the first
temp = arr[start]
arr[start] = arr[end-1]
arr[end-1] = temp
pivot = arr[start]
elif option == "median":
#find the median value of first, middle, and last and then swap that with the first and then return the first
first = arr[start]
last = arr[end-1]
if (end - start) % 2 == 0:
mid_offset = ((end - start) / 2) - 1
else:
mid_offset = (end - start)/2
middle_index = start + mid_offset #note: the offset must be added to the start to point to the correct index
middle = arr[middle_index]
median_index = median_of_three(first, start, middle, middle_index, last, end-1)
temp = arr[start]
arr[start] = arr[median_index]
arr[median_index] = temp
pivot = arr[start]
else:
pivot = arr[start]
return pivot
def partition(arr, start, end, option):
pivot = choose_pivot(arr, start, end, option)
i = start + 1 #index of the array where the elements to the left are partitioned and elements to the right are not
j = start + 1 #index of the partitioned array where elements to the left are less than or equal to the pivot and elements to the right are greater
for i in range(start + 1, end):
if arr[i] > pivot:
i = i + 1 #value is greater than the pivot, just move on by incrementing "i"
else:
#value is less than or equal to the pivot,
#swap the values so as to move the greater values to the right of "j" and lesser values to the left of "j"
temp = arr[i]
arr[i] = arr[j]
arr[j] = temp
#move "i" and "j"
j = j + 1
i = i + 1
#finally, swap the pivot to order the arrary in the form <p <-> p <-> >p
arr[start] = arr[j-1]
arr[j-1] = pivot
#return the pivot to be used to split the array for the next recursive step
return j-1
def check(arr):
cur = 0
prev = 0
for val in arr:
cur = val
assert (prev <= cur), "Not sorted correctly!"
prev = cur
return
arr = [70, 83, 79]
quicksort(arr, "first")
check(arr)
print(arr)
arr = [3, 8, 2, 5, 1, 4, 7, 6]
quicksort(arr, "first")
check(arr)
print(arr)
arr = [95, 38, 70, 26, 42, 100, 0, 24, 20, 76]
quicksort(arr, "first")
check(arr)
print(arr)
arr = []
for i in range(0, 50):
val = randint(0,100)
arr.append(val)
quicksort(arr, "first")
check(arr)
print(arr)
arr = []
max_range = randint(0,10000)
for i in range(0, max_range):
val = randint(0,100)
arr.append(val)
quicksort(arr, "first")
check(arr)
input_file = open("input.txt")
arr = input_file.readlines()
arr = [int(x.strip()) for x in arr] #Make sure to convert the read line to int, otherwise the answer won't be correct
comparisons = quicksort(arr, "first")
check(arr)
assert (comparisons == 565), "Comparisons are not correct!"
input_file = open("input.txt")
arr = input_file.readlines()
arr = [int(x.strip()) for x in arr] #Make sure to convert the read line to int, otherwise the answer won't be correct
comparisons = quicksort(arr, "last")
check(arr)
assert (comparisons == 588), "Comparisons are not correct!"
input_file = open("input.txt")
arr = input_file.readlines()
arr = [int(x.strip()) for x in arr] #Make sure to convert the read line to int, otherwise the answer won't be correct
comparisons = quicksort(arr, "median")
check(arr)
assert (comparisons == 530), "Comparisons are not correct!"
print "All tests passed!!!"
| 40,666 |
https://github.com/ChangZaiWang/web-test/blob/master/to-do/src/script.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
web-test
|
ChangZaiWang
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 25 | 172 |
$(".but").click(function () {
var inp1= $('.content').val()
var newinp= $('<input>')
newinp.val(inp1)
newinp.addClass('inp')
var btn1=$('<button>')
btn1.addClass('delbut')
btn1.text('delete')
var newli=$('<li>')
newli.append(newinp)
newli.append(btn1)
$(".u").append(newli)
$(".content").val("")
})
$('.u').on('click',".delbut",function(){
$(this).parent().hide()
});
| 26,281 |
https://openalex.org/W2980427656_4
|
Spanish-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 7,473 | 13,581 |
Edad Fuente
7
Institut für Materialprüfung und Forchung des Bauwesens der
28 TH Hannover
3
7
28 Dimel, Eugen & Laparose, 1968
56
90
28 Moll, W.E. & Koemans, 1969
28 Beck, Hubert
28 Heufers, Hermann & Aurich
LIAS – Leichtbaustoffe GmbH & Co KG
Otto-Graf-Institut del Universität Stuttgart
28
28 Lahl, 1967
Norlit
Berwilit
Liapor
Detoon
Fig.1.23.- Resistencia a flexotracción en comparación con la resistencia a compresión (Hummel,
1959)
40
Capítulo 1.- Estado actual de los conocimientos
fc (MPa)
ft (MPa)
ft / fc (% )
15
3,2
21
20
3,8
19
30
4,8
16
40
5,8
14
50
6,7
13
60
7,3
12
Tab.1.3.- Valores medios de la resistencia a flexotracción de hormigones ligeros (Hummel, 1959)
Hay que indicar, que los ensayos se realizaron después de conservar las probetas en
medio húmedo. Es de suponer, que al producirse el secado de las probetas, se produzcan
tensiones internas de acortamiento, que se sumarian a las propias del ensayo. En el HLE,
por la humedad acumulada en los poros del hormigón, se produce un gradiente más
marcado entre la humedad en el interior de las piezas y la existente en el exterior. Este
nivel de humedad tan diferente entre las partes del HLE hace que las tensiones sean
igualmente diferentes. Por consiguiente la resistencia a flexotracción de hormigones que
se están secando es sustancialmente más baja que la de hormigones conservados en estado
húmedo. Una vez alcanzada la humedad de equilibrio, el hormigón recupera su resistencia
original. En el caso de hormigones elaborados con áridos muy humedecidos con
anterioridad a su elaboración, este comportamiento es más marcado.
1.5.6.- Retracción
Tanto la retracción como la fluencia tienen en común varias características. En primer
lugar, tiene como origen la misma causa: la hidratación de la pasta de cemento. En
segundo lugar, la evolución de sus curvas de deformación en el tiempo es muy similar. En
tercer lugar, el aumento de la retracción, genera un aumento de la fluencia. Además, los
valores de deformación por ambos procesos, entre 400 y 1000 x10-6, son del mismo orden
de magnitud. Y finalmente, ambos procesos son parcialmente reversibles (Kumar Mehta y
Monteiro, 2006).
1.5.6.1.- Mecanismo físico de la retracción
Con el paso del tiempo, el agua que se acumula en el interior de una masa de hormigón
desaparece, bien por evaporación, bien porque es utilizada por el cemento para hidratarse.
Este agua está alojada en el interior de los poros de la estructura del hormigón. Mientras
el agua se encuentra recluida dentro de la estructura porosa del hormigón, la misma
presión que hace que se quede dentro, es la que trasmite al hormigón que le circunda
41
Fernando Israel Olmedo Zazo
Caracterización mecánica experimental de un hormigón ligero estructural
como reacción. Esto hace que exista una presión de separación interna dentro de la masa
del hormigón. Cuando el agua desaparece, también desaparece la presión, por lo que la
masa de hormigón tiende a invadir el espacio originariamente ocupado por el agua, dando
lugar al fenómeno de la retracción.
Cuando se producen sucesivos ciclos de secado e hidratación, el agua vuelve al interior
de los poros y vuelve a ejercerse la presión anteriormente citada. En este caso, ni toda el
agua vuelve a su posición original, ni el hormigón cede a la presión del agua de igual
manera, al haber desaparecido la película de agua que ocupaba los poros. Al desaparecer
ésta, se establecen nuevas uniones entre las partículas de cemento, por lo que ahora el
mortero de cemento es algo más resistentes y se deforma menos ante la presencia de las
presiones del agua.
Parte de la retracción total sufrida por el hormigón durante su primer secado,
permanece de forma constante, mientras que parte de la misma, puede ser recuperada en
un nuevo ciclo de rehidratación interna (Figura 1.24) Se denomina retracción irreversible
a aquella que es permanente desde el primer secado, y retracción reversible a aquella que
puede recuperarse en procesos de rehidratación (Mindess, y Young, 1981).
42
Capítulo 1.- Estado actual de los conocimientos
Fig.1.24.- Reversibilidad de la retracción (Mindess, y Young, 1981)
1.5.6.2.- Variables que intervienen
El mecanismo de la retracción está íntimamente ligado a la fluencia, al tiempo, la
humedad y al estado de cargas. En el siguiente cuadro se muestra las diferentes relaciones
entre ellas.
Mechanism
Diagram
Strain vs Time
Stress vs Time
Notes
No moisture movement
betwee concrete and ambient
(no drying shrinkage
Basic Creep
Constant stress over time
Stress
Relaxation
Drying
Shrinkage
(Unrestrained)
Constant strain over time
The member is free to move
43
No stresses are generated
Fernando Israel Olmedo Zazo
Caracterización mecánica experimental de un hormigón ligero estructural
Tab.1.4.- Combinación de carga, restricción de movimientos y condiciones de humedad, relativas a
la retracción (Kumar Mehta & Monteiro, 2006)
Como se ha indicado anteriormente, la variación en la humedad es la causa de la
retracción. Por ello todos aquellos factores que de una u otra manera influyan en la
variación de la humedad interna de la pieza, afectan a la retracción. Los factores que han
de tenerse en cuenta son:
-
Materiales y dosificación
-
Humedad relativa del ambiente
-
Temperatura
-
Relación agua / cemento
-
Espesor de la pieza
44
Capítulo 1.- Estado actual de los conocimientos
-
Tiempo de curado
-
Relación árido / cemento
1.6.- Ensayos no destructivos
1.6.1.- Velocidad de ultrasonidos
La propagación de las ondas de ultrasonidos en un material idealmente homogéneo se
realiza a una velocidad dependiente de la densidad y el módulo de elasticidad del material
(Markham, 1957). Si el material no es homogéneo, como puede ser debido a fisuras,
poros o coqueras, la velocidad disminuye. Midiendo la velocidad en varios puntos, puede
detectarse la existencia de estas interferencias e incluso determinar su posición.
El módulo de elasticidad de un material puede determinarse a partir de la expresión:
32) 𝐸 = 𝜌𝑣 2
Siendo
E:
módulo elástico del material
:
densidad del material
v:
velocidad de propagación de las ondas de ultrasonidos
El HLE es un material, como se ha reiterado a lo largo de este trabajo, muy poroso.
Los poros llegan a ser considerados un “componente” más del HLE, y son tomados en
cuenta a la hora de definir una dosificación. La porosidad está idealmente
homogéneamente repartida, por lo que, salvo que existan grandes grietas o fisuras,
diferentes medidas en diferentes puntos de las muestras, no reflejan variaciones
apreciables a este respecto. Como se ha indicado anteriormente, el módulo de elasticidad
(E) en el HLE es inferior al del HC. Por ello es de esperar que la velocidad de
propagación de las ondas de ultrasonido en un HLE sea inferior a la experimentada en el
HC.
En investigaciones realizadas en la Darmstadt University of Technology, (Öztürk,
Kroggel y Grübl, 2003) se comparó el comportamiento de diferentes tipos de hormigón
frente a la velocidad de propagación de las ondas de ultrasonido. Se estudió y comparó el
comportamiento de un HC, un HLE y un hormigón de alta resistencia (HAR). Se
fabricaron unos cubos de 1000x1000x1000 mm de cada tipo de hormigón, para
posteriormente laminarlos y extraer testigos en diferentes posiciones de la probeta
45
Fernando Israel Olmedo Zazo
Caracterización mecánica experimental de un hormigón ligero estructural
original (Figura 1.25). De esta forma se podía estudiar la variación de las características
del material en función de su lugar de puesta en obra.
Fig.1.25.- Variación de E con la posición (Öztürk, Kroggel y Grübl, 2003)
Dicho estudio comprobó como las diferencias en el espesor de las piezas influye
notablemente en los resultados obtenidos (Figura 1.26). Para todos los tipos de hormigón
estudiado, los valores de E se incrementan con el espesor de la pieza. El estudio atribuye
este incremento a la mayor facilidad con que se pierde el agua de hidratación en las piezas
de menor espesor. En las piezas de mayor espesor, el hormigón no se deseca
interiormente y puede seguir aumentando sus prestaciones mecánicas con el paso del
tiempo.
Fig.1.26.- Variación de E en función de la tipología de pieza (núcleo, losa o cubo) (Öztürk,
Kroggel y Grübl, 2003)
A la vista de la Figura 1.26 puede observarse como las piezas de mayor espesor
presentan unos valores más altos de E, que en las piezas más esbeltas, más susceptibles a
la desecación. Esto hace que se deshidraten más rápidamente y el proceso de fraguado no
pueda hacerse a la misma velocidad. Observando las diferencias entre los valores de las
tres tipologías de piezas (núcleo, losa, cubo), para los tres tipos de hormigones (HC, HLE,
46
Capítulo 1.- Estado actual de los conocimientos
HAR), puede observarse que las desviaciones relativas son menos acusadas en el caso del
HLE. Esto es debido a la reserva de agua que queda contenida en el interior de los poros,
que hace que sea más difícil que se pierda el agua.
En el mismo estudio se comprobó, que controlando las condiciones de curado, y por
tanto las pérdidas de humedad, las diferencias no nos significativas para ninguna de las
variables estudiadas para cada tipología de hormigón.
1.6.2.- Esclerómetro
El esclerómetro es una de las herramientas desarrolladas para determinar de forma
indirecta y no destructiva la resistencia de una pieza de hormigón. El método se basa en la
relación existente entre la resistencia del hormigón y su dureza superficial. La
determinación de la dureza se hace a partir del índice de rebote (Malhotra y Carino,
2003).
El esclerómetro fue inventado por el ingeniero suizo Ernest Schmidt en 1948. Se trata
de un cuerpo hueco en el que se aloja un puntero, un martillo de masa conocida, y un
muelle. Una vez cargado el muelle, se presiona con el vástago hasta el que el martillo
golpea al saltar el muelle con una determinada fuerza. Una escala arbitraria de 10 a 100
da el resultado de la prueba (Figura 1.27).
1.- Cuerpo
2.- Pestillo
3.- Martillo
4.- Muelle
5.- Vástago
6.- Indicador
A.- Inicial
B.- Carga
C.- Disparo
D.- Rebote
Fig.1.27.- Partes de un esclerómetro y esquema de su funcionamiento (Malhotra y Carino, 2003)
Al inicio del ensayo (A), el vástago está extendido, el indicador marca un valor de 0, y
el martillo en la posición de reposo. Al iniciar la carga (B), el cuerpo del esclerómetro se
va acercando al elemento a ensayar, haciendo tope en el vástago. Ese movimiento genera
que el martillo se vaya alejando de su posición de reposo y se cargue el muelle. En el
momento del disparo (C), se libera el pestillo que sujeta el martillo y el muelle lo lanza
47
Fernando Israel Olmedo Zazo
Caracterización mecánica experimental de un hormigón ligero estructural
contra la probeta. Cuando el martillo impacta (D) rebota contra el muelle y en su
movimiento de retroceso acciona el indicador que masa a marcar el valor correspondiente
al índice de rebote. En función de la dureza superficial del elemento ensayado, así es el
índice de rebote. La presencia más o menos cercana de la superficie de la grava, puede
hacer variar el valor del ensayo. Por eso es necesario repetir el ensayo en varias
posiciones para obtener un valor promedio.
Cada fabricante, en función de la masa del martillo, la resistencia del muelle, la
posición de golpeo, la tipología de probeta y sus pruebas internas, facilita unas gráficas
para establecer la resistencia de las probetas a compresión a partir de los valores
obtenidos en el ensayo (Figura 1.28).
Fig.1.28.- Escala tipo de un esclerómetro
La relación entre la dureza superficial de un hormigón y su resistencia a compresión no
es directa. En estudios elaborados por Akashi y Amasaki (Akashi y Amasaki,1984) se
establece que la relación entre ambos parámetros depende de:
-
Suavidad de la superficie testada
-
Tamaño, forma y rigidez de las probetas
-
Edad de las probetas
-
Condiciones de humedad interna y externa del hormigón
-
Tipo de árido
-
Tipo de cemento
-
Tipo de molde
48
Capítulo 1.- Estado actual de los conocimientos
-
Carbonatación de la superficie de hormigón
Para el caso concreto del HLE, algunos de los parámetro que determinan la estimación
de la resistencia a compresión a partir del índice de rebote son significativaente diferentes
que los de un HC de la misma resistencia.
1.7.- Densidad
Como se ha indicado con anterioridad, la densidad del HLE disminuye con el tiempo.
Esta disminución es más marcada en sus primeras edades, al producirse la paulatina
pérdida de humedad retenida por los poros del árido ligero. La desecación del hormigón
no es total, como puede determinarse en laboratorio mediante su secado en estufa, sino
que alcanza un punto de equilibrio con el ambiente que le rodea. La diferencia entre el
valor desecado y el valor de equilibrio ronda los 50 kg/m3.
Este valor de equilibrio no es constante y puede variar con la época del año, el
soleamiento, la temperatura, etc. A efectos prácticos, y si no se conocen valores más
precisos, puede estimarse como valor de equilibrio el 50%. Por ello en diversas
normativas se recomienda utilizar el valor de la densidad de equilibrio como valor de
cálculo para determinar la carga por peso propio.
1.8.- Vigas mixtas
Las vigas mixtas son por definición aquellas en las que se combinan varios materiales
con características diferentes para su construcción. La idea de estas estructuras es la de
optimizar los materiales para obtener lo mejor de cada uno de ellos. Estrictamente
hablando, las vigas de hormigón armado son mixtas, pues trabajan conjuntamente dos
materiales distintos, hormigón y acero, optimizando la capacidad de compresión del
primero y la de tracción del segundo. Su uso es tan extendido que ya no se considera un
elemento mixto, sino como uno sólo.
Ciertos tipos de estructuras mixtas poco a poco se están popularizando. La gran
mayoría de los edificios en altura resuelven sus estructuras de planta mediante el empleo
de los forjados de losa colaborante (Figura 1.29). En ellos, una chapa grecada con resaltes
en toda su superficie, sirve de encofrado perdido para una fina capa de hormigón. La
chapa de acero, además de servir de contenedor para el hormigón, aporta la resistencia a
49
Fernando Israel Olmedo Zazo
Caracterización mecánica experimental de un hormigón ligero estructural
tracción, que en un hormigón armado, aporta el acero de las barras. Los resaltes sirven
para garantizar la adherencia entre ambos materiales y que trabajen de forma conjunta.
Fig.1.29.- Forjado de chapa colaborante
Igualmente es habitual la presencia de estructuras mixtas de acero y hormigón en
algunas estructuras de puentes. Perfiles de acero de grandes dimensiones le dan a la
estructura inercia y capacidad de tracción, mientras la losa de hormigón aporta capacidad
de tracción y sirve de tablero para la circulación. Para que los materiales trabajen a la vez,
y absorber los esfuerzos rasantes que se producen, se colocan unos conectores que
garantizan la continuidad de esfuerzos entre ambos materiales.
Fig.1.30.- Viga mixta de acero y hormigón
En el cálculo tradicional de este tipo de estructuras se homogeinizaban a un solo
material todos los actuantes. El coeficiente para homogeinizar los materiales es la relación
entre los módulos de elasticidad de los mismos. En este tipo de estructuras, es
fundamental asegurar la transmisión de tensiones entre los materiales, para evitar el
deslizamiento en la capa de contacto. Igualmente es necesario tener en cuenta el orden de
ejecución, pues mientras el acero presenta sus valores característicos desde el mismo
momento de su puesta en obra, el hormigón precisa de 28 días para alcanzar sus valores
característicos de cálculo (Ibañez, 1972).
50
Capítulo 1.- Estado actual de los conocimientos
El caso concreto de las vigas multicapas es un caso particular de vigas mitas. Si bien
todo es hormigón, cada una de las capas presenta unas características mecánicas
diferentes. Además de los valores tenidos en cuenta anteriormente, estudios recientes
muestran la importancia de la retracción (Juknevicius, Marciukaitis y Valivonias, 2006).
De acuerdo a este estudio, las diferencias de comportamiento frente a la retración de las
diferentes capas, generan unas tensiones internas en la viga que actúan como un
pretensado
Fig.1.31.- Estado tensional en una sección tipo de una viga multicapa causado por diferencias en
el comportamiento frente a la retracción (Juknevicius, Marciukaitis y Valivonias, 2006)
1.9.- Normativa
Las diferentes normativas establecen consideraciones especiales para la utilización del
HLE. Estas consideraciones son tanto a nivel de cálculo como de puesta en obra. A lo
largo de los capítulos previos, ya se han indicado alguno de los valores característicos del
hormigón establecidos por las diferentes normativas cuando no se dispone de un estudio
de caracterización previo del hormigón a utilizar.
A lo largo del presente capítulo se indicará la forma en que la diferente normativa
estudiada contempla al HLE.
1.9.1.- Código Modelo
El Código Modelo no distingue en su articulado entre el HC y el HLE. Cuando existen
diferencias de comportamiento entre ambos tipos de hormigones, el propio artículo
diferencia en su redacción del comportamiento diferenciado entre ambos tipos de
51
Fernando Israel Olmedo Zazo
Caracterización mecánica experimental de un hormigón ligero estructural
hormigón. Los títulos en los que el código establece diferencias entre ambos materiales
son:
5.- Materiales
7.- Design
Al margen del propio Código Modelo, la Federación Internacional del Hormigón,
responsable de la redacción del Código, ha realizados otras publicaciones monográficas
tratando aspectos concretos del HLE.
Lightweight aggregate concrete: Extracts from codes and standards State-of-the-art
report (46 pages, ISBN 978-2-88394-044-4, August 1999)
Lightweight aggregate concrete: Part 1 (guide) – Recommended extensions to
Model Code 90; Part 2 (technical report) – Identification of research needs; Part 3
(state-of-art report) – Application of lightweight aggregate concrete (118 pages,
ISBN 978-2-88394-048-2, May 2000)
1.9.2.- ACI
El código americano recopila toda su carga normativa en el documento ACI-213 en
sus diferentes versiones. El HLE está considerado en la normativa americana desde el año
1963. La actual versión ACI-213R-03 está dividida en 7 capítulos que se indican a
continuación.
Capítulo 1.- Introducción
Capítulo 2.- Áridos estructurales ligeros
Capítulo 3.- Dosificación, mezclado y puesta en obra
Capítulo 4.- Propiedades físicas y mecánicas del HLE
Capítulo 5.- Diseño estructural de HLE
Capítulo 6.- HLE de altas prestaciones
Capítulo 7.- Bibliografía
Todo lo indicado en los capítulos 1 a 4 y en el capítulo 6, ya ha sido descrito a lo largo
del presente trabajo. Por ello este punto se centra en el capítulo 5, donde se recopilan
todas las consideraciones necesarias para la realización de cálculos, cuando sus valores
difieren del HC.
1.9.3.- Eurocódigo 2
El Eurocódigo-2 dedica una sección integra (Sección 11) al estudio del HLE. A lo
largo de sus 11 apartados, va desgranando poco a poco las particularidades a tener en
52
Capítulo 1.- Estado actual de los conocimientos
cuenta para el uso del HLE diferenciadas del HC. Cada uno de los 11 apartados,
reproducen las secciones generales del artículado general. Los apartados de este capítulo
son:
11.1 General
11.2 Bases de diseño
11.3 Materiales
11.4 Durabilidad y recubrimiento de las armaduras
11.5 Análisis estructural
11.6 Estado límite último
11.7 Estado límite de servicio
11.8 Detalles de armado - General
11.9 Detalles de armado - Particularidades
11.10 Reglas adicionales para elementos pretensados estructurales
11.12 Estructuras de hormigón en masa o ligeramente armadas
A este respecto indicar la ausencia de un apartado 11.11, dado que la estructura de la
sección reproduce la estructura de la sección general. Dado que la sección 11 del
artículado hace referencia al HLE, no tiene sentido el mencionado apartado 11.11.
1.9.4.- EHE-08
El tratamiento de los hormigones ligeros en la normativa española no aparece
expresamente regulada hasta la presente edición de la Instrucción de Hormigón
Estructural (EHE-08), publicada en agosto de 2.008. Hasta ese momento, las obras que
han venido realizándose, se fundamentaban en el cumplimiento de la normativa
internacional. La actual normativa aglutina en el Anejo 16 todo lo referente a hormigón
ligero. Este apartado funciona como un compendio de todas las particularidades que ha de
cumplir el hormigón ligero, en relación al hormigón con áridos de peso normal.
Este apartado es de aplicación para los hormigones de estructura cerrada, con densidad
aparente comprendida entre 1.200 y 2.000 kg/m3 y resistencia a compresión superior a 15
MPa. Quedan expresamente excluidos de esta consideración los hormigones celulares y
aquellos cuya resistencia a compresión es superior a los 50 MPa.
La estructura del Anejo 16, es la de un listado de excepciones al propio articulado de la
Instrucción. En el mismo orden en que está redactada, va haciendo consideraciones a los
diferentes artículos que ofrecen un tratamiento diferencial al HC del HLE. Sin ánimo de
ser exhaustivo, los títulos que se ven afectados son:
53
Fernando Israel Olmedo Zazo
Caracterización mecánica experimental de un hormigón ligero estructural
Título 2ª. Análisis estructural.
Título 3º. Propiedades tecnológicas de los materiales
Título 4º. Durabilidad
Título 5º. Cálculo
Título 6º. Ejecución
Como la gran mayoría de las expresiones que caracterizan el comportamiento del
hormigón, tanto para HC como HLE, los valores característicos del hormigón están
tomados del Código Modelo.
1.10.- Análisis estadístico
Los resultados obtenidos durante los ensayos de caracterización de materiales, son en
general valores fijos (c, t, f, E,…). En los ensayos de las vigas multicapa conviven
valores de este tipo (Mf, Mp; MU,..) con valores que evolucionan con la carga (, wf,
hf,…). Tanto unos como otros son susceptibles de depender de varios factores. Con el
análisis estadístico se pretende establecer la relación entre todos ellos. Las herramientas
para determinar las relaciones entre todos factores tenidos en cuenta en cada caso son el
Análisis ANOVA, el diseño de experimentos y los Modelos de Regresión.
Los propios valores de caracterización del hormigón son valores estadísticos. Cuando
se indica que un determinado hormigón tiene una resistencia fck, significa que la
resistencia de dicho hormigón se comporta como una normal (, ) de media
desconocida, y desviación típica también desconocida, de tal forma que se garantiza
que un alto porcentaje, de las muestras que se pudieran tomar de ese hormigón,
alcanzarían una resistencia superior a fck. Dicho porcentaje se fija en las diferentes
normativas, siendo el 95% el más habitual (Figura 1.32).
54
Capítulo 1.- Estado actual de los conocimientos
Fig.1.32.- Campana de Gauss de una normal (0,1), con el área marcada de 5% desde el origen, y
el 95% hasta el final.
Para el caso habitual de garantizar un mínimo de 95%, n alcanza un valor de 1,645.
33) 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 𝜇 + 𝑛 ∙ 𝜎
En general, cualquier fenómeno observable cuenta con una media y una desviación
típica. La mayoría de estos procesos no permiten conocer los valores reales de estos
parámetros. Sería inabarcable poder calcular la resistencia real de un hormigón colocado
en obra. Aunque provengan de la misma amasada el hormigón de las probetas no se ha
colocado en obra, y el hormigón realmente colocado en obra, no se ha ensayado. Por ello
se realiza una estimación de estos valores a partir de una muestra del total de la población.
La estadística sirve para contrastar las hipótesis que se plantean de origen. Cuantos
más datos se introduzcan (mayor sea la muestra) más precisa será la conclusión. Si la
muestra es pequeña, los datos pueden dar conclusiones que conduzcan al equívoco. Para
tamaños muestrales pequeños el contraste tiene potencia baja y son necesarias diferencias
muy grandes entre las medias de las poblaciones para rechazar la hipótesis nula. Los
condicionantes de partida de la estadística, priorizan el validar por buena una hipótesis
falsa, que el rechazar una hipótesis verdadera. Por todo ello, cuando el contrate de
hipótesis es validado, más que la afirmación de la hipótesis es cierta, significa que no
existen evidencias de que la hipótesis sea falsa.
Aunque numéricamente cualquier valor es admisible desde el punto de estadístico, las
normas no admiten valores con una alta dispersión. Como ejemplo, la Instrucción
Española EHE (Ministerio de Fomento, 2008), establece que para su consideración al
aplicar los criterios de aceptación para la resistencia del hormigón, el recorrido relativo de
un grupo de tres probetas obtenido mediante la diferencia entre el mayor resultado y el
menor, dividida por el valor medio de las tres, tomadas de la misma amasada, no podrá
exceder el 20%. En el caso de dos probetas, el recorrido relativo no podrá exceder el 13%.
1.10.1.- Análisis ANOVA
El Análisis ANOVA, corresponde a las siglas en inglés de Análisis de la Varianza. El
objetivo de un experimento es estudiar el efecto que sobre una variable de interés, que se
denomina variable respuesta, tienen un conjunto de otras variables, que se denominan
55
Fernando Israel Olmedo Zazo
Caracterización mecánica experimental de un hormigón ligero estructural
variables experimentales o factores. El análisis ANOVA simple estudia el efecto que
sobre la variable respuesta tiene una variable experimental.
El objetivo de un experimento es comprobar si cierta hipótesis es cierta. Para ello se
plantean dos hipótesis:
-
Hipótesis nula (H0): en la que se establece que el hecho que queremos corroborar
es cierto. A efectos númericos esto se establece afirmando que el valor del
experimento ha de ser igual, mayor o menor a otro valor de comparación.
-
Hipótesis alternativa (H1): en la que se establece que el resultado del ensayo es
cualquier otro diferente al planteado en H0.
El análisis se basa en que toda observación de un hecho (resistencia del hormigón,
módulo de elasticidad del acero,…) puede definirse como la media del hecho y una
desviación del mismo.
34) 𝑦𝑖𝑗 = 𝜇𝑖 + 𝑢𝑖𝑗
Las desviaciones representan la variabilidad intrínseca del experimento y se supone
que verifican las siguientes hipótesis:
-
el promedio de las perturbaciones es cero,
-
la varianza de las perturbaciones es constante,
-
la distribución de las perturbaciones sigue la distribución normal,
-
las perturbaciones son independientes.
Todo esto se traduce en
35) 𝑢𝑖𝑗 ~ 𝑁(0, 𝜎)
Aunque no es matemáticamente necesario, si es muy recomendable realizar una
representación gráfica de los datos obtenidos. La representación ofrece mucha
información acerca del comportamiento de la variable respuesta respecto de los factores.
A continuación se establecen los parámetros del modelo (medias, varianzas y residuos,
tanto de cada grupo como del conjunto). Posteriormente se verifica si las medias de todos
los grupos son iguales, lo que supondría que el factor estudiado no tiene una relación con
el comportamiento de la variable respuesta, o si por el contrario, las medias no son
iguales, si hay dependencia entre ambos.
Los residuos son la diferencia entre el valor observado en el experimento, y el valor
esperado a través de la media. Por definición, la suma de los residuos es nula. Para ello,
56
Capítulo 1.- Estado actual de los conocimientos
en la formulación se trabaja con sus cuadrados para eliminar el efecto de los valores
negativos. Los residuos pueden a su vez dividirse en dos. Uno, correspondiente a la
diferencia entre la media general, y la media dependiente de su factor; a esto se llama
variabilidad explicada. Otra, correspondiente a la diferencia entre la media de su factor y
la observación; a esto se llama variabilidad no explicada (Figura 1.33).
Fig.1.33.- Descomposición de la variabilidad (Fig 2.5 Pag 45)
36) 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝐸 + 𝑉𝑁𝐸
Cuando la H0 es cierta, puede demostrarse que las variabilidades se comportan como
una 2 con los grados de libertad asociados a su vector asociado, independientes entre sí.
37) 𝑉𝐸/𝜎 2 ~𝜒 2 (𝐼 − 1)
38) 𝑉𝑁𝐸/𝜎 2 ~𝜒 2 (𝑛 − 𝐼)
De cada una de estas variabilidades pueda calcularse su varianza, como la suma de sus
cuadrados entre sus grados de libertad. Si H0 es cierta, el cociente de las varianzas es una
distribución F de Fisher con I-1 y n-I grados de libertad. Los valores de F cuando H0 es
cierta tienden a ser bajos; cuando no, tienden a ser altos. El límite que delimita la validez
de H0 viene marcado por el nivel de significación . Se denomina como Fc, al valor de F
para I-1 y n-I que presenta un valor . En general se tomará H0 cierta si F<Fc y se
rechazará si F>Fc.La igualdad implicará la aceptación de la hipótesis nula si esta
establece igualdad o valores superiores a uno dado (c es igual o superior al valor
establecido por una norma), y su rechazo para afirmaciones de valor inferior al de
referencia (el valor de una carga no supera uno dado).
57
Fernando Israel Olmedo Zazo
Caracterización mecánica experimental de un hormigón ligero estructural
Otro valor significativo es el p-valor. Este indica valor de significación que hubiese
validado la aceptación de H0. Además de reflejar la aceptación o rechazo de una hipótesis,
estable como de fundada es.
Fig.1.34.- Región crítica para el contraste ANOVA
Con la combinación de todos estos valores se construye la tabla ANOVA. (Tabla 1.5)
Fuentes de
variación
Suma de
cuadrados
Entre grupos (VE)
𝑛𝑖 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦 2
Interna, no explicada
o residual (VNE)
𝑦𝑖𝑗 − 𝑦 𝑖
TOTAL
𝑦𝑖𝑗 − 𝑦
Grados de
libertad
l-1
2
n-l
2
n-1
Varianzas
𝑉𝐸
2
𝑠 =
𝐼−1
𝑉𝑁𝐸
2
𝑠 =
𝑛−𝐼
𝑠
F de Fisher
( −1,𝑛−1) =
𝑠𝑒
2
𝑠
2
p-valor
𝐸( ) >
𝑠𝑒
2
𝑠
2
2
Tab.1.5.- Tabla ANOVA simple y sus valores
1.10.2.- Diseño de experimentos
Cuando se quiere estudiar el comportamiento de una variable respecto a dos o más
factores el análisis ANOVA simple no es adecuado y ha de recurrirse al diseño de
experimentos. El diseño de experimentos es una técnica estadística, inventada y
desarrollada por el científico británico Ronald Aylmer Fisher, durante sus trabajos de
investigación agrícola en una estación agrícola de Rothamsted.
Si observamos datos históricos de un experimento usando Ios valores de un factor1, en
presencia de otro factor2 diferente, se pueden atribuir las diferencias al factor1, cuando
puede depender del factor2. Sin embargo, si diseñamos un experimento en que se
controlen ambos factores, se podrá afirmar con una base firme, y atribuir las diferencias a
las condiciones experimentales y deducir la relación causal. Por esta razón es importante
58
Capítulo 1.- Estado actual de los conocimientos
estar alerta ante los efectos no controlados que puedan afectar a las conclusiones. El
diseño de experimentos estudia como realiza comparaciones lo más homogéneas posibles,
para aumentar la probabilidad de detectar cambios e identificar variables influyentes.
En cualquier experimento en que se investiga el efecto de un factor, existen a priori un
gran número de variables que pueden influir sobre los resultados. La estadística
tradicional estudiaba de forma individualizada la dependencia de cada valor. Existen tres
caminos para eliminar el efecto de una variable:
-
mantenerla fija durante la realización del experimento
-
reorganizar la estructura del experimento para que las comparaciones de interés se
efectúen para valores fijos de esta variable
-
evitar su influencia, aleatorizando su aparición en los tratamientos
Los dos primeros caminos se usan para aquellas variables controladas por el
experimentador, y que a priori se estima que pueden tener influencia. La aleatorización se
reserva para eliminar el efecto de variables fuera del control del experimentador, y que a
priori no deben tener influencia en el experimento, cuyos efectos se engloban dentro del
error experimental.
En base a lo anterior, el principio de aleatorización es fundamental a la hora de diseñar
un experimento. Este principio requiere que todos los factores no controlados por el
experimentador, y que puedan influir en el resultado, se asignen al azar a las
observaciones. Volviendo al ejemplo anterior, el efecto del orden en que se introduzcan
los diferentes componentes químicos que van a aparecer en la reacción química, puede
influir en el resultado final. Para eliminar los efectos, se tendría que asignar al azar el
orden en que se van introduciendo los diferentes compuestos en la reacción.
La aleatorización es fundamental en el diseño de experimentos ya que:
-
previene la existencia de sesgos
-
evita la dependencia entre observaciones
-
confirma la validez de los procedimientos estadísticos más comunes
La experimentación clásica estudiaba la presencia de los diferentes factores de uno en
uno. Fijaba todos los valores de todos los factores menos uno que iba moviendo a todos
los factores de estudio. Posteriormente, liberaba uno de los factores fijos, y volvía a fijar
el resto. La determinación de cada uno de los factores de estudio, se establece por las
diferencias de observadas de forma individualizada al modificar este factor. Esta
59
Fernando Israel Olmedo Zazo
Caracterización mecánica experimental de un hormigón ligero estructural
consideración es cierta, siempre y cuando no exista interacción entre las variables. En
presencia de interacción las conclusiones de un experimento estudiado por el método
clásico pueden ser profundamente erróneas. En un experimento con dos factores ( y ),
la variable respuesta, en función de los factores, puede establecerse como:
39) 𝑣(𝛼, 𝛽) = 𝑏1 𝛼 + 𝑏2 𝛽 + 𝑏3 𝛼𝛽
En la experimentación clásica se supone siempre que b3=0, y por tanto, no podemos
establecer la relación conjunta de la variabilidad de ambos factores estudiándolos de
forma independiente.
Fig.1.35.- Gráfico multivariable de la velocidad de reacción (variable respuesta) en función de
dos factores (temperatura y concentración)
Un factor cuyo efecto sobre la respuesta no es directamente de interés, pero que se
introduce en el experimento para obtener comparaciones homogéneas, se denomina
variable bloque
Por ejemplo, el efecto de los trabajadores que controlan un proceso puede no ser de
interés, pero se aleatoriza la presencia de los trabajadores para evitar su influencia en el
experimento. Se dice que el trabajador es un factor bloque. Cuando a un factor se le
asigna la condición de bloque, es porque se supone que no hay interacción entre la
variable bloque y el resto de los factores.
El diseño de experimentos comienza antes de realizar ninguna observación. El primer
paso consiste en diseñar la campaña de ensayos de forma tal que en cada en cada uno de
las pruebas exista una combinación de todas las variables de factores intervinientes.
60
Capítulo 1.- Estado actual de los conocimientos
A partir de aquí, el desarrollo matemático es análogo al del análisis ANOVA simple,
pero introduciendo cada uno de los factores de forma conjunta en el cálculo. Cada una de
las observaciones puede indicarse, para dos factores, como:
̂ )𝑖𝑗
40) 𝑦𝑖𝑗(𝑘) = 𝜇 + 𝛼𝑖 + 𝛽𝑗 + (𝛼𝛽
De esta forma, no habrá una única VE, sino una por cada factor interviniente, y otra
adicional por cada posible interacción conjunta de los factores. De igual forma, existe un
factor F de cada factor. Para el caso más sencillo de dos factores, se generaría una tabla
ANOVA como la indicada a continuación. (Tabla 1.7)
Fuentes de
variación
Suma de
cuadrados
Factor (VE())
𝐼
Interacción (VE())
(𝛼𝛽)𝑖𝑗
Interna, no explicada
o residual (VNE)
𝑦𝑖𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖
TOTAL
𝑦𝑖𝑗𝑘 − 𝑦
𝛽𝑗
𝑠𝛼
2
J-1
𝑠
2
(l-1)(J-1)
𝑠𝛼
2
𝑠
2
IJ(K-1)
2
2
2
Valor esperado de la
Varianzas
la varianza
l-1
2
𝛼𝑖
Factor (VE())
Grados de
libertad
2
𝛼2
−1
+ 𝜎2
2
I
−1
(𝛼 ) 2
( −1)( −1)
+ 𝜎2
+ 𝜎2
𝜎2
IJK-1
Tab.1.6.- Tabla ANOVA para dos factores y sus replicaciones
1.10.3.- Modelo de Regresión
Los modelos de regresión sirven para determinar la dependencia de una variable
respuesta, y, respecto de otra variable explicativa, x. Este modelo fue inicialmente
desarrollado en el campo de la astronomía y la física, y posteriormente perfeccionado
para el campo de la biología. El modelo se basa en establecer una relación lineal entre las
variables. La bondad del método radica en la posibilidad de convertir otras relaciones en
lineales, transformando adecuadamente las variables.
Los condicionantes de partida para que pueda ser válido el método son:
-
Las perturbaciones tienen esperanza nula
-
La varianza de la perturbación es constante
-
La perturbación tiene una distribución normal
-
Las perturbaciones son independientes
61
Fernando Israel Olmedo Zazo
Caracterización mecánica experimental de un hormigón ligero estructural
-
La validez del método se circunscribe al rango de valores que han servido para
generar el modelo. Fuera de este no se tiene constancia de cómo se comporta la
población y podría conducir a conclusiones erróneas.
Los parámetros de la fórmula se han conforme a los mínimos cuadrados. El criterio de
los mínimos cuadrados busca una recta que minimice la suma de los residuos al cuadrado,
es decir, las distancias verticales entre la recta estimada y los puntos (Figura 1.36).
Cualquier recta se caracteriza por una pendiente y un término independiente. La forma
que adopta la recta de regresión es:
41) 𝑦𝑖 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝑥
Fig.1.36.- Interpretación de mínimos cuadrados
Es imposible determinar la recta real que determina el proceso, por no contarse con
todos los datos. Por ello, es necesario establecer unos estimadores que caractericen la
recta, tanto el referente al término independiente,𝛽0, como el correspondiente a la
pendiente, 𝛽1. Todos ellos vienen indicados en la Tabla 1.7. En dicha tabla se indican,
además de su valor, la desviación típica del estimador, y el estadístico para construir
intervalos.
Parámetro
0
1
2
Estimador
𝛽0
𝛽1
𝑠
Valor
𝛽0 = 𝑦 − 𝛽1 𝑥
Desviación típica
estimada del estimador
𝑠
Estadístico pivote para
construir intervalos
𝑛−2 =
𝛽1 =
𝐶 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑠 2𝑥
𝑠
2
𝑛
1 + 𝑥 ⁄𝑠2
𝑛
𝑠
𝑠
𝑠
0− 0
2
1+𝑥 ⁄𝑠2
𝑥
𝑛−2 =
𝑠
𝑛
𝑛
−
𝑠
𝑠
=
2
𝑛−1
2
2
𝑛−2 𝑠
𝜎2
Tab.1.7.- Estadísticos y contrastes en el modelo de regresión
62
2
2
𝑛−2
2
𝜒 2 𝑛−2
Capítulo 1.- Estado actual de los conocimientos
De forma análoga como se establece en el análisis ANOVA, el residuo, en este caso la
distancia entre el valor medido yi para un valor xi, y la estimación 𝑦𝑖 , para ese valor xi de
la recta, se divide en dos (Fig. 1.XX). Con estos valores la variación total (VT) se divide
en: variación no explicada (VNE) y variación explicada (VE). La evaluación de la recta
de regresión se establece mediante el coeficiente de regresión, R2, que relaciona VE con
VT. Un valor de R2 de 1 establece una relación lineal inequívoca. Un valor de R2 de 0
establece la ausencia total de relación entre las variables.
Fig.1.37.- Descomposición de la variabilidad
42)
2
𝑉𝐸
= 𝑉𝑇
Si el valor de R2 no es suficientemente alto, habría que transformar las variables para
repetir el proceso. Se podría transformar la x, la y o ambas variables. Con las nuevas
variables se forma de nuevo la recta de regresión, buscando un valor de R2 próximo a 1.
Para determinar si dos rectas de regresión pueden ser consideradas iguales, han de
serlo sus dos componentes, 𝛽0 y 𝛽1. Para ello se plantean las hipótesis de contraste de
forma análoga a como se ha realizado en el proceso anterior. La hipótesis nula en cada
caso, es la igualdad de cada uno de los estimadores de las rectas que se quieren comparar
entre sí.
𝐻0 : 𝛽0.1 = 𝛽0.2 ; 𝛽0.1 − 𝛽0.2 = 0
𝐻0 : 𝛽1.1 = 𝛽1.2 ; 𝛽1.1 − 𝛽1.2 = 0
Si se confirma la hipótesis nula relativa a 𝛽0, significa que ambas rectas tienen el
mismo punto de corte con el eje y. Si se confirma la hipótesis nula relativa a 𝛽1, significa
que ambas rectas tienen la misma pendiente.
63
Fernando Israel Olmedo Zazo
Caracterización mecánica experimental de un hormigón ligero estructural
1.10.4.- Validación de hipótesis
Todo el aparataje matemático que soporta la teoría estadística, parte de dos premisas
previas. Por ello es imprescindible comprobar en todo caso, que dichas premisas se
cumplen. De no hacerlo, se podrían dar por buenas afirmaciones, que siendo
numéricamente ciertas, que parten de planteamientos erróneos. Las dos premisas que han
de cumplirse son:
-
Todos los datos obtenidos son independientes (homocedasticidad)
-
La muestra tiene que ser homogénea.
Para comprobar que estas dos premisas se cumplen es necesario realizar un diagnosis,
mediante el análisis de los residuos. En primer lugar, se tiene que realizar un gráfico de
residuos. Este gráfico presenta los residuos distribuidos a lo largo de la toma de datos.
Para que se valide la homocedasticidad de la muestra, los valores han de distribuirse de
forma anárquica y sin ningún patrón. Esto se cumple cuando el espesor de la zona más
ancha no excede más de 3 veces la zona más estrecha.
En segundo lugar, se tiene que hacer el Test de normalidad de los residuos. Cuando se
estudia el comportamiento de una variable respecto uno o varios factores, a priori no se
sabe si esto es así. Al trabajar con uno o varios factores, todos y cada uno de ellos, y los
niveles en que se subdividan, cada uno de ellos tendrá su media y su desviación típica.
Para que la muestra sea homogénea, todas las desviaciones típicas que se obtengan, sea
cual sea el nivel del cual se obtengan, han de ser iguales.
El aparataje matemático que se ha desarrollado para verificar esta circunstancia
consiste en comprobar que los residuos se comportan como una normal “0, ". Existen
varios métodos para determinar si esta afirmación es cierta. La aplicación informática
Statsgraphics realiza el cálculo automático de 4 de estos métodos:
-
Chi-cuadrado
-
Shapiro-Wilks
-
Sesgos (skewness)
-
Kurtosis
Para todos ellos, el listado de resultados que arroja el programa facilita el valor del
estadístico resultante de los cálculos, así como el P-Valor. Si el valor del P-Valor es
inferior a 0,05 se acepta la hipótesis de que los datos analizados se comportan como una
normal “0,” con un nivel de confianza del 95%. De todos los métodos que plantea el
64
Capítulo 1.- Estado actual de los conocimientos
programa, se atenderá en primer lugar al método de la Chi-cuadrado para muestras
superiores a 30 lecturas, y el Shapiro-Wilks para muestras inferiores a 30 datos. En caso
de que no cumpla el método inicialmente previsto, se hará uso del resto de los métodos
para validar esta hipótesis.
Comprobadas estas dos premisas de partida, se podrá dar validez a las afirmaciones
que los estimadores estadísticos corroboren. Si al menos una de las opciones no se
cumple, entonces no se podrán tener por ciertas las conclusiones a las que se llegue a
través de los cálculos estadísticos.
65
Fernando Israel Olmedo Zazo
Caracterización mecánica experimental de un hormigón ligero estructural
66
Capítulo 2.- Objetivos - Chapter 2.- Goals
CAPÍTULO 2.- OBJETIVOS - CHAPTER 2.- GOALS
Como se ha visto en el capítulo anterior, la tipología y dosificación concreta de un
hormigón ligero, tiene una importancia capital en sus características mecánicas. La misma
dosificación usando diferentes áridos, presenta unos parámetros mecánicos muy
diferentes. Debido a lo anterior, la utilización estructural de un HLE exige su
caracterización mecánica previa.
As it has showed in the previous chapter, the specific typology and mixture of the
lightweight concrete has a main influence in the mechanical characteristic. The same
mixture but different aggregate presents a quite different mechanical parameters. Due to
this fact, the structural use a LWC must be tested in advance.
El presente trabajo se divide en varias partes. En primer lugar, se pretende la
caracterización mecánica de dos dosificaciones diferentes de HLE. Por otro lado, y una
vez conocidos su parámetros resistentes, la realización de unas vigas mixtas, alternando
HC y HLE.
The current work is divided in several parts. The first one, the goal is the mechanical
characterisation of two different mix of LWC. Later, once the mechanical behaviour is
known, carrying out some multilayer beams, alternating LWC and CC.
En el HLE, el mortero es más rígido y resistente que el árido grueso. En el HC ocurre
al contrario. Esto supone que algunos aspectos del comportamiento mecánico de un HLE
sean distintos a los del HC. En este trabajo se ha efectuado una caracterización mecánica
experimental de dos dosificaciones diferentes de HLE con el fin de:
The mortar is stiffer and more resistant than the aggregate in LWC. It is the opposite in
CC. That means some facts of the mechanical behaviour of the LWC are different from
CC ones. In this work two different mix of LWC have been experimental mechanical
characterised in order to:
67
Fernando Israel Olmedo Zazo
Caracterización mecánica experimental de un hormigón ligero estructural
i)
obtener la resistencia a compresión y su módulo de elasticidad,
ii)
obtener su resistencia a tracción a partir de las resistencias a tracción indirecta y a
flexotracción,
iii)
estudiar la evolución de las propiedades mecánicas anteriores con el tiempo,
iv)
comprobar la adecuación de la medida indirecta de la resistencia a compresión y el
módulo elástico mediante el esclerómetro y los ultrasonidos,
v)
verificar si distintas normas son capaces de predecir los valores obtenidos
experimentalmente.
i)
to obtain the compression strength and the elastic modulus,
ii)
to obtain tensile strength through the Brazilian testing and the flexural strength
testing.
iii)
to study the evolution of the previous mechanical characteristics through the time,
iv)
to confirm thevalidity of the indirect meusure of the compression strength and the
elastic modulus by the sclerometer and the ultrasound collector.
v)
to verify the correation of the predicted valus by several regulations and the
experimental test..
| 6,340 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18386808
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Kamina Barracks
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 42 | 79 |
Kamina Barracks
A military barracks located in Tamale, Northern part of Ghana
Kamina Barracks country Ghana
Kamina Barracks instance of human settlement
Kamina Barracks instance of military
Kamina Barracks Freebase ID /m/011180hy
Kamina Barracks coordinate location
Kamina Barracks shares border with Jisonaayili
| 36,859 |
https://github.com/qussarah/declare/blob/master/idea/testData/refactoring/move/kotlin/moveNestedClass/nonInnerToTopLevel/after/test2/usages2.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
declare
|
qussarah
|
Java
|
Code
| 15 | 34 |
package test2;
import test.B;
class Test {
B foo() {
return new B();
}
}
| 10,994 |
https://github.com/GraceGay/Chinese-Annotator/blob/master/chi_annotator/config.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
Chinese-Annotator
|
GraceGay
|
Python
|
Code
| 198 | 781 |
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import os
# Describes where to search for the config file if no location is specified
DEFAULT_CONFIG_LOCATION = "config.json"
DEFAULT_CONFIG = {
"project": None,
"fixed_model_name": None,
"config": DEFAULT_CONFIG_LOCATION,
"data": None,
"emulate": None,
"language": "en",
"log_file": None,
"log_level": 'INFO',
"mitie_file": os.path.join("data", "total_word_feature_extractor.dat"),
"spacy_model_name": None,
"num_threads": 1,
"max_training_processes": 1,
"path": "projects",
"port": 5000,
"token": None,
"cors_origins": [],
"max_number_of_ngrams": 7,
"pipeline": [],
"response_log": "logs",
"aws_endpoint_url": None,
"duckling_dimensions": None,
"duckling_http_url": None,
"ner_crf": {
"BILOU_flag": True,
"features": [
["low", "title", "upper", "pos", "pos2"],
["bias", "low", "word3", "word2", "upper", "title", "digit", "pos", "pos2", "pattern"],
["low", "title", "upper", "pos", "pos2"]],
"max_iterations": 50,
"L1_c": 1,
"L2_c": 1e-3
},
"intent_classifier_sklearn": {
"C": [1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 100],
"kernel": "linear"
}
}
class InvalidConfigError(ValueError):
"""Raised if an invalid configuration is encountered."""
def __init__(self, message):
# type: (Text) -> None
super(InvalidConfigError, self).__init__(message)
class AnnotatorConfig(object):
DEFAULT_PROJECT_NAME = "default"
def __init__(self, filename=None):
pass
def __getitem__(self, key):
return self.__dict__[key]
def get(self, key, default=None):
return self.__dict__.get(key, default)
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
self.__dict__[key] = value
def __delitem__(self, key):
del self.__dict__[key]
def __contains__(self, key):
return key in self.__dict__
def __len__(self):
return len(self.__dict__)
def __getstate__(self):
return self.as_dict()
def __setstate__(self, state):
self.override(state)
def items(self):
return list(self.__dict__.items())
def as_dict(self):
return dict(list(self.items()))
| 43,515 |
https://github.com/NocturnalWare/managedotband/blob/master/app/views/hello.blade.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
managedotband
|
NocturnalWare
|
PHP
|
Code
| 65 | 415 |
@extends('layouts.master.public')
@section('content')
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-8 hidden homepage-main-article">
<div class="col-xs-12" style="border:4px solid #000;height:300px;width:100%">
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-4 hidden homepage-next-show">
<div style="border:4px solid #000;height:300px;width:100%">Next Show</div>
</div>
<div style="width:90%" class="hidden-lg hidden-sm hidden-md homepage-featured-item-mobile">
<div style="overflow-y:scroll;max-height:400px;width:120%;max-width:533px;overflow-x:hidden">
@include('products.index', ['products' => Product::all()])
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="hidden-xs homepage-featured-item" style="width:90%">
<div style="overflow-y:scroll;height:700px;width:113%;overflow-x:hidden">
@include('products.index', ['products' => Product::all()])
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4 col-lg-3">
</div>
</div>
</div>
@stop
| 50,111 |
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidenbach
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Aidenbach
|
https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aidenbach&action=history
|
Esperanto
|
Spoken
| 45 | 103 |
Aidenbach estas komunumo en Germanio. Ĝi troviĝas en la distrikto Passau kaj en la distriktaro Malsupra Bavario de la federacia lando Bavario. Fine de la komunumo havis loĝantojn. Samtempe la komunumo estas la administra centro de komunumaro, nomata Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Aidenbach.
Distrikto Passau
Urboj de Bavario
| 30,427 |
https://github.com/atiato78/expo/blob/master/ios/versioned-react-native/ABI34_0_0/EXAdsAdMob/ABI34_0_0EXAdsAdMob/ABI34_0_0EXAdsDFPBannerView.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, BSD-3-Clause, Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
expo
|
atiato78
|
Objective-C
|
Code
| 73 | 400 |
#import <ABI34_0_0UMCore/ABI34_0_0UMDefines.h>
#import <ABI34_0_0UMCore/ABI34_0_0UMModuleRegistry.h>
#import <GoogleMobileAds/GoogleMobileAds.h>
@interface ABI34_0_0EXAdsDFPBannerView : UIView <GADBannerViewDelegate, GADAppEventDelegate>
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *bannerSize;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *adUnitID;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *testDeviceID;
@property (nonatomic, copy) ABI34_0_0UMDirectEventBlock onSizeChange;
@property (nonatomic, copy) ABI34_0_0UMDirectEventBlock onAdmobDispatchAppEvent;
@property (nonatomic, copy) ABI34_0_0UMDirectEventBlock onAdViewDidReceiveAd;
@property (nonatomic, copy) ABI34_0_0UMDirectEventBlock onDidFailToReceiveAdWithError;
@property (nonatomic, copy) ABI34_0_0UMDirectEventBlock onAdViewWillPresentScreen;
@property (nonatomic, copy) ABI34_0_0UMDirectEventBlock onAdViewWillDismissScreen;
@property (nonatomic, copy) ABI34_0_0UMDirectEventBlock onAdViewDidDismissScreen;
@property (nonatomic, copy) ABI34_0_0UMDirectEventBlock onAdViewWillLeaveApplication;
- (GADAdSize)getAdSizeFromString:(NSString *)bannerSize;
- (void)loadBanner;
@end
| 48,126 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan%20Kandi
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Chan Kandi
|
https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chan Kandi&action=history
|
Polish
|
Spoken
| 24 | 65 |
Chan Kandi – wieś w Iranie, w ostanie Azerbejdżan Zachodni, w szahrestanie Mijandoab. W 2006 roku liczyła 519 mieszkańców.
Przypisy
Miejscowości w Azerbejdżanie Zachodnim
| 22,300 |
https://github.com/bednaJedna/att/blob/master/apitalker/api.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
att
|
bednaJedna
|
Python
|
Code
| 1,122 | 2,939 |
# pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
# pylint: disable=too-many-locals
from time import sleep
from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Tuple, Union
from urllib.parse import unquote_plus
import requests as r
from apitalker.data import Data
class ApiResponse:
"""Class for data response of API resource call.
"""
def __init__(
self,
resource=None,
response=None,
data=None,
skip=None,
count=None,
limit=None,
info=None,
provider=None,
) -> None:
"""Initializes instance of the class.
Keyword Args:
resource (Union[None, str], optional): full resource url.
response (Union[None, Dict[str, List[Any]]], optional): complete response from api call as dict. Defaults to None.
data (Union[None, Iterable[Any]], optional): only data from response from api call as list. Defaults to None.
skip (Union[None, int], optional): value of skipped pages. Defaults to None.
count (Union[None, int], optional): value of count. Defaults to None.
limit (Union[None, int], optional): value of limit. Defaults to None.
info (Union[None, Dict[str, str]], optional): value of info. Defaults to None.
provider (Union[None, str], optional): value of data provider. Defaults to None.
"""
self.resource: Union[None, str] = resource
self.response: Union[None, Dict[str, List[Any]]] = response
self.data: Union[None, Iterable[Any]] = data
self.skip: Union[None, int] = skip
self.count: Union[None, int] = count
self.limit: Union[None, int] = limit
self.info: Union[None, Dict[str, str]] = info
self.provider: Union[None, str] = provider
class ApiError:
"""Class for data response error return of API resource call.
"""
def __init__(
self,
resource=None,
response=None,
error=None,
status_code=None,
name=None,
message=None,
) -> None:
"""Initializes instance of the class.
Keyword Args:
resource (Union[None, str], optional): full resource url.
response (Union[None, Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]]], optional): complete response message as dict. Defaults to None.
error (Union[None, Dict[str, Any]], optional): error part of the respone message as dict. Defaults to None.
status_code (Union[None, int], optional): status code part of the response message. Defaults to None.
name (Union[None, str], optional): name of the error message. Defaults to None.
message (Union[None, str], optional): body of the error message. Defaults to None.
"""
self.resource: Union[None, str] = resource
self.response: Union[None, Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]]] = response
self.error: Union[None, Dict[str, Any]] = error
self.status_code: Union[None, int] = status_code
self.name: Union[None, str] = name
self.message: Union[None, str] = message
class API(r.Session):
"""API class for connection and getting data from Apitalks API resources.
"""
base_url = "https://api.apitalks.store"
max_limit = 30
default_skip = 0
def __init__(self, api_key: str) -> None:
"""Initializes the class.
Args:
api_key (str): api key. You need to register to Apitalks (free) to get it
"""
super().__init__()
self.api_auth_name = "x-api-key"
self.api_key = api_key
def query(
self, resource: str, order=None, where=None, **kwargs
) -> Union[ApiResponse, ApiError, int]:
"""Queries API for data from <resource>. See https://www.api.store/czso.cz/dokumentace#section/Query-parametry
Args:
resource (str): API resource path as specified in Apitalks documentation
Keyword Args:
order (str): order output of returned data of api call.
e.g `order='"id ASC, nazev DESC"'`.
where (str): specify filtering of the returned data of api call.
e.g. `where='"rok":{"gt":2000}'` or `where='"rok=2000,"barva":"red"'`
limit (int): add limit to set limit for one page of returned data via api call. Defaults to `max_limit`.
skip (int): add skip to set number of skipped data entries via api call. Defaults to `default_skip`.
Returns:
(Union[ApiResponse, ApiError, int])
* ApiResponse: class instance with attributes of successfull API call
* ApiError: class instance with attributes of unsuccessfull API call
* int: 1, if some other bad stuff happened
"""
resource = f"{self.base_url}{resource}"
keys_ = list(kwargs.keys())
retries = kwargs["retries"] if "retries" in keys_ else 0
# create always added filters for api request params
limit_ = str(kwargs["limit"]) if "limit" in keys_ else self.max_limit
skip_ = str(kwargs["skip"]) if "skip" in keys_ else self.default_skip
filter_ = "".join([r'{"limit":', f"{limit_}", ",", r'"skip":', f"{skip_}", "}"])
# check and add other filters for api request params
if order is not None:
order_param_ = "".join([",", r'"order":', "[", f"{order}", "]", "}"])
filter_ = filter_.replace(filter_[-1], order_param_)
if where is not None:
where_param_ = "".join([",", r'"where":', "{", f"{where}", "}", "}"])
filter_ = filter_.replace(filter_[-1], where_param_)
# send api request
response_ = self.get(
resource,
headers={self.api_auth_name: self.api_key},
params={"filter": filter_},
)
json_ = response_.json()
json_keys = list(json_.keys())
print(f"Requested API resource: '{unquote_plus(response_.request.url)}'") # type: ignore
if response_.status_code in [200]:
print("Request successful.")
return ApiResponse(
resource=resource,
response=json_,
data=json_["data"] if "data" in json_keys else None,
skip=json_["skip"] if "skip" in json_keys else None,
count=json_["count"] if "count" in json_keys else None,
limit=json_["limit"] if "limit" in json_keys else None,
info=json_["info"] if "info" in json_keys else None,
provider=json_["info"]["provider"] if "info" in json_keys else None,
)
if response_.status_code in [400, 403, 404, 409, 429]:
print(
f"API returned error. HTTP response status: {response_.status_code}. Returned message: {json_}."
)
return ApiError(
resource=resource,
response=json_,
error=json_["error"] if "error" in json_keys else None,
status_code=json_["error"]["statusCode"] if "error" in json_keys else None,
name=json_["error"]["name"] if "error" in json_keys else None,
message=json_["error"]["message"] if "error" in json_keys else None,
)
if response_.status_code in [502, 503, 504]:
print(
f"API returned error. HTTP response status: {response_.status_code}. Returned message: {json_}. Retrying..."
)
if retries <= 10:
sleep(retries * 2)
retries += 1
return self.query(
resource,
retries=retries,
order=order,
where=where,
limit=limit_,
skip=skip_,
**kwargs,
)
print(f"Retried {retries} times. That is enough.")
return ApiError(
resource=resource,
response=json_,
error=json_["error"] if "error" in json_keys else None,
status_code=json_["error"]["statusCode"] if "error" in json_keys else None,
name=json_["error"]["name"] if "error" in json_keys else None,
message=json_["error"]["message"] if "error" in json_keys else None,
)
return 1
def get_data(
self, resource: str, order=None, where=None, **kwargs
) -> Tuple[Data, Union[None, ApiError]]:
"""Get all available data from given API <resource>. Utilizes `api.API.query()` method.
Sends API calls with incremented <skip> parameter, until `ApiResponse.data` array is returned as [].
Returns tuple. All fetched data are returned as instance of `apitalker.data.Data` class. Error is either `None` or `apitalker.api.ApiError`.
In case API request fail and all data were not retrieved, method returns `tuple` with
unsorted `list` of retrieved data so far, and `apitalker.api.ApiError` class instance of the request
error.
Args:
resource (str): API resource path
Keyword Args:
order (Union[None, str], optional): order the returned data of !individual! API call. Defaults to None.
where (Union[None, str], optional): filter the returned data. Defaults to None.
sleep (Union[None, int], optional): set in seconds, how long should method wait between each api call. Defaults to None.
limit (int): add limit to set limit for one page of returned data via api call. Defaults to `max_limit`.
skip (int): add skip to set number of skipped data entries via api call. Defaults to `default_skip`.
Method can use same keyword arguments as `api.API.query()`. For details refer to that method.
Returns:
Tuple[apitalker.data.Data, Union[None, apitalker.api.ApiError]]
"""
keys = list(kwargs.keys())
limit = kwargs["limit"] if "limit" in keys else self.max_limit
skip = kwargs["skip"] if "skip" in keys else self.default_skip
sleep_ = kwargs["sleep"] if "sleep" in keys else None
output: List[Any] = []
error: Union[None, ApiError] = None
while True:
r = self.query(resource, order=order, where=where, limit=limit, skip=skip)
# self.query() already solves bad API calls, i.e. HTTP errors, including console messaging
if (isinstance(r, ApiResponse)) and (r.data != []):
output += r.data
skip += r.count
if sleep_ is not None:
sleep(sleep_)
elif isinstance(r, ApiError):
error = r
break
else:
break
d = Data(output)
return (d, error)
| 25,702 |
https://github.com/vergilet/ez-settings/blob/master/spec/lib/ez/settings/backend/redis_spec.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ez-settings
|
vergilet
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 115 | 366 |
require 'ez/settings/backend/redis'
describe Ez::Settings::Backend::Redis do
describe '#read' do
context 'configuration does not exist' do
it 'returns empty hash' do
expect(described_class.new('test').read).to eq({})
end
end
context 'configuration exists' do
before do
described_class.new('test').write(a: 1, b: 'abc', c: true)
end
it 'returns configuration hash' do
expect(described_class.new('test').read).to eq(a: 1, b: 'abc', c: true)
end
end
context 'different configuration exists' do
before do
described_class.new('test2').write(a: 1, b: 'abc', c: true)
end
it 'returns empty hash' do
expect(described_class.new('test').read).to eq({})
end
end
end
describe '#write' do
subject { described_class.new('test') }
context 'configuration hash exists' do
it 'should merge new and existing configurations' do
subject.write(name: 'John Doe')
subject.write(age: 35)
subject.write(single: false)
expect(subject.read).to eq(
name: 'John Doe',
age: 35,
single: false
)
end
end
end
end
| 16,625 |
ahandbookengine01thurgoog_11
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,890 |
A handbook of engine and boiler trials and of the indicator and Prony brake. For engineers and technical schools
|
Thurston, Robert Henry, 1839-1903
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,446 | 11,436 |
Good regulation is usually considered to imply : (i) Uniform rotation; meaning minimun variation of angu- lar motion during the revolution of the crank-shaft. This variation depends, for its amount, upon the simulta- neous variations of effort and resistance, and upon the magni- tude of the regulating mass, the fly-wheel. (2) The speed of engine, revolution by revolution, should be very nearly constant. This variation should not usually be allowed to exceed two, and is often less than one, per cent. (3) The mean engine-speed should remain constant over the whole period of its operation. (4) The mean speed of the engine should be precisely that at which it is intended to be operated, irrespective of variation of load or of steam-pressure. The Computation of Poiver, or of the work of the steam on the piston, is possible whenever, the dimensions of the engine being known, the mean pressure on the piston and its mean velocity have been measured for the required period. The mean effective pressure can only be obtained by the use of the indicator and from its diagram. The mean speed of piston is readily computed when, by counting the revolutions of the engine by the eye, watch in hand, or by the use of any convenient and reliable form of counter, the average number is obtained for the unit of time. The mean effective pressure Digitized by Google STEAAf OR WATER CONSUMPTION, 237 in pounds per square inch and the velocity of the piston in feet per minute being thus ascertained, the product of these factors into the net area of piston in square inches — the area of the rod being deducted on that side — gives the work, 2p^LAN^ in foot-pounds per minute ; and the indicated horse-power, I.H.P. = ^^=^^. 33000 is at once given. If working up many diagrams from the same engine, the first step should be the computation of the " constant of the engine," a figure which expresses the horsepower of the engine, under its regular conditions of operation, for each pound mean pressure on the piston. Thus, I H P _ 2p^LAN ^ 2p^VA 33000 33000 ' and when/^ = i, this becomes 2LAN 2VA C = 30000 33000' where the symbols are those customarily used. Each diagram is then measured up and its mean pressure obtained, and the multiplication of this quantity by the constant thus computed gives the horse-power for that diagram. 69. The Steam or Water Consumption of the engine . cannot be exactly ascertained by the use of the indicator, since a portion of the steam entering the engine is always instantly condensed by contact with the cooler walls of the cylinder, and another portion, sometimes considerable in amount, may escape past the piston, or through the valves, by leakage. The indicator does exhibit, however, the pressure and volume of steam actually present at each instant in the steam-cylinder, and it thus becomes easy to compute its weight and to obtain a measure of the quantity thus shown by the indicator, for comparison with the total quantity supplied by the boiler, and Digitized by Google 238 EA'GJNE AND BOILER TRIALS, thus to ascertain the losses, by condensation and leakage, of power, heat, and steam. The pressure being shown on the diagram at every point in the stroke, the " steam-tables" give the corresponding specific weights, the weights per unit of volume ; and the space traversed by the piston up to the given point, plus the clearance-space, measures the actual volume ; the latter quantity, multiplied by the specific weight, is the weight of uncondensed steam present in the cylinder at the specified point. The mean weight per stroke, multiplied by the number of strokes, being compared with the total weight supplied by the boiler in the same time, as shown by the log of the boiler-trial, the difference is the waste by internal con- densation and leakage. The real measure of the efficiency of any engine is the quantity of steam used by it to develop unity of power, and that efficiency is the greater the smaller its legitimate demand for steam, and the less its waste in these directions. Should it be impracticable to conduct a boiler-trial to determine the amount of steam drawn off to supply the engine, it may be possible to secure a fairly approximate measure — when it is known that the boiler gives dry steam — by observing the rate of fall of the water-level with the feed shut off and computing the volume and weight evaporated from the known dimensions of the volume thus traversed by the subsiding water-surface. Care must be taken not to allow its fall to go so far as to become a source of risk. It is usually easy to measure the volume corre- sponding to a fall nearly equal to the length of the gauge-glass. In many cases the quantity of steam shown by the indicator, at the point of cut-off, may be determined from the diagram, and a known or probably fair allowance may be added for unin- dicated wastes, to obtain an approximate measure of the quan- tity of water demanded per horse-power and per hour. This waste has been seen to be rarely as little as ten per cent, and often as much as thirty per cent, and upward. The volume added by the clearance and port passages varies greatly with the type and build of the engine. In the single-valve and in the older forms of poppet-valve engines it Digitized by Google STEAM OR WATER CONSUMPTION. 239 IS rarely less than six, and is often ten, per cent, and more ; in the best of modern engines it is often as low as two per cent. It may be easily measured, either from the drawings of the engine or by filling these spaces with water from a quan- tity previously weighed. The weight required to fill the clear- ances and ports gives the means of computing their volume from the known density of the liquid. Where, as is usual in recent and well-designed engines, considerable compression is employed, the saving of steam thus eflfected is to be carefully allowed for in all determinations of steam accounted for by the indicator. The loss by leakage should be inappreciable in any good engine, and this being ascertained by test, giving steam at one end and observing the escape of steam, if any occurs, by opening the indicator-cock on the other end, the whole waste shown will be due to cylinder condensation, the amount of which, as a percentage of the steam accounted for by the indicator, and as the quantity to be added to the latter for engines of fair size and good construction, may be taken as, approximately, from about 0.15 ^r in the best cases of com- pound engines, to 0.2 ^r in ordinary good unjacketed engines, and above the latter figure for engines of older type and slower speeds of rotation ; r being the ratio of expansion for a single cylinder only, in the case of the compound engine, and that cylinder being taken which has the highest value of r. When the problem to be solved is, as usual, the determina- tion of the efficiency of any actual engine, as distinguished from the simple thermodynamic efficiency of the ideal engine, the indicator aids the engineer in its solution by showing the precise quantity of steam present at every instant during the stroke, and, hence, the quantity of water present at the same time ; the sum of these two weights being always, if the piston and valves are tight, equal to the weight of feed- water passing through the boiler and entering the engine as a mixed working fluid. The volume and pressure of the steam are shown by the indicator, and the weight is easily computed from its known density at the given pressure. The portion of stroke traversed at any instant, added to the clearance-space. Digitized by Google 240 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. measured in equivalent cylinder length, gives the volume of steam present. The quantity of steam supplied is equal to the measured quantity at the point of cut-off, less that retained by compression. The difference between the weight of steam thus measured at any point in the stroke, and the total weight of feed-water supplied, or steam entering the engine, per stroke,, is the weight of water present. Also, the total weight of mixed steam and water present from the point of cut-off to the opening of the exhaust-port is the sum of the quantity coming from the boiler and that com- pressed into the clearance-spaces. The variation of this quantity is well shown by the following data obtained by Mr. Spangler :* Weight of steam per I. H. P. per hour, . . . lbs. 28.15 " " priming " " 9 per cent., . . " 2.78 " " feed-water ** " " 30.93 " " steam at 0.9 stroke, " 20.06 " " water " " " 33 per cent., nearly, " 10.87 " " steam "0.7 " " 19.23 " " water " " " 38 per cent., nearly, " 11.70 " " steam "0.5 " " 18.27 " " water " ** " 40 per cent., nearly, " 12.66 " " steam "0.3 " "17.31 " ** water " " " 58 per cent., nearly, " 13.62 These figures, as will be seen by comparison with other similar data, are indicative of a greater waste than usually occurs in large engines, due to the small size of that here referred to. It is evident that all variations from the proportions of the mixture entering the engine must be due to the transfer of heat to and- from the metal of the cylinder and piston. The above figures show a gradual increase of the proportion of steam present produced by re-evaporation of that condensed ini- tially, on entrance, from the point of cut-off up to the end of the stroke. The weight of steam in the cylinder at any point of the * Journal Franklin Institute, Feb. 1886. Digitized by Google STEAM OR WATER CONSUMPTION. 24I stroke, in pounds per indicated horse-power per hour, is always equal to W _ 60 X 2lanw' ^pjan _ i375cm/__ I. H. P. " 144 • 33000 "" p^ "" ^' or w in which -m-^y-''^^ p^ = mean eflfective pressure ; c and c' = the volume of clearance-space and of steam at the point of closing of the exhaust-valve and beginning of compression ; c c' — and — = their ratios to total cylinder volume : r = ratio of the given travel to full stroke of piston ; w, w\ and m;" = weight of steam per indicated horse-power per hour, the specific weight at the pressure found at the given point, and the specific weight at the beginning of compression ; a = when the piston area is measured, as above, in square inches and the stroke in feet, 1980000 This computation is commonly made for the points of cut- off and of release. At the former the " initial condensation'* is obtained, and probably the best measure of the waste by con- densation ;at the latter a measure is secured of the state of the mixture exhausted from the engine. The following example, from a diagram taken by Barrus,* employing Clarke's tables, f illustrates these computations: Taking - = 0.308 at cut-off, and - = 0.901 at release, c = o.02t/, ; T" T * On the Tabor Indicator, p. 48. f Manual for Mechanical Engineers. Digitized by Google 242 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS, c' = 0.071?/,; pj= 38.45; w' = 0.1844 at cut-oflf and 0.0705 at release ; w'^ = 0.0457. Then, at cut-oflf, '^ = (13750 -^ 38.4S)[(o-3o8 + 0.02)0.1844 — (0.071 + ao2)o.0457] = 20.13 lbs. ; and, at release, w = (13750 -^ 38.45)[(o.9i + 0.02)0.0705 — (0.071 + 0.02)0.0457] = 21.95 lbs. Here, the indicator, in the instance from which these figures are derived, shows a difiference in computed weights of steam per horse-power and per hour at the points of cut-off and release amounting to nearly two pounds — about ten per cent., which difference is the measure of the re-evaporation taking place dur- ing expansion. To the figures above obtained must be added the allowances for total wastes. We have in many instances so little compression that it may be neglected. In such cases the following very simple process may be adopted : Assuming the working fluid to be water instead of steam, the quantity demanded would be, per horse-power per hour, 1980000 X 62.4 ^^ w, = -^ — 3 = 857900 144 pounds at one pound pressure per square inch ; and, at any other pressure, p, .n - 557900. Wb = , while if steam be employed the weight would be less in propor- tion to its greater, its specific, volume, v\ and the weight actu- ally needed would be ^c = -^P^f nearly; which may be corrected for clearance and compression. Digitized by Google STEAM OR WATER CONSUMPTION, 243 The detailed method of computation from this indicator-dia- gram is illustrated fully, later (§71). The following is a convenient form of this expression for 5team and water consumption : Let /j = initial pressure, absolute ; p^ = back-pressure, absolute ; r = true expansion-ratio ; c = clearance fraction ; D = density of steam in lbs. per cu. ft. ; w = weight of steam per horse-power per hour ; a zc/ = — +<-+^') ^' (i+log.rXl+^)-(^ + r)/ The constant has been seen to have the value, in British meas- ures, ^ = 13750. Compression is here neglected. This ex- pression assumes a minimum value, for the ideal case, as is elsewhere seen, where r = — ! , nearly. ^' This value is, in the real engine, found to be greatly reduced by the occurrence of internal wastes, by cylinder condensation or leakage. The following table, prepared by Mr. Thompson, gives the factors employed in computing the indicated consumption of water.* The method is illustrated in Fig. 97. The mean effec- tive pressure must be known, but the horse-power or the size of the cylinder need not be known. Draw a vertical at each end of the diagram, and continue the expansion-curve to /. From / draw tC. Measure the absolute pressure at /, and find in the table, page 244, the corresponding number. Numbers * Hcmen way's Indicator Practice ; N. Y., 1886 ; J. Wiley & Sons. Amer- ican Machinist. Digitized by Google 244 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS, H •J -< H z o S o u 5 ^ • ^i^lfHHI^Iil^^aiBI'SHt^^ll? M M M oe O O M m »n •- »noo O'oo ir>^->o m cncoci i-*co mi^ i>nw u^r»« O^ C> 0 O^ O c< GO c«^oo c«^r^^«no^tni>»p ^r>.0 too od m 'tO 0» « t^ inao o •- M M CI W w oeoen«*«*^iow> «n>o \0 >0 **» *** t^oo ooao 0^0»0^0 O O ^r>.»* »noO •- moo « «nO»« m (S m moo n u^oo w 5na> ii in<» ^^i^ ^ m c« WW mcneo^^^min mo O O t^ t^ r^ab oo S o^ o^ a O O O ti IM M d^ »n - O r;* O d 4 a tno O f*> r^ O «^>d d^w ini^d N »nt^d^«^ eo»n CO ro t^ n'oo •« tnco m moo m moo m mcio m moo m moo m f r>> » -r i>* M ^ N «w eoco«*>^Tr^»nm xck^o O O r« r« t^ao ooao O-O^O^O OO ao r>^ O^ m o* O oo « m t^O ^OO •-• ^«*toe<iO r^cno^ rroo O « rr m t mM r>.ciaoc4r<«»-< mo^cor>.0 ^r^O «00 O^ m 'TO O* « 'to oo O M CO r* O •t r* M •i'oo "^ too « moo t^ moo i^ too ^ ti^— ti^O "tr^ MMWCiNcococottt«nm mO O O r* t*» r*ao oooo o^o^o^O O O ^ cocotr^-Ooo cotmi-icovQ mi>»M mo O QQoo coO^mi- *^ mOMO oo mt«or>.cncOTf^- OO Ooo moo OWooo^O^coO tcorottO to O «o o t »n cooo M eocoo r*w r^o MOO*r*tM r*«ooo o w tow M M w M « cococo^^twim mo OO r^f^r^oooooo O^O^C^O OO M OOtorHi-wc^tMf- 5>oo 0 ^ a»r«»eoooao mM O « to co m o^r«. O •/^QO O^ 1^ I^OO M Q •- Q* to CO - mO O^OO ►-►-OOtOOtMCOOt 1 1^ too O 00 to t^ O* O^vO CO O* t t^oo t^O m « OO t O tO oo O »- O 00 t Q m M m O t« WO O fO t>» O coo <>w mr>.0 comt^O^w tO MMWWweoSeot?^mm Xr^^ O O* r^ r>. Koo «?£* 8» S'o* 8 O^ O « f>.r<*t«HO 0^ Owi r>iO 00 to CO »n i^oo t too « mcoM o»comr>.o^ M CO M \r%^ O too 00 M w o «^0 <^0 O^O^tfOW r^mrnwoo - 0»n r>.i-i 0*tomtO*w tmcoO^mO tmteow O^O m r^ m t moo O^oo 2 •£ "§^ H P. R R ? ? 51. 1 Slls^l R R5 H 1 Sts II ^ s «"Hf Ifjf i I"l5 P^fs iflvltl^lsi sa^l- ►- i^cooo too cor^wo 0^cor«.0 ti^O to moo m coo <» !1 ST* iC t^ ^ 2 S?5|-§ 8-S'ft%?fS.SD;5S'i-S.R'R5fil<?S"8.8:S S e IIIIIIHIRSiH«illHiim§l.85 s^'sslfHIHi. K-SI 1^1 <? V^h^^ Ei \ If a*' «*««o .^» OO - « «;j«j.o ::« ?8 5 S S3S?"« S"? 8"?.?. Digitized by Google STEAM OR WATER CONSUMPTION. 245 1 a 2 O •< o u a: M •< » tn r>> t^ to moo m -^ i^ o en »n "«j- moo en o^oo d^ w r^ en « en ^oo r* o o M Ocom^M OO ^O 0^10^,0 o rf«0 co C> O O^oo O oo O •-■ e« en c< t>.0^0 w Ttoco o^«^ w enm r^oo q "^ w «*^ ^o «o i^oo o* m m en ^ m »^MiMMC<oicncncn^rf^'<i>min mo o o r^ r^ r*oo oo oo (> o^ o» 5^ oe Si sH^HHlll^ltS^i I^SIS8:&^8 B enmr^OsM en-i-Oao 5»0 « en mo 0OO^Oi^Nen'*m«or*O^O»-«« « Tf r^ o ^ r* O too ON eno O* « moo *•* moo »* 1- 1-» Q eno C> eno Q» MMi-«e«wenenenen^^^mm mo O O r* r* r«.co oo oo oo O^ 0» O* t» TfOO « M^yei-irwt^yriM^ynO fO^MO O ^oo C4 O O ^oo O ^ M O eo mo CI eni^w ^*« f^e^ r^enenmOO m«nr«»e^oo r>. t^oo 0 O O 0 r^ r« rC m M O OO enoo eno N oo cnoo m ^o r^oo r^O ^ moo Qv O « O d eJ 'i-O CO d* M en -^o r* o* Q m en mo r^oo d^ O w w en ^ m i^oo d^ « mmenOoo i>.mM i^m moo ciO O en mo r^O men^Ooo 0^<^0» r^ O^ « en "^o oo O « en -^O r«» O^ O w en ^ mo t>.oo Q^ O m « en ^ m O en r* O eno O* en i^ O^ w mao m moo m Tfr>.0 «oo O* cno O* « »n«o Mi^MeiWM«enenen^^n-mm yr\^ o O r* r* r>. i>.oo oo oo o» O^ CS *« IIS-iHss S?2§>ll aii l^ll IIHHH -^O ooc»«^eomr«.ooOi-'W^or^QOOwcieni' ^r%>Q r>.oo O^ O ■-• « O eno cSeoo O^ w m o* « mco ^ -* r* ►"! ^ r^ o enO 0^« mco c* moo MM»i4MCiMCicncncn-r-r^mm mO O o »*» r* i^ r^oo oo oo c* o* o^ ^ "^S 8;S!.8<gS ^S 85 S5 2'RS SS a-SS-g S^= tS-SSS^ k^MMiHMNMenenenTi-rf^mm mvO O O F. Divide this number by the mean effective pressure; the quotient will be the steam accounted for per horse-power per Fig 97.— Indicated Stbam Volumes. Scale 40. hour, uncorrected for compression. To make this correction multiply by tE and divide by tC. When the maximum compression is not as high as the ter- minal pressure, the compression-curve must be extended, as €y and E will be outside the diagram. In illustration of the computation of the economical per- formance of engines by determining their expenditure of heat^ measured in British thermal units, may be given the following,, as computed by Mr. Barrus,* using Clark's tables.f Assume a non-condensing engine to use 27 lbs. of feed- water per horse-power per hour, supplied at 212° F.; a con- densing engine 18 lbs., at 130°; and a compound engine 14 lbs.,, at 170°. The pressure in the first two cases is 80 lbs. and in the last case 120. In the first two cases the steam contains \ per cent moisture, and in the last case it is superheated 20°. The total heat of saturated steam of 80 lbs. pressure [94.7 lbs. absolute] is 1212.2^. T, U. Deduct the heat corresponding^ to 0.05 moisture, 0.05 X 885.9 = 44 [885.9 being the latent heat], and there remain 1207.8 units, the total heat of steam * The Tabor Indicator. f Manual for Mechanical Engineers. Digitized by Google STEAM OR WATER CONSUMPTION, 247 containing J of one per cent of moisture, measured above zero. Deduct the heat corresponding to a feed-water temperature of 212°, 212.9 thermal units, and there remain 994.9 units, the total heat of one pound of steam, containing ^ of one per cent moisture, above the temperature of feed-water.' Multiply this by 27, and the product, 26,862.3 units, is the heat expended per horse-power per hour. A similar computation gives 19,400.4 thermal units per horse-power per hour for the second case. In the third case, the total heat of saturated steam of 120 lbs. pressure [134.7 lbs. above zero] is 1 220.1 B. T. U. The heat corresponding to 20^ superheating is 20 X 0.475 = 9-S> which gives 1229.6 units for the total heat of superheated steam. Deduct 170.4 thermal units, the heat corresponding to a feed-water temperature of 170°, and multiply by 14, and we have for a product 14,828.8 units, the heat expended per horse-power per hour. These results are tabulated below : Kind op Bncinb. Boiler-pressure lbs. Av. temp, of feed-water deg. Feed-water per H. P. per hour lbs. Percentage moisture in steam % Total heat of saturated steam th. un. Total heat corrected for moisture and super heating th. un. Heat of feed-water *' Heat expended per pound ' * Heat expended per H. P. per hour.. .. '* Non- Condensing. Condensinfi^. A, B, 80 80 212 0.5 I2I2.2 130 18 0.5 I2I2.2 1207.8 2I2.g 26.862.3 1207.8 130 1077.8 19.400.4 Compound. C, 120 170 14 20" 9uperh. 1220.1 1229.6 170.4 1059.2 14,828.8 A comparison of the heat thus computed, as expended, with the heat-equivalent of the useful work performed, determines the efficiency. As each horse-power is the thermal equivalent of 42.75 heat-units per minute or 2565 units per hour, we have for the three cases, 2565 ^. 2565 2565 E: 26862 = 0.096; 19400 = 0.137; 14829 = 0.16; Digitized by Google 248 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS, or efficiencies of 9.6, 13.7, and 16 per cent., as compared with an engine of efficiency unity, perfectly utilizing all the heat- energy supplied to it. This is the method first adopted by Rankine, except that thermal, rather than mechanical, units are employed. 70. Constructing Hyperbolic Curves, such as are com- monly taken to represent the variations of pressure and volume in the ideal diagram, enables the engineer to obtain some idea of the method and extent of variation of the actual quantities in real engines from those of the ideal case. There are several methods of constructing these curves, of which the simplest are, perhaps, the following, as applied to produce the equilateral hyperbola, the curve of Mariotte, to which the expansion-line, in the best classes of engine, very closely approximates, and which is commonly taken as the standard. Let XX, YY be given asymptotes (i.e., the clearance and true vacuum lines of the indicator-card) and x any given point, and let xx^ xy be its co-ordinates. Fig. 98.— The Hyperbola. Extend YO until OY - YO and draw AP, making Y'P equal to ;r F and parallel to XX, Divide YO and OY into similar divisions. Digitized by Google CONSTRUCTING HYPERBOLIC CURVES, 249 Assume an ordinate Om of a point to be found, and draw mx" parallel to XX. At Y erect Y'n = Otn, and draw Pnx" ; the point x" of intersection with x"n is the required point. For in the triangles ny'P^ nmx" we shall have nY \ YP :: mn : x"m = ^ = ^"; J' i.e.,/': X w y \ x". Q. E. D. When the expansion-line is true to the hyperbolic curve, it becomes possible to obtain a fairly approximate measure from the diagram of the clearance-space ; or, the latter being known, to determine the real locus of the hyperbolic expansion-curve, as follows : Fig. 99.^Tkb Hypbxbouc Bxpansion-unb. Let Sy E, E\ V, S represent an indicator-card ; let OX be the line of perfect vacuum ; OY the line at end of cylinder plus the clearance; then, OX and OY will be asymptotes of the hyper- bola £, A, A\ E\ the curve of expansion. Take two points on the curve AA\ and AK^ ACj A'B, and A'H will be their co-ordinates. Draw ^^', and from C, the line CB parallel to AA' ; the point B, where it intersects A'B, will be a point in the line OY. Or, draw HK parallel to AA\ and AT, the intersection with AK, will be such a point. Digitized by Google 250 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS, For by Mariotte's law and from the properties of the hyperbola xy = m\ x'y' = m\ .- . xy = x'y\ r. X : x' \\ y : y\ x' -- x \ x \\ y -^ y' \ y \ or, A'D'.BDv. AD: DC. And, from similar triangles (by construction), A'D\BD\\AD\DC. Q. E. D. Conversely, having given the clearance and the scale of the indicator, with point of cut-off, to find the expansion4ine. In proportion y — / : y' :: x' -- x \ x, assume x' and find values of y by constructing the triangle KPH, similar to ADA'. Taking the point of release as a point in the hyperbolic curve, and laying down that curve on the diagram, it will be found, not only that the curve and the expansion-line of the diagram do not coincide, but that the latter falls above the former throughout its length, in nearly all cases, indicating^ usually, initial condensation and later re-evaporation, but some- times indicating some leakage as well. If the weight of steam actually drawn from the boiler be taken as the basis of a dia- gram, using its volume as the initial ordinate of the hyperbolic curve, it becomes easy to trace the variations of the whole actual diagram from the ideal indicator-card, as here shown. In any case in which the curve represented by the expan- sion-line is of the class of which the equation is the co-ordinates sought, any one point, /,t;, or p^v^ being given, may be found, and any new point in the ideal curve determined by computation, thus : From the above expression, n log z; + log/ = n log v, + log/, ; and if /, and v^ are known, for any assumed volume v^ the log- arithm of the corresponding new pressure must be log/ = n log V, -f log/, — n\ogv\ which expression being used to determine several points, the curve may be drawn through them. Digitized by VjOOQIC CONSTRUCTING HYPERBOLIC CURVES. 2$ I The values of n have been seen to be as follow : Equilateral hyberbola, .... I Curve of steam ; saturation |^, or 1.0646 Adiabatic curve, steam, .... 1.035+ cur " " gas, 1.408 Isothermal " " i.o The variation of the actual ratios of expansion from their apparent values, in engines having large clearance-spaces, is very considerable at high ratios of expansion and in short- stroke engines. The following table (p. 252), published by Mr. Grimshaw, is sufficiently extensive for ordinary purposes, and well exhibits those differences.* The close approximation of the three principal steam-ex- ■ L I M 1 HAI M 1 1 1 1] Hifc]T] i:J=; ■RiiHiisSri hssi: r»: ■^ •n ■aaaaavaaaa'.* aaaaaaaaaaPJB : :»:::: 1 aaaaa 1 a««aa i aaaia :::: ■ ■'BB ■ BBB a aaa ^viaav aaa ::: aaa aaaaaaaaap i-m aaaa«a>i*'.'ii^B aaaaaaaar'''iiaa aaaaaaaa ^aiiaa ^ h'raiiaaa m aa*aa a aaa avaaa-ia Hi Hs»ri:ili:a I aaSia aaaa aaaaaa.'^ ■ BBS 1 ■» IB aaaa rtr- ! 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OR is taken at half-stroke; while CiVis the axis of the equilateral hyper- * Am. Machinist, Jan. 20, 1883, p. 5. f Sieam-engine Indicator, p. 123. Digitized by Google 252 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. ?5 O < X b. O O CO M M H M M MMMM MMMM % to s IHS in «o lo lo ^i^S m m m '4- sHs M M M H H MMH«|MHM« 1 M*M M H MMMM MMMM % ^m 5HO- ^Hl m CI Q t«> jnmow 11^ 1 M • % %i%\ isJsS SsSI m M «s. m iin lis3 ^ % ^S5% 1«.=2 mmmm mmmm I^H ■g. CI ei CI « CI CI CI (4 M « CI M tf> t?s,l 0 *« m m ^^8 N i Wo.1 f^sl l^'*« O m« M o 00 00 00 ♦ "♦■ MU. Wvl «?&! f??|- « •♦♦♦•♦ '«• ♦ ♦ ♦ '«• ♦ ♦ ♦ '•■♦'•■♦ '«■"♦"♦'<•■ ♦ -«• •♦m m CO en CO ro q <>oo r.. mok tH. (1 *0 >t%^ye\ CI m 2 d^ o^odoo «o m ri^ 00 00 00 00 i> t^ iC AND LEAKAGE, 253 bola, AOG, the upper curve, of which CB and CH are asymptotes. Ordinates measure absolute pressures in pounds per square inch ; abscissas represent volumes of unity of weight (i lb.). Thus BA is the volume (4.73 cu. ft.) of one pound of steam at a total pressure of 90 pounds per square inch ; A BCD is the external work done in its production. It is this curve which is commonly assumed to be that of the expansion of steam. The curve AOI is the curve of dry and saturated steam^ its co-ordinates representing the simultaneous pressure and volume of the fluid when in contact with the mass of water from which it is produced. The expansion is less, and the rate of fall of pressure greater, than if it were to follow the law of Mariotte. It is this curve which is assumed to be described when steam expands in well-jacketed engines. The lower line, AOL^ is the adiabatic curve, assumed to be obtainable in engines with non-conducting cylinders and approximately in " high-speed engines." The area under this^ as under the other curves, represents the work done as the steam expands, and exhibits the gain obtainable by expansion, in each case. In all real engines, however, the expansion-line falls at first more rapidly, and finally more slowly, than either of these curves. As elsewhere seen, this variatiorf* from the ideal curve is often very observable. 71. Cylinder Condensation and Leakage produce varia- tions in the diagram, as obtained, which differently affect the different parts of the curve. Leakage can usually be elimi- nated, and always should be before the engine is set at work regularly. The first-named waste is usually irremediable. When the exact measure of the quantity of steam expended is obtained by a boiler-trial, it is easy to trace these variations, as in the diagram here given, as taken from the engine and worked up by the late Professor C. A. Smith, in which illustra- tion the diagram which should have been produced by the same steam, had there been no initial condensation, is shown with the real diagram.* * Steam-making, p. 91. Digitized by Google 254 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. This indicator-diagram is an unusually good sample, as to form, and was taken from the St. Louis high-service pumping- engine, a machine of 705 I. H. P., 85 inches diameter of cylin- der, and 10 feet stroke of piston, making i ij revolutions per minute. Taking measures of the abscissas of the two dia- grams, it is seen that the condensation amounts to from about 30 per cent, as a minimum to 50 per cent, as a maximum, so far as measurable, the actual card illustrating the expansion in a metallic cylinder of the steam, which would have given the larger diagram in an ideal engine with its non-conducting cylinder. The complete ideal diagram would extend propor- tionally farther toward the right and beyond the limits of the actual figure. When the two lines continue so far separated, BOH 10- FiG. lox.— Tkb Rsal and the Idbal Card. • it is an indication of large initial condensation, and correspond- ingly great re-evaporation after the exhaust-valve opens ; as the initial condensation is due to, and is proportional to, the re- evaporation. In most cases, however, the engineer, unable to determine these data, assumes the point of release, or the point of intersection of the expansion-line prolonged with the ordinate at the extreme end of the diagram, as that of coinci- dence of the ideal and the real curve, and draws the hyperbolic curve backward from that as a given point, in the manner already described. A comparison of the ideal diagram thus formed with the actual indicator-card will give a means of judging of the character of the engine studied as a thermo- Digitized by Google CYLINDER CONDENSATION AND LEAKAGE. 255 dynamic apparatus, and of comparing different engines. An exact coincidence of the two diagrams, in any given case, would not prove, or even give a presumption of freedom from such waste ; nor would the equality, in this respect, of dia- grams from any two engines prove more than a probable general similarity in their performance, thermodynamically. Such comparisons are, nevertheless, both interesting and in- structive, as is seen in th^ following examples. They also give some indications of the probable consumption of water and steam, the real gauge of the efficiency of engines. The clear- ance may be determined by measurement of the engine, by the graphical method described in the preceding article, or by the following simple methods of construction.* F D c E Fig. loa.— Ideal Constructiojis. In case i let / and dy p' and rf', be co-ordinates of the two given points, and x = the clearance ; then {x + d)p=^{x + d')p\ and X = p'-p ' Or we may determine the clearance geometrically by the fol- lowing construction (see case 2). Assume two points A and B in the compression-curve ; connect them by a right line, AB, continuing this line until it cuts F£ at £. Draw AD and BC perpendicular to FE, and make FD = CE. Then F is the end of the id^al diagram including clearance, and the distance of F from the end of the indicator-diagram is the clearance. To lay out the theoretical diagram : Draw a line represent- ing the boiler-pressure and also a line of perfect vacuum, at 14.7 pounds below the atmospheric line, unless the true baro- * First published by Mr. G. H. Babcock ; Journal Franklin Institute, Sept. 1869. Digitized by VjOOQIC 256 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. metric reading is given. Next divide the length of the dia- gram, including clearance, into any number of equal parts, as ten. Measure the pressure at the point of release, and find the terminal pressure by any convenient method as that shown in case 3, in which AB is the length of the diagram, including clearance, and D is the point of release. Draw DE parallel to AB and join AE, cutting DC at F. Draw FG parallel to ABy and BG will represent the terminal pressure, the tension at which a quantity of steam equal to the whole capacity of the M nw.BolIer Pivn. MperoentafideftL 40.0 Hone Power MpereenloffiSml, 6S4Hon6Ftower 66ftMkBoIIerFre«. Fig. X03. — Ideal and Real Diagrams. cylinder and clearance would be discharged at the termination of the stroke. The pressure at any other point of the stroke is easily found by the usual methods. With ten divisions, the several ordi- nates of the expansion-curve may be obtained by multiplying the terminal pressure by the following factors : i, i.ii, 1.25, 1.429, 1.667, 2, 2.5, 3.333, 5, ID. Having found the ideal pressure at each division, we trace a curve through these points and determine the ideal point of cut-off, giving the same ter- minal pressure as is observed in the actual case. Digitized by Google CYLINDER CONDENSATION AND LEAKAGE. 257 If the exhaust-valve closes before the end of the return stroke, so much of the cylinder full of steam as is thus impris- oned must be allowed for in the ideal diagram. Draw a hy- perbolic curve tangent to the actual compression-line, and extending to the line of boiler-pressure, and thus find the boundary of the ideal diagram. Fig. 104.— Ideal and Real Cards. The group of four diagrams, Fig. 103, is given by Mr. Bab- cock in illustration of this method. The upper pair show a remarkable approximation of the actual to the standard figure, each giving, from the measured steam, 90 per cent, of the power which an engine having a non-conducting cylinder should give. One is a condensing, the other a non-condensing, mill engine ; both designed by Mr. Babcock. The other pair are similar in their wastefulness, each giving but about one half the maximum^ ideal, amount of work One is from an old naval condensing engine, the other from a non-condensing stationary engine. The next figure is a facsimile of a pair of diagrams from an engine designed by Mr. J. W. Thompson, as studied by Mr. Hill, who gives the following analysis, using the curve of dry and saturated steam, having the equation pv^ = constant as the standard. The engine was 22 inches diameter of cylinder, and 44 inches stroke of piston, making 70 revolutions per minute. The clearance is stated at .0175 piston-displacement. The diagrams were measured with an "Amsler planimeter," and read as follows : Digitized by Google 2S8 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. Mean effective pressure above atmos- phere (both diagrams) IQ-QT^S lbs. Mean effective pressure below atmos- phere (both diagrams) lo. 143 lb& Together 30.1 19 lbs. per sq.inch. Power independent of vacuum, ** constant ** X /•, , 5.9101 X 19.9765 = 118.063 H. P. Power due vacuum, 5.910^ X 10.143 = 59-946 H. P. Combined power, 178.009 H. P. Ratio of power below atmosphere to power above atmos- phere, 59-94 X J^ -_ 50.774 per centum. 118.063 The total diagram including cushion reads 31.134 lbs., and the efficiency of cylinder becomes 3U13JLr 30.119^ 6. 31-134 and I — .0326 X 100 = 96.74 per centum of total capacity utilized. The expenditure of steam to produce the power according to the diagram is estimated as follows : 380.13X44X70X2X60 ^ ^^^ j^^ 144 X 12 total piston-displacement per hour. The release by the diagrams (both ends of cylinder) appears to occur at 43.175 inches from beginning of stroke, hence 81305-532 X 43>i75 ^ 79781.05 cu. ft. to release, 44 Digitized by Google CYLINDER CONDENSATION AND LEAKAGE, 259 The exhaust closes (both ends of the cylinder) at 4.1 71 2 inches from end of stroke (return); hence 81305-532 X 4.1712 ^ 7707 764 ^ f,^ 44 Clearance-volume 81305.532 X .0175 = 1422.846 cu. ft. The volume of steam accounted for to release becomes 79781.05 + 1422.846 = 81203.896 cu. ft., and the volume of steam retained in the cylinder by closure of exhaust becomes 7707.764 -f 1422.846 = 9130.61 cu. ft. The terminal pressure is — ^2-_L — 1L2 = 12.125 lbs., and the weight of a cubic foot of steam at this pressure is ob- tained by Tate's formula, thus: 12.125 lbs. =/= 24.7 inches mercury; and a cubic foot of water at maximum density weighs, according to Berzelius, 62.388 lbs.; hence 62.388 , ,, ^ =.0316 lbs., 25.62 + -^9513. and 81203.896 X .0316 = 2566.043 lbs. steam. The steam retained by cushioning is as follows: The pres- sure in front of piston at time exhaust closes (both ends of cylinder) is 3.75 lbs., and the weight per cubic foot of steam at this pressure is 62.388 25.62 -i- ^9513 = .01048 lbs,; 7.639 + 72 hence, 9i3a6i X .01048 = 95.688 lbs. steam retained by cush- ioning. Net steam consumed per hour, 2566.043 — 95.688 = 2470.355 lbs.; Digitized by Google 26o ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. and steam (water) per indicated horse-power per hour by the diagrams, 2470-355 178 13.878 lbs. The eflfective vacuum was 20.66 inches, and the losses by leakage and extra condensation were estimated as probably 15 per centum, hence 1^ = 16.327 lbs.. estimating an evaporative efficiency of connected boilers of 9 to I of coal ; the cost of coal per I. H. P. per hour becomes 1 48 1 4 lbs. This is probably too low an estimate of this waste^ Taking it, however, as even double this amount, 30 per cent., the coal and water consumption would be, respectively, but 2.2 and 19.826 lbs. per I. H. P. per hour; low figures, both. The next illustration, a diagram published by Mr. Porter, as taken from a high-service pumping-engine at Providence, R. I., when making but one revolution per minute, exhibits the enormous extent to which initial condensation and later re-evap- oration can occur, most remarkably. Fic. 105.— Condensation and Rb-bvaporation. The hyperbolic line is at AB, and the magnitude of the terminal ordinate of the diagram, as compared with the ordinate of the hyperbola, measures the proportion of re-evaporation. It is seen that more than three times as much steam must have been condensed at entrance as remained, to produce the dia- gram, this proportion, at least, being later re-evaporated. The following are the quantities of steam found at various Digitized by Google CYLINDER CONDENSATION AND LEAKAGE. 261 part^ of the stroke of a compound Corliss engine, as reported by Mr. Hoadley': * Steam, lbs. H. P. Cutoff. Present. Condens< 0.178 9-97 6.80 .625 11.32 5.18 .750 "•35 5-15 I.CXX> 11.35 5.15 p. Cyl., end. 10.57 593 The condensation in cylinder and jackets was about one- half throughout. The next diagram, Fig. 106, illustrates the action of the air-compressor. The isothermal lines, which are here hyperbo- lic, are drawn from the atmospheric line as its starting-point. Two diagrams are shown superposed — the one of a common and somewhat inefficient compressor, the other of a more per- FlG. X06.— AlR-COMPRBSSOR CaRDS. feet form. The former gives a diagram having an efficiency but 74 per cent, of the ideal, and the latter 93 per cent. Here the actual diagrams exceed the ideal in area, the heat of compres- sion carrying its compression-line above the isothermal, and the defects of construction and operation of the induction and eduction valves throwing the delivery-line above the limit of pressures in the receiving reservoir.
| 787 |
5593971_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 219 | 292 |
Duckworth, Chief Justice.
This case is controlled adversely to the plaintiff in error by the ruling of this court in Gay v. Balkcom, 219 Ga. 554 ( SE2d ), in that it is a habeas corpus case by a prisoner alleging that he was denied the benefit of counsel at the time he pled guilty to a felony for which he could be electrocuted. The evidence shows that he was offered counsel and refused to accept same, stating that he was going to plead guilty and did not need a lawyer, and none of the evidence shows that he desired counsel, made any *590request for counsel, was unable to employ counsel, or that the trial court declined to appoint counsel to represent him. Nor is this case coupled with lack of time so as to result in a denial of his constitutional rights to due process and benefit of counsel as was held in Fair v. Balkcom, 216 Ga. 721 (119 SE2d 691). Accordingly, the court did not err in remanding custody of the prisoner to the warden.
Submitted January 13, 1964
Decided January 22, 1964.
Herman Ludson Knight, pro se.
Eugene Cook, Attorney General, Howard P. Wallace, William L. Grayson, Assistant Attorneys General, B. Daniel Dubberly, Jr., Deputy Assistant Attorney General, contra.
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concur.
| 22,456 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/48226926
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
|
Tom Dalton, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1897312, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2372812, sparkitny
|
English
|
Spoken
| 307 | 439 |
I want to know whether opencv3 and python3 have GPU mode?
I want to know whether opencv3 and python3 have GPU mode,I looked at this link and knew that there was no GPU mode when opencv2, but does opencv3 have GPU mode now?
You can manually compile the OpenCV 3 source with GPU support for Python 3. All steps are outlined in this blog post. To answer your question, follow all parts of Step 0 up to and including step 5 to install OpenCV 3 with GPU support for Python 3.
The major requirement is to have an NVIDIA graphics card with CUDA support and all required graphics drivers installed. These steps should work for any debian-like linux distro, I have tested on Ubuntu 16.04, 17.04 and Linux Mint 18.3 without problem.
Not deep learning, just the methods commonly used by opencv, is there a GPU mode?
Yes, the blog post goes into more detail if you want to install several packages for deep learning to set up a development environment. For OpenCV 3 GPU and Python 3 - Just follow the guide starting from Step 0 to and up to Step 5. From Step 6 to the end the guide it describes how to install other deep learning tools.
From the first paragraph of https://opencv.org/ : "Enabled with OpenCL, it can take advantage of the hardware acceleration of the underlying heterogeneous compute platform.". From https://developer.nvidia.com/opencl : "OpenCL™ (Open Computing Language) is a low-level API for heterogeneous computing that runs on CUDA-powered GPUs."
As per the latest release 4.0.0-pre, GPU modules are not yet supported by OpenCV-python.
Remaining fields specify what modules are to be built. Since GPU modules are not yet supported by OpenCV-Python, you can completely
avoid it to save time (But if you work with them, keep it there).
Source: OpenCV Docs
Related Question
| 19,196 |
https://github.com/gmarko/raiden/blob/master/raiden/services.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
raiden
|
gmarko
|
Python
|
Code
| 402 | 1,887 |
import structlog
from raiden import constants
from raiden.constants import (
BLOCK_ID_LATEST,
DAI_TOKEN_ADDRESS,
WETH_TOKEN_ADDRESS,
Environment,
RoutingMode,
)
from raiden.messages.monitoring_service import RequestMonitoring
from raiden.messages.path_finding_service import PFSCapacityUpdate, PFSFeeUpdate
from raiden.settings import (
MIN_MONITORING_AMOUNT_DAI,
MIN_MONITORING_AMOUNT_WETH,
MONITORING_REWARD,
)
from raiden.transfer import views
from raiden.transfer.architecture import BalanceProofSignedState
from raiden.transfer.channel import get_balance
from raiden.transfer.identifiers import CanonicalIdentifier
from raiden.transfer.state import ChainState
from raiden.utils.formatting import to_checksum_address
from raiden.utils.transfers import to_rdn
from raiden.utils.typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Address
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from raiden.raiden_service import RaidenService
log = structlog.get_logger(__name__)
def send_pfs_update(
raiden: "RaidenService",
canonical_identifier: CanonicalIdentifier,
update_fee_schedule: bool = False,
) -> None:
if raiden.routing_mode == RoutingMode.PRIVATE:
return
channel_state = views.get_channelstate_by_canonical_identifier(
chain_state=views.state_from_raiden(raiden), canonical_identifier=canonical_identifier
)
if channel_state is None:
return
capacity_msg = PFSCapacityUpdate.from_channel_state(channel_state)
capacity_msg.sign(raiden.signer)
raiden.transport.broadcast(constants.PATH_FINDING_BROADCASTING_ROOM, capacity_msg)
log.debug(
"Sent a PFS Capacity Update",
node=to_checksum_address(raiden.address),
message=capacity_msg,
channel_state=channel_state,
)
if update_fee_schedule:
fee_msg = PFSFeeUpdate.from_channel_state(channel_state)
fee_msg.sign(raiden.signer)
raiden.transport.broadcast(constants.PATH_FINDING_BROADCASTING_ROOM, fee_msg)
log.debug(
"Sent a PFS Fee Update",
node=to_checksum_address(raiden.address),
message=fee_msg,
channel_state=channel_state,
)
def update_monitoring_service_from_balance_proof(
raiden: "RaidenService",
chain_state: ChainState,
new_balance_proof: BalanceProofSignedState,
non_closing_participant: Address,
) -> None:
if raiden.config.services.monitoring_enabled is False:
return
msg = "Monitoring is enabled but the default monitoring service address is None."
assert raiden.default_msc_address is not None, msg
channel_state = views.get_channelstate_by_canonical_identifier(
chain_state=chain_state, canonical_identifier=new_balance_proof.canonical_identifier
)
msg = (
f"Failed to update monitoring service due to inability to find "
f"channel: {new_balance_proof.channel_identifier} "
f"token_network_address: {to_checksum_address(new_balance_proof.token_network_address)}."
)
assert channel_state, msg
msg = "Monitoring is enabled but the `UserDeposit` contract is None."
assert raiden.default_user_deposit is not None, msg
rei_balance = raiden.default_user_deposit.effective_balance(raiden.address, BLOCK_ID_LATEST)
if rei_balance < MONITORING_REWARD:
rdn_balance = to_rdn(rei_balance)
rdn_reward = to_rdn(MONITORING_REWARD)
log.warning(
f"Skipping update to Monitoring service. "
f"Your deposit balance {rdn_balance} is less than "
f"the required monitoring service reward of {rdn_reward}"
)
return
# In production there should be no MonitoringRequest if
# channel balance is below a certain threshold. This is
# a naive approach that needs to be worked on in the future
if raiden.config.environment_type == Environment.PRODUCTION:
message = (
"Skipping update to Monitoring service. "
"Your channel balance {channel_balance} is less than "
"the required minimum balance of {min_balance} "
)
dai_token_network_address = views.get_token_network_address_by_token_address(
chain_state=chain_state,
token_network_registry_address=raiden.default_registry.address,
token_address=DAI_TOKEN_ADDRESS,
)
weth_token_network_address = views.get_token_network_address_by_token_address(
chain_state=chain_state,
token_network_registry_address=raiden.default_registry.address,
token_address=WETH_TOKEN_ADDRESS,
)
channel_balance = get_balance(
sender=channel_state.our_state,
receiver=channel_state.partner_state,
)
if channel_state.canonical_identifier.token_network_address == dai_token_network_address:
if channel_balance < MIN_MONITORING_AMOUNT_DAI:
data = dict(
channel_balance=channel_balance,
min_balance=MIN_MONITORING_AMOUNT_DAI,
channel_id=channel_state.canonical_identifier.channel_identifier,
token_address=to_checksum_address(DAI_TOKEN_ADDRESS),
)
log.warning(message.format(**data), **data)
return
if channel_state.canonical_identifier.token_network_address == weth_token_network_address:
if channel_balance < MIN_MONITORING_AMOUNT_WETH:
data = dict(
channel_balance=channel_balance,
min_balance=MIN_MONITORING_AMOUNT_WETH,
channel_id=channel_state.canonical_identifier.channel_identifier,
token_address=to_checksum_address(WETH_TOKEN_ADDRESS),
)
log.warning(message.format(**data), **data)
return
log.info(
"Received new balance proof, creating message for Monitoring Service.",
node=to_checksum_address(raiden.address),
balance_proof=new_balance_proof,
)
monitoring_message = RequestMonitoring.from_balance_proof_signed_state(
balance_proof=new_balance_proof,
non_closing_participant=non_closing_participant,
reward_amount=MONITORING_REWARD,
monitoring_service_contract_address=raiden.default_msc_address,
)
monitoring_message.sign(raiden.signer)
raiden.transport.broadcast(constants.MONITORING_BROADCASTING_ROOM, monitoring_message)
| 44,145 |
https://openalex.org/W14759513_1
|
Spanish-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 720 | 1,485 |
Los retos del mercado de remesas
interregionales
RICARDO MONGE GONZÁLEZ
DIRECTOR DEL PROYECTO
Antecedentes
Costa Rica doble canal de migración y remesas, 2008
229.139 Inmigrantes
Remesas $ 176 mm
Muestran un comportamiento estable desde 2007
162.000 Inmigrantes
Remesas $ 497 mm
Muestran una caída desde el 2do sem 2008
BANCARIZACIÓN DE REMESAS, DEMOCRATIZACIÓN FINANCIERA Y
OPORTUNIDADES INNOVADORAS DE INVERSIÓN EN COSTA RICA Y
NICARAGUA: CASOS COMPARATIVOS SUR‐SUR Y NORTE‐SUR
• Fin del proyecto:
– Contribuir a la reducción de la pobreza entre los inmigrantes nicaragüenses
en Costa Rica, especialmente aquellos que envían remesas a su país, mediante
la democratización financiera y el aprovechamiento de oportunidades
empresariales.
• Objetivos del proyecto:
– Son reducir el costo del envío de remesas a Nicaragua por medio de
intermediarios financieros formales (bancarización de remesas);
– Incrementar el acceso a los servicio bancarios para la población de
inmigrantes nicaragüenses en Costa Rica y de los hogares receptores de
remesas en Nicaragua (democratización financiera);
– Promover un modelo de servicios de desarrollo empresarial a la población de
inmigrantes nicaragüenses en la zona norte de Costa Rica (incubación de
empresas) y; brindar mejores servicios financieros al comprender mejor la
dinámica de la remesas sur‐sur versus norte sur.
Equipo de trabajo
•
Academia de Centroamérica
– Investigadores: Ricardo Monge, Oswald Céspedes y Juan Carlos Vargas
– Unidad Ejecutora: María Castro y Ericka Benavides
•
Banco Nacional de Costa Rica
– BN Desarrollo: Victor Acosta y Miguel Campos
– BN Remesas: Rafael Coto y Emilia Pacheco
•
Centro de Incubación de Empresas (TEC)
– Eugenia Ferreto, Oscar Chacón y Sofía Mata
•
Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM)
– Luis Carlos Esquivel (CR)
– Berta Fernandez (Nic)
•
Fundación CAATEC
– Julio Sanabria
•
Universidad Americana (UAM)
– Ana María Hernández y Manuel Salgado
Actividades (1)
• Bancarización de remesas CR‐NIC
– Por medio del BNCR en Costa Rica
• Identificando el % de los nicaragüenses clientes del
BNCR (+70 m) que envían remesas y canales: Campaña
• Promoción del servicio en zonas norte a no clientes
• Apoyo Servicio Jesuita p/migrantes y Consulados de
Nicaragua en el marco de Codesarrollo
– Intermediarios financieros en Nicaragua
• Búsqueda de socios estratégicos para el BNCR:
Actualmente Bancentro, Teledolar y Correos de Nic.
• Apoyo RNSCM/OIM en el marco de Codesarrollo
Actividades (2)
• Democratización financiera CR‐NIC
– Por medio del BNCR en Costa Rica
• Población meta: Inmigrantes nicaragüenses
• Promoción del servicio en zonas de > concentración
– Intermediarios financieras en Nicaragua
• Población meta: Hogares receptores de Rem$
• Socios del Banco Nacional de Costa Rica
• Promoción del servicio en zonas específicas
Actividades (3)
• Desarrollo de oportunidades innovadoras de
inversión en Costa Rica y Nicaragua
– CIETEC‐CAATEC:
• Se ha desarrollo un modelo de incubación de empresas apropiado
para la población migrante nicaragüenses (experiencia CIETEC y ITCP
de Brasil).
• Se han identificación más de 100 ideas de negocios en Los Chiles,
Upala y Guatuso, por medio de ejecutivo de Caatec en la zona norte.
• En junio se inicia capacitación a estas personas durante 6 semanas.
• En julio se seleccionarán 35 proyectos de negocios bancarizables.
• Acompañamiento con capacitación 12 meses a los 35 proyectos
seleccionados (incubación extramuros)
– BNCR:
• Financiamiento de los 35 proyectos de negocios
• Población meta: Remitentes de Rem$ y/o inmigrantes no remitentes
– UAM:
• Traspaso de metodología de incubación in situ a la UAM.
Remesas S‐S vrs N‐S: Caso CR‐NIC
• Dinámica de la remesa
– Remesas S‐S pareciera más estables que N‐S ¿Por
qué, tema a estudiar?
• ¿Qué es especial o diferente?
1. Posible impacto var. T.C. es diferente ¿?
2. Nivel de ingreso de hogares receptores es menor:
Rem S‐S más pobres
3. Bancarización de remitentes podría ser más dificil
en S‐S que N‐S; en ambos casos bancarización de
hogares receptores es siempre difícil.
4. Problema “Dutch Disease” quizás menor en S‐S
Actividades (4)
• Encuestas sobre remesas en NIC, CR y EE.UU para
identificación de oportunidades y monitoreo
– Encuestas a hogares receptores de R$ en NIC
• Marzo‐Junio‐2009
• Agosto‐2010
– Encuesta a inmigrantes nicaragüenses en CR
• Marzo 2010 (se cuenta con encuesta del 2006)
– Encuesta a hogares receptores de remesas en CR
• Julio‐2009
– Encuesta a inmigrantes costarricenses en EE.UU.
• Noviembre‐2009
Muchas gracias
Ricardo Monge González
rmonge@caatec.org.
| 557 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.