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common_corpus

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train · ~470M rows (showing the first 357k)

identifier stringlengths 6 14.8k	collection stringclasses 50 values	open_type stringclasses 7 values	license stringlengths 0 1.18k	date float64 0 2.02k ⌀	title stringlengths 0 1.85k ⌀	creator stringlengths 0 7.27k ⌀	language stringclasses 471 values	language_type stringclasses 4 values	word_count int64 0 1.98M	token_count int64 1 3.46M	text stringlengths 0 12.9M	__index_level_0__ int64 0 51.1k
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13138929	Wikidata	Semantic data	CC0	null	باتو خان	None	Multilingual	Semantic data	2	5	باتو خان	18,738
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/69084427	StackExchange	Open Web	CC-By-SA	2,021	Stack Exchange	Community, Jeroen Mostert, Nuri Ensing, SQL Police, Thom A, https://stackoverflow.com/users/-1, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2029983, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2504785, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4137916, https://stackoverflow.com/users/500548	English	Spoken	526	949	How to find corrupt record with unicode character in SQL and delete the record I have a table with huge sets of rows. There are a few record with a strange unicode character like: \uDB6D Due this I get an error in my SQL report builder: ERROR: An exception has occurred in data set 'DataSet1'. Details: System.Text.EncoderFallbackException: Unable to translate Unicode character \uDB6D at index 184 to specified code page. I tried several queries but I am unable to find the row with the unicode. How to trace the record and eventually delete it? These are the queries I tried: SELECT * FROM dbo.TestTable WHERE SomeString LIKE N'%�%'; SELECT * FROM dbo.TestTable WHERE SomeString LIKE CONCAT('%',UNICODE(0xDB6D),'%'); "I tried several queries but I am unable to find the row with the unicode. " And what were those queries? There's no need to us to tell, as an answer, what you already did and for you to tell us "That doesn't work." Both of those solutions work for me: db<fiddle. YOu don't, perhaps, literally have '\uDB6D' in the string, do you? UNICODE(0xDB6D) makes no sense. You want NCHAR(56173). DECLARE @test NVARCHAR(50) = 0xDB6D doesn't do what you want either, because SQL Server uses little-endian encoding. Finally, 巛 is U+5DDB CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DDB, which is neither 0xdb6d nor 0x6ddb, so I'm not sure where that comes from. @Larnu it seems like there is a � somewhere in a string. I use where ... like N'%�%' it give me all the rows back :/ Well, � and 巛 are completely different characters... No wonder this didn't work. It's like having WHERE [Column] LIKE '%a%' and expecting columns which have a z in them to be returned... The reason like N'%�%' won't work is that collation rules will (mostly) ignore invalid characters. Use a binary collation override (COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN2), and be sure to use NCHAR with the exact code point rather than copy-pasting the replacement character. Thanks. @SQLPolice gave the right answer. Simple, consice and understandable. Your comments Larnu and Jeroen where a bit over complex. charindex does the magic: select * from dbo.TestTable where charindex(nchar(0xDB6D), SomeString) > 0 is it also possible to search for the nchar in every column? so : where charindex(nchar(0xDB6D), ) > 0 @YdB It is possible, but there is no simple statement for this. If you want to search in all columns, you need to write a procedure which generates the code for you. The principle is shown here: https://stackoverflow.com/a/52715388/2504785 (but you will need to adapt the code for your question) Thanks ! If there is another unicode char not found like: \uDB4E Will this then be: where charindex(nchar(0xDB4E), SomeString) > 0 @SQLPolice? @YdB yes, exactly. Pleased that it works! Or you can try this: SELECT FROM OrderLines WHERE OrderLines.ItemDescription LIKE '%' + nchar(56173) + '%' Please add further details to expand on your answer, such as working code or documentation citations. Why don't you try to find just "DB6D" string? I just think simple. SELECT * FROM OrderLines WHERE OrderLines.ItemDescription LIKE '%DB6D%' Tried this, no results :( In this question, DB6D is the code for one single character, it is not a string.	20,753
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourcuff	Wikipedia	Open Web	CC-By-SA	2,023	Gourcuff	https://br.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gourcuff&action=history	Breton	Spoken	30	94	Gourcuff pe Gourkuñv zo un anv-tiegezh brezhonek, savet diwar ar gerioù gour ha kuñv. Christian Gourcuff (° 1955) Yoann Gourcuff (° 1986) Olivier de Gourcuff (1853-1938) skrivagner gallek. anvioù-tiegezh brezhonek	13,560
https://github.com/innou-tech/innou-erc20-token/blob/master/test/InnTestToken.ERC20detailed.spec.js	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	2,019	innou-erc20-token	innou-tech	JavaScript	Code	78	288	// Source (slightly modified): openzeppelin-solidity/test/token/ERC20/ERC20Detailed.test.js require('chai').should(); const { BN } = require('openzeppelin-test-helpers'); const ERC20DetailedMock = artifacts.require('InnToken'); contract('InnToken is ERC20detailed', function () { const _name = 'INNOU.IO Token'; const _symbol = 'INNOU'; const _decimals = new BN(14); beforeEach(async function () { this.detailedERC20 = await ERC20DetailedMock.new(); }); it('has a name', async function () { (await this.detailedERC20.name()).should.be.equal(_name); }); it('has a symbol', async function () { (await this.detailedERC20.symbol()).should.be.equal(_symbol); }); it('has an amount of decimals', async function () { (await this.detailedERC20.decimals()).should.be.bignumber.equal(_decimals); }); });	35,523
https://github.com/jjzhang166/debug-bottle/blob/master/noop-kotlin/src/main/kotlin/com/exyui/android/debugbottle/components/DTEnv.kt	Github Open Source	Open Source	Apache-2.0	2,022	debug-bottle	jjzhang166	Kotlin	Code	61	200	package com.exyui.android.debugbottle.components import com.exyui.android.debugbottle.BuildConfig /** * Created by yuriel on 11/11/16. */ @Suppress("unused") object DTEnv { @JvmStatic val ENV = Env.RELEASE @JvmStatic val VERSION_CODE = BuildConfig.VERSION_CODE @JvmStatic val VERSION_NAME = BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME @JvmStatic fun isDebug() = ENV == Env.DEBUG @JvmStatic fun isRelease() = ENV == Env.RELEASE @JvmStatic fun isTest() = ENV == Env.TEST enum class Env { DEBUG, RELEASE, TEST } }	253
https://github.com/BerlingskeMedia/valg-retsforbeholdet-2015-backend/blob/master/gulpfile.js	Github Open Source	Open Source	Apache-2.0	2,017	valg-retsforbeholdet-2015-backend	BerlingskeMedia	JavaScript	Code	47	238	var gulp = require('gulp'), jshint = require('gulp-jshint'), spawn = require('child_process').spawn; gulp.task('default', ['api']); var node; gulp.task('start_api', function() { if (node) { node.kill(); } node = spawn('node', ['./api/server.js'], {stdio: 'inherit'}); }); gulp.task('api', ['start_api'], function () { gulp.watch(['./api/.js'], ['start_api']); }); gulp.task('jshint', function() { gulp.src('./api//.js') .pipe(jshint()) .pipe(jshint.reporter('default')); gulp.src('./sync//.js') .pipe(jshint()) .pipe(jshint.reporter('default')); });	4,468
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4740442	Wikidata	Semantic data	CC0	null	Amata caspia	None	Multilingual	Semantic data	2,262	5,549	Amata caspia species of insect Amata caspia taxon name Amata caspia, taxon author Otto Staudinger, year of publication of scientific name for taxon 1877 Amata caspia taxon rank species Amata caspia parent taxon Amata Amata caspia instance of taxon Amata caspia GBIF taxon ID 1808348 Amata caspia Fauna Europaea ID 446954 Amata caspia image Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia LepIndex ID 33918 Amata caspia Commons category Amata caspia Amata caspia Fauna Europaea New ID b637469d-0071-404b-9df6-65f15028a10c Amata caspia IRMNG ID 11313031 Amata caspia iNaturalist taxon ID 733451 Amata caspia BioLib taxon ID 336185 Amata caspia eBiodiversity ID 741641 Amata caspia Freebase ID /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia EUNIS ID for species 309245 Amata caspia short name Amata caspia Open Tree of Life ID 3183885 Amata caspia soort uit het geslacht Amata Amata caspia wetenschappelijke naam Amata caspia, taxonauteur Otto Staudinger, datum van taxonomische publicatie 1877 Amata caspia taxonomische rang soort Amata caspia moedertaxon Amata Amata caspia is een taxon Amata caspia GBIF-identificatiecode 1808348 Amata caspia oude FaEu-identificatiecode 446954 Amata caspia afbeelding Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia LepIndex-identificatiecode 33918 Amata caspia Commonscategorie Amata caspia Amata caspia nieuwe FaEu-identificatiecode b637469d-0071-404b-9df6-65f15028a10c Amata caspia IRMNG-identificatiecode 11313031 Amata caspia iNaturalist-identificatiecode voor taxon 733451 Amata caspia BioLib-identificatiecode 336185 Amata caspia eBiodiversity-identificatiecode 741641 Amata caspia Freebase-identificatiecode /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia EUNIS-identificatiecode voor soort 309245 Amata caspia verkorte naam Amata caspia Open Tree of Life-identificatiecode 3183885 Amata caspia Amata caspia vetenskapligt namn Amata caspia, auktor Otto Staudinger, år för publikation av taxonomiskt namn 1877 Amata caspia taxonomisk rang art Amata caspia nästa högre taxon Amata Amata caspia instans av taxon Amata caspia Global Biodiversity Information Facility-ID 1808348 Amata caspia bild Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia LepIndex-ID 33918 Amata caspia Commons-kategori Amata caspia Amata caspia IRMNG-ID 11313031 Amata caspia iNaturalist taxon-ID 733451 Amata caspia BioLib-ID 336185 Amata caspia Freebase-ID /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia kort namn Amata caspia Open Tree of Life-ID 3183885 Amata caspia Art der Gattung Amata Amata caspia wissenschaftlicher Name Amata caspia, Autor(en) des Taxons Otto Staudinger, veröffentlicht im Jahr 1877 Amata caspia taxonomischer Rang Art Amata caspia übergeordnetes Taxon Amata Amata caspia ist ein(e) Taxon Amata caspia GBIF-ID 1808348 Amata caspia FaEu-ID 446954 Amata caspia Bild Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia LepIndex-ID 33918 Amata caspia Commons-Kategorie Amata caspia Amata caspia FaEu-GUID b637469d-0071-404b-9df6-65f15028a10c Amata caspia IRMNG-ID 11313031 Amata caspia iNaturalist-Taxon-ID 733451 Amata caspia BioLib-ID 336185 Amata caspia eElurikkus-ID 741641 Amata caspia Freebase-Kennung /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia EUNIS-Taxon-ID 309245 Amata caspia Kurzname Amata caspia OTT-ID 3183885 Amata caspia especie de insecto Amata caspia nombre del taxón Amata caspia, autor del taxón Otto Staudinger, fecha de descripción científica 1877 Amata caspia categoría taxonómica especie Amata caspia taxón superior inmediato Amata Amata caspia instancia de taxón Amata caspia identificador de taxón en GBIF 1808348 Amata caspia identificador Fauna Europaea 446954 Amata caspia imagen Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia identificador LepIndex 33918 Amata caspia categoría en Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia Fauna Europaea New ID b637469d-0071-404b-9df6-65f15028a10c Amata caspia identificador IRMNG 11313031 Amata caspia código de taxón en iNaturalist 733451 Amata caspia identificador BioLib 336185 Amata caspia Identificador Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia identificador EUNIS para especies 309245 Amata caspia nombre corto Amata caspia identificador Open Tree of Life 3183885 Amata caspia Amata caspia nome scientifico Amata caspia, autore tassonomico Otto Staudinger, data di descrizione scientifica 1877 Amata caspia livello tassonomico specie Amata caspia taxon di livello superiore Amata Amata caspia istanza di taxon Amata caspia identificativo GBIF 1808348 Amata caspia identificativo Fauna Europea 446954 Amata caspia immagine Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia categoria su Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia identificativo IRMNG 11313031 Amata caspia identificativo iNaturalist taxon 733451 Amata caspia identificativo BioLib 336185 Amata caspia identificativo eBiodiversity 741641 Amata caspia identificativo Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia nome in breve Amata caspia espèce d'insectes Amata caspia nom scientifique du taxon Amata caspia, auteur taxonomique Otto Staudinger, date de description scientifique 1877 Amata caspia rang taxonomique espèce Amata caspia taxon supérieur Amata (papillon) Amata caspia nature de l’élément taxon Amata caspia identifiant Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1808348 Amata caspia identifiant EU-nomen 446954 Amata caspia image Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia identifiant The Global Lepidoptera Names Index 33918 Amata caspia catégorie Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia identifiant Fauna Europaea b637469d-0071-404b-9df6-65f15028a10c Amata caspia identifiant Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera 11313031 Amata caspia identifiant iNaturalist d'un taxon 733451 Amata caspia identifiant BioLib 336185 Amata caspia identifiant eElurikkus 741641 Amata caspia identifiant Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia identifiant European Nature Information System des espèces 309245 Amata caspia nom court Amata caspia identifiant Open Tree of Life 3183885 Amata caspia Amata caspia tên phân loại Amata caspia, tác giả đơn vị phân loại Otto Staudinger, ngày được miêu tả trong tài liệu khoa học 1877 Amata caspia cấp bậc phân loại loài Amata caspia đơn vị phân loại mẹ Amata (bướm đêm) Amata caspia là một đơn vị phân loại Amata caspia định danh GBIF 1808348 Amata caspia ID Fauna Europaea 446954 Amata caspia hình ảnh Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia thể loại ở Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia ID IRMNG 11313031 Amata caspia ID ĐVPL iNaturalist 733451 Amata caspia ID BioLib 336185 Amata caspia định danh Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia tên ngắn Amata caspia вид насекомо Amata caspia име на таксон Amata caspia, дата на публикуване на таксон 1877 Amata caspia ранг на таксон вид Amata caspia родителски таксон Amata Amata caspia екземпляр на таксон Amata caspia изображение Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia категория в Общомедия Amata caspia Amata caspia IRMNG ID 11313031 Amata caspia Идентификатор във Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia кратко име Amata caspia вид насекомых Amata caspia международное научное название Amata caspia, автор названия таксона Отто Штаудингер, дата публикации названия 1877 Amata caspia таксономический ранг вид Amata caspia ближайший таксон уровнем выше Amata Amata caspia это частный случай понятия таксон Amata caspia идентификатор GBIF 1808348 Amata caspia код Fauna Europaea 446954 Amata caspia изображение Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia код LepIndex 33918 Amata caspia категория на Викискладе Amata caspia Amata caspia код Fauna Europaea New b637469d-0071-404b-9df6-65f15028a10c Amata caspia идентификатор IRMNG 11313031 Amata caspia код таксона iNaturalist 733451 Amata caspia идентификатор BioLib 336185 Amata caspia код eBiodiversity 741641 Amata caspia код Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia код вида EUNIS 309245 Amata caspia краткое имя или название Amata caspia код Open Tree of Life 3183885 Amata caspia Amata caspia taxon nomen Amata caspia, annus descriptionis 1877 Amata caspia ordo species Amata caspia parens Amata Amata caspia est taxon Amata caspia imago Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia categoria apud Communia Amata caspia Amata caspia siglum Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia nomen breve Amata caspia вид комах Amata caspia наукова назва таксона Amata caspia, дата наукового опису 1877 Amata caspia таксономічний ранг вид Amata caspia батьківський таксон Amata Amata caspia є одним із таксон Amata caspia ідентифікатор у GBIF 1808348 Amata caspia ідентифікатор Fauna Europaea 446954 Amata caspia зображення Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia ідентифікатор LepIndex 33918 Amata caspia категорія Вікісховища Amata caspia Amata caspia новий ідентифікатор Fauna Europaea b637469d-0071-404b-9df6-65f15028a10c Amata caspia ідентифікатор IRMNG 11313031 Amata caspia ідентифікатор таксона iNaturalist 733451 Amata caspia ідентифікатор BioLib 336185 Amata caspia ідентифікатор виду eBiodiversity 741641 Amata caspia ідентифікатор Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia ідентифікатор EUNIS 309245 Amata caspia коротка назва Amata caspia ідентифікатор Open Tree of Life 3183885 Amata caspia specie de molie Amata caspia nume științific Amata caspia, anul publicării taxonului 1877 Amata caspia rang taxonomic specie Amata caspia taxon superior Amata Amata caspia este un/o taxon Amata caspia identificator Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1808348 Amata caspia identificator Fauna Europaea 446954 Amata caspia imagine Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia categorie la Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia identificator Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia nume scurt Amata caspia especie d'inseutu Amata caspia nome del taxón Amata caspia, autor del taxón Otto Staudinger, data de publicación del nome de taxón 1877 Amata caspia categoría taxonómica especie Amata caspia taxón inmediatamente superior ‎Amata‎ Amata caspia instancia de taxón Amata caspia imaxe Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia categoría de Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia identificador en Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia nome curtiu Amata caspia speiceas feithidí Amata caspia ainm an tacsóin Amata caspia, bliain inar foilsíodh ainm eolaíoch an tacsóin 1877 Amata caspia rang an tacsóin speiceas Amata caspia máthairthacsón Amata Amata caspia sampla de tacsón Amata caspia íomhá Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia catagóir Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia ainm gearr Amata caspia espécie de inseto Amata caspia nome do táxon Amata caspia, autor do táxon Otto Staudinger, data de descrição científica 1877 Amata caspia categoria taxonómica espécie Amata caspia táxon imediatamente superior Syntomis Amata caspia instância de táxon Amata caspia identificador Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1808348 Amata caspia imagem Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia categoria da Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia IRMNG ID 11313031 Amata caspia identificador BioLib 336185 Amata caspia identificador Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia nome curto Amata caspia Amata caspia naukowa nazwa taksonu Amata caspia, autor nazwy naukowej taksonu Otto Staudinger, data opisania naukowego 1877 Amata caspia kategoria systematyczna gatunek Amata caspia takson nadrzędny Amata Amata caspia jest to takson Amata caspia identyfikator GBIF 1808348 Amata caspia identyfikator Fauna Europaea 446954 Amata caspia ilustracja Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia identyfikator LepIndex 33918 Amata caspia kategoria Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia identyfikator IRMNG 11313031 Amata caspia identyfikator iNaturalist 733451 Amata caspia identyfikator BioLib 336185 Amata caspia identyfikator eBiodiversity 741641 Amata caspia identyfikator Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia nazwa skrócona Amata caspia identyfikator Open Tree of Life 3183885 Amata caspia lloj i insekteve Amata caspia emri shkencor Amata caspia Amata caspia instancë e takson Amata caspia imazh Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia kategoria në Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia Freebase ID /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia emër i shkurtër Amata caspia Amata caspia Amata caspia Amata caspia tieteellinen nimi Amata caspia, taksonin auktori Otto Staudinger, tieteellisen kuvauksen päivämäärä 1877 Amata caspia taksonitaso laji Amata caspia osa taksonia Amata Amata caspia esiintymä kohteesta taksoni Amata caspia Global Biodiversity Information Facility -tunniste 1808348 Amata caspia Fauna Europaea -tunniste 446954 Amata caspia kuva Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia LepIndex-tunniste 33918 Amata caspia Commons-luokka Amata caspia Amata caspia IRMNG-tunniste 11313031 Amata caspia iNaturalist-tunniste 733451 Amata caspia BioLib-tunniste 336185 Amata caspia Freebase-tunniste /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia lajin EUNIS-tunniste 309245 Amata caspia lyhyt nimi Amata caspia Open Tree of Life -tunniste 3183885 Amata caspia Amata caspia taksonomia nomo Amata caspia Amata caspia taksonomia rango specio Amata caspia supera taksono Amata Amata caspia estas taksono Amata caspia bildo Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia Komuneja kategorio Amata caspia Amata caspia numero en iNaturalist 733451 Amata caspia numero en BioLib 336185 Amata caspia identigilo de Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia mallonga nomo Amata caspia Amata caspia izen zientifikoa Amata caspia, deskribapen zientifikoaren data 1877 Amata caspia maila taxonomikoa espezie Amata caspia goiko maila taxonomikoa Amata Amata caspia honako hau da taxon Amata caspia GBIFen identifikatzailea 1808348 Amata caspia irudia Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia Commons-eko kategoria Amata caspia Amata caspia IRMNG identifikatzailea 11313031 Amata caspia iNaturalist identifikatzailea 733451 Amata caspia BioLib identifikatzailea 336185 Amata caspia eBiodiversity identifikatzailea 741641 Amata caspia Freebase-ren identifikatzailea /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia izen laburra Amata caspia Open Tree of Life identifikatzailea 3183885 Amata caspia especie de insecto Amata caspia nome do taxon Amata caspia, data de descrición científica 1877 Amata caspia categoría taxonómica especie Amata caspia taxon superior inmediato Amata Amata caspia instancia de taxon Amata caspia identificador GBIF 1808348 Amata caspia identificador Fauna Europaea 446954 Amata caspia imaxe Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia identificador LepIndex 33918 Amata caspia categoría en Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia identificador IRMNG de taxon 11313031 Amata caspia identificador iNaturalist dun taxon 733451 Amata caspia identificador BioLib 336185 Amata caspia identificador eBiodiversity 741641 Amata caspia identificador Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia identificador EUNIS 309245 Amata caspia nome curto Amata caspia identificador Open Tree of Life 3183885 Amata caspia Amata caspia Amata caspia nomine del taxon Amata caspia, data de description scientific 1877 Amata caspia rango taxonomic specie Amata caspia taxon superior immediate Amata Amata caspia instantia de taxon Amata caspia imagine Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia categoria in Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia Amata caspia santu Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia speco di insekto Amata caspia imajo Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia kategorio di Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia Identifikilo (ID) de Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia kurta nomo Amata caspia especie d'insecto Amata caspia instancia de Taxón Amata caspia imachen Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia Categoría en Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia Amata caspia magod Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia nem brefik Amata caspia Amata caspia nom scientific Amata caspia, autor taxonomic Otto Staudinger, data de descripcion scientifica 1877 Amata caspia reng taxonomic espècia Amata caspia taxon superior Amata Amata caspia natura de l'element taxon Amata caspia identificant GBIF 1808348 Amata caspia imatge Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia identificant LepIndex 33918 Amata caspia categoria Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia identificant de taxon iNaturalist 733451 Amata caspia BioLib ID 336185 Amata caspia identificant Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia nom cort Amata caspia espècie d'insecte Amata caspia nom científic Amata caspia, autor taxonòmic Otto Staudinger, data de descripció científica 1877 Amata caspia categoria taxonòmica espècie Amata caspia tàxon superior immediat Amata Amata caspia instància de tàxon Amata caspia identificador GBIF 1808348 Amata caspia identificador Fauna Europaea 446954 Amata caspia imatge Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia identificador LepIndex 33918 Amata caspia categoria de Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia identificador Fauna Europaea (nou) b637469d-0071-404b-9df6-65f15028a10c Amata caspia identificador IRMNG de tàxon 11313031 Amata caspia identificador iNaturalist de tàxon 733451 Amata caspia identificador BioLib 336185 Amata caspia identificador eBiodiversity 741641 Amata caspia identificador Freebase /m/05zmkrj Amata caspia identificador EUNIS 309245 Amata caspia nom curt Amata caspia identificador Open Tree of Life 3183885 Amata caspia espécie de inseto Amata caspia nome taxológico Amata caspia, autor do táxon Otto Staudinger, data de descrição científica 1877 Amata caspia categoria taxonômica espécie Amata caspia táxon imediatamente superior Amata Amata caspia instância de táxon Amata caspia identificador GBIF 1808348 Amata caspia imagem Amata caspia.jpg Amata caspia categoria na Commons Amata caspia Amata caspia nome curto	21,166
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beata%20lineata	Wikipedia	Open Web	CC-By-SA	2,023	Beata lineata	https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beata lineata&action=history	Swedish	Spoken	27	56	Beata lineata är en spindelart som först beskrevs av Vinson 1863. Beata lineata ingår i släktet Beata och familjen hoppspindlar. Inga underarter finns listade. Källor Hoppspindlar lineata	14,841
2013/62009TJ0099/62009TJ0099_DE.txt_4	Eurlex	Open Government	CC-By	2,013	None	None	German	Spoken	605	1,091	Zum sechsten und zum siebten Klagegrund, die in der Rechtssache T-308/09 geltend gemacht werden und mit denen ein Verstoß gegen die Art. 32 und 39 der Verordnung Nr. 1260/1999 bzw. ein Verstoß gegen Art. 230 EG gerügt wird 74. Im Rahmen des sechsten Klagegrundes macht die Italienische Republik geltend, der von der Kommission im Schreiben vom 20. Mai 2009 wegen der Rechtshängigkeit der Rechtssache T-99/09 gegen den in Rede stehenden Auszahlungsantrag geltend gemachte weitere Unzulässigkeitsgrund verstoße gegen die Art. 32 und 39 der Verordnung Nr. 1260/1999, in denen die Fälle abschließend aufgezählt würden, in denen die Kommission befugt sei, eine Zwischenzahlung auszusetzen und den Auszahlungsantrag für unzulässig zu erklären. Die Existenz einer auf Art. 230 EG gestützten Klage gegen bereits von der Kommission erlassene vergleichbare Maßnahmen werde dort aber nicht genannt. 75. Im Rahmen des siebten Klagegrundes trägt die Italienische Republik vor, soweit die Kommission die Zwischenzahlung ablehne, weil eine Klage gemäß Art. 230 EG anhängig sei, sei das Schreiben vom 20. Mai 2009 außerdem mit einer Verletzung dieser Bestimmung behaftet, weil sie eine Ausprägung des Grundrechts auf effektiven gerichtlichen Rechtsschutz durch den Unionsrichter darstelle. Wegen des Risikos, dass die Zwischenzahlungen bis zur Entscheidung über die Klage ausgesetzt würden, halte die Vorgehensweise der Kommission die Mitgliedstaaten davon ab, Klagen gegen Entscheidungen zu erheben, mit denen Auszahlungsanträge abgelehnt worden seien, und sei daher eine nicht hinnehmbare Beschränkung der Ausübung ihres Anspruchs auf gerichtlichen Rechtsschutz. 76. Die Kommission beantragt, diese Klagegründe zurückzuweisen. 77. Zum sechsten Klagegrund, mit dem ein Verstoß gegen die Art. 32 und 39 der Verordnung Nr. 1260/1999 gerügt wird, genügt der Hinweis, dass dieser Klagegrund auf einer unzutreffenden Auslegung des in der Rechtssache T-308/09 angefochtenen Schreibens vom 20. Mai 2009 beruht, in dem dieselben Unzulässigkeitsgründe angeführt werden wie in den Schreiben vom 31. März und vom 22. Dezember 2008. Wie die Kommission ausführt, ist der Verweis auf die Rechtshängigkeit in der konnexen Rechtssache T-99/09 nämlich nur eine Beschreibung der rechtlichen Lage in diesem Stadium des Verfahrens und kann nicht als ein weiterer, in den Art. 32 und 39 der Verordnung Nr. 1260/1999 nicht vorgesehener Unzulässigkeitsgrund aufgefasst werden. Mit dem genannten Schreiben hat die Kommission die Italienische Republik lediglich darauf hingewiesen, dass der Ausgang des Verfahrens in der Rechtssache T-99/09, dessen Gegenstand die Rechtmäßigkeit derselben Unzulässigkeitsgründe sei, zwangsläufig geeignet sei, den Ausgang des Verfahrens in der Rechtssache T-308/09 zu präjudizieren, und dass die Kommission die in Rede stehenden Anträge auf Zwischenzahlungen bis zur endgültigen Entscheidung des Unionsrichters über diese Frage weiterhin als unzulässig ansehen werde. 78. Ebenso genügt zum siebten Klagegrund, mit dem ein Verstoß gegen Art. 230 EG geltend gemacht wird, die Feststellung, dass sich die Kommission nicht auf Art. 230 EG berufen hat, um einen weiteren Unzulässigkeitsgrund gemäß den Art. 32 und 39 der Verordnung Nr. 1260/1999 geltend zu machen oder die Italienische Republik davon abzuhalten, eine Klage zu erheben, sondern einzig und allein, um der Existenz des konnexen Verfahrens T-99/09 und der Tatsache Rechnung zu tragen, dass sein Ausgang den Ausgang der Rechtssache T-308/09 zu präjudizieren vermochte. 79. Somit sind der sechste und der siebte Klagegrund als offensichtlich unbegründet zurückzuweisen. 80. Nach alledem sind die vorliegenden Klagen in vollem Umfang abzuweisen. Kosten 81. Nach Art. 87 § 2 der Verfahrensordnung ist die unterliegende Partei auf Antrag zur Tragung der Kosten zu verurteilen. 82. Da die Italienische Republik mit allen ihren Klagegründen unterlegen ist, sind ihr gemäß dem Antrag der Kommission ihre eigenen Kosten sowie die Kosten der Kommission aufzuerlegen. Tenor Aus diesen Gründen hat DAS GERICHT (Erste Kammer) für Recht erkannt und entschieden: 1. Die Klagen werden abgewiesen. 2. Die Italienische Republik trägt ihre eigenen Kosten und die Kosten der Europäischen Kommission.	47,089
2149076_1	Caselaw Access Project	Open Government	Public Domain	1,879	None	None	English	Spoken	901	1,062	Bonner, Associate Justice. In the view we take of this case, it is only necessary that we notice the sixth and ninth errors assigned. The sixth error assigned is, that "it was error to charge the jury that they could find any amount for plaintiff for getting out and delivering ties for the use of defendants, without also charging them that they must find that Grant & Easter, or one of them, received pay for the ties so delivered, and that they could only find plaintiff's share of such sum so received according to the contract as set out in his petition." The court, in the first branch of the charge, instructed the jury: "This is a suit by the plaintiff against the defendants, based upon a contract in parol, which is specifically set out in plaintiff's petition. You will look to plaintiff's petition to ascertain the terms and stipulations of such contract and the amount claimed by him in this suit. If you shall find from all the evidence in this case that the contract in reference to the getting out, &c., of railroad ties, set out in plaintiff's petition, was the true contract entered into between plaintiff and defendants in all particulars, and that plaintiff delivered for the use of defendants the number of ties stated in his petition, and otherwise complied with all its terms, then the plaintiff is entitled to recover of defendants the amount of money that would be due him under the terms and stipulations of said contract for the ties delivered; that is, one-third of the net value of said ties, to which will be added two-thirds of the expense of getting out the same. And to such amount as you then find due plaintiff, if any, you will add interest at the rate of eight per cent, per annum from the day said sum of money was due." Under the terms of the contract as set out by the plaintiff himself] it devolved upon him to prove that the defendants had received from Douglas, Brown, Reynolds & Go. payment for ties which were delivered by him, before he was entitled to judgment against them. In fact, there was testimony tending to prove that the contract between plaintiff and defendants was in the nature of a partnership, in which the risk was assumed by all alike that Douglas, Brown, Reynolds & Co. would make payment. We are of opinion that this phase of the case was not so prominently presented in the charge of the learned judge who presided below as the allegations and evidence may have authorized. The ninth error assigned is, that "there was error in the charge as to the credit defendants were entitled to for the 1,007 ties which one Calder got credit for." Under this issue, the court, among other things, charged the jury: "If, however, you find from the evidence that defendants were fully informed as to the condition and their rights to the ties so lost and alleged to have gone to the credit of Calder, by reason of the negligence of plaintiff, and thus lost to them, when they executed the receipt to Douglas, Brown, Reynolds & Co., which is in evidence before you, and that said receipt included said ties or claim for their value, and that the said ties were litigated in a suit between defendants and Douglas, Brown, Reynolds & Co., with the result of a judgment in this court against defendants, then and in such case the legal effect of said receipt and judgment is to estop defendants from denying in this suit that they had the possession and benefit of said ties; and in such case you will make due deduction against plaintiff on account of said ties, but include them in any finding you may make in his favor." The testimony tended to prove that the litigation between the defendants and Douglas, Brown, Reynolds & Co., in regard to the 1,007 ties, was occasioned by the act of the plaintiff in delivering them upon the wrong section of the road. The charge of the court made the result of this litigation and the receipt of Douglas, Brown, Reynolds & Co., given by the defendants, conclusive against them that they had received the possession and benefit of these ties, without regard to the question whether, in fact, they did or did not receive pay for the same. In this, we think, there was error which may have influenced the jury. This question should have been left open for their decision under all the facts and circumstances in testimony. The result of this litigation between Douglas, Brown, Reynolds & Co. and defendants, and the effect of their receipt, which, as a general rule, is open to explanation, was not necessarily wholly inconsistent with the proposition that, in fact, the defendants may not have received payment from Douglas, Brown, Reynolds & Co. Even had defendants recovered judgment against them, it would not inevitably follow that they would have collected the sainé. The testimony upon this point was, in our opinion, sufficiently conflicting to have required the question to have been submitted for the consideration of the jury, without having made the result of these judgments and the effect of this receipt conclusive against the defendants. For this error the judgment of the court below is reversed and the cause remanded. Reversed and remanded..	41,149
https://ru.stackoverflow.com/questions/381754	StackExchange	Open Web	CC-By-SA	2,014	Stack Exchange	Treaq, https://ru.stackoverflow.com/users/20094	Russian	Spoken	57	228	"Subscript indices must either be real positive integers or logicals" при использовании dsolve Нужно построить график функции, однако после функции: >> dsolve('U+0.1510^(-6)(2210^3+0.2710^3)DU=0','U(0)=1') Выдает ошибку: ??? Subscript indices must either be real positive integers or logicals. Error in ==> dsolve at 202 indx(isalphanumunder(eq_str(indx-1))\|isalphanumunder(eq_str(indx-1))) = []; Предположу: что не хватает скобок: 'U+0.15(10^(-6))(2210^3+0.2710^3)DU=0' Ну и еще где-то) Нет, не поэтому	39,769
https://github.com/dgarros/slackapp-pyez/blob/master/slackpyez/sessions.py	Github Open Source	Open Source	Apache-2.0	2,021	slackapp-pyez	dgarros	Python	Code	399	1,278	# Copyright 2019 Jeremy Schulman, nwkautomaniac@gmail.com # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. # You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. """ This file implements a Flask SessionInterface that will create sessions based on the Slack user_id value. If the inbound message is not "slack related", then it will use a standard cookies approach. Some of this code was inspired from: http://flask.pocoo.org/snippets/132/ """ import os from pathlib import Path from contextlib import suppress from collections import UserDict import json import pickle from uuid import uuid1 from flask.sessions import SessionInterface, SessionMixin __all__ = ['SlackAppSessionInterface'] class PickleSession(UserDict, SessionMixin): def __init__(self, session_if, sid): super(PickleSession, self).__init__() self.session_if = session_if self.path = session_if.directory / sid self.sid = sid self.read() def read(self): try: pdata = pickle.load(self.path.open('rb')) self.update(pdata) except (FileNotFoundError, ValueError, EOFError, pickle.UnpicklingError): pass def save(self, vargs, kwargs): with self.path.open('wb') as ofile: pickle.dump(self.copy(), ofile) class PickleSlackSession(PickleSession): def save(self, vargs, **kwargs): self.pop('payload', None) # do not store payload super(PickleSlackSession, self).save() class PickleCookieSession(PickleSession): def __init__(self, session_if, request, app,): sid = (request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name) or '{}-{}'.format(uuid1(), os.getpid())) super(PickleCookieSession, self).__init__(session_if, sid) def save(self, app, session, response): domain = self.session_if.get_cookie_domain(app) if not session: with suppress(FileNotFoundError): session.path.unlink() response.delete_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, domain=domain) return cookie_exp = self.session_if.get_expiration_time(app, session) response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, session.sid, expires=cookie_exp, httponly=True, domain=domain) class SlackAppSessionInterface(SessionInterface): def __init__(self, directory): self.directory = Path(directory) self.directory.mkdir(exist_ok=True) def open_session(self, app, request): if 'X-Slack-Signature' not in request.headers: return PickleCookieSession(self, request, app) err = False r_form = request.form payload = None if 'payload' in r_form: payload = json.loads(request.form['payload'] or '{}') rqst_type = payload['type'] sid = payload['user']['id'] elif 'command' in r_form: rqst_type = 'command' sid = r_form['user_id'] elif request.json: if 'event' in request.json: rqst_type = 'event' event_data = request.json['event'] sid = event_data.get('user') or event_data['channel'] elif 'type' in request.json: return PickleCookieSession(self, request, app) else: err = True else: err = True if err: print("HEADERS>> {}".format(json.dumps(dict(request.headers), indent=3))) print("FORM>> {}".format(json.dumps(r_form, indent=3))) print("JSON>> {}".format(json.dumps(request.json, indent=3))) raise RuntimeError("Do not know this Slack API.") session = PickleSlackSession(self, sid) session['rqst_type'] = rqst_type session['user_id'] = sid session['payload'] = payload return session def save_session(self, app, session, response): session.save(app, session, response)	32,656
5457974_1	Court Listener	Open Government	Public Domain	2,022	None	None	English	Spoken	8,316	10,351	Cady, J. The questions now to be decided are questions of law, arising on the face of the complaint, the answer of the statute of limitations and the demurrer thereto. The plaintiffs have commenced this action to vacate letters •patent granted by King George the second, on the 19th day of November, 1737, to William Corry and others, for 25,400 acres of land now situated in the county of Montgomery. The grant was made upon the conditions that the grantees should, within three years after the date of the patent, effectually cultivate three acres of every fifty acres, and within seven years after the first day of May next after the date of the letters patent, settle thirteen families on the land granted. The grant was also made subject to the payment of a rent of two shillings and six pence sterling, for each one hundred acres of the land granted. The plaintiffs seek to have the letters patent vacated, for four causes, which would by the common law have required different modes of proceedings: First. Because the letters patent were obtained upon false suggestions. Secondly. Because the interest of the Lieutenant Governor George Clarke, in procuring the letters patent, was concealed from the council and from the crown. Thirdly. Because the names of twelve of the patentees were made use of in trust for William Corry; and, Fourthly. Because the conditions of settlement have not been performed. If the king might successfully have taken these four objections to the letters patent, his right of action as to the first three accrued as soon as the letters were issued; and as to the fourth, on the 19th of November, 1740, and the 2d of May, 1745. If there was good cause for the first objection to the letters patent, the king was entitled to a scire facias to repeal them. If the second and third objections were well founded, the king might have had a bill in equity to compel a surrender of the letters patent. (The Attorney General v. Vernon, Brown and Boheme, 1 Vern. Rep. 277, 281, 383, 388.) If the conditions of settlement were not performed, the king’s remedy was by an 130inquest. By the first three objections, the plaintiffs seek to have the letters patent repealed because they were tainted with fraud. By the fourth objection it is assumed that the letters patent were originally valid, but that the grantees have forfeited the estate granted, by the non-performance of the conditions that three acres of every fifty acres should be effectually cultivated within three years, and that thirteen families should be settled on the land within seven years after the first day of May, 1738. What authority have the plaintiffs to unite these four objections in one action, commenced to vacate the letters patent? If they have any such authority, its origin must be found in 2 R. S. 578,, § 12, and the subdivisions of that section, which are as follows: “A writ of scire facias may also be issued out of the-supreme court of this state, in behalf of the people of this state, upon the relation of the attorney general, or of any private person, for the purpose of vacating and annulling any letters patent granted by the people of this state, in the following cases: 1. Where it shall be alledged that such letters patent were obtained by means of some fraudulent suggestion or -concealment of a material fact, made by the person to whom the same were issued, or made with his consent or knowledge: 2. Where it shall be alledged that such letters patent were issued through mistake, and in ignorance of some material fact: 3. Where the patentee, or those lawfully claiming under Mm, shall have done or omitted any act, in violation of the terms and conditions upon which such letters patent were granted; or shall by any other means, have forfeited the interest acquired under the same.” It will be perceived that this section is in terms limited to letters patent granted by the people of this state. By section 428, of the code of procedure, “ the writ of scire facias, the writ of quo warranto, and proceedings by information in the nature of quo warranto were abolished. This took away the remedy given by the revised statutes. But a new remedy was given by the 433d section, which is as follows; “ An action may be brought by the attorney general, in the 131name of the people of this state, for the purpose of vacating or annulling letters patent granted by the people of this state, in the following cases: 1. When he shall have reason to believe that such letters patent were obtained by means of some fraudulent suggestions, or concealment of a material fact, made by a person to whom the same were issued or made, or with his consent or knowledge; or, 2. When he shall have reason to believe, that such letters patent were issued through mistake, or in ignorance of a material fact; or, 3. When he shall have reason to believe that the patentee, or those claiming under him, have done or omitted an act, in violation of the terms and conditions on which the letters patent were granted, or have, by any other means, forfeited the interest acquired under the same.” The remedy given in this section, as in the revised statutes, is in terms confined to letters patent granted by the people of this state. It was insisted on the argument, by the counsel for the plaintiffs, that the letters patent in this case, granted by George the second, in the year 1737, and 38 years before the plaintiffs claimed to be sovereign and independent, were to be deemed to be letters patent granted by the people of this state. But the argument of the learned counsel failed to satisfy me, that an act done by George the second, could be regarded as done by the plaintiffs; and unless the letters patent granted by George the second can legally be adjudged to have been granted by the people of this state, there is no law by which this action can be maintained. If, in contemplation of law, the letters patent set out in the complaint were granted by the people of the state of New-York, it ought to have been alledged in the complaint that they were so granted. But instead of that, it is alledged, that, “ on or about the 19th day of November, 1737, letters patent, under the great seal of the colony of New-York, signed by the Lieutenant Governor George Clarke, and bearing date on the day last mentioned, were issued by the said Lieutenant Governor George Clarke, to the said William Corry,” &c. The act of the 1329th of March, 1793. chap. 44, shows, that the legislature made a distinction between letters patent granted under the great seal of this state, and letters patent granted under the great seal of the colony of New-York. By the first section of that act, it was made the duty of the secretary of this state, as soon as might be, after the first day of January, 1801, to make out an abstract of all lands granted by letters patent under the great seal of this state, which contained a condition of actual settlement, and deliver the same to the surveyor general, and he was to make inquiry, and if he found any lands granted on such condition which were not actually settled, he was to give notice to the attorney general, who was, without delay, to cause an inquisition to be taken, to ascertain whether the lands had been forfeited by the non-performance of such condition. 133The first section of this act .was in substance re-enacted in 1801, by 1 R. L. 301, § 16 ; but the third section was not reenacted, nor was it repealed. The general repealing clause of the act of the 8th of April, 1801, extended only to all acts and parts of acts theretofore passed, which came within the purview and operation of'any act passed during the then session .of the legislature, commonly called the revised acts. The third section of the act of 1793, ch. 46, (unless it lost all its force, as it probably has,, by lapse of time) prescribes the only mode by which the plaintiffs can prosecute for the non-performance of the conditions of settlement,, for lands granted by the crown, unless a new remedy was given by 2 R. S. 578, § 12, above stated. That section took effect on the first day of January, 1830, and on the 20th day of April in that year, the legislature passed an act by which it was provided as follows : the right reserved to the state of vacating the grants made by patent, founded upon the condition that actual settlements should be made upon the lands granted, within the periods mentioned in said patents, is hereby released to the patentees, their heirs and assigns.” This release of the condition rendered the third subdivision of the 12th section, above referred to, nearly useless—and there is no necessity to limit the operation of that release to patents granted by the people of the state. Citizens who then held under grants from the crown, were as well entitled to be released from the performance of the condition of settlement as those who held under grants from the people; and if that release can be understood as extending to grants made before as well as those made after the revolution, it will furnish a perfect answer to one of the grounds upon which the plaintiffs seek to have the letters patent vacated; and as the release is found in a public statute, it may now be taken into consideration. Originally a scire facias to vacate a patent, might have been prosecuted in three cases. First. “ When the king by letters patent granted by several letters patent one and the self same thing to several persons, the first patentee could have a scire facias to repeal the second. Secondly. When the king granted a thing upon false suggestions, he might by scire facias 134repeal Ms own grant. Thirdly. When the king granted any thing which by law he could not grant, he might have a scire facias to repeal his own letters patent.” (4 Inst.88. 4 Bac. Ab. 416, tit. Scire Facias on Letters Patent.) A scire facias should be founded on a record; and when it is brought for a forfeiture of the patent or other thing in another jourt, there ought to be an office found in such other court before the scire facias issues. (9 Coke’s Rep. 96. 3 Lev. 223. 4 Bac. Ab. 416, above cited.) In some cases the king was held to be seised as soon as the inquest was found that a condition of a grant had been broken. (9 Coke, 95.) The first ground on which the plaintiffs claim to vacate the • letters patent is, that they were granted upon false suggestions. The false suggestions for which the king might have a scire facias to repeal Ms own letters patent, must appear upon the face of the patent; otherwise the letters patent must be vacated upon a bill in equity (Attorney General v. Vernon, Brown and Bohemo, 1 Vern. 277, 281, 283.) The reason assigned in that case, in support of the bill, was, that no scire facias would lie, because the fraud did not appear in the body of the grant. In Sir Thomas Wrothe’s case, (2 Plowd. 454, 5,) the patent recited “ that Sir Thomas had been appointed by the king, gentleman usher of the privy chamber to his son Prince Edward— that he had served the prince from the feast of the annunciation of our lady, in the 36th year of his reign; until the making of the patent, and had not then received any allowance for it—he gave and granted to him for his attendance all that time as much money as the annuity of £20 amounted unto, from the said feast of the annunciation, in the said 36th year of his reign, until the making of the said patent, to be paid,” &c. Sir Thomas had petitioned to be paid the annuity, but had not in his petition averred that he had done any service before the patent was issued. The court gave judgment that he should have the said sum, although he omitted to aver that he did the service before the date of the patent; and added, 11 for such service is a thing passed and executed, and not executory, so that the king shall not avail himself of that which is passed, and therefore such recital is not material whether it be true or false.” The suggestion, concealment or ignorance, must be of a material fact. (The case of Alton Woods, 1 Coke’s Rep. 43. 2 R. S. 578, §12. Code, § 433.) The king, by the letters patent, in effect, says to William Corry: “ I shall not grant lands to you for any thing you have done ; but I will make the grant for the consideration that you shall pay therefor a certain rent, and within three years effectually cultivate three acres of every fifty acres of the land granted, and, by the first of May, 1745, have thirteen families settled thereon; and if you fail to pay the rent, I shall compel you to pay: if you fail to make the settlement, I shall take the land 136from you. The second ground for vacating the letters patent alledged in the complaint is, that the Lieutenant Governor George Clarke was interested in the grant, and that that interest was fraudulently concealed from the colonial council and the crown. A man intrusted with power by his sovereign ought not to use that power to his own advantage and to the injury of his sovereign, and if he do, he ought to be punished. But if in this case, the usual rent was reserved to the crown, and the usual condition of settlement inserted in the patent, how was the crown defrauded 1 The complaint makes no suggestion that the letters patent do not contain the full rent, and all the reservations and conditions in favor of the king which were at that day usually inserted in letters patent; nor does the complaint contain a suggestion that any fraud was practiced to the prejudice of the king. I deny that the judicial history of the world can furnish an example, where an emperor, a king, or a republic, whether heathen or Christian, has, before this, brought a subject or citizen into court to answer for a fraud committed by some person through whom he claims title, one hundred and twelve years before he was called on to answer. In the days of Methuselah, witnesses might have been found to testify in relation to a fraud one hundred and twelve years after it was committed; but it would now be idle to attempt to find such witnesses. And does not the well being of the state, and the interest and security of individuals demand, that even sovereigns shall not com- / 137menee actions founded on transactions in relation to which no man now living is old enough to testify ? The members of the colonial council, and the king, from whom it is alledged the interest of Lieutenant Governor George Clarke was fraudulently concealed, have long since returned to their original dust, and no one but Him who rules in Heaven can know what was or what was not concealed from them. If a claim so stale as this be countenanced in any court, no man holding under a colonial grant can have perfect confidence in his title. b The third objection is, that some of the patentees named in the letters patent, were trustees for William Corry, and released to him soon after the grant was made. Every lawyer who has had occasion to trace titles back to colonial grants must know, that it is not unusual to find in the secretary’s offitee, conveyances from some of the jjatentees to others soon after the grant ; and if such conveyances are to be regarded as evidence of fraud which will justify a court in vacating the letters patent, it would create confusion and uncertainty as to the title to lands held under grants from the crown. An objection of this kind was made at a very early day, in the cases of Herman Le Roy and others v. Peter Servis and others, (1 Caines’ Cas. in Err. 3 ; 2 Id. 175;) William Laight and others v. John Morgan and others, (1 John. Cas. 429;) and the case of Herman Le Roy and others v. Lewis Veeder and others, (Id. 417.) These were all cases in which the names of the patentees had been used in trust for Sir William Johnson ; and the bill in each case, was filed by persons claiming through him, for a discovery and relief. The bills alledged that the names of the patentees had been used for the benefit of Sir William Johnson; and that, after the patents had been issued, the patentees had conveyed to him; and that the conveyances had been lost. Some or all of the defendants in each of the causes demurred to bill. One cause of demurrer stated .in each case, was, in substance, “that the agreement, alledged to have been made, between Sir William Johnson and the patentees was illegal and not entitled to the aid of a court of equity.” The chancellor allowed the demurrers, and the causes were taken by appeal to the court for the 138correction of errors, where Benson, justice, gave the opinion of the court, and in relation to the above cause of demurrer, he said, “ The supposed illegality of the agreement between the original patentees and Sir 'William Johnson, consists in its being in contravention of the instructions from the king to the governor, restraining the patents for lands to a quantity not exceeding 1000 acres to each patentee. In the case of the Mayor of Hull v. Horner, (Cowper’s Rep. 110,) Lord Mansfield said, “ I remember in general, though I can not recollect the particulars of it, a case in the Dutchy Court, between the king and Mr. Brown of Snelbrook. It was before the late nullum iempus bill. The evidence in support of the title was, a possession and enjoyment of one hundred years; and I held that though such possession and enjoyment could 139not conclude as a positive bar, because there was no statute of limitations against the crown, yet it might operate as evidence against the crown of right in the defendant, if the claim could have a legal commencement, though such commencement could not be shown.” Even without a patent, and without a statute of limitation, Lord Mansfield held that a possession of one hundred years was evidence of a right against the crown. In the case of the Attorney General v. Vernon, Brown and Boheme, already referred to, the patent was issued on the 31st of November, 1683, and the cause was first before the court for argument in Michaelmas term, 1684; and the counsel for the defendants in that case, in order to show the danger of questioning the validity of letters patent by English bill in chancery, said, “And since nullum tempus occurrit regi, nothing hinders but they may go back and repeal letters patent made by King James, or as much further back as they please.” To which the attorney general (at page 281) answered: “ There could be no such danger, as, was pretended, to ancient patents; for that the equity will not be the same against an ancient patent when there has been a long enjoyment under it, as against a patent newly passed and fresh in agitation; and as to ancient patents, it shall be presumed the king intended a bounty, which will alter the case.” On the second argument, the counsel for the defendants (at page 386) said, “ It is a matter much in derogation of his majesty’s grants, that they should be impeached on the pretenses in the information, and of dangerous consequence to all patentees, especially if the succeeding king shall avoid his predecessor’s grant on pretense of an over value.” The lord chancellor answered that objection, (on page 390,) by saying: “As soon as the late king was informed of the over value, he gave directions for setting aside this patent, which answered the objection of a succeeding king’s avoiding his predecessor’s grants.” The lord chancellor must have supposed there was some force in the objection, or he would not have answered it. The king, in whose time the letters patent now the subject of consideration were granted, lived about twenty-three years after they were issued, but made no objection to them; and his sue140cessor remained the acknowledged sovereign of the colony of New-York until the 14th of October, 1775, and he made no attempt to impeach them. But did he do nothing to confirm them 1 Although it be true that neither the king nor the plaintiffs are to be bound by the acts of agents, yet it may be insisted that public acts of legislation are not to be regarded as the acts of agents, but of the sovereign; and when a thing is demanded by a public law, it goes in confirmation of the contract in virtue of which the demand is made, as much so as an individual would confirm a contract by reiterated demands of its performance by the other party. It has already been stated, that the lands in dispute were granted subject to the payment of an annual rent about equal to $83, payable to the king or his successors. After the death of King George the second, and on the 8th day of January, 1762, and more than twenty-four years after the letters patent were issued, the colonial legislature passed an act entitled “ An act for the more effectual collecting of his majesty’s quit-rents in the colony of New-York.” By the first section of that act, provision was made for the collection of quit-rents due on grants made to towns ; and the second section begins as follows : “ And for the more regular and orderly collecting, gathering -and paying quit-rents due and to become due from all other grants and patents for lands within this colony, Be it enacted,” &c. Here is a demand by a public law of the rent then due upon the letters patent which are now the subject of consideration; and by the 4th section of the act, provision was made for the sale of the lands unless the quit-rents were paid. Whether they were .paid, can not be the subject of inquiry upon this demurrer ; but, a public law demanding payment of the rent, may, as well as any other public law, be looked at in deciding the questions raised by the demurrer. Have not these letters patent been confirmed by the plaintiffs, either expressly or by implication 1 When the plaintiffs, on the 20th day of April, 1777, made a constitution, they ordained “ that all grants of land within this state, made by the king of Great Britain, or persons acting under his authority, after the 14th day of October, 1775, should be null and void; but that 141nothing in this constitution contained shall be construed to affect any grants of land within this state made by the authority of said king or his predecessors, or to annul any charters to bodies politic, by him or them, or any of them, made prior to that day.” Although this part of the constitution does not in terms confirm all previous grants, yet, from that day until this action was ordered, it has been regarded as such confirmation. How otherwise has it happened that the records of no court in this state show that the plaintiffs, from the 14th day of October, 1775, until this action was commenced, ever made an effort to take from a citizen his lands, under pretense that the letters patent under which he claimed were obtained from King George the second by fraud ? Every man who, on the 20th day of April, 1777, owned an inch of land in this state, held it under a grant from the king, or under a Dutch grant; and who for a moment can suppose that the men who made and sanctioned the constitution would have consented to it, if they had understood that their title to the lands on which they had lived for forty years might, at any time before the year 1850, be taken from them or their children, because the king had been cheated in the year 1737? The plaintiffs were, from 1776 to 1783, engaged in a war with the king, to take from him all his lands, tenements and hereditaments, south of what is now the south line of the Canadas, and east of the Mississippi to the Atlantic ocean; but before they were half through that war, being confident of ultimate success, they, by their senate and assembly, on the 22d day of October, 1779, enacted, “ That the absolute property of all messuages, lands, tenements and hereditaments, and of all rents, royalties, franchises, prerogatives, privileges, escheats, forfeitures, debts, dues, duties and services, by whatsoever names respectively the same are called and known in the law; and all right and title to the same, which, next and immediately before the 9th day of July in the year of our Lord 1776, did vest in or belong, or was or were due to the crown of Great Britain, be, and the same and each and every of them hereby are declared to be, and ever since the said 9th day of July in the year pf our Lord 1776, to have been, 142and forever shall he, vested in the people of this state, in whom the sovereignty and seigniory thereof are and were united and vested, on and from the said 9th day of July in the year of our Lord 1776.” (1 Greenl. L. N. Y. p. They did not profess to claim every right of action which the king then had. Had he retained his sovereignty over the colony of New-York, he might probably have prosecuted each member of that senate as a rebel and traitor, and forfeited all his lands and tenements. The plaintiffs have claimed no such right; but they did claim all the lands, rents, forfeitures, debts, dues, and right and title to the same, which, next and immediately before the 9th day of July, 1776, did vest in or belong, or was or were due to the crown. The title to the lands granted by the letters patent now in question, was not vested in the king immediately before that day: he never had that title; his predecessor granted it away in 1737. But a right to the rent was vested in the king; and that rent the plaintiffs, by the act just referred to, enacted should be vested in them forever thereafter; and on the first day of April, 1786, they passed an act entitled “An act for the collection and commutation of quit-rents.” By the 4th section of that act, it was enacted, “ that whenever there shall be three years’ quit-rent due and in arrear upon any grant or patent for lands in this state, or upon any lands contained in such grant or patent, it shall and may be lawful for the treasurer of this state for the time being, and he is required to give notice,” &c. Provision is then made for the sale of lands on which the quit-rents should not be paid in pursuance of such notice. By this act the plaintiffs made it the duty of their treasurer to demand payment of the quit-rents due or to becomydue in virtue of the letters patent 143now the subject of controversy ; and this was more than forty-eight years after the grant was made. What would be said of an individual, who should make a lease in fee, reserving an annual rent, and after demanding payment of the rent year after year for forty-eight years, then turn upon his tenant, and say to him, “ Deliver up your land and your lease: your great-great-grandfather obtained it from me by false representations'?” But these demands of rent, proved by public law, are not the only evidence which that law furnishes of the plaintiffs having confirmed the grant. It can not be denied that the plaintiffs intended, by the third section and the proviso in the act of the 9th of March already referred to, to waive the performance of the conditions of settlement, in case the owners of the land had paid or should pay the quit-rents and commutation of quit-rents. Although the question whether the quit-rent and commutation of quit-rents have been paid, can not arise on this demurrer, the intent of the plaintiffs in passing the law is a proper subject to be inquired after. The law shows that all the plaintiffs then claimed from those who held under grants from the crown was the payment of the quit-rent and commutation of quit-rents. The fact that the plaintiffs have never before this commenced an action to vacate a grant made by the king, because it was made upon false suggestions, furnishes strong evidence that the plaintiffs never had the right to bring such an action. It was Little-ton’s rule, “ Whatever never was, never ought to be.” (1 Vernon, 385.) I have thus far examined the case, with a view of showing 144that the plaintiffs’ claim is, at least, a doubtful one, though all statutes of limitation were to be disregarded. I will now examine the question, whether this action is barred by any statute of limitation. It was a rule of the common law, that no time ran against the king. If he commenced an action, it could not be said to him, “ Your action is barred by the lapse of time.” But the British parliament were not satisfied with this prerogative of the king. They deemed it necessary that the subject should be protected against the stale claims of the crown, as well as against the claim of a fellow subject. “By the statute 21 Jac. 1, ch. 2, a time of limitation was extended to the case of the king, to wit: sixty years precedent to the 19th February, 1623. But this becoming ineffectual by efflux of time, the same date of limitation was fixed by statute 9 Geo. 3, ch. 16, to commence and be reckoned backwards, from the time of bringing any suit or process, to recover the thing in question, so that possession for sixty years- is now a bar even against the prerogative, in derogation of the ancient maxim, ‘ nullum tempus occurrit regi.’ ” (3 Black. Com. 306, 307.) The British parliament supposed that if the letters patent had been obtained by false suggestions, justice demanded that the king should not, after the lapse of sixty years, be allowed to commence any proceeding whatever to vacate his grant. This statute of 9 Geo. 3, was passed in the year 1769, about 32 years after these letters patent were issued; and the moment that act took effect, Geo. 3 had only about 28 years in which to commence.any proceedings to vacate the letters patent because obtained upon false suggestions; and had he retained his sovereignty over the colony of New-York, his right of action for that cause would have been barred on the 19th day of November, 1797; and his right of action, if any he ever had, for the non-performa9.ee of the conditions of settlement, would have been barred, one on the 19th of November, 1800, and the other on the 1st of May, 1805. The statute of 9 Geo. 3, formed a part of the law of the colony of New-Yrork on the 19th day of April, in the year 1775; and by the 35th 145section of the constitution of 1777, it was made a part of the law of this state. If it be admitted, which it is not, that the plaintiffs succeeded to all the rights of action, and the rights of entry for conditions broken, which then belonged to the king, what rights had he as to the lands in question 1 All he could then claim was to commence proceedings at any time before the 19th day of November, 1797, to vacate the letters patent, or to have an inquest before the 1st of May, 1805, to forfeit the estate of the patentees for the non-performance of the conditions of settlement; and the plaintiffs can not reasonably claim that they were not limited to the same time that the king was, under whom they claim. The plaintiffs did not intend to claim as much time in which to prosecute, as was allowed to the king. They intended that no citizen should have cause to lament that a seven years’ struggle for independence was crowned with success, and therefore they, on the 26th day of February, 1788, and more than fifty years after the letters patent now under consideration ■ Wvre granted, passed an act entitled “ An act for the limitation of criminal proceedings and of actions and suits at law”—which begins with a preamble as follows : “ Whereas it is necessary for the peace of society, that certain times be limited for bringing all actions and suits at law."—The first section of this act is substantially a copy of the first section of the statute of 9 Geo. 3, ch. 16, and begins as follows : “ 1. Be it enacted by the people of the state of New-York, represented in senate and assembly, and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same, that the people of the state of New-York shall not nor will, at any time after the first day of January, which will be in the year 1800, sue, impeach, question or implead any person,” &c. This section seems to contain many unnecessary words; and as it was admirably abbreviated by the late Chancellor Kent, and the late Judge Jacob Radcliffe, in the first section of an act in 1 R. L. of 1801, page 562,1 shall cite the whole of that section instead of the first section of the act of 1788. The first section of the act of 1801, is as follows: “ Be it enacted by the people of the state of New- York, represented in senate and assembly, That 146the people of this state will not sue or implead any person, body politic or corporate, for or in respect to any lands, tenements oí hereditaments, other than liberties or franchises, or the issues or profits thereof, by reason of any right or title of the said pe’ople to the same, which shall not have accrued within the space of forty years before any suit or other proceeding for the same be commenced, unless the said people or those under" whom they claim, shall have received the rents and profits'thereof, or of some part' thereof, within the said space of 40 years; and in evéry" case1 where- such title shall not have' accrued within the time' afoiesaid, unless such-rents and profits shall have been received'as' aforesaid, the persons,-body politic or corporate holding'such - lands, tenements or hereditaments, other' than liberties or franchises, shall freely hold and enjoy the same against the said people, and also against all persons claiming by- or under' them, except such persons shall claim by virtue of any letters'patent from the said people, made upon suggestion of concealment or wrongful detaining, or defective title, upon which a verdict: judgment or decree in some court of record in this state, shall have been given for such lands, tenements or hereditaments in favor of the said people, or of such patentee or grantee, his or their heirs or assigns, within the said space of forty years before commencing any suit or other proceeding for the same.” If the plaintiffs can be bound by any act passed by their representatives, they must have been bound by this act; and after the first day of January, 1800, they could not sue, impeach, question or implead any person for or in any wise concerning any manors, lands, tenements, rents or hereditaments whatsoever, or for or in any wise concerning the revenues, issues or profits thereof, or make any challenge or demand of, in or to the same, by reason of any right or title which had not accrued- or grown, or which should not thereafter first accrue and grow, ■ within the -space of forty years next before the filing, issuing, or commencing of every such action, bill, plaint, information or" other suit-or proceeding. In this first section of the act of 1801, the revisers and the legislature used the words “ will not? instead of the words “shall not nor will? But it can not be supposed that they intended by the change of phraseology, to weaken the force and meaning of the revised act and make it no law, but a mere promise, which the plaintiffs were at liberty to disregard whenever they .pleased. What does an individual say when he intends to bind himself 7 Does he not say I will, or I will not 7 So when the plaintiffs were making a law to bind themselves, th°e words “ will not sue,” dec. imposed on them the obligation of a law, the force of which would not have b.een increased by c the substitution of the .words “ shall not nor will” instead of the words “ will not.” When the plaintiffs intended to bind themselves, the most appropriate words they could use were, “thepeople of the state will not sue” &c.; but, whether the first part of the,section of the act of 1801, be or.be not weak- ' ened by the use of the words, “ will not,” instead of the words 148“ shall not nor will,” by the subsequent part of the section, unless the title and right to sue has accrued within forty years, or the plaintiffs have received the rents and profits within that time, the person holding such lands shall freely hold and enjoy the same against the plaintiffs, (fee. The defendant in his answer, to which the plaintiffs have demurred, has alledged that no right or title to the lands in question has accrued to the plaintiffs within forty years before the commencement of this suit, and that neither the plaintiffs nor those under whom they claim, have received the rents and profits of the said lands, within the space of forty years before the commencement of this suit, and that ever since the conveyance by Edward Clarke to the defendant’s father, as therein before mentioned, [in 1791,] he, the defendant, and his said father, and those deriving title from the defendant, have respectively been in the indisputed possession and enjoyment of the said lands, and have received the rents and profits, claiming in good faith to own and be seised of the said lands in fee adversely to the plaintiffs and every other person whatever. All the facts stated in this answer, are admitted by the demurrer. The plaintiffs have stated, as the grounds of demurrer, the following: “ That said several matters do not, nor do any or either of them constitute any defense to the matters alledged in the complaint.” The matters stated in the answer must be examined in connection with the matters stated in the complaint, in order to ascertain which of the parties are entitled to judgment. The complaint shows that the letters patent, to vacate which this action was commenced, were granted under the great seal of the colony of New-York, on the 19th of November, 1737, to William Corry and twelve others. This proves that the title then passed out of the king, and vested in the patentees; that the twelve associates of William Corry conveyed their interest, in the lands to him. This shows that the title to the whole was in him, on the 14th or 15th of December, 1737. The plaintiffs then alledge in their complaint, that William Corry conveyed one half, being 12,700 acres of the said lands, to Lieutenant Governor George Clarke. Thus the plaintiffs show that the 149title to 12,700 acres was in him. The plaintiffs then alledge, that the defendant George Clarke, a descendant of the said Lieutenant Governor George Clarke, now possesses and claims to own under the said letters patent, by inheritance or purchase, all the right, title and interest in the said lands conveyed to the said Lieutenant Governor Clarke. The plaintiffs by their complaint show, that they never had any title" to the lands—that they never had the possession, nor received the rents and profits thereof—that all they ever had, or claim to have had, was several causes of action, the last of which accrued to the king, under whom they claim, on the 1st of May, 1745, more than one hundred and five years since. I am inclined to believe that it appears upon the face of the complaint, that the claim of the plaintiff is barred by the statute of limitations, and if so, the defendant might safely have demurred to the complaint. “ When it appears upon the face of the bill that the plaintiff is barred by the statute, the defendant may demur.” (Story’s Equity Pleading, § 503.) “ To enable a defendant to take advantage of the statute of limitations, upon demurrer, it must distinctly appear by the bill itself, that the complainant’s remedy is barred by lapse of time.” (3 Barb. Chan. Rep. 481.) The first question, however, raised by the demurrer is, has the defendant stated enough in his answer of the statute of limitations to bar the plaintiffs’ action ? I am of opinion that he has stated not only all, but more than was necessary. The second ground of demurrer is, that no grant or patent from the crown of Great Britain, prior to the revolution, or from the people of the.state of New-York since that event, is set up or pretended therein. But as the plaintiffs had shown in their complaint that there was a grant from the crown of Great Britain prior to the revolution, and that the defendant was in possession claiming under that grant, it was unnecessary for the defendant, in his answer, to alledge that such a grant had been made. The third ground of demurrer is, “ that no such adverse possession as is set up in that part of said answer, can be taken or 150held against the plaintiffs.” Why not 1 Although at the common law the king could not be disseised, and if a person entered upon the lands belonging to the crown he was regarded as a mere intruder, not a disseiser, and if he remained and died upon the land he acquired no rights either for himself or his heirs; and although the plaintiffs, when they became .sovereign and independent, might have claimed the benefit of the same rule; yet, the plaintiffs, by the act already referred to, of the 26th of February, 1788, gave to a possession held against them for forty years the same effect as if held against an individual; and it is .now too late to say, that an adverse possession can not .be held against the king or the plaintiffs. The fourth and last ground of demurrer is “-that no statute is referred to, .nor is the benefit of a particular statute of limitation claimed or pretended as a.bar to the' relief demanded by the complaint.” The statutes of limitations are public laws,, and need not be referred to in a plea or answer. It ..was formerly enough to state the facts which showed the case to be within the statute, (2 Chit, on Plead. 449,). and nothing morels required by the code. The learned counsel for the plaintiffs insisted, that, “ there is .no statute of limitations barring the plaintiffs from instituting a proceeding in the nature of a scire facias .to repeal letters patent.” A suit or action is defined to be “the..lawful demand of one’s right.” (3 Bl. Com. 116.) And whether the suit or action be commenced by scire facias, capias ad respondendum, .or.summons and complaint, can not yary its essential character. If it be,a lawful .demand of one’s right, .made in court, it must be an action. In the act entitled “ an act for the amendment of the law and the better advancement of justice,” passed 27th February, 1788, by the 1st and 2d sections, a defendant who recovers a judgment against an executor plaintiff, may have an action of debt or a scire facias, on the judgment. So .when special bail became liable, an action of debt or scire faciae might be brought. But a proceeding in either, would be “ a lawful ;demand .of .one’s right,” and .would therefore be an action. An action by scire 151facias could only be brought upon matter of record. The king might commence an action by scire facias to repeal his own letters patent; but in such case, as has already been said, the deceit or false suggestion must appear in the body of the grant. It has been insisted that a proceeding by a scire facias to repeal letters patent, was not an action or suit at law, and was not therefore within the statute of limitations. In England, in the chancery, there are two courts. The ordinary, where the chancellor or keeper proceeds according to the common law ; and it was out of that court that the writ of scire facias issued, and in that-court all the proceedings were had upon such writs. (2 Com. Dig. tit. Chancery, C. 1.) The other was a court of equity, the proceeding in which was by English bill. (Id. letter C. 5.) But suppose aproceeding by scire facias, to repeal letters' patent, because granted upon ■ false suggestions, is a proceeding in equity—the Words of 9 Geo. 3, ch. 16, and the act of the 26th February, 1788, are sufficiently broad to include such a proceeding. The words of the latter act are, “ the people, &c. shall not nor will sue, impeach, question or implead any person, &c. for or in any wise concerning any lands, <fcc. or to make any title, claim, challenge or demand,” &e. Have not the plaintiffs commenced an action against the defendant ? Have they not sued him 1 Have they not questioned and impleaded him to impeach his title ? In the case of Hovenden v. Lord Annesley, (2 Sch. & Lef. 607,) the lord chancellor, at page 629", said, “ But it is said that courts of equity are not within statutes of limitations'. This is true in one respect: they are not within the words of the statutes, because the words apply to particular legal remedies; but they are within the spirit and meaning of the statutes, and have been always so considered. A court of equity has at no period been a court to which resort could be had to enforce a forfeiture or penalty. In the case of Livingston v. Tompkins, (4 John. Ch. 431,) Chancellor Kent said, “ It may be laid down as a fundamental doctrine of the court, that equity does not assist the recovery of a penalty or forfeiture, or any thing in the nature of a forfeiture.” This is an action, in part at least, to enforce a forfeiture for the nonperformance of the conditions of settlement contained in the letters patent. And here it may be asked, why the 12th section of 2 R. S. 578, was in terms confined to letters patent granted by the people of this state ? The statutes were revised by three 153members of the bar, who were then and still are amongst the most learned and distinguished lawyers in the state; and why did they, and the legislature, limit the remedy to grants made by the people of this state ? Could this have been done for any other reason, than because they and the legislature knew that any right of action which the plaintiffs wrested from the king by the revolution, was barred by the statute of limitations, long before the statutes were revised? The learned revisers knew that it would be idle, if not ridiculous, to provide a remedy for cases which could not exist. The same answer may be given to the question, why did the commissioners of the code, and the legislature of 1849, confine section 433 to letters patent granted by the people of this state ? The learned counsel for the plaintiffs has insisted, that “ the only statute that can be referred to in the answer, or which can be applicable to the facts it sets up, is the 75th section of the code ; that this was the only existing law by which it can be claimed that the conduct of the plaintiffs, at the time this proceeding was commenced, was regulated.” Section 73 of the code must have escaped the notice of the learned counsel. By that section it is enacted that title number two, in which section 75 is included, “ shall not extend to actions already commenced, or to cases where the right of action has already accrued.” Section 75, therefore, has no application to this case.	20,800
https://github.com/zeroisstart/uhkklp/blob/master/src/static/portal/modules/product/controllers/edit/management/promotionCtrl.coffee	Github Open Source	Open Source	BSD-3-Clause	2,015	uhkklp	zeroisstart	CoffeeScript	Code	1,275	4,731	define [ 'wm/app' 'wm/config' ], (app, config) -> app.registerController 'wm.ctrl.product.edit.management.promotion', [ 'restService' '$stateParams' '$modal' 'notificationService' '$scope' '$location' '$timeout' 'validateService' '$filter' '$interval' '$upload' 'localStorageService' (restService, $stateParams, $modal, notificationService, $scope, $location, $timeout, validateService, $filter, $interval, $upload, localStorageService) -> vm = this vm.id = $stateParams.id vm.code = { gift: { config: { prize: [] } } } vm.fileTypes = ['application/vnd.ms-excel', 'application/octet-stream', 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet', 'text/csv'] vm.fakeHistory = [] vm.historyList = [] vm.title = if vm.id then 'product_edit_association' else 'product_new_association' vm.breadcrumb = [ { text: 'product_promotion_management' href: '/product/promotion?active=1' } vm.title ] vm.giftTypes = [ { name: 'member_score' value: 'score' } { name: 'product_promotion_lotto' value: 'lottery' } ] vm.sendLottoTypes = [ { name: 'product_promotion_lotto_send_by_scale' value: 'scale' } { name: 'product_promotion_lotto_send_by_number' value: 'number' } ] vm.lottoPrizes = [ { name: '' number: '' } ] vm.sendLottoTypesGiftInfo = scale: numberTitle: 'product_promotion_winning_odds' numberUnit: '%' number: numberTitle: 'product_promotion_gift_number' numberUnit: 'product_promotion_gift_unit' vm.code.gift.type = vm.giftTypes[0].value vm.codeType = 'generate' _getCodeHistory = -> restService.get config.resources.codeHistory, {productId: vm.chosenProduct.id}, (data) -> historyList = data if historyList.length > 0 for item in historyList item.used = item.all - item.rest item.operations = [ { name: 'delete' disable: true if item.used > 0 } ] vm.list.data = historyList vm.historyList = angular.copy historyList vm.addLottoPrizes = -> vm.lottoPrizes.push {name: '', number: ''} vm.removeLottoPrizes = (index, $event) -> if vm.lottoPrizes.length isnt 1 notificationService.confirm $event,{ title: 'product_promotion_gift_delete_confirm' submitCallback: _removeLottoPrizesHandler params: [index] } _checkJob = -> timer = $interval( -> if $location.absUrl().indexOf('/product/edit/management/promotion') isnt -1 param = token: vm.token productId: vm.chosenProduct.sku filename: vm.filename restService.noLoading().get config.resources.checkAnalyze, param, (data) -> if data.status is 3 #fail notificationService.error 'product_upload_fail', false vm.uploading = false vm.file = '' $interval.cancel timer else if data.status is 4 #finish vm.uploading = false vm.file = '' $interval.cancel timer if data.wrong is '-1' #sku error notificationService.error 'product_upload_fail_sku', false param = filename: vm.filename productId: vm.chosenProduct.sku restService.get config.resources.delUploadFile, param, (data) -> else if data.right > 0 #normal values = wrong: data.wrong right: data.right notificationService.info 'product_upload_success', false, values vm.fakeHistory.push( { createdAt: moment().format('YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss') used: 0 all: data.right fake: true filename: vm.filename operations: [{name: 'delete'}] } ) vm.list.data.splice 0, 0, vm.fakeHistory[0] else #import 0 codes notificationService.error 'product_upload_fail_zero', false else $interval.cancel timer , 3000) vm.upload = (files) -> vm.showCodesErr = false if not vm.chosenProduct vm.showErr = true return for file in files if $.inArray(file.type, vm.fileTypes) is -1 notificationService.error 'product_file_type_error', false else vm.file = file.name.substring(0, file.name.lastIndexOf('.')) vm.uploading = true tmoffset = new Date().getTimezoneOffset() / 60 $upload.upload({ url: config.resources.importPromoCode + '?tmoffset=' + tmoffset headers: 'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data' file: file data: productId: vm.chosenProduct.sku method: 'POST' }).progress((evt) -> ).success((data, status, headers, config) -> notificationService.info 'product_uploading_tip', false vm.token = data.data.token vm.filename = data.data.filename _checkJob() ).error -> vm.uploading = false notificationService.error 'product_have_deleted', false vm.showGift = -> if vm.enableAssociation vm.code.gift = {} vm.code.gift.type = 'score' _removeLottoPrizesHandler = (index) -> $scope.$apply( -> vm.lottoPrizes.splice index, 1 ) vm.changeSendLottoTypes = -> vm.lottoPrizes = [ { name: '' number: '' } ] vm.changeGiftType = (type) -> vm.code.gift.config = {} if type is 'lottery' vm.code.gift.config.method = 'scale' else vm.lottoPrizes = [ { name: '' number: '' } ] vm.changeCodeType = -> vm.list.data = angular.copy vm.historyList vm.fakeHistory = [] vm.file = '' vm.showCodesErr = false vm.checkCount = (id, value) -> tip = '' vm.count = parseInt(vm.count) if vm.count if vm.count > Math.pow(10, 5) tip = 'product_promotion_code_count_errortip' validateService.highlight($('#' + id), $filter('translate')(tip)) else tip = 'product_promotion_code_count_errortip' validateService.highlight($('#' + id), $filter('translate')(tip)) tip vm.checkPrizeName = (id, value) -> tip = '' if not value or value.length < 4 or value.length > 30 tip = 'character_length_tip' validateService.highlight($('#' + id), $filter('translate')('character_length_tip', {'name': 'Prize name', 'minNumber': 4, 'maxNumber': 30})) tip vm.checkPositiveInt = (id, number) -> tip = '' reg = /^[1-9][0-9]*$/ if number and not reg.test number # if the number is '' then do not check tip = 'product_promotion_activity_member_number_tip' validateService.highlight($('#' + id), $filter('translate')('product_promotion_activity_member_number_tip')) tip vm.checkPrizeNumber = (id, number) -> tip = '' if isNaN number tip = 'product_promotion_winning_odds_tip' validateService.highlight($('#' + id), $filter('translate')('product_promotion_winning_odds_tip')) else if typeof number is 'string' number = parseFloat number if number > 100 or number < 0 tip = 'product_promotion_winning_odds_tip' validateService.highlight($('#' + id), $filter('translate')('product_promotion_winning_odds_tip')) tip if vm.id restService.get config.resources.productAssociation + '/' + vm.id, (data) -> vm.code = data vm.chosenProduct = id: vm.code.productId sku: vm.code.sku name: vm.code.productName vm.lottoPrizes = vm.code.gift.config.prize if vm.code.gift?.config?.prize vm.enableAssociation = true if vm.code.gift _getCodeHistory() vm.generate = -> vm.showCodesErr = false if not vm.checkCount('codeCount', vm.count) vm.fakeHistory.push( { createdAt: moment().format('YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss') used: 0 all: vm.count fake: true operations: [{name: 'delete'}] } ) vm.list.data.splice 0, 0, vm.fakeHistory[0] vm.count = '' _checkFields = -> result = true if not vm.chosenProduct vm.showErr = true result = false result = false if vm.codeType is 'generate' and vm.count and vm.checkCount('codeCount', vm.count) if vm.list.data.length is 0 vm.showCodesErr = true result = false if vm.enableAssociation switch vm.code.gift.type when 'score' result = false if vm.checkPositiveInt('giftRewardScore', vm.code.gift.config.number) when 'lottery' for prize, index in vm.lottoPrizes result = false if vm.checkPrizeName('prizeName' + index, prize.name) if vm.code.gift.config.method is 'scale' result = false if vm.checkPrizeNumber('prizeNumber' + index, prize.number) else result = false if vm.checkPositiveInt('prizeNumber' + index, prize.number) result _unsetFields = -> delete vm.code.id delete vm.code.used delete vm.code.all delete vm.code.rest delete vm.code.isAssociated delete vm.code.productName delete vm.code.sku vm.submit = -> if _checkFields() vm.code.productId = vm.chosenProduct.id vm.code.count = vm.fakeHistory[0].all if vm.fakeHistory.length > 0 and not vm.fakeHistory[0].filename if vm.fakeHistory.length > 0 and vm.fakeHistory[0].filename vm.code.import = true vm.code.filename = vm.fakeHistory[0].filename if vm.enableAssociation switch vm.code.gift.type when 'score' delete vm.code.gift.config.prize vm.code.gift.config.number = Number vm.code.gift.config.number vm.code.gift.config.method = 'score' when 'lottery' delete vm.code.gift.config.number for prize in vm.lottoPrizes prize.number = Number prize.number vm.code.gift.config.prize = vm.lottoPrizes else delete vm.code.gift if not vm.id method = 'post' url = config.resources.productAssociations else method = 'put' url = config.resources.productAssociation + '/' + vm.id _unsetFields() restService[method] url, vm.code, (data) -> $location.url '/product/promotion?active=1' vm.list = columnDefs: [ { field: 'createdAt' label: 'product_promotion_code_upload_time' }, { field: 'used' label: 'product_promotion_code_used' }, { field: 'all' label: 'product_promotion_total_count' }, { field: 'operations' label: 'operations' type: 'operation' } ] data: [] selectable: false deleteHandler: (idx) -> if vm.list.data[idx].fake if vm.list.data[idx].filename param = filename: vm.list.data[idx].filename productId: vm.chosenProduct.sku restService.get config.resources.delUploadFile, param, (data) -> $scope.$apply( -> vm.fakeHistory.splice 0, 1 vm.list.data.splice idx, 1 ) else params = productId: vm.chosenProduct.id createdAt: vm.list.data[idx].timestamp restService.post config.resources.delCodeHistory, params, (data) -> if data.message is 'OK' vm.list.data.splice idx, 1 vm.cancel = -> $location.url '/product/promotion?active=1' vm.associatedGoods = -> modalInstance = $modal.open( templateUrl: 'associatedGoods.html' controller: 'wm.ctrl.product.edit.management.associatedGoods' windowClass: 'associated-goods-dialog' resolve: modalData: -> vm.chosenProduct ).result.then( (data) -> if data vm.chosenProduct = angular.copy data vm.showErr = false ) vm ] app.registerController 'wm.ctrl.product.edit.management.associatedGoods', [ '$scope' '$modalInstance' 'restService' 'notificationService' 'modalData' 'utilService' '$location' ($scope, $modalInstance, restService, notificationService, modalData, utilService, $location) -> vm = $scope vm.currentPage = $location.search().currentPage or 1 vm.pageSize = $location.search().pageSize or 10 vm.checkAll = false restService.get config.resources.categories, (data) -> vm.categories = data.items vm.checkAllCat = (checkAll) -> _checkAll checkAll vm.checkItem = (checked) -> if not checked vm.checkAll = checked else vm.checkAll = vm.categories.filter( (item) -> return item.check ).length is vm.categories.length _checkAll = (isCheckAll) -> for category in vm.categories category.check = isCheckAll _getCategories = -> items = [] for category in vm.categories items.push category.id if category.check vm.categoryIds = items.join(',') vm.showFilter = -> vm.isShow = not vm.isShow vm.search = -> _getCategories() vm.currentPage = 1 _getGoodsList() vm.clear = -> vm.searchKey = '' vm.checkAll = false _checkAll false _init = -> vm.list = radioColumn: 'sku' columnDefs: [ { field: 'sku' label: 'product_promotion_goods_sku' }, { field: 'name' label: 'product_promotion_goods_name' type: 'mark' markText: 'product_promotion_association_assign_mark' markTip: 'product_promotion_association_assign' cellClass: 'table-mark-cell' },{ field: 'cat' label: 'product_promotion_code_association_category' } ], data: [] checkHandler: (idx, checked) -> if idx? index = utilService.getArrayElemIndex(vm.list.data, vm.list.radioValue, 'sku') vm.chosenProduct = vm.list.data[index] if index > -1 return if modalData vm.chosenProduct = angular.copy modalData vm.list.radioValue = vm.chosenProduct.sku _getGoodsList() _getGoodsList = -> params = category: vm.categoryIds 'per-page': vm.pageSize page: vm.currentPage orderBy: '{"createdAt": "desc"}' searchKey: vm.searchKey restService.get config.resources.products, params,(data) -> if data vm.totalItems = data._meta.totalCount vm.list.data = angular.copy data.items angular.forEach vm.list.data, (goods, index) -> goods.cat = goods.category.name or '--' goods.enabled = true if goods.isAssigned goods.enabled = false _init() vm.changePage = (currentPage) -> vm.currentPage = currentPage _getGoodsList() vm.submit = -> $modalInstance.close(vm.chosenProduct) vm.hideModal = -> $modalInstance.close() vm ]	36,657
vereinigtenstaa02ratz_17	German-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,893	Die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika	Ratzel, Friedrich, 1844-1904	German	Spoken	6,473	11,370	Die Unzulänglichkeiten der Städteverwaltung in den V. St. ist aUgemem zugegeben und wird dem Erfolge der Unions- und Staaten- regierungen kontrastierend gegenübergestellt, wobei eine Hauptwurzel des Übels in der Abhängigkeit der Städte von den Staaten gesucht wird, die ihnen Gesetze auferlegen. Die Legislatur des Staates New York beschlols in ihrer letzten Session sieben besondere Gesetze über Schulen, Pflasterung, Parks von Buffalo, wie immer miter der Wirkung der An- nahme, dafs die Stadt eine vom Staat mit Charter ausgestattete Körper- schaft und dafs das Charter ein Gesetz ist, das die ganze Verwaltung auf das genaueste bestimmt. Kaum eine gröfsere Stadt der Union ist frei von ]\Iifs Verwaltung und in allen gröfseren — über 200000 Ein- wohner — ist sie ein bekanntes und anerkanntes Übel, das allen pohtischen Ärzten bis heute trotzt. Besonders in den Städten tritt die Abneigung der besseren Elemente gegen politische Arbeit als eine o28 Städteverwaltun,!:!;. ernste Gefahr hervor und wird als eine der ersten Ursachen des »mismanagement« betrachtet. In der Schaffung der Städte schliefst man sich im Norden und Westen unbefangen an das praktische Bedürfnis an. Jede dichte Zu- sammendi'ängung von beträchthcher Gröfse erhält ein »Municipal Char- ter« und die »Urban Population« reichte soweit wie ilire Verdichtung. Aber die geschichtliche Entwickelung hat in manchen Gegenden länd- Hche Siedelungen mit städtischen zu einer Einheit zusammengefalst ; wir finden das in den mittleren atlantischen Staaten und in einigen Teilen der Präriestaaten. Als Regel tritt aber diese Zusammenfassung des Verschiedenen in Neuengland auf, wo eine Town eine oder zwei städtische mit mehieren ländlichen Siedelungen umfassen kann. Es ist auch nicht ausgeschlossen, dafs eine einzige Stadt in die Gebiete mehrerer Townß fällt, oder dafs mehrere ursprünghch getrennte Städte sich zu einer einzigen A-erschmelzen. Die Sorge für die öffentliche Gesundheit nimmt einen her- vorragenden Platz unter den Aufgaben der städtischen Behörden ein. Die grofsen Städte haben eigene Gesundheitsräte mit reichen Mitteln; derjenige New Yorks verausgabte in den letzten Jahren durchschnittlich 240000 D. Die Sterblichkeitszahlen wurden früher meist geringer angegeben als die der meisten europäischen Städte, sind aber nicht ganz zuverlässig. Nicht nur das im Allgemeinen gesundere Leben und Wohnen und die geringeren Kinderzahlen, sondern auch der Zusammenflufs erwachsener und kinderloser Auswanderer, die mit Vorliebe die Städte aufsuchen, drückte die Sterblichkeit herab. Wer aber heute die sorgfältigen Berichte des Gesundheitsamtes von Boston oder New York liest, gewinnt den Eindruck, dafs die nordamerikanischen Grofsstädte jetzt mehr von epidemischen Krank- heiten heimgesucht sind, als die europäischen^). Im Durchschnitt der fünf Jahre 1886 — 1890 raffte der Typhus in Boston 169, in Berlin 199 Menschen hin. Boston liat zugleich eine unverhältnis- mäfsig hohe Schwindsuchtsstcrblichkeit. 1890 starben 3,3, 1891 2,9 vom Tausend an Schwindsucht. Über die mangelnde Reinlichkeit J, 1.S91: New York 1631232 Einwohner 352 Todesfälle an Typhus. Philadelphia 1046 964 » 666 »» » Boston 448477 » 155 »» » London 4421661 . 618 »» » Paris 2424 705 . 656 » , > BerUn 1570524 » 143 »» » Ländliche und städtische ßevölkerunsr. 329 der Städte \\drd viel geklagt. Ein Amerikaner hat die Strafsen von New York mit jenen Konstantinopels verglichen. Die Politik mischt sich auch in die Gesnndheitspolizei und wirkt hier besonders schädlich. Ländliche und städtische Bevöliterung. Die Unterschiede in der Verteilung der Bevölkerung über Stadt und Land sind mit der Zunahme der Volkszahl immer grölser, das Volk im Ganzen ist städtischer und der Einfluls der Städte stärker geworden. Aus der ursprünglich rein ländlichen wächst mit beschleunigter Ge- schwindigkeit eine immer mehr städtische Bevölkerung hervor. Die Bewohner der Orte von 8000 Einwohnern und darüber bildeten 1790 ein Dreifsigstel, 1800 ein Fünfundzwanzigstel, 1810 und 1820 ein Zwanzigstel, 1830 ein Sechzehntel, 1840 ein Zwölftel, 1850 ein Achtel, 1860 ein Sechstel, 1870 über ein Fünftel, 1880 ein Viertel, 1890 — mit einem Sprung — fast drei Zehntel (29 "/q) der Gesamtbevölkerung der V. St. Diese Vermehrung der städtischen Bevölkerung vollzieht sich durch das Anwachsen in den bestehen- den und das Aufkommen von neuen Städten, die teilweise aufser- ordenthch rasch sich ent^dckeln. Nebenher geht auch die nicht seltene Verschmelzung verschiedener Städte zu einer, wodurch die Zahl der Städte vermindert, ihre Gröfse aber vermehrt wird. Jene beiden EntwickelungsHnien läfst folgende Übersicht erkennen : Census- jahr Städte mit 8000 bis 12000 12000,20000 bis I bis 20000140000 400001 75000 1125000 250000 bis I bis I bis ' bis 75000 1250001250000 500000 500000 11000000 bis I und i Summe 1000000 darüber Einwohnern 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1 3 1 4 2 3 4 12 7 17 11 36 20 62 34 92 63 110 76 176 107 1 3 3 2 3 10 14 23 39 55 91 1 2 2 1 1 7 12 14 21 35 2 2 1 3 3 2 8 9 14 2 1 3 5 3 7 14 6 6 11 13 26 44 85 141 226 286 448 330 Die Anziehung der Städte. Einen grofsen Teil des Zuwachses der Städtebevölkerung liefert die überseeische und kanadische Einwanderung. Die Fremden lassen sich mit grofser Vorliebe in den Städten nieder, in denen 1880 60 \ der Italiener, 45 der Iren, 38 der Deutschen, 30 der Engländer und Schotten w^ohnten. Nur 31% der Bevölkerung von Boston waren 1885 in dieser Stadt geboren, in den neueng- ländischen Fabrikstädten Fall River und Holyoke nur 17 und 16 \. Nicht mit Unrecht wird von den Gegnern der Einwanderung be- sonders daraiüf hingewiesen, dafs das Wachstum der städtischen Bevölkerung einen grolsen Einfluls auf die Zusammensetzung der Vertretungskörper übt, in denen die städtischen Elemente die ländlichen immer mehr überwiegen. Die Zunahme der demo- kratischen Partei stützt sich sehr stark auf die Städte und be- sonders ihre fremden Elemente. Die Anziehung der ländlichen Bevölkerung durch die Städte äufsert sich in den älteren Teilen des Landes mit grofser Kraft. Auch drüben klagt man, dafs die Städte »Hirn und Herz des flachen Landes aufsaugen«. Der Zug in die Städte ist in diesen jungen beweglichen Gesellschaften noch viel stärker als in Europa. Der Mangel an Landarbeitern und der Überfliifs an unbeschäftigten Arbeitern in den Städten existiert in Amerika, wie er in Australien zu beobachten ist. Dem AVachstum der Bevölkerung des ganzen Landes um 26 \ steht das der Städte um 45, des flachen Landes um 14 gegenüber. Bezeichnenderweise verliert das Land besonders in der Nähe der Verkehrswege, besonders auch der Flüsse, wo das Abströmen erleichtert ist und die Anziehungspunkte am nächsten liegen. In Ohio hatten 1890 von 27 am Ohio liegenden Grafschaften 13 Rückgang gegen 1880 erfahren. In Massachusetts ist die städtische Bevölkerung von 1855 — 1875 von 40 auf 50,7% der Gesamtbevölkerung gewachsen und betrug 1885 56%. Boston mit seinen Vorstädten zählte 1885 576000, also 29,6% der Bevölkerung des Staates. Die Aufsaugung der Bevölkerung des Landes durch 1) In dem Raliinen einer lanj^'sani wacliHenden Bevölkerung zeigt auch die öHtUchc, aleo ältere DoTuinion die A])nalinie auf dem Lande, den Zuwachs in <len Städten (Toronto 1881^1891 von 96000 auf 181000!), das langsamere innere Waclistum sich ausdrückend in dem Rückgang der Gröfse der Familien. Die Grofsstädte. 331 die grof.sen Städte zeigt ein langsam wachsender Staat wde New Hampshire in der deutlichsten Weise. Die gesamte Bevölkerung ist von 1880 — 1890 um 25 \ gewachsen. Die Orte mit über 1500 Einwohnern nahmen alle zu und fast alle um so mehr, je gröfser sie sind, während die z^Wschen 1500 und 1000 4\ und die unter 1000 11% einbürsten. Diese Bewegung geht in New Hampshire seit 1850 vor sich. Endlich wurden die verlassenen Farmen in den letzten Jahren so zahlreich, dafs der Commissioner of Immigration 1890 1442 leerstehende Farmen zählte (Jahres- botschaft des Governors, 1891). In Maine nahm von 1880 auf 1890 die gesamte Bevölkerung um 11325, die der Städte um 14 290 zu, d. h. die ländliche nahm ab. Die Grofsstädte. Diesem Drange nach den Städten entspricht die weitverbreitete Anschauung, dafs die Zahl und Gröfse der Städte eine Zierde des Landes sei. Die Volkszahl gilt als der Ausdruck des Gedeihens. Die kleineren Städte suchen es den gröfseren nachzuthun. Die Schätzungen der Volkszahl, die zwischen den Census-Terminen von privater Seite vorgenommen zu werden pflegen, erwecken immer grofses Interesse, besonders wenn man in einer Stadt Grund zu haben glaubt, die Censusangaben für zu gering zu halten. St. Louis, das mit den 451 770 Einwohnern des 1890er Census unzufrieden war, hatte die Freude, im Januar 1892 in Goulds Adrefsbuch 542 922 hei'ausgerechnet zu finden, wodurch der schmerzhch empfundene Abstand von Chicago etwas verkleinert wurde. Das pilzartige Wachstum amerikanischer Städte ist eines der bezeichnendsten Symptome des amerikanischen Lebens. Der unvergleichlich rasche und reiche Verkehr bewdrkt hauptsäch- lich dieses Wachstum. In seinem Wesen liegt die Tendenz nach Zusammenstreben in einige bedeutende Punkte mit Übergebung minder bedeutender und nach Zusammenziehung des vielen kleinen Geäders in wenige, aber wirksame Hauptadern. Daher auch die zahlreichen Fälle von Verschmelzung. Neben New York wird das gröfste Beispiel die junge Grofsstadt von mehr als 300000 Ein- wohner am oberen Mississippi bieten. St. Paul und Minneapolis sind im Begriffe, nach so manchem harten Kampfe um die erste Stelle, sich zu einem einzigen Gemeinwesen zu verschmelzen. 1891 332 l^ie Grofsstädte. machten ihre Strarsenbahnen den Anfang. Die Wettbewerbuug beider, oft in humoristischen Formen sich bewegend, war mit der Zeit eine Last geworden. Ein kleineres Beispiel bieten im jungen NordM^esten Portland, East Portland und Albina, die nur durch den AVillamette getrennt sind, 1890 zusammen über 60000 Einwohner hatten und jetzt im Begriff sind, sich zu verschmelzen. Unnatürliche Trennungen, ein Erzeugnis der gewaltsamen Grenz- ziehungen (s. o. S. 48), wird die natürlich starke Tendenz auf Zusammenschliefsung überbrücken. Zwischen Bristol Tenn. und Bristol Virg. mit zusammen 6229 Einwohnern läuft die Staats- grenze mitten durch die Hauptstrafse. Ähnlich sind Texarkana Tex. und Texarkana Ark. zwei Hälften derselben Stadt. Cin- cinnati gegenüber liegen s. vom Ohio die Grafschaften von Campbell, Kenton, Boone in der Biegung des Flusses; sie gehören politisch zu Kentuck}^, sind aber wirtschaftlich ganz von Cin- cinnati abhängig. Und doch bezeichnet der Handelskammerbericht von 1892 es als eine »impractical proposition and beyond any hope of realization« sie anzuschliefsen. Die Volkszahl Cincin- nati's würde um 60% wachsen. Die rasch wachsenden Städte ent- sprechen den weiten Räumen, von denen die Menschen und Waren zusammenströmen. Enger als irgend sonst hängt ihre Entwickelung mit der der Verkehrswege zusammen. Besonders sind sie in solchem Mafse Erzeugnisse der Eisenbahnen, dafs ihr Wachstum stets in einem nachweisbaren Bezug zu der Zahl und Bedeutung der Linien steht, die in ihnen zusammenlaufen. Die Zahl der Hunderttausendstädte betrug 1870 vierzehn, 1880 zwanzig, 1890 dreifsig. Von 1810—1890 hat New York seine Bevölkerung versechszehnf acht , Philadelphia die seine verelffacht, Boston die seine verzwölffacht, Baltimore die seine verzehnfacht, New ( )rleans die seine vervierzehnfacht. Boston ist weniger rasch gewachsen als Massachusetts, da viele seiner Bewohner vorziehen, in den Vorstädten zu wohnen, unter denen Cambridge 70000 zälilt. Chicago ist von 1840 — 1890 von 4500 auf 1100000, St. Louis von 1820—1890 von 4600 auf 452000, Cincinnati von 1810—1890 von 2540 auf 297 000, San Francisco von 1860—1890 von 66000 auf 299000 gewachsen. (Jhicago hat im .Tahrzelmt vor 1890 um Washington D. C. 333 mehr als eine halbe Million zugenommen, Minneapolis, S. Paul, Omaha, Kansas City, Denver, sind in dieser Zeit auf das Drei- bis Vierfache gewachsen. Die V. St. besassen 1890 elf Städte mit mehr als 250000 Einwohnern, Deutschland nur sieben. Im Osten sind New York und Philadelphia , im Inneren Cincinnati, Chicago und San Louis, am Stillen Meer San Francisco entweder bereits so grofs oder doch von so gewaltigem und regelmäfsigem Wachstum, dafs man sie als künftige Weltstädte und als Hauptstädte der V. St. bezeich- nen kann. Auch rivalisieren sie bereits in der lebhaftesten Weise im Hinblick auf die hohe Stel- lung, die sie einst einnehmen köimten. Washington, diepoUtische Hauptstadt, ist als sechzehnte in der Reihe mit ilirer Volkszahl von 230000 ebensoweit von der be- herrschenden Grölse, wie durch ihre geographische vom JVlittel- punkt entfernt. Die Absicht ihrer weitbhckenden Gründer ist er- reicht : sie wollten in ihrer Bun- deshauptstadt Washington den idealen Punkt setzen, der gedacht und genannt wird, aber nicht ist). Wenn man diesen idealen Mittel- Fig. 14. 1) Der Bundesdistrikt wurde 1791 aus Teilen von Maryland und Vir- ginia gebildet , um einen neutralen Boden für die Hauptstadt der V. St. zu schaffen. 1871 wurde dem Distrikt eine territoriale Eegierung gewährt, unter einem vom Präsidenten ernannten Governor und elfgliedrigen Rat, sowie 22 gewählten Delegaten. Ebenso wurde 1863 ein eigenes vom Präsidenten zu ernennendes Gericht für den Distrikt gebildet. Der ganze Distrikt bildet zu- gleich Washington Cy., deren Hauptort Washington ist und deren Bevölke- rung der Mehrzahl nach mit der Regierung und dem Beamtentum (nahezu 6000 Beamte) zusammen- oder von ihnen abhängt. Die Lage am Potomac ist für den Handel sehr günstig, aber er wird fast ganz von Baltimore be- sorgt. Der Bürgerkrieg hat gelehrt, dafs Washington am hnken Ufer des Potomac, wo er in ein mächtiges Ästuar übergeht, auf beiden Ufern von 334 ^'ew York. punkt einst durch einen materiellen -^drd ersetzen wollen, wird frei- lich eine mit der räumhchen Weite des Gebietes ebenfalls zusammen- hängende Thatsache zu Schwierigkeiten führen, nämlich die Mehr- zahl von Grofsstädten, von denen einige mit der Zeit eine ziemlich gleichartige Stufe nach Bevölkerungszahl und allgemeiner Wichtig- keit erreichen dürften. In der Unmöglichkeit, für ein so grofses Land eine nach Gröfse und Lage zweifellos beherrschende Haupt- stadt zu finden, liegt eine der Garantien, dafs Washington nicht so bald abgesetzt werden wird. Gegenwärtig ist Washington sieben Tagereisen vom pacifischen Rande entfernt und eine so excentrische Lage scheint eine Abnormität. Aber welche Stadt des Westens soll an iln'e Stelle treten? Vielleicht statt des riesig wachsenden, aber rein nördhchen Chicago das langsamer fortschreitende St. Louis, das fast gleichweit von der Nord- und Südgrenze und wenig mehr als um die Hälfte weiter von der West- als der Ostküste entfernt ist? Solange das Problem nicht gelöst ist, die nordamerikanischen Riesenstädte von politischer Korruption frei zu halten, wird man sich wohl scheuen, die Zentralregierung mit ihr in zu enge Be- rülirung zu bringen. An der Spitze der Grofsstädte der V. St. steht New York, dem der Census von 1890 1 515 301 Einwohner zuwies. Zu New York wii-d Brooklyn, seitdem beide dm'ch die East River-Brücke verbunden sind, mit doppeltem Rechte gerechnet. Ihm weist der Census 806 343, Jersey City 163 003, Hoboken 43 648 zu, und man braucht nicht in die weiteren Umki'eise zu greifen, z. B. nach Newark, das eine industrielle Dependenz von New-York ist, um mehr als 3 MiU. Menschen zu finden, die auf den Inseln und an der Mündung des Hudson sich in dem Radius von 25 km um das Rathaus auf Manhattan zusammendrängen. Der Plan eines »Greater New York« , der 1890 der Gesetzgebung des Staates vorlag, bestimmte die Vereinigung der Stadt New York mit Kings und Richmond County und Teilen von Westchester und Queens County, also Brooklyn, Long Island City und StatenTsland. Diese Grofsstadt um den Kern Manhattans würde an Bevölkerungszahl nur hinter London zurückstehen und an ihrem raschen Wachstum zur ersten Stadt der W'elt zweifelt nur der Westen, der in dem erstaunlich Ketten leicht zu bofoHtigender Hügel eingefafst, auch ciue günstige strategische Lage hat, die leicht in ein verschanztea Lager umgewandelt werden kann Die Städtegruppe am unteren Hudson. 335 raschen Wachstum Chicagos die Gewähr für die baldige Verschiebung des Centrums an den INIichigansee sieht. Aulserdem wird von be- sonnenen Leuten die Frage gestellt, wie angesichts der bekannten MiTsverwaltung aller grolsen Städte der V. St. dieser Kolofs von Stadt wohl verwaltet werden würde. Die Amerikaner erwarten zu viel von der Entwickelung Chicagos, wenn sie sie als eine einzige, unvergleich- Ua-ßstaTi 1:500.000 Fig. 15. Die Städtegruppe am unteren Hudson und das Gebiet der gröfsten Bevölkerungs- verdichtung zwischen Hudson und Potomac. liehe auffassen, die m dem bisherigen Tempo, immer jeden Wett- bewerb schlagend, fortschreiten werde. Sie ist einzig m der Schnellig- keit des Vorauseüens , aber wir haben gerade in den V. St. so viele beschleunigte Entwickelungen sich verlangsamen sehen. Gerade im Vorauseilen zeigt sich dasVergänghche dieser blendenden Erscheinungen, denn es vollzieht sich auf Kosten anderer Entwickelungen, die un- fehlbar später zu ihrem Rechte kommen werden. Am atlantischen Rande ist an die Stehe einer oder zweier dominierender Städte eme ganze Reihe getreten. Trotz seiner überragenden Gröfse hebt sich New York heute nicht mehr so heU vor den anderen ab wie vor 336 I)i<? Verbreitung der Städte. 40 Jahren. So sieht New Orleans Mobile und Galveston neben sich emporkommen und andere keimen im früher städtelosen Südwesten. Hinter New York folgte seit Jahrzehnten Philadelphia , bis der Census von 1890 Chicago diese Stelle anwies : Chicago 1 099 850, Philadelphia 1 046 964. Da wir Brooklyn mit New York verbinden, steigen wir sofort auf eine bedeutend tiefere Stufe, wo wir St. Louis, die alte RivaJin von Chicago , mit 451 770, Boston mit 448 477 und Baltimore mit 434439 finden. Eine dritte Grölsengruppe bilden San Fran- cisco (298 907), die Schwesterstädte Minneapohs und S. Paul (297 899), Cincinnati (296 908), Cleveland (261 353) und Buifalo (255 664) : be- zeichnenderweise alles junge Städte des nahen und fernen Westens. Über 200 000 Einwohner zählen dann weiter noch New Orleans, Pitts- bm-g, ^^"ashington, Detroit und Milwaukee. Und über 100 000 zählen Newark, Jersey City, Louisville, Omaha, Rochester, Kansas City, Pro- vidence. Denver, Indianapohs, Allegheny. Die Verbreitung der Städte. Die Bildung von Städten ist niclit in allen Teilen der V. St. gleich rasch fortgeschritten und noch heute sind einige Gebiete städtereich und andere städtearm. Über den Zusaixmienhang dieser Erscheinung mit der Volksdichte haben wir im vorigen Kapitel gesprochen (s. S. 304 u. f.). Er ist niclit der einzige. Handel und Industrie haben Städte in dünn- bewohnten Regionen ins Leben gerufen, w^o sie manchmal ohne jede ländliche Umgebung wie Oasen in der Wüste stehen und ganz abhängig sind von einer einzigen Erzader oder einer Eisenbahn- linie^). Ein kleinliclies politisches Motiv hat dagegen im Süden die Entwickelung der Städte aufgehalten. Man hemmte sie mit voller Absicht; nur die an der See: Charleston, Savannah, New Orleans, später Mobile und Galveston erhoben sicli früh zu einer mäfsigen Blüte. Aber man fürchtete alle Anlässe zur Anhäufung der Neger in den Städten, zu der sie erfährungsmäfsig geneigt sind. Daher die Seltenheit kleiner Binnenstädte, die Vorliebe, mit der Grafschafts- Hauptorte an die Kreuzung zweier Wege in Gestalt einiger Hütten 1) Bear River City in Wyoming war 1874 verlassen, eine wüste Stelle neben der Balm, wiisler als die Steppe umher, mit eingestürzten Lelnnmaiierii, die oi't no(;li die Ilütteiinmrisse erkennen lassen; Backsteine, Balken, Zaun- pfähle und zülilloso Blechreste von Konservenbüchsen bedeckten den Boden. Wahsatch wai- noch später eine wichtige Station und verfiel, als Lokomotiv- Hchuppen und Speisehaus nach Evanstown verlegt wurde (Jheyenne war fast KuiiK!, als die l'ünmiiiidung der Dniver-T/inie es neu aiitlcbcn licls. Städtearme und städtereiche Gebiete. 337 gelegt wurden. Ira Norden begünstigte man die Entwickelung der Städte, weil man die Industrie und den Handel begünstigen wollte. In der Städtebildung trat und tritt immer stärker die An- häufung des Eisens und der Kohle in dem Gebiete ö. des Mis- sissippi hervor. Neun Zehntel der Kolilenlager liegen in diesem Gebiet und zwar von der Nord- bis nahe an die Südgrenze und hier ist im Norden die Städtebildung schon lange am regsten und beginnt im Süden lebhaft zu werden. Ehe die Kohlen- und Eisen- lager von Tennessee und Alabama ausgebeutet wurden, war der Konflikt zwischen dem Norden und Süden in den ersten Anfängen und früher noch mehr als später auch der Widerstreit der dicht- wohnenden städtischen, gewerb- und handeltreibenden Bewohner der nordöstlichen und der dünngesäeten ländlichen vom Ertrag der Pflanzungen lebenden Bewohner der südhchen Staaten der Union. Der überall wiederkehrende Gegensatz zwischen Agrariern und Handelsleuten, Bauern und Bürgern hatte hier einen auch geographisch grolsen und scharf abgegrenzten Ausdruck gefunden. So wie einst in der alten Welt die Städte wider ilire ländliche Umgebung, standen hier städtische und ländliche Interessen auf zwei Hälften des Landes verteilt gegeneinander. Die Städte mit mehr als 8000 Einwohner sind am zahl- und volkreichsten in den nordatlantischen Staaten, dann im nördhchen Teil des IVIississippi- und Seengebietes ; dort umschhefsen sie 49,2, hier 31,7%, zusammen fast fünf Sechstel der städtischen Gesamt- bevölkerung. Sie sind in den südatlantischen Staaten nur mit 7,8, in dem südlichen centralen Gebiet mit 6,3, im Westen mit 4,9 vertreten. Diese sehr ungleiche Verteilung läfst erkennen, dafs die Herauvsbildung der grolsen Städte nicht blofs eine Thatsache der allgemeinen Dichtigkeit der Bevölkerung, sondern auch der Geschichte und des wirtschaftlichen Lebens ist, denn wir finden sie am stärksten in den alten und gewerbthätigen Staaten. Die Millionenstädte hegen am atlantischen Kand und im Seengebiet, die HalbmiUionenstädte reichen nicht über den Mississippi hinaus. Je weiter wir nach AVesten gehen, um so mehr treten die grolsen Städte zurück, w. vom Meridian vom Milwaukee sind nur noch die drei Mississippi-Grofsstädte, die um 6 und 9° auseinander- Ratzel, Die V. St von Amerika. 22 338 Städtearme und städtoreiche Gebiete. liegen. Und dann nur mittlere Städte weit zerstreut bis das ein- zige Denver am Fuls der Felsengebirge und endlich am Stillen Ocean San Francisco uns entgegentritt. Am städteärmsten ist noch heute der breite Raum von 19° zwischen dem Fufs des Felsengebirges und dem pacifischen Rand, wo nur Salt Lake City mit 45000 hervorragt. Aber weiter im Norden wird un- zweifelhaft schon die nächste Zählung neue gröfsere Städte in dieser Zone zu Tage bringen. Nichts lehrt schlagender die Jugendlichkeit der ganzen Entwickelung als die höchst un- gleiche Verteilung der Städte und die raschen Veränderungeu, die gerade an ihnen zu Tage treten. Viele Plätze, die einst not- wendig grolse Städte haben müssen, sind noch frei von ihnen, so das ganze obere Missouri- und Columbia-Gebiet; an anderen keimen sie eben hervor, wie am Puget Sund, im nördlichen Teil der grofsen Seen, im westlichen Golfgebiet. Auch im Süden keimen künftige Grofsstädte, deren es bisher s. vom Parallel von Cin- cinnati nur eine einzige, New Orleans gab. Eine Reihe von werden- den Industriestädten und Verkehrskreuzungen bilden sich am westlichen Abhang der Alleghanies: Knoxville und Chattanooga in Tennessee, Birmingham in Alabama, Atlanta in Georgia; in Florida und Texas sind jüngere Hafenstädte, wie Tampa und Galveston in vielversprechendem raschen Wachstum. Von 74 Städten, die 1890 über 40000 Einwohner zählten, liegen 14 w. vom Mississippi, sie zählen zusanmien nur 1110000; es sind San Francisco mit Oakland, Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle (zusammen 487000) am pacifischen Rand, Denver und Salt Lake City (182000) im Cordillerengebiet, Omaha, Kansas City, Lincoln, S. Joseph, De Moines, Peoria (471000) im Steppengebiet. Von den 60 übrigen liegen 2 am oberen Mississippi, die Schwesterstädte Minneapolis und S. Paul (298000), 6: I^ulfalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Rochester, Saginaw, Erie (1987000) im Seengebiet; 6: Cincinnati, Cleveland, Louisville, Indianopolis, Columbus, Evansville (863000) im Ohiogebiet, 2 am mittleren Mississippi: St. Louis und Mem- phis (516000); 4 in der Alleghanyregion : Pittsburg, Allegheny, Syracuse, Troy, Utica (526000), 15 in Neuengland, wovon Boston iiiii r'iiiiildi«]^!!, I'rovidciice, New llav^en, Bridgeport, New J^edford Städtegruppen. 339 (821000) am Meer, Worcester, Lowell, Fall River, L^^nn, Hartford, Lawrence, Springfield, Manchester, Soinmerville (518000) im In- neren, 11 im mittleren atlantischen Gebiet, wovon New- York mit Brookl}Ti, Jersey City und Hoboken, so^ude Philadelphia (3 574 000) an der Küste, Newark, Scranton, Paterson, Reading, Camden, Tren- ton (571000) im Inneren, 3 an der Chesapeake-Bay : Baltimore, Washington und Richmond (745 100), 3 im südhchen atlantischen Gebiet: Atlanta, Charleston, Savannah (164000) und 1 im Golf- gebiet: New Orleans (242000). Städtegruppen. Die Städte des gleichen Gebietes zeigen nicht blols eine Familienähnlichkeit, die auf die Übereinstimmung der geschicht- lichen Entmckelung und die Ähnlichkeit der äufseren Bedingungen zurückführt, . sie sind auch Träger übereinstimmender Funktionen und treten als solche entweder in Verbindung, indem sie sich ergänzen, oder in Wettbewerbung; entwickeln sich miteinander oder gegen- einander. An der atlantischen, stufenweis nach Süden und Westen zu abfaUenden Küste Nord-Amerikas hegen sechs grolse Seestädte, jede südlicher gelegene ist damit auch weiter nach Westen, von dem em'opäischen Verkehr ab- und dem Binnenlande zugerückt. Halifax, Quebec, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore sind che Hauptplätze auf dieser Linie, die sich in die Ai-beit des transatlanti- schen Verkehres teilen. Solange Nordamerika in seinem Handel- und Verkehr abhängiger von Europa war als heute, war Boston als die Europa nächstgelegene Hauptstadt der besiedeiteren Bezhke das Em- porium der jungen Kolonien. New York rückte an diese Stelle von dem Augenbhck, dafs die eigenen, inneren Produktionsverhältnisse der Union ausschlaggebend wm'den. Der telegraphische und Post- verkehr hat jedoch lange den Vorsprung der nördlichen Häfen benützt. New York, das am Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts 5000 Einwohner gezälilt hatte, wuchs von 1790 bis 1820 jedes Jahrzehnt um 30 000 und hatte im letztgenannten Jahr Boston und Philadelphia fast eingeholt. Den entscheidenden Zug aber that es mit der Erbauung des Eriekanals, der, 1825 eröffnet, New York zum Haupthafen für das damals in der energischsten Besiedelung und Ausbeutung befindhche Land südhch von den grofsen Seen machte. Wenn New York in den Jahrzehnten, die 1830, 1840, 1850 folgten, seine Bevohierungszahl um 110000, 203000, 298000 steigen sah, erbückte es darm mit Recht nur einen Reflex seiner in Jahrzehnten sich in der Bevölkerung verdoppelnden Hinter- länder Ohio und Indiana. Philadelphia, das sich den Weg ins Innere dm-ch die Gebirgsmauer verbaut sieht, Boston, das jedes natürUchen Weges ins Innere entbehrt, bheben weit zurück. Andere Motive halfen 22* 340 Städtegruppen. das Wachstum beschleunigen, so der den neuen Bedürfnissen des inter- nationalen Verkehres besser angepafste kosmopohtische Charakter der Newyorker im Gegensatz zu dem der weniger beweghchen Puritaner von Boston und der Quäker von Philadelphia. New York, Pliiladelphia und Baltimore sind alle drei unter dem Einflufs der Lage in der dichtest bevölkerten, mineraheichsten und für den Verkehr mit dem Seen- gebiete günstigst gelegenen Landschaft erwachsen. Baltimore, das günstige Inlandsverbindungen besitzt, wird mit der Ent^^•ickelung der Ohiostaaten und des Südens noch weiter fortschreiten. jNIit diesen nördlichen atlantisclien Städten sind am engsten ver- bunden sowohl in der Entstehung als in den Funktionen die Städte des Seengebietes, unter denen die gröfsten die nach Süden und Osten vorgeschobenen Sanunelpunkte sind: Chicago 1100000, Cleve- land 261000, Buffalo 256000, Milwaukee 204000, Rochester 134000. In der ganzen Fünfgradzone n. von ilmen entwickeln sie sich erst, aber in gröfserer Zahl. Und welche Lagen könnten berufener sein als die von S. Marys Falls, Duluth oder Superior City? Die erste der Durchgangsstädte ist Detroit am gleichnamigen Kanal (206000). Buffalo wird nach Erbauung des neuön Niagarakanals in diese Reihe eintreten, in der Port Huron am S. Clair- und S. Marys Falls am gleichnamigen Kanal erst untergeordnete Stellen einnehmen. Die Ohiostädte Cincinnati (297000), Louisville (161000), Indianapolis (105000) finden ihre Verbindung nach Westen mit dem Älissisippi und sind nach Osten am günstigsten für den Verkehr mit den Städten an der Chesapeake Bay gelegen. Pittsburg (239000), als die am weitesten nach Nordosten vorgeschobene, gehört schon in den Kreis von Philadelphia und New York. Cincinnati und LouisviUe sind Sammelpunkte für das südwesthche AUeghany-Gebiet, besonders für die jungen Industriebezirke von Tennessee und Alabama, wo in Chattanooga und Bü-mingham kleine Pittsburgs heranwachsen. Der direkte Verkehr nach den südatlantischen Hafenstädten über die Alleghanies wird später diese Gebiete an sich zu ziehen suchen. Einstweilen herrscht in den Hafenstädten s. von C. Hatteras überall die Funktion der Ausfuhr der Erzeugnisse der Äcker und Wälder des nächsten, räumhch beschränkten Bezkkes vor. Charlcston, Sa- vannah, Brunswick, Mobile, New Orleans, Galveston sind BaumwoUenhäfen, Pcnsacola hat seine tlolz- und Teer-, Jacksonville seine Orangen-Ausfuhr. Die Einfuhr ist auch in New Orleans (242000) beträchtlich, da der Mississippi und seine Zuflüsse die Verteilung der Waren über das I^and hin erleichtern. Die westlichen Golfstädte von New Orleans an sind durch An- näherung an das pacitischc Gebiet zu gröfseren Aufgaben berufen. Westlich von New Orleans werden am (jJoU' einige Plätze heran- Städtegruppen. 341 wachsen, die als Endpunkte durchgehender Verkehrswege, kürzester Linien aus dem Südwesten und den pacifischen Staaten nach dem At- lantischen Ocean selbständige Bedeutung gewinnen werden. (S. 17 u. 75.) Die Mississippistädte und die des Ohio und Missouri sind von S. Paul-MinneapoHs, Pittsburg und Omaha an bis zum GoLf durch die grofsen Stromschiffahrtswege verbunden. Was s. von Cairo liegt, hängt aber enger mit New Orleans zusammen, und hat, ähnlich wie überall im Süden, beschränkte Kreise gezogen. Zu Vicksburg ge- hört das Yazoogebiet, Memphis (65000) zieht den Verkehr aus dem westhchen Tennessee und dem Tiefland von Arkansas an. S. Lo u i s Fig. 16. Die Städtegruppe an der Bucht von San Francisco und das Gebiet gröfster Bevölkerungsverdichtung am Stillen Ocean. (452,000) Hegt m der Mitte zwischen Süden und Norden und ist Sam- melplatz für das untere Missouri-Gebiet, während der obere Mississippi schon in den Ki-eis von Chicago gehört. Die Ph3^siognomie beider Gruppen ist weit verschieden : s. von S. Louis Alter und langsamer Fortschritt, n. davon dasselbe jugendhche Aufschielsen wie in der Seenregion und selbst in manchen kleineren Städten ausgesprochen neuengländischer T}^us. Ein einzige Stellung nimmt die nördlichste Grofsstadt Minnea- polis-S. Paul (300 000) ein, die am Ende der Schiffbarkeit des Mis- sissippi hegt, wo die Fälle gewaltige Wasserkräfte darbieten, durch die die gröfste Mühlenstadt der Erde sich entwickeln konnte. Unter den Missouristädten treten die Kreuz ungspunkte der grofsen Westbahnen 342 Städtegruppen. mit dem Strome hervor: Kansas City (133 nOO") an der Kansas Pacifik-, Omaha (140000) an der Central Pacifik-Bahn, dieses Sammelpunkt für das Becken des Kansas, jenes für das des Platte, dieses zu S. Louis, jenes zu Chicago gehörig. Was weiter im Norden an der Nord Pacifik- Bahn sich entfaltet, gravitiert nach S. Paul-INIinneapoHs. In den Westgebü-gen haben an Stellen, die mehreren Thalein- gängen gegenüber für Bewässerung günstig und in der Nähe reicher Erzlager gelegen sind, sich gröfsere Bergstädte entwickelt, für die Denver (107000) t}T)isch ist: Salt Lake City (45000), Virginia City Nev. und Helena Mont. Wie zu Denver LeadviUe und Pueblo, gehören zu jeder einige der zerstreuten kleinen Mittelpunkte der Berg- werksregion. Cheyenne ist die Stadt des Evans-Passes. Am Stillen Ocean sind die Gebiete der Städtebüdung zugleich die der gröfsten Bevölkerungsverdichtungen : San Francisco (299000) mit Oakland und Sacramento, Los Angeles im oasenhaften Süden, Portland (46000), die Stadt des Oregon, und die früher genannte Gruppe in der Fjordbucht von Puget-Sund. Zu den örthchen Gründen der Städteentwickelung kommen ähnlich wie bei den Städten der Seen- region die Beziehungen zu den östhcheren, die die südkalifornischen Städte mit denen des Golfes, San Francisco mit Denver, Omaha und Chicago, che von Washington mit S. Paul-Minneaj)olis näher verbinden. XIV. Das innere AVachstum der Bevölkerung. Das innere und das äufsere Wachstum 344. Das Verhältnis der Ge- schlechter 245. Die Gröfse der Familien 345. Geburten und Todesfälle 346. Geographische Verbreitung einiger Krankheiten 352. Selbstmorde 353. Der Alters-Aufbau der Bevölkerung 353. Das innere und äufsere Wachstum. Das Wachstum der Bevölkerung der V. St. geschieht in einem so grolsen Mafse durch Zuwanderung, dals die gesamte Zunahme mit der keines anderen Volkes der Erde verghchen werden kann; denn keines kommt diesem in der Grölse der Einwanderung nahe. In den 100 Jahren, in denen die Bevölkerung der V. St. sich versechszehnfacht hat, hat die Deutschlands sich verdreifacht. Nun kennen wir seit 1821 die Gröfse des gröfsten Teils der Einwanderung und können annähernd den Beitrag schätzen, den sie zum gesamten Wachstum der Bevölkerung geliefert hat. Vgl. die Angaben auf S. 357 f., von denen man allerdings die Zahl der- jenigen abziehen mufs, die einwandern, ohne als Einwanderer ge- zählt zu werden. An den Landgrenzen besonders ist sie sicherhch nicht klein, entzog sich aber bis zu der ängstlichen Überwachung der Einwanderung, die eine ganz neue Thatsache ist, jeder Berech- nung. Zu irgend einer Zeit erscheint sie jedoch im Plus der Summe der Bevölkerung und steigert dann die natürliche Vermehrung zu einer überraschenden Höhe. Es bleibt aber immer noch eine be- trächtlichere natürliche Zunahme als in den vermehrungskräftigsten Völkern Europas. Die Weite des Raumes, die Gröfse der Aufgaben, 344 I^äs Verhältnis der Geschlechter. die Fülle der Nahrungsmittel, das jugendliche Alter der Masse der Einwanderer : alles weist auf starke Vermehrung durch Über- schufs der Geburten hin. Die Überlieferung und die geschicht- lichen Nachrichten lassen auch keinen Zweifel, dafs die Regel der starken Familien der jungen Siedelvölker auch bei den Nordameri- kanern sich bewährt hat und teilweise noch bewährt. Aber eben in der Jugend der Bewohner neuen Bodens liegt auch eine Schranke der Vermehrung, da die Geschlechter in ihnen immer ungleich verteilt sein werden, da die harte Arbeit der Urbarmachung und ersten Anpflanzung manches Leben verkürzt, und da endlich die erst Eingewanderten leichter geneigt sind als die Altansäfsigen, wieder weiter zu wandern , und damit das Verhältnis der Geschlechter immer von Neuem zu verändern. Dann wirkt aber der weite Raum auch anziehend auf die in älteren Teilen desselben Gebietes Wohnenden, veranlafst sie zu wandern und erzeugt eine Ungleich- heit der Geschlechter im entgegengesetzten Sinne, nämlich einen Frauenüberschufs unter den Zurückbleibenden, der nun ebenfalls wieder der ^^ermehrung nicht günstig ist ^). Das Verhältnis der Geschlechter. Die Geschlechter sind in der Bevölkerung der V. St. noch innner ungleich vertreten, wie in allen jungen, neubesiedelten Ländern. 1890 standen 32 067 880 Männern 30554370 Frauen gegenüber. Aber der Unterschied wird durch das Überge\vicht der älterbesiedelten Staaten immer geringer, in denen sogar durch die stärkere Auswanderung der Männer und die grofsartige Ausnützung der Frauenarbeit in den Fabriken ein Überwiegen der Weiber eingetreten ist. In allen Gebieten, die in der Urbarmachung begriffen sind, auch wenn sie dem alten Kern des Landes angeliören, wie im nördlichen Maine und den Adi- rondacks, besonders aber im ganzen Westen, und zwar vom Kannn der Alleghanies an mit der Entfernung zunehmend, finden wir die Männer in der Mehrzahl. Es ist wie ein Überschwellen der grölscren Kraft und ]<^ühnlieit- nach den noch unbesiedelten, harte Arbeit erfordernden Gebieten. Zurück bleiben die Frauen, die übrigens schon bei der ersten Zählung von 1790 in Massachusetts, \, (''bor sein Aiiftretcji bei den N(!i?ern s. o. K. 276. Gröfse der Familien. 345 Rhode Island und Connecticut im Überschufs vorhanden waren. Nur lag damals der grofse Männerüberschufs noch ganz nahe, in Vermont, Kentucky, Ohio; heute sind Kalifornien, Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, Dakota u. dgl. die frauenärmsten. In der Mitte werden die Gebiete stehen, in denen eine mäfsige wirt- schaftliche Entwickelung, die sich hauptsächlich auf den Ackerbau gründet, seit Jahrzehnten fortschreitet ; es sind das die Südstaaten, einige Staaten des alten Westens und im Osten die industrie- armen Staaten. In Pennsylvanien und New Jersey haben wir das seltenere Beispiel, dafs die Industrie den ausgleichenden Ersatz an einwandernden Männern heranzieht. Der Census von 1880 erlaubt die Staaten und Territorien nach dem Verhältnis beider Geschlechter in folgende Gruppen zu teUen: Der Überschufs der Frauen beträgt ö^/o und darüber: Distrikt von Columbien, Rhode Island, Massachusetts M. Der Überschufs der Frauen beträgt 2 "2 bis 5 % : Connecticut, New Hampshire, Nord-Carolina, Süd-CaroHna, New York, Virginien, Alabama. Der Überschufs der Männer beträgt mehr als 50 "/o und darüber : Montana, Arizona, Wyoming, Nevada, Idaho'). Der Überschufs der Männer beträgt 50 bis 20 /o : Colorado, Washington, Dakota, Kahfornien, Oregon. Der Überschufs der Männer beträgt 20 bis 10 "/o: Nebraska, New Mexiko, Kansas, Minnesota, Mchigan, Texas. Der Überschufs der Männer beträgt 10 bis 5"/e: Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Utah, Wisconsin, Illinois. Dem Gleichgewichte nähern sich mit 5" .> Männerüberschufs bis 2 Va % Frauenüberschufs : Indiana , West- Virginia , Florida , Delaware, Kentucky, Ohio, Vermont, Mississippi, Maine, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Lomsiana, New Jersey, Georgia, Maryland. Im Laufe unseres Jahr- hunderts ist die weibliche Bevölkerung immer stärker nach Westen vorgedrungen. In Kanada sind die Unterschiede ähnlich gelagert (Provinz Quebec 100,4 "/o Frauen, Manitoba 77,2), die gröfsere Zahl der Indianer läfst sie aber nicht so grofs werden. Gröfse der Familien. Diese Zahlen stehen natürlich in engem Zusammenhang mit denen für die Familien, deren man im Juni 1890 1) In Rhode Island kamen auf 100000 Männer 107 870, in :Massacliusetts 107 712 Frauen. 2) Auf 100000 Männer kamen 38 975 Frauen in Montana, 43394 in Arizona, 46897 in Wyoming, 66872 in Kalifornien. 346 Bewegung. in den V. St. 12 690152 zählte i), so dafs 4,93 Personen auf die Familie kamen. Seit 1850 ist die Gröüse der Familien stetig von 5,5 an gesunken. Sie war immer grölser im Osten als im Westen und im Süden grölser als im Norden ; aber die neue Zählung zeigt schärfere Unterschiede. Jetzt ist die durchschnittliche Zahl der FamiliengUeder im nordatlantischen Gebiet 4,69, im südatlantischen 5,25, im centralen nördlichen 4,86, im centralen südlichen 5,30, und im westlichen 4,88. Das dichtbevölkerte nordatlantische Ge- biet zeigt die kleinsten Familien, dahinter kommt der Westen und die nördliche Mitte, "also die jünger besiedelten Gebiete, und end- lich mit den gröfsten Zahlen die beiden Abschnitte des Südens. Verfolgt man die Entwickelung der Familien in den Census- berichten seit 1850, so sieht man sie in den neubesiedelten Ge- bieten von der geringsten Gröfse an rasch heranwachsen, während sie wieder abnehmen, sobald das städtische Wohnen gröfsere Aus- dehnung gewinnt. Heute sind überall in den alten Staaten des atlantischen Randes und auch schon im alten Westen die Fa- milien kleiner geworden und eine Ausnahme machen nur jene alten Staaten des Südens, wo die Negerbevölkerung vorherrscht; Mississippi und das westliche Tennessee bilden das gröfste zu- sammenhängende Gebiet grölser Familien im Mississippi-Becken ^). Zwischen 1880 und 1890 ist nahezu in allen Städten mit mehr als 10000 Wohnungen die Gröfse der Familien zurückgegangen, ausgenommen wieder den Süden und jungen Westen. Die ent- sprechende Thatsache des wachsenden Überschusses der Familien über die Wohnungen (s. S. 326) hängt sicherlich damit zusammen. Bewegung. Geburten und Todesfälle werden nicht für das gesamte Gebiet der V. St. gezählt, und nur Schätzungen sind es, die 1) Als Familie bezeichnet der Census von 1890 nicht nur die gewöhn- lich so genannte Vereinigung von Eltern, Kindern u. s. w., sondern auch die Alleinlebenden und die gröfseren, unter gemeinsamem Dache beisammen- lebenden Gemeinschaften, also die Insassen von Gasthäusern, Gefängnissen, Hospitälern. Die Familie wird dadurcli natürlich erweitert, angeblich in ge- ringem Mafse. In Massachusetts , dessen Staatscensus für 1885 die Familie im gewohnten Sinne fafst, beträgt die Zahl der Fainiliongliedcr 4,45, während die Familie im Sinne des Census der V. St. 4,58 zählt. 2) Über die Bedciitmig dieser Thatsache vgl. o. S. 272. Geringe Zahl der Geburten. 347 wir in den Censusberichten über Vital Statistics ^) finden. Wohl aber stellen die amtlichen Zählungen einige andere Zahlen fest, die für die Erkenntnis der Fortbildung oder Rückbildung dieses Volks- körpers von Bedeutung sind. Wir erwähnen zuerst die der Kjinder unter 1 Jahr, für die in den amtlichen Volkszählungen eine Spalte offen gehalten ist. Aber ihre Zählung geschieht so ungenau, dafs die Censusberichte das Ergebnis nur in stark korrigierter Form zu geben vermögen. Es wird die Zahl der Geburten aus der der Kinder berechnet, die im Censusjahre geboren waren und Ende desselben noch lebten. Man zählte 1880 1 auf 34,6 der Ge- samtbevölkerung. Ordnet man die Staaten und Territorien nach diesem Verhältnis, so findet man, dafs am kinderreichsten alle jüngeren, aber schon seit mehreren Generationen besiedelten Ge- biete sind, so ein auffallender Streifen, der von Dakota bis Texas zu verfolgen ist, dann die Süd-Staaten, die Industriegebiete und das Gebiet der Polygamie; am kinderärmsteu sind die Neuengland- staaten und die daran angrenzenden Striche des w. New York und Pennsylvanien, zwei der jüngsten im pacifischen Westen und nahezu alle erst in der Besiedelung begriffenen Staaten und Territorien, also vor\\degend die Gebiete mit erheblichem Frauen- oder Männerüberschufs. Aber auch schon in dem alten Westen beginnt die Kinderarmut aus dem Nordosten herüberzugreifen. Nach dem Census von 1880 steht dem Minimum der Geburten- zahl von 19,1 in New Hampshire das Maximum von 42,7 in Arkansas gegenüber.	35,501
sn83045462_1952-11-15_1_9_1	US-PD-Newspapers	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,952	None	None	English	Spoken	3,792	7,909	Truman Will Speak as Cornerstone Rites for Jewish Temple President Truman will speak at a cornerstone laying ceremony for the new Washington Hebrew Congregation, temple at 3 p.m. tomorrow at Massachusetts avenue and Macomb street N.W. He will be introduced by Rabbi Norman Gertsenfeld, spiritual leader of the congregation. The ceremony will climax the 100th anniversary observance of the congregation’s founding in 1852. President Truman will be assisted by District Commissioner Renah F. Camalier. Greetings to Be Extended. Greetings will be extended by District Commissioner F. Joseph Donohue, Joseph D. Kaufman, chairman of the day’s events, and Rabbi Maurice Eisendrath, president. Union of American Hebrew Congregations. Others will include Rabbi David H. Panitz, spiritual leader of Adas Israel Congregation; Garfield I. Kass, president of Washington Hebrew Congregation, and Rabbi Hugo B. Schiff, assistant rabbi of the congregation. A presentation to Mrs. Truman will be made by Mrs. Charles Goldsmith and Mrs. Abram Simon of the congregation. The new temple, on which construction was begun in June, will seat 2,000 persons. It will be air-conditioned and there will be ample parking space. The Sunday School section will have 20 classrooms accommodating more than 700 students, a dining room seating 300 persons and a social hall seating 600 persons. In addition, there will be offices for the rabbis and temple officials, a library and lounges for men and women. Following the ceremony, friends and members of the congregation will attend a reception from 4:30 to 6:30 pm. in the Shoreham Hotel. Washington Hebrew Congregation has worshipped at 816 Eighth Street N.W. since the Civil War. The present structure was dedicated in 1898. President McKinley witnessed that cornerstone laying ceremony on September 15, 1897. Catholic Students Plan Area Spiritual Retreat More than 5,000 Catholic students in non-Catholic secondary schools are expected to enroll for a two-day spiritual retreat in 41 area churches Wednesday and Thursday. The retreat is sponsored by the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine of the Archdiocese of Washington. Students attending District public schools are permitted to attend the functions after requesting permission from school authorities. Spiritualist Church 1322 Vermont Ave. N.W. Services and Reading Sundays, 8:00 p.m. REV. MARY A. McFARLAND, Pastor. KING, 1314 14th ST. N.W., APT. 8. Spiritual Reading by Appointment. Beane, Friday Evening, 8 p.m. MI. 7882. REV. ETHEL JANET HIGHSMITH 8805 6th St. N.E., DU. 8430. Reading by Appointment. 8:00 a.m. and 9:00 p.m. SPIRITUAL CHURCH OF DIVINE TRUTH, INC. Services Tuesday and Thursday, 8:00 p.m. REV. PAULINE EVANS, Pastor 1740 Park Bead N.W. Consultation by Appointment Only Tel. HO. 3096. TRINITY SPIRITUAL CHURCH REV. DR. CLARA M. PHILLIPS 713 Van Buren St. N.W. Services and Messages Sunday, 7:30 p.m. Consultation by Appointment. GE. 0641. REV. V. M. THRASH 2016 O St. N.W. MI. 0329 Messages, Wed., 8 p.m., Appt. SEE PROPHETESS MAYE Every Friday, 8:39 p.m., and Saturday, 11 a.m. to 6 p.m., Without Appointment at 147 Heckman St. S.E., Between E and F Sts. Non-Segregated Other Days. Phone JO. 8-3056 for Appointment. FIRST REFORMED REV. R. NELSEN SCHLEGEL, Minister 9:30 a.m.—Worship Service. 9:45 a.m.—Church School. 11:00 a.m.—Worship on Sermon. 6:30 p.m.—Youth Fellowship. A LUTHERAN EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN ZE Twentieth and G Streets N.W. Yewewi%Bwif-\| F „ emrty Church on the Corner - HENRY C. KOCH, D.D., Minister. 10:00 a.m.—Bible School. 11:00 a.m.—Worship Service. Sermon: "THE CHURCH AND THE KINGDOM" Nursery During Church Hour GRACE REFORMED REV. ROBERT W. OLEWILER, Fester Cornelia L. Kinsella, A. G. O., Minister of Music 9:40 a.m.—Church School for All Ages. 9:00 a.m.—Two Identical Services, Sermon: "GOD'S ANSWER TO TIMIDITY" Nursery During Service Arlington Blvd. at No. Geo. Mason Dr., Arl., Va. E. L. REY. PHILIP J. ANSTEDT, Pastor 9:30 a.m.—Bible School. 11:00 a.m.—Nursery. 11:00 a.m.—Sermon: "THE UNFATHOMABLE CHRIST." Sag A&pgntifit dHyurrly PEACE FOR 1,000 YEARS? A Millenium of Peace and Prosperity OR— BIBLE PROPHECY REVEALS THE FUTURE COME TO THE CAPITAL MEMORIAL CHURCH Fifth and F Streets N.W. Next Sunday, Nov. 16, 7:30 p.m. Hear W. JOHN CANNON AND DON YOST the Southern Potomac Presbytery and the Northern Washington City Presbytery examine old volume at a historic joint session last week in the Old Meeting House, Alexandria, Va. Church leaders are (left to right) the Rev. Richmond A. Fairley, Potomac Presbytery Moderator; Dr. Ralph K. Merker, Stated Clerk, and the Rev. Wendell S. Tredick, Moderator, Washington City Presbytery, and the Rev. Hoover H. Bear, Stated Clerk, Potomac Presbytery. The presbyteries last met together in 1878. Ten years earlier the denomination had split into Southern and Northern churches over the slavery issue. —Star Staff Photo. Arlington Marine Colonel Wins Congressional Medal of Honor Led Retreat in 1950; Two Other Marines Also Get Award Marine Lt. Col. Raymond G. Davis of 128 South Fenwick street, Arlington, has been awarded the Medal of Honor for heroism in the fighting retreat from North east Korea in the campaign of 1950. President Truman will present the Nation’s highest military decoration to Col. Davis and to two other Marine heroes at a White House ceremony November 24. The other two, since retired because of wounds suffered during their acts of gallantry, are Sgt. Robert S. Kennemore, 32, who now lives with his wife, three sons and his father in Greenville, S. C., and Sgt. Hector A. Cafferata, jr., 23, who lives with his parents in Montville, N. J. Col. Davis has a wife and three children. He is the son of Mr. and Mrs. Raymond R. Davis of Goggins, Ga. Held Open Retreat Line. He won the Medal of Honor for conspicuous gallantry in commanding the 1st Battalion of the 7th Marine Regiment in a daring battle which held open the icy line of withdrawal through the Korean mountains for two Marine regiments. Col. Davis first led his battalion to relieve a beleaguered company and then to seize and hold a vital mountain pass. The official record of his exploits said he personally led his troops in hand-to-hand fights and throughout four days of the most vicious kind of combat constantly inspired and encouraged his men. Although struck by shell fragments and bullets, he Not only held the pass but later led his unit out, carrying all of his wounded with him. “By his superb leadership, out standing courage and brilliant tactical ability, Lt. Col. Davis was directly instrumental in saving the beleaguered rifle company and en _ abled two Marine regiments to ! escape possible destruction,” the citation stated. » Sergeant Lost Both Legs. Col. Davis was bom in Fitzger . aid, Ga., and was graduated from I I Georgia Tech before joining the i Marine Corps. He fought in four . I World War n battles and won the ■H - r Kyg A am LT. COL. RAYMOND G. DAVIS. Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism at Peleliu. Sergt. Kennemore lost both legs when he deliberately smothered an enemy hand grenade to save the lives of his comrades. He was born in Simpsonville, S. C., and fought through World Afiombltas at Sail TRINITY nUIIDPU 12th and Rhode Island Ave. N.E. I nllll I 1 linUMIII R,v. Herbert A. Nunley, Pastor Sunday School, 9:45 o.m. Worship Service, 11 :00 a.m. Evangelistic, 7:45 p.m. Wed. and Fri., 8:00 p.m. WFAX <1220 Kc.l, SUNDAY, 2:00 P.M. CALVARY GOSPEL CHURCH 3213 Q Street N.W. (Georgetown) D. G. SCOTT, Pastor JOHN HITCHCOCK EDITH ARMSTRONG MARY JANE WOODCOCE Assistant Church Missionary Pianist D 2 and D 4 Buses and No. 30 Streetcars Pass the Door 9:45 o.m.—Sundoy School. 11:00 o.m— Sermon: "The SWEETEST PLACE in the WORLD." 7:45 p.m—Sermon: "And It SHALL COME to PASS." Services Wednesdoy and Fridoy, 7:45 p.m. “Ye Shall Know the Truth and the Truth Shall Make You Free“ FULL GOSPEL TABERHACLE 915 Massachusetts Avenue N.W. REV. LLOYD CHRISTIANSEN, Pastor R Rev. and Mrs. Paul Wyrick, Ministers of Music L Jp Sundoy School, 9:45 o.m. b 11 :00 a.m— "THE SIN OF FAULT-FINDING" 7:45 p.m— "DOOMSDAY," Tuesday, 8:00 p.m.—Young Peoples. Wednesday, 7:45 p.m.—Midweek Service. Rev. Christianskn Sunday Radio Broadcast, 5:30 p.m., WEAM, 1390 on Dial FIRST ASSEMBLY OF GOD (Formerly Silver Spring Gospel Tabernacle) Temporary Location Montcomery-Blsir High School Auditorium Dance Drive and Wayne Avenue, Silver Spring, Md. JU. 8-9712 WALTER R. WILHELM, Postor 10:00 a.m.—Sunday School. 11:30 a.m.—Worship Service. 7:45 p.m.—Evening Service. GRACE CHURCH 413 IRVING STREET (One-Half Block of N. Pershing Drive) ARLINGTON, VA. Sunday School, 10:00 a.m. Morning Worship, 11:00 a.m. Evening Service, 7:45 p.m. LEONARD M. CAMPBELL, Pastor CHRIST SATISFIES Olongrpgalimial Gilturp* CONGREGATIONAL. 10th and G Streets N.W., Ministers CARL HEATH KOPF R CHARLES W. PARKER Minister of Music, Organist Whitford L. Hall, Marion E. Gibbons 9:45 a.m.—Church School for All Ages. 11:00 a.m.—"AS YOU LIKE IT." Dr. Kopf. Young People's Groups, 8:00 p.m.—"MORE FOR PEACE."—8:00 p.m. (A New Talking Picture) 6:00 to 7:00 p.m. Organ and Choir Broadcast, WCFM (99.5 me.) Theodore Roosevelt, Minister of Education Western and Mass. Aves. at the Circle W - L Inderstrodt, Minister of Education 11:00 a.m.—Morning Worship. "ROADS TO AGREEMENT." 9:30 and 11:00 a.m.—Church School. High School Fellowship. CLEVELAND PARK 3400 Lowell Street N.W. Dr. Alfred W. Hunt, Minister Lillian Dilts, Education Director 9:30 a.m.—Church School. 11:00 a.m.—"BUILD ME A SANCTUARY." Dr. Joseph H. Stein. Nursery and Kindergarten for Young Children 4:30 p.m.—Pioneer Club. 6:30 p.m.—Young People. 11:00 a.m.—Sermon: "EMBEZZLED HEAVEN." Dr. William Stuart Nelson, Guest Speaker, DEADI C 624 M Street N.W. Cyrle d Arthur Fletcher elmes. Minister 9:30 a.m.—Graded Church School. 11:00 a.m.—"THE URGENCIES OF OUR GOSPEL." Thursday, 8:00 p.m.—Book Chat: "The Invisible Mon" by Ralph Ellison. “The Friendliest Church is the City.” (In Arlington) ROCK SPRING CHURCH 9:30 and 11:00 a.m.—Sunday School. 9:30 and 11:00 a.m.—Sermon: "ON NOT WORKING ALONE" PAUL R. HUNTER, Minister War n, seeing action on Guadalcanal and Tulagi. He was retired in October, 1951, because of his injuries. Pfc. Cafferata waged a lone battle with grenades and rifle fire to prevent an enemy break through when all the other members of his unit had been put out of action and left a gap in the American line. During the bitter fighting, an enemy grenade landed in a shallow trench where wounded Marines were sheltered. He rushed to the danger point under heavy fire, seized the grenade and hurled it free of his comrades. The explosion wounded him in the left hand and arm. Pfc. Cafferata, however, fought on until he was struck down by a sniper’s bullet. (Eliurrt? as Stutt if baling CHURCH OF DIVINE HEALING Woodburn Estates, Silver Spring, Md. (Out Georgia Avenue Ext. to Lay Hill Rd., Turn Right) Rev. Pearl Jarcy Kerwin, Minister Phone LOckwood 4-0010 Service Sunday, 8:00 p.m. Aaamblta as (Sab College Park Church Organizes Tomorrow 1 \ Hope Evangelical Lutheran Church, College Park, will hold its organization service at 4 p.m. tomorrow in the University of Maryland chapel. Principal speaker will be the Rev. Arthur M. Knudsen, of the Board of American Missions for the United Lutheran Church. Reception of confirmed members will be under the direction of the Rev. J. Frank Fife, president of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Maryland. Student members will be received by the Rev. M. D. White, president of the board for Lutheran student work in the Baltimore-Washington territory. Pastor of the new congregation, which eventually will have its own chapel near the university campus, is the Rev. Otto Reimherr. He is assisted by Miss Ruth Enbelbrecht. A social will follow the service in the university armory lounge. Oscar Kurtz Reception Oscar Kurtz, newly appointed associate director of the USO Club, Lafayette Square, will be honored at a reception at 8:30 p.m. Tuesday at the Jewish Welfare Board Building, 1637 Massachusetts Avenue N.W. Headquarters—Methodist Building, 100 Maryland Avenue N.E. Resident Bishop, G. Bromley Oxom, D.D., LL.D. District Superintendents, John C. Million, D.D., on Philip C. Edwards, P.D. Spiritual Life Mission November 30 to December 5 Is 200 Methodist Churches in Greater Washington V 6100 Georgia Avenue N.W. LIVING EDGAR C. BEERY, D.D., Minister DEDICATION SERVICES AND BIRTHDAY PARTY THE EDUCATIONAL BUILDING AND MEMORIALS WILL BE DEDICATED AT 11:00 A.M. With the Sermon by Bishop Wilbur E. Hamaker, of the Methodist Church, open house will be held at 6:30 p.m. for inspection of the building and other property improvements followed at 7:00 p.m. with a BIRTHDAY PARTY celebrating the 120th anniversary of Emory Fellowhood... Entertainment... Refreshments... RHODE ISLAND AVE. "THE'S." REV JAMES A. DUDLEY, Minister GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY 11:00 a.m.—Rev. G. I. Humphreys, D.D., Guest Preacher, Minister of Rhode Island Avenue Church, 1916-1923 7:30 p.m.—Rev. W. Arnem Roberts, Guest Preacher, Minister of Rhode Island Avenue Church, 1947-1951 9:30 a.m.—Church School. 5:30 p.m.—Youth Fellowship. 6:30 p.m.—Fellowship Supper. 9:45 a.m.—Church School. 7:00 p.m.—M. Y. F. 9:45 a.m.—Church School, All Ages. 11:00 a.m.—Sermon: "TRADE YOUR SECOND-HAND RELIGION." 7:30 p.m.—School of Christian Living. Professor Wayne McLom. 1459 Columbia Convenient to Bus V/mRJ w nkH. X Rood N.W. and Car Line Orris Gravener Robinson and John Ansen Mote, Ministers, 9:45 a.m. Church School Classes. 11:00 a.m.—Nursery Care. 9:45 a.m.—Men's Bible Class. John Fisher, Teacher. 50th Anniversary Observance, November 16-December 7: 11:00 a.m.—"YESTERDAY AND TODAY." Dr. Robinson. 8:00 p.m.—Organ Recital. Louis A. Potter, F.A.G.O., Calvary Organist, 1928-1946. Dumbarton Ave. Georgetown, Off Wis. Ave. "Mother of Methodism" Founded Dec. 24, 1772, by Bishop Asbury. REV. C. L. DAWSON, S. T. D., Minister. 11:00 a.m.—"JOASH CHEST." 7:30 p.m.—Vesper Service. WT W ¥ A IV 20th St. Just Off P. Ave. N.W. U 11 U U EDWARD B. LEWIS, Th. M., Minister. METHODIST STUDENT CENTER. 11:00 a.m.—Sermon: "THE POWER TO HEAL." Nursery During Service. 9:45 a.m.—Sunday School. 7:00 p.m.—Wesley Fellowship. "VISIT METHODISM'S HISTORIC DOWNTOWN CHURCH," Metropolitan Memorial THE NATIONAL CHURCH Nebraska end New Mexico Aves. N.W. EDWARD GARDINER LATCH, D.D., Minister Frank Reid Isaac, Assistant to the Minister 9:30 and 11:00 a.m. — 'RESOURCES FOR THE EXPERIENCE OF SUFFERING' 9:30 and 11:00 a.m. — Sunday School. 7:00 p.m.—Youth Groups. MOUNT VERNON PLACE 900 Massachusetts Ave. N.W. Ministers: Albert P. Shirkey, William R. Wright Minister of Music: R. Deene Shura 10:00 a.m.—Church School for All Ages. 9:00 and 11:13 a.m.— "TRUMPETER OF THE TIMELESS." 6:45 p.m — "GO IN FOR REPAIRS." Dr. Shirkey Preaching at All Three Services Wisconsin Ave., at River Rd. N.W. Dr. R. L. Lenders, Minister Robert L. Lenders, Minister of Music 9:30 a.m.—Church School Assembly. 11:00 a.m. — "YOU ARE THE TEMPLE OF GOD" (Church Hour Nursery) 6:30 and 7:00 p.m.—Youth Groups. 8:00 p.m.—Vespers. Guest Speaker, DR. JOSEPH R. SIZOO, "WHAT I SAW IN KOREA." A Cordial Invitation To All Wednesday, 7:30 p.m.—Proyer and Bible Study. 14 A.M. LINE at the Weatherman 11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11 9:45 a.m.—M. Y. F. Morning Session. 11:00 a.m.—"WHERE GENEROSITY BEGINS" Nursery to the Reformer Nurse is Attendance 5:30 p.m.—Older Youth and Young Adults. Thursday, 7:30 p.m.—Bible Study and Proverb in the Choir. FOUNDRY 16th Street Near P Street N.W. Ministers: FREDERICK BROWN HARRIS F. NORMAN VAN BRUNT 9:45 a.m.—Church School. 11:00 a.m.—"A ROSARY OF MEMORY." Dr. Harris. 4:00 p.m.—Anniversary Reception, Church Parlor. 8:00 p.m.—"WE HEAR, O LORD, THY SUMMONS." Mr. Von Brunt. 7:30 and 11:00 a.m.— THE AWFUL CONTINGENCIES Conn. Ave. and Jocelyn St. N.W., 6:00, C. Stanley Lowell, Minister by Rowell 9:30 and 11:00 a.m.—Church School. Director's Music on Sunday, 7:30 p.m.—Youth Groups. Francis Asbury 9:30 a.m.—Sunday School. 9:45 a.m.—Prettyman Bible Class for Men. Hon. Carl Elliott, Teacher. 11:00 a.m.—Guest Preacher, Dr. Wayne McLaine Sermon: "ANCIENT EXAMPLE." Nursery During Service 6:00 to 8:00 p.m.—Family Fellowship. Mr. Emery Foster, "BELIEFS OF UNITARIANS." Thursday, 8:00 p.m.—Proyer Group Meeting. Clifton Chase A Community Church Ministers: Clifford Homer Richmond, Charles Rather, Jr. 9:30 and 11:00 a.m.—"WITH TRUMPET." Fellowship Class, 11:00 a.m—"THE GREAT COMMANDMENT AND I." J. Fred Laise, Speaker. Calvary Methodist to Hold 50th Anniversary Program Calvary Methodist Church, 1459 Columbia Road N.W., will open its 50th anniversary celebration tomorrow. Highlight of tomorrow’s festivities will be an organ recital at 8 p.m. by Louis A. Potter of Winston-Salem, N.C. Mr. Potter is a former organist of the church and conductor of the “Washington Choral Society. Tomorrow also marks 50 years of service to the church by Fred C. Croxton, 3200 Sixteenth street; N.W., Mr. Croxton, who served as the church’s first Sunday school superintendent, will preside at tomorrow's school session. Sem In the Navy, Will Discuss Navy Religious Program A seminar on the Navy’s religious and educational program will take place at 10 a.m. Thursday in the Naval Receiving Station Theater. About 800 clergymen, teachers, and interested laymen have been invited. A tour of the base and a luncheon also are scheduled. Dallas Minister to Speak “His Life Our Light,” will be the topic of a sermon by the Rev. L. N. D. Wells of Dallas, Tex., at 10:50 a.m. tomorrow in National City Christian Church, Fourteenth Street and Massachusetts Avenue. Archbishop O'Boyle To Dedicate Church The new Holy Family Catholic Church, Colebrook avenue and Twenty-third parkway, Hillcrest; Heights, Md., will be dedicated at 11 a.m. tomorrow by the Most Rev. Patrick A. O'Boyle, Archbishop of Washington. Archbishop O’Boyle will also preside at a mass of thanksgiving celebrated by the Rev. Joseph E. Gedra, first pastor of the church, following the dedication. The brick and stone church seating 400 persons, was a gift to the archdiocese by Anthony Carozza, builder and real estate man. Approximately 1,200 persons are in the new parish. HEAR DR. JOSEPH R. SIZOO Recently Returned From Korea Sunday, Nov. 16, 1:00 p.m., at Eldbrook Methodist Church, Wisconsin Avenue at River Road N.W. Topic: "WHAT I SAW IN KOREA Sir, I will be there." A. 4- 71 •• (GEORGETOWN) 8:00 p.m.—Sunday School for All Ages. Men's Harrison Bible Class. Dr. Elmer Kayser, Teacher 8:30 and 11:00 a.m.—"THE KEY TO THE TREASURE OF LIFE." 5:00 p.m.—In Termediate M.Y. F. 6:00 p.m.—Senior High M. Y. F. 7:00 p.m—Family Night Film: “DEDICATED MEN," All Welcome. New Hampshire Ave. at Grant Circle Dr. Ralph D. Smith, Minister 9:30 a.m.—Church School. 11:00 a.m.—Junior Church Also Church Nursery. 11:00 a.m.—Sermon: "LIFE'S BACKGROUND." 7:00 p.m.—Sermon: "LIFE'S BACKGROUND." 7:00 p.m.—Youth Fellowship. D Y I A Kl H Branch Ave. and S Street S.E. E. I LMnV MELVIN E. LEDERER, Minister 8:30 and 11:00 a.m.—"CONFIDENCE IN PRAYER." 9:45 a.m.—Church School. 7:30 p.m.—Lawrence Sts. N.E. 4H I 111 I 1111 'Buses E-t and H-2 One Block From Church) REV. G. CUSTER CROMWELL, Pastor 11:00 a.m.—Sermon: "HOLY HABITS." 9:45 a.m.—Church School. 7:00 p.m.—School of Christian Living—Adult Study, "WHAT DO YOU BELIEVE ABOUT THE HOLY SPIRIT?" 8th St. and Pe. Ave at Seward Sq. S.E. PAUL R. DIEHL, Minister 9:30 a.m.—Church School for All Ages. ERNEST J. HIGGINS, General Superintendent 11:00 a.m.—THE SPLENDOR OF SILENCE" Nursery During Service 7:30 p.m.—"KNOW YOUR BIBLE" WORSHIP IN WASHINGTON'S MOTHER CHURCH OF METHODISM A.A.K.M. 11:00 a.m.—Sermon: "THE MIRACLES OF JESUS." Nursery Dunno Services 9:30 a.m.—Church School. 7:15 p.m.—Family Night Program, Congress Heights GEORGE L. CONNOR, M.A., Minister Rev. James M. McCauley, Assistant Two Sessions of Sunday School, 9:30 and 11:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m.—Sermon: "THE WAY BACK." Nursery During Service 6:30 p.m.—Youth Fellowship. Maxine Thrift in Charge, Speaker, Mrs. Fred Page. 7:30 p.m.—Evening Worship Service —The Pastor in Charge. D.A.M. street N.E. at Lincoln Park Ll YVjIX I II L. BARRETT RICE, Minister 9:30 a.m.—Church School. 6:45 p.m.—M. Y. F. 11:00 a.m.—"RELIGION—HANDED DOWN." 8:00 p.m.—Sermon: "WORDS WORTH REPEATING." Wednesday, 8:00 p.m.—Prayer Service. South Dakota Ave. and 24th St., Rev. Dr. Walter C. Scott and Robert K. Nevitt 9:00 and 11:00 a.m.—Ideal Services. "A LIVING SACRIFICE" Two Sessions of Sunday School, HADLEY HILL Four Corners, Silver Spring, Md. All VIII Inhuman Rev. Marion S. Michael, Pester 9:00 and 11:00 a.m.—Sermon: "THE STAR WITNESS." 9:45 a.m.—Church School. 7:00 p.m.—M. Y. F. Groups. At the Heart of the Community with the Community at Heart ARLINGTON Glebe Rood at South Eighth St., Arlington, Virginia HARRY WARDELL BACKHUS, Minister George W. Harrison, Assoc. Minister. Miss Louise Aycock, Dir. Edward 9:30 and 11:00 a.m.—Church School. 9:30 and 11:00 a.m.—"WHAT ELSE WILL YOU LEAVE BESIDES A TOMB?" The Rev. Mr. Backhus Preaching of Both Services. MIMMIMTV Key BM - b N - Bryan s> ” A,lin 9 ten'v «* VUmlfllll I V HAMPDEN H. SMITH, Jr., Minister 9:30 and 11:00 a.m.—Church School. 9:30 and 11:00 a.m.—"LIFE IS A LETTER." 9:30 a.m.—Church School. 7:00 p.m.—Youth Groups. 9:00 a.m.—(UP North Glebe Rd. at 16th St., Arlington, Va. REV. H. S. COFFEY, Minister Two Morning Worship Services 10:15 a.m.——"EYELESS IN GAZA." Dr. Coffey. 11:15 a.m.——"YOU MAKE THE CHOICE." George Hildebrand. 9:00 a.m.—Church School, All Ages. 11:15 a.m.—Nursery Through Junior Deportment. A n EkinAkl North Irving & Sixth Sts., Arl., Va. V* LAKE IN IS VS IX DR. C. FRED WILLIAMS, Minister 9:00 and 11:15 a.m.—Sermon by Dr. John H. Pearson, District Superintendent. NORTHWEST Hetois fH Clarence E. Wise, Minister 9:45 a.m.—Church School 11:00 a.m.—“Our Son and Daughter.” Nartery During Service 7:00 p.m.—Youth Fellowship Group. A.M.E. CHURCH METROPOLITAN AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL ISIS M Street N.W. Rev. G Dewey, Rector. 9:30 a.m.—Church School. 11:00 a.m.—Morning: Worship. 6:00 p.m.—Allen C.S. League 7:00 p.m.—Anniversary Service. NORTHEAST WAUGH METHODIST Third and A Sts. N.E. REV. HIRL A. KESTER, Minister 9:45 a.m.—Church School 11:00 a.m.—“THE HEAVENLY VISION" SOUTHEAST North Carolina Ave. BHi and B Sts. S.E. ELMER A. WILCHER, Minister 9:45 a.m.—Church School Worship Service 11:00 a.m. FIRST-BRADBURY STATIONS. Bowen Rd. at Alabama Ave. S.E. DORSET E. STURGIS, Minister 9:45 a.m. — Church School 11:00 a.m. — “WHOSE SON IS HE?” 11:00 a.m. — Nursery and Beginners. 7:00 p.m.— Youth Fellowship. [THE EVENING STAR] Washington, D.C. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 1926 Sitting for the first division of the First Division Church THE BURLINGTON HOTEL 1120 Vermont Ave. N.W. ADDIE REA PEOPLES, D.S.D. Sunday, 11:00 a.m. "SPIRITUAL COURAGE" Thursday, 8:00 p.m. "LET THERE BE LIGHT" CHURCH OF THE HEALING CHRIST tree at St. NW. 8:00 p.m. GRACE L. PADS, Minister 8:00 p.m. — SUNDAY 11:00 a.m. "YE ARE THE LIGHT" THURSDAY 8:00 p.m. "GREAT MEN" Guest Speaker, Dr. Walter Liles MONTGOMERY COUNTY, MD. WOODSIDE 8814 Ga. Ave., Silver Springs, MD. J. MILTON ROGERS, D.D., Minister. EDGAR A. SEXSMITH, D.D., Associate. 8:30 a.m. — Church School. 9:00 and 11:00 a.m. “GOD'S CALL TO REVERENCE” GRACE 7001 New Hampshire Avenue Raymond Hunter Brown, S.D., Minister 9:30 and 11:00 a.m. — Church School. 9:30 and 11:00 a.m.—Worship Serviced. 7:00 p.m.—Youth Groups. BETHESDA, AID. Hantlinxten Fhy. and Geercetown Rd. HARTWELL F CHANDLER. Fast Selwyn K. Cockrell. Associate Pastor 9:30 and 11:00 a.m.—Church School 9:30 and 11:00 a.m.—Worship. 6:46 p.m.—M. T. F. PRINCE GEORGES CO., MP. funeral JRetlfoiitflt 431½ Farr scat St., Hyattsville, ML DR CHADNCEY C. DAY, Minister 9:45 a.m.—Bund’ School 11:00 a.m.—Sermon: “ACKNOWLEDGING GOD’S MERCIES.” 7:00 p.m.—M. Y. F. Hyattsville, First Baltimore Blvd Edgar W Beckett, A.M. 8.D., Minister 9:00 to 10:45 a.m.—Church School In the New Educational Building. Three Identical Services 9:00, 11:00 and 5:00 p.m. “HOLY HABITS THAT CHANGE LIFE.” verger oroutdea for Children 8:00 p.m.—Mr. Victor Hood. AIT. RAINIER 36th and Banker Hill Read REV JOHN J. DAWSON, Minister 9:30 a.m.—Church School. 8:00 p.m.—Worship Services. 7:00 p.m.— Epworth Fellowship. A-9.	49,079
https://github.com/pdg-solutions/element-angular/blob/master/release/container/directives/footer.directive.d.ts	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	null	element-angular	pdg-solutions	TypeScript	Code	36	96	import { OnChanges, OnInit } from '@angular/core'; import { NgStyle } from '@angular/common'; export declare class ElFooterDirective implements OnChanges, OnInit { private ngStyle; height: string; private hostStyles; constructor(ngStyle: NgStyle); ngOnChanges(): void; ngOnInit(): void; private colletClasses; }	25,118
https://github.com/aliyun/aliyun-openapi-java-sdk/blob/master/aliyun-java-sdk-edas/src/main/java/com/aliyuncs/edas/transform/v20170801/UpdateSwimmingLaneResponseUnmarshaller.java	Github Open Source	Open Source	Apache-2.0	2,023	aliyun-openapi-java-sdk	aliyun	Java	Code	171	974	/* * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package com.aliyuncs.edas.transform.v20170801; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import com.aliyuncs.edas.model.v20170801.UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse; import com.aliyuncs.edas.model.v20170801.UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.Data; import com.aliyuncs.edas.model.v20170801.UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.Data.SwimmingLaneAppRelationShip; import com.aliyuncs.transform.UnmarshallerContext; public class UpdateSwimmingLaneResponseUnmarshaller { public static UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse unmarshall(UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse updateSwimmingLaneResponse, UnmarshallerContext _ctx) { updateSwimmingLaneResponse.setRequestId(_ctx.stringValue("UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.RequestId")); updateSwimmingLaneResponse.setCode(_ctx.integerValue("UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.Code")); updateSwimmingLaneResponse.setMessage(_ctx.stringValue("UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.Message")); Data data = new Data(); data.setNamespaceId(_ctx.stringValue("UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.Data.NamespaceId")); data.setGroupId(_ctx.longValue("UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.Data.GroupId")); data.setEntryRule(_ctx.stringValue("UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.Data.EntryRule")); data.setTag(_ctx.stringValue("UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.Data.Tag")); data.setName(_ctx.stringValue("UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.Data.Name")); data.setId(_ctx.longValue("UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.Data.Id")); List<SwimmingLaneAppRelationShip> swimmingLaneAppRelationShipList = new ArrayList<SwimmingLaneAppRelationShip>(); for (int i = 0; i < _ctx.lengthValue("UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.Data.SwimmingLaneAppRelationShipList.Length"); i++) { SwimmingLaneAppRelationShip swimmingLaneAppRelationShip = new SwimmingLaneAppRelationShip(); swimmingLaneAppRelationShip.setAppName(_ctx.stringValue("UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.Data.SwimmingLaneAppRelationShipList["+ i +"].AppName")); swimmingLaneAppRelationShip.setRules(_ctx.stringValue("UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.Data.SwimmingLaneAppRelationShipList["+ i +"].Rules")); swimmingLaneAppRelationShip.setLaneId(_ctx.longValue("UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.Data.SwimmingLaneAppRelationShipList["+ i +"].LaneId")); swimmingLaneAppRelationShip.setAppId(_ctx.stringValue("UpdateSwimmingLaneResponse.Data.SwimmingLaneAppRelationShipList["+ i +"].AppId")); swimmingLaneAppRelationShipList.add(swimmingLaneAppRelationShip); } data.setSwimmingLaneAppRelationShipList(swimmingLaneAppRelationShipList); updateSwimmingLaneResponse.setData(data); return updateSwimmingLaneResponse; } }	32,031
https://github.com/pavsaund/cli/blob/master/Source/dolittle.js	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	null	cli	pavsaund	JavaScript	Code	167	433	#!/usr/bin/env node /--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copyright (c) Dolittle. All rights reserved. * Licensed under the MIT License. See LICENSE in the project root for license information. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------/ import args from 'args'; import globals from './globals'; // * First run - configure default bounded-context language. Store in config file in ~/.dolittle // * let pkg = require('../package.json'); console.log(`Dolittle CLI v${pkg.version}\n`); let updating = false; args .command('update', 'Update all artifacts', () => { updating = true; globals.boilerPlatesManager.update().then(() => { return; }); }) .command('cluster', 'Work with cluster hosting Dolittle') .command('create', 'Create something from one of the boilerplates') .command('add', 'Adds an Artifact to the Bounded Context'); args.parse(process.argv); let showHelpIfNeeded = () => { if( !args.sub.length ) args.showHelp(); }; if ( !updating && (globals.configManager.isFirstRun \|\| !globals.boilerPlatesManager.hasBoilerPlates) ) { if( globals.configManager.isFirstRun ) globals.logger.info('This is the first time you run this tool, hang on tight while we get it ready'); else globals.logger.info('There are no boiler plates, hang on tight while we get it ready'); globals.boilerPlatesManager.update().then(() => { console.log('\n'); showHelpIfNeeded(); }); } else { showHelpIfNeeded(); }	8,339
US-201314046613-A_1	USPTO	Open Government	Public Domain	2,013	None	None	English	Spoken	5,162	6,852	Satellite with deployable payload modules ABSTRACT A telecommunication satellite with geostationary orbit comprises an upper module, a lower module, and a lateral module, disposed in a storage configuration between the upper module and the lower module, and deployed to an operational configuration of the satellite in the orbit by a rotation in relation to an axis Z oriented towards the earth in the operational configuration. The lateral module comprises two substantially plane and mutually parallel main surfaces, termed dissipative surfaces, able to dissipate by radiation a quantity of heat generated by facilities of the satellite; the dissipative surfaces being, in the operational configuration, held in a manner substantially parallel to the plane of the orbit, making it possible to limit the solar flux received by the dissipative surfaces and to optimize the quantity of heat dissipated by the lateral module. CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority to foreign French patent applicationNo. FR 1202663, filed on Oct. 5, 2012, the disclosure of which isincorporated by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the field of telecommunicationsatellites and more particularly it pertains to a satellite architecturecomprising one or more payload modules deployable after a phase oflaunching the satellite. BACKGROUND A telecommunication satellite is placed in mission orbit by thecombination of a launcher spacecraft and of its own propulsion means.According to a known technique, diverse service instruments and missioninstruments are held against the structure of the satellite in a firstconfiguration, termed the storage configuration. After separation withthe launcher spacecraft, these instruments are deployed to anoperational configuration allowing their operation. Thus, theimplementation of solar generators held against North and South faces ofa parallelepipedal structure during a launch phase, and deployed andoriented towards the sun after separation of the launcher craft, isknown. It is also known to employ antenna reflectors held against Eastand West faces of the structure in the storage configuration anddeployed so as to allow during the mission the reflection of a beam ofwaves between a source block fixed to the structure and a zone ofcoverage of the terrestrial globe. The increasing of the payload capacity of a satellite within the limitsimposed by the nose cone of the launcher spacecraft remains an importantissue. Advances in telecommunications services (reduction in the sizeand power of the user terminals on the ground, geographical reuse offrequencies, related to the sparseness of the spectrum, search for moreprecise contours formed) involve improvements to the performance ofantennas. Employing high focal length antennas, or antenna reflectors ofwide diameter, constitutes an avenue of progress. To boost the power ofantennas, it is also apposite to increase the dissipative capacity ofthe satellite so as to optimize the evacuation of heat generated by themission instruments. More generally, it is sought to increase the areaof the surface for rigging facilities on the structure of the satellite,within the limits imposed by the nose cone of the launcher craft. FIGS. 1 a and 1 b represent a telecommunication satellite of customaryarchitecture. A satellite 10 is represented in FIG. 1 a in anoperational configuration allowing the operation of the missioninstruments of the satellite in its orbit. The satellite 10 isrepresented in FIG. 1 b in a storage configuration. As represented inFIG. 1 b, the satellite can be placed in the interior volume 30 of anose cone 31 of a launcher spacecraft. A telecommunication satellite of customary architecture generallycomprises a substantially parallelepipedal structure 11 whoseorientation is held constant with respect to the earth in theoperational configuration. The person skilled in the art uses areference trihedron tied to the satellite consisting of an axis Zoriented towards the earth, of an axis Y perpendicular to the plane ofthe orbit, and of an axis X forming with the Y and Z axes a right-handedorthogonal reference frame; the X axis then lying along the direction ofthe velocity in the particular case of circular orbits. In a conventional architecture, a face 13 of the structure 11,perpendicular to the Z axis, is commonly called the earth face becauseof its orientation towards the earth, the opposite face 14 commonlybeing called the anti-earth face. A face 15 perpendicular to the Y axisand oriented towards the North in the terrestrial magnetic field iscalled the North face; the opposite face 16 commonly being called theSouth face. A face 17 perpendicular to the X axis and oriented in thedirection of the displacement of the satellite is called the East face;the opposite face 18 commonly being called the West face. On the North and South faces are customarily fixed solar generators 19and 20 which ensure the electrical energy supply to the satellite. Theselatter are motorized so that the surfaces which bear the photovoltaiccells always point towards the sun. The North and South faces also havethe particular feature, whatever the position of the satellite in theorbit, of receiving the solar flux with a low or indeed zero incidence.They are therefore used to radiate into space the energy dissipated bythe operation of the electrical facilities of the satellite. The otherfaces receive the solar flux with a high incidence according to theposition of the satellite in its orbit. In the storage configuration,the solar generators are folded up and held against the North and Southfaces so as to limit their bulk and ensure that they are held so as towithstand the dynamic accelerations and the high vibratory stresses ofthe launch phase. On the earth face are generally mounted diverse mission instruments,such as for example a gregorian telecommunication antenna 9 such asrepresented in FIG. 1 a. The anti-earth face is generally used to fixthe satellite to the launcher. It also generally carries the apogeemotor charged with ensuring that the satellite is placed on station as asupplement to the launcher spacecraft. The East and West faces can be used to rig up antennas. Antennascomprising a radiofrequency source 21 fixed on the structure of thesatellite and a deployable reflector 22 such as represented in FIG. 1 aare in particular known. In the storage configuration, the antennareflector is held against an East or West face, it is thereafterdeployed by a rotation motion around an axis substantially parallel tothe Y axis. In the operational configuration, the reflector 22 ispositioned so as to reflect, in an optimal manner, a beam of wavesbetween the radiofrequency source 21 and a targeted terrestrial coveragezone. The radiofrequency sources, associated with reflectors deployed asEast or West faces are usually fixed to the structure of the satelliteon the East or West faces, or on the edges common to the East or Westfaces and to the earth face, or else on the earth face in the case ofthe use of intermediate reflectors, which ensure the reflection of thebeam of waves between the source and the deployable reflector. The current solutions suffer from limits that the present inventionseeks to solve. Thus, an antenna reflector held against the structure ofthe satellite is constrained by the dimensions of the structure of thesatellite having to be stored in the nose cone of a launcher craft.Typically the diameter of the rigid reflectors 22 and 23 is generallylimited to the dimensions of the faces of the parallelepipedal structureof the satellite. A known alternative solution consists in havingunfurlable reflectors consisting of several rigid parts. This type ofreflector which generates interference of the beam by the presence onthe reflecting surface of uncontrolled reliefs related to the deploymentof the various rigid parts of the reflector is in practice little used. Moreover, the dissipative capacity of a satellite is constrained by thedimensions of the North and South faces. To improve this dissipativecapacity, alternative solutions consisting of unfurlable radiators areenvisaged. Here again, these alternative solutions exhibit difficulties:complexity and cost of the thermal system, increase in the mass, loss ofreliability, limitation of the deployment zones not interfering with thereflectors. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A new satellite architecture implementing wide deployable payloadmodules is proposed by the present invention. The expected benefits ofsuch an architecture are above all a capacity for carrying rigidreflectors of very wide diameters and a large increase in thedissipative capacity of the satellite thus configured. Other benefitswill also appear on reading the description of the invention. The invention is aimed at proposing an alternative solution allowingnotably the carriage of rigid reflectors of wide diameters and anincrease in the dissipative capacity of the satellite while alleviatingthe implementational difficulties cited hereinabove. For this purpose, the subject of the invention is a telecommunicationsatellite with geostationary orbit comprising an upper module, a lowermodule, and one or more lateral modules, which are disposed in a storageconfiguration between the upper module and the lower module, and aredeployed to an operational configuration of the satellite in the orbitby a rotation in relation to an axis Z oriented towards the earth in theoperational configuration. Each of the lateral modules comprises twosubstantially plane and mutually parallel main surfaces, termeddissipative surfaces, able to dissipate by radiation a quantity of heatgenerated by facilities of the satellite; the said dissipative surfacesbeing, in the operational configuration, held in a manner substantiallyparallel to the plane of the orbit, making it possible to limit thesolar flux received by the dissipative surfaces and to optimize thequantity of heat dissipated by the lateral module. Advantageously, at least one lateral module comprises two articulations,linked respectively to the upper module and to the lower module,configured so as to allow the rotation of the said lateral module inrelation to the Z axis, from the storage configuration to theoperational configuration. Advantageously, the satellite furthermore comprises a rigid structurelinking on the one hand the upper module and on the other hand the lowermodule. Advantageously, at least one lateral module comprises at leastone articulation linked to the rigid structure, configured so as toallow the rotation of the said lateral module in relation to the Z axis,from the storage configuration to the operational configuration. In a favoured embodiment of the present invention, at least one lateralmodule furthermore comprises at least one telecommunication devicecomprising an antenna reflector, a motorized mechanism linking theantenna reflector to the lateral module, and a radiofrequency sourcefixed to the lateral module and able to emit or receive a beam of waves.The said motorized mechanism is configured to hold, in the storageconfiguration, the reflector between the upper module and the lowermodule, and in a manner substantially parallel to one of the dissipativesurfaces of the lateral module and to displace and hold the saidreflector, in the operational configuration, in a position allowing thereflection of a beam of waves between the radiofrequency source and apredefined zone of coverage of the terrestrial globe. Advantageously, the radiofrequency source of one of thetelecommunication devices is fixed against a dissipative surface of thelateral module. Advantageously, the radiofrequency source of one of thetelecommunication devices is fixed against a surface of the lateralmodule that is adjacent and substantially perpendicular to the twodissipative surfaces. Advantageously, at least one lateral module comprises severaltelecommunication devices; the said satellite furthermore comprisingmeans of communication between the telecommunication devices, the uppermodule and/or the lower module; the said communication means comprisinga physical link or a link in free space. The satellite can also comprise a substantially spindly mechanicalreinforcement, linking the upper module and the lower module, and ableto rigidify the satellite. The satellite can furthermore comprise a set of solar generators held inthe storage configuration against one of the dissipative surfaces of alateral module. Advantageously, the set of solar generators is fixed to a lateralmodule, to the upper module or to the lower module. Preferably, the setof solar generators is linked electrically to the lower module. In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the satellite comprises twolateral modules configured in such a way that, in the storageconfiguration, the dissipative surfaces of the two lateral modules aresubstantially mutually parallel. Advantageously, at least one lateral module is deployed from the storageconfiguration to the operational configuration by a rotation of an anglesubstantially equal to 90 degrees. Advantageously, at least one lateral module is deployed from the storageconfiguration to the operational configuration by a rotation of an anglesubstantially equal to 180 degrees. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be better understood and other advantages will becomeapparent on reading the detailed description of the embodiments given byway of example in the following figures: FIGS. 1 a and 1 b, already presented, represent a telecommunicationsatellite of customary architecture, in the operational configurationand in the storage configuration; FIG. 2 represents an embodiment of a telecommunication satelliteaccording to the invention, in the operational configuration; FIGS. 3 a and 3 b represent, according to two side views, atelecommunication satellite according to this embodiment, in the storageconfiguration; FIGS. 4 a, 4 b and 4 c represent, according to three views, atelecommunication satellite according to this embodiment. For the sake of clarity, the same elements will bear the same labels inthe various figures. Hereinafter, reference is made to the referencetrihedron composed of the previously described axes X, Y and Z. Theorientation of the satellite can be identified in each of the figures bymeans of the trihedron represented in the figure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 2 represents an embodiment of a telecommunication satelliteaccording to the invention. In this embodiment, a telecommunicationsatellite with geostationary orbit 50 comprises a rigid structure 51, anupper module 52 and a lower module 53. The upper 52 and lower 53 modulesare secured to the rigid structure 51. In the operational configuration,the satellite being in its mission orbit, the rigid structure isoriented in a constant manner along an axis Z directed towards theearth. The upper module 52 and the lower module 53 form two ends of thestructure along the Z axis. The upper module 52 is disposed as close aspossible to the earth in the operational configuration. The lower module53 is disposed as far as possible from the earth in the operationalconfiguration. Stated otherwise, the upper module 52 is oriented towardsthe earth; the lower module 53 is oriented in a direction opposite tothe earth. In a preferred implementation of the present invention, theupper module 52 comprises a set of mission instruments; these maynotably be telecommunications instruments 54 such as represented in FIG.2. The lower module 53 preferably comprises service instruments. Thesemay in particular be propulsion systems, for orbital transfer and/or formaintaining on station, and storage devices (battery, propellant tank,Xenon tank). The satellite 50 also comprises two lateral modules 55 and 56. In thisembodiment, each module is linked on the one hand to the upper module 52and on the other hand to the lower module 53, by way of twoarticulations. The articulations of the lateral module 55 withrespectively the upper 52 and lower 53 modules are denoted 55 a and 55b; and the articulations of the lateral module 56 with respectively theupper 52 and lower 53 modules are denoted 56 a and 56 b. For eachmodule, the articulations are configured so as to allow the rotation ofthe lateral module in relation to the Z axis. In an alternativeembodiment, the rotation of a lateral module in relation to the Z axiswill be able to be rigged up not with the upper 52 and lower 53 modulesbut with the rigid structure 51 directly. In this case, the lateralmodule comprises at least one articulation linked to the rigid structure51 configured so as to allow the rotation of the said lateral module inrelation to the Z axis. In the storage configuration the lateral modules are folded up and heldagainst the structure 51 of the satellite. On completion of a phase oflaunching the satellite into its mission orbit, the lateral modules aredeployed to the operational configuration by a rotation with axis Z. Each lateral module comprises two substantially plane and mutuallyparallel main surfaces, termed dissipative surfaces. The aim of thesesurfaces is to dissipate by radiation a quantity of heat generated byfacilities of the satellite. This may notably be the heat generated bythe telecommunications systems for the emission of radiofrequencysignals of high power. To optimize the heat dissipation, the surfacesare preferably overlaid at least partially by a coating having highemissivity and low absorptivity, such as for example quartz mirrors orwhite paint. These may also be materials of OSR type, the acronymstanding for Optical Surface Radiator. With the aim of limiting the solar flux received by the dissipativesurfaces and thus optimizing the quantity of heat dissipated by thelateral module, the lateral modules are positioned in the operationalconfiguration in such a way that their dissipative surfaces are held ina manner substantially parallel to the geostationary orbit, or statedotherwise parallel to the plane (X, Z). Thus positioned, the dissipativesurfaces receive the solar flux with a low or indeed zero incidence. In the embodiment that we have described, the satellite comprises arigid structure 51 on which the upper module 52 and the lower module 53are fixed. This embodiment is not limiting of the present invention, itis also envisaged not to employ a rigid structure such as this, theupper module 52 and the lower module 53 then being linked by thedeployable lateral modules. Thus, the present invention pertains moregenerally to a telecommunication satellite with geostationary orbitcomprising an upper module 52 and a lower module 53. The satellitecomprises one or more lateral modules, which are disposed in a storageconfiguration between the upper module 52 and the lower module 53, andare deployed to an operational configuration of the satellite in theorbit by a rotation in relation to an axis Z oriented towards the earthin the operational configuration. The implementation of the deployable lateral modules according to theinvention is particularly advantageous since it makes it possible toincrease the dissipative capacity by a factor of close to 2 with respectto a conventional architecture already presented. Indeed, by employinglateral modules of large dimensions in relation to the Z axis and upper52 and lower 53 modules of low dimensions in relation to this axis, eachdissipative surface exhibits a capacity close to that of the North orSouth faces of a satellite of customary architecture. The satellite 50,which comprises two lateral modules, comprises four dissipativesurfaces, and therefore a dissipative capacity close to twice that of asatellite of conventional architecture. The lateral module 55 furthermore comprises a telecommunication devicecomprising an antenna reflector 55 c, a motorized mechanism 55 d linkingthe antenna reflector 55 c to the lateral module 55, and aradiofrequency source 55 e fixed to the lateral module 55 and able toemit or receive a beam of waves. The motorized mechanism 55 d is configured to hold, in the storageconfiguration, the reflector 55 c against a dissipative surface of thelateral module 55 termed the internal dissipative surface 55 f, orientedin the storage configuration towards the structure 51 of the satellite50. This storage configuration is described in greater detail in FIGS. 3a and 3 b. The motorized mechanism 55 d is also configured to displace and hold thereflector 55 c, in the operational configuration, in a position allowingthe reflection of a beam of waves between the radiofrequency source 55 eand a predefined zone of coverage of the terrestrial globe. The lateral module 55 also comprises a second telecommunication devicecomprising an antenna reflector 55 g, a motorized mechanism 55 h and aradiofrequency source 55 i. The motorized mechanism 55 d of the firsttelecommunication device links the reflector 55 c to the lateral module55 by way of a dissipative surface, termed the external dissipativesurface 55 j, oriented in a direction opposite to the structure 51 ofthe satellite. The motorized mechanism 55 h of the secondtelecommunication device links the reflector 55 g to the lateral module55 by way of the internal dissipative surface 55 f. In a preferred embodiment, the radiofrequency source 55 e of the firsttelecommunication device is fixed against the external dissipativesurface 55 j of the lateral module 55. The radiofrequency source 55 i ofthe second telecommunication device is fixed against a surface of thelateral module 55 that is adjacent and substantially perpendicular tothe two dissipative surfaces 55 f and 55 j. A difficulty of the present invention resides in the connection of thetelecommunication devices fixed on the lateral modules with thestructure of the satellite. The articulation between the lateral modulesand the structure renders connection by link of waveguide type difficultand expensive. The lateral modules advantageously comprise means ofcommunication by a physical link or a link in free space. These may beradio-frequency links in free space at low power, optical links ordigital links. These communication means can be implemented between thetelecommunication devices of one or more lateral modules, the uppermodule 52 and/or the lower module 53. FIGS. 3 a and 3 b represent, according to two side views, atelecommunication satellite according to the embodiment described inFIG. 2, in the storage configuration. As described previously, thesatellite 50 comprises an upper module 52, a lower module 53 and twolateral modules 55 and 56. In a preferred embodiment represented inFIGS. 2, 3 a and 3 b, each lateral module 55 and 56 is deployed from thestorage configuration to the operational configuration by a rotation ofan angle substantially equal to 180 degrees. By holding the lateralmodules between the upper and lower modules and along their extension,the satellite exhibits in the storage configuration a substantiallyparallelepipedal shape. The lateral modules 55 and 56 occupy thelocation of the South and North faces of a conventional architecture. Inan alternative embodiment of the invention, the lateral modules aredeployed from the storage configuration to the operational configurationby a rotation of an angle substantially equal to 90 degrees; the lateralmodules occupying in this case the location of the East and West facesof a conventional architecture. Note also that the satellite accordingto the invention comprises one or more lateral modules. In theembodiment represented in the figures, the satellite comprises twolateral modules configured in such a way that, in the storageconfiguration, the dissipative surfaces of the two lateral modules aresubstantially mutually parallel. In this embodiment, each lateral module comprises two telecommunicationdevices. In the storage configuration, the reflector 55 c is heldagainst the internal dissipative surface 55 f of the said lateralmodule. The second reflector 55 g is held against the first reflector 55c. The number of lateral modules, as well as the number oftelecommunication devices of each of the lateral modules, such asrepresented in the figures, do not constitute limits to the presentinvention. Likewise, the storage of a first reflector against theinternal dissipative surface, and of a second reflector against thefirst reflector is a nonlimiting embodiment of the invention. Theinvention pertains more generally to a satellite of which a lateralmodule comprises at least one telecommunication device comprising anantenna reflector, a motorized mechanism linking the antenna reflectorto the lateral module, and a radiofrequency source fixed to the lateralmodule; the motorized mechanism being configured to hold, in the storageconfiguration, the reflector between the upper module 52 and the lowermodule 53 and in a manner substantially parallel to one of thedissipative surfaces of the module, and to displace and hold the saidreflector, in the operational configuration, in a position allowing thereflection of a beam of waves between the radiofrequency source and apredefined zone of coverage of the terrestrial globe. This configuration is particularly advantageous since it makes itpossible to install rigid reflectors onboard, at the centre of thestructure of the satellite. It becomes possible to install rigidreflectors onboard, in one piece and of very large diameters. As we havedescribed in FIG. 1 b, the diameter of reflectors stored against thefaces of the parallelepipedal structure 11 is limited to the dimensionsof its faces. The nose cones of launcher spacecraft usually beingaxisymmetric, positioning the reflector at the centre of the structure,between the upper and lower modules, makes it possible to dispense withthe limit of the dimensions of the structure of the satellite. Carriageof reflectors of diameters close to the diameter of the nose conebecomes possible. Typically, the architecture of the satellite describedby the present invention advantageously allows the storage of rigidreflectors of diameters of as much as 5 metres. With the aim of reinforcing the mechanical rigidity of the structurewhatever the angular position of the lateral modules, the satellite cancomprise a substantially spindly mechanical reinforcement 51 b linkingthe upper module 52 and the lower module 53. Advantageously, amechanical reinforcement 51 b is positioned along the articulations ofeach lateral module, and is linked to the upper 52 and lower 53 modules,in proximity to the articulations. In an alternative implementation, oneor more mechanical reinforcements are positioned between the reflectorsof the two modules 55 and 56, close to the centre of the structure.Several materials can be envisaged for these mechanical reinforcements;these may in particular be carbon tubes which exhibit the advantage ofhigh mechanical strength for a competitive mass. The satellite also comprises two sets of solar generators 60 and 61. Aset of solar generators can consist of several panels folded up againstone another in the storage configuration and deployed after launcherseparation. In the embodiment of the invention, represented in thefigures, the sets of solar generators 60 and 61 are fixed on the lowermodule 53 of the satellite. They can also be fixed on the upper module52 or on a lateral module of the satellite, and linked electrically tothe lower module 53 which generally comprises the batteries. Advantageously, the satellite comprises at least one set of solargenerators held in the storage configuration against the externaldissipative surface of a lateral module. In FIGS. 3 a and 3 b, the setof solar generators 60 is held in the storage configuration against theexternal dissipative surface of the lateral module 56. The set of solargenerators 61 is held in the storage configuration against the externaldissipative surface 55 f of the lateral module 55. When the satellite is freed from the launcher spacecraft, the solargenerators are deployed, at least partially, so as to allow electricalenergy production and allow the rotation of the lateral modules. Thelateral modules are then deployed, at least partially, by rotation inrelation to the Z axis. Finally, the motorized mechanisms of the varioustelecommunication devices ensure the successive deployment of thereflectors to the operational configuration. FIGS. 4 a, 4 b and 4 c represent, according to three views, atelecommunication satellite according to the embodiment describedpreviously. The various identifiable components of the satellite 50 inthese views are such as described previously, and are therefore notrepeated in detail here. These various views illustrate the benefits of the architecture of thesatellite with respect to the solutions known from the prior art.Firstly, the proposed architecture makes it possible to install rigidreflectors of very wide diameters onboard. By storing these reflectorsat the centre of the structure, the maximum diameter which can beinstalled onboard is no longer constrained by the dimensions of thestructure but by the diameter of the nose cone of the launcherspacecraft. By way of example, for a commercial launcher of Ariane type,this signifies a reflector diameter of up to 5 metres. Note also thatthe focal length of the antennas thus configured is substantiallygreater than that accessible through a conventional architecture,limited by the dimensions of the structure of the satellite. As afunction of the definition of the motorized mechanism and of thelocation of the radiofrequency source, focal lengths lying between 3 and7 metres are envisaged, or indeed more if necessary by means ofarticulated offset arms. Mention has also been made of the increase inthe dissipative capacity by a factor of close to 2 with respect to aconventional architecture. More generally the deployable lateral modulesmake it possible to increase the area of the satellite rigging surface.Diverse mission or service facilities can be fixed to these deployablelateral modules, offering a new flexibility of design. Mission orservice facility is understood to mean by way of nonlimiting example, atelecommunication device, a set of solar generators, or any other devicein communication with the upper module or the lower module of thesatellite. 1. A telecommunication satellite with geostationary orbit comprising: anupper module and a lower module, a lateral module, disposed in a storageconfiguration between the upper module and the lower module, anddeployed to an operational configuration of the satellite in the orbitby a rotation in relation to an axis Z oriented towards the earth in theoperational configuration, the lateral module comprising at least onemission or service facility, two substantially plane and mutuallyparallel main surfaces, being dissipative surfaces, able to dissipate byradiation a quantity of heat generated by facilities of the satellite;the dissipative surfaces being, in the operational configuration, heldin a manner substantially parallel to the plane of the orbit, making itpossible to limit the solar flux received by the dissipative surfacesand to optimize the quantity of heat dissipated by the lateral module.2. The satellite according to claim 1, wherein the lateral modulecomprises two articulations, linked respectively to the upper module andto the lower module, configured so as to allow the rotation of the saidlateral module in relation to the Z axis, from the storage configurationto the operational configuration. 3. The satellite according to claim 1,further comprising a rigid structure linking the upper module and thelower module. 4. The satellite according to claim 3, whose lateralmodule comprises at least one articulation linked to the rigidstructure, configured so as to allow the rotation of the said lateralmodule in relation to the Z axis, from the storage configuration to theoperational configuration. 5. The satellite according to claim 1, ofwhich a mission or service facility is a telecommunication devicecomprising an antenna reflector, a motorized mechanism linking theantenna reflector to the lateral module, and a radiofrequency sourcefixed to the lateral module and able to emit or receive a beam of waves;the motorized mechanism being configured to hold, in the storageconfiguration, the reflector between the upper module and the lowermodule, and in a manner substantially parallel to one of the dissipativesurfaces of the lateral module and to displace and hold the saidreflector, in the operational configuration, in a position allowing thereflection of a beam of waves between the radiofrequency source and apredefined zone of coverage of the terrestrial globe. 6. The satelliteaccording to claim 5, wherein a radiofrequency source of atelecommunication device is fixed against a dissipative surface of thelateral module. 7. The satellite according to claim 5, wherein aradiofrequency source of a telecommunication device is fixed against asurface of the lateral module that is adjacent and substantiallyperpendicular to the two dissipative surfaces. 8. The satelliteaccording to claim 5, wherein the lateral module comprises severaltelecommunication devices; the satellite further comprising means ofcommunication between the telecommunication devices, the upper moduleand/or the lower module; the communication means comprising a physicallink or a link in free space. 9. The satellite according to claim 1,further comprising a substantially spindly mechanical reinforcement,linking the upper module and the lower module, and able to rigidify thesatellite. 10. The satellite according to claim 1, further comprising aset of solar generators held in the storage configuration against one ofthe dissipative surfaces of the lateral module. 11. The satelliteaccording to claim 10, wherein a set of solar generators is fixed to thelateral module, to the upper module or to the lower module. 12. Thesatellite according to claim 10, wherein a set of solar generators islinked electrically to the lower module. 13. The satellite according toclaim 1, further comprising two lateral modules configured in such a waythat, in the storage configuration, the dissipative surfaces of the twolateral modules are substantially mutually parallel. 14. The satelliteaccording to claim 1, wherein at least one lateral module is deployedfrom the storage configuration to the operational configuration by arotation of an angle substantially equal to 90 degrees. 15. Thesatellite according to claim 1, wherein at least one lateral module isdeployed from the storage configuration to the operational configurationby a rotation of an angle substantially equal to 180 degrees..	19,102
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/69977125	StackExchange	Open Web	CC-By-SA	2,021	Stack Exchange	Stephen Ostermiller, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1145388	English	Spoken	119	147	Get the data from multiple URL API I'm currently new at coding, and I'm trying to get the GDP of Mexico using the API of the government. The problems is that this API only let me select 10 economic indicators at a time. So for the data that I want I need 100 URL APIs :S Is there a way that I can put all the URL links at python and it'll give me all the information? Thanks a lot! Please provide details of the API and the code you're having a problem with I voted to close this question because there is no example code. Please [edit] your post to include a minimal, complete, readable, and reproducible example.	40,179
https://github.com/calvinti12/auctionbot/blob/master/messages/welcome_message.js	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	2,016	auctionbot	calvinti12	JavaScript	Code	42	112	module.exports = { attachment: { type: 'template', payload: { template_type: 'button', text: `Click "Start Bidding" to see our auction items. Swipe right to see the next item.`, buttons: [ { type: 'postback', title: 'Start Bidding', payload: 'SHOW-PRODUCTS' } ] } } }	32,411
https://github.com/Hyper3D/hyper2d/blob/master/src/renderer/shaders/basic/VSPassthrough.glsl	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	null	hyper2d	Hyper3D	GLSL	Code	53	174	#pragma require Common #pragma attribute a_position #pragma attribute a_textureCoord #pragma uniform u_depth #pragma uniform u_positionRange #pragma uniform u_textureCoordRange varying vec2 v_textureCoord; attribute vec2 a_position; uniform float u_depth; uniform vec4 u_positionRange; uniform vec4 u_textureCoordRange; void main() { gl_Position = vec4(a_position * u_positionRange.xy + u_positionRange.zw, u_depth, 1.); v_textureCoord = a_position * u_textureCoordRange.xy + u_textureCoordRange.zw; }	45,641
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F	Wikipedia	Open Web	CC-By-SA	2,023	Сакраментарий Геласия	https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Сакраментарий Геласия&action=history	Russian	Spoken	308	952	Сакраментарий Геласия, или Гелазианский сакраментарий () — франкский иллюминированный сакраментарий (богослужебная книга, содержащая тексты для совершения литургии). Сакраментарий Геласия — вторая по старшинству сохранившаяся западноевропейская литургическая книга; старше только Веронский сакраментарий, датированный первой четвертью VII века. Сакраментарий Геласия является важнейшим образцом меровингских иллюминированных рукописей из сохранившихся и сочетает в себе традиции поздней античности с варварскими элементами периода великого переселения народов, что сближает меровингское искусство с более известным островным искусством Великобритании и Ирландии. Известны две редакции — древняя (Vetus), относящаяся ко второй половине — концу VII века, и смешанная (Mixta), датированная VIII веком. Название рукописи было дано эрудитами XVII—XVIII веков, ошибочно атрибутировавшими оригинальный текст папе Геласию I (492—496). Ни одна из рукописей не содержит имя Геласия, однако с этим папой книгу связывает очень древняя традиция, идущая от свидетельства поэта и богослова IX века Валафрида Страбона, который приписывает создание сакраментария папе Геласию. Содержание Сакраментарий Геласия состоит из трех догригорианских частей, соответствующих литургическом году, и содержит мессы для воскресений и праздников, молитвы, таинства, молитвы при освящении воды и масла, молитвы при освящении церквей и для приёма монахинь. Датировка самого текста базируется не на характеристике рукописи, а на самой литургии: большая её часть показывает смесь римских и галльских практик, наследуемых от меровингской церкви. Среди нескольких литургических обрядов, которые существовали в Западной Европе до VIII века, двумя наиболее влиятельными были римский (латинский) обряд, распространённый в Италии, и галликанский обряд, который использовался на большей части Западной Европы, за исключением Пиренейского полуострова и Британских островов. До начала VIII века римский обряд оказывал влияние на развитие галликанского обряда, что и отражено в Сакраментарии Геласия. Однако с преобразованием франкского королевства в империю в правление Карла Великого от этого смешения традиций отказались, полностью перейдя на римский литургический обряд. См. также Каролингские иллюминированные рукописи Веронский сакраментарий Сакраментарий Карла Лысого Сакраментарий епископа Дрого Сакраментарий Генриха II Сакраментарии Рукописи VIII века Иллюминированные рукописи по алфавиту Иллюминированные рукописи VIII века Меровингское искусство	24,076
bpt6k9662621s_8	French-PD-Newspapers	Open Culture	Public Domain	null	Le Spectateur du Nord : journal politique, littéraire et moral	None	French	Spoken	7,646	11,902	h >• 29 Nivose, (18 Janvier.) Le Conseil reçoit un message du Directoire, qui donne des éclaircissemens sur les violences commises chez Garcby, ei qui les rejette sur les sentirnens anti-républicains des personnes qui fréquentent ce café. —Le Conseil adopte deux projets de résolution relatifs à la translation dans sa nouvelle salle, (au pa. lais Bourbon.) Le Conseil approuve la résolution qui déclare de bonne prise, tous vaisseaux neutres chargés de marchandises an gloises. — Le Conseil approuve aussi la résolution qui attribue aux Conseils de guerre, la poursuite des briganda. ges commis à force ouverte. CINQ CENTS. ANCIENS. 1 Pluviose, (20 Janvier.) Le Conseil entend trois rapports, dont il ordonne l'impression. Ensuite il renouvelle son bureau. Bailleul est élu président, et les nouveaux secrétaires sont Delpierre, Ouiiot, Gomaire et Abolin, Le Conseil approuve la résolution piise hier par les Cinq cents , pour l'inauguration de leur palais. — Il renouvelle son bureau. — Rousseau est élu président. 2 Pluviôse, (2I Janvier.) Le Président prononce un discours relatif à l'inauguration de la nouvelle salle et à l'anniversaire de la mort de Louis XVI. Tous les membres prètent serment de haine à I4 royauté et à l'anarchie. i * Le Président prononce un discours relatif au jour dont on célèbre l'anniver* saire. Tous les membres prêtent serment de haine 4 la royauté etc. 3 Pluviose, (22 janvier.) • Talot fait un rapport et présente un projet de résolution tendant à porter jusqu'à seize cents hommes les Grenadiers du Corps législatif. Le Conseil en ordonne l'impression et l'ajournement.— Il discute l'affaire de la jeune citoyenne Lepelletier, et ajourne sa décision à demain. Le Conseil discute une résolution relative aux rentiers de 200 livres et 4u. dessous. Il ajourne sa décision. Id CINQ-CENTS. ANCIENS. 4 Pluviose, (23 Janvier.) Joseph Buonaparte, frère du général,, prend séance au Conseil et prète le serment prescrit. — Le Conseil adopte . le projet présenté par Jourdan, relativement à la distribution du milliard promis aux défenseurs de la patrie. La disposition principale est que ce milliard sera acquitté par voie de tontine viagère. Le Conseil prouve que quelques résolutions très-peu importantes. 5 Pluviôse, (24 Janvier.) , Riou fait un rapport sur les secours A donner aux prisonniers francois en Angleterre. Le Conseil prend une résolution qui en assigne les fonds sur ceux des dépenses imprévues, et quant à la taxe d'humanité proposée pour les remplacer, il ordonne que ie projet lui sera re. presenté demain. Comme hier. 6 Pluviose, (25 Janvier.) Le Conseil prend une résolution qui fait plusieurs changemens dans les lois réglementaires, relatives aux élections.— Santhonax est admis dans le Conseil, comme député de St. Domingue et Le Conseil approuve la résolution qui accorde des indemnités aux Corses réfugiés en Fran. CINQ-CENTS. ANCIENS. après avoir prêté le serment prescrit, il demande à être entendu pour sa justification ; et le Conseil arrête qu'il le sera le 6 de la dècade prochaine. ce, pendant l'occupation de leur île par les Anglois. Le Conseil approuve aussi la résolution relative aux secours à accorder aux prisonniers François en Angleterre. 7 Pluviôse, (26 Janvier,) .Le Conseil discute et adopte le projet, présenté par Duchesne, sur les rentes viagères, créées pendant la dépréciation du papier monnoie. Le Conseil renouvelle sa commission des Inspecteurs : les cinq nouveaux membres sont Lepaige, Dédelay-d'Agier,Rôger-Ducos, Dupuch et Loysel jeune. 8 Pluviôse, (27 Janvier.) Le Conseil prend une résolution qui établit la taxe d'humanité proposée le 5 Pluviôse, et qui la fixe à la moitié dt la contributioa somptuaire. Le Conseil approuve une résolution relative aux rentes viagères de 200 livres et au-dessous. ç Pluviôse , (28 Janvier.) f Après avoir entendu les discours de Garnier et de Bailleul, sur les manoeuvres pratiquées, selon eux, pour désunir les Représentans, le Conseil ré-j Le Conseil ap. prouve une résolution , qui autorise l'Archiviste à déli CINQ-CENTS. ANCIENS. voque tous congés accordés et rappelle tous ses membres absent vrer les formes et matrices, qui ont servi aux mandats, pour imprimer les effets au porteur et les bons de deux tiers, II Pluviôse, (3o ganvier. ) Gay-Vernon se plaint de ce quele Conseil, dans son nouveau palais est entouré de tavernes et de tripots, et demande que les Inspecteurs soient chargés de les éloigner. Le Conseil ordonne l'impression de son discours et , renvoie ses propositions à la commission des Inspecteurs. — Bentabolle accusé, par une lettre anonyme insérée dans .le Rédacteur, de travailler avec Augereau .à perdre Buonaparte et Rewbell, se plaint de l'atrocité de cette accusation. Le Conseil renvoie cette plainte au Directoire. — Jean Debry fait prendre par le Conseil une résolution portant établissement d'une fête annuelle, consacrée à la souveraineté du peuple, qui sera célébrée immédiatement avant les élections, que cette institution a pour but de rendre plus républicaines. Rouault fait un rapport sur'la résolution qui changé dans 45 Départemens les villes indiquées pour la tenue des assemblées électorales. II combat cette résolution, et propose de la rejeter. Lç Conseil ajourne. t CINQ CENTS. ANCIENS. 12 Pluviose, (31 Janvier.) Talot se plaint des inculpations dirigées hier par Gay Vernon contre l'ancienne Commission des Inspecteurs mais il s'élève des murmures, et le Conseil passe à l'ordre du Jour. — Chaliaud Latour demande que le Conseil fixe enfin le genre de preuves qu'ont à faire les ci-devant nobles pour prouver qu'ils sont dans le cas de l'exception prononcée par la loi, en faveur de ceux qui ont fait preuve de civisme. Le Conseil ordonne qu'il sera fait à ce sujet un rapport dans la décade. Le Conseil rappelle tous ceux de \|s?s membres; qui sontabsens par congé. — 11 approuva la résolution qui ordonne que les pouvoirs des nouveaux Représentans élus seront vérifiés par la corps législatif, avant la sortie du tiers qui doit être remplacé. 13 Pluviôse, (1 Février.) Talot reproduit son projet pour l'é-1 tablissement de vétérans gardes-ruraux, dont le nombre seroit porté à cinquante mille. — Le projet est vivement combattu. Le Conseil ajourne, jusqu'à la discussion des projets relatifs à une augmentation dans la gendarmerie, et à la réorganisation forestière. Le Conseil approuve la nouvelle résolution , prise par les Cinq-cents , sur les rentes viagères créées pendant la dépréciation du papier monnoie. — Le Conseil approuve aussi la réso. lution portant établissement d'une fête annuelle, Lonsacrée à !a sauverainelé du peuple. Cinq CENTS. ANCIENS. 14 Pluviôse, (2 février.) Le Directoire répond à un message par lequel le Conseil lui avoit demandé des renseignemens sur les réclamations de plusieurs prisonniers da BicAtre. Il propose de faire revoir les jugemeus criminels rendus avant le 18 Fructidor, sans fixer le terme auquel cette révision doit remonter. Le Conseil ordonne l'impression de ce message, et en conne l'examen a une commission composée de cinq membres. Le Conseil n'ayant rien à l'ordre du jour, lève sa séance, après avoir reçu un don Patriotique, 15 Pluviôse, (3 Févriar. ) Le Conseil entend quelques rapports ét projets, dont il ajourne la discuuion. Le Conseil rejette. une résolution relative aux soumissions pour les domaine; nationaux. r6 Pluviôse, (4 Février. ) Plusieurs membres se plaignent des incommodités de la nouvelle salle. Le Conseil charge sa Commission des Inspecteurs d'y remédier. — Santbonax prononce un long discours apologétique, où il rend compte de sa conduite à St. Domingue. Le Conseil en ordonne l'impression, et le renvoie à la Commission dos Colonies. Brottier prononce un discours dans la même esprit que celui de Santhonax aux Cinq-cents. Le Conseil en ordonne l'impression. CINQ CENTS. ANCIENS. J7 Pluviôse, (5 Février. ) 1 Le Conseil renvoiè à des commislions, des propositions qui lui sont faites relativement au temps et au mode du tirage au sort des membres du Directoire , de la Trésorerie et de la Comptabilité, ainsi que du rempla-i cement des membres sortant. Ces propositions tendent à les faire remplacer avant le renouvellement du tiers des Représentans. Le Directoire annonce au Conseil, par un message, que l'oligarchie helvétique, qui a prix une part si active à tous les complots tramés pour le renversement de la République française, vient de mettre le comble à ses attentats, en violant, dans la personne de plusieurs officiers et soldats François. les lois les plus sacrées du droit des gens. Le Directoire rend compte des mesures qu'il a prises à l'égard des gouvernemens de Berne et de Fribourg, et fait part des nouvelles qui donnent lieu de croire que certains événemens rendront inutiles les mesures hostiles qu'exigeoit l'honneur national.— Le Conseil ordonne l'impression de ce messag e Le Conseil ne s'occupe que d'unè résolution d'un intérêt local, il la rejette. CINQ CENTS. ANCIENS. 18 Pluviose, ( 6 Février.) Le Conseil adopte un projet de réso. lution, présenté par Ludot, sur la manière de procéder en fait de prises maritimes. Le Conseil reçoit une copie du message, envoyé hier par le Directoire aux Cinq-cents relativement à la Suisse. 19 Pluviôse, (7 Février.) Le Représentant Dujardin se justifie de quelques inculpations hasardées contre lui, et de propos qu'on lui a prêtés contre la journée du 18 Fructidor.— Le Conseil renvoie au Directoire quelques difficultés, relatives à l'aliénation du parc de Marly. — Il reprend ensuite la discussion sur l'organisation judiciaire, qui dure depuis plusieurs séances. Le Conseil rejette la résolution, qui déplacoit 45 assemblées électorales,mal. gré les efforts de Marbot et de quelques autres membres pour la faire approuver, COUP-D'ŒIL SUR LES DERNIERS ÉVÉNEMENS. LETTRE du SPECTATEUR à un de ses ABONNÉS. HAMBOURG , 25 Février 1798. Ce n'etoit pas à tort, Monsieur, que je vous témoignais des doutes, il y a un mois, sur l'efficacité des mesures que prenoient certains gouvememens de la Suisse, pour écarter la révolution qui lés menacoit: elle était depuis longtems à leurs portes, ou plutôt elle étoit déjà dans leurs murs. Aussi n'aviez vous pu voir, dans les sermens et l'apparente énergie de la Diète d'Arau, que le dernier effort d'un mourant, qui, par un mouvement aussi pénible qu'infructueux, semble encore vouloir se rattacher à la vie. A peine les Députés des divers cantons () avoient-ils juré de maintenir leurs constitutions, à peine se les etoient-ils garanties, que ces cantons eux-mêmes les ont renversées, cédant à l'impulsion et aux menaces de la puissance révolutionnaire. Le () Tous, excepté râle. lieu-même où ces Députés avoient prétendit resserrer les liens de la confédération Helvétique et donner une nouvelle stabilité à leurs gouvernemens » Arau s'est empressé de se révolter contre le sien; et le Ministre Français, qui venoit de communiquer avec la Diète, comme avec une puissance , s'est hâté d accorder une protection éclatante aux rebelles. Vous connaissez, Monsieur, la lettre écrite a ce sujet par le Citoyen Mengaud à la Régence de Berne. Joignez cette pièce à l'arrêté du Directoire dont je vous parlois à la fin du mois dernier ; arrêté par lequel le Gouvernement Francais déclarait ceux de Berne et de Fribourg responsables de tout ce qu'ils feroient pour maintenir leur autorité. Joignez-y aussi cet autre arrêté, par lequel le Directoire charge son Ministre de réclamer le châtelain Junod, et ordonne, en cas de refus, à ses Généraux d'arrêter les Gouvernans de Berne et de Fribourg partout où ils les trouveront. Joignez-y encore la proclamation publiée par le Général Ménard à son entrée dans le Pays de Vaud: ces pièces réunies sont fort au dessus des observations du politique le plus consommé. Vous y verrez clairement le sort que doivent attendre du Directoire les Gouvernemens plus foibles que lui. Mais n'allez pas imaginer que tous les Gouvernemens le croient également démontré. Il est une espèce d'incrédulité qui ne se rend pas même lorsqu'elle voit. Ce mot incroyable, devenu plaisant ou ridicule dans la bouche des Merveilleuses de Paris, est plus sérieux dans certains Cabinets qu'au Palais Royal. Le Divan lui. même, tout ami de la France qu'il étoit, trouvoît sûrement incroyable, il y a deux ans, que le pavillon tricolor dut flotter dans pen sur les côtes de l'Epire; et vous, Monsieur, qui voyez avec indifférence les orages de la Méditerranée, parce que vous les voyez de loin, vous trouvez sûrement incroyable que l'oriflamme républicain puisse flotter un jour sur les bords de la Baltique, , Les Gouvernemens de la Suisse, lorsqu'ils voyoient, le pavillon helvétique uni dans toutes les fètes de la liberté au pavillon tricolor, trou, voient incroyable qu'ils pussent un jour être renversés par la République Française. Aujourd'hui tout est croyable pour eux.Ils ont pris le parti de faire, ou de préparer :eux-mêmes la révolu I tion , pour pouvoir la gouverner à leur gré. Ils promettent tous d'éviter l'influence étrangère, comme si c'était en leur pouvoir, comme si les actes, mêmes, où ils ont l'air de vouloir l'éviter, n'en étoient pas les effets les plus sensibles; comme si la foiblesse avoit quelque moyen d'échapper à l'influence de la force ambitieuse et oppressive ! ... Ils espèrent modérer la révolution, et ils cèdent a l'esprit du teins ! C est en lui obéissant qu'ils annoncent l'espoir de le maîtriser 1 ... Vous trouverez beaucoup à réfléchir, Monsieur, sur tout ce que disent les diverses Régences de cette influence étrangère et de cet esprit du tems, dans les actes, par lesquels, se détruisant de leurs propres mains, elles appellent dans leurs Conseils la multitude, qui doit les en chasser ; dans ces actes, qui ne sont que la triste préface d'une consitution nouvelle. Que pouvoient-elles faire de mieux, me direzvous? Rien sans doute contre la volonté du Directoire () ; et s'il a existé des remèdes pour () Extrait d'une lettre de Baie du 10 Février. "L'Envoyé «de Berme, qui arriva ici, le 7, pour entrer eu négociation le mal auquel elles succombent, il faudroit remonter bien haut pour les indiquer. Elles ont traversé les crises où ils étoient applicables , sans sedouter de l'importance de ces époques ; et tel gouvernement, qui aujounl'hui contemple eu elles les suites déplorables de cette ignorance , ignore peut-être lui-même, ou méconnoit du moins les dangers d'une situation peu différente L'heure de la Suisse était venue, et le Directoire ne pouvoit pas, ne devoit pas supporter qu'il existât encore en Europe des gouvernemens aristocratiques. Il est facile de prévoir comment seront remplacés ceux des cantons helvétiques J car en dépit de tous les radotages de Montesquieu et de ses pareils, il n'y a plus qu'une bonne constî-' "avec Te ministre français, Mèrgaud, croît le Major Dey. "Msnsaud ne le fit introduire qu'à 1:1 demande des "Emigrés d'Arau. Il le reçut froidement et le dépêcha " très vîte, en lui déclarant que s'il n'était pas trop tard, " Berne devoit lui envoyer un plénipotentiaire avec des "pouvoirs illimités. Il lui donna en même-tems la "nouvelle constitution projetée pour la Suisse, et -, " ajouta : Voilà la volonté du Directoire, „ ( Traduit dit Correspondant d'Hambourg N°. 31. pour la nouvelle liberté que leur procure le Directoire, et qu'il ne donne pas pour rien, comme le savent les Cisalpins et les Bataves ; vous aimeriez mieux savoir jusqu'où iront les agitations inévitables dans le passage d'un gouvernement à un autre ; a quelle époque la Suisse redeviendra libre et tranquille; quelle influence la révolution aura sur sa prospérité. Mais vous m'accuseriez, de précipitation, si j'entreprenois de vous offrir a ce sujet, même des conjectures. Quelque pressans que soient les motifs qui font craindre aux Suisses l'influence étrangère, et sur. tout la présence des armées françaises, on devrait la leur desirer, si elle leur étoit nécessaire, comme aux Cisalpins et aux Bataves, pour comprimer les manœuvres anarchiques d'un peuple remué par divers partis. La sagesse helvétique saura-t-elle se passer d'un auxiliaire aussi coûteux que dangereux? Si la Suisse peut s'en affranchir, il est impossible que sa révolution ait des suites aussi fâcheuses que celle d'Italie, aussi désastreuses que celle de Hollande. Les beautés dont la Nature a doté son territoire ne peuvent devenir la proie d'un gouvernement spolia. teur, comme les chefs-d'œuvres des arts ; et jamais la Suisse ne pourra perdre dans une révolution pacifique ce que la révolution et la guerre ont enlevé à un peuple essentiellement commerçant et navigateur. Long-tems on put croire que, pour la Hollande, tous les funestes effets de sa révolution etoient dans sa guerre et dans ses revers. Mais la secousse du 22 Janvier y a joint au moins de grandes Inquiétudes , de pénibles anxiétés, et la crai&te qu'à l'avenir les diverses et vastes mines, creusées par les factieux à Paris, ne puissent jouer, sans ébranler le terrain de la Haye. On a tout dit,. Monsieur, sur cette journée du 22 Janvier, lors qu'on l'a appelée le 18 Fructidor de la Hollande. Des Représentais arrêtés, des proclamations, des sermens, des adresses d'adhésion, des complimens de félicitation , les administations renouvelées, des agens déplacés et remplacés, des mesures militaires pour appuyer tout ce travail; voilà de quoi se compose également l'histoire des deux révolutions, qui ont éloigné des affaires les partis modérés des Bataves et des Français. Ajoutez-y pour la Hollande l'adoption des principes de la Constitution française et l'établissement d'un Directoire, qui .tirera la révolution batave de cette espèce de stagnation 'où elle avoit été laissée jusqu'ici. Remarquez cependant une différence honorable pour les Hollandais, ou du moins pour leurs Représentans. A Paris, tout ce qui n'a pas éu; compris dans la proscription du 18 Fructidor, tous les Représentans, que le Directoire a bien voulu laisser dans le Corps Législatif, y sont restes et ont coopéré à toutes les dispositions du parti vainqueur. A la Haye, trente-trois Représentais ont eu le courage, les uns de refuser le serment exigé; les autres, de ne plus vouloir siéger avec uns assemblée, qui violoit les règlemens d'après lesquels elle avoit été convoquée, c'est à dire, ses engagemens envers la Nation. Peut-être pensez-vous, Monsieur, que les amis du parti vaincu à Paris, en restant dans le Corps Législatif, en demeurant a portée d'observer leurs ennemis et de saisir un moment favorable pour rengager le combat, ont agi plus politiquement, plus sagement même, et sur-tout plus heureusement pour la France, que s'ils eussent abandonné le champ de bataille et livré le terrain aux vainqueurs. J'avoue que dans les deux Conseils il s'est passé depuis quelque. tems des scènes propres à justifier cette opinion; mais avant de nous occuper de Paris, jetons un coupd'œil rapide sur quelques autres villes de l'Europe. A Pétersbourg, où depuis quelques mois, certains politiques se plaisoient à placer le berceau d'une nouvelle coalition , leur erreur vient d'ètre détruite par un Ukase très-remarquable •ur le6 finances. Paul 1 nous y confirme les bruits, qui avoient déjà couru à l'époque de la mort de sa mère, que cette Souveraine se disposoi t à prendre une part plus active à la guerre contre la France. L'Empereur y parle du soin qu'il eut de rompre les mesures déjà prises; et dans ce qu'il dit de la nécessité que lui imposoit à cet égard la situation des finances, on retrouve cette vérité, devenue commune, que dans le gouvernement des empires , comme dans celui des fortunes privées, le bruit etl'éclat sont difficiles à concilier avec l'économie et, par conséquent, avec la sagesse ; que dans les règnes les plus brillans, il y a presque toujours des vices d'administration qui rendent cet éclat dangereux. » Les dépenses est il dit, dans l'Ukase dont je parle, „les dépenses excédoient les nrevenus; le déficit croiàsoit d'année en année et » grossissait les dettes intérieures et étrangères. „ Pour couvrir une partie de ce déficit, on avoit „ choisi des moyens qui entrainoient après eux „ encore plus de mal et de désordre. Au lieu de ,,ces moyens, nous employâmes les mesures les » plus énergiques. Nous empêchames entr'autres „ que le feu de la guerre ne se répandit de plus en „plus, ce qui eut été la suite inévitable d'une » plus grande et plus active coopération contre les „ Français, projetée avant notre avènement au „ trône. " () Vous trouverez sûrement, Monsieur, que ce passage du préambule de l'Ukase n "a pas 1 besoin de commentaire : il montre assez jusqu'à quel point sont pacifiques les intentions de Paul I. Cette loi, et plusieurs autres moins remarquables, justifient ce que je vous ai toujours dit de la juste importance que ce Souverain attache, et de la suite } qu'il met, à toutes les mesures qui peuvent perfectionner l'administration intérieure de l'état et contribuer au soulagement de ses peuples. / A Berlin, vous voyez le jeune Roi occupé cles mêmes soins et aussi peu disposé à la guerre. f) Je traduis sur les fragmcns de l'Ukase, imérés dans 1* Correspondant d'Hambourg No, 27. et 28. .. Sa maladie, qui a été pour les Prussiens, moins un sujet d'inquiétude qu'une occasion de montrer leur amour à leur nouveau maître, sa maladie a pu à. peine modérer son travail et ralentir son activité. Les hommes dont il s'entoure, le ministre () sur-tout qu'il vient d'appeler à la Direction générale des finance, ne peuvent qu'ajouter à l'espoir que conçurent ses sujets dès les premiers jours de son règne. Les ordres qui émanent, de. son cabinet sont également propres à fortifier ces espérances ; vous aurez sûrement remarque ces ordres, Monsieur, et la sagesse, la précision avec lesquelles le Souverain énonce, développe quelquefois les motifs de ses volontés. Vous aurez peut-être entendu quelques observateurs, promis à s'inquiéter, à s'alarmer, rappeler qu'en France l'époque, où les loi-x eurent d'éloquens préambules , fut celle où la foiblesse du gouvernement alla croissant, et que plus le Iloi se mit à raisonner avec ses sujets dans ses édits, plus les sujets devinrent raisonneurs avec le Monarque. Mais qui pourrait ne pas sentir l'inconvenance d'un tel rapproche» () Mr, le Comte de Schulenburg. ' ment, ne pas appercevoiv la disparité qui se trouve entre les Rois, les états , les tems et les lieux? A Londres, où la raison publique fait la force des luix, nous voyons une nouvelle preuve que cette raison, ce bon sens, cette sagesse qui 6 distinguent la nation, n'excluent pas les élans de l'enthousiasme, lorsque c'est vraiment la patrie qui les sollicite. A l'ardeur, avec laquelle les hommes de tout rang, de toute condition, de toute fortune , se sont empressés de souscrire pour contribuer aux dépenses qu'exige la défense de l'état, on peut juger que ces dépenses, si elles fatiguent l'Angleterre, n'excèdent pas ses moyens. Il est permis de croire que le gouvernement qui a su jusqu'ici en protégeant le com. merce, soutenir et satisfaire l'esprit-public, pourra encore entretenir ces richesses nationales,, qui, objet et moyens tout à la fois , doivent s'alimenter par elles-mêmes. La hausse des fonds nous dit assez que telle est la confiance des Anglais, qu'ils sont loin de désespérer de leur indépendance, et qu'ils comptent bien, sans * alliés, tenir tête à un ennemi qui veut plutôt dicter la paix que la négocier, / A Lisbonne, où le gouvernement paroissoit disposé à l'accepter, telle que vouloient la lui imposer les Directeurs de la République, il règne encore sur leur volonté une incertitude pénible; et les ordres qui ont appelé Augereau du Rhin aux Pyrénées, ont retenti jusques sur les bords du Tage. A Madrid, où cette nouvelle mission d'Augereau peut devenir aussi inquiétante qu'elle l'est pour le Portugal, on aime à calculer que, si elle eût eu ce royaume pour objet, il auroit été plus simple, plus économique, plus expéditif d'envoyer ce Général à Bayonne qu'à Perpignan et de faire entrer, par l'occident plutôt que par l'orient des Pyrénées, les troupes destinées à l'expédition : mais on ne se rassure pas entièrement sur un choixqui pourroit avoir été décidé par des circonstances relatives eoit aux projets d'attaque, soit aux facilités de la marche, soit à celle des approvisionnemens, soit enfin à. des vues secrettes du Directoire. A Madrid,comme ailleurs, on interprète diversement le refus du Directoire de recevoir M. de Cabarrus comme Ambassadeur de Sa Majesté Catholique. Personne ne veut s'en tenir au motif allégué par le gouvernement fran çais, et chacun cherche une raison sous le voile du prétexte. Les uns la trouvent dans les liaisons domestiques de M. de Cabarrus ; les autres, dans un talent et des dispositions propres à faire ombrage au parti qui domine en France: mais au milieu de ces oiseuses recherches, le refus est souffert, sinon sans impatience, au moins sans murmure; plus surportable, à dire vrai, que tous les maux qui ont été la suite de l'alliance avec les Français, que le blocus des ports, que la stagnation du commerce, que la rareté du numéraire, que l'épuisement des moyens, et que la crainte continuelle de voir parmi les sujets-mêmes se former , s'élever un parti dangereux , peut être encouragé et soutenu, contre un trône entièrement isolé. Constantinople, qu'un malheur à peu près semblable paroit menacer, ne peut-voir sans effroi le Pacha de Widdin étendre ses conquêtes (), fortifier son parti, faire chaque jour en un mot () Quelques feuilles ont dit le Pacha de Widdin déjà maître de Sophie et marchant sur Andnnop!e : mais cette nouvelle paroît encore fort incertaine. de nouveaux progrès et poursuivre, avec autant d'intelligence que d'acharnement, une guerre dont il prétend que le terme doit être son indépendance, ou un traité conclu sur les ruines du Sérail. Le Divan, en cherchant à négocier avec Passwan Oglu, en lui envoyant une députation solennelle, n'a pu qu'encourager sa rebellion. Mais en montrant ainsi plus d'alarmes que d'énergie, il a fait voir combien cette rebellion lui paroit dangereuse. Il sait bien que le Pacha rebelle parle aux Turcs et aux Grecs de liberté, d'égalité ; que l'esprit du tems est puissant aux bords du Bosphore comme aux bords des lacs de la Suisse; que la religion du jour a aussi ses mosquées dans Constantinople, qu'elle insulte également les deux premiers temples de l'Europe, et qu'elle pourroit bien attaquer Ste. Sophie comme St. Pierre. Cependant le Général du Directoire ne s'annonCe aux Romains qu'avec des égards pour la religion. Mais dans ses proclamations, tantôt Berthier ne parle que de la punition des assassins de Duphot et de Basseville, tantôt il y joint celle du gouvernement, coupable, à ses yeux, dit plus vil de tous les crimes. Déjà une partie des habitans de Rome ont fui à l'approche des troupes françai. ses. Cette ville, jadis si formidable, n'a plus pour sa défense que les prières qu'adresse au ciel sonPontife. Il ne reste auSuccesseur de ces Souverains,qui dispo. soient des empires, d'autresremparts que ses autels, d'autres armes que son encens: le courage de ce véné. rable vieillard est tout entier dans sa résignation: elle peut commander le respect; mais peut-elle changer les destinées que Paris a réglées pour Rome? Eloignons nos regards d'une lutte où la défaite sera plus honorable que la victoire, d'une lutte affligeante dont le résultat ne peut avoir immédiatement une grande influence sur les affaires générales de l'Europe. C'est dans l'Empire, c'est à Rastadt que se trouvent pour le moment réunis les intérêts les plus pressans, ceux du moins qui occupent le plus les spéculateurs politiques : mais là aussi la résignation est devenue une nécessité; et il s'y agit moins de négociations que d'une soumission entière aux volontés du Directoire. Vous avez vu, Monsieur, que dans la seconde note remise par les Ministres français à la Députation de l'Empire, ils ont voulu lui persuader que l'intérêt-même de l'Allemagne demandait que la République française étendit sa dominat ion jusqu'au Rhin ; que si la sûreté de la France exigeoit cette limite, la tranquillité de l Empire la solticitoit encore plus vivement (). Mais les Députés de l'Empire s'étant montrés peu disposés à adopter cette idée, la Légation française ne leur a plu? parlé des intérêts de l'Allemagne ; elle s'est bornée à leur notifier très-expressément la volonté du Directoire. Pour prévenir toutes les divagations, elle leur a dit, qu'il ne s'agissait pas de calculer la valeur des objets cédés; qu'il s'agisoit encore moins de rechercher quelles possessions dévoient rester aux Princes qui avoient perdu, que la République demandait le Rhin pour limite, que tel étoit le vœu invariable du Directoire, et que la Députation de l'Empire seroit responsable des refus et des évasions' équivalentes à des refus, d'adhérer à une base convenable et nécessaire. Voilà, Monsieur, le véritable état des négociations, qu'on ne peut pas accuser d'ètre tortueuses. Cette nouvelle diplo, matie, il faut en convenir, est bien supérieure à la vieille diplomatie des vieux Cabinets de l'Europe. Les Ministres français vont droit au but; leur (%) Voyez la réplique des Ministres français à la réponse de la Députation de l'Empire, 9, Pluviôse An 6. (28. Janvicr.) .première proposition est leur ultimatum; leur logique est dàns la volonté de leurs maîtres ; leur éloquence dans les canons qui bordent le Rhin. Qui pourroit penser que; les Princes, ci-devant possesseurs de la rive gauche de ce fleuve, osassent résister à de telles raisons ? Déjà la République a établi sa domination dans leurs états; et ses soldats exécutoient le traité de paix, pendant que ses Ministres en faisoient les premières ouvertures. Hatri au Commandant de Manheim, pour demander non seulement satisfaction , mais encore un dédommagement pour les soldats blessés à l'assaut, et pour les familles de ceux qui ont été tués. Cette lettre est rapportée dans le Correspondant No. '17' par le Directoire, mais leurs projets, le sont-ils aussi? Le sont-ils pour toujours? Jusques à quand est ajournée la reprise de leurs travaux? Les eaux du Rhin, pourront-elles long-tems couler a demi monarchiques, à demi républicaines ? Le traité de Rastadt garantira-t-il à tous ces Princes qu'il va déposséder les débris que leur laissera la. République ? j Ce traité, auquel jusqu'ici on a cru que Buonaparte attacheroit son nom, fut-il aujourd'hui conclu par les Négociateurs Treillard. et Bonnier, l'honneur sans doute en reviendra toujours au Négociateur; de Campo Formio , puisque c'est-la qu"en furent posées tes véritables bases, puisque c'est en Italie que fut conquise Mayence, la principale clef de FEmpire. C'est à Lodi, c'est à Arcoïe que Buonaparte prépara la paix de l'Autriche et celle de l'Altemagne : va-til aussi préparer sur les côtes de la Manche la paix avec l'Angleterre ? Les préparatifs immenses dirigés contre cette puissance se borneront-ils à une grande et dispendieuse démonstration qui rinquiète, qui l'agïte , qui la force à des moyens de défense ruineux ; qui la fatigue, en un mot, qui l'épuisé, et qui la force de lassitude à recevoir la loi de la France ? Ou bien le Conquérant de l'Italie est-il assez dévoué au Directoire pour aller risquer d'ensevelir sa gloire dans l'Océan, ou de la faire échouer contre les rochers de la Grande-Bretagne? Est-il assez confiant dans sa fortune pour ne pas craindre, pour braver les hazards de l'entreprise la plus périlleuse ? Est-il quelque observateur qui puisse dire que la conduite de Buonaparte lui a révélé son secret ? Je ne le pense pas ; mais les hommes qui ont placé sur sa tête et sur son ambition de grandes espérances, doivent se féliciter de le voir enfin sorti de Paris, placé au milieu d'une forte armée, faisant de Rouen le centre de ses forces, et s'assurant ainsi les moyens de maîtriser facilement Paris. Ils doivent se féliciter aussi de l'éloignement de cet Augereau, que les ennemis de Buonaparte sembloient se préparer à lui opposer, et qui, dût-il rester aux Pyrénées, ne peut plus être le Général de Merlin. la division des partis qui déjà se mesurent dans le Corps-Législatif, et cette lassitude générale qui fait soupirer toute la nation après un homme capable d'écraser les factions dont elle porte le joug. Jamais, dépuis la fondation de la république, jamais Général ne reunit tant de moyens, pour s'emparer de la révolution et pour la finir à son gré. Cependant le Directoire ne craint pas de donner de plus en plus à son gouvernement une tendance militaire, d'appeler souvent les soldats à s'immiscer dans l'administration civile, de mettre sans cesse l'autorité des armes à la place des autorités constitutionnelles, de transporter à ses Généraux les fonctions des magistrats élus par les citoyens. Vous l'avez vu solliciter et obtenir du Corps-Législatif une loi qui, pour un grand nombre de délits, remplace les tribunaux criminels par des commissions militaires ; et vous venez de le voir mettre successivement plusieurs grandes villes en état de siège : Marseille, Lyon, Montpellier, Beziers et d'autres encore ont été récemment soumises à ce régime. Ces mesures font assez connoitre combien Popinion des villes, ou se trouvent réunies le plus de lumières, est en opposition avec le gouvernement directorial. Ces mesures peuvent nous faire juger jusqu'à quel point les vues de ce gouvernement sont en harmonie avec celles des hommes que le peuple a revêtus de sa confiance. Ne vous étonnez donc pas, Monsieur, de tous les moyens que prend' le Directoire pour pouvoir diriger les élections dont 1 ' époque approche ; ces élections , tant 1 redoutées, tant desirées, et qui en effet ne peuvent être indifférentes, ni aux amis, ni aux ennemis du gouvernement. Vous savez, Monsieur, combien, sur les loix relatives aux élections, les Cinq Cents s'étoient montrés dociles aux insinuations du Directoire, ou empressés de prévenir ses desirs. Les Anciens l'ont été un peu moins, et c'est dans les séances, ou ils ont discuté quelques-unes des résolutions les plus importantes prises dans l'autre conseil, qu'on a pu remarquer qu'il existoit encore une Opposition. Elle a été assez forte pour faire rejeter la résolution qui enlevoit les assemblées électorales de 45 Départemens à des villes soupçonnées de royalisme, et les placoit dans des communes moins suspectes au parti républicain. Les apologistes de cette résolution l'ont défendue avec franchise; ils ont accusé ceux qui la combattaient d'ètre des hommes neufs en révolution ; ils ont avoué Qu'elle 'étoit une affaire de parti () ; ils annonçoient que les patriotes se réuniroient pour la soutenir ; mais la résolution mise aux voix, n'a pas trouve assez de patriotes pour triompher de cette épreuve. Il en a été ainsi de la résolution qui prolongeoit jusqu'en Germinal (Mars) l'ouverture des registres sur lesquels doivent se faire inscrire les citoyens qui, n'étant pas compris au rôle des contributions directes, veulent, en payant la valeur de trois journées de travail, acquérir le droit de voter dans les assemblées primaires. La Constitution () ayant exclusivement fixé le mois de Messidor pour cette inscription, la résolution des Cinq-Cents étoit évidemment inconstitutionnelle ; elle tendoit à favoriser les vues des intrigans qui auroient voulu, à la veille des élections, se faire des créatures et recruter des suffrages. Baudin, en défendant la Constitution, a combattu avec force, mais avec mesure, les motifs qui avoient déterminé les Cinq-Cents. » On prétend," a-t-il dit „ qu'il faut que les républicains seuls concou„rent à former la Représentation nationale. Qu'est () Voyez le discours de Marbot aux Anciens dans la séance du 19. Pluviôse, (7. Février) () Article 305. » ce à dire les Républicains seuls ? A quels signes reconnoitra-t-on les Républicains, ou ceux qui „ ne le sont pas, parmi les citoyens qui se présen"teront pour s'inscrire? Veut-on sur les ruines „des privilèges abolis, élever le patriotisme en „ privilège? Voudroit-on réduire la République à „ n'être plus qu' une secte ?... Sans doute il y » a en France des opposans, des mécontens: sans „ doute il y a des hommes qui pleurent leurs „ anciennes chimères, qui voudroient voir revenir » l'ancien régime. Mais n'y a-t-il pas aussi des „ hommes qui ne voient la République que dans „ celle de Roberspierre, et qui regardent le régime „ qu'il avoit établi comme le meilleur de tous les „ gouvernemens ? Ces divers élémens sont mêlés ,, parmi les citoyens. Faudra-t-il imaginer un „ triage pour les en distraire , et soumettre la „ société entière à une révision dont il seroit facile » de prévoir le résultat? C'est le même orateur qui a fait rejeter la scandaleuse résolution, par laquelle les Cinq-Cents avoient accordé des secours aux complices de Babœuf, acquités par défaut de preuves ; c'est lui qui a combattu les discours; plus scandaleux encore, dans lesquels Lacombe St. Michel et quelques-uns de ses collègues avoient représenté ces séditieux comme des infortunés échappés au fer du Royalisme , et remontant plus haut avoient peint les Soubrani, les Bourbotte, les Romme () comme des martyrs de la liberté. » Je regrette aussi " (*), a dit Baudin, » ceux qui périrent en Prairial: „ nous fumes témoins de ces malheurs; nous „ avons vu notre collègue Féraud assassiné sur les „ marches de cette tribune. Voici encore la mar» que des coups de sabre et la trace des coups de ,, feu qui furent tirés sur lui. C'est ici, que des furieux demandèrent le retour de l'afreux régime ,,de la terreur. L'appui que leur donnèrent quel"ques Représentans égarés étoit-il légitime? Et » pouvez vous accuser la Convention pour avoir „ été sévère dans cette circonstance Ce n'est pas seulement dans le Conseil des Anciens que vous avez pu appercevoir des germes () Trois Conventionnels, chefs du parti qui, en Prairial, (Mai 1795.) essaya de rétablir le régime de la terreur, qui massacra le Représentant Féraud dans la salle-même de la Convention, et qui obtint un triomphe de quelques heures. (*) Séance du 26 Nivose (15 Janvier.) de discorde qui n'attendent qu'un peu plus de chaleur pour éclorre. Dans l'autre conseil aussi, il a été facile de saisir des traits qui indiquent, que les vainqueurs du 18 Fructidor sont déjà divisés entr' eux, quils ne marchent plus sous la même bannière. Je ne vous parlerai pas de l'obligalion où se sont trouvés Dujardin etBentabolle () d'entrer en justification sur des propos) etj des manœuvres, dont ils étoient accusés dans des sens différens ; ni de l'empressement avec lequel le Journal du Directoire, le Rédacteur, a publié les dénonciations hazardées contre ces deux Représentans;, ni de tout ce qu'a dit le journal des hommes libres sur la faction qui, selon lui, tend à aristocratiser la constitution ; ni de tout ce qu'a écrit Poultier dans ses feuilles, sur les divers partis qu'on cherche à mettre en opposition ; ni de toutes les spéculations que fait le public sur les projets et les dispositions respectives de certains personnages, de Merlin et de Buonaparte, de Barras et de Rewbell, deLamarque et de Thibaudeau, de Talot et de Gay Vernon etc. Je me bornerai à vous rappeler deux séances des Cinq-Cents, où l'on n'a pu méconnoitre les craintes, que font déjà concevoir les envaliissemens du pouvoirexécutif à quelques-uns des Législateurs, qui l'ont Voyez le discours de BentaboIIe à la séance d'es Cinq() Cents du il Pluviôse (30 Janvier) et celui de Dujardin, à la séance du 19 Pluviôse, (7 Février.) tant aîdé, il y a six mois, à avilir la Représentation nationale. N'écoutant que l'impulsion de la haine, et cherchant à entretenir les ressentimens plutôt qu'aies étouffer, ils ont voulu perpétuer le souvenir du 18 Fructidor par un monument, qui ne sera petit-être pas encore élevé, lorsqu'une autre révolution viendra le rendre inutile, mais ils n'ont pas été d'accord sur l'inscription qui doit y être gravée. L'un d'eux avoit proposé celle-ci : » Des conjurés, au nom d'un Roi, avoient osé 95 s'introduire dans cette enceinte : le 18 Fructidor, „ An V, ils furent ignominieusement chassés; le ^ même sort attend tous les traitres. " Cette menace n'a pas paru indifférente à tous les Représentans: quelques-uns se sont rappelés que leurs collègues avoient été proscrits sans procédure et sans jugement ; ils ont prétendu qu'à l'avenir les Représentans infidèles nepourroient être ainsi chassés, qu'ils devoiént être accusés et jugés (), et que par conséquent l'inscription , telle qu'elle étoit proposée, seroit très-vicieuse. Le Conseil a paru sentir la justesse de l'observation, et le projet n'a été adopté que sauf rédaction. Mais comment croire que des Représentans trouvent une inscription pour un tel monument, à moins qu'ils ne chargent de sa rédaction Augereau , ou le Directoire? () Voyez les observations de Chollet à la sétnce du J7 Ni. vose, ( 16 Janvier.) Dans une occasion plus importante , lorsqu'il s'agissoit de fixer l'enceinte du Conseil des CinqCents , deux des Fructidoriens les plus connus, Talot et Lamarque, ont énoncé plus clairement leurs inquiétudes sur les dangers du Corps-Législatif. „ Puisqu'on a parlé d'insurrection " disoit Talot, » il faut convenir que ce qui est arrivé une „ fois peut arriver plusieurs ; il faut avoir les „ moyens suffisans, et quant à moi, je ne veux „pas rester ainsi à la merci des événemens. — Je » vois" disoit Lamarque, » que quand il s'agit » de soutenir la dignité de la Représentation „ nationale, on a toujours une multitude d'objecti„ons; qu'on ne présente que des mesquineries; „ qu'on vous propose de réduire, quand il faudroit, » si la Constitution le permettoit, ajouter sans cesse; car elle est aujourd'hui la partie la moins "forte: et' si nous n'avions pas la tribune nad» onale, avec laquelle nous nous soutenons et » nous nous soutiendrons toujours, elle ne seroit ,.plus rien; car tout nous manque. — Je sais „ qu'une faction a abusé de ces moyens ; mais, dans » ses intentions perfides, elle a quelque fois dit ,, la vérité. Nous l'avons combattue, parce que ,,nouî savions qu'elle conspiroit; mais il arrivera » un moment , où les vrais Représentan" du „ peuple en auront besoin pour soutenir ses droits „ et sa dignité sans cesse attaqués." .. duiront à des choix très-disparates, et amèneront dans le Corps-Législatif de nouveaux élémens de trouble et de 'guerre. Triste et désolante per. spective, dont il est impossible d'appercevoir le fond ! Elle est d'autant plus affligeante que cette situation, se renouvelant d'année en année, peut être encore fort loin de son terme. Des élections annuelles, qui entretiennent sans cesse les craintes du gouvernement, les espérances de ses ennemis, l'agitation du peuple, ne peuvent elles pas tenir la France en révolution permanente, et faire pour elle un état fixe de l'état le plus variable et le plus pénible? J'ai l'honneur d être etc. Errata. P. 196. z3. Les peuples; lisez: Ces peuples. P. 242. L. 16. rugissaut; lisez: Mugissant. P. 251. L. 16. des récits; lisez : ses récits. R LE SPECTATEUR DU NORD, ou t JOURNAL POLITIQUE, LITTÉRAIRE ET MORAL. AN AUTHENTIC ACCOUNT OF AN EMBASSY FROM THE ' KING OF GRJEAT BRITAIN TO THE E&IPEROR OF CHINA etc. Relation authentique de l'ambassade du Roi de la Grande-Bretagne à l'Empereur de la Chine etc. ( Troisième et dernier extrait.) MALGRÉ là politesse, avec laquelle avoit été reçue l'Ambassade, elle parut constamment être un objet d'inquiétude pour la Cour chinoise. Pendant le séjour des Anglois à Pékin, ils furent, à peu de chose près, traités comme des prisonniers d'état; et l'Ambassadeur ne tarda pas à recevoir de l'Empereur l'ordre de partir, avec une communication officielle de sa réponse à la lettre du Roi. L'Ambassade partit sous une escorta impériale, et se rendit à Canton par Han-choo-foo, voyageant presque toujours sur des canaux, et parcourant ainsi près de vingt degrés de latitude. Ce voyage fournit matière à de nouvelles observations, et les Anglois eurent occasion de se convaincre que les provinces du centre et du midi de l'empire, ne sont ni moins peuplées, ni moins florissantes que celles qui avoisinent la capitale. Une cérémonie superstitieuse, qui eut lieu au passage de la rivière Jaune, mérite d'être rapportée. La rapidité surprenante de ce fleuve, à l'endroit on les yachts et les barques de l'Ambassade devoient le traverser, rendit nécessaire, d'après les préjugés chinois, de faire un sacrifice au génie du fleuve, pour s'assurer un heureux passage. En conséquence le maître de l'yacht, entouré de tout l'équipage, se rendit sur le gaillard-d'avant, et prenant en main un coq, en guise de victime, il lui tordit le col, lui arracha la tête et la jeta dans le fleuve. Ensuite, pour consacrer le bâtiment, avec le sang qui jaillissoit du corps, il en aspergea le pont, les mâts, l'ancre, la porte des appartemens, et y attacha quelques plumes de la victime. Différèns oiseaux de la provision furent apportés et mis en ligne sur le tillac. On plaça devant eux une coupe pleine d'huile, une autre de thi, une troisième contenant une espèce d'eau-de-vie et une quatrième pleine de sel. Le capitaine fit à trois reprises une profonde inclination, en tenant les, mains hautes et en prononçant quelques paroles, somme pour se rendre la divinité favorable. Le Loo, OH m tambour d'airain, fut fortement battu pendant ce temps-là; on éleva vers le ciel des torches allumées, on brûla du papier étamé ou argenté, et l'équipage tira un grand nombre de pétards. Ensuite le capitaine fit des libations dans la rivière, en y jetant de la proue du vaisseau divers vases remplis de liquides, et il finit par y jeter celui qui contenoit le sel. Quand toute cette cérémonie fut finie, l'équipage se régala des oiseaux qui avoient été placés sur le tillac, et l'on dirigea ensuite avec confiance l'yacht vers le courant. Quand on fui parvenu à l'autre rive,. le capitaine rendit grâces au ciel par trois inclinations. « Ces sacrifices solennels ont lieu, outre l'oblation et l'adoration usitées chaque jour, devant un autel dressé à la gauche de la chambre de chaque vaisseau chinois, pour obtenir un bon vent, ou pour éloigner un danger. » » La rivière Jaune coule avec une prodigieuse rapidité, et entraîne, comme nous l'avons déjà dit, une immense quantité de limon jaune, d'où elle a pris son nom. On a calculé que ce fleuve verse par heure dans la mer Jaúne, un volume d'eau égal à la valeur de 2,569,000,000 gallons () et une quantité de limon égale à 2,000,000 pieds cubes de terre. M Cette ville parott être d'une étendue et d'une population peu ordinaires. Les maisons y sont généralement bien bâties et bien ornées. Les habitans, pour la plupart vêtus () Cette mesure d'Angleterre équivaut à environ quatre pintes de Pari s.	18,819
bpt6k56030879_1	French-PD-Newspapers	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,850	Mémorial de jurisprudence commerciale et maritime...	None	French	Spoken	7,282	10,693	DE JURISPRUDENCE COMMERCIALE. DE ET MARITIME. RÉDIGÉ PAR Avocat à la Cour d'appel de Bordeaux, Professeur du Cours de droit maritime fondé par la Chambre de commerce de la même ville. ANNEE 1850. TOME XVII. DÉCISIONS DIVERSES, LOIS, DÉCRETS ET RÈGLEMENTS ADMINISTRATIFS EN MATIÈRE DE COMMERCE. BORDEAUX, IMPRIMERIE DE DURAND, Allées de Tourny. 7. 1850. DE JURISPRUDENCE COMMERCIALE. SECONDE PARTIE. DÉCISIONS DIVERSES, LOIS, ORDONNANCES ET RÉGLEMENTS ADMINISTRATIFS EN MATIÈRE DE COMMERCE. TRIBUNAUX DE COMMERCE. — ORGANISATION. —PRÉSIDENT. — RÉÉLECTION. — RÉCLAMATION. — DÉLAI. — FIN DE NON-RECEVOIR. La réclamation sur la régularité ou la sincérité de l'élection d'un des membres du Tribunal de commerce , doit, à peine de déchéance, être formée dans les cinq jours de l'élection contestée ; ce délai commence à compter du jour de cette élection contestée, et non à compter de la clôture ultérieure des opérations de l'élection générale. Les membres des Tribunaux de commerce ne sont rééligibles qu'un an après la cessation de leurs fonctions ; l'article 623 du Code de commerce n'a pas été modifié à cet égard par le décret du 28 août 1848; en conséquence, l'observation faite en ce sens par le président de la réunion électorale n'a point pour effet de vicier l'élection. (1) Le 9 décembre 1849, il a été procédé au renouvellement intégral des membres du Tribunal de commerce d'Epernay. La nomination du président a exigé deux scrutins ; lors du premier, le nombre des volants était de 200; M. Dinet, (4) La Cour d'appel de Toulouse a jugé dans ce sens en ce qui touche la rééligibilité. ( 6 ) Peuvrel obtint 60 voix , M. Dutemple, 74, M. Moët, 51 ; au deuxième tour, 174 votans : M. Dutemple, 91 voix, M. Preuvel, 76, M. Moët, 4. M. Dutemple fut proclamé président, et les opérations furent continuées au lendemain 10 décembre, où il fut procédé à la nomination des jugessuppléants. Le 15 décembre 1849, MM. Thiercelin, Colsenet, Gilbert Petit, Thomas Appert, Devenoge et Legoc, Laherte, tous négociants, ayant pris part à l'élection, ont signifié au greffier du Tribunal de commerce d'Epernay une protestation contre l'élection du président. Ils ont motivé cette protestation sur ce qu'au moment où on allait procéder au deuxième tour de scrutin, le président de la réunion a fait observer que M. Moët, alors juge au Tribunal, ne pouvait être élu parce qu'il avait exercé ces fonctions pendant quatre ans. Suivant eux, cette observation avait vicié l'élection ; elle était contraire à la loi, puisque les incapacités prévues par l'art. 623 du Code de commerce n'étaient pas applica-, blés à l'élection générale faite alors. Sur la communication donnée de celle protestation à M. Dutemple , celui-ci a répondu par un mémoire à M. le procureur-général, et s'est rendu partie intervenante. M. Try , conseiller-rapporteur, a fait observer que M. Dutemple proposait deux fins de non recevoir, résultant, la première , de ce que la protestation, signifiée seulement la 15 décembre, contre l'élection du président, consommée le 9 décembre , était hors du délai de cinq jours, et la deuxième , de ce que le fait articulé à la charge du président de la réunion électorale ne rentrerait dans aucun des trois cas de nullité partielle ou absolue prononcée par l'art. 621 du Code de commerce, modifié par la loi du 28 août 1848, à savoir : le défaut des formes prescrites, le défaut de liberté du scrutin ou des manoeuvres frauduleuses, et l'incapacité légale de l'élu. Enfin , et au fond, M. Dutemple expose que le président de la réunion, eu exprimant, après des hésitations manifestées par les électeurs, l'opinion du bureau sur (7 ),. la non abrogation de l'art. 623 du Gode de commerce, n'avait pratiqué ; par là, aucune manoeuvré de nature à vicier une élection faite avec une importante supériorité sur ses concurrents, et avait, au contraire, proclamé le vrai sens de la loi. M. Dutemple ajoute que si son élection était annulée, il y aurait lieu de prononcer aussi l'annulation de' l'élection faite sous l'influence de la même observation, des juges et des juges-suppléants. « Il existe au dossier, ajoute M. le rapporteur, une correspondance émanée des membres du bureau électoral, attestant que l'opinion exprimée par le président de la réunion était, non un avis officiel du bureau, mais un avis officieux et personnel du président, qui n'avait pas consulté, le bureau. » L'un des six réclamants, le sieur Appert, dit en terminant M. le rapporteur, a déclaré, par lettre au procureur de la République, regarder sa signature comme surprise, et demandé qu'elle fût « considérée comme nulle. » Aucun avocat ne s'est présenté pour soutenir la réclamation. M. de Royer, avocat-général, pense que la réclamation du 15 est recevablé, l'élection n'ayant été terminée que le 10 décembre, et prenant ainsi date dans les cinq jours, d'après la règle de droit commun : Dies à quo non computatur in terminis. Mais , au fond, M. l'avoca.l-général estime que l'art. 623 du Code de commerce n'ayant pas été compris dans les modifications apportées à ce Code: par le décret de 1848, le président de la réunion a pu très-régulièrement en avertir l'assemblée, sans vicier l'opération. Contrairement à la première partie , mais conformément à la deuxième partie de ces conclusions, la Cour a rendu son arrêt en ces termes : ARRÊT. LA COUR, Considérant que l'art 621, § 9e du Code de commerce, (8 ) modifié par le décret du 28 août 1848, n'accorde à tout ci-r toven ayant pris part à l'opération électorale, le droit d'élever des réclamations sur la régularité ou la sincérité de l'élection que dans les cinq jours de l'élection ; Considérant, en fait, que l'élection de Dutemple, comme président du Tribunal de commerce d'Epernay, a eu lieu le 9 décembre 1849 , et que la protestation formée contre cette élection de Thiercelin, Colsenet, et autres, n'a été signifiée au greffier dudit Tribunal que le 15 décembre suivant ; Considérant que cette protestation allègue que le scrutin a eu lieu à l'aide de moyens qui en ont vicié les éléments et le résultat, qu'ainsi elle constitue bien une réclamation sur la régularité ou la sincérité de l'élection ; qu'elle devait donc être formée dans les cinq jours, à peine de déchéance , c'estr à-dire au plus tard le 14 décembre 1849 ; Considérant, d'ailleurs , que le scrutin a été régulier, que la capacité de Dutemple n'est pas et ne pouvait pas être attaquée; que tous les faits de la cause indiquent que son élection a été l'expression sincère de l'opinion de la majorité ; Considérant que la protestation argumente à tort pour, attaquer l'élection de Dutemple, de l'aptitude prétendue d'un candidat auquel une observation faite par le président à l'assemblée aurait nui dans le deuxième scrutin ; Considérant, en effet, que les dispositions de l'article 623 du Code de commerce n'ont pas été modifiées par le décret du 28 août 1848, que cet article n'a pas été énoncé dans la loi nouvelle, qu'il suit de là qu'il a conservé toute sa force ; qu'il est applicable , comme par le passé, à l'élection des membres des Tribunaux de commerce, et que le président de la réunion électorale du 9 décembre dernier, en rappelant aux électeurs les dispositions de la loi sur les incapacités qu'elle prononce, n'a rien fait qui ait été de nature à vicier l'élection ; Déboule Thiercelin et autres de la réclamation par eux ( 9 ) formée contre l'élection du président du Tribunal de commerce d'Epernay. Du 22 janvier 1850. — Cour d'Appel de Paris. — 1re Ch.— M. TROPLONG, Pr.-Prés. — Concl.,M. DE ROYER, Av.-Gé. SOCIÉTÉ. — CRÉDIT. — VÉRIFICATION DES ÉCRITURES. —, COMMISSION. — BANQUIER. L'acte par lequel un capitaliste ou un banquier ouvre un crédit à une maison de commerce, ne perd pas son caractère pour prendre celui d'un acte de société, par cela seul que le prêteur a stipulé en sa faveur, en outre de l'intérêt légal, une commission sur le montant net des ventes que ferait l'emprunteur, et le droit de vérifier à sa volonté les écritures, les inventaires, la caisse et le portefeuille de ce dernier, TROY ET COMP. — C. — BESSON ET COMP. Le 26 octobre 1846,, les sieurs Besson et Goujon forment pne société de commerce sous la raison Besson et Comp. Le lendemain 27 octobre, il intervient, entre les sieurs Troy et Comp. et les sieurs Besson et Comp., un acte par. lequel les premiers ouvrent aux seconds un crédit, moyennant l'intérêt à,6 p. 100, des sommes qui seraient avancées. Il est stipulé dans ce contrat que les sieurs Troy et Comp., à raison des services qu'ils ont déjà rendus au sieur Goujon, et de ceux qu'ils pourront rendre dans la suite à la société Besson et Comp., percevront, sur le produit net des ventes opérées par cette société, une commission de 2 p. 100, jusqu'à concurrence de 300,000 fr. de produit ; 1 1/2 p. 100 sur les 100,000 fr. au-dessus de 300,000 fr., et 1 p. 100 sur le montant des produits excédant 400,000 fr. Il est convenu en outre que pour leur sécurité, les sieurs Troy et Comp. auront le droit de vérifier par eux -mêmes ou (10) par un fondé de pouvoirs, chaque fois qu'ils le jugeront convenable, les écritures, la caisse, le portefeuille et les inventaires des sieurs Besson et Comp. La société Besson et Comp. commence ses opérations. Elle est déclarée plus tard en état de faillite. Les sieurs Troy et Comp. se trouvant créanciers de 88,401 fr. par suite du crédit qu'ils avaient ouvert, demandent à être admis pour cette somme au passif de la faillite. Le Tribunal de commerce de la Seine, nanti de la contestation , statue en ces termes : « Attendu que la somme dont Troy et Comp. réclament l'admission au passif de la faillite Besson et Comp., est le résultat d'une ouverture de crédit ; que lors de cette ouverture de crédit, il a été dit que Troy et Comp. se réservaient pour leur sécurité de faire par eux-mêmes ou par un fondé de pouvoirs, chaque fois qu'ils le jugeraient convenable, la vérification chez Besson et Comp. des écritures, du portefeuille, de la caisse et des inventaires ; qu'il a été ajouté que, pour rémunérer Troy et Comp. des services qu'ils avaient rendus précédemment au sieur Goujon , et des bons offices qu'ils pourraient rendre par la suite à Besson et Comp., ces derniers leur accordaient une provision sur le montant net des ventes ; que cette provision serait de 2 p. 100 jusqu'à concurrence de 300,000 fr., 1 et demi p. 100 sur les 100,000 fr. au-dessus de 300,000 fr., 1 p. 100 sur celles excédant 400,000 fr.; que lesdites ventes ne pouvaient être comptées que sous déduction des rabais, des escomptes et des débiteurs insolvables ; » Attendu que cette provision, qui était indépendante do l'intérêt de 6 p, 100 convenu, était exorbitante, puisqu'elle devait se prélever, non sur la somme prêtée, mais sur le chiffre d'affaires obtenu ; qu'elle ne pouvait, dès-lors , constituer l'intérêt revenant à un prêteur, mais la part d'un associé dans les opérations d'une maison dont il devenait bailleur de fonds ; ( 11 ). » Attendu qu'il ressort de ce qui précède que, quelle que soit la dénomination que les parties aient donnée à leurs conventions, elles se trouvent respectivement obligées par un lien social qui s'oppose à l'admission de la créance de Troy et Comp.; ».Le Tribunal, vu le rapport de M. le juge-commissaire, et statuant d'office à l'égard de Besson et Comp., déclare les demandeurs mal fondés en leur demande, les en déboute, » Appel, ARRÊT. LA COUR , — Considérant que Troy et Comp, ne sont pas parties dans l'acte de société du 26 octobre 1846, entre Besson et Goujon ; que ce n'est que de quelques stipulations d'un acte du 27 dudit mois que les intimés infèrent que Troy et Comp. ne sont pas créanciers de la faillite Besson et Comp., par suite d'ouverture de crédit, mais doivent être considérés comme associés de ladite maison ; Considérant qu'il est de principe que les actes doivent être entendus dans le sens naturel de la qualification qui leur est donnée ; que les parties ne sont pas présumées avoir fait des stipulations d'une autre nature que celles qu'elles ont exprimées, à moins qu'il ne résulte clairement de l'ensemble de l'acte ou de quelques stipulations importantes, que le contrat doit être entendu dans un sens contraire à ses formes apparentes, quel que soit le motif qui ait inspiré celle simulation ; Considérant que, dans l'espèce , par le traité du 26 octobre 1846, Troy et Comp. ouvrent et garantissent, en faveur de Besson et Comp. , un crédit sélevant ensemble à 80,000 fr,, crédit de 40,000 fr. ouvert par eux, et crédit de 40,000 fr. ouvert chez Calson et Comp., banquiers, sous leur garantie solidaire; que ces derniers ont épuisé ce crédit, que si Troy et Comp. se sont réservé la faculté de vérifierles écritures, portefeuilles et inventaires , ces précautions prudentes et utiles au prêteur peuvent être l'accessoire na-. ( 12 ) turel d'un prêt et ne sauraient impliquer la qualité d'associé ; Que la stipulation en vertu de laquelle Troy et Comp. reçoivent le droit de toucher sur le total des ventes des commissions indiquées dans la convention , pouvant être considérée comme la rémunération des relations avantageuses que Troy et Comp. devaient procurer à Besson et Comp., ou même comme un excédant d'intérêt qui dépasserait l'intérêt légal, ne saurait, isolée d'autres conditions ou circonstances, se rattachant aux éléments du contrat de société, présenter le caractère et le vice d'une stipulation donnant, dans une association, une part de bénéfice sans participation aux perles, et imposer ainsi aux conventions et aux faits qui en ont été la suite une nature sociale ; qu'il est à remarquer, en outre , que la durée du crédit n'est pas en rapport avec celle de la société (le crédit prenait fin en février 1849, et la société quelques mois après), et que celle, différence tend encore à repousser l'interprétation qui transformerait l'acte du prêt ou crédit en un contrat de société; Considérant qu'il suit des motifs ci-dessus que Troy et Comp. doivent être réputés créanciers de la faillite pour les sommes par eux fournies et garanties, dont le chiffre n'est pas contesté, avec les intérêts, et aussi pour celle de 690 fr. , montant de deux billets par eux remboursés ; Infirme; Au principal, ordonne l'admission au passif-de Troy et Comp. pour 88,401 fr., montant de leur demande. Du 15 décembre 1849. — Cour d'Appel de Paris. —3e. Chambre.—M. POULTIER, Près.—Concl., M. BERTILLE, Av.-Gén. — Plaid., MM. DELANGLE et DA , Avocats. BILLET A ORDRE. — GARANTIE. —RÉSERVE. —RECOURS. La mention; Transmissible sans garantie, apposée parle souscripteur à un billet à ordre, lie ceux qui acceptent ( 13 ) l'effet. En conséquence, le porteur n'a d'action que contre le souscripteur (1).. ( Code commerce, art. 140.) DOURCHES. — C. — BARDON. Les sieurs Gouin et Comp., gérants de la caisse du commerce et de l'industrie, avaient émis sur la place de Paris un grand Dombre de billets à ordre, produisant intérêts à 5 p. 100 l'an. Au dos de ces billets, conçus dans les termes ordinaires des billet sa ordre, est imprimée la mention suivante : Transmissible sans garantie. La question de savoir si la clause qu'exprimait Cette mention était valable, et liait par suite le tiers-porteur, a donné lieu a de nombreuses contestations, sur lesquelles sont intervenues des décisions en sens inverse, dont quelquesunes ont été rapportées dans ce Recueil. Le Tribunal de Commerce de la Seine avait déclaré que la clause : Transmissible sans garantie, n'était pas valable et ne liait pas les tiers-porteurs. Un arrêt de la lre Chambre de la Cour d'appel de Paris, du 7 juillet 1849 , avait jugé le contraire. Mais plusieurs arrêts des autres Chambres de la même Cour avaient décidé dans le même sens que le Tribunal de commerce de la Seine. On s'est pourvu en cassation contre l'un de ces arrêts, pour violation des art. 1134 du Code civil, et 136 et 187 •du Code de commerce. ARRÊT. LA COUR, Vu les art. 1134 du Code civil, 136, 187 du Code de commerce ; Attendu que la transmission d'une lettre de change par la voie de l'endossement en transporte la propriété au ces(4) ces(4) ce Recueil, 1841,2. 148 et 175, et 1849,2. 110 et 148. ( 14 ) sionnaire, telle qu'elle résulte de la confection du titre et telle qu'elle existait dans la main du cédant,qu'il en est de même du billet à ordre ; Attendu que le souscripteur d'un ordre a le droit d'y apposer toutes les conditions qui ne contiennent rien d'illicite, et que de ce nombre est la condition de transmissibilité sans garantie ; Attendu qu'il résulte de l'arrêt attaqué qu'en créant le billet dont il s'agit, Gouin et Comp. y ont textuellement inséré la condition qu'il serait transmissible sans garantie, et qu'ainsi ils ont expressément affectée ce billet, comme son caractère spécial, la possibilité de circuler en ayant Gouin et Comp. pour seuls obligés à son paiement, en quelques mains qu'il vînt à passer ; Attendu que, par le fait de la réception de ce billet, sans stipulation expresse de conventions contraires, le défendeur à la cassation s'est soumis de plein droit aux conditions qui s'y trouvaient textuellement insérées, et que l'arrêt ne constate aucune circonstance, ni même aucune allégation, de laquelle on puisse induire qu'on aurait dérobé au défendeur la lecture et la connaissance du titre dont il consentait à devenir propriétaire ; D'où il suit qu'en refusant effet à la convention licite de transmissibilité sans garantie, l'arrêt attaqué a expressément violé les lois précitées ; Casse l'arrêt rendu par la Cour d'appel de Paris. Du 11 décembre 1849. — Cour de cassation. — M. DE PORTALIS, Prem. Prés.—Plaid., MM. PASCALIS et FABRE, Avocats.. TRIBUNAUX DE COMMERCE. — ÉLECTIONS. — RÉCLAMATIONS. — VICES DE FORMES. — LIBERTÉ DU SCRUTIN. DROIT DE DÉFENSE. En matière de réclamation contre les élections des juges ( 15 ) consulaires, le réclamant a le droit d'être entendu devant la Cour à l'appui de son recours. Les électeurs, pour le choix des juges consulaires, sont suffisamment avertis du jour de l'élection par l'arrêté de convocation. ' Ils sont suffisamment prévenus du. nombre des juges à nommer, soit par la loi qui ordonne le renouvellement annuel du Tribunal par moitié, soit par l'arrêté sur la formation des listes contenant l'indication de ce nombre, soit enfin par l'avertissement des présidents de section , au moment de la révision électorale. La présentation d'une liste de candidats pour les élections consulaires , faite par les membres en exercice du Tribunal de commerce, mais sans délibération comme Tribunal, conformément à un usage ancien, n'est point une atteinte à la liberté des suffrages devant entraîner la nullité de l'élection. LETULLE. La loi du 28 août 1848, a appliqué à l'élection des juges des Tribunaux de commerce le principe du suffrage universel. universel. L'art. 1er de cette loi modifie les art. 618 , 619, 620 , 621 et 629 du Code de commerce. On lit dans l'art. 621 modifié les dispositions suivantes : « Dans les cinq jours de l'élection, tout citoyen ayant pris part à l'opération électorale aura le droit d'élever des réclamations sur la régularité ou la sincérité de l'élection : dans les dix jours de la réception du procès-verbal, le procureurgénéral aura le même droit. » Ces réclamations seront communiquées aux citoyens dont l'élection serait attaquée, et qui auront le droit d'in(4) d'in(4) cette loi ce Recueil, 1848. 2. 123. ( 16 ) tervenir dans les cinq jours de la communication. Elles seront jugées sommairement et sans frais , dans la quinzaine, par la Cour d'appel dans le ressort de laquelle l'élection a eu lieu; )) La nullité partielle ou absolue de l'élection ne pourra être prononcée que dans les cas suivants : » 1 ° Si l'élection n'a pas été faite selon les formes prescrites par la loi ; )j 2» Si le scrutin n'a pas été libre, ou s'il a été vicié par des manoeuvres frauduleuses ; » 3° S'il y à incapacité légale dans la personne de l'un ou de plusieurs des élus. » Les élections pour le renouvellement annuel du Tribunal de commerce de là Seine , ont eu lieu le 14 décembre 1849. Il y avait à nommer huit juges et neuf suppléants. Us sont nommés au premier tour de scrutin de liste. Dans les cinq jours de l'élection, le sieur Letulle forme des réclamations contre les opérations électorales, fondées 1° sur ce qu'il n'aurait été prévenu du jour des élections que le 12 décembre par un avis autographe qui n'était signé par aucune autorité ; 2° sur ce que le choix des électeurs aurait été influencé par une liste decandidats, arrêtée par le Tribunal de commerce dans sa séance du 11 décembre, et publiée par les deux journaux judiciaires de Paris. A l'audience de la première chambre de la Cour à laquelle la réclamation est portée, le sieur Letulle demande a être entendu en personne dans les observations qu'il désire présenter. M. l'avocat-général de Royer s'oppose à cette audition en se fondant sur ce que l'art. 621 du Code de commerce modifié, n'accorde ni au réclamant, ni aux parties intéressées le droit d'intervenir. ARRÊT. La Cour, Considérant que la défense est de droit commun, et que celui qui a reçu de la loi le droit de réclamer contre l'élec ( 1) lion, doit par conséquent avoir le droit de soutenir sa réclamation devant la Cour chargée de la juger ; Que , bien que cette faculté ne soit pas écrite d'une manière explicite dans l'art. 621 du Code de commerce, modifié par le décret du 28 août 1848, elle en résulte implicitement, mais nécessairement, puisqu'en autorisant les citoyens, dont l'élection est attaquée , à intervernir, il suppose qu'un débat contradictoire peut avoir lieu et que le réclamant peut y être partie ; Que,bien que Letulle n'ait pas été appelé en cause par le ministère public, il est fondé à se présenter pour, soutenir sa réçla mation ; Ordonne que Letulle sera entendu. Du 28 décembre 1849. ---Cour d'appel de Paris. — lre ch. — M. TROPLONG, pr. Prés: Après cette décision, le sieur Latulle est entendu dans ses observations, qui ne sont que le développement des deux griefs indiqués plus haut. M. l'avocat général explique que ces [griefs ne sont pas fondés , par les motifs que l'arrêt de la Cour a reproduits. ARRÊT. LA COUR , Sur le premier grief Considérant que les électeurs ont été régulièrement convoqués parle préfet de la Seine ; que son arrêté du 1er décembre, publié et affiché quatorze jours avant l'élection, les a suffisamment avertis, et que les lettres d'avis adressées à chacun d'eux, n'étaient destinées qu'à leur servir de cartes d'entrée dans rassemblée électorale ; Considérant que les électeurs ont été suffisamment avertis du nombre des juges et juges-suppléants à nommer, soit par la disposition de la loi qui ordonne le renouvellement chaque année de la moitié des membres du Tribunal, soit par l'arrêté du préfet du 20 août dernier, sur la formation Année 1850.—2e partie. 2 ( 18 ) des listes , soit par l'avertissement donné par les présidents des sections à l'ouverture de la réunion électorale, ainsi que le constatent les procès-verbaux ; Sur le deuxième grief : Considérant que les membres en exercice du Tribunal, en présentant une liste de candidats, et en se conformant en cela à un usage ancien, n'ont agi qu'individuellement, et en leurs noms personnels , sans délibération du Tribunal, et n'ont fait qu'user du droit commun qui appartient à tous les électeurs ; que ce fait n'a porté aucune atteinte à la liberté des suffrages, et ne saurait rentrer dans les cas de manoeuvres frauduleuses prévus par l'art. 621 du Code de commerce, modifié par le décret du 28 août 1848, comme pouvant entraîner la nullité de l'élection ; Déclare Letulle mal fondé dans sa demande, sans dépens. Du 28 décembre 1849. — Cour d'appel de Paris 1re Ch. — M. TROPLONG , Pr. Prés. — Concl., M. DE ROYER, Avocat-Général: FAILLITE.— SYNDICS. — ACTION. — TIERCE-OPPOSITION. — CRÉANCIERS. — INTERVENTION. — FIN DE NON-RECEVOIR. Les syndics ne sont pas recevables à former tierce-opposition aux jugements rendus contre le failli, avant la déclaration de la faillite, qu'autant qu'il y a eu fraude et collusion entre le failli et celui qui a obtenu ces jugements, ou qu'autant qu'il s'agit de droits personnels que les créant ciers auraient eus à faire valoir contre l'action intentée au débiteur depuis déclaré en état de faillite (1). Les créanciers d'une faillite ne sont pas recevable à deman(4) deman(4) ceReceuil, 4847, 2. 94. (19) der à intervenir dans une instance où ils sont représentés par les syndics. (Code civil, art. 1167; Code de comm., art. 443 et 446.) BAUDON ET COMP. —C. — SYNDICS DE LA COMPAGNIE DU. CHEMIN DE FER DE PARIS A SCEAUX. Le 11 juin 1847, les sieurs Baudon et Comp. ouvrent à la compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Sceaux, un crédit de200,000fr. pour six mois , sur le nantissement de 350 obligations libérées de celle compagnie. Le 21 septembe 1848, n'ayant pu être payés à échéance des sommes avancées, ils obtiennent du. Tribunal de commerçe de la Seine un jugement par défaut qui condamne, ladite compagnie à leur payer la somme de 202, 709 fr. 95 c, et les autorise à faire vendre publiquement, par le ministère d'un notaire, les 350 obligations données en nantissement. Le 20 février 1849, il intervient sur opposition un nouveau jugement qui ordonne que celui du 21 septembre sera exécuté selon sa forme et teneur. Le 19 juin suivant, la compagnie du chemin de fer de. Paris à Sceaux est déclarée en état de liquidation judiciaire, et la cessation dés paiements est fixée au 15 juillet 1848. Le sieur Lefrançois , nommé syndic de la, cessation des paiements, forme tierce-opposition aux jugements. des 21 septembre 1848 et 20 février 1849. Les sieurs Baudon,et Comp. soutiennent que la tierceopposition est non recevable. Le 5 décembre 1849, le Tribunal statue en ces ter-, mes : « Le Tribunal, » Attendu que la question de préférence entre plusieurs, créanciers ne peut exister que postérieurement à la déclara-. tion de faillite du débiteur commun ; que par. conséquent ses. (20 ) créanciers n'ont pu être représentés par ce dernier ; » Qu'il est évident que le syndic qui, dans l'espèce, est le mandataire des créanciers, n'a pas été partie ni représenté au jugement qui a affecté le gage dont s'agit au paiement de la créance de Baudon et Compagnie ; » Reçoit le syndic dé la liquidation judiciaire du chemin de fer de Sceaux, tiers-opposant aux deux jugements rendus en ce Tribunal au profil de Baudon et Compagnie, les 21 septembre 1848 et 20 février 1849 ; » Appel de la part des sieurs Baudon et Comp. Les sieurs Bonnet et Leloir, créanciers de la compagnie, demandent à intervenir dans l'instance. ARRÊT. LA COUR, En ce qui touche la tierce-opposition : Considérant que pour former tierce-opposition à un jugement , il faut non-seulement y avoir intérêt, mais encore n'y avoir pas été représenté ; Considérant que les créanciers de la société du chemin de fer de Paris à Sceaux, au nom et dans l'intérêt desquels procède Lefrançois, ont été représentés aux jugements des 21 septembre 1848 et 20 février 1849 par leur débiteur qui jouissait alors de la plénitude de ses droits; Considérant, en effet, qu'il est de principe que le créancier tenant ses droits de son débiteur, du contrat qui a été passé entre eux , est représenté par ce débiteur; qu'il n'y a que deux exceptions à ce principe, savoir : 1° le cas de fraude ou de collusion entre le débiteur et celui qui a obtenu le jugement frappé de tierce-opposition ; 2° le cas où le créancier qui exerce celte voie extraordinaire de recours , justifie qu'il aurait eu à faire valoir contre l'action intentée au débiteur un droit propre et personnel ; Considérant, quant au premier cas, que le créancier qui ( 21 ) exerce l'action révocatoire autorisée par l'art. 1167 du Code civil, est dans la double obligation: de justifier d'une part, que l'acte dont la révocation est demandée' lui est préjudiciable ; d'autre part, qu'i! a été fait en fraude de ses droits çonsilium fraudis, et eventus damni ; : Qu'en outre, dans l'espèce du procès, s'agissant d'un contrat à titre onéreux,, il ne suffirait pas de démontrer qu'il y a eu mauvaise foi du débiteur, il faudrait encore établir que celui avec lequel a contracté, le débiteur a participé à la fraude; Considérant que Lefrançois ne satisfait à aucune de ces obligations; Que les faits par lui allégués ne sont ni pertiners ni concluans ; que l'on ne peut opposer à Baudon le défaut de valeur et l'irrégularité des actions qui lui ont été données en nantissement;. Que cette circonstance, loin de fournir à sa charge un indice de mauvaise foi, révélerait au contraire une fraude pratiquée contre lui par le débiteur commun ; Qu'il n'est pas non plus justifié que les jugements des 21 septembre 1848 et 20 janvier 1849, sont le résultat d'une collusion ou d'un concert pour frauder les tiers ; Considérant, quant au second cas, que les attaques dirigées tant contre l'acte de nantissement que contre les juge rnents de septembre 1848 et de février 1849r, qui le consacrent, ne reposent pas sur un droit propre et personnel aux créanciers de la société du chemin de fer, puisqu'elles s'appuient sur un prétendu vice intrinsèque que le débiteur pouvait opposer lui-même et qu'il avait intérêt à opposer pourfaire rentrer dans son actif les valeurs données en nantissement et en tirer profit; Considérant enfin, que l'argument tiré de l'article 446 du Code de commerce, et tendant à faire tomber de plein droit les jugements dont il s'agit, ne saurait donner à la tiercesopposition aucun soutien valable ; (22 ) Qu'en effet, l'article 466 précité ne fait pas peser de suspicion légale sur ces jugements , actes émanés de l'autorité publique et investis au plus haut degré du caractère de la vérité ; En ce qui touche l'intervention des parties d'Horson : Considérant que le syndic d'une faillite est le représentant légal de la masse des créanciers du failli, que c'est par lui que doivent être intentées dans l'intérêt commun toutes les actions qui intéressent la faillite ; que l'intervention personnelle des créanciers est donc sans objet et sans but, ne peut qu'augmenter les lenteurs et les frais et doit donc être considérée comme inadmissible ; que d'ailleurs, les motifs ci-dessus s'appliquent aux créanciers procédant individuellement , comme à leur représentant ; Infirme ; déclare Lefrançois et les parties d'Horson nonrecevables en leurs tierce-opposition et intervention ; ordonne , en conséquence, que les jugements des 21 septembre 1848 et 20 février. 1849 seront exécutés selon leur, forme et teneur. Du 24 décembre 1849. — Cour d'appel de Paris. — 1re. Chambre. — M. TROPLONG , pr. Près. — Concl., M. BAR BIER, subst. duProc.-gen.—Plaid., MM. DELANGLE. , ORSAT et HORSON , Avocats. DOUANE, — BLÉS ÉTRANGERS. — FARINES. — IMPORTATION. — RÉEXPORTATION. — DROITS. Décret du 14 janvier 850. LE PRÉSIDENT DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE , Sur le rapport du ministre de l'agriculture et du commerce ; Vu la loi du 5 juillet 1836, section 2, article 5 ; Vu l'avis du ministre des finances, ( 23 ) DÉCRÈTE : Art. 1er. Les blés-froments, étrangers, sans distinction d'espèce ni d'origine, pourront être importés temporairement en franchise de droits pour la mouture , sous les conditions déterminées par la loi du 5 juillet 1836 et par les articles suivants. Art. 2. Par 100 kilogrammes de froment importés on sera tenu de représenter en farines de froment bien conditionnées, de bonne qualité et sans mélange quelconque, savoir : 90 kilogrammes de farine blutée à 10 p. ,100. 80 — _ à 20 ou 70 — — à 30 suivant le taux du blutage qui aura été déclaré d'avance à la douane , d'après chacune des trois catégories indiquées ci-dessus. Toutefois ,lorsque le droit sur le froment étranger sera de plus de 6 fr. 25 c. par hectolitre pour l'importation par navire français ou par la voie de terre, dans le département où s'opère la sortie, la quantité de farine à exporter, d'après le paragraphe précédent, sera augmentée de 5 kilogrammes par 100 kilogrammes de blé importé ; et lorsque le droit de sortie sur le froment indigène y sera de plus de 6 fr. par hectolitre , la quantité de farine à exporter , d'après le même paragraphe, sera réduite de 5 kilogrammes par 100 kilogrammes de blé introduit, et ces 5 kilogrammes ne pourront sortir que moyennant l'acquit du droit existant à l'exportation des farines indigènes. Art. 3. Les froments étrangers destinés pour la mouture ne pouront être importés et les farines réexportées que par les ports d'entrepôt réel et par les bureaux ouverts , soit à l'entrée des marchandises taxées à plus de 20 fr. par 100 kilogrammes. Art. 4. Les déclarants s'engageront par une soumission valablement cautionnée, à rapporter ou à réintégrer en entrepôt, dans un délai qui ne pourra excéder vingt jours , ( 24 ) les farines en quantité et qualité, et selon le degré de blutage , conformes aux prescriptions de l'article 2 ci-dessus. Les déclarations pour la mouture ne seront point reçues ; les permis ne seront point délivrés pour moins de 150 quintaux de froment à la fois. Art. 5. Des échantillons de farines de pur froment, blutées à 10, 20 et 30 p. 100, seront déposés dans les bureaux de douanes ouverts à ces sortes d'opérations, afin d'y servir de types pour la vérification des farines. En cas de doute ou de contestation; des échantillons, prélevés contradictoirement par la douane et les soumissionnaires, seront soumis à l'examen des commissaires experts institués par l'article 19 de la loi du 27 juillet 1822. Art. 6. Les droits d'entrée sur les sons provenant de la mouture seront acquittés à raison de 8 , 18 ou 28 kilogrammes de son par 100 kilogrammes de blé importé, suivant que les farines représentées seront blutées à 10 , 20 ou 30 pour 100. La différence de 3 p. 100 est comptée comme déchet à la mouture. Art, 7. Les ordonnances royales des 20 septembre 1828 et 20 juillet 1835 , relatives à la mouture des blés étrangers, sont abrogées. Art. 8. Les ministres de l'agriculture et du commerce , etc: BANQUE DE FRANCE. — BILLETS. — EMISSION. ( Loi du 22 décembre 4 849. ) Article unique. Le maximum des émissions de la banque de France et de ses comptoirs, limité à 452 millions par les décrets des 15-25 mars, 27 avril et 2 mai 1848, est porté à 525 millions. ( 25 ) NAVIGATION FLUVIALE. — MAÎTRE DE BATEAU. — PATRON. — FAUTE. — RESPONSABILITÉ. — ABANDON. L'art. 216 du Code de commerce est applicable à la navigation fluviale. En conséquence, le propriétaire d'un bateau naviguant sur un fleuve peut se décharger de la responsabilité des fautes commises par le patron, en abandonnant le bateau et son fret. (Code de comm., art. 216.) COMPAGNIE D'ASSURANCES GÉNÉRALES. —C. — POULIN. Le sieur Poulin possédait un bateau appelé l'Adélaïde, qui naviguait sur la Seine et que conduisait le patron Annest. Le 17 septembre 1847, celui-ci est obligé, par suite de la violence du vent, de s'arrêter et d'amarrer son bateau sous la troisième arche du pont de Grenelle. Un marinier du bord ayant allumé du feu pour sécher ses habits, le feu prend à la cheminée. Le patron travaille avec les hommes de l'équipage à éteindre l'incendie, et se retire ; mais dans la soirée, le feu se déclare de nouveau et se communique au pont sous lequel le bateau était amarré. Ce sinistre cause au pont un dommage que la compagnie d'assurances générales répare, en exécution d'une police d'assurance qui la liait. La compagnie exerçant les droits et actions de l'assuré, fait assigner le sieur Poulin, propriétaire du bateau l' Adélaïde, pour s'entendre condamner, comme responsable des fautes du patron, au remboursement de la somme qu'elle avait payée, pour le dommage, au concessionnaire du pont de Grenelle. Le sieur Poulin, se fondant sur l'article 216 du Code de commerce , déclare faire abandon du bateau l'Adélaïde et de son fret, et demande, moyennant ce, sa relaxance. Année 1860. — 2e partie. 3 (26 ) La compagnie d'assurances générales soutient que le sieur Poulin ne peut se libérer par l'abandon, de la responsabilité. Elle dit que la loi avait soigneusement distingué, dans ses dispositions, la navigation fluviale de la navigation maritime ; que l'article 216 du Code de commerce, créant une exception à la responsabilité générale qui pèse sur quiconque cause un dommage à autrui, il fallait en restreindre l'application à l'objet qui avait été spécialement préva par les termes même de l'article ; qu'en effet, cet article ne parle que des navires et que de la responsabilité de l'armateur , relativement aux faits et aux engagements du capitaine. JUGEMENT. Attendu qu'à la date du 17 septembre 1847, le bateau l'Adélaïde , appartenant au sieur Poulin et conduit par le patron Annest dit Mouton, fut obligé, par la violence du vent, de s'arrêter sous la troisième arche du pont de Grenelle , où il s'amarra ; qu'un marinier à bord alluma du feu pour faire sécher ses habits ; que s'étant aperçu que le feu, par suite de la violence du vent, avait pris à la cheminée, ce marinier s'empressa de l'éteindre, et que le patron Mouton étant survenu , jeta encore plusieurs seaux d'eau et abandonna le bateau ; que le feu s'étant de nouveau déclaré dans la soirée abord du bateau, se communiqua au pont sous lequel il était amarré. Du 30 janvier 1850. -Tribunal de commerce de Rouen. — M. PELLOUIN, Président. 1° COMMISSIONNAIRE DE TRANSPORT. —PRESCRIPTION. — EXPERTISE. — FORCE MAJEURE. — CONSTATATION. 2° CHEMIN DE FER. — RETARD. — AVARIE. — RESPONSABILITÊ. 1° Le commissionnaire de transport ne peut se prévaloir de la prescription de l'art. 108 du Code de commerce, par le seul motif que l'assignation en réparation des avaries éprouvées par la marchandise ne lui a été donnée qu'après l'expiration des six mois, lorsque la vérification des avaries a été contradictoirement faite dans ce délai. Le voiturier ne peut opposer l'exception tirée de la force majeure, qu'autant que l'événement qui constitue la force majeure a été légalement constaté. (Code de commerce, art. 97. et 108. ) 2° La compagnie d'un chemin de fer qui, ayant reçu une marchandise pour en faire faire le transport dans un court délai, retarde plusieurs jours à en faire faire le départ , commet une faute lourde qui peut la rendre responsable de l'événement, même de force majeure, auquel elle a été exposée par suite de ce retard. MILSON ET POY. — C. — COURRAT PÈRE ET FILS ET CONSORTS , ET LA COMPAGNIE DU CHEMIN DE FER DE PARIS AU HAVRE. Le 22 février 1848, Denonette-Roger, commissionnaire de transport au Havre, remet à la compagnie du chemin ( 29 ) de fer du Havre à Paris, deux balles de soie à la destination des sieurs Milson et Poy, de Lyon. Le transport devait être fait en huit jours. La compagnie ne fait partir ces balles que par le cinquième convoi du 25 février. Par suite des événements qui eurent lieu à cette époque dans les environs de la capitale au moment de la révolution, et des dégâts qu'éprouvèrent les chemin de fer , les deux balles de soie ne sont présentées que le 13 mars au sieur Poyet, commissionnaire intermédiaire chargé de les acheminer sur Lyon. Celui-ci s'apercevant que la marchandise est avariée , ne veut la recevoir qu'après une expertise qui a lieu à la requête et en la présence de la compagnie. L'expert constate une avarie par suite de mouillure et estime le dommage à 10 fr. pour les paquets avariés, sans en désigner le nombre. Les deux balles du soie sont confiées par le sieur Poyet aux sieurs Blanc et Comp., et par ceux-ci aux sieurs Courrat père et fils , qui les remettent à destination le 3 avril. Avant de recevoir la marchandise , les sieurs Milson et Poy en font faire la vérification, contradictoirement avec les sieurs Courrai père et fils. Les experts constatent les avaries qui avaient déjà été indiquées par les experts qui avaient procédé à Paris, et fixent à 120 fr. le montant de la dépréciation. Les sieurs Milson et Poy font assigner tous les commissionnaires par l'intermédiaire desquels la marchandise avait voyagé , y compris la compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris au Havre , pour s'entendre condamner à lui payer solidairement le montant de l'avarie fixé par les experts, et des dommages-intérêts à raison de la perle que leur avait fait éprouver le retard. Des demandes en garantie sont successivement formées par les divers commissionnaires , et elles se réfléchissent en définitive contre la compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris (30) au Havre , par la faute de laquelle l'avarie et le retard auraient eu lieu. La compagnie oppose à la demande la prescription établie par l'art. 108 du Code de commerce, en se fondant sur ce que l'assignation ne lui aurait été donnée qu'après l'expiration de six mois. Elle plaide qu'au fond sa responsabilité ne serait pas engagée , parce que l'avarie et le retard proviennent d'une force majeure ; que l'on ne pourrait objecter la circonstance que les événements qui l'ont constituée n'ont pas été constatés légalement, parce que ces événements sont de notoriété publique.. Elle ajoute que dans tous les cas, elle ne pourrait être tenue pour réparation de l'avarie qu'au paiement de la somme de 10 fr., à laquelle l'avarie avait été fixée par l'expert qui avait opéré à Paris, et que pour l'indemnité de retard , elle ne devait être soumise qu'à tenir compte du tiers de la voiture. JUGEMENT. Considérant qu'à leur arrivée à Lyon, le 3 avril, les deux balles ont été, sur la requête de Milson-Poy, soumises à une nouvelle expertise en présence de Courrat père et fils, qui, en leur qualité de derniers commissionnaires, représentaient tous les transporteurs précédents ; que cette expertise , faite avec beaucoup plus de précision que la première , constate le dommage éprouvé par la marchandise et signale plus particulièrement douze paquets de soie qui auraient plus souffert que les autres , bien qu'il y en eût un plus grand nombre qui aient été mouillés, et évalue la perte totale à 120 fr. ; ce qui serait à peu près la même valeur que celle appréciée par l'expert de Paris, si, comme tout porte à le croire, il a pensé estimer le dommage à raison de 10 fr; par chaque paquet avarié, et non pas à 10 frpour la totalité comme le prétend la compagnie, car celte évaluation ne serait point en rapport avec les autres parties du (31 ) rapport qui signalent un certain nombre de paquets mouillés, et ordonne le changement d'enveloppe de ces paquets pour prévenir de plus grandes avaries ; Considérant, en droit, que l'avarie a été constatée à Paris en temps utile et contre la compagnie du chemin de fer"; que celle faite à Lyon n'a été que le complément de la première et pour fixer définitivement le chiffre des dommages ; que dès lors la compagnie n'est pas recevable dans son exception fondée sur la prescription déterminée par l'article 108 du Code de commerce.	20,932
3757019_1	Court Listener	Open Government	Public Domain	null	None	None	Unknown	Unknown	651	1,056	OPINION Page 2 {¶ 1} On February 24, 2006, the Ashland County Grand Jury indicted appellant, Jerry Barrett, on one count of operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs in violation of R.C. 4511.19 and one count of possession of crack cocaine in violation of R.C.2925.11. {¶ 2} On February 5, 2007, appellant pled guilty to the under the influence count. By judgment entry filed same date, the trial court found appellant guilty, and permitted the state to dismiss the possession count. By judgment entry filed March 28, 2007, the trial court sentenced appellant to eight months in prison. {¶ 3} Appellant filed an appeal and this matter is now before this court for consideration. Assignment of error is as follows: I {¶ 4} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY IMPOSING A SENTENCE GREATER THAN THE MINIMUM SENTENCE PROVIDED BY LAW IN VIOLATION OF APPELLANT'S DUE PROCESS RIGHTS AS GUARANTEED BY THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED STATE (SIC) CONSTITUTION." I {¶ 5} Appellant claims the trial court erred in imposing more than the minimum sentence, and the directives of State v. Foster,109 Ohio St. 3d 1, 2006-Ohio-856, violate the ex post facto and due process clauses of the United States Constitution. We disagree. {¶ 6} In Foster, the Supreme Court of Ohio held under Apprendi v. NewJersey (2000), 530 U.S. 466, and Blakely v. Washington (2004),542 U.S. 296, portions of Page 3 Ohio's sentencing scheme were unconstitutional because they required judicial fact finding before a defendant could be sentenced to more than the minimum sentence, and/or consecutive sentences. As a remedy, theFoster court severed the offending sections from Ohio's sentencing code. Accordingly, judicial fact finding is no longer required before a court imposes non-minimum, maximum or consecutive prison terms. Thus, pursuant to Foster, trial courts have full discretion to impose a prison sentence within the statutory ranges. The Foster decision does, however, require trial courts to "consider" the general guidance factors contained in R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12. State v. Duff, Licking App. No. 06-CA-81,2007-Ohio-1294; See also, State v. Diaz, Lorain App. No. 05CA008795,2006-Ohio-3282. {¶ 7} Additionally, this court has held that in post-Foster cases, appellate review of sentences shall be pursuant to an abuse of discretion standard. State v. Firouzmandi, Licking App. No. 06-CA-41,2006-Ohio-5823; Duff, supra. An abuse of discretion implies that the trial court's decision was unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable and not merely an error of law or judgment. Blakemore v. Blakemore (1983)5 Ohio St. 3d 217; State v. Adams (1980), 62 Ohio St. 2d 151. When applying an abuse of discretion standard, an appellate court may not generally substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. Pons v. Ohio StateMed. Bd. (1993), 66 Ohio St. 3d 619. {¶ 8} In this case, appellant was convicted of operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs, a felony in the fourth degree. The sentencing range for a fourth degree felony is "six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, or eighteen months." R.C. 2929.14(A)(4). The Page 4 trial court's imposition of eight months is within the statutory sentencing range, and as such, is a proper sentence. {¶ 9} As for appellant's argument that Foster violates the ex post facto and due process clauses of the United States Constitution, we disagree with this argument based upon the well-reasoned opinion inState v. Rorie, Stark App. No. 2006CA00181, 2007-Ohio-741, Assignment of Error I. {¶ 10} Upon review, we find the trial court's sentence is not unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable. {¶ 11} The sole assignment of error is denied. {¶ 12} The judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Ashland County, Ohio is hereby affirmed. Farmer, J. Hoffman, P.J. and Delaney, J. concur. Page 5 JUDGMENT ENTRY For the reasons stated in our accompanying Memorandum-Opinion, the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Ashland County, Ohio is affirmed. *Page 1.	9,228
https://github.com/Furti87/UnifiedOddsSdkNet/blob/master/src/Sportradar.OddsFeed.SDK.Entities.REST/IManager.cs	Github Open Source	Open Source	Apache-2.0	2,022	UnifiedOddsSdkNet	Furti87	C#	Code	145	336	/* * Copyright (C) Sportradar AG. See LICENSE for full license governing this code */ using System.Globalization; using Sportradar.OddsFeed.SDK.Messages; namespace Sportradar.OddsFeed.SDK.Entities.REST { /// <summary> /// Defines a contract for classes implementing manager info /// </summary> public interface IManager { /// <summary> /// Gets a <see cref="URN"/> specifying the id of the manager /// </summary> URN Id { get; } /// <summary> /// Gets the name of the manager /// </summary> /// <param name="culture">A <see cref="CultureInfo"/> specifying the language of the returned name</param> /// <returns>Return a name of the manager</returns> string GetName(CultureInfo culture); /// <summary> /// Gets the nationality of the manager /// </summary> /// <param name="culture">A <see cref="CultureInfo"/> specifying the language of the returned nationality</param> /// <returns>Return a nationality of the manager</returns> string GetNationality(CultureInfo culture); /// <summary> /// Gets the country code /// </summary> /// <value>The country code</value> string CountryCode { get; } } }	39,108
https://github.com/maiers/bigbib/blob/master/src/main/resources/reduce/facet-journals.js	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	null	bigbib	maiers	JavaScript	Code	5	19	function(k,v) { return Array.sum(v) }	32,672
sn85060004_1925-09-15_1_11_1	US-PD-Newspapers	Open Culture	Public Domain	null	None	None	English	Spoken	3,477	4,669	Godfrey Bell Reveals His Strong Love for Nora Lee. It was a habit that Dane had to reach down suddenly like this and take her hand. But then they would run up the hill together; or they would glance about swiftly and, finding no one near, they would snatch a brief, ecstatic kiss and race along laughing. So she didn’t want God hers. She loosened them, and they went. Exit Free Each visitor to the newest and most exclusive gambling casino at Barritz must pay $500 to get in, but can easily manage to get thrown out at no additional expense. Query Department — How long have the Dry Tortogas been dry? A.—Ever since the Volstead law was enacted. Incredible! A woman who wants to be elected mayor of Chicago says she wins she will expose graft and corruption. We don't believe she would say a word about it. Who ever heard of a woman telling anything? Puzzles Them Fundamentalists cannot understand the colleges in the full possession of their faculties can believe in evolution. More Evidence One of the best bottle factories of the country almost doubled its earnings last year, which appears to be another indication prohibition isn't working as it should. Ride Her, Cowboy! According to the Cleveland Plain Dealer, a man was seen piloting a flyer through an Ohio town the other day and wearing spurs. Took Our Breath Luther Burbank has blended the potato and tomato in a new vegetable he calls the pomat. We said to him. "Tea, lent that interesting?" she simpered. "And the pulmotor — that’s one of his new vegetables, too, isn't it?" Simple Medicine Scientists, telling us Things that will help People keep healthy, urge Seaweed, or keep. Thus we get iodine — Simplest of ways; Try a kelp salad, with Good mayonnaise. As We All Know, Mary Garden has a new romance, a cablegram informs us. Mary knows that romance and publicity go hand in hand. Police Negligence gives gallons of wine blown up in the San Diego police station, calling attention to a type of police negligence we do not believe could happen in our own department. Doubly Henpecked, an Ohio man, in his divorce suit, asserts he had to sleep in a hen coop. If so, he may have been doubly henpecked on several occasions. Are you placing yourself in a position to “cash in” this fall when the real estate market becomes active? Take advantage of the opportunities for profit listed in the real estate columns want ad section of The Light tonight. CHAPTER L. Frey Bell’s fingers clasped on pretending to brush the hair from her face. He was aware of the pretense and became very quiet. So she let her hand sneak back, sorry to hurt him. But he didn’t take it again. She said irritably: “Oh, why do people think love is worth so much! You'd call Life fine if it gave you a day or an hour with a beautiful woman that you loved. But you should have sense enough to know better than want this cruel power to meddle with your heart! Love is good for nothing but to increase our capacity to suffer.” “That seems to me,” said the girl, “that I am not a woman, but a woman, and I am a woman.” Be the trouble with all Life, Nora Lee, since it gives us a capacity for experience. The more deeply we react, whether to pain or joy, the more deeply we are living.” DODGE RESPONSIBILITY. “Why should anyone wish to live deeply, since the happiest people are the shallowest? As Mack Twain says when Satan robs the old man of his brain, there is kindness for you! Now the old man will no longer grieve, no longer feel the slightest sorrow.” "Shallow people may be the happiest, but since you are not a shallow person, Nora Lee, you will never be satisfied with a shallow life. I hope you won't try it. It is the tragedy of many women today. They are trying to pass their days as idiots. They are evading responsibilities; drugging their minds and spirits. They turn their backs on the dynamic vitalities and plunge into the superficial. If they were all shallow, they would all be happy. But they aren't.” He turned from this earnest tone to question whimsically: “Is it necessary to be happy, Nora Lee?” HAPPINESS, PAIN. They were walking slowly and now reached a slope hemmed in by trees. Nora Lee dropped to the ground, folding her arms about her knees. He found a place at her feet, and glanced upward at her half-turned face. In the moonlight it was pale, the heavy lashes drooped, but the strong, resolute, young chin was raised and the sweet curves of her lips parted in a proud eagerness: "Oh, yes! What else is life for except to bring us happiness?” “But if my happiness means your pain, then what? Which one should life favor? Have I the right to demand a gift that brings sorrow to someone?” Else?" She felt him looking at her intently and she glanced to the sky where the moon was now tangled in the trees of Sutro's Forest, diffusing all about it a soft, yellow light. She thought bitterly: "I suppose life has to be sad, then, and someone must always suffer—" The eagerness of her expression, its imperious youngness smote him. He longed to know what she was thinking; what she wanted from the world; longed to bring it to her. He said softly: "Since it isn't love that is to make you happy, Nora Lee, what will? Is it glory you are asking?" WORK AHEAD. "I—don't—know." She added with impetuous fire: "Nothing could make me happy." Sudden tears started to her eyes. They filled him with panic. He said hastily: "What has happened, Nora Lee? Can you not speak to such an old person as I?" "You're not so old. It's just that things are quite muddled, don't you think. We can't be sure what we should ever do. I seem to go from one blunder to another. But soon all this will be past. In another month I'll be working." "In another month? Can you finish the course in two months?" "Enough to take a job. I'll finish the course at night. They have a most thorough instruction —6:30 to 9:30 twice a week. So you see, don't you?" "Yes, I see. I see very plainly. You do wrong. Nora Lee, to refuse me the privilege of aiding you. Can you not know that it would be an undreamt of enrichment in my life? Can you not see that you would be granting a favor greater than..." Any life has yet given to me?” “Don't say a thing like that, Mr. Bell.” “It is the truth. You want happiness.” (Continued on Page 22, Part 2) TAHWAVE Hl VOLXLV—NO. 240. DUTIES OF FIRE FI GHTER S ARE NUMEROUS His Jobs Consist of Most ‘Anything, Including Finding Lost Canary. One minute he is facing death in the midst of a burning inferno. The next he is sheepishly removing a cat from a telephone pole. One moment he is defying death rescuing one from muddy, swirling waters. The next he is assisting a group of church women prepare for a lawn social. Such is the life of a city fireman. In the meantime, a wife and future firefighter sit at home—waiting. Sometimes—perhaps oftentimes — they wonder. Maybe he is fighting his way into a fire-gutted structure, walls swaying, about to topple and crush him any second— WIDE VARIETY. Or maybe he sits at his station, teaching a dog mascot to smoke a pipe, and laughing. Who knows? Little can one realize the wide, almost mocking, contrast in the hours of the fireman's life. With him, however, it all comes in the line of duty. Whether he is commanded to make a perilous ascent into a flaming building, or to help a housewife recapture her escaped canary bird— It is all the same with him. He always must obey. MANY LITTLE JOBS. According to Fire Chief J. G. Sar ran, there are scores of little jobs done by the firemen for San Antonio residents each month. “Sometimes the men are asked to pump water from basements, to chop down trees after a wind storm, to help decorate churches, install light bull's in high buildings and an infinite Number of other things, Chief Sarran said. “Not long ago a pair of my men spent two hours helping a woman hunt a canary which escaped. The bird was finally located in the top of a high tree. The bird was returned to the woman.” SUPPER BANDITS STUFFS THEN PAY WITH PISTOL “Chow-jackers. This brand new word entered the English language Monday night. Detectives Harris and Herbst volunteer this history of its origin. Three youths entered the Market House Cafe, Monday night and ordered meals. After consuming them with relish they asked the price. “Ninety cents each,” the cafe manager said. Without answering him, they turned and started to walk out. He remonstrated. One of the three pulled a pistol from his pocket and trained it on the manager. Thus protected they continued their retreat. SEVENTY ENROLLED IN SUNDAY SCHOOL Seventy persons have enrolled in the Denver Heights Methodist church Sunday school training classes, it was announced by Dr. D. E. Hawk, instructor. The book studied is “A Methodist Church and Its Work.” Session will be held every night at 7:30 o'clock and are open to everyone. The Rev. H. H. Smith is pastor of the church and E. C. Jolly, Sunday school superintendent. Mrs. Howard Smith is superintendent of teacher training. ‘SEPTEMBER MORN’ SWIM COSTS $200 It was a luxurious swim. What price luxury! It cost one man heavily to have his scantily clad body in the San Antonio. Onion river in Brackenridge Park. It may be September but Judge Onion is of the opinion that nature only has a right to present, in the natural a la September Morn, so the man was fined $200 in corporation court Monday for “imitating" nature. PICKERS MAKE SAN ANTONIO RENDEZVOUS Army of Workers Drift to All Points as Cotton Center Opens. There is a strange nomadic tribe which makes San Antonio its rendezvous. Just as regular as the seasons its people come and go. Here in numbers today—gone tomorrow, traveling with the four winds. They live, love, suffer and enjoy, as do others, yet theirs is a life apart. Work is their god. Cotton is the lure that draws them from place to place. For the tribe is that great army of cotton pickers which yearly gathers the fleecy wealth of the South. A task unromantic, but an integral part of a great industry. FEED GREAT MILLS. It is these lowly, people who feed into the great cotton mill of the East the lint which later comes out as cloth to clothe the world. More than 125,000 of these workers go forth each summer to gather in the treasured staple. San Antonio is their meeting place. The trek of the nomads commences about the first day of August. Though the destination is the fertile lands of the Rio Grande Valley. But the Rio Grande on the south and the Sabin on the north do not limit their field of endeavor. East and west, as fast as the snowy bells burst open, they move. The end of October ordinarily finds them wending their way homeward—if home they have. MANY MEXICANS. The vast majority of the people who choose this work as their vocations are of Mexican extraction. Ordinarily, with large families, they make a family affair of cotton. Picking. Father, mother, son, and daughter, even to the tiniest, do their bit. Most of these people are only temporarily inhabitants of Texas. In the early summer, they come from the southern republic. At the end of the season, they return — usually with well-filled pockets, enough to tide them over the winter in their mild native climate. Sometimes they migrate beyond the Texas borders, into states adjoining on the north, east, and west. But Texas is the state from which they derive their greatest revenue. The migration brings to San Antonio the distinction of being the largest labor agency in the South—the city which furnishes farmers north, east, south, and west with the manpower to harvest their crops. WIFE AIDS POLICE TRAP HUSBAND IN YOUNG WIDOW’S HOME Deserting his pretty companion, a young widow, a young married man Monday night leaped from a second-story window of her luxuriously furnished home to temporary liberty. Detectives Goff and Bradshaw, the cause of his wild leap, gave chase after arresting his pretty hostess. Though the young man's leap had cost him a sprained ankle, in his excitement, he completely forgot his car and attempted to hobble away despite his injury. He was caught. "Oh, Lord, I did want to get away, so my wife wouldn't find this out," he told the officer. It was not until he had been sent to the station that the officers told him his wife had known all of the time. "We have been watching you for some time," they told him, "but not until tonight could we catch you. Your wife was helping us." SHOPLIFTERS BUSY IN TWO S. A. STORES Sh oplifters worked successfully twice Monday afternoon, according to reports to the detectives. H. N. Moore and Company, pawn brokers at 312 West Commerce street, were the losers of a pistol after a visit by one of the clan. A pair of trousers was stolen from Fred Garnish, who operates a tailor shop at 3128 South Florea street. SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 15, 1925. Customs Change, but Army Wedding Lives Up to Traditions of Service Bride and Bridegroom Ride in Wagon After Ceremony at Fort. Queer customs, which the changing years have failed to banish, still maintain in Uncle Sam’s army. Through changing time, a changed army, and a modernization of everything else, army tradition remains the same. It is a law which must not be broken. And each branch of the service has its separate custom. One of long standing in the infantry was brought to light when Miss La Verne Daly recently became the bride of Lieutenant Richard T. Mitchell, of the First Infantry. Every bride, everyone knows, is proud of her wedding chariot. Mrs. Mitchell was no exception. Except—in this case the chariot proved to be an ordinary escort wagon. Just a common, ordinary escort wagon, pulled by four gray mules. Bride and bridegroom climbed into the lumbering vehicle at the post chapel after the ceremony and were carried to the Officers' Club, where a reception was held. The First Infantry band led the way to the strains of “The Old Gray Mare.” Officers of the regiment followed in their automobiles. SOLDIER, LONG AWOL, REQUES TS ARREST AND POLICE COMPLY “I would like to be put in jail.” In police annals this is an unusual demand, and almost amounts to a request for mental observation. "What for?” Sergeant McKaughn asked him. “I have been absent without leave for some time and I want to give up,” the soldier said. “Dodging the officers is getting on my nerves. The sergeant granted his wish. VICTIM OF HOLDUP ACCUSES WOMAN R. H. Keene, 1101 Belmont street, reported to police he had been robbed of $7.50 near the Southern Pacific Railroad tracks, Monday evening. Keene told police he was hunting a spare part for his automobile when approached by a negro woman whom he said held him up. An army wedding: Upper: Lieutenant and Mrs. Richard T. Mitchell, following army custom of riding in an escort wagon after their wedding. Lower: Mrs. Mitchell, who formerly was Miss La Verne Daly. HIGH COST TO LOVING DRAINS BEAU BRUMMEL’S PURSE Pay day he calls on his best girl. A few days later he makes a date with his second best girl. The day before the next pay day he decides to step out with his third best girl. First, however, he measures the gas in his flivver. Finding less than a thimble full of fuel, he remains at home. These are the standard tactics adopted by the ultra-modern Beau Brummel. Twenty years ago they were somewhat to the contrary. Adjusting a faded ten-cent necktie, the suitor of yesterday stepped proudly into a somewhat dilapidated phaeton. Grasping the rains firmly, he gave the aged horse a sharp tap across the ribs. TIMES HAVE CHANGED. He was off to see his best girl. This he repeated every night of the week. There have been just causes for the SECTION B GENERAL NEWS The average temperature for San Antonio yesterday, Sept. 14, was 82 degrees change in the customs of Dan Cupid's victims, however. A score years ago a date meant a quiet evening under the stars on the lawn, or a short drive to the rural school house to hear Congressman So and so promise himself into office. Today the difference is greater than day and night. Where you want to go? This is the rather abrupt query flung at the modern youth when he asks for a date. Which does not fully explain why he has three or more girls. He figures it will cost him approximately $5 to go with his favorite mama. His compilation shows: Gas and oil, $1; a dance on the roof, $1; drinks en route, 50 cents; drinks on the return flight, ditto; emergencies, $1; a midnight supper, $1. Total, $5. SECOND BEST GIRL. Mr. Expense points towards the gaunt state of his pocketbook when he (Continued on Page 22, Part 2) VOL XLV—NO. 240. INSPECTION SCHOOL HELP TO DEALERS OFS.S. Business Men of City Take Advantage of Federal Move. San Antonio business men—dealers in hay—are taking advantage of the hay inspection school established and being conducted by the United States Agricultural Department in cooperation with the Texas Department of Agriculture at the Veterinary Hospital at Fort Sam Houston. This school, which opened September 8, and will continue through September 25, is in charge of W. H. Hosterman, of the Hay, Feed and Seed Division of the United States Department of Agriculture, and E. O. Pollock, of the Texas A. M. College. It is for the purpose of training men for federal hay inspection service in Texas and candidates are drawn from inspectors representing hay and grain exchanges, the State Department of Agriculture, the State Bureau of Markets, from the agricultural department of A. & M. and the veterinary corps of the United States army. VARIED COURSE. The course represents instruction in details of United States hay standards, application of the standards to carload lots and in the rules and regulations of the secretary of agriculture governing the inspection of hay under authority granted by Congress to the secretary. The secretary has promulgated an order fixing the standard covering all classes of hay that may be produced in—or shipped into—this territory as recommended by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics on July 1, and which became effective September 1, 1925. Within a month or two the government will issue these standards and other relative information in the form of a handbook for distribution to interested persons. ANALYZE HAY. It now is possible to purchase hay on the Kansas City market subject to federal inspection and this will be possible at certain points in Texas shortly after the present school has been completed. Classes are given the instructions relative to inspection with hundreds of bales of hay, representing every kind obtainable and which has been analyzed by the bureau at Washington, after which members inspect hay received by the United States army and their grades are based on the correctness of their analysis. DOG LAYS BARE U. S. OFFICIALS’ AMBUSH FOR SMUGGLERS “This dog out here must be Barking at the moon, for he's been at it all night,” a Becker avenue resident told Police Sergeant McKaughn early Tuesday morning. “At the moon,” pondered Mounted Officer Bruhn, “couldn't be; there isn't any moon now.” But realizing that this deliberation would not silence the hound, he advanced his gas lever and sped on to the scene. The first gleam from his flash light over a vacant lot revealed the cause of the barking. Two immigration officers lay in wait for a load of aliens. RESUME HOSPITAL RELIGIOUS SERVICE Weekly Sunday services at the W.O.W. Memorial hospital, New Braunfels road, have been resumed for the winter, it was announced Tuesday by J.K. Beery, secretary of the religious department of the Y.M.C.A. These services will be held every Sunday at 3:30 p.m., Mr. Beery said, and will be conducted by pastors of the local churches and laymen. Music and hymns will be given by volunteer choirs and musicians, Mr. Beery said.	23,932
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8740255	Wikidata	Semantic data	CC0	null	Category:Shoplifters	None	Multilingual	Semantic data	28	110	Category:Shoplifters Wikimedia category Category:Shoplifters instance of Wikimedia category Category:Shoplifters category contains human تصنيف:مسألة عائلية تصنيف ويكيميديا تصنيف:مسألة عائلية نموذج من تصنيف ويكيميديا تصنيف:مسألة عائلية يحتوي التصنيف على إنسان	50,341
https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%20%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97	Wikipedia	Open Web	CC-By-SA	2,023	नाहरगढ़ दुर्ग	https://hi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=नाहरगढ़ दुर्ग&action=history	Hindi	Spoken	224	885	नाहरगढ़ का किला जयपुर को घेरे हुए अरावली पर्वतमाला के ऊपर बना हुआ है। आरावली की पर्वत श्रृंखला के छोर पर आमेर की सुरक्षा को ध्यान में रखते हुए इस किले को सवाई राजा जयसिंह द्वितीय ने सन १७३४ में बनवाया था। यहाँ एक किंवदंती है कि कोई एक नाहर सिंह नामके राजपूत की प्रेतात्मा वहां भटका करती थी। किले के निर्माण में व्यावधान भी उपस्थित किया करती थी। अतः तांत्रिकों से सलाह ली गयी और उस किले को उस प्रेतात्मा के नाम पर नाहरगढ़ रखने से प्रेतबाधा दूर हो गयी थी। १९ वीं शताब्दी में सवाई राम सिंह और सवाई माधो सिंह के द्वारा भी किले के अन्दर भवनों का निर्माण कराया गया था जिनकी हालत ठीक ठाक है जब कि पुराने निर्माण जीर्ण शीर्ण हो चले हैं। यहाँ के राजा सवाई राम सिंह के नौ रानियों के लिए अलग अलग आवास खंड बनवाए गए हैं जो सबसे सुन्दर भी हैं। इनमे शौच आदि के लिए आधुनिक सुविधाओं की व्यवस्था की गयी थी। किले के पश्चिम भाग में “पड़ाव” नामका एक रेस्तरां भी है जहाँ खान पान की पूरी व्यवस्र्था है। यहाँ से सूर्यास्त बहुत ही सुन्दर दिखता है। सन्दर्भ दीर्घा बाहरी कड़ियाँ नाहरगढ़ दुर्ग के लिए जालस्थल - किले की जानकारी मल्हार वर्ल्डप्रेस पर नाहरढ़ का किला जयपुर के पर्यटन स्थल भारत में दुर्ग राजस्थान में दुर्ग जयपुर हिन्दी विकि डीवीडी परियोजना	4,969
c16d29794b56f3456b976f18bea463cd	French Open Data	Open Government	Various open data	null	JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_19900026_01766.pdf	journal-officiel.gouv.fr	French	Spoken	1,324	2,785	1766 JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE objet : grouper les amateurs de trompes de chasse afin de maintenir, de promouvoir l’étude de la trompe, de transmettre ses traditions et d’exécuter les œuvres musicales écrites pour la trompe de chasse. Siège social : Mesnil du Bec, 76630 Saint-Ouen-sous-Bailly, trans féré ; nouvelle adresse : 31, rue de Maincourt, 78720 Dampierre. Date : 29 mai 1990. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Rambouillet. Ancien titre : ASSOCIATION AU SERVICE DES INADAPTES AYANT DES TROUBLES DE LA PERSONNALITE POUR LE DEPARTE MENT DES YVELINES. Nouveau titre : SESAME AUTISME YVELINES. Siège social : résidence du Prieuré, bâtiment 2, 4, rue du Prieuré, 78100 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, transféré ; nouvelle adresse : 13, square des Rhododendrons, 78990 Elancourt. Date : 30 mai 1990. Déclaration à la préfecture des Yvelines. SCOUTS MARINS DE VERSAILLES. Siège social : 39, rue Berthier, 78000 Versailles, trans féré ; nouvelle adresse : 47, rue du Maréchal-Foch, 78000 Versailles. Date : 30 mai 1990. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Rambouillet. Ancien titre : ASSOCIATION POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT DES CULTURES PAR LA COMMUNICATION AUDIOVISUELLE. Nouveau titre : ASSOCIATION POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT DES CULTURES ET DES FORMATIONS PAR LA COMMUNICATION AUDIOVI SUELLE. Siège social : 20, rue Louis-Ulbach, 92400 Courbevoie, transféré ; nouvelle adresse : Vaumurier, 78470 Saint-Lambert. Date : 2 juin 1990. Déclaration à la préfecture des Yvelines. ASSOCIATION SOCIO CULTURELLE DES RESIDENTS DE LA MARE AUX SAULES (A.S.C.M.A.S.). Siège social : 74, rue des Saules, 78370 Plaisir, transféré ; nouvelle adresse : 3, allée des Platanes, 78370 Plaisir. Date : 5 juin 1990. Déclaration à la préfecture des Yvelines. Ancien titre : ASSOCIA TION DES USAGERS DE LA CANTINE DU CENTRE NATIONAL DE RECHERCHES ZOOTECHNIQUES. Nouveau titre : ASSOCIATION DES USAGERS DU RESTAURANT SOCIAL DU C.R.J. (A.U.R.). Nouvel objet : assurer la bonne ges tion du restaurant social du centre de Jouy-en-Josas. Siège social : I.N.R.A. C.N.R.Z., domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, trans féré ; nouvelle adresse : I.N.R.A. C.R.J., domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas. Date : 5 juin 1990. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Mantes-la-Jolie. Ancien titre : ASSOCIATION CULTURELLE « ABOU EL HASSANEINE ». Nouveau titre : ASSOCIATION CULTURELLE MAROCAINE D’EPONE. Siège social : 1, avenue du Professeur-Emile-Sergent, 78680 Epône. Date : 9 juin 1990. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Rambouillet. CLUB PEDESTRE ET TOURISTIQUE DE LA REGION DE RAM BOUILLET. Siège social: 12, rue Lachaux, 78120 Rambouillet, transféré ; nouvelle adresse : 58, rue de la Droue, Greffiers, 78120 Sonchamp. Date : 11 juin 1990. Déclaration à la préfecture des Yvelines. PAROLE ET VIE - ILEDE-FRANCE. Nouvel objet : pourvoir un soutien social, moral et spirituel aux habitants de l’Ile-de-France en offrant des services pra tiques et variés, selon les circonstances et les besoins des commu nautés locales. Siège social : 27, rue Edouard-Manet, Les Gâtines, 78370 Plaisir. Date : 11 juin 1990. Déclaration à la préfecture des Yvelines. Ancien titre : LE PULSOR. Nouveau titre : SYNAPSE. Nouvel objet : organiser des rencontres, faire des recherches, expérimentations, animations liées au développement des personnes dans un but de codéveloppement, d’apprentissage de l’autonomie et de la complexité. Siège social : 3, rue Saint-Yves, 75014 Paris, transféré ; nouvelle adresse : chez Mme Morin, 84, rue des Chantiers, 78000 Versailles. Date : 12 juin 1990. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Mantes-la-Jolie. UNION POUR LES MURE AUX (U.P.L.M.). Siège social : chez M. Liet (Bernard), 8, rue des Pléiades, 78130 Les Mureaux, transféré ; nou velle adresse : chez M. Tyczynski, 31, rue des Bougimonts, 78130 Les Mureaux. Date : 13 juin 1990. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Mantes-la-Jolie. UNION POUR MANTES-LA-JOIE (U.P.M.). Nouvel objet : regrouper, en dehors des partis politiques, tous ceux qui sont attachés à une société dé liberté, s’intéressent à la vie locale et entendent y parti ciper activement en offrant aux mantais une alternative à la coalition municipale actuelle. Siège social : 26, place du Marché-au-Blé, 78200 Mantes-la-Jolie, transféré ; nouvelle adresse : 17, rue Natio nale, 78200 Mantes-la-Jolie. Date : 13 juin 1990. Dissolutions Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. ASSOCIATION DE DEFENSE DES HABITANTS ET PROPRIE TAIRES DES COMMUNES DE CROISSY, LE PECQ, LE VESINET, CONCERNES PAR LA DEVIATION PROJETEE DU CHEMIN DEPARTEMENTAL N» 121. Siège social : mairie, 78110 Le Vésinet. Date : 25 mai 1990. 27 juin 1990 79 - DEUX-SÈVRES Créations Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Bressuire. CLASSE 92. Objet : organiser différentes activités. Siège social : mairie, 79100 MauzéThouarsais. Date : 14 mai 1990. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Bressuire. BUGGY RACING THOUARSAIS. Objet : pratique du sport automobile radio com mandée. Siège social : 33, rue Saint-Médard, 79100 Thouars. Date : 29 mai 1990. Déclaration à la préfecture des Deux-Sèvres. RACING-CLUB SYMPHORIENNAIS. Objet : permettre aux amateurs de modélisme de se retrouver pour pratiquer leur passion et se préparer à la com pétition. Siège social : mairie, 79270 Saint-Symphorien. Date : Ier juin 1990. Déclaration à la préfecture des Deux-Sèvres. AMICALE DES RESIDENTS DU FOYER-LOGEMENT « ALIENOR D’AQUI TAINE » DE COULONGES/L’AUTIZE. Objet : participation à l’animation du foyer-logement. Siège social : Foyer-Logement, 79160 Coulonges-sur-l’Autize. Date : 5 juin 1990. Déclaration à la préfecture des Deux-Sèvres. EUROPE D’ART, D’ART. Objet : organiser toute manifestation d’ouverture de Niort vers l’Europe ; gérer la pépinière des jeunes artistes européens. Siège social : mairie, place Martin-Bastard, 79022 Niort. Date : 7 juin 1990. Modifications Déclaration à la préfecture des Deux-Sèvres. ASSOCIATION DES PRATICIENS POUR LA PERMANENCE DES SOINS ET LES URGENCES MEDICALES (A.P.P.S.U.M.). Siège social : 35, avenue Saint-Jean, 79000 Niort, transféré : nouvelle adresse : 27, rue d'Inkermann, 79000 Niort. Date : 1er juin 1990. Déclaration à la préfecture des Deux-Sèvres. COMITE PAROIS SIAL DE MAGNE. Siège social : avenue du Marais-Poitevin, 79460 Magné, transféré ; nouvelle adresse : 32, rue de la Chevalerie, 79460 Magné. Date : 5 juin 1990. Déclaration à la préfecture des Deux-Sèvres. Ancien titre : SYN DICAT D’INITIATIVE DE COULON-SANSAIS/LAGARETTE. Nouveau titre : SYNDICAT D’INITIATIVE DU MARAIS POI TEVIN. Siège social : place de l’Eglise, 79510 Coulon. Date : 6 juin 1990. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Bressuire. CLASSE 86 BOUILLE-LORETZ. Siège social : chez M. Landais (Philippe), Les Landes, 79290 Bouillé-Loretz, transféré ; nouvelle adresse : chez M. Chemineau (Laurent), Beaumont, 79290 Bouillé-Loretz. Date : 8 juin 1990. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Bressuire. Ancien titre : ASSO CIATION DES PARENTS D’ELEVÉS. Nouveau titre : ASSOCIA TION DES PARENTS D’ELEVES DES ECOLES CATHOLIQUES DE COMBRAND. Siège social : mairie, 79140 Combrand, trans féré : nouvelle adresse . école Sainte-Jeanne-d’Arc, 79140 Combrand. Date : 8 juin 1990. 80 - SOMME Créations Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d’Abbeville. ASSOCIATION DE CHASSE DE LA COMMUNE D’YZENGREMER. Objet : pratique de la chasse sur les terres de la commune d’Yzengremer. Siège social : mairie, 80520 Yzengremer. Date : 28 mai 1990. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d’Abbeville. ASSOCIATION DES ANCIENS ELEVES D’ANSENNES-MONTHIERES. Objet : organi sation de la fête patronale et de diverses fêtes. Siège social : mairie, 80220 Bouttencourt. Date : 30 mai 1990. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d’Abbeville. COMITE DES FETES DE YURENCHEUX. Objet : organisation, gestion de toutes les manifestations se déroulant sur le territoire de la commune de Yurencheux. Siège social : mairie, 80150 Yurencheux. Date : 1er juin 1990. Déclaration à la préfecture de la Somme. ASSOCIATION DES RETRAITÉS C.G.T. Objet : défendre les intérêts de ses membres ; étudier les questions des retraités ; organiser toute action revendica tive nécessitée par la situation ; participer aux congrès nationaux et régionaux. Siège social : mairie, 80830 L’Etoile. Date : 5 juin 1990. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Péronne. CONCOURS EURO PEEN DE TROMPETTE DE LA VILLE D’ALBERT. Objet : pro mouvoir et mettre en compétition des instrumentistes de la Commu nauté européenne. Siège social : mairie, 80300 Albert. Date : 5 juin 1990. Déclaration à la préfecture de la Somme. MAISON POUR TOUS BLANGY-TRONVILLE, SECTION JUDO. Objet : pratique du judo, du jiu-jistu et du kendo, disciplines sportives régies par la	22,235
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe%20County%2C%20Kentucky	Wikipedia	Open Web	CC-By-SA	2,023	Monroe County, Kentucky	https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monroe County, Kentucky&action=history	Swedish	Spoken	77	144	Monroe County är ett administrativt område i delstaten Kentucky, USA, med 10 963 invånare. Den administrativa huvudorten (county seat) är Tompkinsville. Geografi Enligt United States Census Bureau så har countyt en total area på 860 km². 857 km² av den arean är land och 3 km² är vatten. Angränsande countyn Barren County - nordväst Metcalfe County - nordost Cumberland County - öst Clay County, Tennessee - sydost Macon County, Tennessee - sydväst Allen County - väst Källor	7,583
<urn:uuid:6079fb92-d5e6-4c22-8b5c-49f3a5e96656>	French Open Data	Open Government	Various open data	null	https://www.ugap.fr/laboratoire-1/consommables-scientifiques-gauss-32634/flaconnage-plastique-36273/bechers-et-carafes-36352/becher-sans-poignee-tpx-50-ml-x-12-p2540132	ugap.fr	French	Spoken	291	616	Magazine Acheter Juste / Nos produits et services / Laboratoire /.../ Flaconnage plastique / Béchers et carafes Seaux Tuyaux, raccords, robinets Pelles Entonnoirs en plastique Ampoules à décanter Dessicateurs en plastique Jarres Portoirs divers Rangements Bacs, cuves, plateaux Coupelles de pesée Bouteilles et bonbonnes Vaporisateurs Flacons compte-goutte Pissettes Eprouvettes Fioles jaugées Erlenmeyers Pots à prélèvement Gauss Bécher sans poignée TPX 50 ml x 12 Références : UGAP : 2540132 \| Fournisseur : 224010 \| Constructeur : P50701 Fournisseur : Description - Versions polypropylène ou polyméthylpentène (TPX) ; - Forme permettant l’empilage pour un gain de place au rangement ; - Marquage facile à lire ; - Bec verseur anti -gouttes ; - Autoclavabless. Points forts - Versions polypropylène ou polyméthylpentène (TPX) ; - Forme permettant l’empilage pour un gain de place au rangement ; - Marquage facile à lire ; - Bec verseur anti -gouttes ; - Autoclavabless. Documents annexes Page catalogue Fichier PDF Documentation technique 2 Fichier PDF Caractéristiques Caracteristique(s)Type de produit BécherNomenclature CNRS NB17Autoclavable ouiNomenclature Nacres NB.17Référence fabricant P50701Marque ABDOSUsage unique RéutilisableClassement dans le catalogue fournisseur Flaconnage plastiqueCatalogue papier Catalogue 2021 - Les clés de l'énigmeChapitre du catalogue FLACONNAGE - PLASTIQUEQuantité 12Conditionnement 12/cartonGraduation graduéLieu de stockage FranceRéférence distributeur 224010Reprise en cas d’erreur client Oui, Frais à la charge du clientLibellé produit habituel Becher sans poignee tpx 50 ml x12Page catalogue 1005.pdfLieu de fabrication IndeNomenclature CEA SHP16Nomenclature CHU 18.54.Volume 50 mlDispositif stérile Non stérileUsage recommandé Flaconnage / PlastiquePrésence d'une graduation ouiAutres caractéristiques avec bec verseur anti-gouttes ; marquage facile à lire ; forme permettant l'empillage pour un gain de place au rangementNomenclature INSERM NB.NB17Libellé produit fabricant Becher sans poignee tpx 50 ml x12Hauteur 59 mmLivré avec Sans couvercleMatière TPXTéléphone du titulaire 03.88.59.33.90Zone de marquage nonColoris NaturelTitulaire DOMINIQUE DUTSCHERNomenclature IRSN 187	34,090
https://github.com/smanek/trivial-lisp-webapp/blob/master/aux/cl-base64-3.3.2/package.lisp	Github Open Source	Open Source	BSD-2-Clause	2,009	trivial-lisp-webapp	smanek	Common Lisp	Code	165	801	;;; -- Mode: Lisp; Syntax: ANSI-Common-Lisp; Base: 10 -- ;;;; *********************************************************************** ;;;; FILE IDENTIFICATION ;;;; ;;;; Name: package.lisp ;;;; Purpose: Package definition for cl-base64 ;;;; Programmer: Kevin M. Rosenberg ;;;; Date Started: Dec 2002 ;;;; ;;;; $Id: package.lisp 7061 2003-09-07 06:34:45Z kevin $ ;;;; ;;;; *********************************************************************** (defpackage #:cl-base64 (:nicknames #:base64) (:use #:cl) (:export #:base64-stream-to-integer #:base64-string-to-integer #:base64-string-to-string #:base64-stream-to-string #:base64-string-to-stream #:base64-stream-to-stream #:base64-string-to-usb8-array #:base64-stream-to-usb8-array #:string-to-base64-string #:string-to-base64-stream #:usb8-array-to-base64-string #:usb8-array-to-base64-stream #:stream-to-base64-string #:stream-to-base64-stream #:integer-to-base64-string #:integer-to-base64-stream ;; For creating custom encode/decode tables #:uri-encode-table #:uri-decode-table #:make-decode-table #:test-base64 )) (in-package #:cl-base64) (defvar encode-table "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/") (declaim (type simple-string encode-table)) (defvar uri-encode-table "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_") (declaim (type simple-string uri-encode-table)) (deftype decode-table () '(simple-array fixnum (256))) (defun make-decode-table (encode-table) (let ((dt (make-array 256 :adjustable nil :fill-pointer nil :element-type 'fixnum :initial-element -1))) (declare (type decode-table dt)) (loop for char of-type character across encode-table for index of-type fixnum from 0 below 64 do (setf (aref dt (the fixnum (char-code char))) index)) dt)) (defvar decode-table (make-decode-table encode-table)) (defvar uri-decode-table (make-decode-table uri-encode-table)) (defvar pad-char #\=) (defvar uri-pad-char #\.) (declaim (type character pad-char uri-pad-char))	42,599
https://github.com/vmichalak/kotlin/blob/master/analysis/analysis-api-fir/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/analysis/api/fir/references/KtFirKDocReference.kt	Github Open Source	Open Source	Apache-2.0, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference	2,022	kotlin	vmichalak	Kotlin	Code	73	326	/* * Copyright 2010-2022 JetBrains s.r.o. and Kotlin Programming Language contributors. * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file. */ package org.jetbrains.kotlin.analysis.api.fir.references import org.jetbrains.kotlin.analysis.api.KtAnalysisSession import org.jetbrains.kotlin.analysis.api.fir.KtFirAnalysisSession import org.jetbrains.kotlin.analysis.api.symbols.KtSymbol import org.jetbrains.kotlin.analysis.utils.printer.parentOfType import org.jetbrains.kotlin.idea.references.KDocReference import org.jetbrains.kotlin.idea.references.KtFirReference import org.jetbrains.kotlin.kdoc.psi.impl.KDocName import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.KtDeclaration internal class KtFirKDocReference(element: KDocName) : KDocReference(element), KtFirReference { override fun KtAnalysisSession.resolveToSymbols(): Collection<KtSymbol> { val owner = element.parentOfType<KtDeclaration>() return KDocReferenceResolver.resolveKdocFqName(element.getQualifiedNameAsFqName(), owner) } }	17,309
https://github.com/deppensteiner/flightpics/blob/master/src/components/Footer.js	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	2,019	flightpics	deppensteiner	JavaScript	Code	32	87	import React, { Component } from 'react'; class Footer extends Component { render() { return ( <div className="Footer"> <span className="copyright">© {(new Date().getFullYear())} by Daniel Eppensteiner</span> </div> ); } } export default Footer;	24,866
https://github.com/julien-lange/mpst_rust_github/blob/master/scripts/create_graphs/mesh_bench.py	Github Open Source	Open Source	Apache-2.0, MIT	2,022	mpst_rust_github	julien-lange	Python	Code	606	2,082	from matplotlib.ticker import MaxNLocator import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import json import os import matplotlib import numpy as np matplotlib.rcParams['text.usetex'] = True # Path for criterion main_path = './target/criterion' # Get all directories in main_path directories = os.listdir(main_path) # Relative path of the expected file path_file = '/base/estimates.json' # Dictionary for converting from string to int str_to_int = {'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4, 'five': 5, 'six': 6, 'seven': 7, 'eight': 8, 'nine': 9, 'ten': 10, 'eleven': 11, 'twenty': 20, 'empty': 0} # Lists for plots binary = [] mpst = [] crossbeam = [] cancel = [] broadcast_cancel = [] nb_participants_mpst = [] nb_participants_binary = [] nb_participants_crossbeam = [] nb_participants_cancel = [] nb_participants_broadcast_cancel = [] # Number of loops in the recursion number_of_loops = '100' def test(path): # Get the wanted data in the JSON file (field -> mean, field -> point_estimate) with open(main_path + '/' + path + path_file) as json_file: data = json.load(json_file) return data['mean']['point_estimate'] # For each folder in main_path for d in directories: # If name looks like the one from what we want if 'mesh' in d and ' ' + number_of_loops in d: # Split the name splitted = d.split(' ') try: # If MPST of binary, append to related lists if 'MPST' in d and str_to_int[splitted[1]] >= 2: if 'broadcast' in d: broadcast_cancel.append(int(test(d))/106) nb_participants_broadcast_cancel.append( str_to_int[splitted[1]]) elif 'cancel' in d: cancel.append(int(test(d))/106) nb_participants_cancel.append(str_to_int[splitted[1]]) else: mpst.append(int(test(d))/106) nb_participants_mpst.append(str_to_int[splitted[1]]) elif 'binary' in d and str_to_int[splitted[1]] >= 2 and 'cancel' not in d: binary.append(int(test(d))/106) nb_participants_binary.append(str_to_int[splitted[1]]) elif 'crossbeam' in d and str_to_int[splitted[1]] >= 2 and 'cancel' not in d: crossbeam.append(int(test(d))/10*6) nb_participants_crossbeam.append(str_to_int[splitted[1]]) except: print("Missing ", d) # Sort the lists in pair nb_participants_mpst, mpst = (list(t) for t in zip( sorted(zip(nb_participants_mpst, mpst)))) nb_participants_binary, binary = (list(t) for t in zip(sorted(zip(nb_participants_binary, binary)))) nb_participants_crossbeam, crossbeam = (list(t) for t in zip(sorted(zip(nb_participants_crossbeam, crossbeam)))) if len(cancel) > 0: nb_participants_cancel, cancel = (list(t) for t in zip(sorted(zip(nb_participants_cancel, cancel)))) if len(broadcast_cancel) > 0: nb_participants_broadcast_cancel, broadcast_cancel = (list(t) for t in zip(sorted(zip(nb_participants_broadcast_cancel, broadcast_cancel)))) # ax = plt.figure(figsize=(50, 50)).gca() fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(60, 60)) plt.gcf().subplots_adjust(bottom=0.27, left=0.18) ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(MaxNLocator(integer=True)) ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(MaxNLocator(integer=True)) # Plot the MPST graph ax.plot(nb_participants_mpst, mpst, label='MPST', linestyle='solid', linewidth=20, marker='>', markersize=150) # Plot the binary graph ax.plot(nb_participants_binary, binary, label='Binary', linestyle='solid', linewidth=20, marker='o', markersize=150) # Plot the crossbeam graph ax.plot(nb_participants_crossbeam, crossbeam, label='Crossbeam', linestyle='solid', linewidth=20, marker='d', markersize=150) if len(cancel) > 0: # Plot the cancel graph ax.plot(nb_participants_cancel, cancel, label='Cancel', linestyle='solid', linewidth=20, marker='*', markersize=150) # if len(broadcast_cancel) > 0: # # Plot the broadcast cancel graph # ax.plot(nb_loops_broadcast_cancel, broadcast_cancel, # label='Broadcast cancel', linestyle='dotted', linewidth=5) # Label X and Y axis ax.set_xlabel('\# roles', fontsize=600) # ax.set_ylabel('Time (ms)', fontsize=500) ax.tick_params(axis='both', which='major', labelsize=500) ax.xaxis.set_ticks(np.arange(2, 11, 2)) ax.yaxis.set_ticks(np.arange(0, 190, 60)) ax.set_xlim(2, 10) ax.set_ylim(0, 190) # ax.tick_params(axis='both', which='minor', labelsize=30) offset_x = matplotlib.transforms.ScaledTranslation(0, -2, fig.dpi_scale_trans) # apply offset transform to all x ticklabels. for label in ax.xaxis.get_majorticklabels(): label.set_transform(label.get_transform() + offset_x) offset_y = matplotlib.transforms.ScaledTranslation(-1, 0, fig.dpi_scale_trans) for label in ax.yaxis.get_majorticklabels(): label.set_transform(label.get_transform() + offset_y) # maxi1 = max(mpst) # maxi2 = max(binary) # maxi3 = max(crossbeam) # maxi = max(maxi1, maxi2, maxi3) # mini1 = min(mpst) # mini2 = min(binary) # mini3 = min(crossbeam) # mini = min(mini1, mini2, mini3) # # Major ticks every 20, minor ticks every 5 # major_ticks = np.arange(mini, maxi+0.1, 0.2) # minor_ticks = np.arange(mini, maxi+0.1, 0.05) # # ax.set_xticks(major_ticks) # # ax.set_xticks(minor_ticks, minor=True) # ax.set_yticks(major_ticks) # ax.set_yticks(minor_ticks, minor=True) # # Add grid # ax.grid(which='both') # ax.grid(which='minor', alpha=0.2) # ax.grid(which='major', alpha=0.5) # # giving a title to my graph # plt.title('MPST vs binary along number of participants for ' + # number_of_loops + ' loops') # show a legend on the plot # ax.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(0.5, 1), loc="lower center", prop={'size': 20}) # Save fig plt.savefig('./graphs_bench/graphMesh'+number_of_loops+'.pdf') # # function to show the plot # plt.show()	14,671
https://github.com/taisukef/server.js/blob/master/server.js	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	2,021	server.js	taisukef	JavaScript	Code	66	175	import { Server } from "https://js.sabae.cc/Server.js"; const scores = []; class MyServer extends Server { api(path, req, remoteAddr) { console.log(path, req); if (path == "/api/list") { return scores; } else if (path == "/api/add") { scores.push(req); scores.sort((a, b) => b.score - a.score); return "ok"; } else { console.log(remoteAddr); return { message: "Hello! your IP is: ", remoteAddr, date: new Date() }; } } }; new MyServer(8001);	43,732
https://github.com/kleosolucoes/fall-in-net/blob/master/module/Application/src/Application/View/Helper/FuncaoOnClick.php	Github Open Source	Open Source	BSD-3-Clause	null	fall-in-net	kleosolucoes	PHP	Code	88	271	<?php namespace Application\View\Helper; use Zend\View\Helper\AbstractHelper; /** * Nome: FuncaoOnClick.php * @author Leonardo Pereira Magalhães <falecomleonardopereira@gmail.com> * Descricao: Classe helper view para montar a função onClick no elemento */ class FuncaoOnClick extends AbstractHelper { protected $funcao; const stringOnclick = 'onClick'; public function __construct() { } public function __invoke($funcao) { $this->setFuncao($funcao); return $this->renderHtml(); } public function renderHtml() { $html = ''; $html .= self::stringOnclick; $html .= '=\''; $html .= $this->getFuncao(); $html .= ';\''; return $html; } function getFuncao() { return $this->funcao; } function setFuncao($funcao) { $this->funcao = $funcao; } }	12,739
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/5kqhpj/articles/DTL35_1	BNL Newspapers (1841-1879)	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,852	Uebersicht der politischen Tagesereignisse.	None	German	Spoken	395	699	Uebersicht der politischen Tagesereignisse. Deutschland. Es ist als ausgemacht anzusehen, daß der König von Preußen sich die Be> stimmung der Mitglieder der ersten Kammer vorbehalten werde. Eine Wahl wir» in keinem Falle für die erste Kammer stattfinden. Außer den Prinzen des königlichen Hauses und von Hohenzollcrn werden wohl alle Fmsten und Inhaber von Virilstimmen, die zur größeren Hälfte katholisch sind, Anspruch auf Mitgliedschaft der erstm Kammer bekommen. Am Bundestage wurde die Angelegenheit der Norrsee- Flolte nochmals behandelt. Dieselbe hat durch die Bestrebungen Hannovers eine erfreulichere Gestaltung angenommen. In Dänemark verzweifelt die Partei der sogenannten Eirerdäncn (d. h. der Swckdanen) an dem Erfolg ihrer Bestrebungen. Ungern hat der König sich den Forderungen Oesterrcichs und Preußens gefügt. In der zweiten hannoverschen Kammer erfolgte die erwähnte Abstimmung für den Sept.- Vertrag mit 43 gegen 29, in der ersten Kammer mit 34 gegen 17 Stimmen. Von der baierischcn Kammer wurde eine Erhöhung des Kriegsbudgels mit 69 gegen 61 Stimmen verworfen. Die preuß. Regierung hat den rongeanischen Prediger aus Brandenburg ausgewiesen, und den Sektircrn den M'tgebrauch einer Kirche untersagt. Oesterreich. Fürst Sehwarzenberg hat an Dänemark eine zweite höchst kräftige Note in Betreff der schlcswig-holstein'schcn Angelegenheit erlassen, die den gemeldeten Erfolg hervorgebracht zu haben scheint. Man spricht von einer Note Napoleons, worin die Orleans als eine Vcrschwörerfamilic angeklagt, und die NothwcndiM des Verkaufs und der Einziehung ihrer Güter zu beweisen versucht wird. Modena und Parma sollen ihren Beitritt zum österreichisch-sardinischen Handelsvertrag bereits erklärt haben. Die Verhandlungen mit Frankreich wegen deS literarischen Eigenthums sind noch nicht abgeschlossen, weil Oester« reich gemeinsam mit Preußen in dieser Angelegenheit zu handeln wünscht. Eine Commission von Gelehrten soll eine Revision des Eherechtes vornehmen, damit alle josephmische Zusätze ausgemerzt werden. In Pesth ist die englische Schule geschlossen, und die Einbringung aller englischen Bibeln strenge untersagt. Der apostol. Vikar Knoblecher ist mit seinen Missionären glücklich zu Chartum in Innerafrika angelang. Belgien. Eine Verlegenheit erwächst der Regierung aus der Forderung Napoleons, daß Victor Hugo aus dem Lande gewiesen werden solle. Der niederländische Gouverneur auf Java hat alle geheimen Gesellschaften verboten, und besohlen, daß alle Mitglieder derselben aus dem Lande getrieben werden sollen. Frankreich. Die Unterhandlungen mit der Pforte wegen den heiligen Stätten in Jerusalem und Bethlehem werden mit solchem Eifer betrieben, daß man ernste Maßregeln Napoleons erwartet. Die Flotte zu Toulon wird bedeutend vermehrt. Im Departement der Nievre sind 60 Gefangene den Kriegesgerichten überwiesen, 1000 sind zur Deportation bestimmt.	7,331
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42470117	StackExchange	Open Web	CC-By-SA	2,017	Stack Exchange	Cyrus, Katie Byers, agc, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3776858, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3874926, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6136214	English	Spoken	248	404	How to get `grep -o` to output only the first match on a line? Using GNU grep: echo zabczabc \| egrep -o 'a{1}' a a Here the goal was to output only the first "a", but not the second. Adding -m 1 has no effect. Without using a pipe to any util, (i.e. \| tail -1), does GNU grep alone offer any way to output only the first, (or better yet the nth), match from one line? Perl style grep -P answers are OK. Or, if the above is known to be, or is provably, impossible, that would also be an answer. Note: this is not a duplicate of the 2009 question How to make grep stop at first match on a line?, since in that answer: The OP settled for a non-general answer. There seemed to some sort of grep version related bugs involved. Append \| grep -m 1 .. @Cyrus: Thanks. The Q is unclear, I meant no piping to any other util, including grep. Have now reworded Q to remove that loophole. With GNU grep? grep -Po '^.?\Ka{1}(?=.$)' @Cyrus, Wow that's gnarly. Please post it as an answer, as it certainly qualifies... BTW, the reason -m 1 has no effect is that even though it is described as "stop after n matches," it actually means "stop after searching the first n matching lines." Since you have multiple matches on the same line, you get all of them. I suggest with GNU grep: grep -Po '^.?\Ka{1}(?=.)'	11,304
https://github.com/WolfenGames/BomberMan/blob/master/premake5.lua	Github Open Source	Open Source	Apache-2.0	2,019	BomberMan	WolfenGames	Lua	Code	165	873	workspace "Bomberman" startproject "Bomberman" architecture "x64" enginedir = "SwallowEngine/Swallow/" include "SwallowEngine/Swallow" outputdir = "%{cfg.buildcfg}-%{cfg.system}-%{cfg.architecture}" project "Bomberman" location "Bomberman" kind "ConsoleApp" language "C++" cppdialect "C++17" staticruntime "on" targetdir ("bin/" .. outputdir .. "/%{prj.name}") objdir ("bin-int/" .. outputdir .. "/%{prj.name}") files { "%{prj.name}/src/.hpp", "%{prj.name}/src/.cpp", "%{prj.name}/src/PowerUps/.cpp", "%{prj.name}/src/PowerUps/.hpp" } includedirs { enginedir .. "vendor/spdlog/include", enginedir .. "src", enginedir .. "src/PowerUps", enginedir .. "%{IncludeDir.GLFW}", enginedir .. "%{IncludeDir.Glad}", enginedir .. "%{IncludeDir.glm}", enginedir .. "%{IncludeDir.freetype}", enginedir .. "%{IncludeDir.ImGui}", enginedir .. "vendor/imgui/misc", enginedir .. "%{IncludeDir.AssImp}", enginedir .. "%{IncludeDir.AssImpBuild}", enginedir .. "%{IncludeDir.OpenAL}" } links { "Swallow" } filter "system:macosx" systemversion "latest" buildoptions { "-Wall", "-Wextra", "-Werror"} defines { "SW_PLATFORM_MACOSX" } links { "Cocoa.framework", "IOKit.framework", "OpenGL.framework", "GLUT.framework", "CoreVideo.framework", "OpenAL.framework", "AudioUnit.framework", "AudioToolbox.framework", "CoreAudio.framework", "GLFW", "Glad", "ImGui", "OpenAL", "freetype", "AssImp" } postbuildcommands { "echo \"cd %{prj.name} && ../bin/" .. outputdir .. "/%{prj.name}/%{prj.name}\" > ../Run.sh" } filter "system:windows" systemversion "latest" defines { "SW_PLATFORM_WINDOWS" } filter "configurations:Debug" defines "SW_DEBUG" runtime "Debug" symbols "on" filter "configurations:Release" defines "SW_RELEASE" runtime "Release" optimize "on" filter "configurations:Dist" defines "SW_DIST" runtime "Release" optimize "on"	34,508
http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2b1606b7-26e6-4dc0-b710-32c9bf189f4b_17	Eurovoc	Open Government	CC-By	2,004	Proposta de Directiva do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho relativa aos serviços no mercado interno [SEC(2004) 21]	None	German	Spoken	11,166	18,115	Die Kommission bringt den anderen Mitgliedstaaten diese Vorschriften zur Kenntnis. Die Mitteilung hindert die Mitgliedstaaten nicht daran die betreffenden Anforderungen zu erlassen. Binnen drei Monaten nach der Mitteilung prüft die Kommission die Vereinbarkeit dieser neuen Vorschriften mit dem Gemeinschaftsrecht und entscheidet gegebenen- falls, den betroffenen Mitgliedstaat aufzufordern, diese nicht zu erlassen oder zu beseitigen. Kapitel III Freier Dienstleistungsverkehr ABSCHNITT 1 HERKUNFTSLANDPRINZIP UND AUSNAHMEN Artikel 16 Herkunftslandprinzip Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass Dienstleistungserbringer lediglich den Bestimmungen ihres Herkunftsmitgliedstaates unterfallen, die vom koordinierten Bereich erfasst sind. Unter Unterabsatz 1 fallen die nationalen Bestimmungen betreffend die Aufnahme und die Ausübung der Dienstleistung, die insbesondere das Verhalten der Dienst- leistungserbringer, die Qualität oder den Inhalt der Dienstleistung, die Werbung, die Verträge und die Haftung der Dienstleistungserbringer regeln. Der Herkunftsmitgliedstaat ist dafür verantwortlich, den Dienstleistungserbringer und die von ihm erbrachten Dienstleistungen zu kontrollieren, auch wenn er diese in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat erbringt. Die Mitgliedstaaten dürfen den freien Verkehr von Dienstleistungen, die von einem in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat niedergelassenen Dienstleistungserbringer angeboten werden, nicht aus Gründen einschränken, die in den koordinierten Bereich fallen, insbesondere nicht, indem sie diesen folgenden Anforderungen unterwerfen: 60 a) b) c) d) e) f) der Pflicht, auf ihrem Hoheitsgebiet eine Niederlassung zu unterhalten; der Pflicht, bei ihren zuständigen Stellen eine Erklärung oder Meldung abzugeben oder eine Genehmigung zu beantragen; dies gilt auch für die Verpflichtung zur Eintragung in ein Register oder die Mitgliedschaft in einer Standesorganisation auf ihrem Hoheitsgebiet; der Pflicht, auf ihrem Hoheitsgebiet eine Anschrift oder eine Vertretung zu haben oder eine dort zugelassene Person als Zustellungsbevollmächtigten zu wählen; dem Verbot, auf ihrem Hoheitsgebiet eine bestimmte Infrastruktur zu errichten, einschließlich Geschäftsräumen, einer Kanzlei oder einer Praxis, die zur Erbringung der betreffenden Leistungen erforderlich ist; der Pflicht, die auf ihrem Hoheitsgebiet für die Erbringung einer Dienstleistung geltenden Anforderungen zu erfüllen; der Anwendung bestimmter vertraglicher Beziehungen zur Regelung der Beziehungen zwischen dem Dienstleistungserbringer und dem Dienstleistungs- empfänger, welche eine selbstständige Tätigkeit des Dienstleistungserbringers verhindert oder beschränkt; g) der Pflicht, sich von ihren zuständigen Stellen einen besonderen Ausweis für die Ausübung einer Dienstleistungstätigkeit ausstellen zu lassen; h) Anforderungen betreffend die Verwendung von Ausrüstungsgegenständen, die integraler Bestandteil der Dienstleistung sind; i) der Beschränkung des freien Verkehrs der in Artikel 20, Artikel 23 Absatz 1 Unterabsatz 1 und Artikel 25 Absatz 1 genannten Dienstleistungen. Artikel 17 Allgemeine Ausnahmen vom Herkunftslandprinzip Artikel 16 findet keine Anwendung auf 1) 2) 3) 36 37 38 die von Artikel 2 Nummer 1) der Richtlinie 97/76/EG des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates36 erfassten Postdienste; die von Artikel 2 Nummer 5) der Richtlinie 2003/54/EG des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates37 erfassten Dienste der Elektrizitätsversorgung; die von Artikel 2 Nummer 5 der Richtlinie 2003/55/EG des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates38 erfassten Dienste der Gasversorgung; ABl. L 15 vom 21. 1. 1998, S. 14. ABl. L 176 vom 15. 7. 2003, S. 37. ABl. L 176 vom 15. 7. 2003, S. 57. 61 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) die Dienste der Wasserversorgung; die Angelegenheiten, die unter die Richtlinie 96/71/EG fallen; die Angelegenheiten, die unter die Richtlinie 95/46/EG des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates39 fallen; die Angelegenheiten, die unter die Richtlinie 77/249/EWG des Rates40 fallen; die Bestimmungen des Artikels […] der Richtlinie …/. /EG des Europäischen Parla- ments und des Rates [zur Anerkennung der Berufsqualifikationen]; die Bestimmungen der Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 1408/71, die das anwendbare Recht festlegen; die Bestimmungen der Richtlinie …/. /EG des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates [zum Recht der Unionsbürger und ihrer Familienangehörigen auf freie Einreise und Aufenthalt im Hoheitsgebiet der Mitgliedstaaten, zur Änderung der Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 1612/68 und zur Aufhebung der Richtlinien 64/221/EWG, 68/360/EWG, 72/194/EWG, 73/148/EWG, 75/34/EWG, 75/35/EWG, 90/364/EWG, 90/365/EWG und 93/96/EWG], die Verwaltungsformalitäten vorsehen, welche die Begünstigten bei den zuständigen Behörden des Aufnahmemitgliedstaats erfüllen müssen; die vom Entsendestaat unter den Bedingungen des Artikels 25 Absatz 2 auferlegte Verpflichtung, ein Visum für einen kurzzeitigen Aufenthalt zu besitzen; die in Artikel 3 und 4 der Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 259/93 des Rates41 vorgesehenen Genehmigungserfordernisse; die Urheberrechte, die verwandten Schutzrechte und die Rechte im Sinne der Richtlinie 87/54/EWG des Rates42 und der Richtlinie 96/9/EG des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates43 sowie die Rechte an gewerblichem Eigentum; die Rechtsakte, für die die Mitwirkung eines Notars gesetzlich vorgeschrieben ist; die gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Buchprüfung; die Dienstleistungen, die in dem Mitgliedstaat, in den sich der Dienstleistungs- erbringer zwecks Erbringung seiner Dienstleistung begibt, unter ein generelles Verbot fallen, das aus Gründen der öffentlichen Ordnung, Sicherheit oder Gesund- heit gerechtfertigt ist; die spezifischen Anforderungen in dem Mitgliedstaat, in den sich der Dienst- leistungserbringer zwecks Erbringung seiner Dienstleistung begibt, die unmittelbar mit den besonderen Merkmalen des Ortes der Dienstleistungserbringung verknüpft sind, und deren Beachtung unerlässlich ist zur Aufrechterhaltung der öffentlichen Ordnung oder Sicherheit oder zum Schutz der öffentlichen Gesundheit oder der Umwelt; 39 40 41 42 43 ABl. L 281 vom 28. 11. 1995, S. 1. ABl. L 78 vom 26. 3. 1977, S. 17. ABl. L 30 vom 6. 2. 1993, S. 1. ABl. L 24 vom 27. 1. 1987, S. 36. ABl. L 77 vom 27. 3. 1996, S. 20. 62 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) die Genehmigungsregelung bezüglich der Kostenerstattung für die Krankenhaus- versorgung; die Zulassung von Fahrzeugen, die in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat geleast wurden; die Freiheit der Rechtswahl für Parteien eines Vertrages; die von Verbrauchern geschlossen Verträge, die die Erbringung von Dienstleistungen zum Gegenstand haben, sofern die auf diese anwendbaren Bestimmungen auf Gemeinschaftsebene nicht vollständig harmonisiert sind; die formale Gültigkeit von Verträgen, die Rechte an Immobilien begründen oder übertragen, sofern diese Verträge nach dem Recht des Mitgliedstaates, in dem sich die Immobilie befindet, zwingenden Formvorschriften, unterliegen; die außervertragliche Haftung des Dienstleistungserbringers im Falle eines im Rahmen seiner Tätigkeit eingetretenen Unfalls gegenüber einer Person in dem Mitgliedstaat, in den sich der Dienstleistungserbringer zwecks Erbringung seiner Dienstleistung begibt. Artikel 18 Vorübergehende Ausnahmen vom Herkunftslandprinzip 1. Artikel 16 findet während eines Übergangszeitraums keine Anwendung auf: a) die Modalitäten zur Durchführung von Geldtransporten; 2. 3. 1. b) Gewinnspiele, die einen geldwerten Einsatz bei Glücksspielen verlangen, einschließlich Lotterien und Wetten; c) die Aufnahme von Tätigkeiten zur gerichtlichen Beitreibung von Forderungen. Mit Inkrafttreten der in Artikel 40 Absatz 1 genannten Rechtsakte finden die Ausnahmen des Absatzes 1 Buchstabe a) und c) des vorliegenden Artikels keine Anwendung mehr und jedenfalls nicht über den 1. Januar 2010 hinaus. Mit Inkrafttreten des in Artikel 40 Absatz 1 Buchstabe b) genannten Rechtsaktes findet die Ausnahme des Absatzes 1 Buchstabe b) des vorliegenden Artikels keine Anwendung mehr. Artikel 19 Ausnahmen vom Herkunftslandprinzip im Einzelfall Die Mitgliedstaaten können abweichend von Artikel 16 ausnahmsweise hinsichtlich eines in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat niedergelassenen Dienstleistungserbringers Maßnahmen ergreifen, die sich auf einen der folgenden Bereiche beziehen: a) die Sicherheit der Dienstleistungen, einschließlich der mit der öffentlichen Gesundheit zusammenhängenden Aspekte; 63 b) die Ausübung einer Tätigkeit im Gesundheitswesen; c) den Schutz der öffentlichen Ordnung, insbesondere die mit dem Schutz Minderjähriger zusammenhängenden Aspekte. 2. Die in Absatz 1 genannten Maßnahmen können nur unter Einhaltung des Verfahrens der gegenseitigen Unterstützung nach Artikel 37 und unter folgenden Voraus- setzungen ergriffen werden: a) b) c) die innerstaatlichen Rechtsvorschriften, aufgrund derer die Maßnahme getroffen wird, waren nicht Gegenstand einer Harmonisierung auf Gemein- schaftsebene in den in Absatz 1 genannten Bereichen; die Maßnahme bewirkt für den Dienstleistungserbringer einen größeren Schutz als diejenigen, die der Herkunftsmitgliedstaat aufgrund seiner innerstaatlichen Vorschriften ergreifen würde; der Herkunftsmitgliedstaat hat keine beziehungsweise hat im Hinblick auf Artikel 37 Absatz 2 unzureichende Maßnahmen ergriffen; d) die Maßnahme muss verhältnismäßig sein. 3. Die Absätze 1 und 2 berühren nicht die in den Gemeinschaftsrechtsakten festgelegten Bestimmungen zur Gewährleistung der Dienstleistungsfreiheit oder zur Gewährung von Ausnahmen von dieser Freiheit. ABSCHNITT 2 RECHTE DER DIENSTLEISTUNGSEMFPÄNGER Artikel 20 Unzulässige Beschränkungen Die Mitgliedstaaten dürfen an den Dienstleistungsempfänger keine Anforderungen stellen, die die Inanspruchnahme einer von einem in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat niedergelassenen Dienstleistungserbringer angebotenen Dienstleistung beschränken; dies gilt insbesondere für folgende Anforderungen: a) b) c) die Pflicht, bei den zuständigen Stellen eine Genehmigung einzuholen oder diesen gegenüber eine Erklärung abzugeben; die Beschränkung der Möglichkeit zum Steuerabzug oder zur Erlangung finanzieller Beihilfen bedingt durch den Ort der Dienstleistungserbringung oder die Tatsache, dass der Dienstleistungserbringer in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat niedergelassen ist; die Erhebung diskriminierender oder unverhältnismäßiger Abgaben auf Geräte, die der Dienstleistungsempfänger benötigt, um eine Dienstleistung im Fernabsatz aus einem anderen Mitgliedstaat in Anspruch nehmen zu können. 64 Artikel 21 Diskriminierungsverbot 1. 2. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass dem Dienstleistungsempfänger keine diskriminierenden Anforderungen auferlegt werden, die auf dessen Staatsangehörig- keit oder Wohnsitz beruhen. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die allgemeinen Bedingungen zum Zugang zu einer Dienstleistung, die der Dienstleistungserbringer bekannt gemacht hat, keine auf der Staatsangehörigkeit oder dem Wohnsitz des Dienstleistungs- empfängers beruhenden diskriminierenden Bestimmungen enthalten; dies berührt nicht die die Möglichkeit, Unterschiede bei den Zugangsbedingungen vorzusehen, die durch objektive Kriterien gerechtfertigt sind. Artikel 22 Unterstützung der Dienstleistungsempfänger 1. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die Dienstleistungsempfänger in ihrem Wohnsitzland folgende Informationen erhalten: a) b) Informationen über die in den anderen Mitgliedstaaten geltenden Anforderun- gen bezüglich der Aufnahme und der Ausübung von Dienstleistungstätigkeiten, vor allem solche über den Verbraucherschutz; Informationen über die bei Streitfällen zwischen Dienstleistungserbringer und -empfänger zur Verfügung stehenden Rechtsbehelfe; c) Angaben zur Erreichbarkeit der Verbände und Organisationen, die den Dienstleistungserbringer oder den -empfänger beraten und unterstützen können, einschließlich im Hinblick auf die europäischen Verbraucherbera- tungsstellen und die Zentren des europäischen Netzes für die außergerichtliche Streitbeilegung. Die Mitgliedstaaten können die in Absatz 1 genannte Aufgabe den einheitlichen Ansprechpartnern oder jeder anderen Einrichtung, wie beispielsweise den europäischen Verbraucherberatungsstellen, den Zentren des europäischen Netzes für die außergerichtliche Streitbeilegung, den Verbraucherverbänden oder den Euro Info Zentren übertragen. Spätestens zu dem in Artikel 45 genannten Zeitpunkt teilen die Mitgliedstaaten die Angaben zur Erreichbarkeit der benannten Einrichtungen der Kommission mit. Die Kommission leitet sie an die anderen Mitgliedstaaten weiter. Um die in Absatz 1 genannten Informationen bereitstellen zu können, wendet sich die vom Dienstleistungsempfänger angerufene Stelle an die zuständige Stelle des betreffenden anderen Mitgliedstaates. Letzterer übermittelt die angeforderten Informationen unverzüglich. Die Mitgliedstaaten sorgen dafür, dass sich diese Stellen gegenseitig unterstützen und effizient zusammenarbeiten. 2. 3. 65 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. Die Kommission erlässt nach dem in Artikel 42 Absatz 2 genannten Verfahren Durchführungsbestimmungen für die Absätze 1, 2 und 3 des vorliegenden Artikels, die die technischen Modalitäten des Austauschs von Informationen zwischen den Einrichtungen der unterschiedlichen Mitgliedstaaten und insbesondere hinsichtlich der Interoperabilität klarstellen. Artikel 23 Erstattung von Behandlungskosten Die Mitgliedstaaten dürfen die Kostenerstattung für außerhalb eines Krankenhauses erfolgte Behandlungen nicht an die Erteilung einer Genehmigung knüpfen, sofern die Kosten für diese Behandlung, wenn sie auf ihrem Hoheitsgebiet durchgeführt worden wäre, im Rahmen ihres Systems der sozialen Sicherheit erstattet würden; Auf Patienten, die in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat Behandlung außerhalb des Krankenhauses erhalten haben, können die Bedingungen und Verfahren angewendet werden, denen die Mitgliedstaaten in ihrem Hoheitsgebiet die Gewährung von außerhalb eines Krankenhauses erfolgenden Behandlungen unterwerfen, wie insbesondere die Anforderung, vor der Behandlung durch eine Spezialarzt einen Arzt für Allgemeinmedizin zu konsultieren oder die Modalitäten der Kostenübernahme für bestimmte Zahnbehandlungen. tragen dafür Sorge, dass die Genehmigung Die Mitgliedstaaten für die Kostenübernahme für eine Krankenhausversorgung in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat durch ihr System der sozialen Sicherheit nicht verweigert wird, sofern diese Behandlungen zu denen gehören, die in den Rechtsvorschriften des Mitgliedstaat der Versicherungszugehörigkeit vorgesehen sind, und sofern sie nicht in einem in Anbetracht des derzeitigen Gesundheitszustands des Patienten und des voraussichtlichen Verlaufs der Krankheit medizinisch angemessenen Zeitraum erbracht werden können. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass der von ihrem System der sozialen in einem anderen Sicherheit gewährte Erstattungsbetrag für Behandlungen Mitgliedstaat nicht niedriger ist als der, den ihre Sozialversicherung für ähnliche Behandlungen vorsieht, die auf ihrem Hoheitsgebiet durchgeführt werden. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass ihre Genehmigungsregelungen für die Kostenerstattung für in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat erfolgte Behandlungen mit den Artikeln 9, 10, 11 und 13 vereinbar sind. 66 ABSCHNITT 3 ENTSENDUNG VON ARBEITNEHMERN Artikel 24 Besondere Bestimmungen über die Entsendung von Arbeitnehmern 1. Entsendet ein Dienstleistungserbringer einen Arbeitnehmer in das Hoheitsgebiet eines anderen Mitgliedstaates, um dort eine Dienstleistung zu erbringen, führt der Entsendemitgliedstaat die Überprüfungen, Kontrollen und Untersuchungen durch, die notwendig sind, um die Einhaltung der Beschäftigungs- und Arbeitsbedingungen, die aufgrund der Richtlinie 96/71/EG gelten, sicher zu stellen, und ergreift unter Beachtung des Gemeinschaftsrechts Maßnahmen gegenüber dem Dienstleistungs- erbringer, der diese nicht einhält. Jedoch darf der Entsendemitgliedstaat dem Dienstleistungserbringer oder dem von ihm entsandten Arbeitnehmer im Hinblick auf die in Artikel 17 Nummer 5) genannten Punkte die folgenden Pflichten nicht auferlegen: a) b) c) d) die Pflicht, bei den zuständigen Stellen eine Genehmigung zu beantragen, sich dort eintragen zu lassen oder vergleichbaren Erfordernissen nachzukommen; die Pflicht, eine Erklärung abzugeben, außer Erklärungen bezüglich einer im Anhang der Richtlinie 96/71/EG genannten Tätigkeiten, die bis zum 31. De- zember 2008 aufrechterhalten werden können; die Pflicht, einen Vertreter auf seinem Hoheitsgebiet zu bestellen; die Pflicht, auf seinem Hoheitsgebiet oder unter den dort geltenden Bedingun- gen Sozialversicherungsunterlagen vorzuhalten oder aufzubewahren. 2. In den in Absatz 1 genannten Fällen ist es Aufgabe des Herkunftsmitgliedstaates dafür zu sorgen, dass der Dienstleistungserbringer die erforderlichen Maßnahmen ergreift, um den zuständigen Stellen des Herkunftsmitgliedstaates und des Entsendemitgliedstaates bis zu zwei Jahre nach Beendigung der Entsendung die folgenden Angaben machen zu können: a) b) c) d) e) f) die Identität des entsandten Arbeitnehmers; die Art der ihm übertragenen Aufgaben; die Anschrift des Dienstleistungsempfängers; den Ort der Entsendung; Beginn und Ende der Entsendung; die für den entsandten Arbeitnehmer geltenden Beschäftigungs- und Arbeits- bedingungen. In den in Absatz 1 genannten Fällen unterstützt der Herkunftsmitgliedstaat den Entsendemitgliedstaat dabei, die Einhaltung der gemäß der Richtlinie 96/71/EG geltenden Beschäftigungs- und Arbeitsbedingungen sicherzustellen, und dem 67 Entsendemitgliedstaat von sich aus die in Unterabsatz 1 genannten Angaben zu liefern, wenn er konkrete Hinweise auf mögliche Verstöße des Dienstleistungs- erbringers gegen die Beschäftigungs- und Arbeitsbedingungen hat. Artikel 25 Entsendung von Drittstaatsangehörigen 1. 2. 3. Entsendet ein Dienstleistungserbringer einen Arbeitnehmer, der Angehöriger eines Drittstaates ist, auf das Hoheitsgebiet eines anderen Mitgliedstaates, um dort eine Dienstleistung zu erbringen, darf der Entsendemitgliedstaat vorbehaltlich der in Absatz 2 geregelten Ausnahmen vom Dienstleistungserbringer oder vom entsandten Arbeitnehmer nicht verlangen, einen Einreise-, Ausreise- oder Aufenthaltstitel oder eine Arbeitserlaubnis vorzulegen, oder andere gleichwertige Bedingungen zu erfüllen. Absatz 1 berührt nicht die Möglichkeit für die Mitgliedstaaten, eine Visumspflicht für kurze Aufenthalte für Angehörige der Drittstaaten vorzusehen, die nicht dem in Artikel 21 des Übereinkommens zur Durchführung des Übereinkommens von Schengen vorgesehenen System der gegenseitigen Gleichwertigkeit unterfallen. In dem in Absatz 1 genannten Fall ist es Aufgabe des Herkunftsmitgliedstaats dafür zu sorgen, dass der Dienstleistungserbringer den Arbeitnehmer nur entsendet, wenn dieser sich rechtmäßig auf dessen Hoheitsgebiet aufhält und auf dort einer ordnungsgemäßen Beschäftigung nachgeht. Der Herkunftsmitgliedstaat sieht die Entsendung zur Erbringung einer Dienstleistung in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat nicht als Unterbrechung des Aufenthalts oder der Tätig- keit des entsandten Arbeitnehmers an und gewährt dem entsandten Arbeitnehmer gemäß den einzelstaatlichen Vorschriften die Wiedereinreise auf sein Hoheitsgebiet. Der Herkunftsmitgliedstaat übermittelt auf Ersuchen des Entsendemitgliedstaates, diesem unverzüglich die Informationen und Garantien bezüglich der Einhaltung der in Unterabsatz 1 genannten Bestimmungen und verhängt angemessene Sanktionen, sollten diese Bestimmungen nicht eingehalten werden. Kapitel IV Qualität der Dienstleistungen Artikel 26 Informationen über die Dienstleistungserbringer und deren Dienstleistungen 1. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die Dienstleistungserbringer den Dienstleistungsempfängern folgende Informationen zur Verfügung stellen: 68 a) b) c) d) e) f) g) ihren Namen, die geographische Anschrift, unter der der Dienstleistungserbrin- ger niedergelassen ist, und Angaben, die, gegebenenfalls auf elektronischem Weg, eine schnelle Kontaktaufnahme und eine direkte Kommunikation mit ihnen ermöglichen; falls der Dienstleistungserbringer in ein Handelsregister oder ein vergleich- bares öffentliches Register eingetragen ist, die Nummer der Eintragung oder gleichwertige in diesem Register verwendete Kennung; falls die Tätigkeit einer Genehmigungsregelung unterliegt, die Angaben zur zuständigen Stelle oder zum einheitlichen Ansprechpartner; falls der Dienstleistungserbringer eine Tätigkeit ausübt, die der Mehrwertsteuer unterliegt, die Identifikationsnummer gemäß Artikel 22 Absatz 1 der Richt- linie 77/388/EWG; bei den reglementierten Berufen den Berufsverband, die Kammer oder eine ähnliche Einrichtung, dem oder der der Dienstleistungserbringer angehört, und die Berufsbezeichnung und den Mitgliedstaat, in dem sie verliehen wurde; die allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen und die Generalklauseln, für den Fall, dass der Dienstleistungserbringer solche verwendet; die Vertragsklauseln über das auf den Vertrag anwendbare Recht und/oder den Gerichtsstand. 2. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die Informationen gemäß Absatz 1 nach Wahl des Dienstleistungserbringers: a) b) c) d) vom Dienstleistungserbringer aus eigener Initiative mitgeteilt werden; für den Dienstleistungsempfänger am Ort der Leistungserbringung oder des Vertragsabschlusses leicht zugänglich sind; für den Dienstleistungsempfänger elektronisch über eine vom Dienstleistungs- erbringer angegebene Adresse leicht zugänglich sind; in allen von den Dienstleistungserbringern den Dienstleistungsempfängern zur Verfügung gestellten ausführlichen Informationsunterlagen über die angebo- tene Dienstleistung enthalten sind. 3. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die Dienstleistungserbringer den Dienstleistungsempfängern auf Anfrage folgende Zusatzinformationen mitteilen: a) b) c) d) die Hauptmerkmale der Dienstleistung; den Preis der Dienstleistung oder, wenn kein genauer Preis angegeben werden kann, die Vorgehensweise zur Berechnung des Preises, die es dem Dienstleistungsempfänger ermöglicht, den Preis zu überprüfen, oder einen hinreichend ausführlichen Kostenvoranschlag; den Rechtsstatus und die Rechtsform des Dienstleistungserbringers; bei reglementierten Berufen einen Verweis auf die im Herkunftsmitgliedstaat geltenden berufsrechtlichen Regeln und wie diese zugänglich sind. 69 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die Informationen, die der Dienstleistungserbringer gemäß diesem Kapitel zur Verfügung stellen oder mitteilen muss, klar und eindeutig sind und rechtzeitig vor Abschluss des Vertrages oder, wenn kein schriftlicher Vertrag geschlossen wird, vor Erbringung der Dienstleistungen bereitgestellt werden. Die Informationspflichten gemäß diesem Kapitel ergänzen die bereits im Gemein- schaftsrecht vorgesehenen Informationspflichten und hindern die Mitgliedstaaten nicht daran, zusätzliche Informationspflichten für Dienstleistungserbringer, die auf ihrem Hoheitsgebiet niedergelassen sind, vorzuschreiben. Die Kommission kann nach dem in Artikel 42 Absatz 2 genannten Verfahren den Inhalt der in den Absätzen 1 und 3 des vorliegenden Artikels genannten Informationen entsprechend den Besonderheiten bestimmter Tätigkeiten präzisieren und die Modalitäten der praktischen Durchführung der Bestimmungen von Absatz 2 präzisieren. Artikel 27 Berufshaftpflichtversicherungen und Sicherheiten Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die Dienstleistungserbringer, deren Dienstleistungen ein besonderes Gesundheits- oder Sicherheitsrisiko oder ein besonderes finanzielles Risiko für den Dienstleistungsempfänger darstellen, durch eine der Art und dem Umfang des Risikos angemessene Berufshaftpflichtversiche- rung oder durch eine gleichwertige oder aufgrund ihrer Zweckbestimmung im Wesentlichen vergleichbare Entschädigungsregelung oder Sicherheit gedeckt sind. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die Dienstleistungserbringer den Dienstleistungsempfänger auf Anfrage über die Versicherungen oder die Sicher- heiten gemäß Absatz 1 informieren, insbesondere über den Namen und die Anschrift des Versicherers oder Sicherungsgebers und den räumlichen Geltungsbereich. Wenn ein Dienstleistungserbringer sich auf ihrem Hoheitsgebiet niederlässt, verlangen die Mitgliedstaaten keine Berufshaftpflichtversicherung und keine finanzielle Sicherheit, wenn er bereits durch eine gleichwertige oder aufgrund ihrer Zweckbestimmung im Wesentlichen vergleichbare Sicherheit in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat, in dem er bereits eine Niederlassung unterhält, abgedeckt ist. Besteht nur eine teilweise Gleichwertigkeit, können die Mitgliedstaaten eine zusätzliche Sicherheit verlangen, um die nicht gedeckten Risiken abzusichern. Die Absätze 1, 2 und 3 berühren nicht die in anderen Gemeinschaftsrechtsakten vorgesehenen Berufshaftpflichtversicherungen oder Sicherheiten. Im Rahmen der Durchführung von Absatz 1 kann die Kommission nach dem in Artikel 42 Absatz 2 genannten Verfahren Dienstleistungen benennen, die die in Absatz 1 genannten Eigenschaften aufweisen, sowie gemeinsame Kriterien festlegen, nach denen festgestellt wird, ob eine Versicherung oder Sicherheit im Hinblick auf die Art und den Umfang des Risikos angemessen ist. 70 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. Artikel 28 Nachvertragliche Garantie und Gewährleistung Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die Dienstleistungserbringer die Dienstleistungsempfänger auf Anfrage darüber informieren, inwiefern Garantie- oder Gewährleistungsvorschriften bestehen oder nicht, was diese beinhalten und welches die wesentlichen Voraussetzungen für deren Inanspruchnahme sind, insbesondere für welchen Zeitraum und welchen räumlichen Geltungsbereich diese Anwendung finden. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die Informationen gemäß Absatz 1 in allen ausführlichen Informationsunterlagen der Dienstleistungserbringer über ihre Tätigkeit enthalten sind. Die Absätze 1 und 2 berühren nicht die in anderen Gemeinschaftsrechtsakten vorge- sehenen nachvertraglichen Garantie- und Gewährleistungsregelungen. Artikel 29 Kommerzielle Kommunikationen in den reglementierten Berufen Die Mitgliedstaaten heben Totalverbote der kommerziellen Kommunikation für reglementierte Berufe auf. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die kommerziellen Kommunikationen durch Angehörige reglementierter Berufe die Anforderungen der Standesregeln erfüllen, die je nach Beruf insbesondere die Unabhängigkeit, die Würde und die Integrität des Berufsstandes sowie die Wahrung des Berufsgeheimnisses gewährleis- ten sollen, vorausgesetzt, diese Regeln sind mit dem Gemeinschaftsrecht vereinbar. Artikel 30 Multidisziplinäre Tätigkeiten Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die Dienstleistungserbringer keinen Anforderungen unterworfen werden, die sie verpflichten, ausschließlich eine bestimmte Tätigkeit auszuüben, oder die die gemeinschaftliche oder partnerschaft- liche Ausübung unterschiedlicher Tätigkeiten beschränken. Abweichend von Unterabsatz 1 können folgende Dienstleistungserbringer solchen Anforderungen unterworfen werden: a) Angehörige reglementierter Berufe, wenn es erforderlich ist, um die Einhaltung der verschiedenen Standesregeln im Hinblick auf die Besonderheiten der jeweiligen Berufe sicherzustellen; b) Dienstleistungserbringer, die Dienstleistungen auf dem Gebiet der Zertifizie- rung, der Akkreditierung, der technischen Überwachung oder des Versuchs- oder Prüfwesens erbringen, wenn es zur Gewährleistung ihrer Unabhängigkeit und Unparteilichkeit erforderlich ist. 71 2. Wenn multidisziplinäre Tätigkeiten erlaubt sind, tragen die Mitgliedstaaten dafür Sorge, dass: a) b) c) Interessenkonflikte und Unvereinbarkeiten zwischen bestimmten Tätigkeiten vermieden werden; die Unabhängigkeit und Unparteilichkeit, die bestimmte Tätigkeiten erfordern, gewährleistet sind; die Anforderungen der Standesregeln für die verschiedenen Tätigkeiten mit- einander vereinbar sind, insbesondere im Hinblick auf das Berufsgeheimnis. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die Dienstleistungserbringer die Dienstleistungsempfänger auf Anfrage über ihre multidisziplinären Tätigkeiten und Partnerschaften informieren sowie über die Maßnahmen, die sie ergriffen haben, um Interessenkonflikte zu vermeiden. Diese Informationen müssen in allen ausführlichen Informationsunterlagen der Dienstleistungserbringer über ihre Tätigkeit enthalten sein. In dem in Artikel 41 vorgesehenen Bericht führen die Mitgliedstaaten die Dienstleistungserbringer auf, die den Anforderungen gemäß Absatz 1 unterworfen sind, ferner den Inhalt dieser Anforderungen und die Gründe, aus denen sie diese für gerechtfertigt halten. Artikel 31 Maßnahmen zur Qualitätssicherung Die Mitgliedstaaten ergreifen in Zusammenarbeit mit der Kommission begleitende Maßnahmen, um die Dienstleistungserbringer zu ermutigen, freiwillig die Qualität der Dienstleistungen zu sichern, insbesondere: a) b) ihre Tätigkeiten zertifizieren oder von unabhängigen Einrichtungen bewerten zu lassen, oder eigene Qualitätssicherungssysteme beispielsweise im Rahmen so genannter Qualitätscharten zu erarbeiten oder auf Gemeinschaftsebene erarbeitete Charten oder Gütesiegel von Berufsorganisationen zu übernehmen. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die Informationen über die Bedeutung und die Voraussetzungen zur Verleihung der Gütesiegel und sonstigen Qualitätskenn- zeichnungen für die Dienstleistungsempfänger und -erbringer leicht zugänglich sind. Die Mitgliedstaaten ergreifen in Zusammenarbeit mit der Kommission begleitende Maßnahmen, um die Standesorganisationen und die Handels- und Handwerks- kammern der Mitgliedstaaten zu ermutigen, auf gemeinschaftlicher Ebene zusammenzuarbeiten, um die Dienstleistungsqualität zu fördern, insbesondere indem sie die Einschätzung der Kompetenz der Dienstleistungserbringer erleichtern. Die Mitgliedstaaten in Zusammenarbeit mit der Kommission ergreifen begleitende Maßnahmen, um eine unabhängige Bewertung über Qualität und Mängel von Dienstleistungen zu fördern, insbesondere vergleichende Versuchs- und Prüf- verfahren auf Gemeinschaftsebene und die Veröffentlichung ihrer Ergebnisse. 72 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. Die Mitgliedstaaten und die Kommission fördern die Entwicklung von freiwilligen europäischen Standards, um die Vereinbarkeit zwischen von Dienstleistungserbrin- gern aus verschiedenen Mitgliedstaaten erbrachten Dienstleistungen, die Information der Dienstleistungsempfänger und die Qualität der Dienstleistungen zu verbessern. Artikel 32 Streitbeilegung Die Mitgliedstaaten ergreifen die erforderlichen allgemeinen Maßnahmen, damit die Dienstleistungserbringer eine Postanschrift, eine Faxnummer oder eine Adresse der elektronischen Post angeben, an die alle Dienstleistungsempfänger, auch diejenigen, die in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat ansässig sind, direkt eine Beschwerde oder eine Bitte um Information über die angebotene Dienstleistung richten können. Die Mitgliedstaaten ergreifen die erforderlichen allgemeinen Maßnahmen, damit die Dienstleistungserbringer die in Absatz 1 genannten Beschwerden unverzüglich beantworten und sich umgehend um geeignete Lösungen bemühen. Die Mitgliedstaaten ergreifen die erforderlichen allgemeinen Maßnahmen, damit die Dienstleistungserbringer verpflichtet werden nachzuweisen, dass sie die in dieser Richtlinie vorgesehenen Informationspflichten erfüllen und ihre Informationen zutreffend sind. In Fällen, in denen eine finanzielle Sicherheit für die Vollstreckung einer Gerichts- entscheidung notwendig ist, erkennen die Mitgliedstaaten gleichwertige Sicherheiten an, die bei in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat niedergelassenen Dienstleistungserbrin- gern oder Einrichtungen hinterlegt wurden. Die Mitgliedstaaten ergreifen die erforderlichen allgemeinen Maßnahmen, damit die Dienstleistungserbringer, die Verhaltenskodizes unterworfen sind oder Berufsverbän- den oder -organisationen angehören, welche außergerichtliche Verfahren der Streit- beilegung vorsehen, die Dienstleistungsempfänger davon in Kenntnis setzen und in allen ausführlichen Informationsunterlagen über ihre Tätigkeit darauf hinweisen; dabei ist ferner anzugeben, wie ausführliche Informationen über dieses Streitbei- legungsverfahren und die Bedingungen für seine Inanspruchnahme erlangt werden können. Artikel 33 Informationen über die Zuverlässigkeit der Dienstleistungserbringer Informationen über Vorstrafen und Auf Ersuchen einer zuständigen Stelle eines anderen Mitgliedstaates übermitteln die sonstige Sanktionen, Mitgliedstaaten Verwaltungs- oder Disziplinarmaßnahmen und Entscheidungen wegen betrügeri- schen Konkurses, die von ihren zuständigen Stellen gegen einen Dienstleistungs- erbringer verhängt wurden und seine Fähigkeit zur Berufsausübung oder seine berufliche Zuverlässigkeit in Frage stellen. 73 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. Der Mitgliedstaat, der die Informationen gemäß Absatz 1 übermittelt, muss gleichzeitig angeben, ob es sich um eine endgültige Entscheidung handelt oder ob Rechtsbehelfe dagegen eingelegt wurden und wann über diesen entschieden wird. Darüber hinaus muss er angeben aufgrund welcher innerstaatlichen Vorschriften der Dienstleistungserbringer verurteilt oder bestraft wurde. Bei der Anwendung von Absatz 1 müssen die Rechte verurteilter oder bestrafter Personen in dem betreffenden Mitgliedstaat beachtet werden, insbesondere die Rechte auf Schutz personenbezogener Daten. Kapitel V Kontrolle Artikel 34 Wirksamkeit der Kontrolle Die Mitgliedstaaten stellen sicher, dass die in ihren innerstaatlichen Rechtsvorschrif- ten vorgesehenen Befugnisse zur Überwachung und Kontrolle des Dienstleistungs- erbringers hinsichtlich der betroffenen Tätigkeiten auch in dem Fall ausgeübt werden, wenn die Dienstleistung in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat erbracht wird. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die Dienstleistungserbringer ihren zuständigen Stellen alle Informationen zur Verfügung stellen, die für die Kontrolle ihrer Tätigkeiten erforderlich sind. Artikel 35 Gegenseitige Unterstützung Unter Beachtung von Artikel 16 unterstützen die Mitgliedstaaten einander gegen- seitig und ergreifen alle Maßnahmen, die für eine wirksame Zusammenarbeit bei der Kontrolle der Dienstleistungserbringer und ihrer Dienstleistungen erforderlich sind. Für die Zwecke von Absatz 1 benennen die Mitgliedstaaten eine oder mehrere Kontaktstellen und teilen die Bezeichnung(en), die Anschrift(en) und die Erreich- barkeit dieser Stelle(n) den übrigen Mitgliedstaaten und der Kommission mit. Die Mitgliedstaaten übermitteln unverzüglich auf elektronischem Weg die von anderen Mitgliedstaaten oder der Kommission angeforderten Informationen. Sobald die Mitgliedstaaten Kenntnis von einem rechtswidrigen Verhalten eines Dienstleistungserbringers, das in einem Mitgliedstaat einen schweren Schaden verursachen könnte, oder genaue Hinweise darauf erhalten, unterrichten sie unverzüglich den Herkunftsmitgliedstaat. 74 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. Sobald die Mitgliedstaaten Kenntnis von einem offensichtlich rechtswidrigen Verhalten eines möglicherweise in anderen Mitgliedstaaten tätigen Dienstleistungs- erbringers, von dem eine ernste Gefahr für die Gesundheit oder die Sicherheit von Personen ausgehen kann, oder genaue Hinweise darauf erhalten, unterrichten sie unverzüglich alle anderen Mitgliedstaaten sowie die Kommission. Der Herkunftsmitgliedstaat übermittelt die von einem anderen Mitgliedstaat angefor- derten Informationen über Dienstleistungserbringer, die auf seinem Hoheitsgebiet niedergelassen sind, insbesondere bestätigt er, dass sie auf seinem Hoheitsgebiet niedergelassen und dort rechtmäßig tätig sind. Er nimmt die von einem anderen Mitgliedstaat erbetenen Überprüfungen, Untersuchungen und Ermittlungen vor und informiert diesen über die Ergebnisse und, gegebenenfalls, die veranlassten Maßnahmen. Treten Schwierigkeiten bei der Beantwortung einer Anfrage auf, informieren die Mitgliedstaaten umgehend den anfragenden Mitgliedstaat, um eine gemeinsame Lösung zu finden. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die Register, in die die Dienst- leistungserbringer eingetragen sind und die von den zuständigen Stellen auf ihrem Hoheitsgebiet eingesehen werden können, unter denselben Bedingungen auch für die entsprechenden zuständigen Stellen der anderen Mitgliedstaaten einsehbar sind. Artikel 36 Gegenseitige Unterstützung im Fall eines Ortswechsels des Dienstleisters Begibt sich ein Dienstleistungserbringer zwecks Ausübung seiner Tätigkeit in einen Mitgliedstaat, in dem er keine Niederlassung hat, wirken die zuständigen Stellen dieses Mitgliedstaates in den unter Artikel 16 fallenden Bereichen gemäß Absatz 2 des vorliegenden Artikels an der Kontrolle des Dienstleistungserbringers mit. Auf Ersuchen des Herkunftsmitgliedstaates nehmen die in Absatz 1 genannten zuständigen Stellen vor Ort die Überprüfungen, Untersuchungen und Ermittlungen vor, die notwendig sind, um die Wirksamkeit der Kontrolle des Herkunfts- mitgliedstaats sicherzustellen. Sie werden im Rahmen der Zuständigkeiten tätig, die sie in ihrem Mitgliedstaat besitzen. Von Amts wegen können diese zuständigen Stellen Überprüfungen, Untersuchungen und Ermittlungen vor Ort vornehmen, sofern sie die folgenden Voraussetzungen erfüllen: a) b) c) sie bestehen nur in der Feststellung des Sachverhalts und ziehen keine anderen Maßnahmen gegen den Dienstleistungserbringer nach sich; ausgenommen sind Maßnahmen im Einzelfall gemäß Artikel 19; sie sind diskriminierungsfrei und nicht dadurch begründet, dass der Dienst- leistungserbringer seine Niederlassung in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat hat; sie sind objektiv durch einen zwingenden Grund des Allgemeininteresses gerechtfertigt und im Verhältnis zu dem damit verfolgten Zweck angemessen. 75 Gegenseitige Unterstützung bei Ausnahmen vom Herkunftslandprinzip im Einzelfall Artikel 37 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Beabsichtigt ein Mitgliedstaat, eine Maßnahme im Einzelfall gemäß Artikel 19 zu ergreifen, ist unbeschadet der gerichtlichen Verfahren die in den Absätzen 2 bis 6 des vorliegenden Artikels festgelegte Vorgehensweise einzuhalten. Der in Absatz 1 genannte Mitgliedstaat ersucht den Herkunftsmitgliedstaat, Maßnah- men gegen den betreffenden Dienstleistungserbringer zu ergreifen und übermittelt alle zweckdienlichen Informationen über die in Frage stehende Dienstleistung und den jeweiligen Sachverhalt. Der Herkunftsmitgliedstaat stellt unverzüglich fest, ob der Dienstleistungserbringer seine Tätigkeit rechtmäßig ausübt und überprüft den Sachverhalt, der Anlass des Ersuchens ist. Er teilt dem ersuchenden Mitgliedstaat unverzüglich mit, welche Maßnahmen getroffen wurden oder beabsichtigt sind oder aus welchen Gründen keine Maßnahmen getroffen wurden. Nachdem eine Mitteilung der Angaben gemäß Absatz 2 Unterabsatz 2 durch den Herkunftsmitgliedstaat erfolgt ist, unterrichtet der ersuchende Mitgliedstaat die Kommission und den Herkunftsmitgliedstaat über die von ihm beabsichtigten Maßnahmen, wobei er mitteilt: a) aus welchen Gründen er die vom Herkunftsmitgliedstaat getroffenen oder beabsichtigten Maßnahmen für unzureichend hält; b) warum er der Auffassung ist, dass die von ihm beabsichtigten Maßnahmen die Voraussetzungen des Artikels 19 erfüllen. Maßnahmen im Einzelfall können frühestens fünfzehn Arbeitstage nach der Mitteilung gemäß Absatz 3 getroffen werden. Unbeschadet der Möglichkeit des Mitgliedstaates, nach Ablauf der Frist gemäß Absatz 4 die betreffenden Maßnahmen zu ergreifen, muss die Kommission unver- züglich prüfen, ob die mitgeteilten Maßnahmen mit dem Gemeinschaftsrecht vereinbar sind. Kommt die Kommission zu dem Ergebnis, dass dies nicht der Fall ist, entscheidet sie, den betreffenden Mitgliedstaat aufzufordern, von den beabsichtigten Maßnahmen Abstand zu nehmen oder sie unverzüglich aufzuheben. In dringenden Fällen kann der Mitgliedstaat, der beabsichtigt, eine Maßnahme zu ergreifen, von den Absätzen 3 und 4 abweichen. In diesem Fall sind die Maßnahmen unverzüglich unter Begründung der Dringlichkeit der Kommission und dem Herkunftsmitgliedstaat mitzuteilen. 76 Artikel 38 Durchführungsmaßnahmen Die Kommission erlässt nach dem in Artikel 42 Absatz 2 genannten Verfahren die zur Durchführung dieses Kapitels notwendigen Maßnahmen, zur Festlegung der in Artikel 35 und 37 genannten Fristen und zu den Modalitäten der praktischen Durchführung des Infor- mationsaustausches auf elektronischem Wege zwischen den Kontaktstellen, insbesondere Bestimmungen über die Interoperabilität der Informationssysteme. Kapitel VI Konvergenzprogramm Artikel 39 Verhaltenskodizes auf Gemeinschaftsebene 1. Die Mitgliedstaaten ergreifen in Zusammenarbeit mit der Kommission begleitende Maßnahmen, um die Ausarbeitung gemeinschaftsrechtskonformer Verhaltenskodizes auf Gemeinschaftsebene zu fördern, die insbesondere folgende Fragen regeln sollen: a) b) c) den Inhalt und die Modalitäten kommerzieller Kommunikation von Angehöri- gen der reglementierten Berufe unter Berücksichtigung der Besonderheiten des jeweiligen Berufs; die Standesregeln der reglementierten Berufe, die, unter Berücksichtigung der Besonderheiten des jeweiligen Berufs, vor allem die Unabhängigkeit, Unpartei- lichkeit und die Wahrung des Berufsgeheimnisses gewährleisten sollen; die Voraussetzungen für die Ausübung der Tätigkeiten von Immobilien- maklern. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass die in Absatz 1 genannten Verhaltens- kodizes im Fernweg und elektronisch zugänglich sind und der Kommission übermittelt werden. Die Mitgliedstaaten tragen dafür Sorge, dass der Dienstleistungserbringer auf Anfrage des Dienstleistungsempfängers oder in allen ausführlichen Informations- unterlagen über seine Tätigkeit den für ihn geltenden Verhaltenskodex und die Adresse nennt, unter der dieser Kodex elektronisch abgerufen werden kann, sowie die Sprachen, in denen er vorliegt. Die Mitgliedstaaten ergreifen begleitende Maßnahmen, um die Standesorgani- sationen und die Berufsverbänden, -kammern und -organisationen zu ermutigen, die auf Gemeinschaftsebene verabschiedeten Verhaltenskodizes auf nationaler Ebene anzuwenden. 2. 3. 4. 77 Artikel 40 Ergänzende Harmonisierung 1. Spätestens bis zum [1 Jahr nach Inkrafttreten der Richtlinie] prüft die Kommission die Möglichkeit, Vorschläge für harmonisierende Rechtsakte zu folgenden Punkten vorzulegen: a) die Modalitäten zur Durchführung von Geldtransporten; b) Gewinnspiele, die einen geldwerten Einsatz bei Glücksspielen verlangen, einschließlich Lotterien und Wetten im Lichte eines Berichtes der Kommission und einer breiten Konsultation der interessierten Kreise; c) die Aufnahme von Tätigkeiten zur gerichtlichen Beitreibung von Forderungen. 2. Die Kommission prüft die Notwendigkeit ergänzender Initiativen oder von Vorschlägen für Rechtsakte im Interesse eines reibungslosen Funktionierens des Binnenmarktes für Dienstleistungen, insbesondere zu: a) b) den Fragen, die Gegenstand von Maßnahmen im Einzelfall waren, die die Not- wendigkeit einer Harmonisierung auf Gemeinschaftsebene aufgezeigt haben; den in Artikel 39 genannten Fragen, für die vor Ablauf der Umsetzungsfrist keine Verhaltenskodizes erarbeitet werden konnten, oder bei denen die Verhaltenskodizes das reibungslose Funktionieren des Binnenmarktes nicht garantieren konnten; c) den Fragen, die bei der in Artikel 41 vorgesehenen gegenseitigen Evaluierung aufgeworfen werden; d) dem Schutz der Verbraucher und grenzüberschreitenden Verträgen. Artikel 41 Gegenseitige Evaluierung 1. Spätestens am [Datum der Umsetzung] legen die Mitgliedstaaten der Kommission einen Bericht vor, der die folgenden Angaben enthält: a) b) c) Informationen gemäß Artikel 9 Absatz 2 über Genehmigungsregelungen; Informationen gemäß Artikel 15 Absatz 4 über die zu prüfenden Anforde- rungen; Informationen gemäß Artikel 30 Absatz 4 über die multidisziplinären Tätig- keiten. 2. Die Kommission leitet die in Absatz 1 genannten Berichte an die anderen Mitgliedstaaten weiter, die binnen sechs Monaten zu jedem dieser Berichte Stellung nehmen. Gleichzeitig konsultiert die Kommission die betroffenen Interessengruppen zu diesen Berichten. 78 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. Die Kommission legt die Berichte und Anmerkungen der Mitgliedstaaten dem in Artikel 42 Absatz 1 genannten Ausschuss vor, der dazu Stellung nehmen kann. Spätestens am 31. Dezember 2008 legt die Kommission dem Europäischen Parlament und dem Rat einen Bericht vor, in dem sie die in den Absätzen 2 und 3 genannten Stellungnahmen zusammenfasst und gegebenenfalls Vorschläge für ergänzende Initiativen unterbreitet. Artikel 42 Ausschuss Die Kommission wird unterstützt von einem Ausschuss unter Vorsitz der Kommission, der sich aus Vertretern der Mitgliedstaaten zusammensetzt (nach- folgend „Ausschuss“). Wird auf diesen Absatz Bezug genommen, so gelten die Artikel 3 und 7 des Beschlusses 1999/468/EG unter Beachtung von dessen Artikel 8. Der Ausschuss gibt sich eine Geschäftsordnung. Artikel 43 Bericht Nach dem in Artikel 41 Absatz 4 genannten zusammenfassenden Bericht legt die Kommission alle 3 Jahre dem Europäischen Parlament und dem Rat einen Bericht über die Anwendung dieser Richtlinie vor und unterbreitet gegebenenfalls Vorschläge für ihre Anpassung. Artikel 44 Änderung der Richtlinie 1998/27/EG In Ziffer 1 des Anhangs der Richtlinie 1998/27/EG wird folgende Nummer angefügt: „13. Richtlinie …/…/EG des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom … über Dienstleistungen im Binnenmarkt (ABl. L … vom …, S. ). “ 79 Kapitel VII Schlussbestimmungen Artikel 45 1. 2. Die Mitgliedstaaten setzen die Rechts- und Verwaltungsvorschriften in Kraft, die erforderlich sind, um dieser Richtlinie bis zum [2 Jahre nach Verabschiedung] nachzukommen. Sie übermitteln der Kommission unverzüglich den Text dieser Vorschriften und fügen eine Tabelle bei, aus der ersichtlich wird, welche dieser Bestimmungen denen der Richtlinie entsprechen. Bei Erlass dieser Vorschriften nehmen die Mitgliedstaaten in diesen Vorschriften selbst oder durch einen Hinweis bei der amtlichen Veröffentlichung auf diese Richtlinie Bezug. Die Mitgliedstaaten regeln die Einzelheiten dieser Bezugnahme. Die Mitgliedstaaten teilen der Kommission den Wortlaut der wichtigsten innerstaat- lichen Rechtsvorschriften mit, die sie auf dem unter diese Richtlinie fallenden Gebiet erlassen. Diese Richtlinie tritt am Tag nach ihrer Veröffentlichung im Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union in Kraft. Artikel 46 Artikel 47 Diese Richtlinie ist an die Mitgliedstaaten gerichtet. Geschehen zu Brüssel am […] Im Namen des Europäischen Parlaments Der Präsident […] Im Namen des Rates Der Präsident […] 80 FINANZBOGEN ZU RECHTSAKTEN Politikbereich(e): Binnenmarkt Tätigkeit(en): Binnenmarkt für Waren und Dienstleistungen BEZEICHNUNG DER MAßNAHME: VORSCHLAG FÜR EINE RICHTLINIE DES EUROPÄISCHEN PARLAMENTS UND DES RATES ÜBER DIENSTLEISTUNGEN IM BINNENMARKT 1. HAUSHALTSLINIE (NUMMER UND BEZEICHNUNG) 12 02 01 Verwirklichung und Entwicklung des Binnenmarktes 12 01 04 01 Verwirklichung und Entwicklung des Binnenmarktes – Verwaltungsaus- gaben 2. ALLGEMEINE ZAHLENANGABEN 2. 1. Gesamtmittelausstattung der Maßnahme (Teil B): 0,700 Mio. € (VE); diese sind in der Finanzplanung für den Bereich Binnenmarktpolitik bereits durch bestehende Mittelzuweisungen abgedeckt. 2. 2. Laufzeit 2004 - 2010 2. 3. Mehrjährige Gesamtvorausschätzung der Ausgaben (a) Fälligkeitsplan für Verpflichtungsermächtigungen/Zahlungsermächtigungen (finanzielle Intervention) (vgl. Ziffer 6. 1. 1) in Mio. € (bis zur 3. Dezimalstelle) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 und Folge- jahre Insge- samt VE ZE 0,200 0,400 0,100 0,500 (b) Technische und administrative Hilfe und Unterstützungsausgaben (vgl. Ziffer 6. 1. 2) VE ZE Zwischensumme a+b VE ZE 0,200 0,400 0,100 0,500 0,100 0,100 0,100 0,100 81 (c) Gesamtausgaben für Humanressourcen und Verwaltung (vgl. Ziffer 7. 2 und 7. 3) VE/ZE 0,869 0,869 0,869 0,869 a+b+c insgesamt VE ZE 1,069 1,269 0,869 0,969 0,969 1,369 0,869 0,969 2. 4. Vereinbarkeit mit der Finanzplanung und der Finanziellen Vorausschau Der Vorschlag ist mit der derzeitigen Finanzplanung vereinbar. 2. 5. Finanzielle Auswirkungen auf die Einnahmen Keinerlei finanzielle Auswirkungen (betrifft die technischen Aspekte der Durchfüh- rung einer Maßnahme) 3. HAUSHALTSTECHNISCHE MERKMALE 12 02 01 Verwirklichung und Entwicklung des Binnenmarktes Art der Ausgaben Neu EFTA- Beteiligung Beteiligung von Beitrittsländern Rubrik der FV NOA GM NEIN JA NEIN Nr. 3 12 01 04 01 Verwirklichung und Entwicklung des Binnenmarktes – Verwaltungsaus- gaben Art der Ausgaben Neu EFTA- Beteiligung Beteiligung von Beitrittsländern Rubrik der FV NOA NGM NEIN JA NEIN Nr. 3 4. RECHTSGRUNDLAGE Artikel 47 Absatz 2 und Artikel 55 sowie Artikel 70 und 81 Absatz 2 EG-Vertrag. 5. BESCHREIBUNG UND BEGRÜNDUNG 5. 1. Notwendigkeit einer Maßnahme der Gemeinschaft 5. 1. 1. Ziele Dienstleistungen sind in modernen Volkswirtschaften allgegenwärtig. In der EU stehen sie für fast 53,6 % des BIP und 67,2 % der Beschäftigung - ohne Berücksichtigung der öffentlichen 82 Verwaltung - und bieten ein beträchtliches Wachstums- und Beschäftigungspotenzial. Aller- dings ist die länderübergreifende Erbringung von Dienstleistungen und die Niederlassung jenseits der Grenzen sehr häufig noch Beschränkungen unterworfen. Die Nutzung des Dienstleistungspotenzials im Binnenmarkt und die Gewährleistung besserer und günstigerer Leistungen für die Bürger und die Wirtschaft in Europa sind ein Hauptziel des Wirtschaftsreformprogramms der EU. Im Bericht der Kommission über den Stand des Binnenmarktes für Dienstleistungen (KOM(2002) 441 endgültig) sind die Hindernisse aufgelistet, die der Entwicklung länderüber- greifender Dienstleistungstätigkeiten entgegenstehen. Diese Hindernisse beeinträchtigen eine Vielzahl von Dienstleistungsbranchen wie Handel, Beschäftigungsagenturen, Zertifizierungsstellen, Laboratorien, Bauunternehmen, Immobilien- makler, das Handwerk, den Tourismus; besonders hart treffen sie die im Dienstleistungs- gewerbe vorherrschenden Klein- und Mittelbetriebe (89 % der mittelständischen Unter- nehmen in der EU sind dem Dienstleistungssektor zuzurechnen). Der Bericht und die Folgenabschätzung zur Richtlinie über Dienstleistungen auf dem Binnenmarkt befassen sich zum einen mit den Auswirkungen derartiger Behinderungen auf die EU-Wirtschaft und zeigen zum anderen die Vorteile einer Beseitigung dieser Hindernisse auf, die für die Fragmentierung des Binnenmarktes verantwortlich sind. 5. 1. 2. Maßnahmen im Zusammenhang mit der Ex-ante-Bewertung (a) (b) Die Ex-ante-Bewertung der Kommissionsstrategie für den Dienstleistungsbinnen- markt wurde im August 2002 von den Dienststellen der Kommission selbst vorge- nommen. Diese Strategie umfasst zwei Stufen. Die erste Stufe fand ihren Abschluss mit dem oben genannten Bericht über den Stand des Binnenmarktes für Dienst- leistungen. Die zweite Stufe umfasst die Verabschiedung eines Richtlinienvorschlags über Dienstleistungen im Binnenmarkt sowie nichtlegislative Maßnahmen. In der Ex-ante-Bewertung wurden die Hintergründe der Dienstleistungsstrategie sowie die Beweggründe und die Vorgehensweise dargelegt, ferner wurden die Arbeiten der ersten Stufe der Dienstleistungsstrategie zusammengefasst, die sich insbesondere auf die vielen unterschiedlichen Quellen konzentrierte, die Aufschlüsse über Hindernisse geben. Sie enthielt darüber hinaus eine erste Skizze der Systeme und Indikatoren, mit denen die Wirksamkeit der zweiten Stufe der Dienst- leistungsstrategie überwacht werden soll. Das Fazit der Bewertung lautete, dass die Dienstleistungsstrategie bislang erfolgreich angewandt worden war und dass sie die nötigen Erkenntnisse zur Durchführung der zweiten Stufe geliefert hat. Sie bestätigte die Notwendigkeit gemeinschaftlicher Maßnahmen auf diesem Gebiet und erbrachte den Nachweis für den Zusatznutzen und die Kosteneffizienz gemeinschaftlichen Vorgehens. 5. 2. Geplante Einzelmaßnahmen und Modalitäten der Intervention zu Lasten des Gemeinschaftshaushalts Zwecks Beseitigung von Binnenmarkthindernissen stellt die Richtlinie auf drei miteinander verflochtene Elemente ab: Herkunftslandprinzip, Harmonisierung und Verwaltungszusam- menarbeit. 83 – – – Um die Niederlassung in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat zu erleichtern, bedarf es fol- gender Voraussetzungen: Vereinfachung von Verwaltungsprozeduren, Beseitigung von Beschränkungen aufgrund schwerfälliger, intransparenter oder diskriminierender Genehmigungsverfahren sowie Beseitigung einer Reihe anderer Auflagen, die gegenwärtig die Strategien von Dienstleistungserbringern durchkreuzen, welche eine Niederlassung jenseits der Grenze ins Auge fassen. Damit die Behinderung von Dienstleistungserbringern beseitigt wird, die von ihrem in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat Herkunftsmitgliedstaat aus Dienstleistungen erbringen möchten, müssen die Mitgliedstaaten zunächst einmal darauf verzichten, ihre innerstaatlichen Rechts- und Verwaltungsvorschriften auf Dienstleistungen aus anderen Mitgliedstaaten anzuwenden, sie dürfen sie auch nicht mehr überwachen und kontrollieren. Sie sollten sich stattdessen auf die behördlichen Kontrollen im Herkunftsmitgliedstaat des Dienstleistungserbringers verlassen. Allerdings sind vorübergehende Abweichungen vom Herkunftslandprinzip vorgesehen, zum Beispiel zwecks Sicherung von Werttransporten oder der gerichtlichen Beitreibung von Forderungen. Diese Aspekte bedürfen weiterer Untersuchungen, die im Rahmen externer Studien durchzuführen sein werden. Die Anwendung des Herkunftslandprinzips setzt ein effizientes System der Verwaltungszusammenarbeit zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten voraus, das die jeweiligen Zuständigkeiten hinsichtlich der grenzüberschreitenden Erbringung von Dienstleistungen festschreibt. Möglicherweise besteht auch Bedarf an einer koordinierten Lösung zur Erleichterung des elektronischen Informationsaustauschs. Die Richtlinie wird eine schrittweise Umsetzung gewährleisten. Zahlreiche Hindernisse werden sofort angegangen; gleichzeitig werden die Rahmenbedingungen zur Beseitigung der verbleibenden Hindernisse innerhalb fester Fristen auf der Grundlage gegenseitiger Begutachtung durch die Mitgliedstaaten und weiterer Anhörung der Interessenträger geschaffen. Aus diesem Grund werden die zugewiesenen Mittel über einen bestimmten Zeitraum gestreckt. 5. 3. Durchführungsmodalitäten Die Verhandlungen über die Richtlinie im Rat und im Europäischen Parlament werden von Mitarbeitern der GD MARKT im Rahmen bereits zugewiesener Mittel geführt. Die Umsetzung der Richtlinie erfordert eine Beobachtung und Unterstützung der Mitgliedstaaten. auch diese Aufgaben werden von Mitarbeitern der GD MARKT wahrgenommen. Im übrigen bestimmt Artikel 41 der Richtlinie, dass die Kommission bei bestimmten Fragen von einem Ausschuss unterstützt wird, der sich aus Vertretern der Mitgliedstaaten zusammensetzt. 84 6. FINANZIELLE AUSWIRKUNGEN 6. 1. Finanzielle Gesamtbelastung für Teil B des Haushalts (während des gesamten Planungszeitraums) 6. 1. 1. Finanzielle Intervention VE in Mio. € (bis zur 3. Dezimalstelle) Aufschlüsselung 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 und Folge- jahre Insge- samt Maßnahme 1 Maßnahme 2 usw. 0,400 0,200 INSGESAMT 0,200 0,400 6. 1. 2. Technische und administrative Hilfe, Unterstützungsausgaben und IT-Ausgaben (Verpflichtungsermächtigungen) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 und Folge- jahre Insge- samt 1) Technische und administrative Hilfe: a) Büros für technische Hilfe (BTH) b) Sonstige Formen der technischen und administrativen Hilfe: - intra-muros: - extra-muros: davon für Aufbau und Wartung rechnergestützter Verwaltungssysteme: Zwischensumme 1 2) Unterstützungsausgaben: a) Studien b) Sachverständigensitzun- gen c) Information und Veröffentlichungen Zwischensumme 2 INSGESAMT 0,100 0,100 85 6. 2. Berechnung der Kosten für jede zu Lasten von Teil B vorgesehene Einzelaktion (während des gesamten Planungszeitraums) Aufschlüsselung Art der Teilergebnisse/ Outputs (Projekte, Dossiers usw. ) VE in Mio. € (bis zur 3. Dezimalstelle) Zahl der Teilergebnisse/ Outputs Durchschnitts- kosten pro Einheit Gesamtkosten (für die Jahre 2004- 2010 insgesamt) (für die Jahre 2004-2010 insgesamt) Studie Studie Studie 1 1 1 0,200 0,200 0,200 0,200 0,200 0,200 Maßnahme 1 - Einzelaktion 1 (Untersuchung der Frage der Sicherung von Wert- transporten im Hinblick auf ergänzende Harmonisierungs- vorschläge) - Einzelaktion 2 (Untersuchung der Frage der gerichtlichen Beitreibung von Forderungen im Hinblick auf ergänzende Harmonisierungsvorschläge) Maßnahme 2 Einzelmaßnahme 1 (Entwicklung und Überwachung von Wirtschaftsindikatoren - siehe Ziffer 8. 1 Überwachung und Bewertung) GESAMTKOSTEN 0,600 0,600 7. AUSWIRKUNGEN AUF PERSONAL- UND VERWALTUNGSAUSGABEN Der Bedarf an Human- und Verwaltungsressourcen wird aus den Mitteln der zuständigen GD im Rahmen der jährlichen Mittelzuweisung gedeckt. 86 7. 1. Auswirkungen im Bereich der Humanressourcen Art der Mitarbeiter Zur Durchführung der Maßnahme einzusetzendes Personal: vorhandene und/oder zusätzliche Mitarbeiter Zahl der Dauerplanstellen Zahl der Planstellen auf Zeit Insge- samt Beschreibung der Aufgaben, die im Zuge der Durchführung der Maßnahme anfallen Beamte oder Bedienstete auf Zeit A B C 6 1 0,5 Sonstige 1 abgeordneter nationaler Sachverständiger Da die Richtlinie ein breites Spektrum von Dienstleistungstätigkeiten abdeckt, ist besonderes Fachwissen erforder- lich, zum einen über zahlreiche Branchen (Handel, reglementierte Berufe, Bauwesen, Zertifizierung, Handwerk usw. ), zum anderen über konkrete Fragen wie die Erstattung von Gesundheitskosten oder die Verein- fachung von Verwaltungsprozeduren. 6 1,5 1 Insgesamt 8 0,5 8,5 7. 2. Finanzielle Gesamtbelastung durch die Humanressourcen in Mio. € (bis zur 3. Dezimalstelle) Art der Humanressourcen Beträge Berechnungsweise * Beamte Bedienstete auf Zeit Sonstige Humanressourcen 0,756 0,054 0,043 7 * 0,108 0,5 * 0,108 1 * 0,043 (Angabe der Haushaltslinie) Insgesamt 0,853 Anzugeben sind jeweils die Beträge, die den Gesamtausgaben für 12 Monate entsprechen. 87 7. 3. Sonstige Verwaltungsausgaben im Zusammenhang mit der Maßnahme in Mio. € (bis zur 3. Dezimalstelle) Beträge Berechnungsweise 0,016 24 Sachverständige * 650 Haushaltslinie (Nummer und Bezeichnung) Gesamtmittelausstattung (Titel A-7) 12 01 02 11 01 – Dienstreisen 12 01 02 11 02 – Sitzungen, Konferenzen 12 01 02 11 03 – Ausschüsse (Beratender Ausschuss) 12 01 02 11 04 – Untersuchungen und Konsultationen Sonstige Ausgaben (im Einzelnen anzugeben) Informationssysteme Andere Ausgaben (im Einzelnen anzugeben) Anzugeben sind jeweils die Beträge, die den Gesamtausgaben für 12 Monate entsprechen. Insgesamt 0,016 I. II. Jährlicher Gesamtbetrag (7. 2 + 7. 3) Dauer der Maßnahme 0,869 € 4 Jahre III. Gesamtkosten der Maßnahme (I x II) 3,476 € * *Je nach Ergebnis der Verhandlungen und dem daraus resultierenden Arbeitsprogramm könnten auch nach dem vierten Jahr noch Kosten für Humanressourcen anfallen. 8. ÜBERWACHUNG UND BEWERTUNG 8. 1. Überwachung und Bewertung Die Richtlinie wäre von den Mitgliedstaaten binnen zwei Jahren nach ihrer Verabschiedung (voraussichtlich Ende 2005) umzusetzen, d. h. bis Ende 2007. Darüber hinaus wird ein weiteres Jahr (bis Ende 2008) eingeräumt, um den Wechsel zu dem erforderlichen System der Verwaltungszusammenarbeit zu vollziehen (Implementierung der elektronischen Verfahren, Einrichtung der zentralen Ansprechstellen usw. ). COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 5. 3. 2004 COM(2004) 2 final/3 2004/0001 (COD) Corrigendum Numérotation à l’intérieur de l’article 16 Concerne uniquement EN. Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on services in the internal market (presented by the Commission) [SEC(2004) 21] EN EN TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY. 3 1. 2. 3. a) b) c) d) e) 4. 5. 6. a) b) c) 7. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) NECESSITY AND OBJECTIVE. 5 BACKGROUND. 6 MAIN FEATURES OF THE DIRECTIVE. 8 A framework Directive. 8 A combination of regulation techniques. 9 Coordination of the processes of modernisation. 9 A dynamic approach. 10 A framework facilitating access to services. 12 PREPARATORY WORK. 12 COHERENCE WITH OTHER COMMUNITY POLICIES. 13 LEGAL ASPECTS. 17 Legal basis and choice of instrument. 17 Subsidiarity. 18 Proportionality. 19 SPECIFIC QUESTIONS. 19 What activities are covered by the Directive (Articles 2 and 4)?. 19 Why should certain services or fields be excluded from the scope of the Directive (Article 2)?. 20 What are "single points of contact" (Article 6)?. 21 What is the difference between the requirements to be eliminated (Article 14) and the requirements to be evaluated (Article 15)?. 21 What will the mutual evaluation procedure involve (Articles 9, 15, 30 and 41)?. 22 How will the implementation of Articles 14, 15 and 16 of the Directive relate to the Commission's role as guardian of the Treaty, in particular as regards infringement procedures?. 22 Are requirements that are listed in neither Article 14 nor in Article 15 considered to be in conformity with the freedom of establishment provided for in Article 43 of the Treaty?. 23 Why is there a section specifically devoted to the rights of recipients of services (Chapter III, Section 2)?. 23 Why is the question of the posting of third country nationals covered (Article 25)? 24 Why does the country of origin principle not apply to certain matters or activities (Article 17)?. 25 2 SUMMARY 1. 2. This proposal for a directive is part of the process of economic reform launched by the Lisbon European Council with a view to making the EU the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world by 2010. Achieving this goal means that the establishment of a genuine internal market in services is indispensable. It has not hitherto been possible to exploit the considerable potential for economic growth and job creation afforded by the services sector because of the many obstacles1 hampering the development of service activities in the internal market. This proposal forms part of the strategy adopted by the Commission to eliminate these obstacles and follows on from the Report on the State of the Internal Market for Services2, which revealed their extent and significance. The objective of the proposal for a Directive is to provide a legal framework that will eliminate the obstacles to the freedom of establishment for service providers and the free movement of services between the Member States, giving both the providers and recipients of services the legal certainty they need in order to exercise these two fundamental freedoms enshrined in the Treaty. The proposal covers a wide variety of economic service activities – with some exceptions, such as financial services – and applies only to service providers established in a Member State. 3. In order to eliminate the obstacles to the freedom of establishment, the proposal provides for: – – – – simplification measures, administrative the establishment of "single points of contact", at which service providers can complete the administrative procedures relevant to their activities, and the obligation to make it possible to complete these procedures by electronic means; particularly involving certain principles which authorisation schemes applicable to service activities must respect, in particular relating to the conditions and procedures for the granting of an authorisation; the prohibition of certain particularly restrictive legal requirements that may still be in force in certain Member States; the obligation to assess the compatibility of certain other legal requirements with the conditions laid down in the Directive, particularly as regards proportionality. 4. In order to eliminate the obstacles to the free movement of services, the proposal provides for: – the application of the country of origin principle, according to which a service provider is subject only to the law of the country in which he is established and Member States may not restrict services from a provider established in another 1 2 "An Internal Market Strategy for Services", Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, COM(2000) 888 final, 29. 12. 2000. Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on “The State of the Internal Market for Services", COM(2002) 441 final, 30. 7. 2002. 3 Member State. This principle is accompanied by derogations which are either general, or temporary or which may be applied on a case-by-case basis; the right of recipients to use services from other Member States without being hindered by restrictive measures imposed by their country or by discriminatory behaviour on the part of public authorities or private operators. In the case of patients, the proposal clarifies the circumstances in which a Member State may make reimbursement of the cost of health care provided in another Member State subject to authorisation; a mechanism to provide assistance to recipients who use a service provided by an operator established in another Member State; in the case of posting of workers in the context of the provision of services, the allocation of tasks between the Member State of origin and the Member State of destination and the supervision procedures applicable. – – – 5. With a view to establishing the mutual trust between Member States necessary for eliminating these obstacles, the proposal provides for: – – – – harmonisation of legislation in order to guarantee equivalent protection of the general interest on vital questions, such as consumer protection, particularly as regards the service provider's obligations concerning information, professional insurance, multidisciplinary activities, settlement of disputes, and exchange of information on the quality of the service provider; stronger mutual assistance between national authorities with a view to effective supervision of service activities on the basis of a clear distribution of roles between the Member States and obligations to cooperate; measures for promoting the quality of services, such as voluntary certification of activities, quality charters or cooperation between the chambers of commerce and of crafts; encouraging codes of conduct drawn up by interested parties at Community level on certain questions, including in particular commercial communications by the regulated professions. 6. With a view to taking full effect by 2010, the proposal is based on a dynamic approach involving phased implementation of some of its provisions, a commitment to additional harmonisation on certain specific matters (cash-in-transit services, gambling and judicial recovery of debts), the guarantee that it will evolve and that any need for new initiatives can be identified. Moreover, this proposal is without prejudice to any legislative or other Community initiatives in the field of consumer protection. 4 EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM 1. NECESSITY AND OBJECTIVE Services are omnipresent in today's economy, generating almost 70% of GNP and jobs and offering considerable potential for growth and job creation. Realising this potential is at the heart of the process of economic reform launched by the Lisbon European Council and aimed at making the EU the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world by 2010. It has not so far been possible to exploit fully the growth potential of services because of the many obstacles hampering the development of services activities between the Member States. In its Report on "The State of the Internal Market for Services"1 ("the report"), the Commission listed these obstacles and concluded that "a decade after the envisaged completion of the internal market, there is a huge gap between the vision of an integrated EU economy and the reality as experienced by European citizens and European service providers. " These obstacles affect a wide range of services such as distributive trades, employment agencies, certification, laboratories, construction services, estate agencies, craft industries, tourism, the regulated professions etc. and SMEs, which are predominant in the services sector, are particularly hard-hit. SMEs are too often discouraged from exploiting the opportunities afforded by the internal market because they do not have the means to evaluate, and protect themselves against, the legal risks involved in cross-border activity or to cope with the administrative complexities. The report, and the impact assessment which relates to this proposal, show the economic impact of this dysfunction, emphasising that it amounts to a considerable drag on the EU economy and its potential for growth, competitiveness and job creation. These obstacles to the development of service activities between Member States occur in particular in two types of situation: – – when a service provider from one Member State wishes to establish himself in another Member State in order to provide his services. (For example, he may be subject to over-burdensome authorisation schemes, excessive red tape, discriminatory requirements, an economic test etc. ); when a service provider wishes to provide a service from his Member State of origin into another Member State, particularly by moving to the other Member State on a temporary basis. (For example, he may be subject to a legal obligation to establish himself in the other Member State, need to obtain an authorisation there, or be subject to the application of its rules on the conditions for the exercise of the activity in question or to disproportionate procedures in connection with the posting of workers). 1 COM(2002) 441 final, 30. 7. 2002. 5 Accordingly, the aim of this proposal for a Directive is to establish a legal framework to facilitate the exercise of freedom of establishment for service providers in the Member States and the free movement of services between Member States. It aims to eliminate certain legal obstacles to the achievement of a genuine internal market in services and to guarantee service providers and recipients the legal certainty they need in order to exercise these two fundamental freedoms enshrined in the Treaty in practice. 2. BACKGROUND This proposal for a Directive forms part of a political process launched in 2000 by the European Council: In March 2000, the Lisbon European Council adopted a programme of economic reform aimed at making the EU the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world by 2010. In this context, the EU Heads of State and Government invited the Commission and the Member States to devise a strategy aimed at eliminating the obstacles to the free movement of services2. In December 2000, in response to the call launched at the Lisbon Summit, the Commission set out "An Internal Market Strategy for Services"3, which received the full support of the Member States4, the European Parliament5, the Economic and Social Committee6 and the Committee of the Regions7. The aim of this strategy is to enable services to move across national borders within the European Union just as easily as within a single Member State. Above all it is based on a horizontal approach across all economic sectors involving services and on a two-stage process, the first involving identification of the difficulties hampering the smooth functioning of the internal market in services, and the second involving the development of appropriate solutions to the problems identified, and in particular a horizontal legal instrument. In July 2002, the Commission presented its report on "The State of the Internal Market for Services", which marked the completion of the first phase in the strategy and provided as exhaustive a list as possible of barriers that exist in the internal market for services. This report also analyses the common features of these barriers and makes an initial evaluation of their economic impact8. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Presidency Conclusions, Lisbon European Council, 24. 3. 2000, paragraph 17. The need to take action in these fields was also highlighted at the Stockholm and Barcelona Summits in 2001 and 2002. "An Internal Market Strategy for Services" Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. COM(2000) 888 final, 29. 12. 2000. 2336th Council meeting on the Internal Market, Consumer Affairs and Tourism of 12 March 2001, 6926/01 (Presse 103) para. 17. European Parliament Resolution on the Commission Communication "An Internal Market Strategy for Services" A5-0310/2001, 4. 10. 2001. Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee on the Commission Communication "An Internal Market Strategy for Services" (additional opinion), CES 1472/2001 final, 28. 11. 2001. Opinion of the Committee of the Regions on the Commission Communication "An Internal Market Strategy for Services", CDR 134/2001 final, 27. 06. 2001. This report took up, in certain respects, in the case of services, the idea provided for in the former Article 100b EC of an inventory of national measures. 6 In November 2002, the conclusions of the Council on the Commission's report9, acknowledged "that a decade after the envisaged completion of the internal market, considerable work still needs to be done in order to make the internal market for services a reality" and emphasised "that very high political priority should be given to the removal of both legislative and non-legislative barriers to services in the internal market, as part of the overall goal set by the Lisbon European Council to make the European Union the most dynamic and competitive economy in the world by 2010". The Council urged the Commission to accelerate work on the initiatives foreseen in the second stage of the strategy, and in particular on the legislative instrument. In February 2003, the European Parliament also welcomed the Commission's report, emphasising that it "insists that the Competitiveness Council reaffirm Member States' commitment to the country of origin and mutual recognition principles, as the essential basis for completing the internal market in goods and services"10 and also that it "welcomes the proposals for a horizontal instrument to ensure free movement of services in the form of mutual recognition, with automatic recognition being encouraged as far as possible, administrative cooperation and, where strictly necessary, harmonisation"11. In March 2003, with the aim of reinforcing the economic dimension of the Lisbon strategy, the Spring European Council called for the strengthening of the horizontal role of the Competitiveness Council in order to increase competitiveness and growth in the framework of an integrated approach to competitiveness to be set out by the Commission. The establishment of a clear and balanced legal framework to facilitate the free movement of services in the internal market is one of the elements necessary for the success of the new integrated competitiveness strategy. In May 2003, according to its "Internal Market Strategy"12, the Commission announced that "the Commission will make a proposal for a Directive on services in the internal market before the end of 2003. This Directive will establish a clear and balanced legal framework aiming to facilitate the conditions for establishment and cross-border service provision. It will be based on a mix of mutual recognition, administrative strictly necessary and encouragement of European codes of conduct/professional rules". cooperation, harmonisation where 9 10 11 12 Conclusion on obstacles to the provision of services in the internal market at the 2462nd Council meeting on Competitiveness (Internal Market, Industry, Research), Brussels, 14 November 2002, 13839/02 (Presse 344). European Parliament Resolution of 13 February 2003 on the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: “2002 Review of the Internal Market Strategy – Delivering the promise” (COM(2002) 171 - C5-0283/2002 - 2002/2143(COS)). A5-0026/2003; point 35. Point 36. "Internal Market Strategy - Priorities 2003-2006" Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM(2003) 238 of 7. 5. 2003. 7 In October 2003, the European Council identified the internal market as a key area for improving the competitiveness of the European economy and thus creating conditions conducive to growth and employment. It "calls on the Commission to present any further proposals necessary to complete the internal market and to fully exploit its potential, to stimulate entrepreneurship and to create a true internal market in services, while having due regard to the need to safeguard the supply and trading of services of general interest”13. 3. a) MAIN FEATURES OF THE DIRECTIVE A framework Directive The Directive will establish a general legal framework applicable, subject to certain exceptions, to all economic activities involving services. This horizontal approach is justified by the fact that, as explained in the report14, the legal obstacles to the achievement of a genuine internal market in services are often common to a large number of different activities and have many features in common. Since the proposal is for a framework Directive, it does not aim to lay down detailed rules or to harmonise all the rules in the Member States applicable to service activities. This would have led to over-regulation and a standardisation of the specific features of the national systems for regulating services. Instead, the proposal deals exclusively with questions that are vital for the smooth functioning of the internal market in services by giving priority to targeted harmonisation of specific points, to the imposition of obligations to achieve clear results without prejudging the legal techniques by which they will be brought about, and to the clarification of the respective roles of the Member State of origin and the Member State of destination of a service. The proposal also refers to Commission implementing measures on the way that certain provisions are applied. While establishing a general legal framework, the proposal recognises the specific characteristics of each profession or field of activity. More particularly, it recognises the specific nature of the regulated professions and the particular role of self-regulation. For example, the proposal provides (Article 17) for a number of derogations from the country of origin principle that are directly linked to the specific characteristics of certain activities; it also contains specific provisions on certain activities such as professional insurance and guarantees (Article 27), commercial communications by (Article 29) or multidisciplinary activities (Article 30); finally, it relies also on alternative methods of regulation specific to certain activities, such as codes of conduct for the regulated professions (Article 39). regulated professions the Moreover, this proposal is without prejudice to any legislative or other Community initiatives in the field of consumer protection. 13 14 Presidency Conclusions, Brussels European Council, 16-17. 10. 2003, para 16. COM(2002) 441 op cit, part II. 8 b) A combination of regulatory techniques The proposal for a Directive is based on a combination of techniques for regulating service activities, including in particular: – – – – – the country of origin principle, according to which service providers are subject only to the law of the country in which they are established and Member States may not restrict services provided by operators established in another Member State. It therefore enables operators to provide services in one or more other Member States without being subject to those Member States' rules. This principle also means that the Member State of origin is responsible for the effective supervision of service providers established on its territory even if they provide services into other Member States; interest in certain fields, derogations from the country of origin principle, in particular in Article 17, necessary in order to take account of differences in the level of protection of the extent of Community-level the general harmonisation, the degree of administrative cooperation, or certain Community instruments. Some of these derogations will apply for a transitional period up to 2010, and are intended to allow time for additional harmonisation on certain specific questions. Finally, derogations on a case-by-case basis are possible, subject to certain substantive conditions and procedures; the establishment of obligations of mutual assistance between national authorities, which is vital for ensuring the high level of mutual trust between Member States on which the country of origin principle is based. In order to ensure that supervision is effective, the proposal provides for a high degree of administrative cooperation between authorities by organising the allocation of supervisory tasks, exchange of information and mutual assistance; targeted harmonisation to ensure protection of the general interest in certain essential fields where too wide a divergence in the level of protection, notably in the field of consumer protection, would undermine the mutual trust that is vital to the acceptance of the country of origin principle and could justify, in accordance with the case-law of the Court of Justice, measures restricting freedom of movement. Harmonisation is also provided for as far as the simplification of administrative procedures and the elimination of certain types of requirement are concerned; alternative methods of regulation that are important for the regulation of service activities. The proposal fully recognises their role and encourages the parties concerned to draw up, at Community level, codes of conduct on particular issues. c) Coordination of the processes of modernisation The proposal for a Directive aims to coordinate, at Community level, the modernisation of national systems for regulating service activities with a view to eliminating the legal obstacles to the achievement of a genuine internal market in services. The report emphasises the resistance to modernisation of the various national legal frameworks and notes that "The fundamental principles of the Treaty, the importance attached to them by the Court, and the follow-up to the ambitious 9 programmes of 1962 and 1985, have not always resulted in the adjustment of national legislation which might have been expected". 15 Adapting legislation case by case and Member State by Member State following infringement procedures by the Commission, would be an inefficient way of responding to this need for modernisation, as it would be entirely reactive and would lack a shared political will to move towards a common objective16. The adjustment of legislation by all the Member States according to common principles and a common timetable will instead make it possible to benefit on a European scale from the resulting economic growth, to avoid distortions of competition between Member States that make their adjustments at different rates, and to encourage improved mobilisation around this objective, also in terms of allocation of national and Community administrative resources.	12,727
2014/62011FJ0127_SUM/62011FJ0127_SUM_SV.txt_1	Eurlex	Open Government	CC-By	2,014	None	None	Swedish	Spoken	1,010	2,387	DOM AV EUROPEISKA UNIONENS PERSONALDOMSTOL (plenum) den 12 februari 2014 Mål F‑127/11 Gonzalo de Mendoza Asensi mot Europeiska kommissionen ”Personalmål – Allmänt uttagningsprov – Meddelande om uttagningsprov EPSO/AD/177/10 – Beslut att inte uppta sökanden på förteckningen över godkända sökande – Motivering av uttagningskommitténs beslut – Upplysning om ämnena för ett delprov – Stabilitet i uttagningskommitténs sammansättning” Saken: Talan, väckt enligt artikel 270 FEUF, som är tillämplig på Euratomfördraget enligt dess artikel 106a, varigenom Gonzalo de Mendoza Asensi yrkat att personaldomstolen i första hand ska ogiltigförklara beslutet från uttagningskommittén vid det allmänna uttagningsprovet EPSO/AD/177/10 att inte uppta sökanden på förteckningen över godkända sökande i uttagningsprovet. Avgörande: Talan ogillas. Gonzalo de Mendoza Asensi ska bära sina rättegångskostnader och ersätta Europeiska kommissionens rättegångskostnader. Sammanfattning 1. Tjänstemän – Uttagningsprov – Sättet som proven genomförs på och provens innehåll – Uttagningskommitténs utrymme för skönsmässig bedömning – Domstolsprövning – Gränser (Tjänsteföreskrifterna, bilaga III) 2. Tjänstemän – Uttagningsprov – Uttagningskommitté – Sammansättning – Tillräcklig stabilitet för att säkerställa en enhetlig poängsättning av de sökande – Räckvidd (Tjänsteföreskrifterna, artikel 27; bilaga III, artikel 3) 3. Tjänstemän – Uttagningsprov – Uttagningskommitté – Sammansättning – Tjänstemän som utlånats till Europeiska rekryteringsbyrån (Epso) – Tillåtet – Epsos inflytande på uttagningskommitténs arbete – Föreligger inte (Tjänsteföreskrifterna, artikel 30; och bilaga III, artikel 3) 1. Det ankommer på uttagningskommittén att noggrant se till att principen om likabehandling av sökande följs under ett uttagningsprov. Även om uttagningskommittén har ett stort utrymme för skönsmässig bedömning när det gäller det sätt på vilket proven genomförs och det detaljerade innehållet i proven så ankommer det inte desto mindre på unionsdomstolen att göra den prövning som är nödvändig för att säkerställa likabehandling av sökandena och opartiskhet i det val som uttagningskommittén gör mellan dessa sökande. I detta hänseende åligger det även tillsättningsmyndigheten, som anordnar uttagningsprovet, och uttagningskommittén att se till att alla sökande i ett uttagningsprov, när det gäller det skriftliga delprovet, genomför samma prov under samma villkor. Uttagningskommittén ska således se till att proven i det väsentliga uppvisar samma svårighetsgrad för samtliga sökande. Som huvudregel innebär emellertid varje prov till sin natur en risk för att det uppstår olikbehandling, eftersom antalet frågor som under provet rimligen kan ställas i ett bestämt ämne är begränsat. Det har följaktligen slagits fast att uttagningskommittén endast kan anses ha åsidosatt principen om likabehandling om den inte, vid valet av delprov, har begränsat risken för att alla sökande inte ges samma möjligheter till den risk som ligger i varje provs natur. Med beaktande av de skyldigheter som åligger en uttagningskommitté anser personaldomstolen att ett beslut att inte uppta en sökande på förteckningen över godkända sökande ska ogiltigförklaras om det visar sig att uttagningsprovet anordnades på ett sådant sätt att det medförde en risk för olika behandling som är större än den risk som ligger i varje uttagningsprovs natur. Det krävs härvid inte att den berörda sökande lägger fram bevisning för att vissa sökande verkligen har gynnats. Så är inte fallet när det i uttagningsproven har getts flera olika uppsatsämnen vilka utformats så att alla skulle ha samma svårighetsgrad men skilja sig åt i tillräcklig omfattning för att sökandena inte skulle kunna dra fördel av en eventuell förhandskunskap om något annat uppsatsämne. (se punkterna 43–46 och 48) Hänvisning till Domstolen: 27 oktober 1976, Prais/rådet, 130/75, punkt 13 Förstainstansrätten: 12 mars 2008, Giannini/kommissionen, T‑100/04, punkterna 132 och 133 Personaldomstolen: 15 april 2010, Matos Martins/kommissionen, F‑2/07, punkt 171, och där angiven rättspraxis 2. Skyldigheten att rekrytera de tjänstemän som har högsta kompetens, prestationsförmåga och integritet, vilken framgår av artikel 27 i tjänsteföreskrifterna, innebär att tillsättningsmyndigheten och uttagningskommittén vid utövandet av sin respektive behörighet ska se till att uttagningsprovet genomförs under iakttagande av principerna om likabehandling av sökandena och objektivitet vid poängsättningen. Uttagningskommittén är därför skyldig att säkerställa att utvärderingskriterierna tillämpas på ett enhetligt sätt på alla berörda sökande, varvid den bland annat ska se till att stabiliteten i dess sammansättning upprätthålls under alla delproven. Det kan emellertid inte uteslutas att, när ordinarie ledamöter i en uttagningskommitté har fått förhinder och, under de delprov som en viss sökande genomgår, har ersatts av suppleanter för att uttagningskommittén ska kunna slutföra sitt arbete inom rimlig tid, sammansättningen i uttagningskommittén ändå kan anses tillräckligt stabil om kommittén vidtar de samordningsåtgärder som krävs för att säkerställa att poängsättningskriterierna tillämpas på ett enhetligt sätt. För samma synsätt talar det förhållandet att de åtgärder som en uttagningskommitté vidtar för att uppfylla sin förpliktelse att säkerställa stabiliteten i dess sammansättning i förekommande fall måste bedömas mot bakgrund av de särdrag som utmärker den rekrytering som anordnas och de praktiska behov som alltid gör sig gällande för anordnande av uttagningsprov. Uttagningskommittén kan emellertid inte bortse från de grundläggande garantierna, nämligen att sökandena ska behandlas lika och att urvalet mellan sökandena ska göras på objektiva grunder. Det kan emellertid inte uteslutas att det, med hänsyn till anordnandet av delproven i ett uttagningsprov och organiseringen av uttagningskommitténs arbete, räcker att stabiliteten i kommitténs sammansättning upprätthålls endast under vissa stadier i uttagningsprovet för att det ska säkerställas att en sådan jämförelse kan göras. Vidare ska även ett urvalssystem beaktas där stabiliteten i uttagningskommitténs sammansättning endast säkerställs under vissa nyckelstadier i förfarandet, men där likabehandling av sökandena ändå säkerställs genom identiska arbetsmetoder och att identiska kriterier tillämpas vid bedömningen av sökandenas prestationer. (se punkterna 64, 65, 67–69 och 73) Hänvisning till Förstainstansrätten: 25 maj 2000, Elkaïm och Mazuel/kommissionen, T‑173/99, punkt 87; 24 september 2002, Girardot/kommissionen, T‑92/01, punkterna 24–26; 19 februari 2004, Konstantopoulou/domstolen, T‑19/03, punkt 43; 5 april 2005, Christensen/kommissionen, T‑336/02, punkt 44; ovannämnda målet Giannini/kommissionen, punkterna 208–216 Personaldomstolen: 29 september 2010, Honnefelder/kommissionen, F‑41/08, punkt 35 3. Det finns inte någon bestämmelse i tjänsteföreskrifterna som föreskriver att ledamöterna i en uttagningskommitté inte får vara tjänstemän som utlånats till Europeiska rekryteringsbyrån (Epso) för att just fullgöra uppgiften som ledamot i uttagningskommittén. Dessutom kan det inte endast utifrån det förhållandet att ledamöterna i uttagningskommittén var tjänstemän som utlånats till Epso för att under en begränsad tidsperiod fullgöra uppgiften som sådan ledamot dras slutsatsen att Epso, genom dessa tjänstemän, utövade något som helst inflytande på uttagningskommitténs arbete. (se punkterna 83 och 84).	36,742
https://github.com/lover2668/math/blob/master/www/static/app/math_summer_l2/js/class.Logout.js	Github Open Source	Open Source	Apache-2.0	2,018	math	lover2668	JavaScript	Code	42	162	/** * Created by linxiao on 2016/8/27. */ function Logout(ui) { this.ui = ui; this.domReady(); }; Logout.prototype.domReady = function () { var ui = this.ui; $('#logout',ui).click(function () { $.ajax({ url: HOST+"index/login/loginOut", type:'POST', success: function(response){ console.log("asdasd"); window.open(HOST+"index/login/login.html","_self"); }, complete:function(){ } }); }); }	26,412
https://github.com/RichardMedlin/CSI-SIEM/blob/master/sensor-iso/interface/sensor_ctl/metricbeat/sensor_metricbeat_local.sh	Github Open Source	Open Source	LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference	2,020	CSI-SIEM	RichardMedlin	Shell	Code	84	281	#!/bin/bash # Copyright (c) 2020 Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC. All rights reserved. # force-navigate to script directory (containing config file) [[ "$(uname -s)" = 'Darwin' ]] && REALPATH=grealpath \|\| REALPATH=realpath [[ "$(uname -s)" = 'Darwin' ]] && DIRNAME=gdirname \|\| DIRNAME=dirname if ! (type "$REALPATH" && type "$DIRNAME") > /dev/null; then echo "$(basename "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}") requires $REALPATH and $DIRNAME" exit 1 fi SCRIPT_PATH="$($DIRNAME $($REALPATH -e "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}"))" pushd "$SCRIPT_PATH" >/dev/null 2>&1 mkdir -p "$SCRIPT_PATH/data" metricbeat --path.home "$SCRIPT_PATH" --path.config "$SCRIPT_PATH" --path.data "$SCRIPT_PATH/data" -c "$SCRIPT_PATH/metricbeat.yml" -e popd >/dev/null 2>&1	39,702
lifelightforwoma22woma_14	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,873	Life and light for woman	Woman's Board of Missions	English	Spoken	7,254	10,182	Dr. Pentecost writes : "An astonishing feature of the National Indian Congress, was, that there were lady delegates present ; on the last day one lady, a native of high caste, appeared on the platform unveiled, and delivered an address extempoi-aneously in pure English. This is an innovation so marked that it will do much towards shaking the foundation of the hateful and terrible zenana of India. Once the women are set free in India, then away go the iron fetters of caste, and the whole empire will be freed from superstition." In what national assembly of men in this country would women be ad- mitted to a place on the platform as delegates ? It would seem that it would be entirely possible for our Indian sisters to rise to the top with one bound when once their fetters are broken. How earnestly should the women in Christian lands, who know something of the perils and the demands of such a position, labor to give them such a Christian education which alone can fit them for it. A missionary minister is the right, kind of a pastor to my mind. He is sure to hold moi'e enlarged views of men and things than others who confine their thoughts to their own little circle. The sleepy church has to be stirred up to infinitely greater interest in mission work. The missionary work must become the work of the church, and not merely a small branch of it. — A. M. Mackay^ of Uganda. Good Cheer. — In the year 1641 a traveler visiting Amsterdam went up into the tower of St. Nicholas's Church, to note the playing of the mar- velous chimes. He found a man away below the bells, with a sort of wooden gloves on his hands, pounding away on a keyboard. The nearness of the bells, the clanging of the keys when struck by the wooden gloves, the clatter of the wires, made it impossible to hear the music. Yet there floated out over the city the most exquisite music. Many men paused in their work to listen to the chiming. It may be that In your watchtowers, where you are wearily pouring the music out of your life into the empty lives of the lowly, that the rattling of the keys and the heavy hammers, the twanging of the wires, the very nearness of the work, may all conspire to prevent your catching even one strain of the music you are creating ; but far out over the populous city full of weary souls, and far out on the eternal sea, the rare melody of your work blends with the song of angels, and is ringing through the cor- ridors of the skies. It may gladden some burdened souls here, and har- monize with the rapturous music of hQAYQix.— Helping Hand, EASTER. BY MRS. JAMES H. WALKER. Joyoub light of Easter morning. With the first beam of thy dawning, My glad heart would find a voice, And with all the earth rejoice ; For the "Lamb for sinners slain" Lives again ! lives again ! Little birds more tuneful sing, — Let the children's carrols ring, — Flower and tree burst forth in glory, And all living tell the story: For the "Lamb for sinners slain" Lives again ! lives again ! Hasten, Christians, seek a blessing; On your knees, your sins confessing, Lift your hearts to God in prayer; Waft them up, sweet Easter air; For the "Lamb for sinners slain" Lives again ! lives again ! Love, and praise, and homage sweet Make a sacrifice most meet : Father, kindle thou the flame. And accept it "in His name"; For the "Lamb for sinners slain" Lives again ! lives again ! On the breezes of the air O'er this fair world, everywhere, Let all heai-ts with rapture beat. And the Easter song repeat, — That the " Lamb for sinners slain" Lives again ! lives again I (185) 186 LIFE AND LIGHT. AFRICA. "OUR YONA." A letter from Mr. Ransom about No.vember 20th, sajs : — YoNA continues very sick. The doctor was here to-day. He feels en- coui-aged. He thinks Yona wouki have died long ago if she had not pos- sessed an iron constitution. He is giving fearful doses of quinine. It is a strange case for pneumonia. The Chicago ladies have called Yona "our Yona." Is it too much to ask you to write a line to the Rooms to tell them how very sick Yona has been, and ask them to pray that she may be strong and well again. She is very deaf, now, owing to the quinine in part. Mrs. Bridgman is not able to take all the care, and we share the night-watching with her. JVovefnber joth. — Yona continues critically ill. But the opening of the native chapel next Sunda}' seems such an important occasion that I am going up on horseback, starting Wednesday and coming back the first of the week, so as to get here Tuesday night if possible. I shall go horseback seventy iniles to Amanzimtote. Again Mr. Ransom writes on his return from the dedication of the native chapel at Durban : "Found Yona more feeble, and sometimes out of her head. At such times some of the old heathen superstitions seemed to trouble her. Mrs. R. found that a song or a prayer helped much to restore and comfort her. I went in Wednesday afternoon, and she seemed most glad to see me, following me with her eyes before I went to the bed. Then I told her about my trip and the opening of the chapel, and she expressed her pleasure. Soon she wanted us to sing to her. We sang all the stanzas of 'The Great Physician now is near,' 'Jesus, lover of my soul,' and 'My. faith looks up to Thee.' For some reason I felt more hope of her recovery than before I went ^w^ay." But when we waked Thursday morning there seemed to be an unusual hush, and soon we saw the men bringing out the boards Mr. Bridgman had laid up for his own coffin. Yes, Yona had gone to the Father's house. She died about five in the morning. We felt how far we were from home. Miss Allen came opportunely, and Mrs. R. and I lined the coffin and covered the lid with white cloth, and helped arrange flowers and other things. Yona's face was most peaceful, and the beautiful roses made the last sleep seem but a sleep. She was but little wasted, despite the eight weeks of raging fever. Mrs. R. made a beautiful wreath of Amatungulu (white, star-like blossoms with glossy green leaves) , and we put palms and the wreath on the coffin FROM MISS MEYER. 187 lid. It was pathetic to see poor little orphan Amy stand and watch them hammer together the coffin. She shed no tears, but said, "It was with my heart to cry." Funeral service in the afternoon in the chapel. Miss Allen said she never heard anything in Zulu more beautiful than Mr. Bridgman's discourse. He commenced by speaking of the fact that a year ago that day there was a wedding(Miss Welch's) . "To-day," he said, "there is another wedding. Thy Maker is thy husband." His text was, "Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord." Man thinks those blessed who live and prosper. God says blessed are the dead. His voice was husky with emotion. He spoke of Yona most affectionately. Seventeen years ago she came to the station a naked little heathen. From the day of her conversion no word has been spoken against her character. She has become refined, neat, brave. She went on that hard mission to Mashonaland, and there she lost her husband and baby. But even in this terrible sickness she expressed a desire to get well, and go back to that country again. I said a few words after Mr. B. The oxcart carried the ladies down to the grave. Mr. B. and I rode on horseback. We covered the coffin with palms, and while the men replaced the earth, sang some of the hymns we had sung Wednesday. It was a sweet and solemn time, and I felt that all the money and men spent in this whole Zulu mission were more than recompensed by the Christian life and death of this once dirty, superstitious little heathen. The memory of her life is precious, and many will mourn her death. Miss Moffat spoke the other day of know- ing her through her father's letters. Her farther (a son of Robert Moffat) most kindly and gallantly escorted Yona over a part of the difficult road from Mashonaland. [For the story of Yona's life, see Missionary Herald ior January, 1890, page 37. — Ed.] JAPAN. FROM MISS MEYER. Those who have rejoiced in Miss Meyer's successful labors in the Sendai School for boys, will follow her with interest to her new work in Kyoto. Some of the causes of this change, as given by her in a letter to a friend, will throw light on some phases of missionary work. Perhaps you have already learned that the Sendai School, on which so many fond hopes were built, which was founded with so many earnest prayers, has really been compelled to banish the Bible from its curriculum. 188 LIFE AND LIGHT. The trustees were not only (most of them) not Christians, but some were violently opposed to Christianity. Public opinion was also hostile to it ; so that when a fitting school was required for the higher middle school (college) , it was proposed to build a new one rather than to utilize ours. The school was running in debt yearly. Mr. Neesima, the real founder, had died ; Mr. Ichi-bara was in America, and even the Christian teachers felt that it would be better to drop the Bible as a textbook from the school (its study has never been compulsory) . We missionaries, while strongly sympathizing with the teachers in their dilemma, felt that we could not do otherwise than resign. The trustees and native teachers did all in their power to keep us, even send- ing a delegate to mission meeting. It was finally decided that the two gentlemen should return, and as a kindness continue to aid in the school until they should be able to employ a foreigner, but that I should take the place formerly held by Miss White in the Kyoto Girls' School. On hearing this they sent the principal to Mount Hiei, where most of the mission were encamping, to urge my return to Sendai. He was told very kindly and sympathetically, but no less firmly, that the confessedly Christian schools have the first claim on our missionaries and teachers ; so that the school at Kyoto had prior claim to that at Sendai. The decision was received in the right spirit, and I was treated royally on leaving. As that was the official closing of our connection with the school, we foreigners were convened, and in the presence of many invited guests, with much ceremony, each presented with a gold medal, in token of their appreciation of our work. Only this evening I received a letter from Sendai, saying that the Christian students were meeting together for prayer, and to plan personal work among their non-Christian fellow-students. There are still a number of earnest Christians among the students, whose influence will be felt. I need not tell you it was hard for me to leave Sendai. The little church had grown up since I went there, and I had known the personal history of nearly every one, with the various stages through which they had come to a knowledge of the truth. Just before vacation six women had been baptized, after many prayers and a vast amount of teaching and helping. Still harder was it to part with some almost persuaded, whose progress I had watched anxiously for long inonths. But the call was unanimous, the path seemed clearly one of duty, and so I am at Kyoto. Here all have been most kind, and my welcome, both from foreigners and natives, has been full of kindness. My heart is greatly drawn to the women and girls of Japan, and I am sure I shall greatly enjoy working here among them. My home friends may smile to learn that what at home always seemed to me very undesirable, should become my lot here ; but I think it FROM MRS. GULICK. ' 189 will be easier to be Lady Preceptress over one hundred Japanese girls than over the same number of Americans. To take all possible precautioas against the difficulties which loom up before me in this relation, I have asked for an Advisory Coiximittee, consisting of both Japanese and foreigners. As Miss White left Kyoto before my arrival, I have not been able to gain information from her as to the school and its various needs ; and Miss Denton has been so worn out with the care of the sick, that she is not yet able to re- turn, I count it very good fortune that I am with Miss Wainwright. She is very busy in her own department (music), but has made considerable progress in the language, and enjoys work outside. Being thus out of my old work, and only beginning in the new, I am not able to give you much information, but hope before many months to be able to report some progress. Extracts from a letter from Mrs. Gulick, of Kumamoto, Japan : — Soon after our return from the mountain, we went to Fukuoka and other stations for a flying visit. We can go by railroad now, which is a very great help. Then on the 9th of October we started for a long tour to Hinga and Satsuma, and were gone nearly four weeks. We had good visits every- where. Mr. Clark went with us to Hinga, and it was his, and my, first visit. Mr. Gulick introduced him to the people as the one who was to live among them and carry on the work. They welcomed him very warmly, while they seemed to have much afl"ection for the missionary who, with great labor, has visited them twice a year for the last four years. Mr. Clark rented a house and returned to Osaka, whei^e his family are, to wait until a passport for them to live in Hinga can be obtained. We came on through Satsuma and Southern Higo, stopping 'at all our outstations for one or two days. Soon after our return we went again to Fukuoka, to try and help restore harmony to the church, which has long been divided by a quarrel. I hope to send sometime a little fuller account of our trip, if I can get time to do so. The Bassetts are here, teaching in the boys' and girls' schools, and are very pleasant neighbors. Miss Julia Gulick has gone to Kobe for the -winter, to help Miss Dudley and Miss Barrows in the Women's Training School. They felt as if they must have more help, and urged their need so hard, that she consented to go for the term, until the end of March. We miss her very much, but are glad for her that she can be in the old home, in a warm, comfortable house this winter. I am happy -to say that, at last, house building is about to commence here 190 LIFE AND LIGHT. in Kumamoto. Mr. Sidney Gulick and the ladies are to build right away. Our Japanese friends have come to the point when they think it safe to build. It is too late for us, however, for as we are planning for a vacation, to begin next fall, we gave up our house grant, so that when we leave here we shall store our things, and be without a home. Mr. Harada has returned to Japan, and is now in Kumamoto, visiting his mother. He took dinner with us to-day. He has improved very much by his trip abroad, and will, we hope, be a power for good in Tokyo, where he is to be. He preached a good sermon in our church last Sunday evening. The church have begun a building for themselves, and we are all very happy over it. They have only $600 for the building, so it cannot be very large or elegant. I wish they had a little more. Long ere this you have heard, through the papers, full accounts of the dreadful earthquake in Central Japan, which in a few moments of time threw down thousands of houses, and buried hundreds of people beneath the ruins. Then fires broke out, and multitudes who might otherwise have been saved were burned to death. There has been no such severe earthquake in Japan for thirty-seven years. If it had occurred in the larger cities the loss of life would have been much greater ; but it is appalling to think of the suffering of the poor houseless people who lost their all by the flames, just as the winter -was coming on. Even those who had houses remaining, did not dare to live in them while the shakes continued, but made temporary shelter for themselves out of the screens and sliding doors of their houses. Foreigners and natives have contributed most generously of money and clothing, and many are on the ground distributing clothes, blankets, and food to the sufferers. The orphans, one hundred in number, are being cared for, part in Ogaki, and part in the Orphan Asylum in Okayama. Mr. Clark was in Ogaki for a while, helping Dr. Berry in a hospital he established there for a short time for the wounded. WHAT A MUSIC TEACHER CAN DO. BY MISS M. E. WAIN WRIGHT. Kyoto, Sept. 21, 1891. My dear Mrs. Blatchford : I am sure you have seen the yearly report of this school, so I will speak only of my department, which is music, and is a growing one, too. This last year there have been forty-five music pupils, and forty in the spring term, which is the largest number I have ever had. WHAT A MUSIC TEACHER CAN DO. 19J You wish to know what some of my obstacles are. The greatest one at present is lack of organs. I should have five, at least ; but there are only four, and two of those are nearly worn out, and can be used only a little! longer. There is a steady advancement, about the same as in American pupils, though not quite so rapid ; but when I compare their music with ours, I am surprised that they do so well as they do. I have done a little outside work that I have enjoyed very much indeedj Through the last school year I have gone twice a month to a little town seventeen miles from here, going Friday p. m., and coming home Saturday' evening, always taking an interpreter, though at the Friday evenmg meeting,, at which I always spoke, I sometimes spoke in Japanese. Saturday we went from house to house, and that was the most pleasant. I met many very pleasant people, and saw many nice homes, but some very poor ones. I am sure the dugout or the sod house of America would be preferable to some of the houses I have seen in my tours. During the fall and winter terms I also went to another place, — an old castle city some twenty-five miles beyond the one I have just spoken of. I do not know that I can compare this year with the past years. In many ways they are alike, with a steady advance, both in work and interest. The opportunities are many and pressing. We do not lack for them. It is only hard to have to say " No." Otie of them is, helping poor girls in school, t should be very glad if some one would undertake to educate a girl. The expense, for a year, is about thirty dollars. I did not intend to make this a begging letter, but I am afraid I have. This is one of our opportunities. Again Miss W. writes while out on a tour. Kyoto, Japan, December, 1891. I WRITE from Kusatsu, where I came in evangelistic work. I am just in from service, and am feeling specially happy ; and though I ought to go to bed, and get rested for the morrow's work, I must first write you a little. We had such a good meeting ; there were about sixty present, and they were so unusually quiet and attentive, and stayed through the entire service, — a remarkable thing for the majority of those who come to these services- Papa will wonder what I talked about. I told the story of Jesus going into the house of Matthew, as found in Matt. ix. 9-13, and also of his healing the woman who touched the hem of his garment. I thought that certainly this Christ, whose very garments gave out healing as he passed, could touch the heart of these people, and I believe he did. I never saw them so thoughtful before. I have another meeting to-morrow. Oh, lor a message 192 LIFE AND LIGHT. that shall bring light to this darkness ! I spoke in Japanese in one service, and English in the other. Perhaps you would like to know what I had for supper : rice, soup offish, mushrooms, and raw fish. All very nice, and all Japanese. KOBE COLLEGE. [To the young ladies who have enjoyed the educational privileges of our favored land, the following circular will make a strong appeal. And yet we hope no money will be taken from the pledges of auxiliaries or junior societies to do this work for Kobe College. It must be an extra fund. Our missionaries must not lail of their salaries nor our pupils be sent home froin missionary schools to help us build in Japan. Advance in Kobe must not mean retrenchment an_ywhere else. But we commit the work to God and to Christian women, in the assurance that it is he who has said to us, '-Arise and build." — Ed.] The first girls' school of the mission of the American Board in Japan was opened at Kobe, in 1875. The Woman's Board of Missions of the Interior erected a two-stor\' building, with accommodations for about thirty pupils, at a cost of $6,000, of which $Soo was given by the Japanese. The site chosen is upon an elevation about a fourth of a mile from the city, which commands a fine view of the bay, with a background of mountains. On one side is a lovely bamboo grove, where a friend of the missionaries, one of the finest scholars of old Japan, has built his home ; on the other are the extensive grounds of the English consulate. Within two years this building was full to overflowing, and another two- story building was erected. So far had the school won the respect of the p'eople, that one half the cost of this building was contributed by the Japanese and foreign residents. In 1882 the school graduated its first class of twelve, all but one Christians. So rapidlv had the prejudices against Christianity and the apathy of parents in regard to the education of daughters been overcome, tliat in 1S83 the accommodations of the school were again wholly inadequate. Miss Brown wrote, "Japanese girls do not require as much room as American girls, but they do need room enough to lie down on the floor at night." Under this pressure the second enlargement was made. KOBE COLLEGE. 193 But nothing stands still in Japan. In March, 1887, Miss Searle wrote : "We have been obliged to refuse applicants since last October. The girls we are refusing are willing to pay every cent of board and tuition." In this emergency the Japanese came to our aid, and placed the whole amount necessary for a new dormitory, $1,500, unconditionally in our hands. The school now numbered two hundred pupils. Meanwhile the grade of the school was steadily being raised, and increasing numbers were, in 1S90, taking a post-graduate course. Last year the mission, at the request of Japanese Christians, and under the conviction that the interests of Christ's cause in that empire required it, voted to raise the school to the grade of college. More land and two new buildings are an imperative necessity. Not less than $12,000 are required, — a veiy small amount as compai'ed with the cost of such buildings in this country. History presents no parallel to the Japanese people. For twenty centuries a hermit nation, under the degrading power of Buddhism, a single genera- tion of Christian missions has aroused this people to an intelligent alacrity in seeking and appropriating the best in Christian civilization. Buddhism is by no means vanquished, but the people are in a condition where Christian edu- cation is a power incalculable. Especially is this true of the education of girls in the Kobe school. This school is so respected by the Japanese that it has become a model for their, own schools, and its graduates are sought for teachers. Japan is the England of Asia, destined to hold the same position of power and influence to that continent that England has so long held toward Europe. Money invested in this college for girls will affect not only Japan, but the vast millions of Asia. In America education is largely a gratuity. Millions upon millions are permanently invested for maintaining our common and normal schools. State universities, naval and military academies. Millions upon millions have been given in Christian benevolence for the lands, buildings, and endowment of Christian colleges ; given often at great sacrifice, because the donors, with far-seeing wisdom, perceived that money thus invested would have a wide and long-continued power for good. To-day students at Yale, at Harvard, at Vassar, at Wellesley, or at any of our universities and colleges, pay only a fraction of the actual cost of their education, and are in a large sense debtors to the gifts of others. It is in accordance with " the fitness of things " that parents, who are thus saved the actual expense of the education of their children, should in some measure cancel their obligations, by giving for the founding of schools and colleges in lands just coming into the light of the gospel of Christ. 194 LIFE AND LIGHT. Because of this fitness ; because of the need ; because the investment will bring dividends along the ages ; and, more than all, because of Christ's com- mand, " Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature," — we ask your aid in establishing this college at Kobe for the women of Japan. To those of large means we come for gifts of $i,ooo; to others, "as the Lord hath prospered." To everyone we repeat, "Freely ye have received, freely give." In behalf of the Woman's Board of Missions of the Interior, Mrs. Moses Smith, Mrs. E. W. Blatchford, Mrs. F. W. Fisk, Mrs. Robert Hill, Committee. ►•-4 I A QUESTION FOR LEADERS. What shall we do for the older members of our mission bands.'' This question is a troublesome one for all mission band leaders. The children under ten, or even twelve, are easily interested, and need only to be guided wisely, to yield willing and loving service in the foreign missionary cause. But with the children older than this, and especially boys of fourteen or fifteen, it becomes a most difficult matter to hold them, either in interest or attendance. The same is true, to a large extent, of Sunday schools and Christian Endeavor Societies. This question comes to me almost daily, and though without a large amount of personal experience, I venture a few suggestions. In the first place we must consider their years, their needs, their opinions, their future. At the age of fourteen a boy is, as some one has put it, " older than he ever is again." He is beginning to think for himself; he has opinions, forms his own judgments of peoplfe and things, begins to aspire, to express himself, — in short, he becomes an individual. He can no longer find mental food in the exercises which delighted him two years ago, neither is he yet able to eat the food adapted to him two years later. He is an isthmus connecting two larger bodies of land. A QUESTION FOR LEADERS. 195 We must consider what we wish him to be — to do — to know five years later. Whatever we may wish him to be now, he is pretty sure not to be ; but if we can keep his face turned in the riglit direction, his feet walking toward the distant goal, his heart beating to the tune of loving service for others, and his brains alive with new, large, and generous ideas, we are gain- ing our end, though it is somewhat distant. This resolves itself into two necessities : first, the boys and girls — I have mentioned only boys, for the principle is the same — must learn, and must know that they are learning, really valuable things. If Rome and Greece have a charm for the young in their fables and myths, how much more do India, and China, and Japan, in their mai"velous facts and strange customs.'' If the history of England, the little island of Christen- dom, is able to interest, why not the history of Africa, the Dark Continent of heathendom.? If the biographies of Washington, and Lincoln, and Grant fill with admira- tion and inspiration, why not the biographies of Judson, of Cary, of Livingstone ? It is not enough that the members of our inission bands should know merely the few missionary stations to which they contribute. Beyond that station are other stations ; beyond those, countries ; beyond countries, conti- nents and the islands of the sea. The primary school prepares for the high school ; the high school for the college ; the college for the university. Who would stop with the first reader ? Or what child would continue his interest in it beyond its proper time.? Yet do we not frequently keep our mission band boys and girls going over and over again the rudiments they learned before.? Do we often take them beyond fractions.? Feed them with food convenient for them. Let them but once be awak- ened to the wealth of delightful information that lies ready at their hand, and they will oecome your own sources of information, and the leaders of your band itself. And, again, the members must do, and must know that they are doing, real service in the conduct of the band. Let them feel their own responsibility for its success ; let them fill offices, have charge of the meeting, enlist workers, give information, collect inoney, everything and anything that lies within the province of a mission band's work, — and their interest and attendance is assured. To do this, however, one or two things are necessary. There must be, in some wise way, a division between the youngest and oldest members of the band. While having many things in common, they must have some things apart. The A B C's must not keep back the sixth and seventh grades. Nor can these grades return to A B C. To solve this problem, one mission 196 LIFE AND LIGHT. band leader divided her band into three classes. All general exercises were held together ; then the classes went, each with its own teacher, to a sepa- rate room. One teacher took the smallest, those just learning the beginnings of foreign missionary facts ; a second took the next older, those who had been but a few years in the study of the work ; and a third took the oldest, the boys and girls of fourteen and fifteen. In this advanced class there were essays and recitations by the children themselves. A whole country, with its needs, its workers, its people, its climate, its customs, was discussed, and information brought in by all. Maps and blackboards added to the interest ; both pupils and teacher worked with a will, and at the close of the half hour all had both learned and taught much. There ai-e still difficulties in the way to many leaders, no doubt, but they must wait until another letter. Mrs. Walter T. Mills, For Ckildreji's Commitiee. THE OBSERVER. A CHANCE letter from Mrs. Logan, of Ruk, tells of the completion of her home, and the joy with which she. Miss Kinney, and the twenty girls have commenced the new school year in these comfortable quarters. While the building was going up, it was found that the plan for the schoolroom was not large enough, so the part intended for a girls' dining room was thrown into it. Then came the question, How shall we secure a dining room } But Mrs. Logan's wit and the girls' quickness and industry solved the problem. A dining room was added, built of the native reedwork, and except the framework, which Mr. Bowker, the carpenter, prepared, constructed en- tirely by the girls, out of reeds tied together with cocoanut twine. One of the greatest comforts about the house is the protection of the windows in Mrs. Logan's and Mrs. Kinney's rooms by screens:, so that their evening lamps do not draw in the waiting gnats and mosquitoes of all sizes. These are the gift of a friend, whose thoughtfulness is a good example to others to provide, occasionally, some comfoi'ts the missionaries have not asked for. The Oberlin rag carpet, sent to Hadjin, has so stirred up good women in the East, that fifty-nine 3'ards of rag carpet go with Mrs. Eaton to Chihua- hua, Mexico, to cover the brick floor of the sitting room, and give strips of warmth to the dormitory in the new school building, given by the New Haven Branch. THE INANDA SEMINARY ; THE UMZUMBE HOME. 197 \mm ^t^Rxtmmt Studies in JMissions. Plan of Lessons, 1S92. April. — The Inanda Seminary ; the Umzumbe Home. May. — The Samokov School ; the Monastir School. Jit7te. — Bible Teachings on Giving. July. — The Bible in Missions. August. — Prayer in Missions. September. — Thank Offerings. October. — The Bible Reader. November. — The Christian Women of Foreign Lands. December. — Review of the Year. THE INANDA SEMINARY; THE UMZUMBE HOME. What is the Aim of these Schools? Let the students note the people to be reached in the Zulu Mission itself; the people of kindred races and kin- dred tongues lying west and north of Zululand. See the Encyclopedia of Missions.^ published by Funk & Wagnalls, New York. Read in connection with this topic Forty Tears Among the Zulus., published by the Congrega- tional Publishing Society, Mission Studies., May, 1887, November, 1890. Out of what are these Schools aiming to bring the Women? See Life and Light, 1871, page 12 ; 1873, page 6$ ; and October, 1881. inanda seminary. Location. — Description of the surrounding country. Its History. — Reports of the American Board tell of its beginnings, as does also the Life and Light, 1869, pages 52 and 120; 1870, page 198; 1879, June number. Mission Studies, May, 1888. Progress. — See the Life and Light, December, 1871 ; May and Decem- ber, 1874; The Teachers' Institute, August, 1882; The Saturday Bible Class, September, 1882. Spiritual Growth. — See Life and Light, July and November, 1S73. Work of the Pupils. — May, 1875. Present Condition. — Life and Light, May, 1890; some girls in the Inanda Seminary, October, 1890, August, 1891. 198 LIFE AND UGHT. THE UMZUMBE HOME. Where is it? Locate and describe. History. — Beginnings, Life and Light, September, 1875 ; December, 1881. Progress. — Life and Light, July, 187S; the new building, May, 1880, February, iSSi ; Busy Sabbaths, July, 1881. Also April, 1883 ; September, 1SS4. Mission Studies.) March and August, 1889 ; also March, 1890. Spiritiial Life. — Life and Light, 18S4. The School of To-day. — Up to what are these Schools leading the Zulu Women? Tell of the graduates, Dalita and others. Of the changed homes of the Christian women, Tilla in Mission Studies., October, 18S4; Yona, October, 1890. See also Mission Stzidies, April number for help on these topics. THE HYMN OF THE COVENANT. [Written for the Annual Meeting at Omaha.] Tune. — " Break Thou the Bread of Life." Saviour, thy covenant grace Seeks even me ; With humble, reverent face I turn to thee. For me forsaking all. Exiled from heaven. Dying, thou sealedst me Redeemed, forgiven. Now on my waiting ear Breathe words divfne. "Yield not to doubt or fear, For thou art mine. My law within thy heart Shall guide thy feet, My Spirit, ever near. Make duty sweet." Saviour, what wondrous love Cares for thine own ; Thy promised grace I'd prove, Serve thee alone. Gladly I hear thy call, Jesus my Lord. Pledge thee my all, and trust Thy covenant word. ' M j. W. RECEIPTS. 199 WOMAN'S BOARD OF THE INTERIOR. Mrs. J. B. LEAKE, Treasurer. Receipts from Jan. 18 to Feb. 18, 1892. Branch.— Mrs. W. A. Taloott, of Rock- ford, Treas. Aslikum, 2; Chicaf^o, Mrs. F. Brown, 12, Mrs. E. C, 200, Covenant Ch., 75.10, First Ch., 179.45, Lake View Ch. of the Redeeiner,24.45, Leavitt St.Ch., 22.57, New England, 74.69, South Park Ch., 25, Union Park Ch., A Friend, 20, E. M. R., 3, Union Park Ch., of wh. 50, Mrs. A. A. F. const. L. M's Miss Jennie Berry and Miss Maude Story, 25 Mrs. H. E., const. L. M. Mrs. Henry D. French, 25 .Airs. I. N. C, const. L. M. Miss Elea- nor Taylor, 25 Mrs. R. G., const. L. M. Mrs. Ma'ry F. Bryner, 353.55; Earlville, 5.34; Englewood, Ch., 5, three Friends, 10; Galesburg, First Ch. of Christ, 37.50; Garden Prairie, 5.45; Geneseo, Zenana Soc, const. L. M's Miss Susie Hosford and Miss Grace Edwards, 50; Hamilton, 4; Highland, 5; Harvard 5; Millburn, 10; Metropolis, 2.07; Pittsfleld, 5; Polo, Ind. Pres. Ch., 20; Ridgeland, 20.73; Rockford, First Ch., 36, As. coll., 3.57; Toulon, 5.25; Tonica, 10; Udina, 4.20; Woodstock, 5.50; Wythe, 5; Winnebago, 12.20; Western Springs, 3, 1,261 62 Junior: Canton, 13.85; Chicago, Leavitt St. Ch.,12; Galesburg, First Cong. Ch., The Philergians, 20; Geneva, 15; Rock- ford, First Ch., 8.15; Winnebago, 10.67, 69 67 Juvenile: Carpentersville, The Helpers, 12; Chicago, New England Ch., Steady Streams, 8.36; Englewood, 2; Geneva, Morning Star Band, 6.50; Griggsville, Cheerful Givers, 10: Geneseo, Light Bearers, to const. L. M. Miss Louise M. Taylor, 25; Highland, 2; Woodstock, 5, 70 86 S. School: Chicago, Leavitt St. Ch., two classes in prim, dept.,3.62; Moline, First Ch., Mission Helpers, 5.50; Western Springs, 5.75, 14 87 Y. P. S. C. E.: Downer's Grove, 12; Elgin, 3, 15 00 Legacy: Payson, Estate of Mary A. P. Robbing, 45, 45 00 For Kobe College Building: Chicago, A Home Missionary's Widow's Mite, 10, New Eng. Ch., A., 5, Aux., 8.65; Engle- wood, 3; Toulon, 3.50, Total, 30 15 1,517 17 Bbanch.— Mrs. C. E. Rew, of Grinnell, Treas. Ames, for Kobe Training Sch., 7.25; Anamosa, 7; Burlington, 24; Cedar Rapids, 6.01; Cherokee, 10; Creston, 14.30; Davenport, 8.25; Decorah, 6; Den- mark, 13.75; Des Moines, Plymouth Ch., 20.33 ; Durant, Mrs. S. M. Dutton, 1 ; Earl- ville, 5; Gilman, 4; Grinnell, 23; LeMars, 9; Magnolia, 3.85; McGregor, 7.75; Mt. Pleasant, Mrs. W. L. Hornby and Mrs. Asa G. Hills, 70; Onawa, 7.17, Quasque- ton, 2.30: Tabor, 12: Williamsburg, 6.50, 268 46 Junior: Cedar Falls Mission Circle, 2; Corning, 5; Grinnell, Y. L. Soc, 14.37, 21 37 Juvenile: Dubuque, Macedonian Band, 5; Dunlap, Miss. Band for Kobe Col., 3; Gilman, Little Jewels, 1, Sunday School; Burlington, Mrs. Foote's Class, 5; Dunlap, Infant Class, for Kobe College, 2.53 ; Toledo, 7, Y. P. S. C. E. : Cedar Rapids, 5 ; Le Mars, 6, 11 00 Thank Offerings: Dunlap, Birthday Box for Kobe College, 7.14; Onawa, Birthday Box, 5.45, 12 59 Children's Penny Fund, 70 9 GO 14 53 Total, 337 65 41 60 15 00 56 60 3 00 Branch.— Mrs. W. A. Coats, of Topeka, Treas. Dover, 6; Downs, 2; Dunlap, Mrs. Claflin, 1; Ford, 3; Lawrence, Ply- mouth Ch., 7; Piedmont, A Friend, 5; Stockton, 1.60 Wabaunsee, 10; Wauka- rusa, 6, Juvenile: Maple Hill, Willing Workers, 6; Topeka, Junior Y. P. S. C. E., 9, Less expenses, Total, MICHIGAN. Branch.— Mrs. Robert Campbell, of Ann Arbor, Treas. Alpine and Walker, of wh. 4.52 is Thank Off., 19.40; Calumet, 16; Ceresco, 7.42; Dowagiac, H. and F. M. S., 10; Greenville, 20; Hudson, From a few Ladies, 6.25; Imlay City, 8.19; Kalamazoo, 30.33; Muskegon, 12.32; Stanton, 11.35; St. Ignace, 14.50; Ver- montville, 9.38; Wayne, 10; Webster, 4.50 ; Whittaker, 16, 195 64 Junior: Allegan, Y. P. S. C. E., 1.75 1 75 Juvenile: Ann Arbor, Children's M. S., 15.85; Hancock, Gleaners, 10, 25 85 Sunday Schools: Cheboygan, 1.73; Port- land, Birthday Boxes, 4.28, 6 01 Total, 229 25 MINNESOTA. Branch.— Mrs. J. F. Jackson, 139 Univer- sity Avenue, E. St. Paul, Treas. Benson, 5; Detroit City, 5; Duluth, 249.10; Min- neapolis, Lyndale Ch., 11; Northfleld, 17.93; St. Cloud, 20.50, 308 53 200 LIFE AND LIGHT. 31 50 67 00 453 45 13 60 Junior: Minneapolis, Plymouth Ch., Y. L., 36.07, C. E., 22.13; St. Paul, Plj'mouth, C. E., 5.05, 63 25 Sunday Schools: Glvndon, S. S. and M. B., 2.50 ; Hawley, 4.91 ; Minneapolis, Beth- el, 20, Lyndale Ch., 2.26; Montevideo, 2, Special.— A Friend for Marash College, Less expenses, Total, MISSOURI. Branch.— Mrs. J. H. Drew, 3101 Washing- ton Ave., St. Louis, Treas. Kansas City, Clyde Ch., 15.31, Southwest Tabernacle Ch., 10; Neosho, 7.25; St. Joseph, 7.03, 39 59 Junior: Pilarim Ch., 94 58 Jua^enile: Kansas City, Clyde Ch., Chips, 10; Webster Groves, Steady Workers, 5, 15 00 Total, 149 17 MONTANA. Chinook.— Mrs. F. J. Richey, 1 35 OHIO. Branch.— Mrs. Geo. H. Ely, of Elyria, Treas. Alexis, Willing; Workers,5, Berea, 20; Oberlin, 57; Toledo, First Ch., 110; West Williamsfield, 6, 198 00 Junior: Windham, 1 90 Y. P. S. C. E. : Toledo, Central Ch., 11 00 Juvenile : Tallmadge, Cheerful Workers, 10 00 Sunday School: Kinsman, 9 50 A Friend, 40 230 80 2 25 Less expenses, Total, 228 55 ROCKY MOUNTAIN. Branch.— Mrs. C. S. Burwell, of Denver, Treas. Boulder, 12; Denver, Olivet Ch., 5, Park Ave. Ch., 4.50, Boulevard Ch., 4, First Ch., 50, South Broadway Ch., 8.95; Green Mountain Falls, 5; Grand Junction, 9; Highland Lake, 21.21 ; Pue- blo, First Ch., 10, Junior: Denver, First Ch. S. S., 10; Bou- levard, Y. P. S. C. E., 12.50; Otis, S. S., Birthday Boxes, 2.07, Juvenile: Boulder, M. B., 12.93; Denver, Park Ave. M. B., 5, 129 66 24 57 17 93 172 16 SOUTH DAKOTA, BBAnch.— Mrs. C. S. Kingsbury, of Sioux Falls, Treas. Badger, for earthquake district, Japan, 5.50; Deadwood, 8.00, Juvenile : Bon Homme, 5, Total, 13 50 5 00 WISCONSIN.	14,376
vw449rz2662_1	GATT_library	Open Government	Various open data	1,980	Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles : Notification Under Article 4:4. Amendment to the Agreement Between the United States and Singapore	None	English	Spoken	427	679	RESTRICTED GENERAL AGREEMENT ON 30 January 1980 TARIFFS AND TRADE Special Distribution COM.TEX/SB/528 Textiles Surveillance Body Original: English ARRANGEMENT REGARDING INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN TEXTILES Notification Under Article 4:4 Amendment to the Agreement Between the United States and Singapore The Textiles Surveillance Body has received a notification from the United States of a further amendment to its bilateral agreement with Singapore, concluded under .Article 4 of the Arrangement.l/ The TSB, pursuant to its procedure regarding bilateral agreements notified under Article 42/, has examined the relevant documentation and is circulating the text of the notification to the participating countries. 1/For details of the original agreement and previous amendments, see COM.TEX/SB/399, 400, 464 and 495. 2/See COM.TEX/SB/35, Annex B. COM. TEX/SB/528 Page 2 Excellency, I have the honour to refer to the agreement between the United States and the Republic of Singapore Relating to Trade in Cotton, Wool, and Man- Made Fiber Textiles and Textile Products, with annexes, done at Washington 22 September 1978 as amended (the Agreement). I have the honour to propose, on behalf of my Government, that the Agreement be amended to establish two new consultation levels for the 1979, 1980 and 1981 Agreement Years as follows: Category/Description 331 - Gloves 641 - Blouses New consultation level (square yards equivalent) 775,000 1,120,500 If the foregoing proposal is acceptable to the Republic of Singapore, this note and your Excellency's note of confirmation on behalf of the Republic of Singapore shall constitute an agreement amending the Agreement. Accept, Excellency, the renewed assurances of my highest consideration. For the Acting Secretary of State: (signed) Ernest Johnston His Excellency Punch Coomaraswamy, Ambassador of the Republic of Singapore. COM.TEX/SB/528 Page 3 10 October 1979 Excellency, I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency's note of 4 October 1979 referring to the agreement between the United States and the Republic of Singapore Relating to Trade in Cotton, Wool and Man-Made Fiber Textiles and Textile Products, with annexes, done at Washington 22 September 1978 as amended (the Agreement). Your Excellency proposed that the Agreement be amended to establish two new consultation levels for the 1979, 1980 and 1981 Agreement Years as follows: Category/Description Consultation level (square yards eguivalent 331 - Gloves 641 - Blouses 775,000 1,120,500 On behalf of my Government I confirm that your Excellency's proposal is acceptable and your Excellency's note and this note in reply thereto shall constitute an amendment to the Agreement. Accept, Excellency, the renewed assurances of my highest consideration. (signed) Peter Chan Chargé d'Affaires Ad Interim His Excellency Cyrus Vance, Secretary of State, Washington D.C..	19,074
sn84020558_1917-11-16_1_19_1	US-PD-Newspapers	Open Culture	Public Domain	null	None	None	English	Spoken	1,768	2,313	THE ARIZONA REPUBLICAN, FRIDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 16, 1917 PAGE: PACKING DEPARTMENT AT BARKER'S Sam Joannin Criuifv Ifi This is always a busy section of the Barker establishment. All times of the year, something is being packed or repacked. Apples, Arizona grapefruit and oranges, vegetables from the valley and elsewhere, and small fruits all in turn receive Barker's attention during the year. OUTLOOK FOR CELERY CROP IS ANGELES. Shipments, of celery from California for the season were cut from the northern portion of the state by repeated freezes. The yield per acre was 79 crates in 1916-17 and 130 crates in 1916. Before the freezes occurred, it averaged 1,100 dozen per car against 2,500 dozen per car afterwards, besides reducing the size, light freezes rendered much of the late celery in the northern portion of the state unfit for shipment. Providing there is no repetition of the season's weather, shipments will be much higher this year. There is an increase in acreage of 23 percent and present prospects generally are good. 1 ha ara in celery in California to be harvested the coming season follows: Contra Costa county, 2,075 acres; Sac ramento county, 967; San Joaquin county. S0; Los Angeles county, 1,200; ".'range county, 200; scattering coun ties. 110 ; total acreage, 5,482. Includ ed in the estimate of scattering cOun lies are small areas in Alameda, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Yolo, Yuba, and San IMego counties. , A. few cars have been shipped from 1.1 Mnnte, Sacramento and Orange counties. The main crop north began to rarse from Walnut Grove October :5 Actioch November 1 and Holt No vember 1. Southern California will show light shipping for Thanksgiving but a. big volume later. A car per acre usually la considered a normal yield. The standard load is 160 crates per car Avten. celery la large, increasing to 10 crates later in the season. It is probable that shippers will start with K0 crates per car this year as a result of the car shortage. COLD PACK METHOD ORIGIN OF THE GRAPE CINCINNATI. The grape is supposed to have originated in Asia, the birthplace of man. But wherever it originated, it did not remain for it is today to be found in every country on the face of the earth. The Phoenicians brought it to Europe, it is said, first to the Grecian archipelago, and thence into Greece and Italy. The Romans adopted it, and carried it with them wherever they went. They left it firm-rooted in Southern France before the birth of Christ, and it spread northward on its way of conquest. The grape is the first agricultural product mentioned in the laws of this country. As early as 1663, Charles II offered rewards to those who would cultivate the grapes in the newly settled colony, if indeed the colony could be called settled at that time. But grape culture in this country did not thrive for long years, and because of a very simple mistake which the early set flora made. They supposed it inasmuch as the grapevine grew in this country, the grapes of the grape would thrive here. But they were to do so. The European grape from a different family than from which the American grape vines, and it will not grow in this country save upon the Pacific slope. The European grapes do well in California and many of the grapes grown there are of European origin. But the grapes grown east of the Rocky Mountains are, every one of them from native American stock. The Catawba, from the Catawba river in North Carolina; the Isabella, also from North Carolina; the Delaware, from the Hudson River country; the Concord, from the New England wild vines. In fact, every grape which easterners know, and there are many of them, came from the cultivation and propagation of American varieties. Of the five methods of canning fruits and vegetables, the National Emergency Food Garden commission recommends the sealed pack method for home canning purposes, because of its simplicity and effectiveness. A serviceable cold pack home canning outfit can be made of materials found in any household. All that is necessary is a vessel to hold the jars or cans; such as the wash boiler or a large tin pail. This vessel should have a tight fitting cover. Provide a false bottom of wood or a wire rack to permit the free circulation of water under the containers. The wood bottom may be of perforated boards or laths nailed to three cross-pieces. If the boiler is deep enough to accommodate two tiers of containers, place a rack on the top of the lower row to support the top tier. A simple method of sterilization used by some, is to place a baking pan in the oven of the kitchen stove or range. Into this, put a small rack or cloth and partially fill the pan with hot water. Place the containers in this with their tops adjusted for use in hot water bath outfit. In this method, the housewife may conserve vegetables and fruits in the oven, while she is using the top of the stove, with economy of heat and labor. Expert canners who have tried all the more or less expensive outfits find that they get as good results with home-made equipment. Inasmuch as the cold pack process consists mainly of subjecting the filled containers to the heat or steam of boiling water for a prescribed length of time, it will be seen that any receptacle for boiling water in an enclosed place will do the work. WORLD'S RICE OUTPUT REDUCE EGG LOSSES WASHINGTON. If farmers would realize that the annual value of the country's egg crop is equal to the average, value of its annual wheat crop, approximately $600,000,000 and that nearly 5 percent of the eggs marketed are lost through spoilage or breakage, the industry undoubtedly would be put on a more businesslike basis, says a Farmers' Bulletin of the United States department of agriculture, "The Community Egg Circle, recently reprinted. Improper handling between the farm and the market, the bulletin declares, is responsible for a large part of the loss. This loss, it is suggested, could be greatly decreased if farmers would vote more generally and market their eggs through community egg industry. These organizations take care of the frequent collection and the proper packing and marketing of the eggs of members, attend to accounting and making collections, establish standards, encourage the raising of better breeds of poultry, the use of improved methods, and the production of infertile eggs. The bulletin tells farmers how to go about the formation of a community circle and prints a suggested constitution and by-laws for such an organization. Copies of the bulletin may be had free, as long as the supply lasts, by application to the United States department of agriculture. The final official forecast of the rice crop of India for the 1911-19 season, based on returns from provinces that contain 99 percent of the total area under this cereal in British India, shows an acreage of 79,700,000, which is 2 percent larger than the revised figure (78,152,000 acres) of last year. The total estimated yield is 34,079,000 long tons of cleaned rice, or 4 percent more than the revised figure (32,824,000 tons) for 1915-16. The present estimates of both acreage and yield, says the Indian Trade Journal, are the highest on record. In concluding his memorandum, the director of statistics of the Indian government remarks: "From the latest information published by the International Institute of Agriculture, Rome it appears that in Japan the total area under rice is estimated at 7,540,000 acres and the yield at 7,890,000 tons, as against 7,559,000 acres and 7,828,000 tons last year. In the United States the total area and yield are estimated at 879,000 acres and 842,000 tons, as against 803,000 acres and 580,000 tons last year. In Italy the estimates are 352,000 acres and 511,000 tons, as against 336,000 acres and 551,000 tons last year. In Egypt the total area is estimated at 350,000 acres, as against 331,000 acres last year. The official forecast of the rice harvest in Korea (Chosen) places the crop of 1916 at 1,730,000 tons, which exceeds the yield of the preceding year by 160,000 tons, and is the highest on record. From unofficial sources it appears that in Japan the crop was adversely affected by drought. The crop is reported to be good in the southern provinces of China." Merchants Association Review. WAR GARDENS DIDN'T HURT Some apprehension was expressed by commercial vegetable growers last spring that the "war garden" propaganda might do away with a part of their outlet and cause lower prices, says the Kansas City Packer. In spite of the fact that a 222 increase in garden planting was made with a total crop value of $350,000,000 as estimated by The National Good Garden commission, prices held up all summer as well as commercial growers have found the demand for their products to be equal to that of other seasons. Apparently those who grew their own vegetables would have done without had they not been produced in their own back yards. BIGGEST POTATO CROP The tonic for business depression is advertising. And it will infuse strength; it is the strongest. H. P. Anewalt, general freight agent of the Santa Fe, says the railroads are now moving what promises to be the biggest potato crop in the history of the country. This crop it is estimated will total approximately 433 billion bushels or 60 percent more than last year. This has been on the way since the middle of September. The movement will continue until about April 1st next year. Reports received by the commission on car service indicate that even with intensive loading more men, 1,000 cars will be needed to handle the potato crop. Table Grape Growers Association Growers of Fancy California Table Grapes Waukeen Brand Poppy Brand Phoenix Brand These grapes are of the finest quality, elegantly packed and come direct from the producer to you Distributed by John F. Barker Produce Co. Leading Fruit and Produce House in Arizona HOUSEKEEPERS' APPLE BOOK NEW YORK. "The Housekeepers' Apple Book" is the title of a new book by U Gertrude Blackay, instructor of domestic economy, Schenley High School, Pittsburgh. The book is dedicated to Mrs. Henry M. Dunlap, Little, Brown & Co., Boston, are the publishers. The book tells everything about the apple. It is Chuck full of valuable information for the housewife and contains about 200 recipes for preparing the "King of Fruits" for the Phoenix TUCSON.	20,299
US-202016914480-A_1	USPTO	Open Government	Public Domain	2,020	None	None	English	Spoken	7,389	9,074	Semiconductor package ABSTRACT A semiconductor package is provided. The semiconductor package includes a semiconductor die, a stack of polymer layers, redistribution elements and a passive filter. The polymer layers cover a front surface of the semiconductor die. The redistribution elements and the passive filter are disposed in the stack of polymer layers. The passive filter includes a ground plane and conductive patches. The ground plane is overlapped with the conductive patches, and the conductive patches are laterally separated from one another. The ground plane is electrically coupled to a reference voltage. The conductive patches are electrically connected to the ground plane, electrically floated, or electrically coupled to a direct current (DC) voltage. BACKGROUND Many integrated circuits are typically manufactured on a single semiconductor wafer. The dies of the wafer may be processed and packaged at wafer level, and various technologies have been developed for wafer level packaging. Over the past decades, the semiconductor industry has continually improved the processing capabilities by shrinking the minimum feature size. Signal integrity and power integrity become increasingly important to the performance and reliability of devices within a semiconductor package. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is noted that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion. FIG. 1A is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor package according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 1B is a schematic three-dimensional view illustrating the ground plane, the power plane, the conductive patches and the inter-patch vias as shown in FIG. 1A. FIG. 1C is a schematic plane view illustrating the semiconductor die, the ground plane, the power plane and the conductive patches as shown in FIG. 1A. FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B are schematic plane views respectively illustrating some conductive patches of a semiconductor package according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are respectively a schematic three-dimensional view illustrating a ground plane, a power plane, conductive patches and conductive bridges according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 4 is a schematic three-dimensional view illustrating a ground plane, a power plane, conductive patches and inter-patch vias according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 5 is a schematic there-dimensional view illustrating a ground plane, a power pattern, conductive patches, and inter-patch vias according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 6 is a schematic three-dimensional view illustrating a ground plane, a transmission line, conductive patches and inter-patch vias according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 7 is a schematic three-dimensional view illustrating a ground plane, a pair of transmission lines, conductive patches and inter-patch vias according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following disclosure provides many different embodiments or examples, for implementing different features of the provided subject matter. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. For example, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed between the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed. Further, spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. The spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. The apparatus may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein may likewise be interpreted accordingly. Other features and processes may also be included. For example, testing structures may be included to aid in the verification testing of the 3D packaging or 3DIC devices. The testing structures may include, for example, test pads formed in a redistribution layer or on a substrate that allows the testing of the 3D packaging or 3DIC, the use of probes and/or probe cards, and the like. The verification testing may be performed on intermediate structures as well as the final structure. Additionally, the structures and methods disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with testing methodologies that incorporate intermediate verification of known good dies to increase the yield and decrease costs. FIG. 1A is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor package 10 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 1B is a schematic three-dimensional view illustrating the ground plane 116, the power plane 118, the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124 as shown in FIG. 1A. FIG. 1C is a schematic plane view illustrating the semiconductor die 100, the ground plane 116 and the conductive patches 122 as shown in FIG. 1A. Referring to FIG. 1A, in some embodiments, the semiconductor package 10 is a fan-out semiconductor package. In these embodiments, the semiconductor package 10 includes a semiconductor die 100 and an encapsulant 102 laterally encapsulating the semiconductor die 100. The semiconductor die 100 is singulated from a device wafer, and may be, for example, a logic die, a memory die, a central processing unit (CPU) die, a micro-control unit (MCU) die, an application processor (AP) die or the like, the present disclosure is not limited to types of the semiconductor die 100. In alternative embodiments, two or more semiconductor dies 100 may be laterally encapsulated by the encapsulant 102, and these semiconductor dies 100 may be identical to or different from one another. The semiconductor die 100 has an active side at which electrical connectors are formed, and has a back side facing away from the active side. In some embodiments, the electrical connectors include conductive pads 104 and conductive pillars 106. The conductive pads 104 may be formed at a surface of an interconnection structure (not shown), and are electrically connected to the interconnection structure. In some embodiments, an insulating layer 108 may be formed over the conductive pads 104, and may have openings respectively overlapped with one of the conductive pads 104. In these embodiments, the conductive pillars 106 are disposed in these openings of the insulating layer 108, and are in electrical contact with the conductive pads 104. In addition, the conductive pillars 106 may be protruded from the insulating layer 108. In some embodiments, an insulating layer 110 may be further formed over the insulating layer 108. The conductive pillars 106 are laterally surrounded by the insulating layer 110, and the insulating layer 110 may have a front surface (e.g., a bottom surface as shown in FIG. 1A) substantially coplanar with front surfaces of the conductive pillars 106 (e.g., bottom surfaces of the conductive pillars 106 as shown in FIG. 1A). In addition, these front surfaces of the insulating layer 110 and the conductive pillars 106 may be substantially coplanar with a front surface of the encapsulant 102 (e.g., a bottom surface of the encapsulant 102 as shown in FIG. 1A). On the other hand, in some embodiments, an adhesive layer 112 may be disposed at the back side of the semiconductor die 100. Referring to FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, the semiconductor package 10 further includes a stack of polymer layers 114, and includes a ground plane 116 and a power plane 118 formed in the stack of polymer layers 114. The stack of polymer layers 114 cover the front surfaces of the encapsulant 102, the conductive pillars 106 and the insulating layer 110 (e.g., the bottom surfaces of the encapsulant 102, the conductive pillars 106 and the insulating layer 110 as shown in FIG. 1A). In some embodiments, a boundary of the polymer layers 114 is substantially aligned with a boundary of the encapsulant 102. The ground plane 116 and the power plane 118 formed in the stack of polymer layers 114 are respectively in electrical contact with one or more of the conductive pillars 106 through a conductive through via 120. The power plane 118 is configured to provide a working voltage V (e.g., a direct current (DC) voltage) to the semiconductor die 100, whereas the ground plane 116 is electrically coupled to a reference voltage V_(R) (e.g., a ground voltage). The ground plane 116 and the power plane 118 are vertically separated from each other, and respectively formed as a large conductive plate. In some embodiments, the ground plane 116 and the power plane 118 are overlapped with almost the entire structure containing the semiconductor die 100 and the encapsulant 102. Alternatively, the ground plane 116 and the power plane 118 may locally cover the structure containing the semiconductor die 100 and the encapsulant 102. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1A, the ground plane 116 is formed at a bottom surface of the topmost polymer layer 114, and the power plane 118 is formed at a bottom surface of the third top polymer layer 114. In addition, conductive through via(s) 120 connecting between the ground plane 116 and one or more of the conductive pillars 106 may penetrate through the topmost polymer layer 114, whereas conductive through via(s) 120 connecting between the power plane 118 and one or more of the conductive pillars 106 may penetrate through the ground plane 116 as well as the top three polymer layers 114. In some embodiments, the semiconductor package 10 further includes a plurality of conductive patches 122 and inter-patch vias 124. The conductive patches 122 are disposed in the stack of polymer layers 114, and are located between and overlapped with the ground plane 116 and the power plane 118. In addition, the conductive patches 122 are laterally separated from one another. In those embodiments where the ground plane 116 and the power plane 118 are disposed at the bottom surfaces of the topmost and the third top polymer layers 114, the conductive patches 122 are periodically disposed at a bottom surface of the second top polymer layer 114. The inter-patch vias 124 penetrate through the polymer layer 114 sandwiched between the ground plane 116 and the conductive patches 122, and are respectively in electrical contact with one of the conductive patches 122 and a portion of the ground plane 116. One of the conductive patches 122 as well as the inter-patch via 124 and the portion of the ground plane 116 connecting to this conductive patch 122 form an inductor L. In addition, vertically overlapped portions of the conductive patches 122 and the ground plane 116 along with portions of the polymer layer 114 in between form capacitors C. The inductors L are electrically coupled to the capacitors C, and these inductors L and the capacitors C constitute passive resonators. The passive resonators are periodically arranged along one or more horizontal direction(s), and are configured to attenuate external noises carried along the power plane 118 and/or noises generated from the semiconductor die 100 without significantly affecting signals at other frequency ranges, so as to improve power integrity and to reduce electromagnetic interference. In other words, these passive resonators, which include the ground plane 116, the conductive patches 122, the inter-patch vias 124 and portions of the polymer layer 114 between the conductive patches 122 and the ground plane 116, function as a passive filter PF in the semiconductor package 10. As compared to forming a passive filter by patterning a single conductive layer (e.g., a power plane), the passive filter PF according to embodiments of the present disclosure includes vertically separated conductive layers (e.g., the conductive patches 122 and the ground plane 116), and may include conductive vias in between these conductive layers. Referring to FIG. 1B, the conductive patches 122 appeared as sheets are periodically arranged between the ground plane 116 and the power plane 118, and are connected to the ground plane 116 through the inter-patch vias 124. In some embodiments, the inter-patch vias 124 are also periodically arranged along one or more horizontal direction(s). In addition, the inter-patch vias 124 may be formed as pillars and respectively having a sectional area smaller than a footprint area of the conductive patch 122. In some embodiments, the footprint area of each conductive patch 122 may range from 0.09 mm² to 0.36 mm², whereas the sectional area of each inter-patch via 124 may range from 2.5×10⁻³ mm² to 22.5×10⁻³ mm². In addition, in some embodiments, a spacing S₁₂₂ between adjacent conductive patches 122 may range from 50 μm to 150 μm, and a spacing S₁₂₄ between adjacent inter-patch vias 124 may range from 100 μm to 250 μm. As an example, the conductive patches 122 are formed as rectangular sheets, and the inter-patch vias 124 are formed as cylindrical pillars. According to this example, a length L₁₂₂ of each conductive patch 122 along the first direction X may range from 50 μm to 150 μm, and a width W₁₂₂ of each conductive patch 122 along the second direction Y may range from 50 μm to 150 μm. In addition, a diameter D₁₂₄ of the inter-patch via 124 may range from 20 μm to 50 μm. However, those skilled in the art may modify shapes, spacing and dimensions of the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124 according to design requirements, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Referring to FIG. 1A and FIG. 1C, in some embodiments, the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124 spread over substantially the entire structure including the semiconductor die 100 and the encapsulant 102, and are located between globally disposed ground plane 116 and power plane 118. In these embodiments, the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124 are overlapped with the semiconductor die 100 and the encapsulant 102. As shown in FIG. 1C, the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124 are respectively arranged as an array, which has multiple rows extending along a first direction X and multiple columns extending along a second direction Y intersected with the first direction X. In alternative embodiments where the power plane 118 locally covers the structure including the semiconductor die 100 and the encapsulant 102, the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124 may not be spread in an area outside the coverage of the power plane 118. However, those skilled in the art may adjust the coverage of the power plane 118, the conductive patches 122, the inter-patch vias 124 and the ground plane according to design requirements, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Referring back to FIG. 1A, the semiconductor package 10 may further include redistribution elements 126. The redistribution elements 126 are disposed in the stack of polymer layers 124, and are overlapped with the semiconductor die 100 and the encapsulant 102. The redistribution elements 126 are configured to out-rout the semiconductor die 100, and the working voltage V and the reference voltage V_(R) may be provided to the power plane 118 and the ground plane 116 through the redistribution elements 126. In some embodiments, the redistribution elements 126 are located below the ground plane 116, the power plane 118, the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124. In these embodiments, the ground plane 116, the power plane 118, the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124 are located between the redistribution elements 126 and the structure containing the semiconductor die 100 and the encapsulant 102. In addition, the redistribution elements 126 may be electrically connected to some of the conductive pillars 106 by conductive through vias 128. The conductive through vias 128 may penetrate through the power plane 118 and the ground plane 116, and are connected between some of the conductive pillars 106 and the redistribution elements 126. In this way, the ground plane 116 and the power plane 118 may be discontinuous at the locations where the conductive through vias 128 extend through, and may be regarded as having openings through which these conductive vias 128 penetrate. The redistribution elements 126 may include conductive traces and conductive vias. Each conductive trace extends along a bottom surface of one of the polymer layers 114. Each conductive via penetrates through one or more of the polymer layers 114, and electrically connects to one or more of the conductive trace(s). In some embodiments, one or more of the topmost conductive via(s) of the redistribution elements 126 further extend(s) to the power plane 118. Moreover, one or more of the topmost conductive via(s) in the redistribution elements 126 may further extend to the conductive patches 122 through the power plane 118, so as to be in electrical contact with the ground plane 116 connected to the conductive patches 122 through the inter-patch vias 124. In alternative embodiments, the ground plane 116, the power plane 118, the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124 are located between top and bottom portions of the redistribution elements 126. In these alternative embodiments, the conductive through vias 128 penetrating through the ground plane 116 and the power plane 118 may be connected between the top and bottom portions of the redistribution elements 126, and the top and bottom portions of the redistribution elements 128 may be electrically connected to the ground plane 116 and the power plane 118 by some of the conductive vias in the top and bottom portions of the redistribution elements 126. Those skilled in the art may adjust vertical position of the ground plane 116, the power plane 118, the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124 according to design requirements, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the semiconductor package 10 further includes electrical connectors 130. The electrical connectors 130 are disposed at a surface of the stack of polymer layer 114 facing away from the semiconductor die 100 and the encapsulant 102 (e.g., a bottom surface of the stack of polymer layers 114), and are electrically connected to the electrical components formed in the stack of polymer layers 114 (e.g., redistribution elements 126, the ground plane 116, the power plane 118, the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124). Some of the electrical connectors 130 may be functioned as inputs/outputs (I/Os) of the semiconductor die 100, and others of the electrical connectors 130 may be coupled to the working voltage V and the reference voltage V_(R). The electrical connectors 130 as the I/Os may be electrically connected to the semiconductor die 100 through the redistribution elements 126 and the conductive through vias 128, whereas the electrical connectors 130 coupled to the working voltage V and the reference voltage V_(R) may be electrically connected to the power plane 118 and the ground plane 116 through the redistribution elements 126. In some embodiments, the bottommost polymer layer 114 has openings respectively overlapped with one of the bottommost redistribution elements 126, and the electrical connectors 130 placed at the bottom surface of the bottommost polymer layer 114 may extend into these openings to establish electrically contact with the bottommost redistribution elements 126. The electrical connectors 130 may be, for example, solder balls, controlled collapse chip connection (C4) bumps, micro-bumps, ball grid array (BGA) or the like. In some embodiments, under bump metallization (UBM) layers 132 may be disposed in the openings of the bottommost polymer layer 114 before the electrical connectors 130 are formed in these openings. In these embodiments, the UBM layers 132 are respectively located between one of the electrical connectors 130, the bottommost polymer layer 114 and one of the bottommost redistribution elements 126. In some embodiments, the semiconductor package 10 may be further attached onto another package component through the electrical connectors 130. In these embodiments, the package component may be another semiconductor package, a package substrate (e.g., a printed circuit board (PCB)) or the like. Furthermore, in some embodiments, a top package component may be attached to the semiconductor package 10 from above, and a bottom package component may be attached with the electrical connectors 130 of the semiconductor package 10. In these embodiments, additional redistribution structure and electrical connectors (both not shown) may be formed on the back surface of the encapsulant 102 and the back side of the semiconductor die 100, and at least one through encapsulant via (not shown) may be formed in the encapsulant 102. The additional electrical connectors are disposed on a surface of the additional redistribution structure facing away from the semiconductor die 100 and the encapsulant 102, and are attached to the top package component. The through encapsulant via penetrates through the encapsulant 102, and is electrically connected to the redistribution elements in the additional redistribution structure and the redistribution elements 126 in the stack of polymer layers 114. By further combining the semiconductor package 10 with one or more package components, a three-dimensional package structure can be obtained. Moreover, the semiconductor package according to some embodiments is a fan-in semiconductor package, and the stack of polymer layers 114 and the electrical components therein (e.g., the ground plane 116, the power plane 118, the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124) may not span from range of the semiconductor die to a fan-out area surrounding the semiconductor die 100. In these embodiments, the encapsulant 102 may be omitted. FIG. 2A is a schematic plane view illustrating some conductive patches 222 of a semiconductor package according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The semiconductor package having the conductive patches 222 as shown in FIG. 2A is similar to the semiconductor package 10 as shown in FIG. 1A through FIG. 1C. Only difference therebetween will be described, the same or the like parts would not be repeated again. Referring to FIG. 2A, the conductive patches 222 are formed as triangular sheets. For instance, the triangular sheets 222 may have isosceles triangular top/bottom surfaces or equilateral triangular top/bottom surfaces. In some embodiments, the conductive patches 222 include first conductive patches 222 a and second conductive patches 222 b. The first conductive patches 222 a may be in mirror symmetry to the second conductive patches 222 b with respect to an axis extending along the first direction X. In other words, the first conductive patches 222 a being flipped over this axis may be identical to the second conductive patches 222 b. According to some embodiments, the first and second conductive patches 222 a, 222 b are alternately arranged along the first direction X and the second direction Y. In these embodiments, density of the conductive patches 222 in the semiconductor package can be increased. FIG. 2B is a schematic plane view illustrating some conductive patches 322 of a semiconductor package according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The semiconductor package having the conductive patches 322 as shown in FIG. 2B is similar to the semiconductor package 10 as shown in FIG. 1A through FIG. 1C. Only difference therebetween will be described, the same or the like parts would not be repeated again. Referring to FIG. 2B, the conductive patches 322 are formed as hexagonal sheets. For instance, the hexagonal sheets may have regular hexagonal top/bottom surfaces, which are respectively equilateral and equiangular. In some embodiments, the conductive patches 322 are arranged in a honeycomb arrangement. In these embodiments, density of the conductive patches 322 in the semiconductor package can be significantly increased. FIG. 3A is a schematic three-dimensional view illustrating the ground plane 116, the power plane 118, the conductive patches 122 and conductive bridges 424 of a semiconductor package according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. This semiconductor package to be described with reference to FIG. 3A is similar to the semiconductor package 10 as shown in FIG. 1A through FIG. 1C. Only difference therebetween will be described, the same or the like parts would not be repeated again. Referring to FIG. 3A, in some embodiments, the conductive patches 122 are connected with one another by conductive bridges 424, and the inter-patch vias 124 as shown in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B are omitted. In these embodiments, the conductive patches 122 and the conductive bridges 424 may be electrically floated. In alternative embodiments, the conductive patches 122 and the conductive bridges 424 are configured to receive the working voltage V, and the power plane may be omitted. The conductive bridges 424 are respectively extending between adjacent conductive patches 122. Each conductive patch 122, an overlapped portion of the ground plane 116 and a portion of the polymer layer 114 (illustrated in FIG. 1A) in between form a capacitor C′, whereas the conductive bridges 424 are functioned as inductors L′ and are connected between the capacitors C′. As similar to the capacitors C and the inductors L as described with reference to FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, the capacitors C′ and the inductors L′ as shown in FIG. 3A constitute passive resonators, and these passive resonators are periodically arranged to form a passive filter PF′. In some embodiments, each conductive bridge 424 extends between adjacent conductive patches 122 along a direction identical to the arrangement direction of these adjacent conductive patches 122. A ratio of a length L₄₂₄ of each conductive bridge 424 along its extending direction (e.g., the first direction X) with respect to a length of each conductive patch 122 along the same direction (e.g., the length L₁₂₂ along the first direction X) may range from 1/10 to 1/20. For instance, the length L₄₂₄ may range from 15 μm to 60 μm, while the length L₁₂₂ may range from 300 μm to 600 μm. Although not shown, in some embodiments, at least some of the conductive patches 122 may respectively be connected to conductive patches 122 along multiple directions (e.g., along the first direction X and the second direction Y) through multiple conductive bridges 424. In these embodiments, each of these conductive patches 122 is connected to conductive bridges 424 extending along multiple directions (e.g., the first direction X and the second direction Y). FIG. 3B is a schematic three-dimensional view illustrating the ground plane 116, the power plane 118, the conductive patches 122 and conductive bridges 524 of a semiconductor package according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. This semiconductor package to be described with reference to FIG. 3B is similar to the semiconductor package as described with reference to FIG. 3A. Only difference therebetween will be described, the same or the like parts would not be repeated again. Referring to FIG. 3B, the conductive patches 122 are connected with one another by the conductive bridges 524. The conductive bridge 524 shown in FIG. 3B is longer than the conductive bridge 424 as shown in FIG. 3A. In this way, the conductive bridge 524 shown in FIG. 3B, which is as well functioned as an inductor (also referred as the inductor L′), could have an inductance greater than an inductance of the conductive bridge 424 as shown in FIG. 3A. As a result, the passive filter PF′ including the ground plane 116, the conductive patches 122, the conductive bridges 524 and the polymer layer 114 (illustrated in FIG. 1A) in between the conductive patches 122 and the ground plane 116 could have a lower stopband (i.e., stopband at lower frequency range) as compared to the passive filter PF′ described with reference to FIG. 3A. In some embodiments, each conductive bridge 524 meanders between adjacent conductive patches 122. For instance, as shown in FIG. 3B, each conductive bridge 524 may snake its path from one conductive patch 122 to another conductive patch 122, and may have one or more turning points (e.g., 2 turning points) along its pathway. Those skilled in the art may modify the shape of each conductive bridge 524 according to design requirements, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. FIG. 4 is a schematic three-dimensional view illustrating the ground plane 116, the power plane 118, conductive patches 422 and the inter-patch vias 124 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. This semiconductor package to be described with reference to FIG. 4 is similar to the semiconductor package 10 as shown in FIG. 1A through FIG. 1C. Only difference therebetween will be described, the same or the like parts would not be repeated again. Referring to FIG. 1B and FIG. 4, the conductive patches 122 shown in FIG. 1B are replaced by the conductive patches 422 as shown in FIG. 4. In some embodiments, each conductive patch 422 includes a patch portion 422 a and a spiral portion 422 b. The patch portion 422 a is similar to the conductive patch 122 as shown in FIG. 1B, except that the patch portion 422 a may have a smaller footprint are as compared to the conductive patch 122 as shown in FIG. 1B. In some embodiments, the patch portion 422 a is connected to the ground plane 116 through one of the inter-patch via 124, and is overlapped with this inter-patch via 124 and a portion of the ground plane 116. On the other hand, the spiral portion 422 b is connected to the patch portion 422 a, and is winding around the patch portion 422 a. In some embodiments, a total footprint area of the conductive patch 422 is substantially identical to the footprint area of the conductive patch 122 as shown in FIG. 1B. In these embodiments, a footprint area of the patch portion 422 a may range from 0.09 mm² to 0.36 mm². However, those skilled in the art may adjust dimensions and patterns of the patch portion 422 a and the spiral portion 422 b according to design requirements, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. One of the conductive patches 422 as well as the inter-patch via 124 and a portion of the ground plane 116 connecting to this conductive patch 422 forms an inductor L″. In addition, vertically overlapped portions of the conductive patterns 422 and the ground plane 116 along with the polymer layer 114 (illustrated in FIG. 1A) in between form capacitors C″. As similar to the capacitors C and the inductors L described with reference to FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, the capacitors C″ and the inductors L″ as shown in FIG. 4 constitute passive resonators, and these passive resonators are periodically arranged to form a passive filter PF″. Since the conductive pattern 422 has the spiral portion 422 b, a length of the inductor L″ could be increased, thus the inductor L″ could have a greater inductance. As a result, the passive filter PF″ illustrated in FIG. 4 could have a lower stopband (i.e., stopband at lower frequency range) as compared to the passive filter PF described with reference to FIG. 1B. In some embodiments, the inter-patch vias 124 as shown in FIG. 4 may be omitted, and the passive filter PF″ may further include the conductive bridges 424 as described with reference to FIG. 3A or the conductive bridge 524 as described with reference to FIG. 3B. FIG. 5 is a schematic there-dimensional view illustrating the ground plane 116, a power pattern 228, the conductive patches 122, and the inter-patch vias 124 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. This semiconductor package to be described with reference to FIG. 5 is similar to the semiconductor package 10 as shown in FIG. 1A through FIG. 1C. Only difference therebetween will be described, the same or the like parts would not be repeated again. Referring to FIG. 1B and FIG. 5, the power plane 118 shown in FIG. 1B is replaced by the power pattern 228 shown in FIG. 5. As similar to the power plane 118 described with reference to FIG. 1B, the power pattern 228 shown in FIG. 5 may be electrically coupled to the working voltage V (e.g., a DC voltage). In some embodiments, the power pattern 228 is structurally similar to the structure including the conductive patches 122 and the conductive bridges 524 as shown in FIG. 3B, but is located above/below the conductive patches 122 and separated from the conductive patches 122 by one or more of the polymer layers 114 (illustrated in FIG. 1A). In these embodiments, the power pattern 228 has patch portions 228 a and bridge portions 228 b connecting between the patch portions 228 a. The patch portions 228 a are structurally similar to the underlying conductive patches 122, and are overlapped with the conductive patches 122, respectively. In some embodiments, boundaries of the patch portions 228 are substantially aligned with boundaries of the conductive patches 122 along a vertical direction. On the other hand, the bridge portions 228 b are structurally similar to the conductive bridges 524 shown in FIG. 3B that respectively meander between adjacent patch portions 228 a. The power pattern 228, the conductive patches 122 and portions of the polymer layer 114 (illustrated in FIG. 1A) in between form additional capacitors C1, and the bridge portions 228 b of the power pattern 228 are functioned as additional inductors L1. The capacitors C and the inductors L along with the additional capacitors C1 and the additional inductors L1 constitute passive resonators, and these passive resonators are periodically arranged to form a passive filter PF1. This passive filter PF1 as described with reference to FIG. 5 spans among 3 vertically separated conductive layers (e.g., the ground plane 116, the conductive patches 122 and the power pattern 228). In alternative embodiments, the capacitors C and the inductors L as shown in FIG. 5 may be replaced by the capacitors C′ and the inductors L′ as shown in FIG. 3A, the capacitors C′ and the inductors L′ as shown in FIG. 3B, or the capacitors C″ and the inductors L″ as shown in FIG. 4. In addition, in some embodiments, the conductive patches 122 as shown in FIG. 5 may be replace by the conductive patches 422 as shown in FIG. 4. Moreover, in some embodiments, the power pattern 228 as shown in FIG. 5 may be replaced by the structure including the conductive patches 122 and the conductive bridges 424 as shown in FIG. 3A. FIG. 6 is a schematic three-dimensional view illustrating the ground plane 116, a transmission line 328, the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. This semiconductor package to be described with reference to FIG. 6 is similar to the semiconductor package 10 as shown in FIG. 1A through FIG. 1C. Only difference therebetween will be described, the same or the like parts would not be repeated again. Referring to FIG. 1B and FIG. 6, the power plane 118 shown in FIG. 1B is replaced by the transmission line 328 shown in FIG. 6. The transmission line 328 is configured to carry signals to the semiconductor die 100 (illustrated in FIG. 1A), and the signals are such as alternating current (AC) signals AC. For instance, the transmission line 328 may be a portion of a signal line, an inductor, an antenna, a duplexer or the like. The transmission line 328 is overlapped with the conductive patches 122 from above the conductive patches 122, and is vertically separated from the conductive patches 122 by one or more of the polymer layers 114 (illustrated in FIG. 1A). The passive filter PF including the capacitors C and the inductors L can result in slow-wave effect on the signal transmission along the transmission line 328, such that equivalent wavelength of the signals could be increased. As a result, dimensions of the transmission line 328 can be scaled down. For instance, a length of the transmission line 328 may be reduced by 30% to 60%. In some embodiments, the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124 may not spread all over the semiconductor package, but merely lie under the transmission line 328. However, those skilled in the art may modify distribution area of the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124 according to design requirements, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In alternative embodiments, the capacitors C and the inductors L as shown in FIG. 6 may be replaced by the capacitors C′ and the inductors L′ as shown in FIG. 3A, the capacitors C′ and the inductors L′ as shown in FIG. 3B, or the capacitors C″ and the inductors L″ as shown in FIG. 4. In addition, in some embodiments, the conductive patches 122 as shown in FIG. 6 may be replace by the conductive patches 422 as shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 7 is a schematic three-dimensional view illustrating the ground plane 116, a pair of transmission lines 428, the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. This semiconductor package to be described with reference to FIG. 7 is similar to the semiconductor package 10 as shown in FIG. 1A through FIG. 1C. Only difference therebetween will be described, the same or the like parts would not be repeated again. Referring to FIG. 1B and FIG. 7, the power plane 118 shown in FIG. 1B is replaced by a pair of transmission lines 428 shown in FIG. 7. The pair of transmission lines 428 are configured to provide AC signals AC, AC′ to the semiconductor die 100 (illustrated in FIG. 1A) through a differential signaling manner for improving noise immunity, and these AC signals AC, AC′ are merely different from each other as having different phases. As similar to the transmission line 328 described with reference to FIG. 6, in some embodiments, the pair of transmission lines 428 shown in FIG. 7 are overlapped with the conductive patches 122 from above the conductive patches 122, and are vertically separated from the conductive patches 122 by one or more of the polymer layers 114 (illustrated in FIG. 1A). By disposing the passive filter PF including the capacitors C and the inductors L under the pair of transmission lines 428, a common-mode noise of the transmission lines 428 may be reduced. Accordingly, signal integrity can be improved, and electromagnetic interference can be reduced. In some embodiments, the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124 may not spread all over the semiconductor package, but merely lie under the pair of transmission lines 428. However, those skilled in the art may modify distribution area of the conductive patches 122 and the inter-patch vias 124 according to design requirements, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In alternative embodiments, the capacitors C and the inductors L as shown in FIG. 7 may be replaced by the capacitors C′ and the inductors L′ as shown in FIG. 3A, the capacitors C′ and the inductors L′ as shown in FIG. 3B, or the capacitors C″ and the inductors L″ as shown in FIG. 4. In addition, in some embodiments, the conductive patches 122 as shown in FIG. 7 may be replace by the conductive patches 422 as shown in FIG. 4. As above, the semiconductor package according to embodiments of the present disclosure includes a passive filter integrated in a redistribution structure. The passive filter is configured to improve signal integrity, to enhance power integrity and/or to reduce electromagnetic interference of the semiconductor package. The passive filter includes the ground plane, the conductive patches overlapped with the ground plane along the vertical direction, and a polymer layer between the ground plane and the conductive patches, thus is a three-dimensional passive filter containing vertically separated conductive layers. In some embodiments, the inter-patch vias are connecting between the conductive patches and the ground plane. In alternative embodiments, the conductive patches are electrically floated, and are connected to one another by the conductive bridges. The conductive bridges or the conductive patches along with the inter-patch vias and the ground plane form inductors, whereas the overlapped portions of the conductive patches and the ground plane as well as the polymer layer in between form capacitors. The inductors and the capacitors constitute passive resonators, and the periodically arranged passive resonators constitute the passive filter. As compared to forming a passive filter by patterning a single conductive layer, the three-dimensional passive filter according to embodiments of the present disclosure may have more of the passive resonators, thus may have a better signal filtering ability in a given area. Particularly, coupling area of each capacitor can be increased without increasing footprint area of the capacitors because the conductive patches and the ground plane as components of the capacitors are overlapped with each other along the vertical direction. In addition, as a result of disposing the conductive patches and the inter-patch vias (or the conductive bridges), content of conductive materials in the redistribution structure can be increased. Accordingly, heat dissipation efficiency of the semiconductor package can be improved. Moreover, CTE difference between the semiconductor die and the redistribution structure can be lowered, thus mechanical strength of the semiconductor package can be improved. In an aspect of the present disclosure, a semiconductor package is provided. The semiconductor package comprises: a semiconductor die; a stack of polymer layers, covering a front surface of the semiconductor die; redistribution elements, disposed in the stack of polymer layers, and electrically connected to the semiconductor die; and a passive filter, disposed in the stack of polymer layers, wherein the passive filter comprises a ground plane and conductive patches, the ground plane is overlapped with the conductive patches along the vertical direction, the conductive patches are laterally separated from one another, the ground plane is electrically coupled to a reference voltage, and the conductive patches are electrically connected to the ground plane, electrically floated or electrically coupled to a direct current (DC) voltage. In another aspect of the present disclosure, a semiconductor package is provided. The semiconductor package comprises: a semiconductor die; and a passive filter, disposed over a front surface of the semiconductor die, and comprising a power pattern, a ground plane and conductive patches, wherein the ground plane is overlapped with the power pattern along a vertical direction, the conductive patches are periodically arranged between the ground plane and the power pattern, the power pattern is electrically coupled to a direct current voltage, the ground plane is electrically coupled to a reference voltage, and the conductive patches are electrically connected to the ground plane or electrically floated. In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a semiconductor package is provided. The semiconductor package comprises: a semiconductor die; a transmission line, horizontally extending over a front surface of the semiconductor die, and configured to provide an alternating current signal to the semiconductor die; and a passive filter, overlapped with the transmission line along a vertical direction, wherein the passive filter comprises a ground plane and conductive patches, the ground plane is overlapped with the transmission line along the vertical direction, the conductive patches are periodically arranged between the ground plane and the transmission line, the ground plane is electrically coupled to a reference voltage, and the conductive patches are electrically connected to the ground plane or electrically floated. It should be appreciated that the following embodiment(s) of the present disclosure provides applicable concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The embodiments are intended to provide further explanations but are not used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.	32,678
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebrada%20Honda%20%28suba%20nga%20anhianhi%20sa%20Venezuela%2C%20Estado%20Anzo%C3%A1tegui%2C%20lat%209%2C90%2C%20long%20-64%2C76%29	Wikipedia	Open Web	CC-By-SA	2,023	Quebrada Honda (suba nga anhianhi sa Venezuela, Estado Anzoátegui, lat 9,90, long -64,76)	https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebrada Honda (suba nga anhianhi sa Venezuela, Estado Anzoátegui, lat 9,90, long -64,76)&action=history	Cebuano	Spoken	95	162	Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Quebrada Honda. Suba nga anhianhi ang Quebrada Honda sa Venezuela. Nahimutang ni sa estado sa Estado Anzoátegui, sa amihanan-sidlakang bahin sa nasod, km sa sidlakan sa Caracas ang ulohan sa nasod. Ang klima nga savanna. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Abril, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Hulyo, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Agosto, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Pebrero, sa milimetro. Ang mga gi basihan niini Mga suba sa Estado Anzoátegui	20,212
D5S465THDPNIFG7XTRX6NVMM3BLEUXST_1	German-PD-Newspapers	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,829	None	None	German	Spoken	2,695	4,296	Gezenstandes , den Wichtigten baubsamten all u werden. äge. ildete. Ver nntagtprediger adr Frankfurt ). ebrte und ver des Verfassert. 2 Thir. cristlichen Be Zeitschriften lagshandlung , das der Her Predigten dieset AusKattung der 19 ie läßt sie den so günstiger iechenland , er Zamitie. Aus ged. 1 Thlr. ungen nischen übersetzt. 1 Thir. 5 Ser. und dies in # # # # Prrechtigt zu Er nimmer grtäuscht Serache , kindliche Gefül ! , spannen zu einem ziehen machen. Aistfalscher Aerrut. M7o. 204. S Münster , Dienstag den 22. December 1829. Berieger Looemapiche Dud Gemementer Gentuer : r Eaas Westf. Merker : die 2752 hen. — Der Weit m Bereich des P schtet wird. “ — Diejenigen neuen Abonnenten , welche bestellung ehesten - , entweder bei ihren respectiven Postamtere oder Merkur erscheint wochentlich 4mal , namlich Dienstog : , Donnerda # e * ) Sonnabends und Sonatage. Der Preis ist halbjahrig 2 Thlr. f # # # # ls. Staats. — Insertionen aller Art werden gegen die billige Ge erdes , weiches eir übrigens aul Verlaagen gerus besorgen. Coppear Ptbsch. n d E. schen 1 Sanguin. Mi Thir. 7½ Ser. cherzende Phantafe den und Ledensernst hre gaben den gra ritz und ein inniget entgehen dürften. Verguin. Mit 25 Szr Inland. Berlin , im Dec. Wie man dier wissen will , wäre Gras Matuscewicz , der von konden und Paris kommend , t # rzlich diese Hauptstadt pasüirte , um sich nach Petersburg zu begeben , Ueberbringer des die Angelegenheiten Grie chenlands regulirenden Desinitivprotokolles über die in diesem Betreff zu kondon gepflogenen Unterhandlungen Der Graf soll , ungeachtet seiner großen Eile , eine mehr fländige Audienz bei Sr. Maj. dem Könige und eine lange Conferenz im Departement der auswärtigen Ange legenheiten gehabt haben. — Unter denjenigen deutschen Bundes staaten , welche mit der Krone Preußen , zur Er leichterung des gegenseuigen Verkehrs unter den beider seitigen Unterthanen , vorndmlich in Beireff des Durch gangs dermalen in Unterhandlung begriffen seyn sollen , nennt man auch das Herzogihum Brannschweig. ( Schwäd. Merk. ) Berlin , 18. Dec. Se. Maj. der König haben dem Reeise = Inspektor Eversz zu Wesel das Allgemeine Eh renzeichen erster Klasse zu verleihen geruhet. — Einer in den hiesigen Biättern enthaltenen Nachweise zufolge , siad im Ganzen an gesammelten Beittägen zur Unter stätzung der evangelischen Gemeinde zu Rio = Janeiro 8779 Thir. 7 Sgr. 10 Pf. eingegangen ( wovon 207 4 Sgr. 10 Pf. bei dem Hru. Bauguier v. Olfers in Münster eingegangen sind ). Großbrittaunien. London , 3. Dee. ( Schluß des aus der Staatszeitung entlehnten Artikels. ) Godringion schrieb jetzt nach Hause , um anzufragen , od es ihm erlaudt sop , die Flette einzuschließen , oder ob er ihr gestatten musse , da sie einmal in Morea angekommen , von einem Punkte der Küste nach einem andern zu segeln , welches den Un tergang der Griechen unvermeidlich gemacht hätte ; und zugleich wandte er sich an Hru. Stratford = Canning zu Konstantinopel , um eine nähere Erklärung seiner In struktion zu erhalten. Dieser ließ ihm hierauf das Re sultat einer am 4. Sept. daselbst zwischen den Gesandten gehaltenen Konferenz zugehen , wonach er ermächtigt wurde , nicht nur die Flotte zu verhindern , von einem Theite der Küste zu einem andern zu segeln , sendern auch solche türtische oder ägyptische Schisse nach Hause zu geleiten , welche sich erbieten sollten , Morea zu verlassen. Die Autwoit , welche der Romiral später von England en pfiag , war ungefähr desselben Inhalts. In dem Prote toll der besagten Conserenz aber , welches hier zum ersten mal mitgetheilt wird , ist die wichtige Clausel enthalten : = Was die türkischen und dgyptischen Schiffe betrißft , die sich jetzt in den Häfen von Navarin und Modon bestn den , so mössen solche , im Faul sie hartnäckig darauf bi sleden sollten , da zu bieiden , es sich gefallen lassen , sich allen Gefahren des Krieges auszusetzen ( run all ihr chances of war ). : Dies war deutlich geuug. Da nun die russische Flotte noch nicht angekommen war , so mach ten der engl. und franz. Admiral Ibrahim mit ihren In struktionen bekannt , und am 25. Sept. sand die Confe renz statt , worin der Aegypter mit Zustimmung aller sei ner Unterbesehlshaber sich zu einem Waffenstillstand zu Land und zu Wasser verpflichtete , bis er weitere Befehle von seinem Vater oder von der Pforte erhielte. Aber schon eine Woche darauf mußte Codrington mit dem Ernst von Kanouenschüssen einen Theit der osmanischen Flotte zweimal in den Hafen von Ravarin zurückweisen. Am 13. teus , als dieser sich nur mit 3 Schien Pg. e g. 4iger Wege nach Patras entgegen geworfen , an. kur W. gentheil geschah , und die Flotte der Ungläudigen ward vernichtet. Das Benehmen unserer Regierung nach die ser Begebenheit ist weltbekannt , und niemand zweifelt ches der Pforte Muth gab , den Vorsellungen der Alluir ten zu spotten und sich in einen Krieg mit Rußland zu flürzen , dessen Ausgang für sie so verderdlich geworden is. Indessen beschäftigte sich die englische Flotte mit der Ausrottung der Seerauber , und Romiral Codringion Truppen , außer 1200 Mann , welche in den Festungen zurückdlieben , zu räumen. Aber unglücklicher Weise führte er medrere hundert , nach Einigen mehrere tausend Grir chen als Sklaven mit , ohne daß Codrington es verdin vert hätte. Dieser aber war einer Seis nicht auf die so schnelle Abfahrt der Aegyptier vordereitet und glaubte sich auf der andern nicht dazu berechtigt , deren Schiffe zu untersuchen ; die andern Romiräle sollen dersen # # Meinung gewesen seyn ; daher machte unsere Regierung die Sache zum Grund seiner englische Regierung auf diese Weise immer deutlicher ihren Unwillen darüber zu erkennen gab , daß voner Vertrag so weit verwirklicht worden , ward die französische immer wärmer für dessen gänzliche rung , und erzwang durch ihre Festigkent die Zustim mung Wellingtons zur Expedition nach Morea , wozu be uag ote. Allirten mit der Ktiluschweigenden Ein schadet der nachmaligen Orenzbestimmung , unter Sautz nahmes. Es wird dier weiter erzählt , das unsere Reglerung , immer darauf bedacht , Griechenland auf die engste Grenze zu beschränken , zuerst das Vor rücken der Franzosen in Attika verhinderte , und dann im kaufe dieses Jahres dem Prästdenten besehlen ließ , die griechischen Truppen nach Morea zu rückzuziehen , und die Blokade von Prevesa aufzuheben. Eine sehr kräftige Note vom Hose der Tuillerten war der Erfolg des letzten Schrittes , der auch bei Capo größeren Territoriol = Ausdehnung , nämlich vom per Arta dis zum Golf von Ambrana , wurde am Ende durch ein Pretskoll vom 29 , März d. J. angenommen ; ten der Pferte betraf , ein = todter Bachstabe gebliebes wenn der Donner der russischen Kanonen nicht so üder gesprochen hätte. Doch wird noch erwädat , daß ale am Eade August die Nachricht von Konstaammeret gekommen , daß der Sultan sich noch immer weigere , dem einmal erklärt habe , man mässe von dätte der Gulian nichts dabei zu sagen , und ihm sogar , wenn er sich nicht bessere , weder Trivut noch die nung eines Hospedars zuerkennen ; und dieser Beschluß wurde zu Preistell genommen. Londen , 14. Dec. Der Courier bemerkt , in Be auf ein hier verdreutetes Gerücht , als suche die tür tische Regierung hier eine Anleihe zu machen , daß im zu der Sultan die Einkünste der Hüsen von Konstan sopel und Smyrna verpfänden wolle , so könne die Sache viellticht zu Stande kommen. Frankreich. Paris 17. Dee. Der Erminister , Graf Pepronnet vor einigen Wochen dier angekommen. — Von Veräu derungen im Ministerium , deren die liberalen Biätter vor Kurzem so gewit seyn wollten , ist es jetzt wieder Kille. Diese Biätter , sprechen nun wieder von beabsich tigten Staatsstreichen , welches die Gazette jedoch nicht müde wird , unter ihre deliedte Rudrik der Tageslügen setzen. — Der Conzümtonel , dessen Nachrichten be utlich nicht immer zu den zuverlässigsten gedören , mel det aus Wien , der Furst von Metternich sey , durch den unlängst gemeldeten Tod seines Sohuct veranlaßt , sest entschlossen , sich von den Geschästen zurückzuziehen , der Kaiser habe jedoch erklärt , er werde die Dimission des fürstenl nicht annehmen. Riederland e. Aus dem Haag 12. Der. ( Nachtrag ) In der mark # # rdigen tönigl. Betschaft , welche den den Generalstag in vorgelegten Gesetzentwarf gegen die Presticenz slede uns. letzt. Bl. ) begleitete , heißt es im Wesentlichen : Mit ten im Frieden , während der Gewerdfleiß blüht , miß kennt eine kleine Zahl überspannter Köpfe die Wohltha ten der Regierung und deharret in einer seandalösen Op position , so daß die Beidehaltung der Pretztreideit , wei che bei uns auf breitern Grundlagen rutt als iegend anderswo , und deren man sich bevient , um die Zwie stracht zu schüren , Mißtrauen zu schen , und die Rechte des königl. Hauses anzutasten , unmöglich gewerden i # ; ie müssen demnach zur Erstickung des Faktions = und Em ungsgeistes , wie schmerzlich diese Pflicht auch seyn möge , strengere Matregeln genommen werden ; sie wer den den einer durch ein Grundgesetz gemäßigten Monar chie schuldigen Respekt befestigen. er Beschluß # kt. in Be sche die tür u , da im zu Konstan tonne die Pepronnet Von Veräu den Blätter jetzt wieder on beabsich jedoch nicht Tageslügen chrichten be # hören , mel 9 , durch den anlaßt , sest zieden , der misslen des In der mark Generalstag licenz Cslede lichen : Mit Stüht , miß sie Wohltha dalösen Or reiheit , wel ale tegend m die Zwie die Rechte eworden 13 ; n5 : und Em hi auch seyn en ; sle wer gien Mouar. nicht zur Un e perssnll # # kund gibt. amteit immer ner Regierung der Kathollken Theresia zu as Konterdat bischöflichen 2. Ottober , dem römischen der Dapu er er Kaldoliken iedener Eiser , 1. Reime der ntschlossen , die P eehatten. — and der Gerg = salt der Regierung ist , se hat der Rönig , indem er auf eigener Bewegung legtslative Versügungen veranlaßzte , sich Ausprüche auf die Dankbarteit der Nation erworden ; eine unbegränze Freihent zerstört die Civilisation ; aber die Beratbungen der Generalstaaten werden die Regie rung aufklären , und wan kann ihre weisen Wänsche # # Erwägung ziehen , allein man wird überspannte Begehren mit Gestigkeut zurückweisen. — Was den Gebrauch der franzssischen Sprache detrifst , so ist beinahe alles zuge sanden worden , was die Privatgeschäfte erleichtern konnte , wenn es für nötdig erkannt wurde , in Bezug auf die öfeatlichen Geschäfte dasseilbte zu ihun , so würoe uig sich auch dazu entschließen können ; diet wird aber von dem Zustande der Kopfe abhangen ; denn dem Ge schrei ( declemstions ) wiro man nie nachgeden. — Die Verantwortlichkeit der Minister ist mit der Befugniß custe ) des Königs , denselben Instruktionen zu geben , wir er sie für gut findet , unverträglich ; die Verantwort lichkeit des Staatsrathes ist weit vorzuziehen ; die Nie verlande können in dieser Beziehung nicht mit andern Staaten verglichen werden ; doch fuhlt der König dar Bedürfniß , die amtlichen Retationen der Minister mit den Kammern zur Besestigung des gemeinsamen Einver Kändnißses zu vermehren ; es werden dresalls Maßregeln genommen werden. — Die Provinzialstaaten haben sich angemaaßt , sich in allgemeine Angelegenheiten zu mischen ; der König wirv die nöthige Festigleit haben , damit sie von der legislativen Gewalt nichte an sich reißen ; allein wenn sie mit dios provinziellen Imeressen sich befassen , wird er ihre Bitten mut Theilnahme vernehmen. — Die Unfähigkeiten in Feige nicht ehrenvoller Enzlassun gen And aufgehoben. — Die Bescheänlung des Aufwan. des , die Gewißheit , daß noch mehr Gisparungen getrof sen werden , die Abschaffung der Mahlsteuer , die im Syu dilat getrossenen Abduderungen bürgen , daß die Bemu hungen des Rönigs , zumal das Finanzielle detressend , weder von den Zeugenossen noch von der Nachwelt miß kannt werden werden. Orstreich. Wien , 7. Der. Estasetten = Nachrichten aus Parma zufolge , haben sich die Gesundheitoumstände J. Maj. der Frau Herzogin Marie Lonise von Parwa , Höchn wtichr schon sett längerer Zeu unpätzlich waren , sedr verschlimmett , so daß man für das keden dieser Fuium Orc. Nach Briesen aus Bucharest wurde diese Stadt , die schon durch Krieg und Pest # # dlei zeluten hat , am 25. Nov. noch durch eine startke Grderschhtterung , die sich am 26. , jedoch nicht mehr mit der seiven Heftigkeit wiederholte , heimgesucht. Mehrere Häuser stürzten ganz oder zum Theile ein , und so vir ! mnan bisher weiß ; wurden bei dreißig Personen , worun der auch einige russiche Offiziere , unter dem Schutte be Fraben. Die Pest greift in der Wallachei noch immer um sich. Giurzewo ist endlich den russischen Trappen Bucharest , 27. Nov. Geit einigen Tagen ist zur allgemeinen Freude die Sperre unserer Siadt aufgeho den , und die Kommnaikationen slud nach allen Seiten er # ßnet. In allen Gewerden , und vorzüglich im Hau del , Außern sich vereite die wohlthätigsten Folgen dieser Maßragel. Von der serdischen Greuze , 3. Dec. Noch im r Is der Artikel , weicher die Einverleidung der früher Serbien gehörigen Distrilte , verfügt , nicht in Voll nehung gekommen. — Die vermuthlich übertriebenen Hoff nungen , welche die Muselmänger auf die Seodung Halil Pascha ' s nach St. Peiersdurg setzen , indem sie , wie es scheint , eiar föemliche Abänderung des ganzen Vertrages von Nortanepet und Milderung der meisten Punkte des lden erwarten , degründen sich wahrscheinlich auf den instand , daß Individuen von den vorzüglichsten cure pkischen Botschaften sich in seiner Begleuung definden , welche , wie das Gerücht geht , von idren Monarchen bevollmächtigt seyn sollen , die Anträge des türkischen Bot schafters durch dringende Vorstellungen zu unterstützen. — Mustapha Pascha von Stutari steht , nach Berichten iud Philippopel vom 19. Nov. , noch immer # seiner bis derigen Pestton , und odglach die Russen Adrianopel ge räumt und ihren Ruckmarsch nach dem Balkau angetre ten haben , so sind doch noch durchaus keine Anstalten ge trossen , woraus sich schließen ließe , daß er dald ausbrechen werde , um Abrianspel zu beletzen. Von der serbischen Greuze , 7. Der. Man versichert , doß Zurst Milosch Besehl zur Verdastung zweier Indivienen gegeben habe , welche aus Macedonzen gekommen waren , und die man verdächtiger Umtriebe schuldig glaudt. Inzwischen scheint es , daß sie in Zeiten Besehle Nachricht erhalten , und die Flucht er rißsen haben. Dieser Vorfall erregie einiges Aufsehen. Das russische Haupiquartier soll jetzt Adrtanevel verlaf zu haben ; die sechs vorraale zu Serdien gedörigen Di Krikte werden unverzüglich demselden wieder einverleibt werden ; hingegen besorgt man , daß die Pforte mit Er lassung des Amaestiedekrets noch länger zaudern dürfte , da es der Sultau schwer über sich gewinnen kann , die in seinen Augen der Verrätherei schuldigen Inowidnen ungestraf zu lassen , Man defürchtet Jaher Karfe Reak ionen , sobald der Pascha von Seutari Abreanopel be setzt haben wird , da besonders diese Stadt sich den Un willen des Großheren zugezogen hat. Vermischte Nachrichten. Man meidet aus Schafshausen2 „ Vor Kurzam wucde in der Nähe des sogenannten Schinderwasens , unweit dem Rhein fall , ein männlicher Steinadler ( Faloo lulrus ) geschossen. Dte Länge seines Körpers deträgt 3 Schuh 1 Zoll , die Fitgelderige 6 Schuh. In unserer Gegend ist das Erscheinen diesen Be gels um so seltener , da derselde in der Schweiz sonst nur auf den Alpen ( oder dort sehr häufig ) angetroffen wird , und diese welt verläßt. Darum woten Manche in ihm din Verde eines sehr strengen Winters erkennen. Nrro . Semichr Berli lungen über lautet im G . Abrige Gure eine monard allein angem Meitere Coin hedlicher Ein Abtreten der schaft des je seya ; aber mann nicht nem Vaterla 0 Londo mit Bedauer lich durch d Das andere — Nachticht chael zufolge auf Terceita von 6 Frege Angriff auf rung gegen Briesen aus gerissen und tete Staateg bei dem App . Regimente v # — Lant Ber Parthei dor : andere Edefe dannte das Kantinopel #.	31,831
https://github.com/wanxiasijin/networkcaputre/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/ding/networkcaptureself/MainActivity.java	Github Open Source	Open Source	Apache-2.0	null	networkcaputre	wanxiasijin	Java	Code	48	219	package com.ding.networkcaptureself; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.View; import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity; import com.ding.library.CaptureInfoInterceptor; import java.io.IOException; import okhttp3.Call; import okhttp3.Callback; import okhttp3.OkHttpClient; import okhttp3.Request; import okhttp3.Response; public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { private OkHttpClient okHttpClient; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); okHttpClient = new OkHttpClient.Builder() .addInterceptor(new CaptureInfoInterceptor()) .build(); } }	46,564
https://github.com/hallanpagani/SistemaUFO/blob/master/FlyAdminModelo/model/adm/Usuario.cs	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	null	SistemaUFO	hallanpagani	C#	Code	160	504	using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations; using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema; using BaseModelo.classes; using BaseModelo.model.generico; namespace BaseModelo.model.adm { [Table("tb_sistema_usuario")] public class Usuario: BaseID { [Key] [AutoInc] [Required] [Column("id")] public long Id { get; set; } [Required] [Column("id_perfil")] public long IdPerfil { get; set; } public string descricaoPerfil { get; set; } [Required] [EmailAddress] [Display(Name = "E-mail de acesso")] [Column("ds_login")] public string Email { get; set; } [Required] [Column("nm_usuario")] [Display(Name = "Nome do usuário")] public string NomeDoUsuario { get; set; } [Required] [DataType(DataType.Password)] [Display(Name = "Senha de acesso")] [Column("ds_senha")] public string Password { get; set; } [DataType(DataType.Password)] [Compare("Password")] [Display(Name = "Confirmação de senha")] public string PasswordConfirmacao { get; set; } [Required] [Column("is_ativo")] [Display(Name = "Ativar ?")] public int is_ativo { get; set; } [Required] [Display(Name = "Ativar usuário ?")] public bool ativar_usuario { get; set; } [Column("departamento")] public string departamento { get; set; } [Column("id_device")] public string id_device { get; set; } public int id_evento { get; set; } public string nome_evento { get; set; } } }	7,919
6496168_1	Court Listener	Open Government	Public Domain	null	None	None	Unknown	Unknown	4,502	7,515	[Cite as State v. Powers, 2022-Ohio-2233.] STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF SUMMIT ) STATE OF OHIO C.A. No. 30025 Appellee v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE JACOB P. POWERS COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO Appellant CASE No. CR 20 12 3456 DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY Dated: June 29, 2022 CALLAHAN, Judge. {¶1} Appellant, Jacob Powers, appeals his conviction by the Summit County Court of Common Pleas. This Court affirms. I. {¶2} On November 1, 2019,1 a complaint was filed in the Summit County Juvenile Court that alleged that Mr. Powers was a delinquent child by virtue of committing acts that would constitute rape in violation of R.C. 2907.02 if committed by an adult—a category two offense under R.C. 2152.02(BB)(1). The complaint alleged that Mr. Powers committed those acts in 2016, when he was sixteen years old; Mr. Powers was approximately two weeks from his twenty-first birthday when the complaint was filed. The State of Ohio moved to dismiss the complaint on November 12, 2019, one day before Mr. Powers’ twenty-first birthday, arguing that the juvenile case should be dismissed “due to the fact that the named Defendant will [attain] the age of 21 on 1 The document bears the erroneous timestamp “2019 OCT 32.” 2 November 13, 2019; thus depriving the Juvenile Court of jurisdiction over the case.” The State also represented that “[t]he appropriate court for this case to be filed in is the Summit County Court of Common Pleas General Division.” The juvenile court dismissed the complaint without prejudice on the same date, noting that “[Mr. Powers] will be 21 years old tomorrow and this Court will no longer have jurisdiction.” On November 19, 2019, Mr. Powers was indicted for three counts of rape in violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b), but the trial court dismissed the indictment without prejudice on June 11, 2020. {¶3} On June 3, 2020, a second complaint alleging that Mr. Powers was delinquent based on the same conduct was filed in juvenile court. Mr. Powers moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing that because the juvenile court dismissed the first complaint, it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the second in light of the fact that he had turned twenty-one. The juvenile court denied the motion. On November 25, 2020, the juvenile court transferred the case to the Summit County Court of Common Pleas pursuant to R.C. 2152.10 and R.C. 2152.12(B), and on December 9, 2020, a second indictment issued that charged Mr. Powers with three counts of rape in violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b). Mr. Powers pleaded guilty to one count, and the remaining two counts were dismissed. The trial court notified Mr. Powers of his status as a Tier III sex offender/child victim offender and explained his registration duties and residential restrictions that resulted from that status. {¶4} Prior to sentencing, Mr. Powers moved the trial court to apply R.C. 2152.82 instead of R.C. 2950.01 with respect to his classification as a sex offender. The trial court did not rule on his motion, but on June 3, 2021, the trial court sentenced Mr. Powers to a mandatory prison term of three years and reiterated his obligations as a Tier III sex offender/child victim offender. Mr. Powers appealed, raising two assignments of error. 3 II. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1 THE [JUVENILE COURT] ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT DENIED APPELLANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS FOR LACK OF SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION IN CASE DL-20-06-00469[.] {¶5} Mr. Powers’ first assignment of error argues that the juvenile court erred by denying his motion to dismiss the second complaint filed in juvenile court because he had attained the age of twenty-one years before he was apprehended. In effect, Mr. Powers argues that the juvenile court did not have jurisdiction over the case in the first instance and, consequently, the transfer and everything that followed were void. {¶6} Juvenile courts have exclusive original jurisdiction “[c]oncerning any child who on or about the date specified in the complaint * * * is alleged * * * to be a juvenile traffic offender or a delinquent, unruly, abused, neglected, or dependent child * * .” R.C. 2151.23(A)(1). See also State v. Hudson, Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-1435, ¶ 24. For purposes of R.C. Chapter 2151, a “child” is generally one “who is under eighteen years of age[.]” R.C. 2151.011(B)(6). In the case of an individual alleged to be a delinquent child, the jurisdiction of the juvenile court terminates if the case is transferred for prosecution in the court of common pleas pursuant to R.C. 2152.12. See R.C. 2151.23(H). The procedure set forth in R.C. 2152.12 “constitutes the only method by which a juvenile court may relinquish its exclusive original jurisdiction concerning a delinquent child[,] * * [and] absent a proper bindover procedure * * , the juvenile court has the exclusive subject matter jurisdiction over any case concerning a child who is alleged to be a delinquent.” State v. Wilson, 73 Ohio St.3d 40, 44 (1995) (interpreting former R.C. 2151.26). 4 {¶7} Nonetheless, a juvenile court does not have jurisdiction over any portion of a delinquency case, and the procedures related to transfer are inapplicable, under certain circumstances: If a person under eighteen years of age allegedly commits an act that would be a felony if committed by an adult and if the person is not taken into custody or apprehended for that act until after the person attains twenty-one years of age, the juvenile court does not have jurisdiction to hear or determine any portion of the case charging the person with committing that act. In those circumstances, divisions (A) and (B) of section 2152.12 of the Revised Code do not apply regarding the act, and the case charging the person with committing the act shall be a criminal prosecution commenced and heard in the appropriate court having jurisdiction of the offense as if the person had been eighteen years of age or older when the person committed the act. All proceedings pertaining to the act shall be within the jurisdiction of the court having jurisdiction of the offense, and that court has all the authority and duties in the case that it has in other criminal cases in that court. (Emphasis added.) R.C. 2151.23(I). Similarly, R.C. 2152.02(C)(3) explains that for purposes of R.C. Chapter 2152, “[a]ny person who, while under eighteen years of age, commits an act that would be a felony if committed by an adult and who is not taken into custody or apprehended for that act until after the person attains twenty-one years of age is not a child in relation to that act.” In addition, like R.C. 2151.23(I), R.C. 2152.12(J) clarifies that “[i]f a person under eighteen years of age allegedly commits an act that would be a felony if committed by an adult and if the person is not taken into custody or apprehended for that act until after the person attains twenty-one years of age, the juvenile court does not have jurisdiction to hear or determine any portion of the case charging the person with committing that act.” (Emphasis added.) {¶8} Commenting on the language of R.C. 2151.23(I), the Supreme Court of Ohio has noted it “‘effectively remove[s] anyone over 21 years of age from juvenile-court jurisdiction, regardless of the date on which the person allegedly committed the offense.’” (Emphasis in original.) Bear v. Buchanan, 156 Ohio St.3d 348, 2019-Ohio-931, ¶ 5, quoting State v. Walls, 96 5 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, ¶ 14. The determining factor under R.C. 2151.23(I) for deciding whether the juvenile court has jurisdiction is “‘the age of the offender upon apprehension[.]’” (Emphasis in original.) Bear at ¶ 5, quoting Walls at ¶ 14. {¶9} The import of these statutes is clear. When an individual who is alleged to have committed a crime while under the age of eighteen years is not apprehended or taken into custody until after attaining the age of twenty-one years, the juvenile court does not have subject matter jurisdiction and, consequently, has nothing to relinquish through bindover proceedings. See R.C. 2151.23(I); R.C. 2152.12(J). Under those circumstances, the individual is not a “child” and, therefore, is not within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court. R.C. 2152.02(C)(3). See also R.C. 2151.23(A)(1); R.C. 2151.011(B)(6). Instead, pursuant to R.C. 2151.23(I), the individual must be prosecuted in the court that would otherwise have subject matter jurisdiction over the offense. {¶10} An individual is “taken into custody” in a delinquency case “[p]ursuant to the laws of arrest[.]” See R.C. 2151.31(A)(2); Hudson, Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-1435, at ¶ 28. See also R.C. 2151.31(B)(1) (“The taking of a child into custody is not and shall not be deemed an arrest except for the purpose of determining its validity under the constitution of this state or of the United States.”). The Revised Code does not define the term “apprehended” for purposes of R.C. 2151.23(I), R.C. 2152.02(C)(3), or R.C. 2152.12(J). See State v. Loveless, 158 Ohio St.3d 1483, 2020-Ohio-1488, ¶ 4 (Donnelly, J., dissenting). One court has concluded that “the phrases ‘apprehended for’ and ‘taken into custody’ both indicate a form of detention as opposed to a mere thought or perception that a person named as the perpetrator of an offense could be arrested or detained.” (Emphasis in original.) State v. Taylor, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105322, 2017-Ohio- 6 8066, ¶ 8. Consequently, according to the Eighth District Court of Appeals, “the phrase ‘apprehended for’ [is] synonymous with detention[.]” Id.2 {¶11} The Supreme Court of Ohio recently considered the import of R.C. 2151.23(I) in Hudson. In that case, the defendant was indicted on three charges that alleged conduct committed while he was under the age of eighteen and three charges that alleged conduct committed after his eighteenth birthday. Hudson at ¶ 4-5. He was arrested shortly thereafter at the age of twenty, and because he could not post bond, he remained in custody throughout the proceedings. Id. at ¶ 6. The defendant was tried in the court of common pleas on the three charges that related to conduct after his eighteenth birthday, acquitted of two charges, convicted of one, and sentenced to a mandatory thirty-six-month prison term. Id. at ¶ 7. The trial court dismissed the other three counts without prejudice, but the defendant was subsequently reindicted on those three counts. Id. at ¶ 8. When he was reindicted, the defendant was twenty-two years old. Id. {¶12} The defendant moved to dismiss the new indictment, arguing that the charges pertained to conduct committed before he attained the age of eighteen years and that he was taken into custody pursuant to R.C. 2151.23(I) when he was arrested at age twenty. Hudson at ¶ 10, 13. The trial court denied the motion to dismiss; the defendant pleaded no contest and challenged the jurisdiction of the court of common pleas on appeal. Id. at ¶ 10, 12, 13. The 2 In an earlier case, to which the parties and the trial court pointed, the Eighth District Court of Appeals concluded that filing a complaint in juvenile court and service of summons constituted apprehension for purposes of R.C. 2151.23(I). See State v. Lindstrom, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96653, 2011-Ohio-6755, ¶ 29. The opinion in that case, however, “may not be cited as authority except by the parties inter se.” State v. Lindstrom, 135 Ohio St.3d 251, 2013-Ohio-731. This Court makes no determination regarding that issue in this case. 7 Seventh District Court of Appeals affirmed, but the Supreme Court of Ohio reversed. See id. at ¶ 14 30. The State argued that “jurisdiction [was] determined based on when [the defendant] was taken into custody for the second indictment, which occurred when he was [twenty-two] years old.” Id. at ¶ 17. The Supreme Court of Ohio disagreed, emphasizing that “because [the defendant] was taken into custody at the age of [twenty], the statutory provisions did not vest the general division with jurisdiction over [him.]” Id. at ¶ 29. {¶13} The facts in this case are distinguishable from those presented in Hudson. It is undisputed that Mr. Powers was alleged to have committed the acts at issue when he was under eighteen years of age and that he was arrested shortly before his twenty-first birthday. It is also apparent from the record that the juvenile court dismissed the first complaint in error. Based on statements contained within the record, however, it appears that Mr. Powers was released from juvenile detention upon dismissal of the first complaint. It also appears that when he was subsequently indicted for the same offenses, he was arrested again and detained in the Summit County Jail until the trial court dismissed the indictment without prejudice and a second complaint was filed in juvenile court, at which point Mr. Powers was released from custody again. When he appeared for his preliminary hearing in juvenile court on the second complaint, he was not in custody; he was living in a sober house in Cuyahoga County and under continuing supervision there for a drug-related offense. {¶14} This Court cannot conclude, given the facts in the record, that Mr. Powers’ arrest in connection with the first complaint filed in juvenile court continued to have relevance for purposes of determining whether the juvenile court retained jurisdiction over him under R.C. 2151.23(I), R.C. 2152.02(C)(3), and R.C. 2152.12(J) upon filing of the second complaint in juvenile court. Consequently, the juvenile court did not have subject matter jurisdiction to 8 determine any portion of the case against him. See 2151.23(I), R.C. 2152.12(J); Bear, 156 Ohio St.3d 348, 2019-Ohio-931, at ¶ 5, quoting Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, at ¶ 14. This determination does not, however, lead us to conclude that Mr. Powers’ conviction by the court of common pleas must be vacated. Because the juvenile court lacked subject matter jurisdiction in the first instance, it had nothing to relinquish through bindover proceedings. See R.C. 2151.23(I); R.C. 2152.12(J). Pursuant to R.C. 2151.23(I), the court of common pleas had jurisdiction to determine the offenses of which Mr. Powers was accused, and a prosecution in that court was instituted by means of the indictment that was filed on December 9, 2020. {¶15} Accordingly, although the juvenile court erred by dismissing the first complaint and by denying Mr. Powers’ motion to dismiss the second complaint, the December 9, 2020, indictment instituted a prosecution against him in the court that had jurisdiction over the offenses. See R.C. 2151.23(I). There was no prejudice that resulted from the error assigned in this case, and Mr. Powers’ first assignment of error is overruled on that basis. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2 THE TRIAL COURT’S CLASSIFICATION OF APPELLANT AS A SEX OFFENDER UNDER [R.C. 2950.01] IS A VIOLATION OF DUE PROCESS AND CONSTITUTES CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT AS HE WAS A JUVENILE AT THE TIME OF THE INCIDENT[.] {¶16} Mr. Powers’ second assignment of error argues that because he was under the age of eighteen years when he committed the offenses at issue, R.C. 2950.01 et seq. is unconstitutional as applied to him. This Court does not agree. {¶17} A facial challenge to the constitutionality of a statute “asserts that there is no conceivable set of circumstances in which the statute would be valid. [Arbino v. Johnson & Johnson, 116 Ohio St.3d 468, 2007-Ohio-6948, ¶ 26.] An as-applied challenge, on the other hand, alleges that application of the statute in a particular factual context is unconstitutional.” Simpkins 9 v. Grace Brethren Church of Delaware, Ohio, 149 Ohio St.3d 307, 2016-Ohio-8118, ¶ 20. This Court reviews constitutional challenges de novo. See Cleveland v. State, 157 Ohio St.3d 330, 2019-Ohio-3820, ¶ 15. In so doing, “we must acknowledge that legislative enactments are entitled to a strong presumption of constitutionality.” State ex rel. Ohio Congress of Parents & Teachers v. State Bd. of Edn., 111 Ohio St.3d 568, 2006-Ohio-5512, ¶ 20. {¶18} The current version of R.C. Chapter 2950, known as the Adam Walsh Act (“AWA”) is a “comprehensive tiered registration system that classifies offenders based on the offense committed[.]” State v. J.M., 9th Dist. Summit No. 29874, 2021-Ohio-2668, ¶ 7, citing State v. Bodyke, 126 Ohio St.3d 266, 2010-Ohio-2424, ¶ 18-28. A person who pleads guilty to rape in violation of R.C. 2907.02 is automatically classified as a Tier III sex offender. See R.C. 2950.01(G)(1)(a). With respect to juvenile offenders, however, “[w]hen a juvenile commits a sex offense, the juvenile court has the ability to classify the juvenile as a sex offender.” In re R.B., 162 Ohio St.3d 281, 2020-Ohio-5476, ¶ 4. In that situation, [u]nlike adult offenders, whose classification levels are based solely on the underlying offense, see R.C. 2950.01, the juvenile court has discretion to determine the appropriate classification for a juvenile offender, see R.C. 2152.83(A)(2) and (B)(2). Additionally, while adult classifications flow directly from the conviction and are not subject to modification, the juvenile court retains jurisdiction to review a juvenile offender’s classification. The classification process is set forth in a series of statutes * . The juvenile court conducts a hearing at the time of the juvenile’s disposition, see R.C. 2152.83, and at the time the juvenile completes the disposition, see R.C. 2152.84. After that, the juvenile may petition the juvenile court for review every three or five years. See R.C. 2152.85. Id. at ¶ 5. Classification is discretionary for those aged fourteen or fifteen years who are not repeat offenders or serious youthful offenders. In re D.S., 146 Ohio St.3d 182, 2016-Ohio-1027, ¶ 14, citing In re I.A., 140 Ohio St.3d 203, 2014-Ohio-3155, ¶ 6. {¶19} In In re C.P., 131 Ohio St.3d 513, 2012-Ohio-1446, the Supreme Court of Ohio considered whether another statute that relates to juveniles violated the right to due process and 10 the prohibitions against cruel and unusual punishment in the Ohio and United States Constitutions. Id. at ¶ 1. The statute at issue, R.C. 2152.86, created a class of juvenile registrants who were “subject to more stringent registration and notification requirements” that were “imposed automatically rather than at the discretion of a juvenile judge.” Id. at ¶ 12. Noting that the statute applied only to juveniles who had been designated serious youthful offenders, the Supreme Court observed that “R.C. 2152.86 changes the very nature of an SYO disposition, imposing an adult penalty immediately upon the adjudication.” Id. at ¶ 16. In summary, the Court noted that a Tier III classification under R.C. 2152.86 “impose[d] a lifetime penalty that extends well beyond the age at which the juvenile court loses jurisdiction. It is a consequence that attaches immediately and leaves a juvenile with no means of avoiding the penalty by demonstrating that he will benefit from rehabilitative opportunities.” Id. at ¶ 24. {¶20} Turning to the appellant’s facial challenge to R.C. 2152.86 based on due process, the Court emphasized that “‘the applicable due process standard in juvenile proceedings * * is fundamental fairness.’” (Alteration in original.) In re C.P. at ¶ 72, quoting McKeiver v. Pennsylvania, 403 U.S. 528, 543 (1971). The Court noted its previous holding that “[t]he disposition of a child is so different from the sentencing of an adult that fundamental fairness to the child demands the unique expertise of a juvenile judge.” In re C.P. at ¶ 76, citing State v. D.H., 120 Ohio St.3d 540, 2009-Ohio-9, ¶ 59. Applying these principles, the Court held that the automatic-classification requirements of R.C. 2152.86 “eliminate[] the discretion of the juvenile judge, this essential element of the juvenile process, at the most consequential part of the dispositional process[]” because it “requires the automatic imposition of a lifetime punishment— with no chance of reconsideration for 25 years—without benefit of a juvenile judge weighing its 11 appropriateness.” In re C.P. at ¶ 77. Nonetheless, the Court emphasized that the scope of its decision was limited: Again, we are dealing with juveniles who remain in the juvenile system through the decision of a juvenile judge—a decision made through the balancing of the factors set forth in R.C. 2152.12(B)—that the juvenile at issue is amenable to the rehabilitative purpose of the juvenile system. The protections and rehabilitative aims of the juvenile process must remain paramount; we must recognize that juvenile offenders are less culpable and more amenable to reform than adult offenders. Id. at ¶ 84. {¶21} The Supreme Court also considered whether R.C. 2152.86 violated the constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, focusing again on “juvenile offender[s] who remain within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court[.]” In re C.P. at ¶ 58. Under both the Ohio and United States Constitutions, the Court concluded that with respect to those individuals, the “automatic imposition of lifetime sex-offender registration and notification requirements[]” violated the prohibition. Id. at ¶ 58, 69. With respect to the Ohio Constitution, the Court emphasized the importance of the character of juvenile proceedings in its analysis: S.B. 10 forces registration and notification requirements into a juvenile system where rehabilitation is paramount, confidentiality is elemental, and individualized treatment from judges is essential. The public punishments required by R.C. 2152.86 are automatic, lifelong, and contrary to the rehabilitative goals of the juvenile system. Id. at ¶ 69. {¶22} Mr. Powers asks this Court to apply the reasoning of In re C.P. to his as-applied constitutional challenges to R.C. 2950.01 et seq. Specifically, he urges this Court to conclude that R.C. 2950.01 et seq. is unconstitutional as applied to him because, had he been taken into custody before his twenty-first birthday, the provisions of R.C. 2152.82 would have applied to him instead. 12 {¶23} Mr. Powers, however, was not a “juvenile[] who remain[ed] in the juvenile system through the decision of a juvenile judge” for purposes of his as-applied constitutional challenges. See In re C.P. at ¶ 84. Noting that “[t]his is a critical distinction[,]” the Fourth District Court of Appeals has declined to extend the holding of In re C.P. to as-applied constitutional challenges by individuals who have been prosecuted as an adult by operation of R.C. 2151.23(I). State v. Stidam, 4th Dist. Adams No. 15CA1014, 2016-Ohio-7906, ¶ 43, 51. The Court explained: Here, [the appellant] was not determined to be a serious youth[ful] offender or even adjudicated within the juvenile system. Thus, the In re C.P. decision is clearly distinguishable from the present case. * * . * * [T]he Ohio Supreme Court repeatedly referenced the protections and rehabilitative purposes of the juvenile system, as well as the important role of the juvenile judge’s discretion in sentencing. Because [the appellant] was indicted as an adult, those aspects of the juvenile system are simply not applicable here. It was C.P.’s status as an SYO and his disposition in the juvenile system that led the Court to find that automatic, lifetime registration “undercuts the rehabilitative purpose of Ohio’s juvenile system and eliminates the important role of the juvenile court’s discretion in the disposition of juvenile offender.” Id. at ¶ 85. Fundamentally contrasting, [the appellant] was adjudicated in the general division of the common pleas court in the adult court. Stidam at ¶ 23-24. The Court rejected the appellant’s argument that application of R.C. 2950.01 et seq. violated the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment for similar reasons, emphasizing that by operation of R.C. 2151.23(I), the appellant was “prevented * * * from being subject to [the] juvenile system and thus outside the bounds of the Ohio Supreme Court’s analysis in In re C.P.” Stidam at ¶ 50. This Court agrees that because the juvenile court did not have subject matter jurisdiction over Mr. Powers by operation of R.C. 2151.23(I), his constitutional arguments based on In re C.P. are not well taken. {¶24} Moreover, Mr. Powers has failed to point to evidence substantiating his constitutional challenges. The proponent of an as-applied constitutional challenge “has the burden of presenting a presently existing state of facts that make the [ordinance] unconstitutional under 13 the appropriate level of scrutiny.” Eppley v. Tri-Valley Loc. School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 122 Ohio St.3d 56, 2009-Ohio-1970, ¶ 13. See also Harrold v. Collier, 107 Ohio St.3d 44, 2005-Ohio-5334, ¶ 38, citing Belden v. Union Cent. Life Ins. Co., 143 Ohio St. 329 (1944), paragraph six of the syllabus (“[W]here statutes are challenged on the ground that they are unconstitutional as applied to a particular set of facts, the party making the challenge bears the burden of presenting clear and convincing evidence of a presently existing set of facts that make the statutes unconstitutional and void when applied to those facts.”). In support of his as-applied challenges to the constitutionality of R.C. 2950.01 et seq., Mr. Powers points to a single statement made by the juvenile court judge during his amenability hearing: If this case had come before the court when this young man was 17 * * * if he were found to be delinquent, [someone] would be working on a treatment plan for him to try to deal with all the trauma and experiences that he had in his life and try to get him on the right path. *** My hands are really tied in this matter. * * * I don’t have a choice in the matter. I wish I did, but I don’t quite frankly. You know, I have no alternative but to transfer this case to the General Division. In other words, Mr. Powers relies upon the juvenile court’s speculation that had he appeared before the Court before his eighteenth birthday, the juvenile court would not have relinquished jurisdiction. Notably, however, Mr. Powers could not have appeared before the juvenile court before his eighteenth birthday because the victim in this case—who was less than thirteen years of age at the time of the offense—did not disclose the rape until Mr. Powers was twenty years of age. {¶25} This Court cannot conclude that the application of R.C. 2950.01 et seq. is unconstitutional with respect to Mr. Powers. His second assignment of error is overruled. III. 14 {¶26} Mr. Powers’ assignments of error are overruled. The judgment of the Summit County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed. Judgment affirmed. There were reasonable grounds for this appeal. We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27. Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30. Costs taxed to Appellant. LYNNE S. CALLAHAN FOR THE COURT HENSAL, P. J. CONCURS. CARR, J. CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY. 15 APPEARANCES: ANGELA M. KILLE, Attorney at Law, for Appellant. SHERRI BEVAN WALSH, Prosecuting Attorney, and JACQUENETTE S. CORGAN, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.	48,365
2021/52021XX0426(01)/52021XX0426(01)_EN.txt_1	Eurlex	Open Government	CC-By	2,021	None	None	English	Spoken	1,492	2,346	C_2021147EN.01000401.xml 26.4.2021 EN Official Journal of the European Union C 147/4 Summary of the Opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor on the Proposal for a Digital Markets Act (The full text of this Opinion can be found in English, French and German on the EDPS website www.edps.europa.eu)l (2021/C 147/04) On 15 December 2020, the Commission published a Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Act). The Proposal follows the Communication Shaping Europe’s Digital Future, which indicated that additional rules may be needed to ensure contestability, fairness and innovation and the possibility of market entry, as well as public interests that go beyond competition or economic considerations. The Proposal establishes ex ante rules to ensure that markets characterised by large platforms with significant network effects (‘gatekeepers’), remain fair and contestable. In doing so, the Proposal sets out provisions concerning the designation of gatekeepers which takes into account the data driven advantage related among others to the provider’s access to and collection of personal data; obligations and prohibitions to which the gatekeepers are subject; rules for carrying out market investigations; provisions concerning the implementation and enforcement of the Proposal. In this Opinion the EDPS welcomes the Proposal, as it seeks to promote fair and open markets and the fair processing of personal data. Already in 2014, the EDPS pointed out how competition, consumer protection and data protection law are three inextricably linked policy areas in the context of the online platform economy. The EDPS considers that the relationship between these three areas should be a relationship of complementarity, not a relationship where one area replaces or enters into friction with another. The EDPS highlights in this Opinion those provisions of the Proposal which produce the effect of mutually reinforcing contestability of the market and ultimately also control by the person concerned on her or his personal data. This is the case for instance of Article 5(f), prohibiting the mandatory subscription by the end-users to other core platforms services offered by the gatekeeper; Article 6(1)(b), allowing the end-user to un-install pre-installed software applications on the core platform service; Article 6(1)(e), prohibiting the gatekeeper from restricting the ability of end-users to switch between different software applications and services; and Article 13, laying down the obligation for the gatekeeper to submit to the Commission an independently audited description of any techniques for profiling of consumers that the gatekeeper applies to or across its core platform services. At the same time, the EDPS provides specific recommendations to help ensure that the Proposal complements the GDPR effectively, increasing protection for the fundamental rights and freedoms of the persons concerned, and avoiding frictions with current data protection rules. In this regard, the EDPS recommends in particular specifying in Article 5(a) of the Proposal that the gatekeeper shall provide end-users with a solution of easy and prompt accessibility for consent management; clarifying the scope of the data portability envisaged in Article 6(1)(h) of the Proposal; and rewording Article 6(1)(i) of the Proposal to ensure full consistency with the GDPR; and raising the attention on the need for effective anonymisation and re-identification tests when sharing query, click and view data in relation to free and paid search generated by end users on online search engines of the gatekeeper. Moreover, the EDPS invites the co-legislators to consider introducing minimum interoperability requirements for gatekeepers and to promote the development of technical standards at European level, in accordance with the applicable Union legislation on European standardisation. Finally, building among others on the experience of the Digital Clearinghouse, the EDPS recommends specifying under Article 32(1) that the Digital Markets Advisory Committee shall include representatives of the EDPB, and calls, more broadly, for an institutionalised and structured cooperation between the relevant competent oversight authorities, including data protection authorities. This cooperation should ensure in particular that all relevant information can be exchanged with the relevant authorities so they can fulfil their complementary role, while acting in accordance with their respective institutional mandates. 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1. On 15 December 2020, the European Commission adopted the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Act) (hereafter, ‘the Proposal’) (1). 2. The Proposal follows the Communication Shaping Europe’s Digital Future, which indicated that additional rules may be needed to ensure contestability, fairness and innovation and the possibility of market entry, as well as public interests that go beyond competition or economic considerations. The Communication also announced that the Commission would explore ex ante rules to ensure that markets characterised by large platforms with significant network effects acting as gatekeepers, remain fair and contestable for innovators, businesses, and new market entrants. (2) 3. According to the Explanatory Memorandum to the Proposal, a few large platforms in the digital sector increasingly act as gateways or ‘gatekeepers’ between business users and end users. Such gatekeepers are said to be entrenched in digital markets, leading to significant dependencies of many business users and negative effects on the contestability of the core platform services concerned. In certain cases, the dependencies lead to unfair behaviour vis-à-vis these business users (3). 4. The objective of the Proposal is to address at EU level the most salient incidences of unfair practices and weak contestability in relation to so-called ‘core platform services’. (4) To this end, the Proposal: — establishes the conditions under which providers of core platform services should be designated as ‘gatekeepers’ (Chapter II); — sets out the practices of gatekeepers that limit contestability and that are unfair, laying down obligations that the designated gatekeepers should comply with, some of which are susceptible to further specification (Chapter III); — provides rules for carrying out market investigations (Chapter IV); and — contains provisions concerning the implementation and enforcement of this Regulation (Chapter V). 5. The EDPS was consulted informally on the draft Proposal for a Digital Markets Act on 8 December 2020. The EDPS welcomes the fact that he has been consulted at this early stage of the procedure. 6. In addition to the Proposal, the Commission has also adopted a Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Single Market for Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and amending Directive 2000/31/EC. In accordance with Article 42(1) of Regulation 2018/1725, the EDPS has also been consulted on the Proposal for a Digital Services Act, which is the subject matter of a separate Opinion. 2. CONCLUSIONS In light of the above, the EDPS makes the following recommendations: — to specify that the Proposal complements both Regulation 2016/679 and Directive 2002/58/EC, and that the Proposal does not particularise or replace any of the obligations of core platform services under Regulation 2016/679 and Directive 2002/58/EC; — to specify in Article 5(a) of the Proposal that the gatekeeper shall provide end-users with a user-friendly solution (of easy and prompt accessibility) for consent management in line with Regulation 2016/679, and, in particular, the requirement of privacy by design and privacy by default laid down in Article 25 of Regulation 2016/679; — to add a reference to end-users under Article 5(f) of the Proposal; — to clarify the scope of the data portability envisaged in Article 6(1)(h) of the Proposal; — to reword Article 6(1)(i) of the Proposal to ensure consistency with the GDPR, taking into account in particular the definition of ‘personal data’ under Article 4(1) of the GDPR; — to strengthen the reference in Article 6(1)(j) of the Proposal specifying in a recital that the gatekeeper shall be able to demonstrate that the anonymised query, click and view data have been adequately tested against possible reidentification risks; — to add reference to end-users in Article 10(2)(a) of the Proposal; — to reword Article 11(2) of the Proposal by replacing ‘or’ with ‘and’; — to specify that the audited description shall be shared by the Commission with the EDPB or at least the competent supervisory authorities under the GDPR at their request; — to specify under Article 32(1) that the Digital Markets Advisory Committee shall consist of representatives of the European Data Protection Board, as well as of representatives of the competent authorities of the Member States for competition, electronic communications, audio-visual services, electoral oversight, and consumer protection; — to consider introducing minimum interoperability requirements for gatekeepers and to promote the development of technical standards at the European level, in accordance with the applicable Union legislation on European standardisation; — to establish an institutionalised and structured cooperation between the relevant competent oversight authorities, including data protection authorities. This cooperation should ensure in particular that all relevant information can be exchanged with the relevant authorities so they can fulfil their complementary role, while acting in accordance with their respective institutional mandate. Brussels, 10 February 2021. Wojciech WIEWIÓROWSKI (1) COM(2020) 842 final. (2) COM(2020) 67 final. (3) COM(2020) 842 final p. 1. (4) COM(2020) 842 final p. 2.	33,910
US-71375800-A_1	USPTO	Open Government	Public Domain	2,000	None	None	English	Spoken	2,132	2,497	Modular pallet construction ABSTRACT A modular pallet construction allowing the formation of storage pallets of varying sizes and configurations. The pallet includes a top deck formed from a plurality of plate members interconnected to create a storage platform. The number and orientation of the plate members dictates the configuration of the top deck. The top deck is supported by beams which create a space beneath the top deck into which lift forks may be inserted to transport the pallet and its contents. In order to reduce the weight of the pallet yet provide ample strength, the plate members are formed with a core of high density expanded foam encapsulated in a rigid coating material. RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/166,256 filed Nov. 18, 1999. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION I. Field of the Invention This invention is related to modular pallet constructions and, in particular, to a lightweight modular pallet which facilitates the construction of pallets of various sizes and configurations with sufficient strength to support typical loads. II. Description of the Prior Art Traditionally, storage pallets have been constructed of wood materials in conventional configurations. In the past, wood has been a relatively inexpensive and simple to work with material. As lumber prices have increased along with concern with depletion of our natural resources, alternative materials have been explored. Additionally, the exportation of goods on wood pallets is prohibited between some countries because of the concern of introducing pests such as wood beetles. Therefore, manmade materials must be utilized as storage platforms. It has also become desirable to construct pallets of different dimensions to more closely accommodate the size of different loads and thereby reduce storage costs by standing the loads side-by-side. Although wood pallets can be constructed of different dimensions, the pallets are not easily rearranged for different loads. Because wood pallets tend to be viewed as disposable, pallets constructed of manmade materials will be more readily accepted as returnable and reusable. SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION The present invention overcomes the disadvantages of the prior known pallets by providing an entirely modular construction which facilitates the assembly of pallets of nearly any size and configuration. The modular pallet of the present invention includes a top deck formed of a plurality of interlocking plates which are combined to create the desired dimensional attributes of the pallet. The plates may be combined in various orientations to create the required storage deck for the pallet. Each of the plates is preferably constructed of a base and a cap plate secured together for improved strength. In order to provide a space for insertion of lift forks, the connected top deck is mounted to at least one intermediate I-beam and end box beams for supporting the edges of the deck. In a preferred embodiment, the I-beam and end beams include slots for receiving the edges of certain plates forming the top deck. One or more bottom slats may be used to connect the bottom edges of the beams. The components of the modular pallet may be formed of a variety of man-made materials including being molded or extruded of plastic or composite wood/plastic. One preferred embodiment of the invention contemplates manufacturing the components using a foam core material coated or encapsulated in a more dense and rigid material. Such a construction would substantially reduce the weight of the assembled pallet while maintaining transport strength. Possible materials for the core material include polystyrene foam of a high density. Coating materials may include a polyurea coating. The individual components of the pallet may be molded then coated with the rigid material or the entire assembled pallet may be coated with the rigid material. Although coating the entire assembly would reduce the cost of manufacture it reduces the flexibility to rearrange different sized pallets. Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The present invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the present invention when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout the views and in which: FIG. 1 is a top view of a first embodiment of a modular pallet construction embodying the present invention; FIG. 2 is an end view of the modular pallet; FIG. 3 is an enlarged partial top view of the top storage deck of the present invention; FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of the cap piece for the deck plates; FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a modular pallet embodying present invention; FIG. 6 is a diagram of the intermediate I-beam; and FIG. 7 is a diagram of the outer box beams. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE PRESENT INVENTION Referring to the drawing, there is shown a modular pallet 10 adapted for convenient storage and transport of inventory, supplies, machinery, etc. As with traditional pallets, the present invention facilitates engagement and transport by lift forks and stacking in storage areas. However, the modular construction of the pallet 10 allows convenient assembly of storage pallets of nearly any workable configuration. Generally, the modular pallet 10 of the present invention includes a top deck 20 to support the load, at least one intermediate beam 40 and end beam 50. A bottom deck 60 may be provided to connect the bottom edges of the beams 40 and 50. The top deck is formed of a plurality of interconnected plates 22 which are combined to form a deck 20 of the desired configuration and dimensions. Any number of plates 22 may be combined along the width and length of the pallet 10. The plates 22 each include an upper plate 24 secured to a lower plate 26. The combined plate 22 has a plurality of tabs 28 and grooves 30 spaced around the periphery of the plate 22. These tabs 28 and grooves 30 cooperate with corresponding tabs and grooves of adjacent plates 22 to form the top deck 20. These plates 22 fit together much in the same manner as a puzzle piece to form the deck 20. The at least one intermediate beam 40 provides support of the deck 20 along an intermediate portion thereof. The beam 40 preferably has an I-beam configuration extruded from a plastic material. Formed along the top edge 42 and the lower edge 44 are slots 46 for receiving an edge of the plates 22 to provide support for the top deck 20. The end beams 50 similarly provide support to the top deck 20 along the outer edges of the deck 20. The end beams 50 may include slots 52 for receiving the plates 22 to interconnect the beams 50 with the top deck 20. The components of the pallet construction 10 may be assembled in a variety of orientations to construct a pallet 10 of nearly any desired configuration. The flexibility of configuration stems from the assembly of the individual plates 22. Each of the plates 22 is a sandwich assembly of a substantially rectangular upper plate or cap 24 secured to the puzzle-like lower plate or base 26. In a preferred embodiment, the upper plate 24 includes a plurality of cones 32 which are received in corresponding apertures 34 of the lower plate 26 to join the plates 22. Upon joining a plurality of plates 22, the upper plate 24 will be contiguous to form a complete planar surface upon which the load will be stored and the configured lower plate 26 contribute the tabs 28 and notches 30 for connecting adjacent plates 22. The tabs 28 will also be received in the slots of the intermediate beam 40 and the peripheral beams 50 to connect the top deck 20 to the frame. In at least one embodiment, the pallet construction 10 will include both a top deck 20 and a similarly configured bottom deck 60. In order to reduce the overall weight of the pallet, 10, the individual components are molded from manmade materials. A preferred embodiment of the present invention contemplates molding the plates 24,26 of a structural foam and encapsulating the plates 24,26 in a more rigid material. The base material could be a high density, polystyrene foam with a polyurea coating. The beams 40,50 are molded or extruded of plastic or a composite of wood and plastic. As an alternative, the plates 22 molded of the structural foam could be assembled to form the top deck and then encapsulated to create a substantially integral deck 20. The foregoing detailed description has been given for clearness of understanding only and no unnecessary limitations should be understood therefrom as some modifications will be obvious to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the appended claims. What is claimed is: 1. A modular pallet construction comprising: a top deck formed of a plurality of interconnected plate members, said plate members including a lower plate attached to an upper plate, said upper plate having a substantially rectangular configuration and said lower plate having notches and tabs formed on the periphery thereof wherein said lower plate interconnects said plate members to form said top deck and said upper plate cooperates with adjacent upper plates to form a load bearing surface; and at least one cross support member forming a passageway beneath said top deck, said at least one cross support member having longitudinal slots on opposing sides for receiving said tabs of said plate members to detachably connect said top deck to said at least one cross support member. 2. The modular pallet as defined in claim 1 wherein said at least one cross support member includes an intermediate beam having said longitudinal slot on opposing side thereof for connecting to said top deck and a pair of end beams having said longitudinal slot along one side for connecting to said top deck. 3. The modular pallet as defined in claim 2 and further comprising a pair of edge beams disposed perpendicular to said intermediate beam and end beams, said edge beams having said longitudinal slot along one side for connecting to said top deck, said edge beams and end beams framing said top deck. 4. The modular pallet as defined in claim 2 and further comprising a bottom deck formed of a plurality of said interconnected plate members, said plate members of said bottom deck connected to said at least one cross support member. 5. The modular pallet as defined in claim 2 wherein said upper and lower plates each include a core of high density foam encapsulated with a rigid coating material. 6. The modular pallet as defined in claim 5 wherein said core of high density foam of said upper and lower plates are assembled prior to encapsulating said plate member with said rigid coating material. 7. The modular pallet as defined in claim 5 wherein said core of high density foam of said upper and lower plates are assembled to form said plate members and said plate members interconnected to configure said top deck prior to encapsulating said top deck with said rigid coating material. 8. The modular pallet as defined in claim 5 wherein said at least one cross support member is extruded from a plastic material. 9. A modular pallet construction comprising: a top deck formed of a plurality of interconnected plate members, said plate members including a lower plate attached to an upper plate, said upper plate having a substantially rectangular configuration and said lower plate having notches and tabs formed on the periphery thereof and configure to interlock with corresponding tabs and notches of an adjacent plate member whereby said lower plate interconnects said plate members and said upper plate cooperates with adjacent upper plates to form a load bearing surface; an intermediate cross support member having longitudinal slots on opposing sides for receiving said tabs of said plate members to connect said top deck to said intermediate cross support member; and end support members having a longitudinal slot along one edge for receiving said tabs of said plate members to connect said top deck to said end support members. 10. The modular pallet as defined in claim 9 and further comprising a bottom deck connected to said support members and spaced apart from said top deck, said bottom deck formed of a plurality of said interconnected plate members. 11. The modular pallet as defined in claim 9 wherein said upper and lower plates each include a core of high density foam encapsulated with a rigid coating material. 12. The modular pallet as defined in claim 9 wherein said at least one cross support member is extruded from a plastic material..	13,074
https://github.com/NightOfTwelve/iOS-Cracked-Apps/blob/master/DumpedClasses/FleaMarket/FMFishpondPostDO.h	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	2,018	iOS-Cracked-Apps	NightOfTwelve	Objective-C	Code	179	653	// // Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit). // // class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2013 by Steve Nygard. // #import "NSObject.h" @class NSString; @interface FMFishpondPostDO : NSObject { _Bool _publishFlag; _Bool _isAlreadyLike; _Bool _adminStatus; _Bool _isInPondSilenceList; NSString _id; NSString _poolName; unsigned long long _joinPoolReason; NSString _prov; NSString _city; NSString _area; NSString _gpsCenter; NSString _divisionId; long long _itemNum; double _distanceKm; NSString _uvSum; NSString _iconUrl; } @property(nonatomic) _Bool isInPondSilenceList; // @synthesize isInPondSilenceList=_isInPondSilenceList; @property(copy, nonatomic) NSString iconUrl; // @synthesize iconUrl=_iconUrl; @property(copy, nonatomic) NSString uvSum; // @synthesize uvSum=_uvSum; @property(nonatomic) _Bool adminStatus; // @synthesize adminStatus=_adminStatus; @property(nonatomic) double distanceKm; // @synthesize distanceKm=_distanceKm; @property(nonatomic) _Bool isAlreadyLike; // @synthesize isAlreadyLike=_isAlreadyLike; @property(nonatomic) long long itemNum; // @synthesize itemNum=_itemNum; @property(copy, nonatomic) NSString divisionId; // @synthesize divisionId=_divisionId; @property(copy, nonatomic) NSString gpsCenter; // @synthesize gpsCenter=_gpsCenter; @property(copy, nonatomic) NSString area; // @synthesize area=_area; @property(copy, nonatomic) NSString city; // @synthesize city=_city; @property(copy, nonatomic) NSString prov; // @synthesize prov=_prov; @property(nonatomic) _Bool publishFlag; // @synthesize publishFlag=_publishFlag; @property(nonatomic) unsigned long long joinPoolReason; // @synthesize joinPoolReason=_joinPoolReason; @property(copy, nonatomic) NSString poolName; // @synthesize poolName=_poolName; @property(copy, nonatomic) NSString id; // @synthesize id=_id; - (void).cxx_destruct; - (id)fishpondForm; @end	22,459
5726587_1	Court Listener	Open Government	Public Domain	2,022	None	None	English	Spoken	44	81	Appeal from order, Supreme Court, Bronx County (Alison Y. Tuitt, J.), entered on or about June 13, 2006, unanimously withdrawn in accordance with the terms of the stipulation of the parties hereto. No opinion. Order filed. Concur—Friedman, J.P., Marlow, Sweeny, Catterson and Malone, JJ.	8,394
<urn:uuid:fdb644b5-6a97-4d2a-bead-1b5c403eba29>	French Open Data	Open Government	Various open data	null	https://www.tabac-info-service.fr/questions-reponses/04_questions-mises-en-ligne/sommeil427	tabac-info-service.fr	French	Spoken	9	15	j’ai du mal à dormir depuis que j’ai arrêté	11,992
grammaticaportu00reisgoog_368	Portuguese-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,871	Grammatica portugueza	Francisco Sotero dos Reis	Portugueuse	Spoken	8,580	11,972	O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição.	48,381
sn87062168_1922-05-25_1_3_1	US-PD-Newspapers	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,922	None	None	English	Spoken	1,587	2,811	Alaska Steamship Co. Southwestern Alaska Route Schedule Seattle Arrives Seward 8th. from Seward ALAMEDA May 17. May 23. May 25. NORWESTERN May 27. June 2. June 2 ALAMEDA June 7. June 13. June 10. NORWESTERN June 17. June 23. June 23. VICTORIA June 28. July 4. July NORWESTERN July 8. July 14. June 14. VICTORIA July 19. July 25. July 31. NORWESTERN July 29. August 4 August 4 ALAMEDA August 9 August 15. August 17. NORWESTERN August 19. August 25. August 25. ALAMEDA goes to Anchorage. Northwestern and Alameda in above schedule calls at Ketchikan, Juneau, Cordova, Valdez, Fort Liscum, Latouche and Seward, both north and south bound. SCHEDULE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE WHEN YOU THINK ALASKA THINK ALASKA STEAMSHIP CO. G. W. PARKS, Agent PHONE MAIN 125 SEWARD, ALASKA STEAMSHIP STARR Sails from Seward for the Westward on or about the 10th day of each month carrying U. S. Mails, Freight and Passengers. Accommodations for Cabin and Steerage Passengers. San Juan Fishing and Packing Co. W. I. WHITING, Agent I PHONE MADISON 139. SEWARD, ALASKA; HOTEL ANCHORAGE STRICTLY MODERN Hot and Cold Water Steam Heat, reasonable. In every Room. ROOMS with bath. SAMPLE Rooms in Connection. BUS meets all trains and boats. F. I. REED Prop. Hotel PARSONS FRED AND JACK PARSONS, Prop. \| Bus Meets all Trains and , Single Rooms with Bath or j 1 Boats. en Suite, Popular Prices I New, Most Modern and Best Furnished Hotel in the Territory j 1 BARGE LOBBY WITH WONDERFUL VIEW. PRIVATE SITTING j ROOM FOR LADIES. EVERY COURTESY SHOWN LADIES UN- j I ATTENDED. j I ANCHORAGE, ALASKA Large Sample Room Good Beds a Specialty j f.iinBiiiimniiiiiiiimitJinriiimiaiiniiiiiiiiHiimiMiiiitJniiiiiiiiiitJiiiiiiiiiiiiaiiiiiHiHBaimBiiHiiaHiiimiiiKiiiiimiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiniii* HOTEL SEATTLE J. J. Mclsaac & H. A. Werzt, Proprietors. Ccsv Rooms Hot and cold water in every room. Comfortable Lobby. Modern heating plant. FIFTH AVENUE ANCHORAGE. ALASKA V.-----—- "—. *>iiiHiiiimraiiaiiiiiiiiiiiicjiiii!iMiiiHHiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiniaiiiiHMiiutiiniiiiMniniiiimiiuoiiiiiiiiHiaiiiiiiiiiiiiaiiiiwiiiiiHiiiiiiiniiiH I ROYAL CAFE “The Right Place To Eat When in Anchorage.” j = £ We cater to the people who like good things to eat. \| 4th Avenue, near Hotel Anchorage ANCHORAGE, Alaska. = = i ~>]iii!miiniun!iiimiiiui!!iiHmiic}n!ii\|iiiitoiiiiii\|i\|\|ic]imiiiimiuiiHii!iiiiiaiiiniiiiiiinniitiii\|ma,\|\|niiii,iiniiMiiiii,in\|\|iiii\|\|\|iiiu\|ri D. C. Mathison, Prop. “Tne Gentleman’s Resort »"l II- " THE ALASaA RAlLEOAD Trains leave and arrive at Seward as follows:— S: 30 A. M-. Monday .and Thursday for Anchorage. Arrive 3:45 P. M. Wed-: nesday and Saturday. Wednesday and Saturday. Connections at Anchorage on Tuesday and Friday at 8:00 A. M. for Mat anuska, Wasilla, Houston, Tal keetna. Dead Horse, Itroad Pass, McKinley Park, Nenana and Fair banks, Monday and Friday at 8:30 A. M. for Matanuska, Eska and Chiekaloon. Breakfast Luncheon and Dinner Served on all trains J. CASEY HcDANNEL Contr. BANBURY and OGLE (Successors to Broadway Shop) \| DRY GOOES and MILLINERY j 1 Children's Clothes a Specialty g 2 i j. I Seward Dairy! Buttermilk Skim Milk Whipping Cream SEWARD DAIRY; Andy’s Express Meets all Boats and Trains Prompt and Reliable Service Phone Madison 143 SYLVIA’S Framed Pictures High Grade Candy Photographs Curios Ice Cream Made Daily Phone Adams 128 : SYLVIA’S TAILORING C. Henning I Seward, Alaska CITY EXPRESS Billy Patterson Meets All Boats and Trains Ira Bailey PAINTING and PAPERHANGING Seward, Alaska Seward, May 25, 1822. Seward Gateway: I wish you would publish this small complaint. I know it should be made to the game warden but thing this article in the Gateway will do more good. Some of our citizens are shooting and killing ducks of the little lakes here in town, although they know it is against the law to shoot at or kill ducks or any other kind of wild game out of season. One of our citizens killed two ducks last Sunday. If they have no respect for the law they might at least have a little pity for the birds at nesting time. OLD SUBSCRIBER T Rachbach has had two years experience selling men’s clothing. Lieutenant R. L. Boyd and wife arrived on yesterday's train and left on the Admiral Watson for the states. Antonio Eide, the popular superintendent of the Alaska Road Commission, made a business trip to Anchorage on today's train. When you think Suit, think Urbach Violet Dulce Talcum, 25c., Seward Drug Co. Capt. J. C. Glithero in charge of the Anchorage detachment, arrived in Seward on the last train on a tour of inspection. While in Seward, he will inspect the local post. LOST A gold match box. Reward if returned to Gateway. Capt. H. A. Kirkham, who has been stationed at Anchorage with the Medical Corps, arrived on last night's train and left on the Admiral Watson for the States, where he has been transferred. FOR SALE - One oak dining room table and four chairs. Apply at Hotel Van Gilder. NOTICE OF APPLICATION FOR PATENT Ser. No. 05003, Survey No. 1393 U. S. Land Office, Juneau, Alaska, January 5, 1922. NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, that the Northwestern Fisheries Company, a corporation, as assignee of John A. Steen, W. D. Jones, William Pointer and William Murphy, being entitled to the benefits of Sec. 2306 of the Revised Statutes of the United States and the amendments thereto, has applied to make entry of the lands embraced in U. S. Non-Mineral Survey No. 1393, situated on the Northwest side of Uyak Bay, Kodiak Island, in Lat. 57 deg. 38 min. North. Long. 151 deg. west, in the Territory of Alaska, and more particularly described as follows: Beg. M. C. Cor. No. 1, from whence U. S. L. M. No. 94 bears S. 45 deg. 25 min. 36 sec. E. 18 99 chs. Cor., an iron pipe set in concrete block in gilded iron rectal section. and on North side W. C. S. 1393 Cor. 1. bears S. 57 deg. 00 min. IV. 2.17 chs. Dist: thence meandering mean high tide line on shore to Tak Bay (1) N. 80 deg. 29 min. W. 3.34 chs; (2) N. 66 deg. 28 min. W. 1.34 chs; (3) N. 2 deg. 28 min. W. 3.21 chs; (4) N. 12 deg. 13 min. W. 3.52 chs; (5) N. 12 deg. 13 min. W. 2.82 chs; (6) N. 23 deg. 15 min. E. 1.60 chs; (7) N. 2 deg. 53 min. W. 1.39 chs; (8) N. 20 deg. 58 min. E. 1.62 chs; (9) N. 9 deg. 18 min. W. 0.98 chs; (10) N. 87 deg. 04 min. W. 0.44 chs; (11) S. 50 deg. 32 min. W. 0.70 chs; (12) N. 23 deg. 08 min. W. 1.27 chs; (13) N. 41 deg. 40 min. E. 0.431 chs; (14) N. 0 deg. 40 min. E. 0.431 chs; (14) N. 0 deg. 40 min. E. 0.16 chs; M. C. Cor. No. 2, identical with true point for M. C. Cor. No. 1, U. S. Amended Sur. 138, from whence Wit. Cor. an iron pipe cast in concrete set in ground marked M. C. and W. C. S. 1393 Cor. 2 bears West 1.54 chs. dist; thence West 9.99 chs. to Cor. No. 3, an iron pipe set in concrete in ground marked S. 1393 Cor 3; thence South 24. 58 chs. to Cor. No. 4, an iron pipe set in concrete in ground marked S. 1393, Cor. 4; thence East 6.96 chs. to Cor. No. 5, an iron pipe in solid block of concrete set in ground marked S. 1393, Cor. 5; thence N. 57 deg. 00 min. E. 9.13 fchs. to M. C. Cor No. 1, the place of beginning. Area 27.71 acres. Var. at all corners 23 deg. 10 min. East. As additional to original homestead entries of John A. Steen, W. D. Jones, William Pointer, and William Murphy, whose rights are on file in the United States Land Office and are referred to in the application filed herein. Any and all persons claiming adversely any portion of the above-described tract of land are required to file with the Register and Receiver of the United States Land Office at Juneau, Alaska, their adverse claim thereon, a notice of the publication or within thirty days thereafter or they will be barred by the provisions of the statute. FRANK A. BOYLE, Register First Publication, May 15, 1922. Last Publication, July 24, 1922. When you reach the gateway to COLD BAY OIL FIELDS, remember that THE PIONEER RESTAURANT serves good meals at all hours. Chas. Madsen & Gabriel Santos, Proprietors. IF YOU WANT A HIGH GRADE PIPELESS FURNACE SEE CHAS. LECHNER Plumbing, Heating and Sheet Metal Works. C. E. SHEA Plumbing, Heating and Sheet Metal. Phone Res. Adams 116 Phone Shop Adams 80 Seward Water & Power Co. SEWARD, ALASKA “Good Water a Necessity in Every Home” JOHN NELSON, Manager WAYNE BLUE, Agent Office Is in the Admiral Building HOTEL OVERLAND The Place to Step When in Seward Nice Rooms, Fine Lobby, Real Service FREE BATHS, NEWLY RENOVATED M. E. HOLBEN, Proprietor HOTEL SEXTON “Where the Oldtimers Meet” Seward’s Home Hotel GEORGE SEXTON, Proprietor VAN GILDER HOTEL Steam Heat HOT AND COLD WATER IN EVERY ROOM J. S. BADGER You Can Bank on the HOTEL SEWARD For Service. We Make You Feel at Home REASONABLE RATES Nelson, Dahl & Gagnon, W. C. Gagnon, Mgr HOTEL BELMONT WORKINGMENS’ HEADQUARTERS JOE S. HOFMAN, Prop. RATES, 50c and 75c JACK’S PLACE Jack Stotko, Prop. SOFT DRINKS CANDY CIGARS CARD TABLES TOBACCO The Seward Bakery Fine Cakes and Pastry We use only the best Material that money can buy. Everything Fresh Daily. FRYE-BRUHN CO. FRESH MEATS, POULTRY, EGGS & BUTTER on Every Boat. GABES CAFE Home Cooked. Meals and Short Orders at Reasonable Prices Josie Emswiler Prop.	3,719
4555329_1	Caselaw Access Project	Open Government	Public Domain	1,919	None	None	English	Spoken	921	1,174	Bronson, J. This is an action to recover the amount due a contractor for the construction of a high school building in a school district in Burke county, North Dakota. The facts are stipulated. In May, 1913, pursuant to an election theretofore held so authorizing, the board of education made a contract with the plaintiff to erect a high school building for the contract price of $24,000. Accordingly, the building was constructed and its value, as stipulated since completion, is $30,-000. The plaintiff has received $19,769.10. There is a balance due and unpaid of $4,295.90, with interest. In 1914 an action to enjoin the school district, its officers, and the plaintiff herein, was instituted by a resident taxpayer of the district to enjoin further issuance or reception of warrants in payment of outstanding warrants for the contracts of constructing such building. ' In that case (Anderson v. International School Dist. 32 N. D. 413, L.R.A.1917E, 428, 156 N. W. 54, Ann. Cas. 1918A, 506), this court in November, 1915, held that the contract created a present debt against the district, greatly in excess of the constitutional debt limit, and that to the extent of such excess, the contracts were void, and enjoined further payments thereupon. This action, accordingly, has been instituted not to enforce the contract, but upon the equitable doctrine that no person, not even a school district, shall be permitted unjustly to enrich itself at the loss of another. It is stipulated in this record that the school district is and was indebted, at the time of the commencement of this action, for an amount equal to 5 per cent of the assessed valuation of the taxed property of such district, and that the plaintiff herein has no remedy excepting such as the court in equity may grant to him. The theory of plaintiff's action therefore is to disaffirm the contract and to place the parties in statu quo by requiring the school district to restore the property which it has received without cost, or be declared a trustee for the use of it and liable for the reasonable rent or the value of .the use of the same, or for its return. The trial court, upon findings made, determined that the plaintiff was entitled to be reimbursed for the unpaid balance due him, and that it was impractical to restore to the plaintiff the material and labor furnished. The respondent frankly concedes that the consideration is involved whether, under the facts, any form of relief may properly be awarded to him. He further concedes a different rule to apply to municipal corporations in seeking to enforce restitution for benefits received under contracts than that which applies to natural persons or private corporations. He further asserts that where restitution will impose no additional burden upon the taxpayers it may be enforced according to the ordinary principles of quasi contracts. Equity properly recognizes that a municipal corporation should not be permitted to take the property of another, and receive the benefits thereof, and thus be enriched through the loss of another, without compensation. On the other hand, constitutional limitations upon the creation of indebtedness of municipalities are mandatory restrictions, enacted for the purpose of curbing the taxing power and of restraining excessive expenditures that entail tax burdens. It is well settled that those who deal with municipalities are bound to take notice and be bound by these constitutional restrictions. Accordingly, it 'must be recognized that, in applying equitable relief in the present form of action, equity must not accomplish by indirection what the law has prescribed must not be done directly. In accordance with the stipulated facts it is impossible to restore to the plaintiff the building erected without destroying property of the municipality. It is likewise impractical to segregate or detach that portion of the building which represents the excess moneys therein owing to the plaintiff. It is likewise clear that the imposition of a judgment to pay such amount, or the requirement that a rental be paid for that portion of the building represented by plaintiff's moneys unpaid, would impose a burden upon the school district in excess of the constitutional restrictions. It is stipulated that the school district has been compelled to and does levy, the maximum rate prescribed by law in order to maintain its schools. Although, in equity recovery may be permitted in such cases, where no additional burden is thereby placed upon the municipality in excess of the constitutional debt limit, or where the property itself can be identified, segregated, and restored to the parties without injuring the municipality or its property by so doing, nevertheless, in upholding the constitutional restrictions absolutely imposed, relief upon equity principles cannot .be granted where this cannot be accomplished. Litchfield v. Ballou, 114 U. S. 190, 29 L. ed. 132, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 820; Grady v. Pruit, 111 Ky. 100, 63 S. W. 283; Grady v. Landram, 23 Ky. L. Rep. 506, 63 S. W. 284; McGillivray v. Joint School Dist. 112 Wis. 354, 58 L.R.A. 100, 88 Am. St. Rep. 969, 88 N. W. 310. See Goose River Bank v. Willow Lake School Twp. 1 N. D. 26, 26 Am. St. Rep. 605, 44 N. W. 1002; Engstad v. Dinnie, 8 N. D. 1, 12, 76 N. W. 292. It therefore follows that the trial court erred in entering judgment for the plaintiff. The judgment is reversed, with directions to enter judgment for the defendant, dismissing the action. The appellant will recover costs of this appeal..	13,758
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9364771	StackExchange	Open Web	CC-By-SA	2,012	Stack Exchange	Akshay bangera, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21275238, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21275239, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21275240, seannayeaz, มองอนาคต	English	Spoken	148	368	Delayed_Job gives "unitilialized constant" while queueing a Custom Job I'm trying to set up a custom job using the delayed_job gem with Rails 3.1.1. Whenever I queue a custom job I get a Name Error for my custom job. Here's the code: # POST /redemptions def create @redemption = Redemption.new(params[:redemption]) respond_to do \|format\| if @redemption.save @account = @redemption.coupon.merchant.account Delayed::Job.enqueue RedemptionJob.new(@account.id) format.json {render json: @redemption, status: :created, location: @redemption } else format.json {render json: @redemption.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity } end end end # This code gives me the error "NameError (uninitialized constant RedemptionsController::RedemptionJob): # app/controllers/redemptions_controller.rb:9:in `block in create' # app/controllers/redemptions_controller.rb:6:in `create'" I've tried giving the RedemptionJob a global namespace ::RedemptionJob.new(...) but the NameError message still shows up (only without the RedemptionsController). RedemptionJob.rb exists in /app/jobs/ and I've restarted the server to make sure it gets loaded. rake jobs:work ! is running as well. Any ideas on what I'm doing wrong?	45,349
https://github.com/steven-mi/tfx-gpt2/blob/master/tfx_gpt2/__version__.py	Github Open Source	Open Source	Apache-2.0	2,021	tfx-gpt2	steven-mi	Python	Code	47	148	""" __version__.py ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Information about the current version of the tfx_gpt2 package. """ __title__ = 'tfx-gpt2' __description__ = 'tfx_gpt2 package - a Python package for fine tuning GPT-2 within TFX' __version__ = '0.1.0' __author__ = 'Steven Mi' __author_email__ = 'stevenmi@live.de' __license__ = 'Apache 2.0' __url__ = 'https://github.com/steven-mi/tfx-gpt2'	2,931
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/kj91rt/articles/DTL42_1	BNL Newspapers (1841-1879)	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,862	Italien.	None	German	Spoken	719	1,257	Italien. diren und die Wiederwahl des gegenwärtigen Superiors nicht mehr zu gestatten; im Falle der Verhinderung solle sich der Bischof durch einen Delegirten vertreten lassen. Dieser Prälat, der mit dem würdigen Abte auf dem besten Fuße steht, hat Niemanden ernannt, noch sich slbst an Ort und Stelle begeben, so daß die PatreS, die aus allen Provinzen ihres Or» dens zusammenkamen, ein Capitel nicht abhalten lonnten. Ms der Bischof nach Nom lam, erlangte er einen Aufschub von einem Jahre, binnen welcher Zeit er dafür sorgen solle, daß der gegenwärtige Superior entfernt und die Distillerie der Ordensbrüder geschlossen würde. (K. SI.) Mailand 13. Juli. Wir haben fetnerjet die Versammlung mehrerer hervorragenden Revolutionäre verschiedener Länder und Natio nen hier gemeldet, — nun beginnen auch die Resultate dieses Révolutions Congrcsses sich zu zeigen. Es handelt sich um die Formirung einer graeco-flavischen Legion, welche sich Garibaldi zur Verfügung stellen wird. Tas Cadre dieser Legion ist bereits hier beisammen und besteht aus griechischen, slavischen und rumänischen Flüchtlingen. Ungefähr 110 bis 120 solcher Individuen haben sich bereits zu einem Körper vereinigt,!welchem sie den pomp, haften Namen «Legion der Freiheit" betgelegt haben. Auch Polen, welche sich bei den letzten Vorgängen in Warschau beteiligt habe», und selbst ehemalige Zöglinge der aufgelösten Militärschule von Cuneo sind in die Legion eingetreten. Sei der Bevölkerung sind diese graeco-ftavischen Weltbefreier nicht in besonders gutem Ansehen. Ein gewisser Slirtu Aleiovici ist bis jetzt der Commandant dieses sauberen Corps, welches übrigens bis jetzt mehr Offiziere als Soldaten aufzuweisen hat. Hauses Savoyen als König von Italien laut aufjubeln, nimmt im Lande, und ganz besonders im Süden, die Actionspartei eine immer drohendere Haltung an. Ihr Feldgeschrei ist Rom und Venedig, der Haß gegen die Franzosen wächst mehr und mehr, man beschuldigt ganz offen die Regierung, nichts weiter als ein Vasall Frankreichs zu sein. Der „Popolo d’Italia“ in Neapel enthält einen, „Garibaldi und seine Worte“ überschriebenen Artikel, der mit den Worten beginnt: „Bonaparte hat uns müde gemacht, mit gefalteten Händen baten und baten wir ihnr gibt uns Rom! und wie Bettler stieß er uns zurück. Unabgeschreckt, demüthig drangen wir weiter in ihn, wir wurden weggejagt, als verlangten wir einen uns nicht gebührenden Lohn. Wir forderten im Namen der Gerechtigkeit und des Rechtes, wir wurden verhöhnt, unter den Augen der Franzosen wurden die Banden bewaffnet, die Munition abgeschickt und französische Bajonette stießen uns zurück, wenn wir uns unseren eigenen Grenzen naherten.“ Am Schlusse heißt es: „Ihr Herien der Regierungz, was auch eure dienstfertigen Organe sagen mögen, die Zeit, Rechenschaft abzulegen, ist da, Ihr könnt ihr nicht entgehen, wir haben andere Männer nothwendig, andere Verfechter.“ Viele Blatter äußern sich in ähnlichem Sinne und lassen, wenn nicht bald eine Aenderung eintritt, auf einen nahenden Sturm schließen. Rom, 15. Juli. Heute sollte das Fest des h. Heinrich durch die Zuaven im Lager von Marino gefeiert werden. Man fragte be Herrn v. Merode an, ob er Maßregeln getroffen hatte, um den Excessen zu begegnen, denen sich diese hitzige junge Mannschaft überlassen könnte. Der Mimster antwortete mit ungemeinem Tacte, daß diese Freiwilligen nach der Erklärung der französischen Regierung ihre Eigenschaft als Franzosen verloren haben, und daß er daher nichts Unziemliches darin sehen könne, wenn sie auf die Gesundheit eines fremden Fürsten trinken, wie es gegenwartig in allen civilisirten Landern Sitte sei. - Herr v. Kisseleff hatte eine Conferenz mit Cardinal Antonelli in Betreff der Anerkennung Italiens. Der Staatsserretär fragte, warum Rußland nicht ebenso das Bedürfniß fühle, das Königreich Polen anzuerkennen? Der Votschafter stammelte eintge Entschuldigungen mit dem Vemerken, die katserliche diegterung habe der russischen Gesandschaft noch keine Mittheilung gemacht, und die Neuigkett dieser Anerkennung habe ihn eben so überrascht, als den Cardinal selbst. Ich kann beifügen, daß Herr v. Kisseleff im Begriffe steht, seinen Bruder in Parts zu besuchen. Es hieß, er würde sofort als Repräsentant Rußlands nach Turin gesandt werden. Dies bestätigte sich nicht. Man hat allen Grund zu glauben, daß diese Mission dem General Labanow übertragen werden soll. So wenigstens behaupten die heute von Turin angelangten Blätter. - Die papstliche Polizei hat den Conducteur der Diligence von Rieti verhaftet, der piemontesische Briefe an die Parteigenossen vermittelte. Ebenso bemächtigte sie sich eines päpstlichen Cx⸗Dragoners, der im Jahre 1859 desertirt und nachher Officier der papstlichen Lanciers geworden war. Dieser Mensch machte hier den Spion und wohnte bald in Rom, bald in Fiumieino äußerst verborgen. Die Gendarmen ergriffen ihn bei seinen Brüdern in Rom.	32,830
https://github.com/alexisfischer/bloom-baby-bloom/blob/master/Misc-Functions/dipum_toolbox_2.0.2/huffman.m	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	2,023	bloom-baby-bloom	alexisfischer	MATLAB	Code	428	860	function CODE = huffman(p) %HUFFMAN Builds a variable-length Huffman code for a symbol source. % CODE = HUFFMAN(P) returns a Huffman code as binary strings in % cell array CODE for input symbol probability vector P. Each word % in CODE corresponds to a symbol whose probability is at the % corresponding index of P. % % Based on huffman5 by Sean Danaher, University of Northumbria, % Newcastle UK. Available at the MATLAB Central File Exchange: % Category General DSP in Signal Processing and Communications. % Copyright 2002-2012 R. C. Gonzalez, R. E. Woods, and S. L. Eddins % From the book Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB, 2nd ed., % Gatesmark Publishing, 2009. % % Book web site: http://www.imageprocessingplace.com % Publisher web site: http://www.gatesmark.com/DIPUM2e.htm % Check the input arguments for reasonableness. error(nargchk(1, 1, nargin)); if (ndims(p) ~= 2) \|\| (min(size(p)) > 1) \|\| ~isreal(p) ... \|\| ~isnumeric(p) error('P must be a real numeric vector.'); end % Global variable surviving all recursions of function 'makecode' global CODE CODE = cell(length(p), 1); % Init the global cell array if length(p) > 1 % When more than one symbol ... p = p / sum(p); % Normalize the input probabilities s = reduce(p); % Do Huffman source symbol reductions makecode(s, []); % Recursively generate the code else CODE = {'1'}; % Else, trivial one symbol case! end; %-------------------------------------------------------------------% function s = reduce(p) % Create a Huffman source reduction tree in a MATLAB cell structure % by performing source symbol reductions until there are only two % reduced symbols remaining s = cell(length(p), 1); % Generate a starting tree with symbol nodes 1, 2, 3, ... to % reference the symbol probabilities. for i = 1:length(p) s{i} = i; end while numel(s) > 2 [p, i] = sort(p); % Sort the symbol probabilities p(2) = p(1) + p(2); % Merge the 2 lowest probabilities p(1) = []; % and prune the lowest one s = s(i); % Reorder tree for new probabilities s{2} = {s{1}, s{2}}; % and merge & prune its nodes s(1) = []; % to match the probabilities end %-------------------------------------------------------------------% function makecode(sc, codeword) % Scan the nodes of a Huffman source reduction tree recursively to % generate the indicated variable length code words. % Global variable surviving all recursive calls global CODE if isa(sc, 'cell') % For cell array nodes, makecode(sc{1}, [codeword 0]); % add a 0 if the 1st element makecode(sc{2}, [codeword 1]); % or a 1 if the 2nd else % For leaf (numeric) nodes, CODE{sc} = char('0' + codeword); % create a char code string end	22,241
https://github.com/ElizabethEmilia/Emilia-C-Compiler/blob/master/src/ast/type.cxx	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT, BSD-2-Clause, Unlicense	null	Emilia-C-Compiler	ElizabethEmilia	C++	Code	631	2,286	#include "i:\git\ecc\src\ast\type.h" #include "ast/type.h" #include "ast/env.h" #include "common/debug.h" namespace Miyuki::AST { using namespace Miyuki::Lex; using namespace llvm; TypePtr Miyuki::AST::TypeFactory::build(TokenPtr tok) { // NOTE: only use in primary-expression (only constant) if (tok->is(Tag::Integer)) { IntTokenPtr t = static_pointer_cast<IntToken>(tok); if (t->isSigned && t->bit == 16) return (Type)Type::getInt16Ty(GlobalScope::getInstance().context); if (t->bit == 16) return (Type)Type::getInt16Ty(GlobalScope::getInstance().context); if (t->isSigned && t->bit == 32) return (Type)Type::getInt32Ty(GlobalScope::getInstance().context); if (t->bit == 32) return (Type)Type::getInt32Ty(GlobalScope::getInstance().context); if (t->isSigned && t->bit == 64) return (Type)Type::getInt64Ty(GlobalScope::getInstance().context); if (t->bit == 64) return (Type)Type::getInt64Ty(GlobalScope::getInstance().context); assert(false && "invalid integer token"); } else if (tok->is(Tag::Character)) { return (Type)Type::getInt8Ty(GlobalScope::getInstance().context); } else if (tok->is(Tag::Floating)) { FloatTokenPtr t = static_pointer_cast<FloatToken>(tok); if (t->bit == 32) return Type::getFloatTy(GlobalScope::getInstance().context); if (t->bit == 64) return Type::getDoubleTy(GlobalScope::getInstance().context); assert(false && "invalid floating token"); } else if (tok->is(Tag::StringLiteral)) { return (Type)Type::getInt8PtrTy(GlobalScope::getInstance().context); } return nullptr; } Miyuki::AST::PackedTypeInformation::PackedTypeInformation(TypePtr t, StorageClass sc, FunctionSpecifierFlag fs, TypeQualifierFlag tq) : type(t), storageClass(sc), functionSpec(fs), typeQual(tq) { } PackedTypeInformationPtr Miyuki::AST::PackedTypeInformation::copy() { return make_shared<PackedTypeInformation>(type, storageClass, functionSpec, typeQual); } map<string, shared_ptr<StructTy>> StructTy::structs; void Miyuki::AST::StructTy::saveStruct(shared_ptr<StructTy> ty) { assert(ty && "ty == nullptr"); structs[ty->type->getName()] = ty; } shared_ptr<StructTy> Miyuki::AST::StructTy::get(const string& name) { auto it = structs.find(name); return it == structs.end() ? nullptr : it->second; } StructTy::IndexType Miyuki::AST::StructTy::getIndex(string memberName) { auto it = memberMap->find(memberName); return it == memberMap->end() ? -1 : it->second->index; } Miyuki::AST::IndexedTypeInformation::IndexedTypeInformation(TypePtr t, StorageClass sc, FunctionSpecifierFlag fs, TypeQualifierFlag tq, IndexType index) :PackedTypeInformation(t, sc, fs, tq), index(index) { } IndexedTypeInformation::IndexedTypeInformation(const PackedTypeInformation & base, IndexType index) :PackedTypeInformation(base), index(index) { } UnionTy::UnionTy(const UnindexedTypeMapPtr & MM, string name) { memberMap = MM; unionName = name; typeSize = 0; for (auto e : memberMap) { size_t S = e.second->type->getScalarSizeInBits(); if (S > typeSize) typeSize = S; } } map<string, shared_ptr<UnionTy>> UnionTy::unions; void UnionTy::saveUnion(shared_ptr<UnionTy> ty) { assert(ty && "ty == nullptr"); unions[ty->unionName] = ty; } shared_ptr<UnionTy> UnionTy::get(const string & name) { auto it = unions.find(name); return it == unions.end() ? nullptr : it->second; } PackedTypeInformationPtr UnionTy::getMember(string name) { auto it = memberMap->find(name); return it == memberMap->end() ? nullptr : it->second; } TypePtr TypeUtil::raiseType(TypePtr a, TypePtr b) { // if is same type if (a == b) return a; // one of the two is pointer type if (a->isPointerTy() && !b->isPointerTy()) a = Type::getInt32Ty(GlobalScope::getInstance().context); if (b->isPointerTy() && !a->isPointerTy()) b = Type::getInt32Ty(GlobalScope::getInstance().context); // or a and b are both pointer type if (a->isPointerTy() && b->isPointerTy()) { if (a == b) return a; else return nullptr; //error } //cout << "[ScalarSizeInBits] " << a->getScalarSizeInBits() << " " << b->getScalarSizeInBits() << "\n"; if (a->getScalarSizeInBits() > b->getScalarSizeInBits()) { if (a->isDoubleTy()) return a; if (b->isFloatTy()) return b; // with int64_t and float return a; } else if (a->getScalarSizeInBits() < b->getScalarSizeInBits()) { if (a->isDoubleTy()) return a; if (b->isDoubleTy()) return b; // with double and float if (a->isFloatTy()) return a; if (b->isFloatTy()) return b; // with int64_t and float return b; } else { if (a->isFloatTy() \|\| a->isDoubleTy()) return b->isDoubleTy() ? b : a; return b; } return nullptr; } Value TypeUtil::createConstant(TokenPtr constTok) { if (IntTokenPtr I = dynamic_pointer_cast<IntToken>(constTok)) { return ConstantInt::get(IntegerType::getIntNTy(getGlobalContext(), I->bit), APInt(I->bit, I->value)); } else if (FloatTokenPtr F = dynamic_pointer_cast<FloatToken>(constTok)) { Type* ty; if (F->bit == 32) ty = Type::getFloatTy(getGlobalContext()); else if (F->bit == 64) ty = Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()); else if (F->bit == 128) ty = Type::getFP128Ty(getGlobalContext()); else assert(!"invalid FP size in bit"); Value* V = ConstantFP::get(ty, (double)F->value); return V; } else if (CharTokenPtr C = dynamic_pointer_cast<CharToken>(constTok)) { return ConstantInt::get(GetIntNType(8), APInt(8, I->value)); } else if (StringTokenPtr S = dynamic_pointer_cast<StringToken>(constTok)) { string N = "@str.{0}"_format(S->value); Comdat* comdat = TheModule->getOrInsertComdat(N); comdat->setSelectionKind(Comdat::SelectionKind::Any); GlobalVariable* GV = new GlobalVariable(ArrayType::get(GetIntNType(8), S->value.size() + 1), true, GlobalValue::LinkageTypes::LinkOnceODRLinkage, ConstantDataArray::getString(getGlobalContext(), S->value), N); GV->setComdat(comdat); TheModule->getGlobalList().addNodeToList(GV); bool t = TheModule->getGlobalVariable(N) == GV; return GV; } assert(!"invalid constant"); } Identifier::Identifier(string n, TypePtr t, StorageClass sc, FunctionSpecifierFlag fs, TypeQualifierFlag tq, Value* v) : PackedTypeInformation(t, sc, fs, tq), addr(v) { name = n; } Identifier::Identifier(string n, TypePtr ty, bool isConst, Value* v) { name = n; type = ty; addr = v; typeQual.isConst = isConst; } }	5,444
https://openalex.org/W2184238867	OpenAlex	Open Science	CC-By	2,015	A reconstruction problem for a class of phylogenetic networks with lateral gene transfers	Gabriel Cardona	English	Spoken	13,211	22,868	© 2015 Cardona et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. A reconstruction problem for a class of phylogenetic networks with lateral gene transfers Gabriel Cardona, Joan Carles Pons and Francesc Rosselló* Abstract Background: Lateral, or Horizontal, Gene Transfers are a type of asymmetric evolutionary events where genetic material is transferred from one species to another. In this paper we consider LGT networks, a general model of phylo- genetic networks with lateral gene transfers which consist, roughly, of a principal rooted tree with its leaves labelled on a set of taxa, and a set of extra secondary arcs between nodes in this tree representing lateral gene transfers. An LGT network gives rise in a natural way to a principal phylogenetic subtree and a set of secondary phylogenetic subtrees, which, roughly, represent, respectively, the main line of evolution of most genes and the secondary lines of evolution through lateral gene transfers. Results: We introduce a set of simple conditions on an LGT network that guarantee that its principal and secondary phylogenetic subtrees are pairwise different and that these subtrees determine, up to isomorphism, the LGT network. We then give an algorithm that, given a set of pairwise different phylogenetic trees T0, T1, . . . , Tk on the same set of taxa, outputs, when it exists, the LGT network that satisfies these conditions and such that its principal phylogenetic tree is T0 and its secondary phylogenetic trees are T1, . . . , Tk. Keywords: Phylogenetic network, Lateral gene transfer, Horizontal gene transfer, Phylogenetic tree Algorithms for Molecular Biology Algorithms for Molecular Biology Cardona et al. Algorithms Mol Biol (2015) 10:28 DOI 10.1186/s13015-015-0059-z *Correspondence: cesc.rossello@uib.es Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain Preliminaries Let N = (V , E) be a directed acyclic graph. A node u ∈V is a tree node if indeg(u) ≤1, and it is a reticulation oth- erwise. A node u is a root if indeg(u) = 0, and N is rooted (it is an rDAG, for short) if it has a single root. A node u is a leaf if outdeg(u) = 0, internal if it is not a leaf, and elementary if outdeg(u) = 1. For every u, v ∈V, if (u, v) ∈E, we say that u is a par- ent of v and that v is a child of u. Whenever there exists a (directed) path from u to v, in symbols u⇝v, we say that u is an ancestor of v and that v is a descendant of u: notice in particular that every node is both an ancestor and a descendant of itself. A path u⇝v is proper when u = v (and then u is a proper ancestor of v and v is a proper descendant of u). A path u⇝v is elementary when all its nodes, except at most v (but including its origin u), are elementary. In this paper we consider a general model of phyloge- netic network with lateral gene transfers similar to the species graphs’ approach: LGT networks, which consist roughly of a principal rooted tree with its leaves labelled on a set of taxa (and possibly with elementary, that is, out-degree 1, nodes) and a set of secondary arcs between nodes in this tree, representing lateral gene transfers, such that the resulting directed graph turns out to be rooted, acyclic, with its leaves labelled and its internal nodes unlabelled. Any such LGT network gives rise to a principal phylogenetic subtree (by suppressing out-degree 1 nodes in the principal subtree) and a set of second- ary phylogenetic subtrees, each one of them obtained by replacing one arc in the principal subtree by one second- ary arc with the same target node (and then recursively removing non-labelled leaves and out-degree 1 nodes). These phylogenetic subtrees can be understood, respec- tively, as representing the primary line of evolution and the secondary histories, involving one lateral gene trans- fer event. A tree is an rDAG without reticulations. In particular, trees may contain elementary nodes. Background Actually, and up to our knowledge, the only types of phylogenetic networks that explicitly distinguish between the primary, tree-like, line of evolution and the secondary lateral gene transfers that have been studied in the literature are those in [18] and those in [21, 22]. In [18] the primary line of evolution is given by choosing a base tree, but they are not inter- ested in a reconstruction problem from a set of trees but in deciding whether this base tree exists or not for a given phylogenetic network. Also, Górecki’s introduces species graphs in [21, 22], although this author was not interested in the reconstruction of phylogenies but in modelling the evolution of genes in the context of the evolution of species. phylogenetic tree is T0 and its secondary phylogenetic trees are T1, . . . , Tk. In order to test the models and algo- rithms introduced in this paper, we include a computa- tional experiment on the database of phylogenetic trees given in [23]. acquires its DNA mostly from one, and only one, of its parents, which should be understood as its “principal” parent, in contrast to the other parents which contrib- ute in a much lesser way and should be considered as “secondary” parents. This asymmetry is usually empha- sized in graphical representations of phylogenetic net- works with lateral gene transfers, like for instance those depicted in [19, Fig. 3] (which, according to Morrison [20], are the first published in the literature), but again seldom in the mathematical model. Actually, and up to our knowledge, the only types of phylogenetic networks that explicitly distinguish between the primary, tree-like, line of evolution and the secondary lateral gene transfers that have been studied in the literature are those in [18] and those in [21, 22]. In [18] the primary line of evolution is given by choosing a base tree, but they are not inter- ested in a reconstruction problem from a set of trees but in deciding whether this base tree exists or not for a given phylogenetic network. Also, Górecki’s introduces species graphs in [21, 22], although this author was not interested in the reconstruction of phylogenies but in modelling the evolution of genes in the context of the evolution of species. Background only among unicellular species [7] but also, for instance, among plants [8] or from parasites to hosts [9]. In the traditional view of evolution, species evolve in a pattern ideally represented by a series of bifurcations in a tree. However, it is well known that many relevant evo- lutionary processes cannot be properly represented in a tree [1, 2]. This has motivated the adoption, since as early as the second half of the XVIIIth century, of more general models to represent phylogenies [3]. One specific type of non tree-like events are the Lateral, or Horizontal, Gene Transfers: transfers of genetic material from one species to a different and, usually, taxonomically distant one [4]. Although these kinds of phenomena are known since the 1950s [5, 6], the current explosion of genomic and metagenomic data has revealed that they are much more frequent and important than previously thought, not Evolutionary histories including non-tree like events are usually modelled by means of (evolutionary) phylo- genetic networks [10, 11]: rooted directed acyclic graphs with leaves bijectively labelled by a set of taxa. The study of phylogenetic networks has been an active field of research during recent years, as witnessed in [12], and many papers on the computational inference of phylo- genetic networks with lateral gene transfer events from incongruent gene trees have been published: see, for instance [13–17]. Although lateral gene transfers are modeled in these papers as arcs added to a tree, and hence the resulting phylogenetic networks are tree-based in the sense of [18], in most cases the mathematical model under considera- tion makes no reference to the base tree and all parents of a node are treated symmetrically. This is not accurate, because in lateral gene transfers, the resulting species Page 2 of 15 Cardona et al. Algorithms Mol Biol (2015) 10:28 acquires its DNA mostly from one, and only one, of its parents, which should be understood as its “principal” parent, in contrast to the other parents which contrib- ute in a much lesser way and should be considered as “secondary” parents. This asymmetry is usually empha- sized in graphical representations of phylogenetic net- works with lateral gene transfers, like for instance those depicted in [19, Fig. 3] (which, according to Morrison [20], are the first published in the literature), but again seldom in the mathematical model. Preliminaries Given an S-tree T = (V , E), the cluster of a node u ∈V is the set CT(u) ⊆S of labels of leaves that are descend- ants of u. Let C(T) = {CT(u) \| u ∈V }. A triple on three different labels x, y, z ∈S is a phyloge- netic tree on {x, y, z}. Figure 1 depicts the only four possi- ble triples on x, y, z, together with their Newick notation.1 The triple defined by a phylogenetic tree T on x, y, z ∈S is the restriction of T to {x, y, z}; we shall denote it by Tx,y,z, and the set of all triples defined by T by Ŵ(T). Let N be an LGT network. Since T0(N) = (V , Ep) is an S-tree, every arc in N ending in a tree node is principal and the set of arcs ending in each reticulation h contains exactly one principal arc: we call its origin the principal parent of h, and its other parents, secondary parents. To ease the notations, we shall also say that the single par- ent of a tree node is its principal parent. We also split the children of every node v into principal and secondary, depending on the type of the arcs going from v to them. These definitions can be illustrated in Fig. 2; for instance, the node a is the principal parent of h, and the nodes c and d are its secondary parents; also, the leaf 4 is the principal child of c and the nodes h and k are its second- ary children. i Two S-rDAG on the same set S are isomorphic if there exists an isomorphism of directed graphs between them that preserves the leaves’ labels. Recall that two phy- logenetic trees on S are isomorphic if, and only if, they have the same set of clusters, and also if, and only if, they define the same set of triples [27, Theorems 3.5.2 and 6.4.1]. Actually, the descriptions of a phylogenetic tree T on S by means of C(T) and Ŵ(T) are equivalent, through the following result (see, for instance, [28, Lemma 9.1]): Lemma 1 Let T be a phylogenetic tree on S. For every ∅= C ⊆S, C ∈C(T) if, and only if, ((c, c′), x) ∈Ŵ(T), for every c, c′ ∈C and x ∈SP\C. The rationale behind these definitions is as follows. Preliminaries Given an elemen- tary node u in a tree T, in order to suppress it we perform the following operation: if u is the root, we remove it together with its incident arc; if, otherwise, u has parent w and child v, we remove u together with the arcs (w, u) and (u, v), and we replace them by an arc (w, v). Two paths u⇝v1 and u⇝v2 in a tree T are bifurcating when they have the same origin and it is their only node in common. Given two nodes u, v in a tree T, their lowest common ancestor LCAT(u, v) is their common ancestor that is a descendant of every other common ancestor of them. If u, v are not connected by a directed path, then LCAT(u, v) is characterized by the fact that there exist bifurcating paths LCAT(u, v)⇝u and LCAT(u, v)⇝v.i Let S be henceforth a finite, non-empty set of labels; in order to avoid unnecessary discussions of trivial cases, we shall always assume that S has more than one ele- ment. An S-rDAG is an rDAG endowed with a bijection between its set of leaves and S. We shall always identify, usually without further notice, each leaf in an S-rDAG with its label. We then introduce the subclass of restricted LGT net- works, which are characterized by a set of conditions that guarantee that its principal and secondary phylo- genetic subtrees are pairwise different and that these trees determine, up to isomorphism, the LGT network. We also give an algorithm that solves the corresponding reconstruction problem from incongruent trees: given a set of pairwise different phylogenetic trees T0, T1, . . . , Tk on the same set of taxa, to find, when it exists, the unique restricted LGT network such that its principal In this paper, by a phylogenetic network on S we mean an S-rDAG without elementary nodes. Notice, in par- ticular, that we forbid in our phylogenetic networks the existence of reticulations with out-degree 1. The rea- son is that, unlike other interpretations [10, 24, 25, 26], we understand that all nodes in a phylogenetic network represent species: each tree node represents a species produced by mutations from its immediate ancestor, Page 3 of 15 Cardona et al. 2 Henceforth, in graphical representations of LGT networks, we shall use the following conventions: principal arcs are represented by continuous arrows, secondary arcs by dashed arrows, and principal paths by continuous snaked arrows. Preliminaries Algorithms Mol Biol (2015) 10:28 representing lateral gene transfers, that satisfies a set of restrictions motivated by their use in the representation of common evolutionary histories of species and genes. In this section we consider phylogenetic networks with lateral gene transfers more general than species graphs, by imposing only that the graph obtained by adding arcs to the tree is a phylogenetic network. In the next section we shall impose a new set of restrictions that will ensure the uniqueness of the solution of the reconstruction problem considered therein. while reticulations represent species that have appeared through “reticulate” events involving the interaction of more than one species. Therefore, an elementary node would represent a species that has only one descendant, and it is impossible to distinguish this ancestor species from its unique descendant through evolutive informa- tion only. An S -tree is an S-rDAG without reticulations, that is, a tree endowed with a bijection between its set of leaves and S. A phylogenetic tree on S is a phylogenetic network on S without reticulations, or, equivalently, an S-tree without elementary nodes. Every S-tree gives rise to a phylogenetic tree on S by suppressing all its elementary nodes. Definition 1 An LGT network on a set S is a phyloge- netic network N = (V , E) on S together with a partition E = Ep ⊔Es of its set of arcs such that T0(N) = (V , Ep) is an S-tree. The arcs in Ep are called principal, and those in Es, secondary. We shall call T0(N) the principal subtree of N. Given a phylogenetic tree T on S and a subset S0 ⊆S, the restriction of T to S0 is the phylogenetic tree T\|S0 on S0 obtained by first taking the subtree of T supported on all ancestors of the leafs in S0 and then suppressing ele- mentary nodes. Figure 2 depicts an LGT network and its principal sub- tree T0(N).2 It is easy to check that any species graph defines an LGT network. Using some other notations that appear in the literature, we also have that T0(N) is a switching of N [29] (or T0(N) is displayed by N [10]); also, N is tree-based and T0(N) is a distinguished base tree [18]. Preliminaries In an LGT network, nodes represent species. The principal subtree represents the main line of evolution of these species; that is, the genetic material of a species comes mainly from its principal parent, possibly including mutations, while its secondary parents have introduced some genes in the species through lateral gene transfers. In this way, a secondary arc models a lateral gene transfer from its source to the principal parent of its target. We shall often make the abuse of language of saying that two S-rDAG are equal to mean that they are actually isomorphic. 1 We omit the ending semicolon in order not to unnecessarily overload the triples’ notation. LGT networks In [21, 22], Górecki defined a species graph on a set of labels S as an S-tree endowed with a set of extra arcs, 1 We omit the ending semicolon in order not to unnecessarily overload the triples’ notation. Page 4 of 15 Cardona et al. Algorithms Mol Biol (2015) 10:28 x y z ((x, y), z) y z x ((y, z), x) x z y ((x, z), y) x y z (x, y, z) Fig. 1 Triples on x, y, z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 h k c d b r a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 h k c d b r a Fig. 2 An LGT network (left) and its principal subtree (right) x y z ((x, y), z) y z x ((y, z), x) x z y ((x, z), y) x y z (x, y, z) Fig. 1 Triples on x, y, z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 h k c d b r a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 h k c d b r a Fig. 2 An LGT network (left) and its principal subtree (right) arcs ending in them, and then we recursively suppress all their elementary nodes. We shall generically denote by T the reduced phylogenetic tree on S obtained by reducing a partially leaf-labelled tree T on S. Notice that T is an homeomorphic subtree of T, in the sense that they have the same set of labels, the set of nodes of T is contained in the set of nodes of T, this inclusion preserves the leaves’ labelling, and every arc in T corresponds to a path in T. In particular, for every node v in T, CT(v) = CT(v); we shall often use this equality without any further mention. The construction of the reduced principal and secondary subtrees of an LGT network is illustrated by Figs. 3 and 4. The fact that T0(N) is an S-tree also implies that every internal node of N has some principal child. A node v is principally elementary when it has exactly one principal child, i.e., when it is elementary in T0(N). Since N cannot contain elementary nodes, this implies that every prin- cipally elementary node is the source of some secondary arc. A principally elementary path in N is an elementary path in T0(N). LGT networks 3 An LGT network, its principal subtree and its secondary subtrees N 4 1 2 3 4 T0(N) 1 2 3 4 Te1(N) 1 2 3 4 Te2(N) Fig. 4 The reduced principal subtree and the reduced secondary subtrees of the LGT network N depicted in Fig. 3 (w′, w). If w was the root, then w becomes the root of the resulting tree. Te(N) is that some rooted subtree of the former is pruned (by removing the principal arc ending in the end of e) and regrafted (through the secondary arc e) in the latter. This fact motivates to consider rooted subtree prune and regraft (rSPR, for short) operations [30] to analyze the differences between the reduced principal subtree of an LGT network and its reduced secondary subtrees. How- ever, since these trees need not be binary, we slightly gen- eralize the rSPR operations defined in [30] to allow for the pruned subtree to be regrafted not only to an arc but also to a node. 5. Suppress u if it has become elementary. We shall denote such an rSPR operation by v node ←−w (a node rSPR operation) if step (4a) is applied, and v arc ←−w (an arc rSPR operation) if step (4b) is applied; cf. Fig. 5. When it is not necessary to specify whether it is a node or an arc rSPR operation, we shall denote it by v spr ←−w. Given any pair of phylogenetic trees on the same set of labels, their rSPR distance drSPR(T, T ′) is the least number of rSPR operations that transform one into the other (cf. [30] in the binary case). In particular, since a reduced secondary subtree Te(N) of an LGT net- work is obtained from its reduced principal subtree T0(N) by means of an rSPR operation, we have that drSPR(T0(N), Te(N)) ≤1 , and drSPR(T0(N), Te(N)) = 1 if, and only if, T0(N) = Te(N). More precisely, we define an rSPR operation of a tree T as the following procedure: 1. Choose an arc e = (u, v) of T. 2. Remove e from T. 3. Choose a node w that is not a descendant of v 4. If w is an internal node other than u, then apply either (a) or (b) below. If w is a leaf or w = u, apply (b). (a) Add an arc (w, v). LGT networks A path in an LGT network N is principal when it con- sists only of principal arcs. The principal cluster of a node u is the set CT0(N)(u) of leaves that are principal descend- ants of u; that is, that can be reached from u through principal paths. The following result is a direct consequence of the fact that the set of triples defined by a phylogenetic tree char- acterizes it, and that the triple defined on a set of three labels by a partially leaf-labelled tree with, possibly, ele- mentary nodes, is the same as the triple defined by its reduction. For each secondary arc e = (u, h) in N, the secondary subtree Te(N) of N associated to e is the tree obtained from T0(N) by removing the principal arc ending in h and replacing it by e; cf. Fig. 3. Notice that the tree Te(N) is also a switching of N, and this switching can be obtained from the one associated to T0(N) by switching-off the principal arc ending in h and switching-on the arc e. Proposition 1 Let T1, T2 be two partially leaf-labelled trees on a set S. Then, T1 = T2 if, and only if, T1 and T2 define the same triple on each set of three different labels of S. Although T0(N) is always an S-tree, a secondary sub- tree of N may have non-labelled leaves: we shall say that it is partially leaf-labelled in S. To obtain phylogenetic trees on S from the principal and secondary subtrees of N, we reduce them: we recursively remove (in secondary subtrees) all their non labelled leaves together with the Intuitively, the difference between the reduced prin- cipal subtree T0(N) and any reduced secondary subtree Cardona et al. Algorithms Mol Biol (2015) 10:28 Page 5 of 15 1 2 3 4 e1 e2 N 1 2 3 4 T0(N) 1 2 3 4 Te1(N) 1 2 3 4 Te2(N) Fig. 3 An LGT network, its principal subtree and its secondary subtrees 1 2 3 4 T0(N) 1 2 3 4 Te1(N) 1 2 3 4 Te2(N) Fig. 4 The reduced principal subtree and the reduced secondary subtrees of the LGT network N depicted in Fig. 3 1 2 3 4 e1 e2 N 1 2 3 4 T0(N) 1 2 3 4 Te1(N) 1 2 3 4 Te2(N) Fig. an isomorphism from N to N ′ is a bijection φ : V →V ′ such that: Of course, this problem may have no solution for certain input trees. Consider, for instance, the trees T0, T1, T2 depicted in Fig. 6. A simple inspection shows that if there exists an LGT network N with reduced prin- cipal subtree T0 and two secondary arcs e1, e2 such that Te1(N) = T1 and Te2(N) = T2, then e1 must go from an elementary node added in the arc ending in 4 to a (or to an elementary node added in the arc ending in a), and e2 must go from an elementary node added in the arc end- ing in 3 to c (or to an elementary node added in the arc ending in c). But then, the resulting directed graph con- tains a cycle: see, for instance, the graph N in Fig. 6. • • (u, v) is a principal arc in N if, and only if, (φ(u), φ(v)) is a principal arc in N ′; • • (u, v) is a principal arc in N if, and only if, (φ(u), φ(v)) is a principal arc in N ′; • • (u, v) is a principal arc in N if, and only if, (φ(u), φ(v)) is a principal arc in N ′; • • (u, v) is a secondary arc in N if, and only if, (φ(u), φ(v)) is a secondary arc in N ′; • • (u, v) is a secondary arc in N if, and only if, (φ(u), φ(v)) is a secondary arc in N ′; • • u ∈V is a leaf labelled with s ∈S if, and only if, φ(u) is a leaf labelled with s. The isomorphism of LGT networks can be easily checked in linear time in their sizes. Indeed, two LGT networks The isomorphism of LGT networks can be easily checked in linear time in their sizes. Indeed, two LGT networks N and N ′ are isomorphic if, and only if, T0(N) = T0(N ′) —which can be checked in linear time in the number of principal arcs of the networks—and this isomorphism preserves and reflects the sets of secondary arcs. On the other hand, as it was already hinted in the dis- cussion above, if the LGT network reconstruction prob- lem has a solution for a specific input, it need not be unique: see, for instance, Fig. 7. an isomorphism from N to N ′ is a bijection φ : V →V ′ such that: And, as we mentioned at the beginning of this section, there may be repetitions in the family of reduced principal and secondary subtrees of a general LGT network, and therefore not every LGT network can be obtained as an output of this problem.h l As we do with S-rDAG in general, we shall usually say that two LGT networks are equal when they are actually isomorphic. LGT networks An isomorphism of LGT networks is an isomorphism of S-rDAG that preserves and reflects the partitions of the sets of arcs into principal and secondary. More formally, given two LGT networks N = (V , E) and N ′ = (V ′, E′), (b) Add a new node w and new arcs (w, v) and (w, w) . If w was not the root of T and w′ was its parent, then remove the arc (w′, w) and add a new arc Page 6 of 15 Cardona et al. Algorithms Mol Biol (2015) 10:28 into account only the case when T1, . . . , Tk are pairwise different, because if Ti = Tj, they can be defined by the same secondary arc. Moreover, we shall restrict ourselves to the case when T0 = Ti for every i = 1, . . . , k, because when a reduced secondary subtree is equal to the reduced principal subtree, it only means that we are not able to “distinguish” the secondary line of evolution from the principal one. This leads us to the following general problem: u w′ v w e u w′ v w u w′ w v w Fig. 5 The original tree (left), the tree obtained by means of the node rSPR operation v node ←−w (middle), and the tree obtained by means of the arc rSPR operation v arc ←−w (right) A reconstruction problem for a restricted class of LGT networks This motivates us to restrict ourselves to a class of LGT networks satisfying a set of conditions that guarantee, on the one hand, that their reduced principal and secondary subtrees are pairwise different and, on the other hand, Let us consider the problem of reconstructing an LGT network from its reduced principal subtree T0 and its set of reduced secondary subtrees T1, . . . , Tk. We shall take 1 2 3 4 5 a b c r T0 1 5 4 3 2 T1 1 2 3 4 5 T2 1 2 3 4 5 N Fig. 6 Any “LGT network” with reduced principal subtree T0 and reduced secondary subtrees T1, T2 would contain a cycle Cardona et al. Algorithms Mol Biol (2015) 10:28 Page 7 of 15 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Fig. 7 Three LGT networks with the same reduced principal and secondary subtrees 1 2 3 s with the same reduced principal and secondary subtrees Fig. 7 Three LGT networks with the same reduced principal and secondary subtrees the uniqueness of the restricted LGT network with given reduced principal and secondary subtrees, if some exists. a species represented by an ancestor of it in the reduced principal subtree.i Except for (c), which is shared by both definitions, the conditions that define our restricted LGT networks are transversal to those defining species graphs. Definition 2 An LGT network is restricted when it sat- isfies the following properties: i We shall prove now that the reduced principal and sec- ondary subtrees of a restricted LGT network form a fam- ily of pairwise different phylogenetic trees. (a) No principal child of a principally elementary node is principally elementary.h (b) The target of a secondary arc is never principally elementary. Proposition 2 If N is a restricted LGT network and e is a secondary arc in it, then T0(N) = Te(N). (c) If (u, h) is a secondary arc, then there exists no prin- cipal path u⇝h. Proof Let e = (u, h) ∈Es; to simplify the notations, we shall denote T0(N) and Te(N) by T0 and Te, respectively. We shall prove that these trees define different sets of tri- ples; by Proposition 1, this will imply that T0 = Te. A reconstruction problem for a restricted class of LGT networks (d) If (u, h) is a secondary arc and z = LCAT0(N)(u, h) , then the principal path z⇝h contains some non principally elementary intermediate node. Conditions (a) and (b) are necessary to guarantee the uniqueness of the solutions: By condition (c) in Definition 2, there exists no principal path connecting u and h, and therefore CT0(h) ∩CT0(u) = ∅. Let x1 ∈CT0(u) and x2 ∈CT0(h) . On the other hand, if z = LCAT0(u, h), condition (d) in Definition 2 implies that the principal path z⇝h con- tains some intermediate node w with a principal child w1 outside this path; let x3 ∈CT0(w1) (see Fig. 8). It is straightforward to check now that T0 defines the triple ((x2, x3), x1) and Te defines the triple ((x1, x2), x3). There- fore, Ŵ(T0) = Ŵ(Te), as we claimed. □ • • Let N be an LGT network with a principal arc (u, u′) with both u, u′ principally elementary: then (since N cannot contain elementary nodes) both u, u′ must be sources of secondary arcs, say e = (u, h) and e′ = (u′, h′). If h = h′, these arcs define the same reduced secondary subtree. If h = h′, then, if we replace e and e′ by ¯e = (u, h′) and ¯e′ = (u′, h), we obtain a new LGT network with the same reduced principal and secondary subtrees as N. Proposition 3 If N is a restricted LGT network and e, e′ are two different secondary arcs in it, then Te(N) = Te′(N). • • Let N be an LGT network with a secondary arc e = (u, h) with h principally elementary, and let h′ be the principal child of h. We shall assume that N does not contain the secondary arc e′ = (u, h′), because otherwise Te(N) = Te′(N). Then, if we replace the secondary arc (u, h) by a secondary arc (u, h′), we obtain a new LGT network with the same reduced principal and secondary subtrees as N. • • Let N be an LGT network with a secondary arc e = (u, h) with h principally elementary, and let h′ be the principal child of h. We shall assume that N does not contain the secondary arc e′ = (u, h′), because otherwise Te(N) = Te′(N). A reconstruction problem for a restricted class of LGT networks Then, if we replace the secondary arc (u, h) by a secondary arc (u, h′), we obtain a new LGT network with the same reduced principal and secondary subtrees as N. z w h u x1 x2 x3 Fig. 8 The structure of N involving e in the proof of Proposition 2 As far as the other two conditions go, (c) prevents the existence of a lateral gene transfer from a species to a principal descendant of it, and condition (d) prevents the existence of a lateral gene transfer from a species to Fig. 8 The structure of N involving e in the proof of Proposition 2 Page 8 of 15 Cardona et al. Algorithms Mol Biol (2015) 10:28 in this case, if v is its parent in T, split the arc (v, w) by adding an intermediate node u in it, and add a secondary arc e = (u, h); let N be the resulting LGT network. In both cases, it is clear by construction that T0(N) = T and Te(N) = T ′. Moreover, N clearly satisfies condition (a) (because N has at most one principally elementary node), (b) (because h is not elementary in T), (c) (because h is not a descendant of w in T), and (d) (because, since w is not a descendant in T of the parent h0 of h, the path LCAT(w, h)⇝h in T0(N) contains h0 as intermediate node, and it is not elementary in T) in the definition of restricted LGT network. □ The proof of this proposition is similar to that of Prop- osition 2, but much longer because we must distinguish many cases, depending on the relative positions of the source and the target nodes of e and e′ in T0(N). There- fore, and in order not to lose the thread of the paper, we postpone it until the Additional file 1: Appendix. in this case, if v is its parent in T, split the arc (v, w) by adding an intermediate node u in it, and add a secondary arc e = (u, h); let N be the resulting LGT network. In both cases, it is clear by construction that T0(N) = T and Te(N) = T ′. A reconstruction problem for a restricted class of LGT networks There exists a restricted LGT net- work N with a secondary arc e such that T = T0(N) and T ′ = Te(N) if, and only if: (and to ease notations, let Cl = m i=1 Cl,i) such that for every x, y, z ∈S: 1. If x ∈k i=1 Ai, y ∈B, and z ∈l i=1 Ci, then Tx,y,z = ((x, y), z) and T ′x,y,z = ((y, z), x). 1. drSPR(T, T ′) = 1, and spr 1. drSPR(T, T ′) = 1, and spr y y 2. If x ∈B, y ∈Aj and z ∈Ai, for some 1 ≤i < j ≤k, then Tx,y,z = ((x, y), z) and T ′x,y,z = ((y, z), x). 2. If h spr ←−w is an rSPR operation that produces T ′ from T, then, in T, w is neither an ancestor of h nor a descendant of the parent of h. y y 3. If x ∈Ci, y ∈Cj and z ∈B, for some 1 ≤i < j ≤l, then Tx,y,z = ((x, y), z) and T ′x,y,z = ((y, z), x). 3. If x ∈Ci, y ∈Cj and z ∈B, for some 1 ≤i < j ≤l, then Tx,y,z = ((x, y), z) and T ′x,y,z = ((y, z), x). y y 4. If x ∈Cl,i, y ∈Cl,j and z ∈B, for some 1 ≤i < j ≤m, then Tx,y,z = ((x, y), z) and T ′x,y,z = (x, y, z). y y 4. If x ∈Cl,i, y ∈Cl,j and z ∈B, for some 1 ≤i < j ≤m, then Tx,y,z = ((x, y), z) and T ′x,y,z = (x, y, z). Proof As far as the necessity of conditions (1) and (2) goes, recall from § that, if N is an LGT network and e = (u, h) a secondary arc in it, then Te(N) is obtained from T0(N) by means of either a node rSPR operation h node ←−u, when u is not principally elementary in N, or an arc rSPR operation h arc ←−u∗, with u∗ the only principal child of u in N, when it is principally elementary. Since, moreover, Te(N) = T0(N) by Proposition 2, this entails that drSPR(T, T ′) = 1. A reconstruction problem for a restricted class of LGT networks Moreover, N clearly satisfies condition (a) (because N has at most one principally elementary node), (b) (because h is not elementary in T), (c) (because h is not a descendant of w in T), and (d) (because, since w is not a descendant in T of the parent h0 of h, the path LCAT(w, h)⇝h in T0(N) contains h0 as intermediate node, and it is not elementary in T) in the definition of restricted LGT network. □ i The problem we are actually going to solve in this sec- tion is, then, the following special case of the LGT Net- work Reconstruction Problem: We rewrite now the characterization provided by the previous proposition in terms of triples (Proposition 5) and clusters (Proposition 6). Our next goal is now to establish a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a restricted LGT network N with a given principal subtree T and a given secondary subtree T ′. First, we give these conditions in terms of rSPR operations. Next, we translate the resulting conditions in terms of triples and clusters. We say that two trees T, T ′ on the same set of labels S and given by their respective set of triples {Tx,y,z \| {x, y, z} ⊆S} and {T ′x,y,z \| {x, y, z} ⊆S} satisfy the principal-secondary condition on triples if there exist k, l, m ≥1 and a family of non-empty, pairwise disjoint subsets of S A1, . . . , Ak, B, C1, . . . , Cl−1, Cl,1, . . . , Cl,m (and to ease notations, let Cl = m i=1 Cl,i) such that for every x, y, z ∈S: A1, . . . , Ak, B, C1, . . . , Cl−1, Cl,1, . . . , Cl,m (and to ease notations, let Cl = m i=1 Cl,i) such that for every x, y, z ∈S: A1, . . . , Ak, B, C1, . . . , Cl−1, Cl,1, . . . , Cl,m (and to ease notations, let Cl = m i=1 Cl,i) such that for every x, y, z ∈S: Proposition 4 Let T, T ′ be two phylogenetic trees on the same set of labels. A reconstruction problem for a restricted class of LGT networks , k −1, let Ai = CT0(N)(ui)\ CT0(N)(ui+1); • • Let Ak = CT0(N)(uk)\CT0(N)(h); • • Let B = CT0(N)(h); • • For every i = 1, . . . , l −1, let Ci = CT0(N)(wi)\ CT0(N)(wi+1); • • If ˜w = w, let x1, . . . , xm be its children in T0(N) , and let Cl,i = CT0(N)(xi), for i = 1, . . . , m ; if w is princi- pally elementary in N, let Cl = Cl,1 = CT0(N)( ˜w) = CT0(N)(w). • • Let v →w1 →· · · →wl−1 →wl = ˜w be the path v⇝˜w in T0(N) [where l ≥1 because condition (c) in Definition 2 implies that w = v]; have that B is a cluster of both T and T ′ (this is Claim 1 in the Appendix, where it is proved). Since every triple in Ŵ(T) △Ŵ(T ′) involves one, and only one, leaf in B, it is clear that Ŵ(T\|B) = Ŵ(T ′\|B) and Ŵ(T\|S\B) = Ŵ(T ′\|S\B) and hence T\|B = T ′\|B and T\|S\B = T ′\|S\B. So, T\|B and T\|S\B form a maximum-agreement forest for T and T ′ in the sense of [31], which implies that drSPR(T, T ′) = 1 [30, Theorem 2.1]. Then, the rSPR operation that transforms T into T ′ must have the form h spr ←−x, with h the root of T\|B, that is, the node in T with CT(h) = B. In order to prove that this rSPR operation satisfies condition (2) in Proposition 4, we must identify the node x and the type of rSPR operation. To do that, we use that each Cl,i is a cluster in T and T ′ (cf. Claim 2 in the Appendix) and that B ∪Cl is a cluster in T ′ but not in T (cf. Claim 3). Then: i • • For every i = 1, . . . , k −1, let Ai = CT0(N)(ui)\ CT0(N)(ui+1); • • Let Ak = CT0(N)(uk)\CT0(N)(h); • • Let B = CT0(N)(h); • • For every i = 1, . . . , l −1, let Ci = CT0(N)(wi)\ CT0(N)(wi+1); • • If ˜w = w, let x1, . . . , xm be its children in T0(N) , and let Cl,i = CT0(N)(xi), for i = 1, . . . A reconstruction problem for a restricted class of LGT networks On the other hand, u (or u∗, in the second case) can be neither a principal ancestor of h, because of condition (c) in Defini- tion 2, nor a proper principal descendant of the parent v of h in T0(N), because this would imply that v = LCAT0(u, h), against condition (d) in Definition 2. y y 5. If x, y, z do not satisfy any of the previous conditions, then Tx,y,z = T ′x,y,z. y y 5. If x, y, z do not satisfy any of the previous conditions, then Tx,y,z = T ′x,y,z. Proposition 5 Let T, T ′ be two phylogenetic trees on the same set of labels. There exists a restricted LGT net- work N with a secondary arc e such that T = T0(N) and T ′ = Te(N) if, and only if, they satisfy the principal-sec- ondary condition on triples. Proof As far as the “only if” implication goes, assume that e = (w, h) and let v = LCAT0(N)(w, h) = LCAT0(N)(w, h). Let ˜w ∈T0(N) be the first non prin- cipally elementary principal descendant of w: that is, ˜w = w if w is not principally elementary, and its principal child otherwise. Now: i Let us prove now the sufficiency of conditions (1) and (2). If T ′ is obtained from T by means of a node rSPR operation h node ←−w, let N be the LGT network obtained by adding to T the secondary arc (w, h). If T ′ is obtained by means of an arc rSPR operation h arc ←−w, then, since h is not a descendant of w in T, the latter cannot be the root; • • Let v →u1 →· · · →uk →h be the path v⇝h in T0(N) [where k ≥1 by condition (d) in Definition 2]; • • Let v →u1 →· · · →uk →h be the path v⇝h in T0(N) [where k ≥1 by condition (d) in Definition 2]; Cardona et al. Algorithms Mol Biol (2015) 10:28 Page 9 of 15 • • Let v →w1 →· · · →wl−1 →wl = ˜w be the path v⇝˜w in T0(N) [where l ≥1 because condition (c) in Definition 2 implies that w = v]; • • For every i = 1, . . . A reconstruction problem for a restricted class of LGT networks Since N and N ′ are restricted LGT networks, the proof of the last proposition shows that if Te(N) = Te′(N ′), then e and e′ must have the same source and target nodes: with the notations therein, their target node is the node in T with cluster B, and their source node is either a principally ele- mentary node added in the arc ending in the node in T with cluster Cl (if m = 1) or the node in T with cluster Cl (if m > 1). Therefore, N = N ′. □ i • Ak ∈C(T ′); i • Ak ∈C(T ′); • if k0 = k −1, then Ak ∈C(T); • Ak ∈C(T ′); • if k0 = k −1, then Ak ∈C(T); • if k0 = k −1, then Ak ∈C(T); • if k0 = k −1, then Ak ∈C(T); • if k0 = k, then U′k = Ak /∈C(T). • if k0 = k, then U′k = Ak /∈C(T). (d) Analogously, the difference between the first element in the last segment and the common cluster B, say Cl = W ′l\B satisfies: \i • Cl ∈C(T); • if l0 = l −1, then Cl ∈C(T ′); i • Cl ∈C(T); • if l0 = l −1, then Cl ∈C(T ′); • if l0 = l −1, then Cl ∈C(T ′); • if l0 = l, then Wl = Cl /∈C(T ′).f • if l0 = l, then Wl = Cl /∈C(T ′).f • if l0 = l, then Wl = Cl /∈C(T ′).f (e) If k > 1, the differences between consecutive sets in the segments above satisfy: Notice that the naïve implementation of the proce- dure given by Proposition 5, that computes and writes all the O(n3) triples defined by T and T ′ and then checks whether the symmetric difference of the correspond- ing sets of triples has the form described therein, takes at least O(n4) time. Although this cost can possibly be reduced by using the strategy in [32], we found it sim- pler to translate this condition on triples into an equiva- lent condition on clusters that is faster to check. To this end we first give a set of conditions written in terms of clusters of trees and its structure as a partial ordered set, where we consider the natural ordering given by inclu- sion of sets. A reconstruction problem for a restricted class of LGT networks Algorithms Mol Biol (2015) 10:28 Uk0 ′ ⊊· · · ⊊U′1, W ′l ⊊· · · ⊊W ′1, Uk0 ′ ⊊· · · ⊊U′1, W ′l ⊊· · · ⊊W ′1, with k −1 ≤k0 ≤k. with k −1 ≤k0 ≤k. with k −1 ≤k0 ≤k. • If l = 1 and l0 = l −1, (respectively, if k = 1 and k0 = k −1), the chain Wl0 ⊊· · · ⊊W1 (respec- tively, Uk0 ′ ⊊· · · ⊊U′1) does not exist, and then C(T)\C(T ′) (respectively, C(T ′)\C(T)) consists only of the other segment. • If l = 1 and l0 = l −1, (respectively, if k = 1 and k0 = k −1), the chain Wl0 ⊊· · · ⊊W1 (respec- tively, Uk0 ′ ⊊· · · ⊊U′1) does not exist, and then C(T)\C(T ′) (respectively, C(T ′)\C(T)) consists only of the other segment. In both cases, it is easy to see that x is not connected in T with h (because B ∩Cl = ∅) and that LCAT(x, h) is not the parent of h (because if a ∈A1, b ∈B and c ∈Cl, then ((a, b), c) ∈Ŵ(T)). □ y g • If C(T)\C(T ′) (respectively, C(T ′)\C(T)) con- sists of two maximal disjoint segments of clusters, then U1 ∩W1 = ∅ (respectively, U1′ ∩W1′ = ∅). • If C(T)\C(T ′) (respectively, C(T ′)\C(T)) con- sists of two maximal disjoint segments of clusters, then U1 ∩W1 = ∅ (respectively, U1′ ∩W1′ = ∅). Corollary 1 Let N andN ′ be two restricted LGT net- works on the same set of labels S, each with a single sec- ondary arc: say, e and e′, respectively. If T0(N) = T0(N ′) and Te(N) = Te′(N ′), then N = N ′. (b) The minimal elements in the chains above satisfy that Uk ∩Wl′ ∈C(T) ∩C(T ′). Let B denote this cluster. (b) The minimal elements in the chains above satisfy that Uk ∩Wl′ ∈C(T) ∩C(T ′). Let B denote this cluster. (c) The difference between the first element in the first segment and the common cluster B, say Ak = Uk\B satisfies: (c) The difference between the first element in the first segment and the common cluster B, say Ak = Uk\B satisfies: Proof Let us denote T0(N) = T0(N ′) simply by T. A reconstruction problem for a restricted class of LGT networks , m ; if w is princi- pally elementary in N, let Cl = Cl,1 = CT0(N)( ˜w) = CT0(N)(w). (Cf. Fig. 9). It is straightforward to check that the tri- ples defined by T0(N) and Te(N) are the same except for those in the statement. • • If m = 1, so that Cl = Cl,1 ∈C(T) ∩C(T ′), this entails that the nodes with clusters B and Cl are sib- ling in T ′ but not in T, and therefore that x is the node in T with cluster Cl and that the rSPR operation is of type arc. Let us consider now the “if” implication. In order not to overload the text, we shall outline here the proof, and fill in the details in a series of Claims proved in the Addi- tional file 1: Appendix.f • • If m > 1, since Cl is a cluster in T but not in T ′ (this is Claim 4 in the Appendix) and • • If m > 1, since Cl is a cluster in T but not in T ′ (this is Claim 4 in the Appendix) and i Assuming that the symmetric difference Ŵ(T) △Ŵ(T ′) consists of those triples described in the statement, we T0(N) v u1 A1 ... uk Ak h B w1 C1 ... ˜ w Cl,m Cl,1 .. . Cl v u1 A1 ... uk Ak h B w1 C1 ... ˜ w Cl,m Cl,1 .. . Te(N) a v u1 A1 ... uk Ak h B w1 C1 ... w ˜ w Cl Te(N) b Fig. 9 The local structure of T0(N) and Te(N) around a secondary arc e = (w, h), when w is not principally elementary (a) and when it is principally elementary (b) T0(N) u1 A1 ... uk Ak h B Cl,m B v u1 A1 ... uk Ak h B w1 C1 ... ˜ w Cl,m Cl,1 .. . Te(N) a v u1 A1 ... uk Ak h B w1 C1 ... w ˜ w Cl Te(N) b Cl, b a Fig. 9 The local structure of T0(N) and Te(N) around a secondary arc e = (w, h), when w is not principally elementary (a) and when it is principally elementary (b) Page 10 of 15 Cardona et al. A reconstruction problem for a restricted class of LGT networks Let N ′ be the LGT network obtained by removing from N all secondary arcs except e and then suppressing ele- mentary nodes. Then, N ′ = N(T, T ′). j We know from Proposition 6 (and its proof) that the clusters of each u∗ i and each hi,j and the equality, or not, between ui and u∗ i are uniquely determined by the pair (T, Ti′). Indeed, in each case the clusters of the aforemen- tioned nodes are found in the proof of Proposition 8, and the statement of this proposition shows how these clusters are determined by T and T ′i. Then, we can understand that Algorithm 2 first splits the arc in T ending in each u∗ i for which ui = u∗ i into two arcs connected by a new elementary node ¯ui and next, for every i = 1, . . . , l and j = 1, . . . , ki, adds to the resulting S-tree a secondary arc from ¯ui or from u∗ i to hi,j. It is clear then that the resulting graph N is isomorphic to ¯N by means of an isomorphism that preserves labels, principal arcs and secondary arcs. □ Proof In this situation, N ′ is also a restricted LGT net- work with T0(N ′) = T and Te(N ′) = T ′, and then Corol- lary 1 applies. □ Now we are able to solve the Restricted LGT Net- work Reconstruction problem: This proposition entails, on the one hand, that if there exists some restricted LGT network with reduced principal sub- tree T and reduced secondary subtrees T1′, . . . , Tk′, then it is unique (up to isomorphisms), and, on the other hand, that Algorithm 2 is correct (and also independent of the ordering of the trees T1′, . . . , Tk′), in the sense that such a restricted LGT network exists if, and only if, the algorithm finds it: notice that if the algorithm detects a cycle in step 5, then this proposition implies that no restricted LGT network can have T and T ′1, . . . , Tk′ as reduced principal and reduced second- ary subtrees. A reconstruction problem for a restricted class of LGT networks In the context of posets, a segment is a chain such that every element in the poset lying between the ends of the chain also belongs to the chain. • Ak ⊊Uk−1′; • Setting (even when k0 = k −1) Uk′ = Ak, we have that Ui\Ui+1 = Ui′\Ui+1′ for every i = 1, . . . , k −1. (f) And analogously, if l > 1, then: • Cl ⊊Wl−1; ( • Setting (even when l0 = l −1) Wl = Cl, we have that Wi\Wi+1 = Wi′\Wi+1′ for every i = 1, . . . , l −1. • Setting (even when l0 = l −1) Wl = Cl, we have that Wi\Wi+1 = Wi′\Wi+1′ for every i = 1, . . . , l −1. Proposition 6 Let T, T ′ be two different phylogenetic trees on the same set of labels. There exists a restricted LGT network N with a secondary arc e such that T = T0(N) and T ′ = Te(N) if, and only if they satisfy the principal-secondary condition on clusters. We say that two trees T, T ′ on the same set of labels S and given by their respective set of clusters C(T) and C(T ′) satisfy the pricipal-secondary condition on clusters if: The principal-secondary condition on clusters can be checked in O(n2) time. Indeed, conditions (b) to (f) can be checked in linear time, since they only involve test- ing if certain sets are clusters of the trees or subsets of some specific sets of leaves. As for condition (a), one only needs to compute all the clusters of both trees, which can be done in O(n2) time, and then computing the symmet- ric difference of those sets and arranging this symmetric difference in chains, which can be done in linear time in the size of the clusters. (a) The symmetric difference of the clusters of T and T ′ can be written as follows: There exist k, l ≥1 such that: h • C(T)\C(T ′) consists (at most) of two maximal disjoint segments in C(T) Uk ⊊· · · ⊊U1, Wl0 ⊊· · · ⊊W1, with l −1 ≤l0 ≤l. • C(T ′)\C(T) consists (at most) of two maximal disjoint segments in C(T ′) Page 11 of 15 Cardona et al. A reconstruction problem for a restricted class of LGT networks Algorithms Mol Biol (2015) 10:28 Proposition 6 allows us to detect easily the secondary arc that must be added to T in order to obtain a network that has T ′ as the corresponding reduced secondary tree, when it exists, by means of the following algorithm: Proposition 8 Let T, T ′1, . . . , Tk′ be a family of pair- wise different phylogenetic trees on S such that each pair (T, Ti′), i = 1, . . . , k, satisfies conditions (a) to (f) in Prop- osition 6. If there exists some restricted LGT network ¯N with reduced principal subtree T and reduced secondary subtrees T1′, . . . , Tk′, then the graph N defined in step 4 of Algorithm 2 applied to T, T ′1, . . . , Tk′ is equal to ¯N (up to isomorphisms of LGT networks). Proof Let ¯N be a restricted LGT network with T0( ¯N) = T and reduced secondary subtrees T ′1, . . . , Tk′. Without any loss of generality, we rename these reduced secondary subtrees as T ′1,1, . . . , T ′1,k1, T ′2,1, . . . , Tl,kl ′ (k1 + · · · + kl = k) in such a way that, for every i = 1, . . . , l, the secondary arcs ¯ei,1, . . . , ¯ei,ki producing the reduced secondary subtrees T ′i,1, . . . , T ′i,ki have the same origin ui, and ui = uj if i = j. For every i = 1, . . . , l, let u∗ i be equal to ui if this node is not principally elementary, and to the principal child of ui in ¯N if it is principally elementary; in both cases, u∗ i is a node in T. Finally, for every i = 1, . . . , l and j = 1, . . . , ki, let hi,j be the target of ¯ei,j, which is also a node in T. It turns out that N(T, T ′) is contained in every restricted LGT network with reduced principal subtree T and having T ′ as a reduced secondary subtree. Proposition 7 Let N be a restricted LGT network such that T0(N) = T and Te(N) = T ′, for some secondary arc e. Example 1 Consider the trees depicted in Fig. 10. Then, k = l = 1 , k0 = l0 = 0, Uk = {3, 4, 5}, Wl′ = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4}, Cl = {1, 2}, u∗ 3 = a and h3 = c. So, we add a new principally elementary node in the middle of the arc (r, a) and a secondary arc e3 from it to c. y • • C(T)\C(T3′) = {3, 4, 5} and C(T3′)\C(T) = {1, 2, 3, 4} . Then, k = l = 1 , k0 = l0 = 0, Uk = {3, 4, 5}, Wl′ = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4}, Cl = {1, 2}, u∗ 3 = a and h3 = c. So, we add a new principally elementary node in the middle of the arc (r, a) and a secondary arc e3 from it to c. We obtain the directed graph depicted in Fig. 13, which contains a directed cycle. Therefore, there does not exist any restricted LGT network with T as reduced principal subtree and T1′, T2′ as reduced secondary subtrees. Of course, it is possible that, on a given input, the LGT network Reconstruction Problem has a solution and the Restricted LGT network Reconstruction Problem does not, as the following example shows. We obtain the directed graph depicted in Fig. 11, which is acyclic and therefore a restricted LGT network with reduced principal subtree T and reduced secondary sub- trees T1′, T2′, T3′. Example 3 Consider the trees T, T ′1 depicted in Fig. 14. Then, C(T)\C(T ′1) = {3, 4, 5}, {2, 3, 4, 5} and C(T ′1)\C(T) = {2, 3}, {2, 3, 6} , and therefore these trees do not satisfy conditions (a) to (f) in Proposi- tion 6: from C(T)\C(T ′1) we have that k = 2, and from C(T ′1)\C(T) that l = 2, but then both differences should consist of a pair of segments, instead of a single segment. This means that there does not exist any restricted LGT network with reduced principal subtree T and reduced secondary subtree T ′1. But there actually exists an LGT network with reduced principal subtree T and reduced secondary subtree T ′1: the network N depicted in the same figure, which is not restricted. 1 2 3 4 5 Fig. A reconstruction problem for a restricted class of LGT networks Another consequence is the stability of the net- work reconstructed: If some new tree is added to the input of the algorithm, then a new secondary arc is added to the network, without altering the other secondary arcs (notice, however, that this last secondary arc could create a cycle in the network and hence the problem would have no solution). Page 12 of 15 Cardona et al. Algorithms Mol Biol (2015) 10:28 1 2 3 4 5 c b r a T 1 2 3 4 5 T ′1 1 2 3 4 5 T ′2 1 2 3 4 5 T ′3 Fig. 10 The phylogenetic trees used as input in Example 1 Example 2 Consider the trees depicted in Fig. 12. The following examples show two simple applications of Algorithm 2. • • C(T)\C(T1′) = {1, 2}, {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6} and C(T1′)\C(T) = {1, 5, 6}, {1, 2, 5, 6}, {1, 2, 3, 5, 6} . Then, k = 1, l = 3, k0 = 0, l0 = 2, Uk = {4, 5, 6} , Wl′ = {1, 5, 6}, B = {5, 6}, Cl = {1}, u∗ 1 = 1 and h1 = d. So, we add a new principally elementary node in the middle of the arc (c, 1) and a secondary arc e1 from it to d. Example 1 Consider the trees depicted in Fig. 10. Example 1 Consider the trees depicted in Fig. 10. • • C(T)\C(T1′) = {1, 2} and C(T1′)\C(T) = {2, 3, 4, 5} . Then, with the notations of Algorithm 2, k = l = 1, k0 = l0 = 0, Uk = {1, 2}, Wl′ = {2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {2}, Cl = {3, 4, 5} , u∗ 1 = b, and h1 = 2. So, we add a new principally elementary node in the middle of the arc (r, b) and a secondary arc e1 from it to 2. 1 • • C(T)\C(T2′) = {1, 2, 3}, {5, 6}, {4, 5, 6} and C(T2′)\C(T) = {1, 2, 6}, {1, 2, 5, 6}, {1, 2, 4, 5, 6} . Then, k = 1, l = 3, k0 = 0, l0 = 2, Uk = {1, 2, 3} , Wl′ = {1, 2, 6}, B = {1, 2}, Cl = {6}, u∗ 2 = 6 and h2 = c. So, we add a new principally elementary node in the middle of the arc (d, 6) and a secondary arc e2 from it to c. • • C(T)\C(T2′) = {1, 2, 3}, {5, 6}, {4, 5, 6} and C(T2′)\C(T) = {1, 2, 6}, {1, 2, 5, 6}, {1, 2, 4, 5, 6} . Then, k = 1, l = 3, k0 = 0, l0 = 2, Uk = {1, 2, 3} , Wl′ = {1, 2, 6}, B = {1, 2}, Cl = {6}, u∗ 2 = 6 and h2 = c. So, we add a new principally elementary node in the middle of the arc (d, 6) and a secondary arc e2 from it to c. y • • C(T)\C(T2′) = {1, 2}, {3, 4}, {3, 4, 5} and C(T2′)\ C(T) = {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5} . Then, k = l = 2, k0 = l0 = 1, Uk = {3, 4}, Wl′ = {2, 3} , B = {3}, Cl = {2}, u∗ 2 = 2 and h = 3. So, we add a new princi- pally elementary node in the middle of the arc (a, 2) and a secondary arc e2 from it to 3. y • • C(T)\C(T3′) = {3, 4, 5} and C(T3′)\C(T) = {1, 2, 3, 4} . Example 1 Consider the trees depicted in Fig. 10. 11 The graph obtained as output when applying Algorithm 2 to the trees T, T1′, T2′, T3′ in Fig. 10 Fig. 11 The graph obtained as output when applying Algorithm 2 to the trees T, T1′, T2′, T3′ in Fig. 10 Fig. 11 The graph obtained as output when applying Algorithm 2 to the trees T, T1′, T2′, T3′ in Fig. 10 Cardona et al. Algorithms Mol Biol (2015) 10:28 Page 13 of 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 c a r b d T 4 3 2 1 5 6 T ′ 1 3 4 5 6 2 1 T ′ 2 Fig. 12 The phylogenetic trees used as input in Example 2 a “central” tree sharing many leaves with a large set of “companion” trees in the database.h 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fig. 13 The graph obtained as output when applying Algorithm 2 to the trees T, T1′, T2′ in Fig. 12 Then, we exhaustively looked for pairs formed by a sub- tree of this central tree and a companion tree such that their topological restrictions to their common set of leaves satisfy the principal-secondary condition on clusters. With all pairs satisfying this condition we looked for a maximal example: with as many leaves as possible and as many secondary trees as possible. Finally, this maximal set of trees is used as an input to Algorithm 2. the trees T, T1′, T2′ in Fig. 12 We have taken as our datasource the database of phy- logenetic trees in [23]. That database contains 159,905 phylogenetic trees, but in order to make the computa- tions feasible we have restricted our experiment to a ran- dom sample of 15,000 trees. Within this sample, we have found a “central” tree T with 100 leaves and 200 other “companion” trees sharing at least 30 labels with T. We have then kept these 201 trees and discarded the others. Following the strategy described above, we have found the subtree T0 of T described by the Newick string An application In order to test the models and algorithms introduced in this paper, we have performed a computational experi- ment. Our goal was to find an example of trees in a data- base of phylogenetic trees obtained from biological data where our algorithms can be applied.h The general strategy for this search was as follows: We first chose a database with many phylogenetic trees; among these trees we exhaustively searched for (((((9, 8), 7), 6), 5), ((4, 3), (1, 2))); 1 5 4 3 2 6 T 1 5 4 3 2 6 T ′ 1 5 4 3 2 6 N Fig. 14 The phylogenetic trees used as input in Example 3, and an LGT network that has them as reduced principal and secondary subtrees, respectively 1 5 4 3 2 6 T ′ 6 6 trees used as input in Example 3, and an LGT network that has them as reduced principal and secondary subtrees, Page 14 of 15 Page 14 of 15 Cardona et al. Algorithms Mol Biol (2015) 10:28 where the numbers correspond to the organisms given in Table 1, and the following three subtrees of some of the remaining set of 200 trees: where the numbers correspond to the organisms given in Table 1, and the following three subtrees of some of the remaining set of 200 trees: transfers that capture the asymmetry of these evolu- tionary events. An LGT network allows to distinguish between the principal line of evolution of the species under study and the secondary lines determined by the lateral gene transfers, by defining, in a natural way, a principal phylogenetic subtree and a family of secondary phylogenetic subtrees. T1′ : (((((9, 8), 7), 6), 5), (((2, 3), 1), 4)); T2′ : (((((9, 8), 7), 6), 5), (((1, 3), 2), 4)); T3′ : ((((((9, 8), 7), 6), 5), 4), ((3, (1, 2)))); T1′ : (((((9, 8), 7), 6), 5), (((2, 3), 1), 4)); T2′ : (((((9, 8), 7), 6), 5), (((1, 3), 2), 4)); T3′ : ((((((9, 8), 7), 6), 5), 4), ((3, (1, 2)))); We have defined a subclass of “restricted” LGT networks such that (a) the principal and secondary phylogenetic sub- trees of a restricted LGT network are pairwise different; and (b) the principal and secondary phylogenetic subtrees of a restricted LGT network single it out, up to isomor- phisms. Conclusions In this paper we have considered LGT networks: a gen- eral model of phylogenetic networks with lateral gene ii As a future work, we plan to relax the conditions on the restricted LGT networks in order to be able to recon- struct a broader class of networks and discover new algorithms for reconstructing such networks from bio- logically significant data. Table 1 The organisms involved in the phylogenetic trees T0, T1′, T2′, T3′ given in §5 Identifier Organism 1 Roseobacter_denitrificans_OCh_114 2 Ruegeria_pomeroyi_DSS-3 3 Ruegeria_sp._TM1040 4 Dinoroseobacter_shibae_DFL_12 5 Paracoccus_denitrificans_PD1222 6 Rhodobacter_sphaeroides_ATCC_17025 7 Rhodobacter_sphaeroides_KD131 8 Rhodobacter_sphaeroides_ATCC_17029 9 Rhodobacter_sphaeroides_2.4.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fig. 15 Restricted LGT network obtained in the experiment in § Table 1 The organisms involved in the phylogenetic trees T0, T1′, T2′, T3′ given in §5 Identifier Organism 1 Roseobacter_denitrificans_OCh_114 2 Ruegeria_pomeroyi_DSS-3 3 Ruegeria_sp._TM1040 4 Dinoroseobacter_shibae_DFL_12 5 Paracoccus_denitrificans_PD1222 6 Rhodobacter_sphaeroides_ATCC_17025 7 Rhodobacter_sphaeroides_KD131 8 Rhodobacter_sphaeroides_ATCC_17029 9 Rhodobacter_sphaeroides_2.4.1 Table 1 The organisms involved in the phylogenetic trees T0, T1′, T2′, T3′ given in §5 Identifier Organism 1 Roseobacter_denitrificans_OCh_114 2 Ruegeria_pomeroyi_DSS-3 3 Ruegeria_sp._TM1040 4 Dinoroseobacter_shibae_DFL_12 5 Paracoccus_denitrificans_PD1222 6 Rhodobacter_sphaeroides_ATCC_17025 7 Rhodobacter_sphaeroides_KD131 8 Rhodobacter_sphaeroides_ATCC_17029 9 Rhodobacter_sphaeroides_2.4.1 Table 1 The organisms involved in the phylogenetic trees T0, T1′, T2′, T3′ given in §5 Authors’ contributions GC, JCP and FR developed the theory and algorithms reported in this paper. JCP implemented the algorithms and performed the experiment in §. All three authors contributed to the writing of the paper and approved the final ver- sion. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fig. 15 Restricted LGT network obtained in the experiment in § Additional file Additional file 1. Appendix: Some proofs Acknowledgements We thank the anonymous reviewers for many comments and suggestions that have substantially improved the quality and readability of the paper. The research reported in this paper has been partially supported by the “Programa Pont La Caixa per a groups de recerca de la UIB”. Availabilityh The Python program implementing our algorithms is available at http://bioinfo.uib.es/~recerca/LGTnetworks/ reconstruction.zip An application Then, we have given an algorithm that solves the problem of reconstructing a restricted LGT network from a given principal phylogenetic subtree and a given family of secondary phylogenetic subtrees, when it exists. such that each pair of trees (T0, Ti′), i = 1, 2, 3, satisfies the conditions in Proposition 6. Applying Algorithm 2 to T0, T1′, T2′, T3′, we obtain the restricted LGT network depicted in Fig. 15, that contains T0 as reduced principal subtree and T1′, T2′, T3′ as reduced secondary subtrees. This network suggests the existence of three lateral gene transfer events that explain the differences between T0 and T1′, T2′, T3′. Although there is no reference in the lit- erature to these specific events, several lateral gene trans- fer events involving Rhodobacter sp., Ruegeria pom. and Ruegeria sp. have been reported in the literature [33–35]. such that each pair of trees (T0, Ti′), i = 1, 2, 3, satisfies the conditions in Proposition 6. Applying Algorithm 2 to T0, T1′, T2′, T3′, we obtain the restricted LGT network depicted in Fig. 15, that contains T0 as reduced principal subtree and T1′, T2′, T3′ as reduced secondary subtrees. This network suggests the existence of three lateral gene transfer events that explain the differences between T0 and T1′, T2′, T3′. Although there is no reference in the lit- erature to these specific events, several lateral gene trans- fer events involving Rhodobacter sp., Ruegeria pom. and Ruegeria sp. have been reported in the literature [33–35]. We have implemented the algorithms in this paper using Python. The program can be downloaded from the url http://bioinfo.uib.es/~recerca/LGTnetworks/recon- struction.zip, and the only requirements are the libraries networkx and pyparsing, which are included in most of the standard distributions of python for scientific com- putation (e.g. anaconda). The zip file contains a README file with specific instructions on how to use the program. References 20. Morrison D. The genealogical world of phylogenetic networks: the first HGT network. http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com.es/2014/04/the-first- hgt-network.html 1. Martin WF. Early evolution without a tree of life. Biol Direct. 2011;6:36. 2. Doolittle WF, Bapteste E. Pattern pluralism and the tree of life hypothesis. Proc Nat Acad Sci 2007;104(7):2043–9 21. Górecki P. H-trees: a model of evolutionary scenario with horizontal gene transfer. Fundam Inf. 2010;103:105–28. 3. Morrison DA. Phylogenetic networks: a review of methods to display 3. Morrison DA. Phylogenetic networks: a review of method evolutionary history. Annu Res Rev Biol. 2014;4:1518–43. 22. Górecki P, Tiuryn J. Inferring evolutionary scenarios in the duplication, loss and horizontal gene transfer model. In: Logic and program semantics. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg; 2012. pp. 83–105. evolutionary history. Annu Res Rev Biol. 2014;4:1518–43. 4. Boto L. Horizontal gene transfer in evolution: facts and challenges. Proc R S Lond B Biol Sci. 2010;277(1683):819–27. 4. Boto L. Horizontal gene transfer in evolution: facts and challenges. Proc R 5. Freeman VJ. Studies on the virulence of bacteriophage-infected strains of corynebacterium diphtheriae. J Bacteriol. 1951;61(6):675. 23. Beiko RG. Telling the whole story in a 10,000-genome world. Biol Direct. 2011;6:34. 6. Lederberg J, Lederberg EM, Zinder ND, Lively ER. Recombination analysis of bacterial heredity. In: Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, vol. 16. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1951; pp. 413–43. 24. Baroni M, Semple C, Steel M. A framework for representing reticulate evolution. Ann Comb. 2005;8(4):391–408. 25. Baroni M, Semple C, Steel M. Hybrids in real time. Syst Biol. 2006;55(1):46–56. gy p g y pp 7. McDaniel LD, Young E, Delaney J, Ruhnau F, Ritchie KB, Paul JH. High frequency of horizontal gene transfer in the oceans. Science. 2010;330:50. , g , y , , , g frequency of horizontal gene transfer in the oceans. Science. 2010;330:50. 26. Moret BME, Nakhleh L, Warnow T, Linder CR, Tholse A, Padolina A, Sun J, Timme R. Phylogenetic networks: Modeling, reconstructibility, and accuracy. IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinf. 2004;1(1):13–23. q y g 8. Yue J, Hu X, Sun H, Yang Y, Huang J. Widespread impact of horizontal gene transfer on plant colonization of land. Nat Commun. 2012;3:1152. gene transfer on plant colonization of land. Nat Commun. 2012;3:1 27. Semple C, Steel MA. Phylogenetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003. 9. Gilbert C, Schaack S II, Pace JK, Brindley PJ, Feschotte C. A role for host- parasite interactions in the horizontal transfer of transposons across phyla. Nature. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Received: 31 July 2015 Accepted: 15 November 2015 Page 15 of 15 Cardona et al. Algorithms Mol Biol (2015) 10:28 References Which phylogenetic networks are merely trees with additional arcs? Systematic Biology, 1502-070453. 2015. 19. Benveniste RE, Todaro GJ. Evolution of c-type viral genes: inheritance of exogenously acquired viral genes. Nature. 1974;252:456–9. • We accept pre-submission inquiries • Our selector tool helps you to ﬁnd the most relevant journal • We provide round the clock customer support • Convenient online submission • Thorough peer review • Inclusion in PubMed and all major indexing services • Maximum visibility for your research Submit your manuscript at www.biomedcentral.com/submit Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central and we will help you at every step: References 2010;464:1347–50. 28. Dress A, Huber KT, Koolen J, Moulton V, Spillner A. Basic phylogenetic combinatorics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013. 10. Huson D, Rupp R, Scornavacca C. Phylogenetic networks. Concepts: algo- rithms and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010. 29. Kelk S, Scornavacca C. Constructing minimal phylogenetic networks from softwired clusters is fixed parameter tractable. Algorithmica. 2014;6:886–915. 11. Morrison DA. Introduction to Phylogenetic Networks. RJR Productions, Uppsala, Sweden; 2011. 30. Bordewich M, Semple C. On the computational complexity of the rooted subtree prune and regraft distance. Ann Comb. 2005;8(4):409–23. 12. Gambette P. Who Is who in phylogenetic networks: articles, authors and programs. http://phylnet.info. 31. Hein J, Jing T, Wang L, Zhang K. On the complexity of comparing evolu- tionary trees. Discrete Appl Math. 1996;71:153–69.fi 13. Abby S, Tannier E, Gouy M, Daubin V. Detecting lateral gene transfers by statistical reconciliation of phylogenetic forests. BMC Bioinform. 2010;11:324. 32. Brodal GS, Fagerberg R, Mailund T, Pedersen CN, Sand A. Efficient algo- rithms for computing the triplet and quartet distance between trees of arbitrary degree. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms. SIAM; 2013. pp. 1814–32. 14. Bansal MS, Banay G, Harlow TJ, Gogarten JP, Shamir R. Systematic infer- ence of highways of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes. Bioinformat- ics. 2013;29(5):571–9. 33. Frank AC, Alsmark CM, Thollesson M, Andersson SGE. Functional diver- gence and horizontal transfer of type iv secretion systems. Mol Biol Evol. 2005;22(5):1325–36. 15. Than C, Ruths D, Innan H, Nakhleh L. Confounding factors in hgt detec- tion: statistical error, coalescent effects, and multiple solutions. J Comput Biol. 2007;14(4):517–35. 34. Poggio S, Abreu-Goodger C, Fabela S, Osorio A, Dreyfus G, Vinuesa P, Camarena L. A complete set of flagellar genes acquired by horizontal transfer coexists with the endogenous flagellar system in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J Bacteriol. 2007;189(8):3208–16. 16. Thuillard M, Moulton V. Identifying and reconstructing lateral transfers from distance matrices by combining the minimum contradiction method and neighbor-net. J Bioinform Comput Biol. 2011;9(4):453–70. 17. Tofigh A, Hallett M, Lagergren J. Simultaneous identification of duplica- tions and lateral gene transfers. IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinf. 2011;8(2):517–35. 35. Todd JD, Curson ARJ, Sullivan MJ, Kirkwood M, Johnston AWB. The rue- geria pomeroyi acui gene has a role in dmsp catabolism and resembles yhdh of e. coli and other bacteria in conferring resistance to acrylate. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):35947. 18. Francis AR, Steel M. Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central and we will help you at every step: • We accept pre-submission inquiries • Our selector tool helps you to ﬁnd the most relevant journal • We provide round the clock customer support • Convenient online submission • Thorough peer review • Inclusion in PubMed and all major indexing services • Maximum visibility for your research Submit your manuscript at www.biomedcentral.com/submit Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central and we will help you at every step: • We accept pre-submission inquiries	45,222
2013/92013E004890/92013E004890_EN.txt_12	Eurlex	Open Government	CC-By	2,013	None	None	English	Spoken	7,138	12,262	Does the Vice-President/High Representative condemn the unlawful intervention of the Israeli army in Syria? Can she provide details of how the European Union is trying to ensure that Israel complies with international law? What impact does she believe Israel’s unilateral and unpunished intervention in Syria will have on the conflict and on the region? Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission (1 July 2013) Although aware of media reports about alleged Israeli air strikes in Syria, these have not been confirmed officially and thus shall not be commented on by the EU. Generally, the HR/VP is of the view that foreign interventions into the ongoing Syrian conflict do not contribute to its solution but instead put the wider region, including Israel, at high risk of the violence escalation. Thus, the EU's diplomatic efforts now focus on coordination with all key regional and international players with an aim to find a political solution and avoid further warfare and loss of life. The EU's commitment to a peaceful settlement of the Syrian conflict in full respect of the international law and in support of the efforts of the UN and the League of Arab States is reflected in the EU's humanitarian aid and other support already in place; its current political and security outlook has been interpreted during the latest EU FAC on 27 May 2013. The HR/VP has repeatedly expressed in her public statements, e.g. 16 November 2012 in relation to Israeli military operation ‘Pillar of Defence’, as well as in the course of her constant diplomatic efforts vis-à-vis countries of the Middle East region that Israel has the right to protect its population from rocket attacks by extremist factions but at the same time urged Israel to ensure that its response is proportionate and does not violate international law. Continued deployment of the UNDOF and Unifil misions has been particularly appreciated. (Wersja polska) Pytanie wymagające odpowiedzi pisemnej E-004969/13 do Komisji Lidia Joanna Geringer de Oedenberg (S&D) (6 maja 2013 r.) Przedmiot: Podstawa prawna dla procedury ustawodawczej w zakresie zmiany dyrektywy 87/2003/WE Zważając, iż forsowany przez Komisję harmonogram aukcji emisji gazów w propozycji zmiany dyrektywy 87/2003/WE ustanawiającej system handlu przydziałami emisji gazów cieplarnianych we Wspólnocie nie dotyczy wyłącznie środowiska, ale wiąże się z wpływem na dywersyfikację struktury energetycznej państw członkowskich, zwracam się z pytaniem do Komisji, dlaczego została wybrana podstawa prawna z art. 192 ust.1 TFUE ustanawiająca zwykłą procedurę ustawodawczą w tym przypadku? Taki wybór pomija rolę państw członkowskich w procesie decyzyjnym, który w tym przypadku wyraźnie podlega procedurze zawartej w art. 192 ust. 2 lit. c) TFUE. Jest to szczególnie ważne dla takich krajów jak Polska, których gospodarka jest wyjątkowo uzależniona od wysokoemisyjnego węgla i która pozbawiona możliwości sprzeciwu zagwarantowanego przez art. 192 ust. 2 lit. c) poniesie wyższe koszty dostosowań do proponowanych w dyrektywie regulacji niż średni koszt dla UE. Artykuł 192 (dawny artykuł 175 TWE): „ 2. Na zasadzie odstępstwa od procedury decyzyjnej przewidzianej w ustępie 1 i bez uszczerbku dla artykułu 114, Rada, stanowiąc jednomyślnie zgodnie ze specjalną procedurą prawodawczą i po konsultacji z Parlamentem Europejskim, Komitetem Ekonomiczno-Społecznym i Komitetem Regionów, uchwala: środki wpływające znacząco na wybór Państwa Członkowskiego między różnymi źródłami energii i ogólną strukturę jego zaopatrzenia w energię. ” Odpowiedź udzielona przez komisarz Connie Hedegaard w imieniu Komisji (14 czerwca 2013 r.) Podstawą prawną dyrektywy 2003/87/WE (225) jest art. 175 ust. 1 Traktatu WE zastąpiony art. 192 ust. 1 TFUE (226). Ten sam artykuł stanowi również właściwą podstawę prawną wniosku w sprawie zmiany dyrektywy 2003/87/WE w celu doprecyzowania uprawnień Komisji w odniesieniu do harmonogramu aukcji. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, wybór podstawy prawnej musi opierać się na czynnikach obiektywnych, obejmujących w szczególności cel i treść wniosku. Oczywiście podstawowym celem dyrektywy 2003/87/WE jest zmniejszenie emisji gazów cieplarnianych w celu zwalczania zmian klimatu spowodowanych działalnością człowieka, o których mowa w art. 191 TFUE, a nie polityka energetyczna. Artykuł 192 ust. 1 TFUE stanowi podstawę prawną aktów przyjętych przez Radę i Parlament Europejski w celu osiągnięcia celów określonych w art. 191 TFUE. Celem wniosku w sprawie zmiany dyrektywy 2003/87/WE jest doprecyzowanie zakresu uprawnień Komisji na podstawie dyrektywy 2003/87/WE i dlatego ma on tę samą podstawę prawną. (English version) Question for written answer E-004969/13 to the Commission Lidia Joanna Geringer de Oedenberg (S&D) (6 May 2013) Subject: Legal basis for the legislative procedure to be followed when amending Directive 87/2003/EC In view of the fact that the timetable for the auctioning of emission allowances pushed through by the Commission in the proposed amendments to Directive 87/2003/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community not only has environmental implications, but will also affect the diversification of the Member States’ energy structures, I should like to ask the Commission why Article 192(1) TFEU, which provides for use of the ordinary legislative procedure, has been chosen as a legal basis in this instance. This choice disregards the role that should be played by the Member States in the decision-making process, which in this instance should clearly follow the procedure set out in Article 192(2)(c) TFEU. This is of particular significance for countries such as Poland whose economies are extremely dependent on CO2-intensive coal, and which will therefore incur costs for adapting to the rules proposed under the directive that are higher than the EU average because they are unable to make use of the veto provided for in Article 192(2)(c). Article 192 (ex Article 175 TEC): ‘2. By way of derogation from the decision-making procedure provided for in paragraph 1 and without prejudice to Article 114, the Council acting unanimously in accordance with a special legislative procedure and after consulting the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, shall adopt: measures significantly affecting a Member State’s choice between different energy sources and the general structure of its energy supply.’ Answer given by Ms Hedegaard on behalf of the Commission (14 June 2013) The legal basis of Directive 2003/87/EC (227) is Article 175(1) of the EC Treaty replaced by Article 192(1) TFEU (228). The same Article also constitutes the appropriate legal basis for the proposal to amend Directive 2003/87/EC so as to clarify the powers of the Commission with regard to the auction time profile. In general, the choice of the legal basis must rest on objective factors, which include in particular the aim and the content of proposal. Obviously, the primary purpose of Directive 2003/87/EC is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change as referred to in Article 191 TFEU, not energy policy, and Article 192(1) TFEU constitutes the legal basis of acts adopted by the Council and the European Parliament in order to attain the objectives referred to in Article 191 TFEU. The aim of the proposal amending Directive 2003/87/EC is to clarify the scope of the Commission’s powers under Directive 2003/87/EC and it therefore shares the same legal basis. (Suomenkielinen versio) Kirjallisesti vastattava kysymys E-004972/13 komissiolle Mitro Repo (S&D) (7. toukokuuta 2013) Aihe: Pohjoisten alueiden erityisolosuhteiden huomioiminen rautatiesektorilla Komission ehdotus neljännestä rautatiepaketista uudistaa rautatiesektoria lainsäädännön kautta. Erityisolosuhteita ei kuitenkaan ole otettu huomioon Suomen kaltaisissa harvaanasutuissa ja talviolosuhteiltaan hankalasti liikennöitävissä maissa. Komissio keskittyy neljättä rautatiepakettia koskevassa ehdotuksessaan kilpailun avaamiseen Keski‐ ja Länsi-Euroopan tiheän rataverkon näkökulmasta. Rajat ylittävä junaliikenne tuo merkittäviä etuja Keski-Euroopan maille. Samaan aikaan komissio näyttää sulkevan pois kokonaan perifeeriset alueet, kuten Suomen. Näissä harvaan asutuissa maissa liiketoimintaympäristö, rataverkon luonne (mm. muista EU-maista poikkeava raideleveys) ja tekniset vaatimukset eroavat merkittävästi tiheään asuttujen ja ilmastollisesti suotuisimpien Keski‐ ja Länsi-Euroopan maista. Suomen kannalta uudistuksessa vaarana on, että vähän liikennöidyt alueet jäisivät kokonaan ilman kilpailua, kun aiemmin näiden syrjäseutujen liikenne on varmistettu valtio-omisteisen yhtiön kannattavilla yhteyksillä tekemällä voitolla. Maantieteellisistä syistä ja rataverkon erilaisuudesta johtuen uusien toimijoiden tulo markkinoille on todennäköisesti rajallinen eikä Suomi hyödy kansainvälisen liikenteen synergiaeduista. Suomessa on ylläpidettävä myös jatkossa laajaa rataverkkoa palveluiden varmistamiseksi koko maassa. 1. Millaisia vaikutuksia ehdotetuilla uudistuksilla on Suomen kaltaisille perifeerisille jäsenvaltioille? Miten komissio aikoo varmistaa, että vaikutukset eivät ole haitallisia hallinnollisen taakan, liiketoimintamahdollisuuksien tai teknisten vaatimusten suhteen? 2. Miten komissio aikoo varmistaa kolmansiin maihin suuntautuvien junayhteyksien (kuten Suomen ja Venäjän välisen liikenteen) ylläpidon ja näistä maista tulevan epäterveen kilpailun estämisen? Siim Kallasin komission puolesta antama vastaus (25. kesäkuuta 2013) 1. Komission vaikutustenarvioinnissa otetaan huomioon kokemus, joka on saatu markkinoiden avaamisesta jäsenvaltioissa ja rautatieverkoista, syrjäisten jäsenvaltioiden harvemmat rataverkot mukaan luettuina. Sitä seurannut ehdotus rautateiden kotimaan henkilöliikenteen markkinoiden avaamisesta 1. Komission vaikutustenarvioinnissa otetaan huomioon kokemus, joka on saatu markkinoiden avaamisesta jäsenvaltioissa ja rautatieverkoista, syrjäisten jäsenvaltioiden harvemmat rataverkot mukaan luettuina. Sitä seurannut ehdotus rautateiden kotimaan henkilöliikenteen markkinoiden avaamisesta (229) Ehdotuksessa turvataan jäsenvaltioiden oikeus tehdä julkisia palveluhankintoja koskevia sopimuksia aina kun ne ovat julkisen palvelun suunnitelmien mukaisesti perusteltuja. Tämä kattaa erityisesti reitit ilmasto-olosuhteiltaan äärimmäisille harvaan asutuille alueille. Vaikka komissio katsoo, että uudet tulokkaat ja käyttöoikeuksien vapaaseen saatavuuteen (open access) perustuva suora kilpailu (ainakin tiheästi liikennöidyillä suurten nopeuksien reiteillä) lisää tehokkuutta ja innovointia, jäsenvaltiot voivat rajoittaa tätä kilpailua turvatakseen julkisia palveluhankintoja koskevien sopimusten taloudellisen tasapainon. Kilpailuun perustuvien tarjouspyyntöjen ansiosta Suomen viranomaiset voivat säästää jopa 20 prosenttia julkisia palveluhankintoja koskeviin sopimuksiin kuluvista menoista, mikä tarjoaa mahdollisuuden investoida matkustusolosuhteiden parantamiseen joko paremman liikennetarjonnan tai alempien hintojen kautta. 2. Komission esityksessä ei ole mitään, mikä estäisi rautatieliikenteen jatkumisen Suomen ja kolmansien maiden välillä. (English version) Question for written answer E-004972/13 to the Commission Mitro Repo (S&D) (7 May 2013) Subject: Taking account of special circumstances in northern regions in the rail sector The Commission proposal on the Fourth Railway Package reforms the rail sector by means of legislation. However, it fails to take into account special circumstances in countries such as Finland which are sparsely populated and difficult to travel in when the weather is wintry. In its proposal on the Fourth Railway Package, the Commission concentrates on opening up railways to competition, taking as its model the dense rail networks in Central and Western Europe. Cross-border rail transport brings substantial benefits to Central European countries. At the same time, the Commission seems to completely disregard peripheral areas such as Finland. In these sparsely populated countries, the business environment, the nature of the rail network (inter alia the fact that the track gauge differs from that in other EU Member States) and technical requirements differ considerably from those in densely populated countries in Central and Western Europe where the climate is more favourable. From Finland’s point of view there is a danger associated with the reform that regions where the volume of transport is low will see no competition whatsoever, whereas previously transport in these peripheral areas was provided by drawing on the profit made by a state-owned company on financially viable lines. For geographical reasons and because of the difference of the rail network, the emergence of any new market operators is likely to be marginal, and Finland cannot derive any benefit from international transport synergies. In Finland, an extensive rail network needs to be maintained in future as well, in order to provide services throughout the country. 1. What impact will the proposed reforms have on peripheral Member States such as Finland? How will the Commission ensure that the impact is not damaging in terms of administrative burden, opportunities for business activity or technical requirements? 2. How will the Commission ensure the continuation of rail services providing links to third countries (such as between Finland and Russia) and prevent unhealthy competition from such countries? Answer given by Mr Kallas on behalf of the Commission (25 June 2013) 1. The Commission's impact assessment takes account of experiences made with market opening in Member States (MS) and rail networks, including less dense networks in peripheral MS. The ensuing proposal concerning the opening of the market for domestic passenger transport services by rail 1. The Commission's impact assessment takes account of experiences made with market opening in Member States (MS) and rail networks, including less dense networks in peripheral MS. The ensuing proposal concerning the opening of the market for domestic passenger transport services by rail (230) The proposal safeguards the right of MS to provide for public service contracts wherever these are justified by their public service plans. This would in particular include routes into sparsely populated areas suffering extreme climatic conditions. Although the Commission considers that new entrants and direct ‘open access’ competition (at least on densely trafficked high speed routes) will bring efficiency and innovation, MS are able to limit such competition in order to safeguard the economic equilibrium of public service contracts. Thanks to competitive tenders, Finnish competent authorities may expect to save up to 20% of their current public spending on public service contracts, providing the possibility for investing in improving conditions for its passengersin terms of a better transport offer or lower prices. 2. There is nothing in the Commission’s proposal which would prevent the continuation of rail services between Finland and third countries. (English version) Question for written answer E-004973/13 to the Commission James Nicholson (ECR) (7 May 2013) Subject: European Disability Strategy 2010-2020: assessing national efforts The European Disability Strategy 2010-2020 was adopted on 15 November 2010. Will the Commission provide an update regarding the progress made by Member States and regions to align their strategies to the European Disability Strategy 2010-2020? Will the Commission also outline what safeguards are in place to ensure that Member States and regions work towards achieving the various objectives as contained within the eight priority areas? Answer given by Mrs Reding on behalf of the Commission (26 June 2013) As announced in the European Disability Strategy 2010-2020, by the end of 2013 the Commission will report on progress achieved so far through this Strategy and the implementation of its actions. This will provide a basis for updating the list of actions linked to the strategy. A further report is scheduled for 2016. A study is currently being carried out to support the Commission in gathering data and information to prepare this report (231). The study will also look at the impact and broader effects of the European Disability Strategy on the Member States disability policies and their practical implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). Since 2008 the Commission and the Disability High-Level Group have published an annual joint report on the implementation of the UNCRPD (232). The HLG reports include information on progress made by the EU and the Member States in developing and implementing national strategies and actions to effectively put in practice the Convention as well as in establishing the necessary institutional arrangements provided for by the UNCRPD. The relationship between the EU Strategy and the actions of the Member States is of a mutually supportive nature. (Svensk version) Frågor för skriftligt besvarande E-004974/13 till kommissionen Amelia Andersdotter (Verts/ALE) (7 maj 2013) Angående: Ipred-direktivets bidrag till harmoniseringen av den inre marknaden I sitt svar på skriftlig fråga E-000564/2013 (233) besvarar inte kommissionen den fråga som ställts. Det har redan fastställts att direktiv 2004/48/EG om säkerställande av skyddet för immateriella rättigheter (Ipred) upprättades inom ramen för artikel 114 i EUF-fördraget, vilken handlar om harmonisering av den inre marknaden. Den specifika fråga som ställdes handlade om huruvida Ipred-direktivet hade uppnått detta mål med tanke på att många medlemsstater väljer att frångå målsättningarna i direktivet efter påtryckningar från tredje parter eller interna grupper. Därför frågar jag återigen: Anser kommissionen att Ipred-direktivet uppfyller sitt syfte, dvs. att främja en harmonisering av den inre marknaden? Svar från Michel Barnier på kommissionens vägnar (3 juli 2013) Som tidigare förklarats för parlamentsledamoten har Ipred lett till en viss harmonisering av den civilrättsliga verkställigheten av skyddet för immateriella rättigheter på den inre marknaden. I enlighet med fördragen är den nuvarande harmoniseringsnivån, som kan ändras med tiden, resultatet av EU:s beslutsprocess och har sin grund i medlagstiftarnas beslut som fattades utifrån kommissionens förslag. I detta avseende kan man inte säga att Ipred har misslyckats med att uppfylla sitt inremarknadsmål. Medlemsländerna är skyldiga att utforma system för den civilrättsliga verkställigheten av skyddet för immateriella rättigheter i enlighet med detta regelverk. Om de inte uppfyller sin skyldighet kan de anses bryta mot EU-lagstiftningen. Kommissionen har för närvarande ingen kännedom om något sådant fall. Om vi får det skulle kommissionen i egenskap av fördragens väktare överväga att inleda ett överträdelseförfarande mot medlemslandet i fråga. (English version) Question for written answer E-004974/13 to the Commission Amelia Andersdotter (Verts/ALE) (7 May 2013) Subject: IPRED's contribution to the harmonisation of the internal market In its reply to Written Question E-000564/2013 (234), the Commission does not answer the question posed. It has already been established that directive 2004/48/EC on the enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPRED) was created under Article 114 TFEU, which calls for harmonisation of the internal market. The specific question asked was whether or not IPRED fulfils this goal, given that many Member States choose to deviate from the objectives in the directive after pressure from third parties or internal groups. Therefore, I ask the Commission again: does it find that IPRED fulfils the purpose of furthering the harmonisation of the internal market? Answer given by Mr Barnier on behalf of the Commission (3 July 2013) As explained to the Honourable Member, IPRED has established a certain level of harmonisation in terms of the civil enforcement of IPR within the internal market. In line with the treaties, this current degree of harmonisation, which is not meant to be intangible over time, is the result of the European Union’s decisional process and stems form the decision of the co-legislators, which was taken on the basis of a Commission’s proposal. In that respect IPRED cannot be considered as failing to fulfil its Internal Market objective. Member States are under an obligation to design their civil enforcement IP systems in line with this acquis. Should that not be the case they could be considered to be in breach of EC law. The Commission is not currently aware of any such cases, but if such cases did arise it would, as the guardian of the Treaties, consider launching infringement procedures against the Member State in question. (Versione italiana) Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-004975/13 alla Commissione Giovanni La Via (PPE) (7 maggio 2013) Oggetto: Limiti di ammissibilità del «pastazzo di agrumi» quale componente dei mangimi per uso animale Il «pastazzo di agrumi» è un sottoprodotto ottenuto per pressione degli agrumi Citrus ssp. durante la produzione del succo di agrumi. Esso viene utilizzato nelle miscele di concentrati utilizzate nell'alimentazione dei bovini. Il regolamento (CE) n. 767/2009 istituisce un catalogo comunitario delle materie prime per mangimi, anche al fine di migliorare l'etichettatura delle materie prime per mangimi e dei mangimi composti. Tale catalogo, non esaustivo e dall'uso volontario, facilita lo scambio di informazioni sulle caratteristiche delle materie prime per mangimi ed è in costante aggiornamento su iniziativa dei rappresentanti del settore europeo dei mangimi (associazioni di categoria). La versione più recente è quella contenuta nel regolamento (UE) n. 575/2011 della Commissione, del 16 giugno 2011. Considerato, infine, che il prodotto «pastazzo di agrumi» non rientra nella lista negativa di materie prime non ammesse in assoluto nell'alimentazione animale contenute nell'allegato III del regolamento (CE) n. 767/09, può la Commissione rispondere ai seguenti quesiti: — quali sono le percentuali massime ammesse del prodotto «pastazzo di agrumi» in un mangime, oltre le quali è lecito parlare di frode industriale? — Quali sono le prescrizioni da riportare in etichetta al fine di fornire una corretta informazione al consumatore ed evitare che il produttore incorra in sanzioni penali? Risposta di Tonio Borg a nome della Commissione (20 giugno 2013) Il catalogo aggiornato dell'UE delle materie prime per mangimi (regolamento 68/2013 (235)) cita il pastazzo di agrumi al punto 5.13.1 con la seguente descrizione: Prodotto ottenuto per pressione da agrumi Citrus (L.) ssp. durante la produzione di succo di agrumi. Può essere depectinizzato. Nell'UE tutti i mangimi devono essere conformi ai limiti delle sostanze indesiderabili stabiliti nella direttiva 2002/32/CE (236), indipendentemente dal fatto che essi siano incorporati in mangimi composti o somministrati direttamente agli animali. La legislazione dell'UE non disciplina i tassi massimi delle diverse materie prime per mangimi contenute nei mangimi composti poiché ciò non sarebbe giustificabile sul piano tecnico e rappresenterebbe quindi un onere amministrativo sproporzionato sia per l'industria, che sarebbe tenuta a rispettarli, che per le amministrazioni pubbliche incaricate di controllarli. Al di là dei requisiti generali in tema di etichettatura stabiliti nel regolamento 767/2009 (237), l'unico requisito specifico obbligatorio in tema di etichettatura applicabile al pastazzo di agrumi è il tenore di fibra greggia. (English version) Question for written answer E-004975/13 to the Commission Giovanni La Via (PPE) (7 May 2013) Subject: Permissible limits for citrus pulp in animal feed Citrus pulp is a by-product obtained by pressing Citrus spp. citrus fruits during the production of citrus juice. It is used in concentrate mixtures used in cattle feed. Regulation (EC) No 767/2009 established a Community Catalogue of feed materials, partly in order to improve the labelling of feed materials and compound feed. The Catalogue, which is non-exhaustive and intended for use on a voluntary basis, facilitates the exchange of information on the characteristics of feed materials and is regularly updated on the initiative of the representatives of the European feed sector (trade associations). The most up-to-date version is that contained in Commission Regulation (EU) No 575/2011 of 16 June 2011. Bearing in mind, finally, that citrus pulp does not appear on the negative list of prohibited animal feed materials contained in Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 767/2009, can the Commission answer the following: — What are the maximum percentages of citrus pulp that are permitted in a feedingstuff, beyond which it may be argued that industrial fraud has been committed? — What specifications should appear on labels in order to provide consumers with correct information and to stop producers facing criminal penalties? Answer given by Mr Borg on behalf of the Commission (20 June 2013) The updated EU-Catalogue of feed materials (Regulation 68/2013 (238)) contains citrus pulp as entry 5.13.1 with the following description: Product obtained by pressing citrus fruits ‘Citrus (L.) spp.’or during the production of citrus juice. It may have been depectinised. All feed materials in the EU must be in compliance with the limits for undesirable substances as laid down in Directive 2002/32/EC (239) irrespective whether they are incorporated into compound feed or directly fed to animals. EU legislation does not regulate maximum rates of the different feed materials in compound feed as it would not be technically justifiable and would therefore be a disproportionate administrative burden for the industry to respect and for the public administration to control. Apart from the general labelling requirements laid down in Regulation 767/2009 (240), the only specific mandatory labelling requirement for citrus pulp is its crude fibre content. (Deutsche Fassung) Anfrage zur schriftlichen Beantwortung E-004977/13 an die Kommission Franz Obermayr (NI) (7. Mai 2013) Betrifft: Fazilität des finanziellen Beistandes für „Nicht-Euro“-Länder Der Vorschlag der Kommission zur Einführung der Fazilität des finanziellen Beistandes für EU-Mitgliedsländer, die nicht den Euro als Währung haben, wurde vom BUDG-Ausschuss des EP im Wesentlichen als nicht weitgehend genug angesehen. Insbesondere wurde von der Berichterstatterin die Möglichkeit der finanziellen Aufstockung des Deckungsbetrages und die Inklusion der Banken dieser Länder in die Zugriffsmöglichkeiten der Bankenunion — und gegebenenfalls auch auf den ESM — gefordert. Die Schaufensterwirkung des ESM-Geldtopfes scheint eine magische Anziehung auf Staaten und Banken zu haben. Kann die Kommission dazu folgende Fragen beantworten: Warum wurde der Vorschlag der Kommission derart gestaltet, dass die maximale Kreditmenge, welche ein einzelnes Land in Anspruch nehmen kann, stets 50 Mrd. Euro beträgt — unabhängig von seinem BIP und dem damit gegebenenfalls verbundenen Geldbedarf bei einem Zahlungsbilanzproblem? Hat die Kommission die Möglichkeit der Rekapitalisierung der Banken von Nicht-Euro-Ländern absichtlich nicht in den Vorschlag aufgenommen? Wenn ja, was war der konkrete Zweck? Teilt die Kommission die leider nicht weiter begründete „These“ der Berichterstatterin: „Eine zentralisierte Überwachung wird nur von geringem Mehrwert sein, wenn die Kosten für die Abwicklung von Banken letztlich auf nationaler Ebene beglichen werden müssen“? Teilt die Kommission die Befürchtung, dass eine Inklusion der Banken in die geplanten Refinanzierungs‐ und Abwicklungsmöglichkeiten der Bankenunion nur ein mittelbarer Versuch ist, die Banken dieser Länder in eine vorteilhafte Situation zu lancieren, welche ihnen sodann argumentativ den Zugriff auf den ESM mit der politischen Begründung des faktisch Notwendigen („sonst pleite“) ermöglicht? Gedenkt die Kommission in diesem Punkt standhaft zu bleiben, da eine Schieflage von Banken des Nicht-Euro-Raumes im Normalfall keinen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Stabilität des Wirtschaftsraumes der Euroländer haben sollte und laut kommunizierter politischer Aussage genau zu diesem Zweck die Möglichkeit der Rekapitalisierung von Euro-Raum-Banken über den ESM in der Bankenunion geschaffen wurde? Antwort von Herrn Rehn im Namen der Kommission (7. Juni 2013) 1. Bei der letzten Überarbeitung der Verordnung hat die Kommission vorgeschlagen, die Mittelausstattung dieser Fazilität auf dem Niveau des Jahres 2009 zu belassen. Die Entscheidung über die Mittelausstattung muss unter Berücksichtigung der Spielräume erfolgen, die bis zu der im Eigenmittelbeschluss festgelegten Obergrenze verbleiben, sowie des Mittelbedarfs für den anderen großen Finanzstabilisierungsmechanismus der EU (EFSM). 2. Würden im Rahmen dieser Fazilität direkte Rekapitalisierungsmaßnahmen durchgeführt, so würde die Europäische Union Anteilseignerin der betreffenden Banken. Dies würde komplexe juristische und wirtschaftliche Fragen aufwerfen. 3. Die Kommission vertritt die Auffassung, dass die Schaffung eines einheitlichen Aufsichtsmechanismus mit der Einrichtung eines für dieselben Länder zuständigen einheitlichen Abwicklungsmechanismus einhergehen sollte. Sie wird entsprechende Vorschläge vorlegen. 4./5. Die Möglichkeit, Banken künftig im Rahmen des ESM zu rekapitalisieren, ist kein horizontaler Rettungsschirm. Sie wird den Banken des Euro-Währungsgebiets unter strengen Auflagen offenstehen. (English version) Question for written answer E-004977/13 to the Commission Franz Obermayr (NI) (7 May 2013) Subject: Financial assistance facility for ‘non-euro area’ Member States The Commission proposal to introduce the facility for providing financial assistance for Member States whose currency is not the euro was viewed by Parliament’s Committee on Budgets as essentially not going far enough. In particular, the rapporteur called for the possibility of increasing the financial cover and for access for the banks of these Member States to the banking union — and where appropriate also to the European Stability Mechanism (ESM). The shop window effect of the ESM money pot seems to have a magical attraction for states and banks. 1. Why was the Commission’s proposal formulated in such a way that the maximum amount of credit that an individual country can access is always EUR 50 billion, irrespective of its GDP and the potential need for money associated with this in the event of a balance of payments problem? 2. Did the Commission intentionally not include the possibility of recapitalising the banks of non-euro area countries in the proposal? If so, what was the exact purpose of this? 3. Does it agree with the following ‘argument’ put forward by the rapporteur, which, unfortunately, is not substantiated further: ‘Centralised supervision will have little value added if bank resolution costs are ultimately borne at the national level’? 4. Does it share the concern that inclusion of the banks in the planned refinancing and resolution options provided by the banking union is merely an indirect attempt to launch the banks of these countries into an advantageous position, which, it could be argued, will then give them access to the ESM with the political justification of actual necessity ( ‘otherwise bankrupt’)? 5. Does the Commission intend to stand firm on this point, since a deterioration in the situation of non-euro area banks should not normally have any significant impact on the stability of the economic region of the euro area countries and, according to political statements that I have been made aware of, the possibility of recapitalisation of euro area banks via the ESM in the banking union was established for precisely this purpose? Answer given by Mr Rehn on behalf of the Commission (7 June 2013) 1. The Commission has proposed to maintain the envelope available under this facility to the level set in 2009 at the occasion of the last revision of the regulation. The decision on the size of the envelope has to take into account the margins available under the ceiling set by the own resources decision and the needs under the other large EU financial assistance mechanism (the EFSM). 2. Direct recapitalisations under this facility would imply that the European Union would become shareholder of banks. This would raise complicated legal and economic questions. 3. The Commission is of the view that the establishment of a single supervisory mechanism should be accompanied by the creation of a single resolution mechanism, covering the same countries and will table proposals to this effect. 4/5. The future ESM instrument for recapitalizing banks is not a horizontal backstop. It will be accessible to banks in euro area countries, under strict eligibility criteria. (Deutsche Fassung) Anfrage zur schriftlichen Beantwortung E-004978/13 an die Kommission Franz Obermayr (NI) (7. Mai 2013) Betrifft: Starker Anstieg der Asylanträge aus Serbien und Mazedonien Die Zahl der Asylanträge serbischer und mazedonischer Staatsbürger ist in Österreich und Deutschland in diesem Jahr massiv angestiegen. Mit verantwortlich ist dafür neben der nicht vorhandenen Visapflicht für Bürger dieser Nationen auch das Urteil des deutschen Bundesverfassungsgericht, dass die Leistungen für Asylbewerber zu niedrig seien und diese in Deutschland angehoben werden müssen. Nun strömen Asylbewerber en masse gen Mitteleuropa. In Deutschland liegen Statistiken vor, dass die Zahl der Anträge um mehr als 50 % gestiegen sei. Kann die Kommission dazu folgende Fragen beantworten: Sieht die Kommission Argumente, welche binnen der letzten zwei Jahre für eine rapide politische Verschlechterung in diesen Ländern (Serbien/Mazedonien) sprechen würden, in deren Folge sich sodann die Anzahl der politischen Flüchtlinge zwangsmäßig so stark erhöhen musste? Falls nicht, sieht die Kommission diese Personen als Wirtschaftsflüchtlinge an? Ist die Kommission der Auffassung, dass das Recht auf politisches Asyl implizit auch die Flucht vor wirtschaftlich ungünstigeren Situationen beinhaltet? Welchen Zweck haben aus Sicht der Kommission die Visabefreiungen für Staaten mit einem so deutlich niedrigeren Wirtschaftsaufkommen, zum Beispiel gemessen am BIP/Kopf, mitten in einer Wirtschaftskrise? Die einzige denkbare Erklärung wäre der mittelbare Versuch, die wirtschaftliche Konvergenz unter den Mitgliedstaaten der EU zu forcieren. Kann die Kommission in diesem Punkt Aufklärung verschaffen? Welche Erkenntnisse zieht die Kommission aus dieser Entwicklung auch im Hinblick auf die Einführung weiterer Visabefreiungen für Nationen deren wirtschaftlicher Standard deutlich unter dem Durchschnitt der EU liegt, beispielsweise Moldawien? Welche Erkenntnisse zieht die Kommission aus diesen Entwicklungen im Hinblick auf Dublin II und die deutlich unterschiedliche Ausgestaltung der Leistungen für Asylbewerber sowie der Sozialleistungen unter den EU-Mitgliedstaaten? Antwort von Frau Malmström im Namen der Kommission (4. Juli 2013) Seit 2010 verfolgt die Kommission aufmerksam, wie das System des visumfreien Reisens funktioniert. Im vierten Bericht über die Überwachung für die Zeit nach der Visaliberalisierung wird für jeden der westlichen Balkanstaaten ausführlich dargelegt, welche Maßnahmen getroffen wurden, um das Problem unbegründeter Asylanträge anzugehen. Die politische Lage in jedem von der Visumpflicht befreiten Staat wird in den Fortschrittsberichten der Kommission zur Erweiterung bewertet. Die sehr niedrige Anerkennungsquote lässt darauf schließen, dass die meisten Asylbewerber aus dieser Region keinen Anspruch auf internationalen Schutz in der EU haben. Die Voraussetzungen für die Zuerkennung des internationalen Schutzstatus sind in den Asylvorschriften der EU (241) festgelegt. Wirtschaftliche Gründe oder der Begriff „Wirtschaftsflüchtling“ werden darin nicht aufgeführt. Die Visaliberalisierung soll dazu beitragen, persönliche Kontakte zwischen den Bürgern zu fördern und den kulturellen Austausch zu stärken sowie Drittstaatsangehörigen die Möglichkeit bieten, die EU besser kennenzulernen. Da es sich bei der überwiegenden Mehrheit der Reisenden aus den westlichen Balkanstaaten um Bona-fide-Reisende handelt, vertritt die Kommission die Auffassung, dass die Visumfreiheit ihren Zweck erfüllt. Bevor die Kommission die Aufhebung der Visumpflicht für die Bürger eines Drittstaates vorschlägt, wird jeweils eine gründliche Bewertung des betreffenden Landes vorgenommen. Wenn die Republik Moldau alle Zielvorgaben des Fahrplans für die Visaliberalisierung erfüllt, wird die Kommission prüfen, ob die Aufhebung der Visumpflicht für moldauische Bürger vorgeschlagen werden soll. Die Kommission verweist darauf, dass die vor kurzen erlassene neue Richtlinie über Aufnahmebedingungen zu einer weiteren Angleichung der Aufnahmebedingungen für Asylbewerber in der EU führen wird. (English version) Question for written answer E-004978/13 to the Commission Franz Obermayr (NI) (7 May 2013) Subject: Sharp rise in applications for asylum from Serbia and Macedonia The number of applications for asylum from Serbian and Macedonian citizens has risen dramatically in Austria and Germany this year. Along with the non-existent visa obligation for citizens of these countries, another of the reasons for this is the judgment of the German Federal Constitutional Court that the benefits received by asylum-seekers are too low and should be increased in Germany. Hoards of asylum-seekers are now streaming into Central Europe. In Germany, statistics show that the number of applications has risen by more than 50%. 1. Does the Commission consider there to be arguments which would point towards a rapid political deterioration in these countries (Serbia/Macedonia) within the last two years, which subsequently forced the number of political refugees to increase to such an extent? 2. If not, does it view these people as economic refugees? 3. Does it believe that the right to political asylum also implicitly encompasses fleeing from less favourable economic situations? 4. What purpose is served, in the Commission’s opinion, by lifting the visa requirements for states with such a blatantly low economic performance, measured by GDP per capita for example, in the middle of an economic crisis? The only conceivable explanation would be an indirect attempt to accelerate economic convergence among the Member States of the EU. Can the Commission provide an explanation in this regard? 5. What conclusions does it draw from this development with regard to the introduction of further visa exemptions for countries whose economic standard is well below the average for the EU, like Moldova, for example? 6. What conclusions does it draw from these developments with regard to Dublin II and the clear differences in the provision of benefits for asylum-seekers and social security benefits among EU Member States? Answer given by Ms Malmström on behalf of the Commission (4 July 2013) The Commission has monitored the operation of the EU visa-free regime since 2010. The 4th post-visa liberalisation monitoring report will set out in detail the measures that each Western Balkan state has taken to address the issue of unfounded asylum applications. The political situation in each visa-free state is evaluated in the Commission’s enlargement progress reports. The very low asylum recognition rate suggests that most asylum-seekers from this region do not qualify for international protection in the EU. EU asylum law (242) sets out the grounds for granting international protection. These do not include economic reasons or a concept of ‘economic refugee’. Visa liberalisation serves the purpose of increasing people-to-people contacts, cultural exchanges and enabling third-country nationals to get to know the EU better. As the overwhelming majority of travellers from the western Balkans remain bona fide travellers, the Commission believes that the visa-free regime has fulfilled its purpose. Each third country is assessed on its merits before the Commission proposes lifting the visa obligation for that country’s citizens. If Moldova will meet all the benchmarks set out in its visa liberalisation action plan, the Commission will consider whether to propose lifting the visa obligation for Moldovan citizens. The Commission notes that the recently adopted new Reception Conditions Directive will lead to further harmonisation of reception conditions for asylum-seekers in the EU. (Nederlandse versie) Vraag met verzoek om schriftelijk antwoord P-004979/13 aan de Commissie (Vicevoorzitter / Hoge Vertegenwoordiger) Marietje Schaake (ALDE) (7 mei 2013) Betreft: VP/HR — Volledige uitvoering van het mandaat van UNIFIL en EU-steun aan de Libanese strijdkrachten De aanhoudende burgeroorlog in Syrië heeft in toenemende mate gevolgen voor de buurlanden. De toestroom van Syrische burgers die de oorlog en het geweld ontvluchten, brengt deze landen aan de rand van hun mogelijkheden. In Libanon is momenteel een op de vijf inwoners van Syrische afkomst. Tot nu toe heeft de Libanese bevolking voldoende vindingrijkheid aan de dag gelegd om de vluchtelingen van onderdak te voorzien. De situatie is echter onhoudbaar geworden. Tal van collega's en ikzelf hebben u in een brief (243) ertoe opgeroepen dat de EU meer steun zou verlenen. De oorlog in Syrië heeft ook een politieke impact op Libanon. De Hezbollah heeft publiekelijk toegegeven (244) te strijden aan de zijde van de regering-Assad tegen het verzet en het vrije Syrische leger. Op zondag 5 mei heeft Israël een aanval uitgevoerd op een wapenarsenaal in Syrië (245) dat vermoedelijk door Iran was geleverd en bestemd was voor de Hezbollah in Libanon. Inmiddels worden de Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) ingezet (246) in het noordelijke deel van de Libanees-Syrische grens om te zorgen voor vrede en stabiliteit in dat deel van het land. De overplaatsing van de LAF-strijdkrachten heeft de spanning (247) tussen UNIFIL en de Hezbollah opgevoerd. Het huidige mandaat van UNIFIL is vastgelegd in VN-resolutie 1701 van 11 augustus 2006 (248), waarin is bepaald dat de vredesmacht moet samen en aan de zijde van de LAF moet opereren. Door de LAF in het noorden in te zetten dreigt in het zuiden van Libanon een veiligheidsvacuüm te ontstaan, dat ernstige gevolgen kan hebben voor de situatie zowel in het land zelf als in de buurlanden, ondanks het feit dat UNIFIL als hoofddoel heeft te zorgen voor veiligheid. In het licht van wat voorafgaat, wilde ik de VV/HV het volgende vragen: Is de VV/HV het erover eens dat het mandaat van de 15 000 UNIFIL-troepen — momenteel zijn 10 807 ervan effectief gedeployeerd (249) — zo spoedig mogelijk door de internationale gemeenschap volledig moet worden uitgevoerd, zodat de effectiviteit geoptimaliseerd kan worden en de doelstellingen kunnen worden bereikt? Zo niet, waarom niet? Is de VV/HV bereid de voltooiing van het UNIFIL-mandaat ter sprake te brengen op de volgende bijeenkomst van de EU-Raad Buitenlandse Zaken van 27 mei 2013 in Brussel? Zo niet, waarom niet? Kan de VV/HV de verzekering geven dat zij er, samen met de lidstaten die in de VN‐Veiligheidsraad vertegenwoordigd zijn, voor zal zorgen dat er een nieuw mandaat voor UNIFIL komt wanneer het huidige op 30 augustus 2013 afloopt? Zo niet, waarom niet? Is de VV/HV het erover eens dat de EU de mogelijkheid moet onderzoeken om de LAF zodanig te ondersteunen dat deze strijdmacht kan blijven opereren als de belangrijkste partner in Libanon? Zo niet, waarom niet? Kan de VV/HV toelichten hoe de EU, zowel in het kader van het GBVB als van het GVDB, de LAF kan ondersteunen? Antwoord van hoge vertegenwoordiger/vicevoorzitter Ashton namens de Commissie (10 juli 2013) De hoge vertegenwoordiger/vicevoorzitter onderschrijft de beoordeling van de situatie in Libanon. Libanon wordt inderdaad het zwaarst getroffen door het conflict in Syrië. De EU heeft herhaaldelijk benadrukt hoe belangrijk het is om de veiligheid, stabiliteit en onafhankelijkheid van Libanon te bewaren. De hoge vertegenwoordiger/vicevoorzitter is het ermee eens dat het volledige mandaat van de 15 000 UNIFIL-troepen door de internationale gemeenschap moet worden uitgevoerd om ervoor te zorgen dat de doelstellingen worden bereikt. Derhalve is de hoge vertegenwoordiger/vicevoorzitter samen met de EU-lidstaten in de VN-Veiligheidsraad voornemens het UNIFIL-mandaat te verlengen wanneer het huidige mandaat op 30 augustus 2013 afloopt. De hoge vertegenwoordiger/vicevoorzitter is het er eveneens mee eens dat ondersteuning van de Libanese strijdkrachten (LAF) cruciaal is om stabiliteit te brengen in Libanon en in de regio. De Libanese strijdkrachten zijn inderdaad een cruciale pijler van het Libanese veiligheidsapparaat en de belangrijkste partner van UNIFIL in Libanon. Hoewel de strijdkrachten momenteel zijn opgezet als een conventioneel leger, zijn ze in de eerste plaats vooral verantwoordelijk voor de binnenlandse veiligheid. Bovendien genieten de strijdkrachten respect en zijn ze multiconfessioneel van structuur. Om deze redenen worden zij reeds door individuele EU-lidstaten gesteund en onderzoekt de EU hoe zij de capaciteit van de strijdkrachten (infrastructuur, logistiek en opleiding) kan uitbouwen. (English version) Question for written answer P-004979/13 to the Commission (Vice-President/High Representative) Marietje Schaake (ALDE) (7 May 2013) Subject: VP/HR — Fulfilling full Unifil mandate in Lebanon and EU assistance to Lebanese Armed Forces The ongoing civil war in Syria is having an increasing effect on its neighbouring countries. The influx of Syrian citizens seeking refuge from the war and the violence is placing a particular strain on its neighbours’ resources. Currently, one in five people in Lebanon is Syrian. So far, the Lebanese population has showed resourcefulness in giving families somewhere to stay. However, this situation is unsustainable. Many colleagues and I wrote to you (250) calling for the EU to provide more assistance. The war in Syria is also having a political impact on Lebanon. Hezbollah has publicly acknowledged (251) that it is fighting alongside the Assad government against the opposition and Free Syrian Army. On Sunday, 5 May, Israel attacked weapons in Syria (252) that were allegedly provided by Iran and en route to Hezbollah in Lebanon. In the meantime, Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) are being deployed (253) to the northern Lebanese-Syrian border to ensure security and stability in that part of the country. The relocation of LAF forces has led to increased tensions (254) between the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (Unifil) and Hezbollah. The current Unifil mandate was authorised by UN Security Council Resolution 1701 of 11 August 2006 (255), which stipulates that peacekeeping forces must cooperate with and work alongside the LAF. The deployment of the LAF to the north threatens to create a security vacuum in the south of Lebanon which could have serious consequences for both the domestic situation as well as Lebanon’s neighbours, despite UNIFL’s primary objective to ensure security. With this in mind: Does the VP/HR agree that the full mandate of 15 000 Unifil troops — 10 807 troops are currently deployed (256) — should be fulfilled by the international community as soon as possible, so as to optimise its effectiveness and ensure that its objectives are met? If not, why not? Is the VP/HR willing to discuss the fulfilment of the Unifil mandate during the upcoming EU Foreign Affairs Council in Brussels on 27 May 2013? If not, why not? Is the VP/HR committed to ensuring, along with EU Member States in the UNSC, a new authorisation of Unifil when the current mandate expires on 30 August 2012? If not, why not? Does the VP/HR agree that the EU should seek ways to support the LAF to ensure that it can remain Unifil’s key partner in Lebanon? If not, why not? Can the VP/HR explain how the EU, under both the CFSP and the CSDP, is able to directly support the LAF? Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission (10 July 2013) The HR/VP agrees with the assessment of the situation in Lebanon. Indeed Lebanon is the country most affected by the conflict in Syria. The EU has reiterated on several occasions the importance of preserving Lebanon's security, stability and independence. The HR/VP agrees that full mandate of 15.000 Unifil troops should be fulfilled by the international community so as to ensure that its objectives are met. In this spirit, the HR/VP together with EU Member States in the UN Security Council is committed to renew the mandate for Unifil when the current mandate expires on 30 August 2013.	43,974
<urn:uuid:65e18cbe-4393-46eb-8d76-7c129d6f9bf0>	French Open Data	Open Government	Various open data	null	https://francearchives.gouv.fr/facomponent/a2a940fe8ca80a07cb37719a852d186ffac5dd8c	francearchives.gouv.fr	Danish	Spoken	29	46	Brigade territoriale du Havre (section d... Document d'archives : Brigade territoriale du Havre (section du Havre) : Registre de Brigade territoriale du Havre (section du Havre) : Registre de	31,662
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21732765	Wikidata	Semantic data	CC0	null	Wādī Sall	None	Multilingual	Semantic data	57	154	Wādī Sall wadi sa Hiniusang Emiratong Arabo, Ra's al Khaymah, lat 25,84, long 56,07 Wādī Sall wadi i Förenade Arabemiraten, Ras al-Khaimah, lat 25,84, long 56,07 Wādī Sall Geonames-ID 290934 Wādī Sall instans av flod Wādī Sall geografiska koordinater Wādī Sall land Förenade arabemiraten Wādī Sall GNS-ID -784154 Wādī Sall inom det administrativa området Emiratet Ras al-Khaimah	44,454
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20358643	Wikidata	Semantic data	CC0	null	Template:Jessica Lange	None	Multilingual	Semantic data	19	84	Template:Jessica Lange Wikimedia template Template:Jessica Lange instance of Wikimedia template ഫലകം:Jessica Lange വിക്കിമീഡിയ ഫലകം ഫലകം:Jessica Lange തരം വിക്കിമീഡിയ ഫലകം	46,248
https://github.com/kylebedell/quest-vtt/blob/master/module/actor/sheets/character.js	Github Open Source	Open Source	CC-BY-4.0	2,020	quest-vtt	kylebedell	JavaScript	Code	206	564	import { ActorSheetQuest } from "./base.js"; /** * An Actor sheet for player character type actors in the Quest system. * Extends the base ActorSheetQuest class. * @type {ActorSheetQuest} / export class CharacterSheetQuest extends ActorSheetQuest { /* * Define default rendering options for the NPC sheet * @return {Object} / static get defaultOptions() { return mergeObject(super.defaultOptions, { classes: ["quest", "sheet", "actor", "character"], width: 672, height: 736, }); } / -------------------------------------------- / / Rendering / / -------------------------------------------- / /* * Get the correct HTML template path to use for rendering this particular sheet * @type {String} / get template() { if ( !game.user.isGM && this.actor.limited ) return "systems/quest/templates/actors/limited-sheet.html"; return "systems/quest/templates/actors/character-sheet.html"; } / -------------------------------------------- / / -------------------------------------------- / / Event Listeners and Handlers /* -------------------------------------------- / /* * Activate event listeners using the prepared sheet HTML * @param html {HTML} The prepared HTML object ready to be rendered into the DOM / activateListeners(html) { super.activateListeners(html); if (!this.options.editable) return; html.find('.roll-generic').click(this._rollGeneric(this)); let handler = ev => this._onDragItemStart(ev); html.find('li.inventory-item').each((i, li) => { li.setAttribute('draggable', true); li.addEventListener("dragstart", handler, false); }); super.activateListeners(html); } / -------------------------------------------- / /* * Handle rolling a generic for the Character * @param {MouseEvent} event The originating click event * @private */ _rollGeneric(event) { event.preventDefault(); return this.actor.rollGeneric({event: event}); } }	38,560
https://github.com/thelodberg/Phaser/blob/master/v3/src/scene/global/components/IsSleeping.js	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	null	Phaser	thelodberg	JavaScript	Code	24	84	var IsSleeping = function (key) { var entry = this.getActiveScene(key); if (entry) { return (!entry.scene.sys.settings.active && !entry.scene.sys.settings.visible); } return false; }; module.exports = IsSleeping;	18,658
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367%20Regional%20Championship	Wikipedia	Open Web	CC-By-SA	2,023	1966–67 Regional Championship	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966–67 Regional Championship&action=history	English	Spoken	386	745	The 1966–67 Regional Championship was the 25th season of the Liga IV, the fourth tier of the Romanian football league system. The champions of Regional Championships play against each other in the playoffs to earn promotion to Divizia C. Promotion play-off Preliminary Round The matches was played on 25 June, 2 July and 5 July 1967. \|- The matches was played on 9 and 16 July and 4 August 1967. \|- Regional championships Argeș (AG) Bacău (BC) Banat (BA) Brașov (BV) Bucharest Municipality (B) Bucharest Region (B) Cluj (CJ) Crișana (CR) Dobrogea (DO) Galați (GL) Hunedoara (HD) Iași (IS) Maramureș (MM) Mureș (MS) Oltenia (OL) Ploiești (PL) Suceava (SV) Brașov Region Series I Series II Championship final The matches was played on 28 May and 4 June 1967. Politehnica Brașov won the Brașov Regional Championship and qualify for promotion play-off in Divizia C. Bucharest Municipality Series I Series II Third place match The match was played on 17 June 1967. Championship final The matches was played on 17 and 24 June 1967. TUG București won the Bucharest Municipal Championship and qualify for promotion play-off in Divizia C. Cluj Region Someș Series Mureș Series Championship final The matches was played on 28 May and 4 June 1967. Gloria Bistrița won the Cluj Regional Championship and qualify for promotion play-off in Divizia C. Galați Region Hunedoara Region Maramureș Region Someș Series Gutin Series Championship final Unio Satu Mare won the Maramureș Regional Championship and qualify for promotion play-off in Divizia C. Mureș Region Championship final The championship final was played on 3 and 11 June 1967 between the winners of the two series of the regional championship. Știința Târgu Mureș won the 1966–67 Mureș Regional Championship and qualify for promotion play-off in Divizia C. Oltenia Region Series I Series II Championship final The matches was played on 28 May, 4 and 11 June 1967. \|- Minerul Motru won the Oltenia Regional Championship and qualify for promotion play-off in Divizia C. Ploiești Region East Series West Series Championship final The matches was played on 4 June, 11 June and 18 June 1967. Victoria Boboc won the Ploiești Regional Championship and qualify for promotion play-off in Divizia C. Suceava Region See also 1966–67 Divizia A 1966–67 Divizia B 1966–67 Cupa României References External links FRF Liga IV seasons 4 Romania	35,396
https://github.com/sid-upwork/typescript-sportsapp/blob/master/src/utils/navigation.ts	Github Open Source	Open Source	Unlicense	null	typescript-sportsapp	sid-upwork	TypeScript	Code	122	358	import { IWorkout } from '../types/workout'; import { IPartialWorkout } from '../types/program'; import { IWorkoutHistory } from '../types/progression'; import { INavigateEntry } from '../navigation/services'; import { TTargetedTrainingId } from '../components/Training/TargetedTrainingItem'; export type TWorkoutOrigin = 'myProgram' \| 'quickWorkout' \| 'weeklyChallenge' \| 'targetedTraining'; export async function navigateToWorkoutOverview ( navigate: (entry: INavigateEntry) => void, workout: IWorkout \| IPartialWorkout, workoutHistory: IWorkoutHistory = undefined, fromProgram: boolean = false, position: number = 0, workoutOrigin: TWorkoutOrigin = undefined, targetedTrainingId: TTargetedTrainingId = undefined, callbackForTraining: () => void = null ): Promise<void> { if (!workout \|\| !navigate) { return; } const navigateTo = workout.type && workout.type === 'recovery' ? 'VideoWorkoutOverview' : 'WorkoutOverview'; let params: any = { workout, workoutHistory, fromProgram, position, workoutOrigin, targetedTrainingId, callbackForTraining }; navigate({ routeName: navigateTo, params }); }	31,769
threehoursagony00guiluoft_2	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,917	The three hours' agony of Our Lord Jesus Christ : given at the church of Our Lady of Lourdes, New York, Good Friday, 1916	Guilday, Peter, 1884-1947	English	Spoken	7,005	8,891	Blessed Mother of God, never have we deserved such a treasure as thee. But take us tenderly and gently to thy innermost home, thy heart of hearts, wherein we poor banished children of Eve may dwell, and comfort us who are mourning and weeping in this valley of tears. Thou art our chief refuge in the trials and temptations with which the evil one assails us. Thou art the con queror of Satan, and thy presence encourages us in the battle of life. Thy blessed eyes look upon us with a mother's love, as they gazed to-day upon the dying Saviour. Thy blessed hands will guide us, thy blessed arms are around us, pro tecting and guarding us, and the remembrance of thy heroic courage at the foot of the Cross will strengthen us to go on nobly to the Calvary of our own lives, yielding every ounce of our strength, every drop of our blood, every heart beat, every sigh and tear in reparation for our sins, struggling like our Divine Master up the rocky sides of the Golgothic mountain of life to die in the arms of God, our work accomplished, our sacrifice com plete, thy sons and daughters, victims to our love for Jesus Christ the Lord. FOURTH WORD "My Gody my God, why hast Thou forsaken M e?"— Mark xv. 34. SLOWLY the scene has been changing. From the sixth hour, when He last spoke to Mary His Mother, there was darkness over the whole earth to the ninth hour. The supreme moment in the Crucifixion had come. Hanging on the Cross, Christ was now separated from the world, sep arated from the inimical crowds around Him. Separated from Mary even, whom He had given to John as his Mother. He was at last alone with His Eternal Father, alone with the God of Justice. Silence now reigns on Golgotha. Dark, dull and heavy, the clouds are obscuring the sun, and a gray pall is settling down on Calvary. There is death in the air. The birds are frightened by the sombre darkness and the awful quiet, and they flee from their nests, leaving Calvary far behind. The people are awe-stricken with the horrors that impend. The whole universe pre pares itself for a cataclysm. The trembling, rumbling earth tells of a conflict Nature herself was enduring at this heart-rending spectacle. 36 FOURTH WORD 37 For three dark hours Christ is alone with His Eternal Father, alone with the God of Justice. Every bitterness there was, He had tasted. His inward agony increased with every fleeting mo ment; and over His soul the waters of desolation rushed in torrents. God's infinite hatred for sin burst upon Him, helpless and alone. Mary indeed might pray. The shivering Apostles might now summon up courage to come near to Calvary. John might gaze up at Him with his virginal eyes and shower His wounds with the soothing rain of his love. But at this appalling moment, by God's decree, Jesus was to be alone, alone with the God of Justice. His long agony was now drawing to a close; but down the arches of the years the divine eyes of Jesus travelled, and century after century passed before His sight. In the midst of all His pain, there was the extreme dolour of it all —the weariness of it all, as He sees the millions of redeemed souls who will reject Him and His teach ing. It is the mystical body of which He is the head that suffers now. It is for His Spouse, the Church, that the cry of desolation escapes His lips in the darkness of Calvary. All the storms which sin would cause, all the storms which would pass over her in the years to come, wrecking and ruining the work of her hands, passed in that 38 FOURTH WORD frightful moment over Him. All the bitter trials she should endure for the sanctity of His doctrine, all the evils the blind Synagogue would inflict upon her before it would lie among the flotsam of time, all the giant efforts of paganism to exter minate His followers, all the scenes in the arenas at Rome, the Christians burning as torches in the gardens of the Emperors, all the heresy and the error of a fanatical world always antagonistic to the Church, all the schism, all the wounds made by the disloyalty of her own children in the bosom of the Church, all the sons and daughters He was dying for, wandering farther and farther away from the faith — all these and more He saw from Cal vary. And when the storm of opposition crashed out its hatred for Him on Calvary, His soul was stricken with sorrow unto death; and for one blind ing instant the work of His passion and death seemed to have been swept away into oblivion by the angry waters that swirled around the Cross. He seeks for one to comfort Him, one to carry His prayer to God; but even she, Immaculate Queen of Heaven, must remain silent and inactive. Alone with God's justice is He, and justice must be regained. The time for mercy is past and gone. The all-holy God has offered Him up as a holo caust for the sins of mankind. That sacrifice must go on to the bitter end of death. The Sacred Heart of Jesus hesitates not a moment; but the fearful desolation of that loneliness is breaking the last bonds which unite Him to life. He has reached the summit of the mountain of sorrows. He has walked through the anguish and dereliction of the Valley of Death. He is encompassed by enemies. When He gazes down the mountain-sides of the years, gazes out over the whole of this vast world in which we live and move and have our being, when He searches into the inmost recesses of our hearts, what does He see there but abandonment and neglect, what does He feel but the winter's cold and chill? "My 40 FOURTH WORD God," He utters, as the words of the Psalm come back to Him. "My God, look upon me. From my mother's womb, thou art my God. Depart not from me, for tribulation is very near, and there is none to help me. Must I tread the wine-press of suffering alone? They have opened their lips against me, as a lion ravening and roaring. I am poured out like water, and all my forces are scat tered. They have dug my hands and feet, they have numbered all my bones. My heart is be come like melted wax, my strength is crackled and gone up in smoke, my freshness has spent its wavering shower in the dust, and now my heart is as a broken fount wherein tear-drippings stag nate. They have parted my garments among them, and upon my vesture they have cast lots. But Thou, O God, my God, remove not Thy help from me. Let not the tempest of these waters of sorrow drown me, nor the deep affliction of it all swallow me up. Hear me, O God, My God, for Thy mercy is kind; hear me, as I pray dying, as I die praying, for the sins of the world. Look out upon the world according to the multitude of Thy tender mercies, and let not Thy justice reign alone, for in Thy sight no man living is jus tified. Do not forsake me in this final struggle with the powers of evil — do not forsake me, but FOURTH WORD 41 yes! do forsake me, leave me, depart from me, let me hang here alone and helpless, alone with the justice of God, alone with Thy face averted from me, let me drink the dregs of the bitterness of desolation, let my humanity shudder and recoil under the excruciating burden of sin, that I may be forced to cry aloud over all Judea, — 'My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?7 For only thus, Eternal Father, can I rouse the hearts of men to the hideous reality of sin, only thus can I leave behind me the conscious horrible- ness of the intolerable pain of loss which sin deserves, only thus can I change their hearts of stone into hearts of love, only thus will those children whom I have bequeathed to Mary be held fast to Thee, held forever by the echoes of my desolate cry in this black night of misery which has descended upon me, held by the sight of the Son's agony being multiplied by their crimes against Thee!" O good and gentle Jesus, again like little chil dren we stand at the foot of the Cross, striving to penetrate this darkness and desolation our sins have caused. Our hands are in Mary's now, but it is we who have merited to be forsaken. We understand Thy cry now : — My God, my God, remember Thou the cause for which Thou hast 42 FOURTH WORD forsaken Jesus, that no other child of Mary may ever be forsaken by Thee. Jesus, teach us the lesson of loyalty, loyalty to the cross, loyalty to the crown of thorns Thou hast placed around every Christian's heart. Many will walk no more with Thee from this day of wrath, this terrible day; many will despise the ignominy of the Cross, but Lord Jesus, to whom else shall we go in the desolations which come over us, if not to Thee. Thou hast the words of eternal life, and we have believed and have known that Thou art the son of the living God. Crucify us desolate with Thee in Thy desolation, for nothing hence forth shall ever separate us from Thee — neither tribulation, nor distress, nor pain, nor danger, nor death, nor things present nor things to come, shall ever be able to separate us from the love of God which is in Thee, Christ Jesus the Lord. FIFTH WORD "7 thirst"— John xix. 28. THE dark, saddening shadows are rolling away from the face of the crucified Christ. The waters of desolation which swept over His soul, as He felt Himself forsaken by the Father of Mercies and left alone with the God of Justice, now rush away from Him with their work accomplished. The end is drawing near; and God and the world, Jesus and suffering, are about to take leave of each other in this last hour. The fearful torments He has undergone from last night in the Garden of Gethsemane on through those bitter hours to Calvary, the steady loss of almost every drop of His Precious Blood, His inward agony and distress are now burning and consuming His whole frame with a thirst that is staggering. The intensity of His suffering grows now beyond all comprehension. No food has passed His lips nor drink; no sleep has soothed His sorrow; no rest has strengthened Him, since they left the Upper Chamber yesternight to go to the Garden of Olives, where Judas betrayed Him. His strength was gone now beyond all recall. Water He craved 43 44 FIFTH WORD to cool His fevered brow; water to ease those congealing wounds; water to assuage those burn ing lips; water as a shipwrecked mariner lost upon the lonely wilderness of the sea; water He wanted, water, as the traveller who is sinking down to die upon the merciless sands of the desert; water to quench His thirst; water to alleviate this scorching pain. The burning sun of God's justice glared down upon Him from heaven, drying up the very tears He shed for humanity's sake. But tell us, Blessed Christ, are we to believe that it was bodily thirst alone which consumed Thee and caused those agonizing words, "I thirst"? There across the VaUey of Hebron lay Bethlehem to the south of Calvary, lay as David once saw it in his thirst, and broke out in prayer: "O that some man would get me a drink of water out of the cistern that is in Beth lehem, there by the gate." But was it bodily thirst alone, O Christ, like David's which tossed Thy soul in the throes of that living fire on the bed of death? Was it this heart-breaking thirst for water alone which caused Thee this agony? Once before Christ had manifested His thirst- it was at the well of Jacob, in Samaria, at the end of a long dusty day, and a sinful woman had quenched His parched lips. Now at the end FIFTH WORD 45 of His life, at the close of his sufferings, He re peats those selfsame words, "I thirst, give me to drink," and Mary, who was standing by, Mary the sinless one, who has fed Him at her breast in Bethlehem, cannot raise a hand to slaken His thirst. No one knows the heart of her Divine Son as she. No one realizes the profound mystery of that desolate cry as she. She knew those words represented something above and beyond their apparent meaning. She knew they were His last words in that conflict with the world which began among the Doctors at Jerusalem twenty years before. Her Mother's heart heard the significance of that cry and re sponded to it, by remaining perfectly still. The soldiers around her could not understand, and while one of them fastened a sponge to a reed and filled it with vinegar and placed it to His lips, Mary, who alone understood why He tasted it and refused to drink, gazed steadily upon her dying Son and prayed to the Almighty Father to carry Him past this last milestone in a life of agony. Whilst the Blessed Christ lived, He had opposed the world with all its works and pomps. He had condemned its excesses; He had scourged its hypocrisy; He had flayed its failings. The Divine Master never mentioned its name without 46 FIFTH WORD betraying those secret emotions which manifest themselves in His burning anathemas. His Sacred Heart is full of divine indignation, it overflows, it breaks, at the mere thought of all the evil in the world. He looks out from Calvary in these last dreadful hours and sees His children and Mary's children wrestling not with visible flesh and blood, but against invisible principalities and powers, against the rulers of the world of dark ness, against the spirit of wickedness in high places. Concupiscence of the flesh, concupiscence of the eyes, and the pride of life encompass them. There are perils and temptations to the right, perils and temptations to the left, on the narrow road that leads to Calvary. Persecutions against His divine Spouse, dangers of wealth and dangers of poverty, heresies of all kinds, moral and in tellectual, rationalistic sentiments, superstition and spiritism, Satanism, fanaticism, and indifference, lies, scandals, blasphemies and impurities, — O God! what a world of horrors it is! And in this last hour He hangs upon the Cross to redeem that world. The world knew He was conquering. Satan had been driven back from Calvary's hill into hell, for Christ had won the victory over death and over sin. But the world would part from Him as from an enemy, and the world brought FIFTH WORD 47 Him vinegar to drink — the vinegar of bitterness, the vinegar of the souls it would seduce from that day to the end of time. Ah, yes, sweet Jesus, the world has nothing else to offer Thee in Thy thirst but the vinegar of its pleasures, the gall of its cruelty, the hyssop of its indifference, and the wormwood of its sins. But it cannot silence those echoing words, "I thirst." They were heard that day around the world, and every Christian knows now that it was Thy love for sinners, Thy love for their salvation, which caused Thee this parching thirst upon the Cross. It was this thirst — this thirst for the hearts of men, which induced Thee to assume human flesh thirty- three years before. It wras this thirsting love for our wretched souls, with all their cowardice and weakness, which made Thee undergo those years of poverty, of misery, and of suffering. How often, O Lord, have we not offered Thee gall and vinegar in place of the love we owe Thee. O God, let a change come into our lives at this dread hour. "As the hart panteth after the fountains of water, so let my soul pant after Thee. My soul hath thirsted after the strong living God, O when shall I come and appear be fore His face." Blessed and loving Lord, let Thy tears be my bread day and night. I long to quench Thy thirst with this poor broken vessel of a heart. 48 FIFTH WORD But there is no water in this barren dry land of my soul. It is arid, O God, as the desert; it is hard as the nether millstone of life; it is cold as the snows in winter; it is blind as the feet of the lame; it is sordid as the money-changers in the temple; it is sinful as the streets of Sodom — create a clean heart of living water in me, O God. Keep me not in suspense, O Divine Lord, and take not vengeance on my past iniquities by hiding Thy thirsting heart from me. Punish me not for the bitter gall and vinegar of my sins, which I have so often put to Thy sacred lips. Thy thirst for my soul alone can heal me. Pu rify my heart and I shall be wholly Thine and Thou wholly mine, for eternity. Give me to drink of the living waters of Thy love. I long to quench Thy thirst with my whole being. I long for the fountains of eternal life, O God, my heart asks it of Thee, it cries to Thee. May there spring up in my soul a fountain of living water which may flow from my heart till it reach Thee on Calvary, eternal and everlasting God! My long ing is ever for Thee. My love seeketh after Thee. Let all else be hateful to me but the blood and water which flow from Thy Sacred Heart — my love from henceforth belongs to Thee, that Thou mayest satisfy the thirst which Thou hast for me FIFTH WORD 49 and for my salvation. O water of the joys to come, water of the crosses and tribulations to be suffered in memory of Him, waters of desires that are pure, of acts that are chaste in the sight of God, pour Thy healing stream upon me, that the thirst of my Lord and my God may find its solace in the love I shall cherish from this day forward for Him and for Him alone. SIXTH WORD "It is consummated." — John xix. 30, ALL is finished. God Himself now speaks through the lips of His divine Son. Jesus the conqueror has tasted the last bitterness of His crucifixion in the vinegar and hyssop; and the ashes of death rest on His brow. When He had tasted the vinegar, in place of the water He craved, He knew then that He had fulfilled in all things the prophecies concerning Himself. Nothing re mained now but desolation and death. His soul was ready to take its flight. All was finished. The long journey was over. The pilgrimage in this valley of tears, the banishment in this land of sorrows had ended. In the flower of His man hood He was dying. His sacred head was bowed in agony upon His breast. His eyes, once the haven of all who sorrowed, were dull and glazed with the fast-nearing signs of death. Christ Jesus had now entered upon His final mortal agony. It is God himself who utters these words: "It is consummated." It is the God-Man dying on the Cross, who thus reveals in a lightning flash the consummation of all the prophecies of the so SIXTH WORD 51 Old Testament, the consummation of all the figures sung by the Psalmists, all the foreshadow- ings of Isais, the Messianic gospels of Ezechiel and Jeremias. Abel slain by his brother — he was My precursor, says Christ, for My blood has flowed from every wound and has bathed My body in a baptism of fire. All is finished. Joseph sold by his brothers to the Ishmaelites. Daniel in the den of lions. The scape-goat driven into the wilderness with all the sins of the people upon his forehead. The Lamb without blemish slain in the bondage of Egypt. The lost sceptre of the house of Juda. Jerusalem in the garments of mourning. All is consummated in me. These are shadows out of the past, and Christ had ful filled them all, and all now is finished. In Thee, O Christ, all is consummated. On the Cross the wintry law and the prophets are dying and in Thee begins the new life of the gospel and the refreshing summer of divine grace and love. All is consummated, and the work of mediation and redemption is perfected. Every sin is now atoned for, for Thou hast blotted out the handwriting of the decree which was written against us. In Thy death all our offences are forgiven. The weary calendar of our sins, the sins of pride, covetousness, lust, anger, gluttony, envy, and sloth, our sins 52 SIXTH WORD against God, sins of blasphemy, sacrilege, malice, and despair, our sins against our fellowmen, our sins against ourselves, have all been fastened with Thee to the wood of the Cross, and Thy precious blood hath washed out the entire scroll. Thou art the propitiation for our sins, and not for our sins only, but for the sins of the whole world. All is consummated, O blessed Christ. From the soles of Thy feet to the crown of Thy head there is no spot within or without Thee, that has not its wound, its bruise, its pain — and all for us. Thou hast conquered over sin and death, con quered over Satan, conquered over the world, conquered over the lusts of the flesh, the lusts of the eyes and the pride of life. The work of Thy redemption is finished. Sin is at an end. In iquity is abolished. Guilt is cancelled and ever lasting sanctity brought into the world. Thou canst now depart out of this weary life in the name of God the Father Almighty who sent Thee to redeem us, in the name of the Holy Spirit, whose Vision Beatific has dwelt in Thy bosom since eternity began, in the name of the angels and archangels, the thrones and dominations, the cherubim and seraphim, who adore Thee eternally, in the name of the patriarchs and prophets who foretold Thy coming, in the name of the holy SIXTH WORD 53 apostles and evangelists who have described Thy most holy passion and death, in the name of the holy martyrs and confessors and virgins, and in the name of all the saints of God, whom Thou hast redeemed by Thy precious blood. It will grieve our hearts forever thus to lose Thee, but now Thou canst depart, for all is finished, Christ Jesus, — and yet all is but begun. The work of redemption must now be carried on by Thy divine Spouse, the Church, carried on by her in each individual soul of the flock Thou leavest behind, of that flock in which my soul is the unworthiest one. A little while and the angel of release will stand beside Thee to whisper the consummation of Thy sacrifice. Christ Jesus, dying on the Cross, the supreme moment must one day come to us all, that momentous hour when we must appear before Thee, — glorified by Thy victory, to give an account of our stewardship. We know not when or how; but between this hour and the consum mation of our lives, teach us the law of sacrifice. Teach us to be meek and humble of heart. Drive pride and anger and hatred from our hearts. Conquer in our soul the spirit of intemperance in word or thought or deed, conquer the rebellion of the flesh against that most pure bond which binds us to Thee. We look forward, blessed Jesus, 54 SIXTH WORD to the dawn of that better day, when God shall wipe away all tears from our eyes and death shall be no more, when the night of our exile from Thee shall break into the morning of eternal life, when the lengthening shadows of our banishment shall touch the borders of the realm of celestial light, when we shall reign with Thee in the con summation of the rapture of our union with Thee for all eternity. All is consummated, all is finished, O Blessed Christ, and yet all is but begun. Thy holy Church, Thy divine Spouse, must follow in the footsteps of her Master from Bethlehem to Nazareth, to Jerusalem, and to the Cross. She must undergo her passion. She must shed her blood daily for the salvation of men. This is that sweet yoke Thou hast placed upon her. We are her children, we are Thine also. The cruel world never understood Thee. It will never under stand her. She is nailed to the Cross of Calvary with Thee, for on Calvary was she born, born in the Precious Blood of Thy heart, born in the wounds which disfigure Thee. But Thou hast placed about her the garment of immortality. For her sake Thou hast conquered the gates of hell, lest they prevail against her. For nineteen hundred years she has sung the solemn Miserere of her sorrow SIXTH WORD 55 for the world she too is trying to save, to save for Thee — render to her the joy of their salvation. Let her little ones, with their innocent eyes that gaze up into Thine, take up Thy hymn of triumph, and carry it in their breasts to Calvary, that Thou mayest render to her in these our days a glorious victory over her enemies, and grant to her the consummation of that love for Thee which she has ever kept pure and sacred from Calvary's day to this. O God, my God, never forsake us, battling here below in the warfare of life. Raise us up to Thee on the Cross, that we may hear these words of blessed rest, these words of the Father to His children who have fought the good fight: "It is consummated, son, be of good heart, for now thou enterest into the joy of the Lord." SEVENTH WORD "Father, into Thy hands I commend My spirit" — Luke xxiii. 46. AND now the end has come. At the moment the dying Saviour uttered that last cry : "It is consummated," the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom. An earth quake split the rocks of the hillsides of Judea, and as it rolled away into the distance, the graves of the dead were opened, and many bodies of the saints that had slept, arose, and coming into Jerusalem appeared to many. Never had any city cowered with the fear Jerusalem experienced in these last moments of Christ's life. Over the heads of the people swept the terrible reality of this crime. The roads leading back to Jerusalem from Calvary were filled with hurrying crowds of men, women, and children. Women wailed and beat their breasts in the consciousness of the awful guilt which had shown itself upon the brow of their nation. Men were withering with fear of the day of doom come at last. It was the beginning of the end of their city, that city which had rejected Him. It was the end of their name among the nations of the earth. It was 56 SEVENTH WORD 57 the end of the race of the Chosen People. The long agony of Christ was now about to close. It was not the violence of His torments which made Him cry out with a loud voice and give up the ghost. It was His divine will. He died, because He willed to die for the salvation of the world. He yielded up His spirit into the hands of His Eternal Father, because He willed to do so. It was an act of the sublimest liberty, the sublimest heroism, the sublimest humility. It was an act of divine love. All was finished. The old law was abrogated, the gospel of love had begun, the Church was born, grace sprang up like a full-blown flower in the gardens of God, salva tion was cast about the naked shoulders of man kind, God's justice was vindicated, hell was con quered, heaven was opened, and man was saved. The dawn of the new day had come to the world that was sodden with the drunkenness of crime. The death knell of evil was sounded, and Christ Jesus the Lord fell into the outstretched hands of his Eternal Father, with His sacrifice complete, with His work perfected, and the ever lasting alliance established between His Father and Himself. Christ dies that we may live. Once before in the presence of death, Jesus had cried out with a loud voice. It was at the grave 58 SEVENTH WORD of Lazarus in Bethany; and when the stone was rolled away, Lazarus came forth restored to life. Christ now rolls away the heavy stone which barred the way to Paradise, and crying out with a loud voice recreates in us a second life of union with God, and of heritage, under the new law, of heaven gained with all its joys. "Father, into Thy hands I commend my spirit.'7 From hence forth the souls I have redeemed by my passion and death will look upon Thee as their Father, a Father who protects and defends, a Father who bestows upon them brotherhood with His divine Son and co-heritage in the kingdom of heaven. Those hands, filled with every blessing, so mer ciful, so all-powerful to save and to bless, so ready to supply the needs and failings of His children, will never be empty to those who come to Him in confidence and love. Thus the blessed Christ died on the Cross, died from an overpowering love for us sinners. O Thou good Shepherd and most perfect lover of Thy sheep, the hour of parting has come. Thou didst once declare, that greater love than this no man hath than that a man lay down his life for his friends. And now thou layest down Thy life for me. Let me remain here at the foot of the Cross forever. Let me mourn here the pains SEVENTH WORD 59 and sufferings, the agony and death, Thou hast undergone for my sins. O Lord most holy, I am truly left an orphan, without any one to com fort me. But go, O blessed Jesus, since thou wilt have it so. Go, my hope, rest Thee from all Thy sad labors, and end Thy long exile from the Eternal Father. Go to give to the good thief the Paradise Thou hast promised him. Go to quench Thy thirst at the eternal fountains of the heavenly court. Go where no one will ever more forsake Thee. Go, Lord, to Thy eternal Father who calleth Thee. Go, glory and beatitude of my soul, go as a conqueror into the realms above. Re member, Lord, the ceaseless sorrow I shall feel from this day forward in Thy absence, the ceaseless desire that shall stir my heart to hear those blessed words: "Son, all is finished." Into Thy hands, O eternal Father, I commend my spirit, my soul, my body with all its powers, my heart with all its weaknesses. I offer up to Thee the wounds the world and sin have made in my hands and feet and in my heart. As a true brother of Jesus, I commend my blindness that Thou mayest enlighten it; my coldness that Thou mayest inflame it; my wayward heart that Thou mayest set it forth again on the right path; all my weaknesses I commend to Thee that Thou mayest 60 SEVENTH WORD uproot them from my soul. All that I am, all that I ever hope to be, I place in Thy divine hands. Teach me to do all for Thy honor and glory; teach me to do Thy will in all things and to recognize Thy divine providence in all that may befall me. Into Thy hands I commend my spirit now and forever. Jesus, a year has gone by since we beheld this scene. A year in which we have not always tried our best to love Thee. We have not always been faithful, and the hearts that kneel here to-day are scarred with many wounds of sin and shame; but our presence here again must mean to Thy Sacred Heart that the prodigal in us has returned for good. Blessed Lord, we are afraid to say all that we feel in the midst of the realities of Calvary. Our lips are too weak to open the flood-gates of our hearts; but there is so much to commend into Thy hands as Thou leavest us for the throne of God. Take with Thee, O Lord, the anguish we have undergone all these years from the treason and faithlessness of friends; from their weaknesses, their neglect, their disloyalty, their ingratitude. Take with Thee all the suffering we have felt in watching Thee suffer during these three hours of agony. Take all the pains of our fears; take all the inmost secrets of our hearts and present them all to the eternal SEVENTH WORD 61 Father, that He may purify them and purify us. Good Jesus, this may be the moment set aside from the beginning of all time for our sal vation. Thou wert set for the fall and the res urrection of many in Israel. So must it be to the consummation of the world. Every man must pass by Calvary once, and make his choice be tween those who crucify Thee and the Saviour who is dying for his sins, between the impenitent thief at Thy left hand, upbraiding Thee for his suffering, and the good thief at Thy right hand, begging Thee to remember him this day in the kingdom of heaven. Our choice is made, O blessed Christ, in this moment of Thy consummation and death. CLOSING DISCOURSE "We suffer with Him, that we may be also glorified with Him" — Rom. viii. 17. WE have been suffering with Him these three hours, as the great Apostle St. Paul tells us, that we may all be one day glorified with Him. No one ever knew Our Divine Lord better, no one apart from His blessed Mother ever loved Christ more than St. Paul the Apostle. From the mo ment that the light of God struck him down on the road to Damascus, until his own death thirty years afterwards at Rome, one burning thought, and one alone, dominated his whole being and life — an ardent love for the adorable Person of Jesus Christ. With an energy of will which was ex traordinary, even in those days of giant minds and giant souls, and in spite of numerous infirmities of his body, he succeeded in accomplishing more for the crucified Master than all the other Apostles. From Jerusalem to Greece, from Athens to Rome, from Rome to far-away Spain and return, this indefatigable laborer in the vineyard of God trav elled back and forth preaching the Gospel of Jesus Christ and Him crucified. Thirty years of a per- 62 CLOSING DISCOURSE 63 petual martyrdom, in shipwrecks and in perils, in hunger and thirst, in cold and nakedness, thirty years of sufferings, like the thirty hidden years of his blessed Lord, spent for one cause and one alone — to tell the children of all the generations to come that their only happiness in this world is in the contemplation of the Passion and Death of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, upon the Cross. The Cross is the one theme of all his teachings. It is the one love of his great heart. It is the silver thread which runs through all his Epistles. He is in very truth the Apostle of the Crucifixion. He saw in prophetic vision how we all should be gathered together this sorrowing day around the Cross of the Crucified Saviour, and his fine grand soul knew that all over the vorld the priests of God would be describing these scenes to their children, scenes destined to bring home to their hearts the lessons of the death of Christ upon the Cross, in order that they too like him might say: — "With Christ we are nailed to the cross, and all our glory and all our joy here below is in the cross of Jesus Christ, by whom the world is crucified to us and we to the world." That one message from his writings sums up the whole of the agonizing tragedy we have been witnessing again this afternoon. 64 CLOSING DISCOURSE This day, above all the days in the year, ought to be passed in silence. If any voice be heard, it should be the voice of sobbing, of weeping and of wailing, for we have lost Him whom our souls loveth. The cold dark tomb is enveloping Him, and with Him are being buried all our joys in possessing Him, all our happiness in being His children. A short forty hours from now and our hearts will be aglow with the glory and the peace of the Resurrection morn; but now sorrow broods over the world and over us, and the voice of gladness is hushed in the land. But even in our anguish we cannot be silent. This is not a time to take refuge in any thought which will draw a veil over that Cross. There Christ the Lord God of Heaven is hanging, and the sublime mean ing of that death the Church is solemnizing to-day is too clear for any heart not to be touched and not to understand. We are joined to-day with Him in the strongest bonds of sorrow. We are standing together with Mary and John on the Hill of Calvary. There is darkness all around us, save the light of heaven shining from that dead face. There is no time now for reasoning. The most awful act in the drama of humanity has taken place, and it is not now that the mind can look and see and understand; it is the heart which CLOSING DISCOURSE 65 must feel and sense and know in its better and higher way the scene which has been enacted before us. Thousands of times during the year that has gone have we looked upon our crucifix; thousands of times have we seen the priests of God raise their anointed hands in the blessing of the cross; thousands of times has that sign been made over the children of the Church in the holy tribunal of penance washing away their sins by virtue of the crucifixion of Christ; and thousands of times have the priests signed them with the very Body and Blood of Jesus Christ in giving them Holy Communion. All this has had its value and its meaning. All else is still save the broken hearts of Christ's faithful ones, who have been kneeling here to gether in spirit listening to Him speak to them again as He once spoke to them on Calvary's hill. 66 CLOSING DISCOURSE Sorrow reigns everywhere, ah, yes — and yet in the very midst of that sorrow, from the summit of Calvary itself, the greatest lesson the blessed Christ teaches us is the lesson of love. It is as though He would have us forget the awfulness of His sufferings, of His fall upon the ground, of the terrible nailing to the cross, and those three hours of agony, and would have us remember in this most dreadful moment of His life, that even then one thought brooded in His Divine Heart — love for us. All during these three hours of pain His broken crucified heart has been thinking of us, pouring out upon our souls the fruits of His redemption, and blessing our lives with those imperishable gifts of love, of forgiveness, and of Mary our Queen and Mother. The cruel nails and the crown of thorns and the hard wood of the cross have done their brutal work, and having accomplished His Father's will in all things, Jesus dies. Jesus is dead — the angels are whispering, and for a moment the world hangs breathless in anguish. Jesus is dead — the words ring like a battle cry into the courts of heaven and the universe is shaken to its uttermost depths by His triumph. Jesus is dead — and God the Father, for whom this sacrifice was made, knows the consummation of CLOSING DISCOURSE 67 Calvary, and the rocks are rent and the graves are opened, the sky is darkened, thunder roars and lightnings blaze, and Jerusalem shivers with fright, while the horror-stricken people rush to their homes to hide from the all-seeing Eye of Him who alone realizes what His divine Son has done for the world. Ay, Jesus is dead and justice has been satisfied, mercy has been let down like a flood upon the earth; but not to you, O Tyre and Sidon, not to you, O Bethsaida, if your God has died in vain for you. And not to you who listen again this Good Friday, if the lesson of God's great love for you is lost and forgotten with to-morrow's rising sun.	4,278
https://github.com/leftstick/java-di-practice/blob/master/src/main/java/com/example/services/atom/impls/UserService.java	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	null	java-di-practice	leftstick	Java	Code	148	530	package com.example.services.atom.impls; import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.DriverManager; import java.sql.ResultSet; import java.sql.SQLException; import java.sql.Statement; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import com.example.entities.User; import com.example.services.atom.IUserService; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; @Service public class UserService implements IUserService { public List<User> list() { List<User> users = new ArrayList<>(); Connection conn = null; Statement stmt = null; ResultSet rs = null; try { conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:h2:mem:h2test;mode=mysql;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE", "sa", ""); stmt = conn.createStatement(); rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM user"); while (rs.next()) { User user = new User(rs.getInt(1), rs.getString(2), rs.getString(3), rs.getString(4), rs.getString(5)); users.add(user); } } catch (SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { if (rs != null) { try { rs.close(); } catch (SQLException sqlEx) { // do nothing } rs = null; } if (stmt != null) { try { stmt.close(); } catch (SQLException sqlEx) { // do nothing } stmt = null; } try { conn.close(); } catch (SQLException e) { // do nothing } } return users; } }	16,735
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23289615	StackExchange	Open Web	CC-By-SA	2,014	Stack Exchange	Eric Cartman, https://stackoverflow.com/users/361899	English	Spoken	115	145	Windows Server 2012 Service to restart application I am trying to upgrade a server from Windows Server 2003 to Windows Server 2012 and I have a service that restarts an application that needs to be updated, which must be always running in order for it to get its job done propperly (summarizing is an application that reads data sent from several sensors and stores it in a database). The thing is, Microsoft changed the way services work and it won't work properly in the new server. Is there a way to keep doing it with a service even if it needs to be done within a user session? Thanks in advance. Ask at http://serverfault.com/ instead.	41,706
https://github.com/ddimension/WaveSync/blob/master/libwavesync/webserver.py	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	2,020	WaveSync	ddimension	Python	Code	241	936	import threading from multiprocessing import Process import time import http.server as SimpleHTTPServer import socketserver as SocketServer import ipaddress class WebServerHandler( SimpleHTTPServer.SimpleHTTPRequestHandler ): def do_addremove(self): root, action, channel = self.path.split('/') if channel is None: return self.do_fail(b'Empty channel name.') address, port = channel.split(':') if address is None: return self.do_fail(b'Invalid channel address.') try: ipaddress.ip_address(address) except ValueError: return self.do_fail(b'Failed to parse address.') if int(port)<1: return self.do_fail(b'Invalid channel port.') if action == "add": if not self.server.packetizer.add_channel((address,int(port))): return self.do_fail(b'Failed to add channel') elif action == "remove": if not self.server.packetizer.remove_channel((address,int(port))): return self.do_fail(b'Failed to remove channel') else: return self.do_fail('Invalid command') self.send_response(200) self.send_header('Content-type','text/plain') self.end_headers() if action == "add": self.wfile.write(b"Added the channel\n") print("http api: added a new channel %s:%s" %(address,port)) elif action == "remove": self.wfile.write(b"Remove the channel\n") print("http api: remove a channel %s:%s" %(address,port)) def do_list(self): self.send_response(200) self.send_header('Content-type','text/plain') self.end_headers() for channel in self.server.packetizer.get_channels(): tmp = "%s:%d\n" % channel self.wfile.write(tmp.encode('utf-8')) print("http api: listed channel") def do_fail(self, error): self.send_response(500) self.send_header('Content-type','text/plain') self.end_headers() self.wfile.write(error) self.wfile.write(b"\n") print("http api: error message: %s " % (error)) def do_GET(self): if self.path.startswith('/add/'): return self.do_addremove() elif self.path.startswith('/remove/'): return self.do_addremove() elif self.path.startswith('/list'): return self.do_list() self.do_fail(b'Unknown request.') class WebServer(object): """ WebServer class Run as thread """ def __init__(self, packetizer, interval=1): """ Constructor :type interval: int :param interval: Check interval, in seconds """ self.interval = interval self.packetizer = packetizer thread = threading.Thread(target=self.run, args=()) thread.daemon = True # Daemonize thread thread.start() # Start the execution def run(self): """ Method that runs forever """ Handler = WebServerHandler httpd = SocketServer.TCPServer(("", 8099), WebServerHandler) httpd.packetizer = self.packetizer httpd.serve_forever()	23,043
https://github.com/KIKOU2016/hhvm/blob/master/hphp/hack/src/server/serverRage.ml	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT, PHP-3.01, Zend-2.0	2,019	hhvm	KIKOU2016	OCaml	Code	318	818	(** * Copyright (c) 2015, Facebook, Inc. * All rights reserved. * * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the * LICENSE file in the "hack" directory of this source tree. * ) open Hh_core let go (_genv: ServerEnv.genv) (env: ServerEnv.env) : ServerRageTypes.result = let open ServerRageTypes in ( Gather up the contents of all files that hh_server believes are in the ) ( IDE different from what's on disk ) let ide_files_different_from_disk = ServerFileSync.get_unsaved_changes env \|> Relative_path.Map.map ~f:fst \|> Relative_path.Map.elements \|> List.map ~f:begin fun (relPath, data) -> { title = Some ((Relative_path.to_absolute relPath) ^ ":modified_hh"); data; } end in ( include PIDs that we know ) let pids_data = Printf.sprintf "hh_server pid=%d ppid=%d\n" (Unix.getpid ()) (Unix.getppid ()) in let pids = {title = None; data = pids_data; } in ( is it paused? ) let paused_data = Printf.sprintf "\n%s... disk_needs_parsing:\n%s\n" (if env.ServerEnv.paused then "hh --pause" else "hh --resume") (Relative_path.Set.elements env.ServerEnv.disk_needs_parsing \|> List.map ~f:Relative_path.to_absolute \|> String.concat "\n") in let paused = {title = None; data = paused_data; } in ( include current state of diagnostics on client, as we know it *) let open ServerEnv in let subscription_data = match env.diag_subscribe, env.persistent_client with \| None, None -> "no diag subscription, no client" \| Some _, None -> "?? diagnostics subscription but no client ??" \| None, Some _ -> "?? client but no diagnostics subscription ??" \| Some sub, Some client -> let (is_truncated, count) = Diagnostic_subscription.get_pushed_error_length sub in let _sub, errors = Diagnostic_subscription.pop_errors sub env.errorl in let messages = [ "hh_server view of diagnostics on client:"; "client_has_message"; ClientProvider.client_has_message client \|> string_of_bool; "ide_needs_parsing"; not (Relative_path.Set.is_empty env.ide_needs_parsing) \|> string_of_bool; "error_count"; Errors.count env.errorl \|> string_of_int; "errors_in_client"; count \|> string_of_int; is_truncated \|> string_of_bool; "error_files_to_push"; errors \|> SMap.keys \|> List.length \|> string_of_int; "" ] in String.concat "\n" messages in let subscription = {title = None; data = subscription_data; } in pids :: subscription :: paused :: ide_files_different_from_disk	33,498
https://github.com/romanthekat/advent_of_code/blob/master/2016/AdventOfCodeHelper.py	Github Open Source	Open Source	Apache-2.0	null	advent_of_code	romanthekat	Python	Code	8	29	def get_input_lines(): with open("input.txt") as f: return f.readlines()	5,536
https://github.com/ayty-org/client-bookstore-microservice/blob/master/src/main/java/br/com/bookstore/client/client/Client.java	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	null	client-bookstore-microservice	ayty-org	Java	Code	93	348	package br.com.bookstore.client.client; import lombok.AllArgsConstructor; import lombok.Builder; import lombok.Getter; import lombok.NoArgsConstructor; import lombok.Setter; import javax.persistence.Column; import javax.persistence.Entity; import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue; import javax.persistence.GenerationType; import javax.persistence.Id; import java.io.Serializable; @Getter @Setter @AllArgsConstructor @NoArgsConstructor @Entity @Builder(builderClassName = "Builder") public class Client implements Serializable { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY) private Long id; private String name; private Integer age; private String phone; private String email; private Sex sex; @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO) @Column(name = "specific_id") private String specificID; public static Client to(ClientDTO dto) { return Client .builder() .name(dto.getName()) .age(dto.getAge()) .phone(dto.getPhone()) .email(dto.getEmail()) .sex(dto.getSex()) .build(); } }	30,405
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093454	Wikidata	Semantic data	CC0	null	Pevchesky Bridge	None	Multilingual	Semantic data	754	2,944	歌手桥歌手桥共享资源分类 Pevchesky Bridge 歌手桥地理坐标歌手桥 Freebase标识符 /m/0274vst 歌手桥隶属于公路桥歌手桥图片 Pevchesky bridge.jpg 歌手桥图片 Pevchesky railing.jpg 歌手桥国家俄罗斯歌手桥所在行政领土实体圣彼得堡歌手桥跨越莫伊卡河歌手桥 kulturnoe-nasledie.ru编号 7810699005 歌手桥长度歌手桥 Structurae结构编码 20019432 歌手橋歌手橋共享資源分類 Pevchesky Bridge 歌手橋地理座標歌手橋 Freebase識別碼 /m/0274vst 歌手橋隸屬於公路橋歌手橋圖片 Pevchesky bridge.jpg 歌手橋圖片 Pevchesky railing.jpg 歌手橋國家俄羅斯歌手橋所在行政領土實體聖彼得堡歌手橋跨越莫伊卡河歌手橋 kulturnoe-nasledie.ru編號 7810699005 歌手橋長度歌手橋 Structurae結構編碼 20019432 歌手橋歌手橋共享資源分類 Pevchesky Bridge 歌手橋地理座標歌手橋 Freebase識別碼 /m/0274vst 歌手橋圖片 Pevchesky bridge.jpg 歌手橋圖片 Pevchesky railing.jpg 歌手橋國家俄羅斯歌手橋所在行政領土實體聖彼得堡歌手橋跨越莫伊卡河歌手橋長度歌手橋 Structurae結構編碼 20019432 Most Piewczeskij Most Piewczeskij kategoria Commons Pevchesky Bridge Most Piewczeskij współrzędne geograficzne Most Piewczeskij identyfikator Freebase /m/0274vst Most Piewczeskij jest to most drogowy Most Piewczeskij ilustracja Pevchesky bridge.jpg Most Piewczeskij ilustracja Pevchesky railing.jpg Most Piewczeskij państwo Rosja Most Piewczeskij znajduje się w jednostce administracyjnej Petersburg Most Piewczeskij przeszkoda Mojka Most Piewczeskij numer w rosyjskim rejestrze zabytków 7810699005 Most Piewczeskij identyfikator EGROKN 781710803820066 Most Piewczeskij długość Most Piewczeskij status dobra kultury federalny obiekt dziedzictwa kulturowego w Rosji Most Piewczeskij identyfikator Structurae 20019432 Певческий мост мост в городе Санкт-Петербург, Россия Певческий мост категория на Викискладе Pevchesky Bridge Певческий мост географические координаты Певческий мост код Freebase /m/0274vst Певческий мост это частный случай понятия автомобильный мост Певческий мост изображение Pevchesky bridge.jpg Певческий мост изображение Pevchesky railing.jpg Певческий мост государство Россия Певческий мост административно-территориальная единица Санкт-Петербург Певческий мост проходит над/под Мойка Певческий мост код Русского Викигида / kulturnoe-nasledie.ru 7810699005 Певческий мост регистрационный номер ЕГРОКН 781710803820066 Певческий мост длина Певческий мост статус наследия объект культурного наследия России федерального значения Певческий мост идентификатор Structurae 20019432 Pevchesky Bridge bridge Pevchesky Bridge Commons category Pevchesky Bridge Pevchesky Bridge coordinate location Pevchesky Bridge Freebase ID /m/0274vst Pevchesky Bridge instance of road bridge Pevchesky Bridge image Pevchesky bridge.jpg Pevchesky Bridge image Pevchesky railing.jpg Pevchesky Bridge country Russia Pevchesky Bridge located in the administrative territorial entity Saint Petersburg Pevchesky Bridge crosses Moyka River Pevchesky Bridge kulturnoe-nasledie.ru ID 7810699005 Pevchesky Bridge EGROKN ID 781710803820066 Pevchesky Bridge length Pevchesky Bridge heritage designation federal cultural heritage site in Russia Pevchesky Bridge Structurae structure ID 20019432 歌手桥橋歌手桥共享资源分类 Pevchesky Bridge 歌手桥地理坐标歌手桥 Freebase標識符 /m/0274vst 歌手桥隶属于公路橋歌手桥图像 Pevchesky bridge.jpg 歌手桥图像 Pevchesky railing.jpg 歌手桥国家俄罗斯歌手桥所在行政领土实体聖彼得堡歌手桥跨越莫伊卡河歌手桥 kulturnoe-nasledie.ru編號 7810699005 歌手桥长度歌手桥文化遗产保护状况俄羅斯聯邦文化遺產歌手桥 Structurae結構編碼 20019432 Pevčeskii-sild Pevtsjeskiy most brug in Rusland Pevtsjeskiy most Commonscategorie Pevchesky Bridge Pevtsjeskiy most geografische locatie Pevtsjeskiy most Freebase-identificatiecode /m/0274vst Pevtsjeskiy most is een verkeersbrug Pevtsjeskiy most afbeelding Pevchesky bridge.jpg Pevtsjeskiy most afbeelding Pevchesky railing.jpg Pevtsjeskiy most land Rusland Pevtsjeskiy most gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Sint-Petersburg Pevtsjeskiy most overspant Mojka Pevtsjeskiy most kulturnoe-nasledie.ru-identificatiecode 7810699005 Pevtsjeskiy most EGROKN-identificatiecode 781710803820066 Pevtsjeskiy most lengte Pevtsjeskiy most Structurae-identificatiecode 20019432 მომღერლების ხიდი მომღერლების ხიდი ვიკისაწყობის კატეგორია Pevchesky Bridge მომღერლების ხიდი გეოგრაფიული კოორდინატები მომღერლების ხიდი Freebase /m/0274vst მომღერლების ხიდი სურათი Pevchesky bridge.jpg მომღერლების ხიდი სურათი Pevchesky railing.jpg მომღერლების ხიდი ქვეყანა რუსეთი მომღერლების ხიდი ადმინისტრაციული ერთეული სანქტ-პეტერბურგი მომღერლების ხიდი სიგრძე pont Pevchesky pont situé en Russie pont Pevchesky catégorie Commons Pevchesky Bridge pont Pevchesky coordonnées géographiques pont Pevchesky identifiant Freebase /m/0274vst pont Pevchesky nature de l’élément pont routier pont Pevchesky image Pevchesky bridge.jpg pont Pevchesky image Pevchesky railing.jpg pont Pevchesky pays Russie pont Pevchesky localisation administrative Saint-Pétersbourg pont Pevchesky franchit Moïka pont Pevchesky identifiant kulturnoe-nasledie.ru 7810699005 pont Pevchesky identifiant EGROKN 781710803820066 pont Pevchesky longueur pont Pevchesky statut patrimonial objet patrimonial culturel d'importance fédérale pont Pevchesky identifiant Structurae d'une construction 20019432 Ponte Pevčeskij ponte di San Pietroburgo Ponte Pevčeskij categoria su Commons Pevchesky Bridge Ponte Pevčeskij coordinate geografiche Ponte Pevčeskij identificativo Freebase /m/0274vst Ponte Pevčeskij istanza di ponte stradale Ponte Pevčeskij immagine Pevchesky bridge.jpg Ponte Pevčeskij immagine Pevchesky railing.jpg Ponte Pevčeskij Paese Russia Ponte Pevčeskij unità amministrativa in cui è situato San Pietroburgo Ponte Pevčeskij attraversa Moyka Ponte Pevčeskij identificativo EGROKN 781710803820066 Ponte Pevčeskij lunghezza Ponte Pevčeskij identificativo Structurae 20019432 Пеўчаскі мост Пеўчаскі мост катэгорыя на Вікісховішчы Pevchesky Bridge Пеўчаскі мост геаграфічныя каардынаты Пеўчаскі мост ідэнтыфікатар у Freebase /m/0274vst Пеўчаскі мост гэта аўтамабільны мост Пеўчаскі мост выява Pevchesky bridge.jpg Пеўчаскі мост выява Pevchesky railing.jpg Пеўчаскі мост краіна Расія Пеўчаскі мост знаходзіцца ў адміністрацыйнай адзінцы Санкт-Пецярбург Пеўчаскі мост мост праходзіць над Мойка Пеўчаскі мост даўжыня Пеўчаскі мост ідэнтыфікатар Structurae 20019432 歌う橋歌う橋コモンズのカテゴリ Pevchesky Bridge 歌う橋位置座標歌う橋 Freebase識別子 /m/0274vst 歌う橋分類道路橋歌う橋画像 Pevchesky bridge.jpg 歌う橋画像 Pevchesky railing.jpg 歌う橋国ロシア歌う橋位置する行政区画サンクトペテルブルク歌う橋交差物モイカ川歌う橋ロシア文化遺産識別子 7810699005 歌う橋ロシア文化遺産登録識別子 781710803820066 歌う橋全長歌う橋遺産保護指定ロシアの連邦文化遺産歌う橋 Structurae 20019432	11,745
https://github.com/hammy2899/o/blob/master/src/__tests__/includes.spec.ts	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	2,021	o	hammy2899	TypeScript	Code	138	341	import includes from '../includes' import { OObject } from '../types' describe('includes', (): void => { test('should return true or false whether or not the object has the specified value', (): void => { const obj = { a: 1, b: 2 } expect(includes(obj, 1)).toBe(true) expect(includes(obj, 2)).toBe(true) expect(includes(obj, 3)).toBe(false) }) test('should check within deep objects with follow is true', (): void => { const obj = { a: 1, b: { c: { d: 2 } } } expect(includes(obj, 2)).toBe(false) expect(includes(obj, 2, { follow: true })).toBe(true) }) test('should throw TypeError for invalid arguments', (): void => { const invalidObj: unknown = 'testing' const invalidFollow: unknown = 'testing' expect((): boolean => includes(invalidObj as OObject, 'test')) .toThrow(new TypeError('Expected Object, got string testing')) expect((): boolean => includes({}, 'test', { follow: invalidFollow as boolean })) .toThrow(new TypeError('Expected Boolean, got string testing')) }) })	29,408
deipnosophistsor01atheuoft_22	US-PD-Books	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,853	The Deipnosophists; or, Banquet of the learned, of Athenaeus. Literally translated by C.D. Yonge, B.A. With an appendix of poetical fragments, rendered into English verse by various authors, and a general index	None	English	Spoken	7,484	10,522	And once, at supper, when the man who had invited him had set loaves of black bread before him, he said, " Do not give me too many, lest you should darken the room." And Pau- simachus said of a certain parasite who was maintained by an old woman, " That the man who lived with the old woman fared in exactly the contrary manner to the old woman her- C. 50.] PARASITES. 387 self; for that he was always large." And he is the man of whom Machon writes in this manner : — They saj" that Moschion the water drinker Once, when he was with friends in the Lyceum, Seeing a parasite who was used to live Upon a rich old woman, said to him, " My friend, your fate is truly marvellous ; For your old dame does give you a big belly." And the same man, hearing of a parasite who was maintained by an old woman, and who lived in habits of daily intimacy with her, said — Xothing is strange henceforth, she brings forth nothing, But the man daily doth become big-bellied. And Ptolemy, the son of Agesarchns, a native of Megalopolis, in the second book of his history of Philopator, says that men to dine with the king were collected from every city, and that they were called jesters. 49. And Posidonius of Apamea, in the twenty-third book of his histories, says, " The Celtag, even when they make war, take about with them companions to dine with them, whom they call parasites. And these men celebrate their praises before large companies assembled together, and also to pri- vate individuals who are willing to listen to them : they have also a description of people called Bards, who make them music ; and these are poets, who recite their praises with songs. And in his thirty-fourth book, the same writer speaks of a man whose name was Apollonius, as having been the parasite of Antiochus surnamed Grypus, king of Syria. And Aristodemus relates that Bithys, the parasite of king Lysi- machus, once, when Lysimachus threw a wooden figure of a scorpion on his cloak, leaped up in a great fright ; but pre- sently, when he perceived the truth, he said, " I, too, will frighten you, 0 king ! — give me a talent." For Lysimachus was very stingy. And Agatharchides the Cnidian, in the twenty-second book of his history of Europe, says that An- themocritus the pancratiast was the parasite of Aristomachus, the tyrant of the Argives. 50. And Timocles has spoken in general terms of parasites in his Boxer, when he calls them eiruriruot, in these words — You will find here some of the parasites ({iruririoi) AVho cat at other men's tables till they burst, That you might say they give themselves to athletes To act as quintain sacks. c o 2 388 THE DEIPNOSOPHISTS. [b. VI. And Ph ere crates, in his Old Women, says — A. But you, my friend Smicythion, will not Get your food (iiria-LTi^ofiai) quicker. B. Who, I pray, is this 1 A. I bring this greedy stranger everywhere, As if he were my hired slave or soldier. For those men are properly called kirirjirioi who do any service for their keep. Plato says, in the fourth book of his treatise on Politics, " And the c7rurmoc do these things, who do not. as others do, receive any wages in addition to their food." And Aristophanes says, in his Storks — For if you prosecute one wicked man, Twelve iiruririot will come against you, And so defeat you by their evidence. And Eubulus says, in his Daedalus — He wishes to remain an ima'trios Among them, and will never ask for wages. 51. And Diphilus, in his Synoris (and Synoris is the name of a courtesan), mentioning Euripides (and Euripides is the name given to a particular throw on the dice), and punning on the name of the poet, says this at the same time about parasites : — A. You have escaped well from such a throw. S. You are right witty. A. Well, lay down your drachma. S. That has been done : how shall 1 throw Euripides ) A. Euripides will never save a woman. See you not how he hates them in his tragedies ? But he has always fancied parasites, And thus he speaks, you'll easily find the place : " For every rich man who docs not feed At least three men who give no contribution, Exile deserves and everlasting ruin." S. Where is that passage ? A. What is that to you ? 'Tis not the play, but the intent that signifies. And in the amended edition of the same play, speaking of a parasite in a passion, he says — Is then the parasite angry 1 is he furious! Not he; he only smears with gall the table. And weans himself like any child from milk. And immediately afterwards he adds — A . Then you may eat, 0 parasite. B. Just see a 52.] parasites. 3S9 How lie disparages that useful skill. A. Well, know you not that all men rank a parasite Below a harp-player] And in the play, which is entitled The Parasite, he says — A surly man should never be a parasite. 52. And Menander, in his Passion, speaking of a friend who had refused an invitation to a marriage feast, says — This is to be a real friend ; not one Who asks, Wh.at time is dinner] as the rest do. And, Why should we not all at once sit down] And fishes for another invitation To-morrow and next day, and then again Asks if there's not a funeral feast to follow. And Alexis in his Orestes, Nicostratus in his Plutus, Me- nander in his Drunkenness, and in his Lawgiver, speak in the same way; and Philonides, in his Buskins, says — I being abstinent cannot endure Such things as these. But there are many other kindred nouns to the noun -trapd- o-iros : there is eVt'o-tro?, which has already been mentioned ; and ot/v-o'o-iTo?, and mTOKovpos, and at'roVtTo? ; and besides these, there is Kaxo'criTos and oAiyoo-cros : and Anaxandrides nses the Avord otKoVtros in his Huntsmen — A son who feeds at home (oiKo'cm-os) is a great comfort. And a man is called oikoVitos who serves the city, not for hire, but gratis. Antiphanes, in his Scythian, says — The otK&ffiros quickly doth become A regular attendant at th' assembly. And Menander says, in his Ring — We found a bridegroom willing to keep house (uIkgctitos) At his own charges, for no dowry seeking. And in his Harp-player he says — You do not get your hearers there for nothing (oiKoffirovs). Crates uses the word cVtcrirtos in his Deeds of Daring, saying- He feeds his messmate ((iria-LTiov) while lie shivers thus In Megabyzus' house, and he will have Food for his wages. And he also uses the word in a peculiar sense in his Women dining together, where he says — It is a well-bred custom not to assemble A crowd of women, nor to feast a multitude ; But to make a domestic {oiKoa'novs) wedding feast. 390 THE DEtPNOSOPEISTS. [b. VI- And the weird atTOKovpos is used by Alexis, iu his Woman sitting up all Night or the Weavers — You will be but a walking bread-devourer (<rn6iiovpos) And Menander calls a man who is useless, and who lives to no purpose, o-troKoupo?, in his Thrasyleon, saying — A lazy ever-procrastinating fellow, A onSnovpos, miserable, useless, Owning himself a burden on the earth. And in his Venal People he says — Wretch, you were standing at the door the while, Having laid down your burden ; while, for us, We took the wretched cnroKovpos in. And Crobylus used the word auroViTos (bringing one's own provisions), in The Man hanged — A parasite avroffiros, feeding himself, You do contribute much to aid your master. And Eubulus has the word kcik6Wos (eating badly, having no appetite), in his Ganymede — Sleep nourishes him since he's no appetite (naiMo-nos). And the word oAtyoVtros (a sparing eater) occurs in Phryni- chus, in his The solitary Man — What does that sparing eater (nKtyoaiTos) Hercules there I And Pherecrates, or Strattis, in his Good Men — How sparingly you eat, who in one day Swallow the food of an entire trireme. 53. When Plutarch had said all this about parasites, De- mocritus, taking up the discourse, said, And I myself, ' like wood well-glued to wood,' as the Theban poet has it, will say a word about flatterers. For of all men the flatterer fares best, as the excellent Menander says. And there is no great dif- ference between calling a man a flatterer and a parasite. Accordingly, Lynceus the Samian, in his Commentaries, gives the name of parasite to Cleisophus, the man who is uni- versally described as the flatterer of Philip, the king of the Macedonians (but he was an Athenian by birth, as Satyrus the Peripatetic affirms, in his Life of Philip). And Lynceus says — "Cleisophus, the parasite of Philip, when Philip rebuked him for being continually asking for something, replied, ' I am very forgetful.' Afterwards, when Philip had given him a wounded horse, he sold him ; and when, after a time, the king C. 5-5.] PARASITES. 391 asked him what had become of him, he answered, 'He was sold by that wound of his.' And when Philip laughed at him, and took it good-humouredly, he said, ' Is it not then worth my while to keep you V " And Hegesander the Delphian, in his Commentaries, makes this mention of Cleisophus : — " When Philip the king said that writings had been brought to him from Cotys, king of Thrace, Cleisophus, who was present, said, ' It is well, by the gods.' And when Philip said, ' But what do you know of the subjects mentioned in these writings V he said, 'By the great Jupiter, you have reproved me with admirable judgment.' " 54. But Satyrus, in his Life of Philip, says, " "When Philip lost his eye, Cleisophus came forth with him, with bandages on the same eye as the king ; and again, when his leg was hurt, he came out limping, along with the king. And if ever Philip ate any harsh or sour food, he would contract his features, as if he, too, had the same taste in his mouth. Histories, that Philip appointed Thrasydams the Thessalian tyrant over all those of his nation, though a man who had but little intellect, but who was an egregious flatterer. But Arcadion the Achaean was not a flatterer, who is mentioned by the same Theppompus, and also by Duris in the fifth book of his History of Macedonian Affairs. Now this Arcadion hated Philip, and on account of this hatxed voluntarily banished himself from his country. And he was a man of the most admirable natural abilities, and numbers of clever sayings of his are related. It happened then once, when Philip was sojourning at Delphi, that Arcadion also was there ; and the Macedonian beheld him and called him to him, and said, How much further, 0 Arcadion, do you mean to go by way of banishment 1 And he replied — Until I meet with men who know not Philip. But Phylarchus, in the twenty-first book of his History, says that Philip laughed at this, and invited Arcadion to supper, and that in that way he got rid of his enmity. But of Nice- sins the flatterer of Alexander, Hegesander gives the following account : — " When Alexander complained of being bitten by the flies and was eagerly brushing them off a man of the name of Nicesias, one of his flatterers who happened to be present, said, — Beyond all doubt those flies will be far superior to all other flies, now that they have tasted your blood." And the same man says that Cheirisophus also, the flatterer of Dionysius, when he saw Dionysius laughing with some of his acquaintances, (but he was some way off himself, so that he could not hear what they were laughing at,) laughed also. And when Diony- sius asked him on what account he, who could not possibly hear what was said, laughed, said — I feel that confidence in you that I am quite sure that what has been said is worth laughing at. 56. His son also, the second Dionysius, had numerous flat- terers, who were called by the common people Dionysiocolaces. And they, because Dionysius himself was not very sharp sighted, used to pretend while at supper not to be able to see very far, but they would touch whatever was near them as if they could not see it, until Dionysius himself guided their hands to the dishes. And when Dionysius spat, they would often put out their own faces for him to spit upon : and then C. 56.] FLATTERERS OF DIONYSIUS. 393 licking off the spittle and even his vomit, they declared that it was sweeter than honey. And Timseus, in the twenty- second book of his Histories, says that Democles the flatterer of the younger Dionysius, as it was customary in Sicily to make a sacrifice from house to house in honour of the nymphs, and for men to spend the night around their statues when quite drunk, and to dance around the goddesses — Democles neglecting the nymphs, and saying that there was no use in attending to lifeless deities, went and danced before Diony- sius. And at a subsequent time being once sent on an embassy with some colleagues to Dion, when they were all proceeding in a trireme, he being accused by the rest of behaving in a seditious manner in respect of this journey, and of having injured the general interests of Dion}Tsius, when Dionysius was very indignant, he said that differences had arisen between himself and his colleagues, because after supper they took a paean of Phrynichus or Stesichorus, and some of them took one of Pindar's and sang it • but he, with those who agreed ■with him, went entirely through the hymns which had been composed by Dioi^sius himself. And he undertook to bring forward undeniable proof of this assertion. For that his accusers were not acquainted with the modulation of those songs, but that he on the contrary was ready to sing them all through one after the other. 57. And Hegesandcr relates that Hiero the tyrant was 394 THE DEIPNOSOrHISTS. [b. VI- also rather weak in his eyes ; and that his friends who supped with him made mistakes in the dishes on purpose, in order to let him set them right, and to give him an opportunity of appearing clearer-sighted than the rest. And Hegesander says that Euclides, who was surnamed Seutlus, (and he too was a parasite,) once when a great quantity of sow-thistles (croy/cos) was set before him at a banquet, said, " Capaneus, who is in- troduced by Euripides in his Suppliant Women, was a very witty man — Detesting tables where there was too much pride (uynos). But those who were the leaders of the people at Athens, says he, in the Chremonidean war, nattered the Athenians, and said, "that everything else was common to all the Greeks; but that the Athenians were the only men who knew the road which leads to heaven." And Satyrus, in his Lives, says that Anaxarchus, the Eudsemonical philosopher, was one of the flatterers of Alexander; and that he once, when on a journey in company with the king, when a violent and terrible thunderstorm took place, so as to frighten everybody, said — " Was it you, 0 Alexander, son of Jupiter, who caused tins'?" And that he laughed and said— "Not I; for I do not wish to be formidable, as you make me out ; you also desire me to have brought to me at supper the heads of satraps and kings." And Aristobulus of Cassandria says that Dioxippus the Athenian, a pancratiast, once when Alexander was wounded and when the blood flowed, said — 'Tis ichor, such as flows from the blessed gods. 5S. And Epicrates the Athenian, having gone on an em- bassy to the king, according to the statement of Hegesander, and having received many presents from him, was not ashamed to flatter the king openly and boldly, so as even to say that the best way was not to choose nine archons every year, but nine ambassadors to the king. But I wonder at the Athenians, how they allowed him to make such a speech without bringing him to trial, and yet fined Demades ten talents, because he thought Alexander a god ; and they put Evagoras to death, because when he went as ambassador to the king he adored him. And Tiinon the Phliasian, in the third book of his Siili, says that Ariston the Chian, an acquaintance and pupil of Zeno the Citiean, was a flatterer C. 60.] FLATTERERS OF KINGS. 395 of Perseus the philosopher, because he was a companion of Antigonus the king. But Phylarchus, in the sixth book of his Histories, says that Nicesias the flatterer of Alexander, ■when he saw the king in convulsions from some medicine which he had taken, said — " 0 king, what must we do, when even you gods suffer in this manner ] " and that Alexander, scarcely looking up, said — "What sort of godsl I am afraid rather we are hated by the gods." And in his twenty-eighth book the same Phylarchus says that Apollophanes was a flatterer of Antigonus who was surnamed Epitropus, who took Lacedannon, and who used to say that the fortune of Antigonus Alexandrized. 59. But Euphantus, in the fourth book of his Historic?-', says that Callicrates was a flatterer of Ptolemy, the third king of Egypt, who was so subtle a flatterer that he not only bore an image of Ulysses on his seal, but that he also gave his children the names of Telegonus and Anticlea. And Polybius, in the thirteenth book of his Histories, says that Heraclides the Tarentine was a flatterer of the Philip Avhose power was destroyed by the Romans; and that it was he who overturned his whole kingdom, xlnd in his four- teenth book, he says that Philo was a flatterer of Agathocles the son of (Enanthe, and the companion of the king Ptolemy Philopator. And Baton of Sinope relates, in his book about the tyranny of Hieronymus, that Thraso, who was surnamed Carcharus, was the flatterer of Hiei-onymus the tyrant of Syracuse, saying that he every day used to drink a great quantity of unmixed wine. But another flatterer, by name Usis, caused Thraso to be put to death by Hieronymus; and he persuaded Hieronymus himself to assume the diadem, and the purple and all the rest of the royal apparel, which Diony- sius the tyrant was accustomed to wear. And Agatharchides, in the thirtieth book of his Histories, says — " Ha;resippus the Spartan was a man of no moderate iniquity, not even putting on any appearance of goodness ; but having veiy persuasive flattering language, and being a very clever man at paying court to the rich as long as their fortune lasted. Such also was Heraclides the Maronitc, the flatterer of Seuthes the king of the Thracians, who is mentioned by Xenophon in the seventh book of the Anabasis. GO. But Theopompus, in the eighteenth book of his Histories, speaking of Nicostratus the Argive, and saying 396 THE DEIPNOSOPHISTS. [l3. YT. how he flattered the Persian king, writes as follows—" But how can we think Nicostratus the AVgive anything but a wicked man? who, when he was president of the city of Argos, and when he had received all the distinctions of family, and riches, and large estates from his ancestors, sur- passed all men in his flatteries and attentions to the king, outrunning not only those who bore a part in that expedition, but even all who had lived before ; for in the first place, he was so anxious for honours from the barbarian, that, wishing to please him more and to be more trusted by him, he brought his son to the king, a thing which no one else will ever be found to have done. And then, every day when he was about to go to supper he had a table set apart, to which lie gave the name of the Table of the King's Deity, loading it with meat and all other requisites; hearing that those who live at the doors of the royal palace among the Persians do the same thing, and thinking that by this courtier-like atten- tion he should get more from the king. For he was exceed- ingly covetous, and not scrupulous as to the means he employed for getting money, so that indeed no one was ever less so. And Lysimachus was a flatterer and the tutor of Attains the king, a man whom Callimachus sets down as a Theodorean, but Hermippus sets him down in the list of the disciples of Theophrastus. And this man wrote books also about the education of Attalus, full of every kind of adula- tion imaginable. But Polybius, in the eighth book of his Histories, says, " Cavarus the Gaul, who was in other respects a good man, was depraved by Sostratus the flatterer, who was a Chalcedonian by birth." 61. Nicolaus, in the hundred and fourteenth book of his Histories, says that Andromachus of Carrhas was a flatterer of Licinius Crassus, who commanded the expedition against the Parthians ; and that Crassus communicated all his designs to him, and was, in consequence, betrayed to the Parthians by him, and so destroyed. But Andromachus was not allowed by the deity to escape unpunished. 6:2. The whole populace of the Athenians, too, was very notorious for the heiglit to which it pushed its flattery ; ac- cordingly, Demochares the cousin of Demosthenes the orator, in the twentieth book of his Histories, speaking of the flattery practised by the Athenians towards Demetrius Polior- cetes, and saying that lie himself did not at all like it, writes as follows — " And some of these things annoyed him greatly, as they well might. And, indeed, other parts of their conduct were utterly mean and disgraceful. They consecrated temples to Lesena Venus and Lamia Venus, and they erected altars and shrines as if to heroes, and instituted libations in honour of Burichus, and Adeimantus, and Oxythemis, his flatterers. And poems were sung in honour of all these people, so that even Demetrius himself was astonished at what they did, and said that in his time there was not one Athenian of a great or vigorous mind." The Thebans also flattered Demetrius, as Polemo relates in the treatise on the Ornamented Portico at Sicyon ; and they, too, ei'ected a temple to Lamia Venus. But she was one of Demetrius's mistresses, as also was Lescna. So that why should we wonder at the Athenians, who stooped even to become flatterers of flatterers, singing paeans and hymns to Demetrius himself? Accordingly Demochares, in the twenty-first book of his Histories, says — "And the Athenians received Demetrius when he came from Leucadia and Corcyra to Athens, not only with frankiucense, and crowns, and libations of wine, but they even went out to meet him with hymns, and choruses, and ithyphalli, and dancing and singing, and they stood in front of him in multitudes, dancing and singing, and saying that ho was the only true god, and that all the rest of the gods were cither asleep, or gone away to a distance, or were no gods at 398 THE DEIPN0S0PH1STS. [c. VI- all. And they called him the son of Neptune and Venus, for he was eminent for beauty, and affable to all men with a natural courtesy and gentleness of manner. And they fell at his feet and addressed supplications and prayei's to him." 63. Demochares, then, has said all this about the achilatory spirit and conduct of the Athenians. And Duris the Samian, in the twenty-second book of his Histories, has given the very ithyphallic hymn which they addressed to him — Behold the greatest of the gods and dearest Are come to this city, For here Demeter1 and Demetrius are Present in season. She indeed comes to duly celebrate The sacred mysteries Of her most holy daughter— he is present Joyful and beautiful, As a god ought to be, with smiling face Showering his blessings round. How noble doth he look ! his friends around, Himself the centre. His friends resemble the bright lesser stars, Himself is Phoebus. Hail, ever-mighty Neptune's mightier son: Hail, son of Venus. For other gods do at a distance keep, Or have no ears. Or no existence ; and they heed not us — But you are present, .Not made of wood or stone, a genuine god. AVe pray to thee. First of all give us peace, 0 dearest god — For you are lord of peace — And crush for us yourself, for you've the power, This odious Sphinx ; Which now destroys not Thebes alone, but Greece — The whole of Greece — I mean th' JStolian, who, like her of old, Sits on a rock, And tears and crushes all our wretched bodies. Nor can we him resist. For all th' JEtolians plunder all their neighbours; And now they stretch afar Their lion hands ; but crush them, mighty lord, Or send some Gidipus Who shall this Sphinx hurl down from off his precipice, Or starve him justly. 1 Demeter, ArmvTiip, or as it is written in the text Ai^rpa. Ceres, the mother of Proserpine. C. 65.] FLATTERY OF THE ATHENIANS. 390 64. This is -what was sung by the nation -which once fought at Marathon, and they sang it not only in public, but in their private houses — men who had once put a man to death for offering adoration to the king of Persia, and who had slain countless myriads of barbarians. Therefore, Alexis, in his Apothecary or Cratevas, introduces a person pledging one of the guests in a cup of wine, and represents him as saying — Boy, give a larger cup, and pour therein Four cyathi of strong and friendly drink, In honour of all present. Then you shall add Three more for love ; one for the victory, The glorious victory of King Antigonus, Another for the young Demetrius. * * -x- •;• And presently he adds — Bring a third cup in honour now of Venus, The lovely Yenus. Hail, my friends and guests ; I drink this cup to the success of all of you. 65. Such were the Athenians at that time, after flattery, that worst of wild beasts, had inspired their city with frenzy, that city which once the Pythia entitled the Hearth of Greece, and which Theopompus, who hated them, called the Pryta- ncum of Greece ; he who said in other places that Athens was full of drunken flatterers, and sailors, and pickpockets,, and also of false witnesses, sycophants, and false accusers. And it is my opinion that it was they who introduced all the flattery which we have been speaking of, like a storm, or other infliction, sent on men by the gods; concerning which Diogenes said, very elegantly — " That it was much better to go es Ko'pctKas than e<? KoAaKa?, who eat up all the good men while they are still alive ;" and, accordingly, Anaxilas says, in his Young Woman — The flatterers are worms which prey upon All who have money ; for they make an entrance Into the heart of a good guileless man, And take their seat there, and devour it, Till they have drain' d it like the husk of wheat, And leave the shell; and then attack some other. And Plato says, in his Phaidrus — " Nature has mingled some pleasure which is not entirely inelegant in its character of a flatterer, though he is an odious beast, and a great injury to a state." And Theophrastus, in his treatise on Flattery, 400 THE DEIPNOSOPHISTS. [b. VI. says that Myrtis the priest, the Argive, taking by the ear Cleonymus (who was a dancer and also a flatterer, and who often used to come and sit by him and his fellow-judges, and who was anxious to be seen in company with those who were thought of consideration in the city), and dragging him out of the assembly, said to him in the hearing of many people, You shall not dance here, and you shall not hear us. And Diphilus, in his Marriage, says — A flatterer destroys By his pernicious speeches Both general and prince, Both private friends and states ; He pleases for a while, But causes lasting ruin. And now this evil habit Has spread among the people, Our courts are all diseased, And all is done by favour. So that the Thessalians did well who razed the city which was called Colaceia (Flattery), which the Melians used to inhabit, as Theopompus relates in the thirtieth book of his History. 06. But Phylarchus says, that those Athenians who settled in Lemnos were great flatterers, mentioning them as such in the thirteenth book of his History. For that they, wishing to display their gratitude to the descendants of Seleucus and Antiochus, because Seleucus not only delivered them when they were severely oppressed by Lysimachus, but also restored both their cities to them, — they, I say, the Athenians in Lemnos, not only erected temples to Seleucus, but also to his son Antiochus; and they have given to the cup, which at their feasts is offered at the end of the banquet, the name of the cup of Seleucus the Saviour. Now some people, perverting the proper name, call this flattery dpeo-Kcta, complaisance; as Anaxandrides docs in his Samian, where he says — For flattery is now complaisance call'd. But those who devote themselves to flattery are not aware that that art is one which flourishes only a short time. Accordingly, Alexis says in his Liar — A flatterer's life but a brief space endures, For no one likes a hoary parasite. C. 68.1 FLATTERERS. 401 And Clearchus the Solensian, in the first book of his Amatory treatises, says — " No flatterer is constant in his friendship. For time destroys the falsehood of his pretences, and a lover is only a flatterer and a pretended friend on account of youth or beauty." One of the flatterers of Deme- trius the king was Adeimantus of Lampsacus, who having built a temple in Thrisc, and placed statues in it, called it the temple of Phila Venus, and called the place itself Philamm, from Phila the mother of Demetrius; as we are told by Dionysius the son of Tryphon, in the tenth book of his treatise on Names. . 67. But Clearchus the Solensian, in his book which is in- scribed Gergithius, tells us whence the origin of the name flatterer is derived ; and mentioning Gergithius himself, from whom the treatise has its name, he says that he was one of Alexander's flatterers ; and he tells the story thus — " That flat- tery debases the characters of the flatterers, making them apt to despise whoever they associate with ; and a proof of this is, that they endure everything, well knowing what they dare do. And those who are flattered by them, being puffed up by their adulation, they make foolish and empty-headed, and cause them to believe that they, and everything belonging to them, arc of a higher order than other people." And then pro- ceeding to mention a certain yoixng man, a Paphian by birth, but a king by the caprice of fortune, he says — " This young man (and he does not mention his name) used out of his preposterous luxury to lie on a couch with silver feet, with a smooth Sardian carpet spread under it of the most ex- pensive description. And over him was thrown a piece of purple cloth, edged with a scarlet fringe ; and he had three pillows under his head made of the finest linen, and of purple colour, by which he kept himself cool. And under his feet he had two pillows of the kind called Dorian, of a bright crimson colour; and on all this he lay himself, clad in a white robe. 68. " And all the monaixhs who have at any time reigned in ( !yprus have encouraged a race of nobly-born flatterers as useful to them ; for they are a possession very appropriate to tyrants. And no one ever knows them (any more than they do the judges of the Areopagus), either how many they are, or who they are, except that perhaps somo of the most vol. I. — atii. D D 402 THE DEIPNOSOPHISTS. [b. VI. eminent may be known or suspected. And the flatterers at Salamis are divided into two classes with reference to their families ; and it is from the flatterers in Salamis that all the rest of the flatterers in the other parts of Cyprus are derived ; and one of these two classes is called the Gergini, and the other the Promalanges. Of which, the Gergini mingle with the people in the city, and go about as eavesdroppers and spies in the workshops and the market-places ; and whatever they hear, they report every day to those who are called their Principals. But the Promalanges, being a sort of superior investigators, inquire more particularly iuto all that is re- ported by the Gergini which appears worthy of being investi- gated ; and the way in which they conduct themselves to- wards every one is so artificial and gentle, that, as it seems to me, and as they themselves allege, the very seed of notable flatterers has been spread by them over all the places at a distance. Nor do they pride themselves slightly on their skill, because they are greatly honoured by the kings ; but they say that one of the Gergini, being a descendant of those Trojans whom Teucer took as slaves, having selected them from the captives, and then brought and settled in Cyprus, going along -the sea- coast with a few companions, sailed to- wards ^Eolis, in order to seek out and re-establish the country of his ancestors; and that he, taking some Mysians to him- self, inhabited a city near the Trojan Ida, which was formerly called Gergina, from the name of the inhabitants, but is now called Gergitha. For some of the party being, as it seems, separated from this expedition, stopped in Cymsea, being by birth a Cretan race, and not from the Thessalian Tricca, as some have affirmed, — men whose ignorance I take to be beyond the skill of all the descendants of vEsculapius to cure. 69. " There were also in this country, in the time of Glutus the Carian, women attaching themselves to the Queens, who were called flatterers ; and a few of them who were left crossed the sea, and were sent for to the wives of Artabazus and Mentor, and instead of KoAa/a'Scs were called K.\iyu.a/ades from this circumstance. By way of making themselves agreeable to those who had sent for them, they made a ladder (KXi/jLCLKia.) of themselves, in such a manner that there was a way of ascending over their backs, and also a way of descending, for their mistresses when they drove out in chai'iots : to such a C. 70.] FLATTERERS. 403 pitch of luxury, not to say of miserable helplessness, did they bring those silly women by their contrivance. Therefore, they themselves, when they were compelled by fortune to quit that very luxurious way of living, lived with great hard- ship in their old age. And the others who had received these habits from us, when they were deprived of their authority came to Macedonia ; and the customs which they taught to the wives and princesses of the great men in that country by their association with them, it is not decent even to mention further than this, that practising magic arts themselves, and being the objects of them when practised by others, they did not spare even the places of the greatest resort, but they became complete vagabonds, and the very scum of the streets, polluted with all sorts of abominations. Such and so great are the evils which seem to be engendered by flattery in the case of all people who admit from then- own inclination and predisposi- tion to be flattered." 70. And a little further Clearchus goes on as follows : — " But still a man may have a right to find fault with that young man for the way in which he used those things, as I have said before. DDL' 404 THE DEIPNOSOPHISTS. [b. VI. his linen pillows, lying upon them in a most friendly manner, And with his left hand he kept smoothing the hair of the young man, and with his right hand he kept moving up and down a Phocasan fan, so as to please him while waving it, without force enough to brush anything away. On which account, it appears to me, that some high-born god must have been angry with him and have sent a fly to attack the young- man, a fly like that with whose audacity Homer says that Minerva inspired Menelaus, so vigorous and fearless was it in disposition. " So when the young man was stung, this man uttered such a loud scream in his behalf, and was so indignant, that on ac- count of his hatred to one fly he banished the whole tribe of flies from his house : from which it is quite plain that he appointed this servant for this especial pm-pose." 71. But Leucon, the tyrant of Pontus, was a different kind of man, who when he knew that many of his friends had been plundered by one of the flatterers whom he had about him, perceiving that the man was calumniating some one of his remaining friends, said, " I swear by the gods that I would kill you if a tyrannical government did not stand in need or bad men." And Antiphanes the comic writer, in his Soldier, gives a similar account of the luxury of the kings in Cyprus. And he represents one of them as asking a soldier these questions — A. Tell me now, you had lived some time in Cyprus? Say you not so ? B. Yes, all the time of the war. A. In what part most especially? tell me that. B. In Paphos, where you should have seen the luxury That did exist, or you could not believe it. A . What kind of luxury ? B. The king was fann'd AVhile at his supper by young turtle-doves And by nought else. A. How mean you? nevermind My own affairs, but let me ask you this. 13. lie was anointed with a luscious ointment Brought up from Syria, made of some rich fruit Which they do say doves love to feed upon. They were attracted by the scent and flew Around the royal temples ; and had dared To seat themselves upon the monarch's head, But that the boys who sat around with sticks Did keep them at a slight and easy distance. C. 73 ] FLATTERERS. 400 And so they did not. porch, but hover'd round, Neither too far nor yet too near, still fluttering, So that they raised a gentle breeze to blow Not harshly on the forehead of the king. 72. The flatterer (koAo.£) of that young man whom we have been speaking of must have been a fia\aKOKo\a$, (a soft flat- terer,) as Clearchus says. For besides flattering such a man as that, he invents a regular gait and dress harmonizing with that of those who receive the flattery, folding his arms and wrapping himself up in a small cloak; on which account some men call him Paranconistes, and some call him a Repository of Attitudes. For really a flatterer does seem to be the very same person with Proteus himself. Accordingly he changes into nearly every sort of person, not only in form, but also in his discourse, so very varied in voice he is. But Androcydes the physician said that flattery had its name (KoAaKeia) from becoming glued (aTro tou TrpocrKoWacrOai) to men's acquaintance. But it appears to me that they were named from their facility ; because a flatterer will undergo anything, like a person who stoops down to carry another on his back, by reason of his natural disposition, not being annoyed at anything, however disgraceful it may he. And a man will not be much out who calls the life of that young Cyprian a wet one. And Alexis says that there were many tutors and teachers of that kind of life at Athens, speaking thus in his Pyraunus — I wish'd to try another style of life, Which all men are accustom'd to call wet. So walking three days in the Ceramicus, I found it may be thirty skilful teachers Of the aforesaid life, from one single school. And Crobylus says in his Female Deserter — The wetness of your life amazes me, For men do call intemperance now wetness. 73. And Antiphanes, in his Lemnian Women, lays it down that flattery is a kind of art, where lie says — Is there, or can there be an art more pleasing, Or any source of gain more sure and gainful Than well-judged flattery ! Why does the painter Take so much pains and get so out of temper] Why does the farmer undergo such risks] Indeed all men are full of care and trouble. Hut life for us is full of fun and laughter. 40G THE DEIPN0S0PH1STS. [b. VI. For where the greatest business is amusement. To laugh and joke and drink full cups of wine, Is not that pleasant 1 How can one deny ] 'Tis the next thing to being rich oneself. But Menander, in his play called the Flatterer, has given us the character of one as carefully and faithfully as it was possible to manage it : as also Diphilus has of a parasite in his Telesias. And Alexis, in his Liar, has introduced a flat- terer speaking in the following manner — By the Olympian Jove and by Minerva I am a happy man. And not alone Because I'm going to a wedding dinner, But because I shall burst, an it please God. And would that I might meet with such a death. And it seems to me, my friends, that that fine epicure would not have scrupled to quote from the Omphale of Ion the tragedian, and to say — For I must speak of a yearly feast As if it came round every day. 74. But Hippias the Erythraean, in the second book of his Histories of his own Country, relating how the kingdom of Cnopus was subverted by the conduct of his flatterers, says this — " When Cnopus consulted the oracle about his safety, the god, in his answer, enjoined him to sacrifice to the crafty Mercury. And when, after that, he went to Delphi, they Avho were anxious to put an end to his kingly power in order to establish an oligarchy instead of it, (and those who wished this were Ortyges, and Irus, and Echarus, who, because they were most conspicuous in paying court to the princes, were called adorers and flatterers,) they, I say, being on a voyage in company with Cnopus, when they were at a distance from land, bound Cnopus and threw him into the sea ; and then they sailed to Chios, and getting a force from the tyrants there, Amphiclus and Polytechnus, they sailed by night to Erythree, and just at the same time the corpse of Cnopus was washed up on the sea-shore at Erytlme, at a place winch is now called Leopodon. And while Cleonice, the wife of Cnopus, was busied about the offices due to the corpse, (and it was the time of the festival and assembly instituted in honour of Diana Stophea,) on a sudden there is heard the noise of a trumpet ; and the city is taken by Ortyges and his troops, and many of the friends of Cnopus are put to death; and Cleonice, hear- ing what had happened, fled to Colophon.	28,468
https://github.com/MSpake/data-structures-and-algorithms/blob/master/data-structures/hashtable/hashtable.test.js	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	null	data-structures-and-algorithms	MSpake	JavaScript	Code	63	263	'use strict'; const HashTable = require('./hashtable.js'); describe('Hashtables', () => { const testHash = new HashTable; it('Can add a key/value pair', () => { testHash.add('first', 1); testHash.add(12, 'second'); expect(testHash.internal).toContainEqual({'first': 1}); expect(testHash.internal).toContainEqual({12: 'second'}); }); it('Get takes in a key and returns the value', () => { expect(testHash.get('first')).toBe(1); expect(testHash.get(12)).toBe('second'); expect(testHash.get('avocado')).toBeNull(); }); it('Has checks if the key is present', () => { expect(testHash.contains('first')).toBeTruthy(); expect(testHash.contains(12)).toBeTruthy(); expect(testHash.contains('avocado')).toBeFalsy(); }); });	20,871
https://github.com/pietroaragona/tomee/blob/master/tomee/tomee-webapp/src/main/java/org/apache/tomee/webapp/servlet/SessionServlet.java	Github Open Source	Open Source	Apache-2.0	null	tomee	pietroaragona	Java	Code	253	629	/* * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package org.apache.tomee.webapp.servlet; import org.apache.tomee.webapp.Application; import org.apache.tomee.webapp.JsonExecutor; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; import java.io.IOException; import java.util.Map; public class SessionServlet extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, final HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { writeJson(req, resp); } @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { writeJson(req, resp); } private void writeJson(final HttpServletRequest req, final HttpServletResponse resp) throws IOException { JsonExecutor.execute(req, resp, new JsonExecutor.Executor() { @Override public void call(Map<String, Object> json) throws Exception { String sessionId = req.getParameter("sessionId"); if (sessionId == null \|\| "".equals(sessionId.trim())) { sessionId = req.getSession().getId(); Application.getInstance().getSession(sessionId); } else { final Application.Session session = Application.getInstance().getExistingSession(sessionId); if (session == null) { sessionId = req.getSession().getId(); Application.getInstance().getSession(sessionId); } } final Application.Session session = Application.getInstance().getSession(sessionId); json.put("userName", session.getUserName()); json.put("sessionId", sessionId); } }); } }	23,020
https://github.com/AMMing/MyWebDemo/blob/master/user/root/core/sqlhelper/customer_goods_price.php	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	null	MyWebDemo	AMMing	PHP	Code	94	384	<?php /** * CustomerGoodsPriceSql */ class CustomerGoodsPriceSql extends SqlBase { protected function newModel($sqlval){ return new CustomerGoodsPriceModel($sqlval); } private $sqlSelect = "SELECT `customer_price`.`Id` AS `Id`, `customer_price`.`customer_id` AS `customer_id`, `customer_price`.`goods_id` AS `goods_id`, `customer_price`.`price` AS `price`, `customer_price`.`remark` AS `remark`, `goods_table`.`name` AS `name`, `goods_table`.`price` AS `source_price`, `goods_table`.`remark` AS `goods_remark` FROM `customer_price` , `goods_table` WHERE `customer_price`.`goods_id` = `goods_table`.`Id` "; function getList($cid){ $sql = $this->sqlSelect." AND `customer_price`.`customer_id` = :cid"; $where = array( ':cid' => $cid ); return parent::baseGetList($sql,$where); } function get($id){ $sql = $this->sqlSelect." AND `customer_price`.`Id` = :id"; $where = array( ':id' => $id ); return parent::baseGetItem($sql,$where); } } ?>	36,551
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ballad%20of%20John%20Henry	Wikipedia	Open Web	CC-By-SA	2,023	The Ballad of John Henry	https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The Ballad of John Henry&action=history	Italian	Spoken	42	82	The Ballad of John Henry è il settimo album in studio del musicista blues rock statunitense Joe Bonamassa, pubblicato nel 2009. Tracce Formazione Joe Bonamassa - voce, chitarra Rick Melick - tastiera Carmine Rojas - basso Anton Fig - batteria Collegamenti esterni	49,003
vergleichendemor12vele_26	German-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,905	Vergleichende morphologie der pflanzen ..	Velenovský, Josef, 1858-1949	German	Spoken	7,532	13,650	bei den Zapfenschuppen der Koniferen, bei den Blüten verschiedener Köpfchen usw.). In allen diesen Fällen aber treten immer die parallelen Parastichen deutlich hervor und lässt sich ihre Summe praktisch leicht bestimmen. Und mit Hilfe dieser Parastichen, auf Grund der oben her- vorgehobenen Differenzregel können wir die näch- ste, senkrechte Schuppe in der Orthostiche leicht ausrechnen. Das bildlich dargestellte Beispiel an dem Fichtenzapfen (Fig. 362) wird uns die Sache am besten verdeutlichen. Der parallelen Parastichen mit den Zahlen 1, 9, 17, 25 gibt es 8 (sie sind am Zapfen leicht zu zählen). Von den parallelen Parastichen 1, 6, 11 sind 5 vorhanden. Die Parastiche 1, 6 11 kreuzt sich mit der Parastiche 6, 14, 22, 30 . . . Wir bezeichnen uns also z. B. die Schuppe 1 und können leicht, nach dem blossen Anblick, die nächste, senkrecht ober derselben stehende Schuppe feststellen. Um zu dieser senkrechten Schuppe zu gelangen, verfolgen wir vorerst die Parastiche 1, 6, weiterhin aber die Parastiche 6, 14, 22, 30, in welcher ebenfalls die senkrechte Schuppe steht, welche also die Nummer 22 enthält. Nun 22 — 1=21; es ist sonach hier die Divergenz 8/2i. Es ist gewissermassen eine normale Erscheinung, dass bei abwech- selnder Blattstellung das zweite Blatt niemals ober dem ersten steht (es handelt sich da also um die Stellung °/i). Aber auch hier haben wir den- noch einige Abweichungen, welche allerdings sehr selten sind. Solche Blätter heissen superponiert. Nach Eich ler (Blüten diagr. II) trägt z. B. Nelumbium speciosum an dem verlängerten Rhizom in regelmässigen Ab- ständen immer eine Gruppe von 3 Blättern, welche eine zweireihige Stel- lung zeigen, von denen die ersten zwei Niederblätter sind, während das dritte ein Laubblatt mit breiter Spreite vorstellt. Das erste Niederblatt ge- langt an der Bauchseite des Rhizoms, das zweite dagegen an der Ober- seite und oberhalb desselben direkt das Spreitenblatt zum Vorschein. Aus Fig. 362. Zapfen von Picea excelsa, mit angedeuteten Parastichen. (Original.) 567 der Achsel des zweiten Nieder- blattes kommt die Blüte hervor, während aus der Achsel des Laubblattes ein steriler Zweig herauswächst, welcher die ersten zwei, abermals superponierten Blät- ter trägt und zwar an der, dem Rhizom zugewendeten Seite. Ein anderes Beispiel hat man an einigen Weidenarten (Salix). So trägt Salix purpurea (Fig. 363) in den Achseln der abgefallenen Blätter Winterknospen, welche in zwei lederartige und vorn zusammengewachsene Querschup- pen (a, ß) eingehüllt sind. Wenn im Frühjahr (falls wir im Som- mer einen Zweig abschneiden, auch manchmal schon im Sommer) aus einer solchen Knospe ein Seitenzweig (o) auswächst, so stehen an demselben stets die ersten zwei gegenständigen Blätter (l) direkt ober den Schuppen a, ß. Ein hübsches Beispiel findet man auch an dem ge- meinen Strauch Berberis vulgaris (Fig. 363), wo in den Achseln der Blätter ■oder der in Blätter verwandelten Dornen (L) Blattbüschel stehen, deren erste Blätter transversal zur Mediane orientiert sind ( i , 2); aber unterhalb derselben befinden sich auch transversale Schuppen (a, (). Es sind also die beiden erwähnten Blätter diesen letzteren vollständig superponiert. Bei den Monokotylen werden von den Autoren mehrere Beispiele superponierter Blätter angeführt. So verzeichnet in dieser Beziehung Ir misch die Gattungen Tofieldia und Colchicum , En gl er die Gattung Calla und die Art Raphidophora pertusa , Eich ler Stenotaphrum glabrum. Ich selbst habe schon im Jahre 1885 einen ähnlichen Fall bei der Gattung Stnilax (Fig. 364) beschrieben. Hier trägt nämlich der Seitenzweig 2 — 3 Schuppen (a, b, c), von denen die ersten 2 adossiert (der Achse zugewendet) und superponiert sind. Die folgenden Blätter sind dann nach 1/2 gestellt. Manch- mal geschieht es aber, dass die zweite Schuppe ( b ) transversal steht und dass dann die weiteren Blätter in derselben Stellung abwcchseln. Von der wechselständigen oder Spiralstellung der Blätter muss die Quirlstellung (folia verticillata) unterschieden werden. Zahlreiche Gattungen, namentlich unter den Dikotylen, tragen nämlich die Blätter in verschiedener Anzahl am Stengel in einer Ebene und in gleicher Entfernung voneinander gruppiert (mit gleicher Divergenz). Der einfachste Fall ist der zweiblättrige Quirl oder die gegenständigen Blätter, wie wir dieselben bei den Labiaten , Oleacecn u. a. sehen. Drcizählige Quirle besitzt z. B. Lysimachia vtilgaiis , Petesia ternifolia Bg., Impaticns Roylei , Bouvardia triphylla Slsb., Eriostcmon salicifo/ium , Xcnum , Pycnostachys reticulata (Labiatae!), hlodea 37 Fig. 363. Superponierte Blätter von Salix purpurea (rechts) und von Berberis vulgaris (links). (Original.) 568 canadensis, Juniperus communis , vierblättrige: Alyxia ruscifolia, Rauwolfia,) einige Hyperica, Westringia rosmariniformis Sm. (Labiatae!)> mchrzählige: Arten der Gattung Casuarina , Equisetum, Hippuris , Platytheca , Bouvardia, Gonioma Kamassi , Alstonia scholaris, Aldro- vandia, Asclepias vei'ticillata, Adina lasiantha K. Sch., einige Arten von Veronica u. a. Sehr häufig geschieht es, dass an einer und derselben Pflanze gegenständige Blätter mit dreizähligen Quirlen abwechseln (so bei den Gat- tungen Acer, Fuchsia, Lonicera, bei Valeriana officinalis u. a.). Die Quirle wechseln an der Achse immer ab; weil es aber gewöhnlich geschieht, dass die Insertionen der benachbarten Blattstiele sich berühren und dass von der Kontaktstelle eine Spur oder Kante herabläuft und weil auch von dem Rücken der Insertion ein solches Herablaufen der Kante stattfindet, so entsteht dadurch die Kantigkeit des Stengels. Bei den Labiaten z. B. ist der Stengel vierkantig infolge des Herablaufens der Insertions- Fig. 364. Smilax indica. 1) Stengelpartie, mit den superponierten Schuppen (a, b) an dem Seitenzweige, d) Laubblatt mit Ranken, e) Stützblatt; 2) Durchschnitt durch die Achselknospe; 3) hiezu Diagramme. (Nach Velen.) spuren, welche sich nicht berühren. Bei Viburnum Opulus ist der Stengel infolge des Herablaufens der Rückenkante und der sich nicht berührenden Insertionsspuren sechskantig (siehe Fig. 365). Dasselbe ist der Fall bei Peristrophe cernua Es. Der Stengel der schon genannten Impatiens Roylei ist sechskantig u. s. w.) ) Rauwolfia heterophylla R. S. (Westindien) besitzt die Blätter in 4zähligen Ouirlen an den Zweigen. Es ist dies ein Baum aus der Familie der Apocynaceen Weil jedoch die Zweige horizontal ausgebreitet sind, so sind die zwrei unteren Blätter grösser und die zwei oberen viel kleiner. *) Vierkantige Stengel können auch durch die abwechselnde Stellung der Blätter entstehen, wenn dieselben nach ' 2 orientiert sind und wenn die Kanten an beiden Seiten der Insertion herablaufen, wie z. B. bei Maylenus letragonus Grsb. 569 366. Bidens sp. Die Lage der gegen- ständigen Hochblätter. (Original.) der Die Quirle derart ab, wechseln dass das untereinan- Blatt des nachfolgenden Quirls in die Mitte zwi- schen zwei Blätter des vorangehenden Quirls fällt. Auch die Paare gegen- ständiger Blätter wechseln immer ab und heissen deshalb folia decussata. Nach Brauns Theorie sind auch die Quirle nur in eine Ebene zusam- mengezogene Teile einer Spirale. Da- mit aber nach der genetischen Spirale auch die Anfügung eines Quirls an den anderen erklärt werde, so müsste der plötzliche Übergang von dem letzten Blatte des vorangehenden Quirls (Cvclur) zu dem ersten Blatt des nach- folgenden Quirls (Cyclarch) durch das Zeichen drückt werden, was die Bedeutung hat, Va ‘ Vs ausge- dass z. B. die Fig. 365. Viburnum Opulus. Sechskan- tiger Spross, a) Ach- selknospe, b) Stütz- blattnarbe, p) Stipu- lae. (Original.) Stellung nach Vs zwischen 2 Quirlen (dem Cyclur und dem Cyclarchen) entweder um die Hälfte der Diver- genz grösser oder kleiner ist, welcher Unterschied mit der Bezeichnung Prosenthese belegt worden ist. Wir erhalten sonach dem Gesagten zufolge für die posi- tive Prosenthese ~/s — - 1 ''2 ' Vs — 2.T '1 und für die s 2 — v« 5 Hier muss ich von einer eigentümlichen »gegenständigen« Blatt- stellung Erwähnung tun, über welche ich in der phyllotaktischen Literatur nirgends eine Bemerkung gefunden habe. Es befinden sich nämlich bei einigen Arten der Gattung Bidens (Fig. 366) die unteren Stcngelblätter in einer gegenständigen und dekussierten Stellung. Ihnen folgen Blätter nach, aus deren Achseln Dichasialzweigc (o’) hervortreten. Diese Blätter, sowie die weiteren Blätter im Dichasium sind aber im Hinblicke auf die Achse nicht gegenständig, sondern von dieser Stellung um den Winkel a weg- geneigt. Dies kommt auch bei einigen anderen Gattungen in der Gruppe der Heliantheen vor. Dasselbe finden wir in dem Blütenstande der Art Cardiospetmum Ifalicacabnm. Man kann eine solche Stellung noch nicht 570 als dorsiventral ansehen, denn die Hauptachse, an der die Blätter stehen, erfährt keine Veränderung und die Zweige (o\ o, o’) treten gleichmässig so auseinander, dass sie voneinander und von der ver- tikalen Achse (o) gleich weit ab- stehen. Die oben dargestellten Ver- hältnisse in der spiraligen und quirligen Blattstellung sind gewis- sermassen ein ideales Vorbild, welches wir aber an den Pflan- zen nur selten wo in vollkom- mener Regelmässigkeit vorfinden. An einem und demselben Zweige oder Stengel finden wir oft Über- gänge aus einer Stellung in die andere infolge üppigen Wachs- tums, Krümmung, Torsion, plötz- licher Verdickung oder Verdün- nung, infolge ungleichmässigen e., . „ . , . , . Druckes usw. Allein nicht bloss Fig. 367. Silene stellata, scheinbare 4zahlige Blattquirle. (Original.) Übergänge aus einer Divergenz in die andere, sondern auch alle möglichen anderen Unregelmässigkeiten kann man an den Achsen einer und derselben Pflanze verfolgen. Es geschieht sehr häufig, dass sich die Blätter an den Achsen plötzlich nähern und scheinbare, manchmal auch vielzählige Quirle bilden. Die Teile der Achse zwischen diesen unechten Quirlen sind entweder blattlos oder armblättrig. Solche Beispiele haben wir bei einigen Arten der Gat- tungen Lilium (L. Martagon, Humboldtii , pardalinum, canadense ), Stiphelia , Euphorbia , Peperomia , Stylidium , bei Cmphalocarpon Radlkoferi Pier., Bio phy tum prolijerum, Mangifera viecogensis u. a. Eine bemerkenswerte Blattstellung zeigt die nordamerikanische Silene stellata Ait. (Fig. 367). Hier sehen wir am Stengel wechselständige, vierzählige Blattquirle. Wenn wir aber diese Quirle näher untersuchen, so finden wir, dass es immer zwei Paare kreuzweise stehender, aber so stark genäherter Blätter sind, dass es scheint, als ob sie einen vierblättrigen Quirl bilden würden. Am Ende und an der Basis des Stengels stehen die Blätter nur zu je zweien in einfachen Paaren. Bei der Gattung Dioscorea pflegen die Blätter der ganzen Länge des Stengels nach gegenständig und abermals an demselben Stengel wechselständig zu sein. D. caucasica besitzt nacheinanderfolgende, 3— 5zählige Quirle, welchen wechselständige Blätter nachfolgen. Linaria 571 concolor zeigt an den sterilen Sprossen durchweg 4 — 6zäh- lige Quirle, an den Sten- geln und blühenden Zweigen dagegen wechselständige Blät- ter! Viele Polygalen tragen quirlständige Blätter, welche jedoch in wechselständige über- gehen. Die Blätter der grund- ständigen Rosetten mancher Arten der Gattung Aloe sind in zwei dichte Reihen gestellt, welche jedoch weiterhin in eine Spiralstellung übergehen. Die Blätter an den Sten- geln der Gattung Potamogeton befinden sich allgemein nach 1/ä in wechselständiger Anord- nung. Nur mitten im Stengel der Art P. lucens u. a. ver- wandelt sich die distichische Stellung in eine spiralige. Aber bei allen Arten nähern sich unterhalb der Blütenähre immer zwei Blätter derart, dass sie gegenständig zu sein scheinen. An den Stengeln des P. densus stehen alle Blätter in scheinbaren Paaren ober- einander. Diese Paare kreuzen sich aber untereinander nicht, sondern bilden zwei Reihen. Es sind dies ebenfalls zwei genäherte Blätter, was schon daraus zu ersehen ist, dass eines von dem anderen umfasst wird; infolge dessen müssen in die erste Reihe jene obereinander stehenden Blätter fallen, welche umfassen, und in die zweite Reihe jene, welche umfasst werden. Eine ganz eigenartige Blattstellung weist die exotische Euphorbia buxifolia Lam. auf. Diese Stellung wurde zuerst von Warm in g be- schrieben (Fig. 368). Hier sind die Blätter vollkommen gegenständig, aber die Paare kreuzen sich nicht, sondern stehen obercinander, so dass zwei vertikale Blattreihen (zwei Orthostichen) entstehen. Die Blätter können hier nicht genähert sein, weil sie sich in der Jugend tatsächlich in gleicher Höhe und fast gleichzeitig entwickeln. Ausserdem sind an der Basis beide Blattstiele durch eine häutige Stipula verbunden, wie es zumeist bei gegen- ständigen Blättern der Fall zu sein pflegt. Die Blattspreiten decken sich aber in der Jugend und zwar so, dass merkwürdigerweise das dritte ober- halb des zweiten, das fünfte oberhalb des vierten usw. steht. Warming hält diese Stellung nicht für eine superponierte, sondern für eine dekus- sierte, welche jedoch durch die Torsionen der Internodicn scheinbar super- Fig. 368. Euphorbia buxifolia. A, B) Zweige mit 2reihig gestellten Blattpaaren, C) dasselbe, vergr., die Stipeln vorhanden, D, E) die Sti- peln, F) die Endknospe von Stipeln umhüllt, G) Diagramm der Blattstellung. (Nach Warming.) 572 poniert geworden ist, wo nämlich z. B. das folgende Paar (3, 4) aus der Ouerstellung zu (1, 2) sich um 90° über (1, 2) verdreht hat. Er selbst bemerkt jedoch, dass an der genannten Euphorbia auch nicht die min- deste Spur von einer Torsion zu sehen ist. Gewissermassen als ein Muster phyllotaktischer Unregelmässigkeit können einige baumartige Acacien (z. B. A vcrticillata und A. Riceana) hingestellt werden, welche lineale, beiläufig 2 cm lange und mit einem einzigen Xerv versehene Phyllodien tragen. Diese sind an manchen Zweigen zu deutlichen, 6— Szähligen Quirlen angeordnet, welche auch ganz der Regel gemäss untereinander abwechseln. Es finden sich aber auch nach- einander folgende, verschieden- (5, 6, 7, 8) zählige Quirle, ja hie und da stehen die Phyllodien nur im halben Quirl am Zweige. Sogar das kommt vor, dass bloss 2 — 3 Phyllodien neben einander stehen, oder dass schliess- lich einzelne Phyllodien mit anders gruppierten abwechseln. Es ist aber nicht nur eine grosse Zahlenmannigfaltigkeit in den Quirlen, sondern ausserdem auch noch bei den Phvllodiengruppen keine Regelmässigkeit bezüglich ihrer Abstände vorhanden, da sie bald sehr genähert, bald jiem- lich weit von einander entfernt sind. Auch die vertikalen und beblätterten Stengel von Polygonatum ver- ticillatum L. und /. roseum Kth. zeigen eine ungemeine Unregelmässig- keit der Blattstellung, welche sich auf keine Form oder Regel der Phyllo- taxis zurückführen lässt. Hie und da sind die Blätter genähert, als ob sie Quirle bilden wollten, gleich darauf folgt aber eine wechselständige An- ordnung derselben, worauf sich die Blätter wieder zu 2 5 in einem Quirl gruppieren. Nur am Stengelende scheint es, dass sie sich in einem vierzähligen Quirl konsolidieren. Etwas Ähnliches kommt auch an dem Stamme der zweijährigen Sämlinge von Torreya californica vor. Hier gehen 3 — 4 Blätter in einer Spirale, dann folgen 2 Quirlblätter, aber nicht gegenständig (nach V2), da sie einen Divergenzwinkel von Vs einschliessen ! Weiter kommen wieder spiralige Blätter usw. Es gelangen aber auch die mannigfaltigsten Divergenzen bei spiralig gestellten Blättern an solchen Achsen zum Vorschein, welche in die vor- erwähnten Divergenzreihen nicht gehören. So gibt z. B. Schwenden er für die Blätter an den Zweigen des Pandanns utilis die Stellung von 7/20 an und ich selbst habe für Cordyline marginata und Dracaena arborea eine regelmässige Blattstellung nach V12 konstatiert Eine sehr wichtige Rolle spielen die phyllotaktischen Verhältnisse bei den Blüten. Hier bilden die Kelche, Korollen, Staubgefässe und Fruchtknoten geradeso wie an den Vegetativachsen, Spiralen oder Kreise (Cyclen). Diese Kreise sind bald echte Quirle, bald wieder zusammen- gezogene Teile einer Spirale, was zuweilen durch die Deckung der ein- zelnen Blütenorgane ausgedrückt wird. Alle Bestandteile der Blüte sind an einer verhältnismässig kurzen Blütenachse sehr dicht gestellt und können 573 auch in der Projektion zur Darstellung gebracht werden, wodurch wir ein Blütendiagramm erhalten. Ein solches Blütendiagramm ist sowohl für die vergleichende Morphologie als auch für den Systematiker ein sehr wichtiges und anschauliches Hilfsmittel, denn an demselben kann nicht nur die verschiedene Art der Zusammensetzung und Abwechslung der einzelnen Blütenorgane, sondern auch die ganze Verwandtschaft der Pflanze, der sie angehört, ermittelt werden. Die näheren Daten über diesen Gegen- stand werden wir erst im III. Teile dieses Werkes bringen. Die Blattspirale verläuft an den Achsen einer und derselben Pflanze immer in gleicher Richtung; an den Zweigen aber, welche aus den Blatt- achseln an diesen Achsen hevorkommen, verläuft diese Spirale entweder auch in derselben Richtung (homodro m) oder in entgegengesetzter Richtung (a n t i d r o m). Wichtig und interessant ist es, dass die phyllotaktischen Verhältnisse an den Achsen derselben Pflanzenart durchweg gleich sind, indem sie ge- wissermassen ein erbliches Merkmal derselben wiedergeben. Diese Er- scheinung hat A. Braun dahin erläutert,' dass schon von Ewigkeit her jeder Pflanzenart die Fähigkeit innewohnt, ihre Blätter an der Achse nach bestimmten Regeln anzuordnen. Durch eine solche Erklärung ist allerdings nichts gesagt. Hofmeister hat die Sache kurz abgefertigt, indem er annimmt, dass die kleineren Blatthöcker sich am Ende der Achse immer dorthin stellen, wo am meisten Platz ist. Das ist nun wohl richtig und gilt namentlich bei Blütendiagrammen, allein Hofmeister ist es schuldig geblieben, sich darüber auszusprechen, warum und wo eben der meiste Platz für die neu entstehenden Blätter sich bildet. Das Bestreben, die Ursachen bestimmter Blattstellungcn an den Pflanzenachsen zu erforschen, hat schon seit Brauns Zeiten bis heute eine sehr umfangreiche Literatur hervorgerufen. So hat insbesondere Sch wen- den er in dieser Beziehung eine ganze Theorie, die sogenannte mechanische, gegründet, welche auch von Ar. Weisse angenommen worden ist. Anfangs hat diese Theorie einen mächtigen Eindruck gemacht, allein bald entstanden ihr zahlreiche Gegner, unter ihnen Vöchting, D e 1 p i n o, C. D e C a n d o 1 1 e, Kny, Schumann, Jost, Winkler und P f e f fe r. Die mechanische Theorie Schwendeners beruht auf der Beobachtung der jungen Blatthöcker auf dem Vegetationsgipfcl und ver- sucht es, den Beweis zu führen, dass die definitive Blattstellung an der Achse darauf basiert sei, welche Grösse und Gestalt der Vegetationsgipfel hat, ferner welche Grösse und Form die eben angelegten Blatthöcker be- sitzen. Dadurch nun — argumentiert Sch wen der er dass der Vege- tationsgipfel einmal mehr in die Länge, ein andermal wieder in die Dicke zunimmt, dann dass die Blatthöcker das Bestreben haben, sich allseitig hin zu vergrössern, gelangen dieselben so mit ihren Basen in verschiedene Berührungen, wodurch ein gegenseitiger Druck bewirkt wird, der zur Folge 574 hat, dass sie sich in derjenigen Anordnung zusammenstellen, welche der Einwirkung dieses Druckes am meisten nachgibt. Dies gilt, Schwendeners Meinung nach, insbesondere von den jüngeren Höckern, welche stets eine solche Stelle aufsuchen, wo sie von den Basen der älteren Blätter am wenigsten gedrückt werden. Beiläufig können wir uns den Ansichten des genannten Autors zu- folge die Sache etwa so vorstellen: Wenn wir Kügelchen von gleicher Grösse in verschieden dicke Zylinder oder Kegel hineingeben, bis die- selben angefüllt sind, so müssen sie an der Oberfläche gewisse Reihen bilden, welche unter den gegebenen Dimensionen des Zylinders und der Kügelchen ein notwendiges mathematisches Resultat ergeben. Derselbe Vorgang wird sich in anderer Gestaltung wiederholen, wenn wir Kügelchen von verschiedener Grösse in einen gleich grossen Zylinder oder Kege hineinlegen. Die Stellung der Blätter an den Seitenzweigen ist aber auch noch durch die Lage des Zweiges zur Mutterachse bedingt, weshalb wiederum auf den Zweig ein verschiedener Druck ausgeübt wird. Die Ursache der Blattstellung an den Achsen ist also nach Sch wen- den er einzig und allein ein mechanischer Druck, den die älteren und neu sich bildenden Blatthöckerchen aufeinander ausüben. Gegen diese Theorie wird nun von ihren Gegnern eine ganze Reihe von Gründen und Beispielen angeführt, aus denen hervorgeht, dass die- selbe unrichtig ist. Pfeffer, welcher die in Rede stehende Theorie ebenfalls nicht an- erkennt, verweist auf die dreikantigen Kaktuse, bei denen schon in der ersten Jugend die Blatthöcker auf dem Gipfel sich in keinem Kontakte befinden und sich dennoch selbst in drei vertikale Reihen stellen. Die Beispiele, wo kein solcher Kontakt vorhanden ist, sind in fortwährender Zunahme begriffen. So führt Raciborski hieher gehörige Beispiele an Nymphaea alba und Nuphar luteum , R. W a g n e r an Limnanthemum nym- phaeoides , M. F r a n k e an Asperula , Galium, Rubia , Sherardia, V ö c h t i n g an Linaria spuria, Winkler an Linaria purpurea, repens u. a.. Antirrhi- num majus, Jonidium polygalaefolium usw. in’s Treffen. Als glänzender Beweis für die Richtigkeit der mechanischen Theorie wurden die Blätter an den Stämmen der Gattung Pandanus angeführt. Hier stellen sich nämlich die Blätter dicht hintereinander in 3 Reihen, welche aber nicht vertikal stehen, sondern sich schraubenförmig um den Stamm in der Richtung zum Gipfel winden (daher der Name »Schrauben- palmen«). Die Blattstellung ist hier infolgedessen eine derartige, dass sie keiner Divergenz der oben angeführten Reihen entspricht (A. Braun gibt die Divergenzen für grosse Pandanusstämme mit l2/35 , n/w, 14/ib an). Allem nach zu schliessen, scheint es, dass hier die Blätter ursprünglich nach V3, oder dass jene drei schraubenförmigen Reihen vertikal stehen sollten. Und tatsächlich haben Sachs, Schwenden er und Schumann gefun- 575 den, dass auf dem jungen Pandanusgipfel sich Blatthöcker in drei vertikalen Reihen bilden. Allein schon die jüngeren Blätter zeigten eine Divergenz zwischen 120° bis 128°, also eine solche, wie sie dieselbe auch in vor- geschrittenerem Alter haben. Die Versetzung der jungen Blätter in die schiefen Reihen hat Schwendener durch Torsion erklärt, obzwar alle Umstände in diesem Falle dagegen sprachen. Schwendener sagt, dass nach der mechanischen Theorie in jener Zone, in welcher das Längen- wachstum vorherrscht, ein in die Länge, auf die Anlagen der Blätter wirkender Zug entstehen muss, was zur Folge habe, dass sich diese An- lagen so weit verschieben, bis die Divergenz sich von dem Werte von 137° zu entfernen beginnt. Schumann hat diese Angaben Schwendeners sorgfältig geprüft und gefunden, dass sich in einer gewissen Zone die Achse faktisch in grösserem Masse verlängert als sie sich gleichzeitig verdickt, was für die Torsion der Orthostichen in schiefe Reihen nach der mechanischen Theorie sprechen würde. Allein dementgegen überwiegt in der tieferen Zone das Dicker- über das Längerwerden, was die Verringerung der Diver- genzen, oder die Torsion der schiefen Reihen in die vertikale Stellung zur Folge haben sollte. Dennoch erfolgt so etwas rieht, weshalb sich die mechanische Theorie nicht bewährt. Obzwar Schwendener in dieser Beziehung erklärte, dass die Verschiebung der Blätter auch im Verlaufe des Stengelwachstums erfolgen müsse, so hat Schumann dennoch bei den Pandanen in keinem Falle eine solche Verschiebung konstatieren können. Auch Jost hat sich mit der Prüfung der mechanischen Theorie be- fasst und ist derselbe zu den gleichen Resultaten gelangt, wie Schuman n, weshalb er bemerkt, dass diese Theorie eine reine Spekulation ist, welche sich auf keine botanischen Fakta stützt. Jost hat unter anderem gefunden, dass bei der Entwicklung der Achsen von Picea excelsa , Abi cs Pinsapo, Pinus Laricio und der Blütenköpfe der Gattung Chrysanthemum die Seiten- organc fortwährend .in derselben gegenseitigen Lage verharren, dass sich also keine sekundären Veränderungen in den Divergenzen der bereits an- gelegten Glieder einstellen. Bei der Verlängerung der, die dicht neben- einander stehenden Anlagen der Seitenorganc tragenden Achse entfernen sich alle ihre Punkte untereinander und in der Richtung der Achsenver- längerung parallel voneinander. Dieselbe Ansicht hat schon C. De C an- dolle vertreten. Hiebei müssen sich die Seitenorgane zur Gänze oder doch wenigstens ihre Basalteile geradeso wie die Achse verlängern. 576 Auch Winkler gelangt zu Resultaten, welche die mechanische Theorie umstossen. Andere Autoren bemühen sich, die regelmässige und nach den Arten verschiedene Anordnung der Blätter an den Achsen durch Zw ec k m ä s- sigkeitsgrunde zu erklären. Es handelt sich in dieser Beziehung um die teleologische Theorie. So sieht z. B. Han stein den Grund der erwähnten Unregelmässigkeit darin, dass die Blätter das Bestreben haben, sich stets so zu stellen, damit der Einfluss von Licht und Luft auf dieselben der vorteilhafteste sei. Je gedrängter die Blätter stehen, je grösser die Spreiten und je kürzer die Stiele sind, desto künstlicher müsse ihre Stellung und Verteilung an der Achse sein. Auch Kerner macht auf die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen der Stellung und Gestaltung der Blätter aufmerksam und sagt derselbe, dass wir auch an den beblätterten Stengeln und an einem mit Blättern reich bekleideten Baume immer die Regel verfolgen können, dass die Zahl der Orthostichen an den vertikalen Stengeln desto kleiner ist, je grösser die Blattspreiten sind. Airy weist daraufhin, dass der Vorteil der Pflanze eher in der Dichtigkeit der Anordnung, als in der Art und Weise der phyllotaktischen Divergenz liege. In den Blattknospen der Bäume z. B. müsse eine Menge junger Blätter entwickelt sein, damit dieselben bei gün- stigem Wetter sich rasch entwickeln und dadurch die biologische Aufgabe des Baums tüchtig unterstützen können. Dass die phyllotaktische Blattstellung häufig biologischen Einflüssen unterliegt, dafür haben wir unzweifelhafte Belege an der Weissbuche (Car- pinus) und Haselnuss (Corylus), sowie an anderen Bäumen. Hier sehen wir die Blätter an den horizontal ausgebreiteten Zweigen durchweg nach 1 > angeordnet, während sie an dem senkrecht aufstrebenden Stamme nach gestellt sind. Ja an den grundständigen, wenig abstehenden Wurzelsprossen können wir gut beobachten, wie die 2/s Stellung allmählich in die 1/-2 Stel- lung übergeht. Hieraus folgt klar, dass die zweireihige Stellung an den wagrechten Zweigen nur durch den Geotropismus entstanden und dass sie folglich nur als eine sekundäre Erscheinung aufzufassen ist. Auf dieselbe Weise müssen wir uns die distichische Blattstellung bei den Ulmen, Lin- den etc. erklären. Diese Deutung bestätigt auch die Blattstellung an einer jungen, aus dem Samen aufgegangenen Ulme ( Ulnius ). Da sehen wir durch- weg Blätter in abwechselnden Paaren (!), eine Stellung, wie dieselbe an dem erwachsenen Baume niemals vorkommt. Die Achselzweige an den Keimpflanzen breiten sich aber fast wagrecht aus und zeigen schon durch- weg eine zweireihige, wechselständige Blattstellung. Daraus geht hervor, dass die distichische Blattstellung an der Ulme eine sekundäre ist. Ur- sprünglich waren hier die Blätter gegenständig. Wenn wir alle die Theorien überblicken, welche sich bemühen, die Ursache der Phyllotaxis zu ergründen, so werden wir bald zur Erkenntnis gelangen, dass alle an dem Fehler kranken, dass sie sämtliche Fälle 577 auf eine und dieselbe Weise erklären wollen. Man findet viel- mehr, dass die Ursachen der regelmässigen und bestimmten Anordnung der Blätter an den Achsen der mannigfaltigen Pflanzenarten sehr verschieden sein können. Es sind ganz gewiss biologische Einflüsse, welche dazu bei- tragen, dass die Pflanze nicht nur durch ihre Gestalt, sondern auch durch die Anordnung ihrer Seitenorgane sich diesen Einflüssen anzubequemen trachtet. Eine solche Anpassung wird dann erblich und konstant. Wenn die biologischen Umstände auf die Pflanze keinen Einfluss hätten, so müsste die Blattstellung an den Achsen der mathematischen Resultante gleich sein, welche sich aus der gegebenen Gestalt und der Grösse des Achsengipfels, dann aus der Form, Zahl und Grösse der am Gipfel sich bildenden Blatt- höcker ergibt. Demzufolge können wir überzeugt sein, dass in einigen Fällen auch die mechanische Theorie Schwendeners ganz gut Geltung haben kann. Schwendener beweist z. B. die ganz unzweifelhafte Exi- stenz eines Kontakts bei den Florideen und was die Phanerorgamen an- belangt, bei Elodca canadcnsis, Hippuris vulgaris, Ceralophyllum demersum, Myriophyllwn prosei pinacoides, Stratiotcs aloides u. a. Und auch andere Forscher haben dessen Beobachtungen an den genannten Pflanzen tatsäch- lich bestätigt. Die Autoren, von denen die Richtigkeit der mechanischen Theorie Schwendeners bestritten worden ist, haben hauptsächlich nur vegetative Achsen vor Augen gehabt und die Zusammensetzung der Blüten, wo die phyllotaktischen Regeln ebenfalls gelten, ganz ausser acht gelassen. Immerhin sehen wir an den Blüten am besten, wie die mannigfachsten biologischen Ursachen phyllotaktische Veränderungen hervorrufen. An den Blüten- diagrammen kann man am besten verfolgen, wie für gewisse Yerwandt- schaftskrcise (Gattungen, Familien) ein Grundplan Geltung hat, nach wel- chem in unvordenklichen Zeiten die Vorfahren angelegt waren. Wir erin- nern diesfalls nur an den Blütenplan der Liliacecn , welcher fast bei allen Mono- kotylen in verschiedenen Modifikationen zum Vorschein gelangt unddadurchzu- gleich die Entstehung aller Monokotylen aus gemeinsamen Voreltern verrät. Bei den Gefässkryptogamen pflegt die Blattstellung gemeiniglich durch die Gestalt und Segmentation der Terminalzelle, wenn dieselbe allein ent- wickelt ist, bestimmt zu sein. So sind z. B. die Blattquirle der Gattung Equisctum in ihrer Grundlage dreizählig oder «mal dreizählig, weil die Terminalzclle dreiseitig ist und nach drei Seiten hin segmentiert. Es ist aber interessant, dass die Blattstcllung manchmal der Gestalt der Ter- minalzcllc nicht entspricht. So ist z. B. die Terminalzelle von Struthio- pteris germanica zweiseitig, die Blätter dagegen sind in spiraler Anordnung nach der. ersten Divergenzreihe gestellt. Eine ähnliche Erscheinung kann auch bei einigen Laubmoosen beobachtet werden. Schliesslich müssen wir auch noch von den Veränderungen in der Blattstellung an dorsiventralcn Achsen Erwähnung tun. Diese Achsen entwickeln sich nicht nach allen Richtungen hin glcichmässig, sondern 578 wachsen und entwickeln die Seitenorgane auf der einen Seite anders, als auf der anderen, was zur Folge hat, dass eine solche Achse nur durch eine Ebene in zwei ganz gleiche Hälften geteilt werden kann. Über die dor- siventralen Achsen haben wir bereits bei den Gefässkryptogamen {Polypo- dium, Lygodium , Selaginella u. a.) gesprochen. Allein auch bei den Phanero- gamen ist die Dorsiventralität sehr verbreitet. Die dorsiventrale Ausgestaltung der Achsen wird von verschiedenen Faktoren bewirkt. Sehr häufig spielt da der einseitige Einfluss des Lichtes eine Rolle. So bemühen sich die Blattspreiten an der Achse in die vor- teilhafteste Beleuchtung zu gelangen, was zur Folge hat, dass sich die Blätter an ihren Stielen verdrehen oder gar aus ihrer Lage an der Achse herausgelangen. Die Nadelblätter an den wagrechten Zweigen der gemeinen Weisstanne (Abies pectinata) haben zwar eine Spiralstellung und dennoch bilden sie infolge des Heliotropismus und Geotropismus zwei horizontale Reihen, wobei zu sehen ist, dass sie an der Oberseite viel dichter stehen als an der Unterseite. Die Blätter an der Oberseite des Zweiges müssen sich an ihren Stielen verdrehen, damit die grüne Seite zum Lichte ge- langen könne. An horizontal ausgestreckten (plagiotropen) Zweigen, so namentlich bei Bäumen verändert sich manchmal auch das Wachstum des Zweiges und zwar besonders in der Entwicklung der inneren Gewebe. An den Zweigen des Epheus (Hedera Helix) bilden sich durch den Einfluss des Heliotropismus Adventivwurzeln an der, dem Stamme, an dem der Epheu emporklimmt, zugewendeten Seite. Alle ober- und unterirdischen Rhizome entwickeln sich unter dem Einflüsse des Geo- und Heliotropismus, dann der Feuchtigkeit mehr oder weniger dorsiventral, wobei häufig auch die Blätter ihre ursprüngliche Stellung verlassen. Stark dorsiventrale Achsen finden wir auch bei der Familie der Podostemonaceen , wo die Blätter auf die Oberseite der verflachten Achsen hinaufgeschoben Vorkommen. Auch die Blattinsertion ist infolgedessen nicht auf beiden Seiten gleich ausgebildet. Die blatt- und bandförmigen Gebilde, aus denen die Knospen und Stengel aufwachsen, sind noch mehr dorsiventral, diese sind aber veränderte Wurzeln (siehe das, die Wurzeln behandelnde Kapitel). Durch eine eigentümliche Dorsiventralität zeichnet sich der Blüten- stand einiger Gramineen (Dactylis glomerata , Dactylotenium, Eleusine , Cynosurus cristatus, Nardus stricto, u. a.) aus. Hier wächst eine Seite der Inflorescenzachse so stark, dass alle Seitenzweige der Ährchen (Nardus) auf die andere Seite gedrückt werden. Die biologische Ursache dieser eigentümlichen Erscheinung ist bisher nicht ergründet, die Erscheinung selbst ist aber dadurch bemerkenswert, dass hier die dorsiventralen Achsen senkrecht zum Substrat gestellt sind. In den Blüten spielt endlich die Dorsiventralität auch eine grosse Rolle, denn durch ihren Einfluss verändern sich nicht nur die Blütenorgane, 579 sondern auch deren Zusammenstellung, worüber wir im III. Teile dieses Werkes handeln werden. Bei einigen Inflorescenzen (Solanaceen, Boraginaceen u. a.) entstehen infolge der Sympodialverzweigung scheinbar dorsiventrale Achsen, welche allerdings von einigen Physiologen (Goebel u. a.) irrtümlich eben- falls als wahre Dorsiventralmonopodien angesehen worden sind. Die nähere, diesfällige Erläuterung wird im III. Teile folgen. Auch die verflachten Sprosse, die sogenannten Phyllokladien, tragen die Blätter in einer Anordnung, welche keineswegs ursprünglich ist. Gleich- falls weisen die abnorm entstandenen Fasciationen eine, den üblichen Verhältnissen widersprechende Anordnung der Blätter auf. a) Die Terminalblätter. Es wird allgemein angenommen und Celakovsky hat sich auch wiederholt in dem Sinne ausgesprochen, dass sich die Vegetativblätter, namentlich die grünen Assimilationsblätter im Pflanzenreiche niemals ter- minal entwickeln. Bei den Blüten kommen die Terminalphyllome ziemlich häufig vor. Ein (einziges) radiär entwickeltes Terminalkarpell mit einem einzigen Fachen (welches zu dem Karpell als dessen Abschnitt gehört), ist keine Seltenheit. Terminale Staubblätter an der Blütenachse sind ebenfalls bekannt (Euphorbia, Casuarina, Brosimum). Wir können aber auch mit voller Berechtigung von Terminalblättern sprechen, die ausserhalb der Blüten Vorkommen. Allgemein gilt die Regel, dass, sobald sich das Blatt am Ende der Achse stark entwickelt, während die Entwicklung des Achsen- gipfels zurückbleibt oder ganz verkümmert, das Blatt dann eine terminale Stellung einnimmt, oder mit anderen Worten gesagt: sich in die Ver- längerung der Achse stellt, auf welcher es selbst steht. Normale und ab- norme Belege hiefür finden wir in der Pflanzenwelt in hinreichender An- zahl. Wir sehen häufig am gemeinen Epheu (Hedera Helix), an gezüchteten Fuchsien (wo die Blätter in abnormer Weise wechselständig sind) usw., dass, wenn die Gipfelknospe verkümmert, das letzte Blatt sofort eine Terminalstellung einnimmt, wobei es sich gewöhnlich stark entwickelt. Einen ähnlichen F'all führt Vries (pag. 323) an einer abnorm keimenden Buche an. Normal und im höchsten Grade auffallend ist diese Erscheinung bei einigen Arten der Gattung Limnanthemum (Fig. 369) und zwar L Humboldtianum Grisb., Thunbergianum Grisb., indicum Ttw. Hier wächst aus dem, am Boden des Wassers hinkriechenden Rhizom ein lang- gestieltes Blatt, welches, wie bei der Seerose, mit einer flachen, auf der Wasseroberfläche schwimmenden Spreite endigt. Aus diesem Blattstiel wächst, unweit unter der Spreite, ein Bündelchen von Blüten, welche mit ihren Stielen über die Wasserfläche emporragen. In der Wirklichkeit ist aber die Infloresccnz eine terminale, mit dem langen Stiele endigende. 58(1 Fig. 369. Limnanthenum Thunbergianum. Der Inflorescenzstengel endigt mit einem scheinbar terminalen Blatte. (Original.) Fig. 370. Amorphophallus Rivieri Dm. Durchschnitt durch die Knolle (h) und das terminale Blatt (1), a) Terminalknospe im Blattstiel, b) Seitenknospe. Verkl. (Original.) unter welcher sich ein einziges Seitenblatt entwickelt, das aber durch das Wachstum den Blü- tenstand selbst seitwärts ge- drückt hat, infolgedessen sich dasselbe in die Fortsetzung des unteren Inflorescenzstiels gestellt hat Bei jenen Arten, wo zwei oder mehrere Blätter entwickelt sind (L. nym- phaeoides Hoff), steht tatsächlich die Inflorescenz terminal und befin- den sich die Blätter in seitlicher Stellung. Interessant ist auch das mächtige Blatt, welches als einziges in der Saison aus der Knolle der Gattung Amorphophallus (Fig. 370) zur Ent- wicklung gelangt. Der ebenfalls sehr stattliche, dicke Blattstiel ist voll- kommen rund, monofacial, mit konzentrischer Orientierung der Gefäss- bündel. Die Spreite ist ganz gleichmässig in 3 Arme geteilt und alle Arme sind gleich fiederteilig. Genau in der Mitte des Blattstiels ist in der Basis die Erneuerungsknospe für das nächste Jahr (a) verborgen. Dieses Blatt ist daher sowohl durch seine Stellung, als auch durch seine radiäre Ent- wicklung faktisch ein Terminalorgan, trägt aber allerdings an der Basis im Innern eine Knospe. Aus derselben kann sich auch der Blütenschaft entwickeln, weshalb wir die Blätter dieser Kategorie pseudoterminale nennen können. Ein ganz gleiches, pseudoterminales Blatt besitzt Juncus conglome- ratus (big. 371). Die runden Blätter dieser Art sind monofacial, mit kon- zentrischer Orientierung der Gefässbündel. Das Blatt ist in jeder Beziehung 581 radiär entwickelt und unterscheidet sich von den Achsen nur dadurch, dass es keine Inflorescenz trägt. Es wurde auch lange als eine sterile Achse angesehen. Auch bei diesem Blatte verbirgt sich vollkommen im Innern in der Basis eine kleine, verkümmerte Knospe (Fib. 369, b), welche sich nie- mals weiter entwickelt. Einige Autoren zeichnen an der Basis dieses Blatts eine kleine Seitenüffnungf gleichsam als reduzierte Scheide, in welcher sich, seitwärts von der Achse eine Knospe verbirgt. Trotz sorgfältiger Untersuchung habe ich an der Basis niemals eine Öffnung, sondern dieselbe durchweg ringsum geschlossen gefunden, mit einer Mittelknospe in der Blattachse. Hie und da finden wir auch terminal ge- stellte Blätter infolge des vollständigen oder teil- weisen Abortus des Achsenscheitels. Dasselbe kommt auch bei Polygonatum und Uvularia' vor. Der Scheitel von Polygonatum latifolium abortiert in Gestalt einer kleinen Spitze, das nächste Blatt ist. dann fast terminal orientiert. Ein unbedeuten- des Rudiment hinterlässt der Achsenscheitel bei Pol. officinale und stellt sich hier das nächste Blatt terminal, indem es mit der Basis die verkümmerte Knospe umfasst. Ganz ähnliche Verhältnisse finden wir bei der Gattung Uvularia. Pol. verticillatum zeigt den Achsenscheitel fast ganz abortiert und da geschieht es dann manchmal (nicht immer), dass sich das nächste Blatt senkrecht in die Ver- längerung der Achse stellt, was im Hinblicke auf die übrigen, quirlstän- digen Blätter sehr auffallend ist. Ein vollkommen terminales Blatt in der Form, dass vom Achsen- scheitel überhaupt keine Spur vorhanden ist und dass sich das Blatt als faktischer Abschluss der Achse darstellt oder anders gesagt, wo sich das Blatt als theoretisch vorausgesetzter Anaphyt zeigt, ist in der Pflanzenwelt eine wahre Seltenheit. Das Urbild eines solchen Blatts stellt sich uns in dem Sporogon der Laubmoose dar, welches eigentlich ein Anaphyt ist Auf ähnliche Weise sind alle Keimblätter der Monokotylen Terminalblätter. Xamentlich die früher schon beschriebene und abgebildetc keimende Iris (pag. 318), deren Keimblatt als Terminalgebildc dasteht und in radialer Entwicklung an zwei Seiten eine Plumula anlegt, gehört in jeder Bezie- hung hiehcr. Ein tatsächlich terminales, grünes Blatt ist nur in zwei Fällen be- kannt und zwar bei Ptnus monophylla und Danae raccmosa. Die Brachv- blasten von Pinus monophylla enthalten in der Hülle der häutigen Schup- pig. 371. Juncus con- glomeratus L. Die kleine Endknospe (b) in der Basis des runden Blattes (L), a) Blatt- scheide, c) Höhlung, m) inneres, weiches Parenchym. (Original.) 582 pen bloss eine einzige, dicke, radial und monofacial ausgebildete Blatt- nadel. Die Autoren führen an, dass manchmal auch zwei, wie bei den anderen Kiefern, zur Entwicklung gelangen. In einem solchen Falle sitzt gewiss der Scheitel des Brachy- blasts als verkümmerte Knospe an der Basis zwischen beiden Blatt- nadeln. Wo aber nur eine einzige Blattnadel vorhanden ist, dort abor- tiert dieser Scheitel spurlos. Ich wenigstens war nicht imstande, an gekochtem Material mikroskopisch auch nur den allerkleinsten Höcker zu finden, welcher an der Basis und seitwärts von der Blattnadel stehen müsste. Es wäre wünschenswert, dass die auf diesen Gegenstand bezüg- lichen Beobachtungen auch noch an frischemMateriale fortgesetzt würden. Der zweite Fall betrifft Danae racemosa , deren flache, grüne, mono- faciale Blätter allgemein als Phvllokladien, wie bei der Gattung Ruscus an- gesehen worden sind. In dem, die Achsen behandelnden Kapitel werden wir aber über allen Zweifel sicher nachweisen, dass es ein Terminalblatt ist, welches den Axillarbrachyblast abschliesst. Hier ist allerdings abermals keine Spur • von einem Achsenscheitel vorhanden, so dass das Blatt der Danae ein wahrer Anaphyt ist. Wir können schliesslich noch ein interessantes Beispiel von termi- nalen Phyllomen anführen, obzwar dies nicht vegetative Blätter betrifft. Es sind dies die männlichen Zapfen (Blüten) von Encephalartos villosus Lern., Avelche wir im lebenden Zustande zu untersuchen Gelegenheit hatten. Die fruchtbaren Schuppen (Fig. 372) sind unterseits mit zahlreichen Pollen- säcken bedeckt und regelmässig in genetischer Spirale seitlich an der zen- tralen Achse gestellt. Dass diese Schuppen morphologisch den umgewan- delten Blättern entsprechen, braucht man wohl nicht zu betonen. Die Zapfen- achse endet jedoch mit einer Schuppe, welche ganz steril und radiär schildförmig entwickelt ist, indem sie sich auch vollkommen terminal an der Zapfenachse stellt. Fig. 372. Encephalartos villosus. Die sterile terminale Schuppe, eine fertile Seitenschuppe mit Pollensäcken. (Original.) D. Die Achse. Die Definition der Achse bei den Phanerogamen lässt sich in folgender Weise ausdrücken: Die Achse ist die Zusammenfliessung der unteren Teile der Anaphyten, welche sich an der erwachsenen 583 Pflanze als ein, durch den mehrzelligen Vegetationsgipfel nach wachsen des, morphologisch und anatomisch einheit- liches Ganzes dar stellt, durch dessen Tätigkeit an den •Seiten Blätter und in ihren Achseln Knospen in regelmässi- ger Stellung hervorkommen. Die blattragende Achse nennen wir Spross. Wenn wir die derart definierte Achse der Phanerogamen mit der Achse der Gefässkryptogamen vergleichen, so sehen wir, dass beide sich in einigen Punkten unterscheiden, obzwar sie im wesentlichen homolog sind. An der Achse der Gefässkryptogamen sind die Seitenknospen nicht in den Blattachseln gestellt und die Achse hat auch nicht immer einen mehrzelligen Vegetationsgipfel; sie stellt sich auch häufig im vollkommen entwickelten Zustande nicht als ein morphologisch und anatomisch ein- heitliches Ganzes dar (so z. B. bei Botrychium, Onoclea und bei vielen anderen Farnen). Dadurch, dass die Seitenknospen an den Achsen der Phanerorgamen genau an die Blattachseln gebunden sind), zeigt sich uns die Verzweigung der Phanerogamen durchweg als monopodial, während dieselbe bei den Gefässkryptogamen immer dichotomisch ist. Wir haben bereits in dem vorangehenden Kapitel gesagt, dass die Einheitlichkeit der vollkommen entwickelten Achse ein sekundärer Zustand ist und dass auch der regelmässig arbeitende Vegetationsgipfel sich in der Regel erst an der älteren Pflanze konsolidiert, denn an der Keimpflanze ist er fast durchweg nicht sichtbar. Der Stamm der Linde, Kiefer und des Wollkrauts ist tatsächlich ein ganzes und einheitliches Gebilde, an welchem die Blätter als seitliche und differenzierte Organe sitzen. Wir können dies aber keineswegs von dem, deutliche Spuren der abgefallenen Blätter tragenden Stamme vieler Palmen, dessen Anatomie meistenteils einen Bestandteil der Anatomie der Blätter bildet, und ebensowenig von den Stengeln der Umbelliferen und den Halmen der Gramineen sagen, wo sich uns die Achse überhaupt nicht als ein einheitliches Ganzes präsentiert, sondern einen Inbegriff anatomisch und morphologisch gesonderter Glieder bildet. Die Achsen dieser Art bewahren gewissermassen auch im ent- wickelten Zustande den primären Charakter der Keimpflanzen. Pflanzen mit einem, ein anatomisch und morphologisch einheitliches Ganzes dar- stellenden Stamme sind also phylogenetisch vollkommener und offenbaren für die Zukunft die Tendenz zu allgemeiner Differenzierung der Achse und Blätter als zwei verschiedene Organe. Die Gestalt der Achse lässt sich allerdings durch eine allge- meine Beschreibung oder eine Einteilung schwer charakterisieren, weil wir da alle möglichen Variationen haben. Im ganzen lässt sich abermals nur sagen, dass die Gestalt der Achse dem ganzen Baue der Pflanze ent- spricht und sich mit den biologischen Verhältnissen, in denen die Pflanze *) Alle Fälle von extraaxillären Knospen und Sprossen, welche bis jetzt in ver- schiedenen Publikationen spucken, lassen sich nach morphologischen Gesetzen auf den Typus axillärer Knospen zurückführen, wie wir noch später darlegen werden. 38 584 lebt, in Übereinstimmung befindet. Die gewöhnlichste Form ist die walzen- förmige. verlängerte, aufrecht emporwachsende und ringsum gleichmässig der ganzen Länge nach mit Blättern besetzte. Solcher Art sind die Stämme und Zweige der Bäume und die Stengel der ein- und zweijährigen, sowie der perennierenden Pflanzen. Verlängerte und dünne Stengel und Stämme können selbständig nicht aufrecht emporwachsen und deshalb suchen sie eine Stütze an an- deren Pflanzen oder Gegenständen, an denen sie mit Hilte von Ranken klettern oder um welche sie sich winden (Vitis, Cucurbitaceae, Convol- vulus). Wasserpflanzen, welche auf dem Wasser schwimmen, zeigen gleich- falls dünne, schlaffe, lange Stengel und halten sich im Wasser durch ein System eigentümlich geformter Blätter oder Wurzeln. Die ober- oder unterirdischen Rhizome und Ausläufer pflegen ebenfalls dünn, faden- oder strickförmig zu sein und verbreitern sich dieselben wagrecht bis weit in die Umgebung (Triticum repens, Fragaria). Die knollig verdickten Rhizome haben wiederum eine verschiedenartige Gestalt: sie sind z. B. walzen- förmig, kugelig usw. (Iris, Solanum tuberosum). Die Knollen der Testudi- naria sind anatomisch und morphologisch ganz eigens ausgestaltet und erreichen das Gewicht von einigen Zentnern. Zylindrische Stämme können auch bei baumartigen Typen manchmal eine kugelförmige (Zamia, Encephalartos) oder spindelförmige Gestalt an- nehmen. In dieser Beziehung sind die Arten der Gattung Bombax und ihrer Verwandten aus Südamerika (Brasilien) berühmt. Wenn die Blätter an einer verkürzten und überhaupt undeutlichen Achse dicht gedrängt stehen, so entstehen die sogenannten Rosetten, welche besonders für viele zwei- und mehrjährige Pflanzen (Verbascum, Agave, Doryanthes) charakteristisch sind. Auch verschiedene Zwiebeln mit flei- schigen Schuppen besitzen sehr verkürzte Achsen. Die Grösse der Stengel und Stämme reicht von einigen Millimetern bis zu ungeheueren Dimensionen. Die gigantischen Stämme der kalifor- nischen Sequoia gigantea , welche bis 144 m Höhe misst und unten 35 vi im Umfange hat, sind bekannt. Noch grösser sind einige Arten der austra- lischen Eucalypten , welche bei einem Umfange von 20 m an der Basis die Höhe von bis über 150 m erreichen. Auch Taxodmm distichum und Adansoma digitata zeigen im Alter sehr dicke Stämme. Und schliesslich erlangen auch unsere einheimischen Waldbäume (Eichen und Linden) im hohen Alter sehr grosse Dimensionen. Die grösste Länge weisen bei ver- hältnismässig geringer Dicke die tropischen Lianen und überhaupt die kletternden, holzigen Pflanzen auf. So erreicht der gemeine Calamus Draco bei einem Durchmesser von bloss 3 cm eine Länge, welche manchmal auch 160 m übersteigt. Der Stamm pflegt an der Oberfläche meistenteils rund zu sein, er zeigt jedoch im Alter eine verschiedenartige Plastik infolge der Bildung einer mächtigen sekundären Rinde ( Pinus silvestris, Acer campestre , Ulmus 585 cainpestris , Evonymus alata u. a.). Die Stengel und jüngeren Zweige der Bäume und Sträucher sind zuweilen durch die herablaufenden Spuren der Blattstiele oder Nebenblätter oder durch die herablaufenden Kanten der Blattstielrücken 3 mehrkantig (siehe Viburnum Opulus, P'ig. 365). Nur selten erscheinen die Achsen auch dann kantig, wenn die Blätter die Achse mit ihrem ganzen Umfange rund umfassen. Einen solchen seltenen Fall haben wir bei Restio tetragonus Thnb. (Cap), dessen Stengel vierkantig sind, obzwar die Blätter den Stengel mit einer vollkreisigen Insertion um- fassen. Hier finden wir faktisch keinen Grund für die Eckigkeit der Achse. Die Halme der Cyperaceen sind infolge der Stellung der in der Hälfte zusammengeialteten Blätter nach V3 dreieckig. Die exotischen Lianen (Bignoniaceen, Bauhinia u. a.) besitzen holzige, bandförmig abgeflachte, ge- rippte und gefurchte Stämme infolge der eigenartigen Zusammensetzung der Gefässbündel, welche wahrscheinlich wieder durch die Torsion und den Druck bei der Umwindung der genannten Pflanzen um verschiedene Sub- strate entstanden ist. [Manchmal sind die Stengel und Stämme hohl, indem sie bloss dort, wo die umfassenden Blattscheiden aufsitzcn, mit Scheidewänden in der Form von festen Fächern, Knoten oder Xoden versehen sind. Dies geschieht in der Regel nur dann, wenn die Achse deutlich gegliedert ist und wenn die Blätter die Achse mit ihrem ganzen Umfange umfassen (so in der Familie der Umbellifcren und bei den Gramineen). Die Achsen der Gräser heissen allgemein Halme und sind in vielen Beziehungen besonders entwickelt. Die Halme sind ihrer ganzen Länge nach gleich dick, fest, zuweilen einfach, selten verzweigt, schliesslich mit einem Blütenstande abgeschlossen (die Bambusstämme erreichen bei einer Dicke von 30 cm eine Höhe von bis 40 m). Sie sind durchweg hohl, nur in regelmässigen Abständen durch massive Knoten unterbrochen, an denen die rings um- fassenden Blattscheidcn sitzen. In diesen Knoten laufen die Gefässbündel zusammen und von hier aus verlaufen dieselben wieder in die Glieder und Blätter. Die erwähnten Knoten verleihen dem Halme nicht nur Festig- keit, sondern sind auch noch dazu dienlich, dass der Halm sich an dem Substrat aufrecht erhält, infolge des ungleichmässigen Wachstums der Kniee, welche bedeutend geotropisch empfindlich sind. Einige Grasarten sind wegen ihres Aufsteigcns mit Hilfe der Kniee besonders bekannt (so Alopecurus geniculatus).	36,817
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19118195	StackExchange	Open Web	CC-By-SA	2,013	Stack Exchange	Akinak, Brewal, Hanky Panky, IMujagic, Rafael Barros, Rully, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1570534, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2168947, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2641777, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2759462, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2799705, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2835298	Wolof	Spoken	477	999	php - Get hidden form field Value based on select box choice Sorry for my bad title!:) According to this question how can I check and store the appeared field's value With php and mysql; assume that the form is something like this: <form method="post" action="#"> <select name="job" id="job" class="medium"> <option selected="selected" value="-1">Please Select...</option> <option value="1">Job A</option> <option value="2">Job B</option> <option value="3">Job C</option> <option value="4">Job D</option> <option value="0">Other</option> </select> <div id="foo" style="display:none;"> <input type="text" name="job_other" id="job_other" placeholder="If Other, please specify" value="" /> </div> <div> <input type="submit" name="submit" id="submit" value="submit" /> </div> </form> when selecting the "Other" option, "job_other" text field will appear.(handled by javascript) is my procedure true to check and get field in php like this: <?php $input['job'] = (isset($_POST['job']) && $_POST['job'] != '-1') ? $_POST['job'] : ''; if ( $input['job'] != '' && $input['job'] == '0') { $input['job_other'] = (isset($_POST['job_other']) && $_POST['job_other'] != '' && $_POST['job_other'] == '0') ? $_POST['job_other'] : ''; } ?> By the way when the field appear, it will be Required. so how can I do this better? if ( $input['job'] != '' && $input['job'] == '0') could be simplified by if($input['job'] == '0') : demo Question title is fine but question contents I couldn't understand, could you please rephrase what you want? thank you! I didn't know that can simplify it like this. I want to get the hidden field just when it appears in the form as a required field by php. Oops, actually I messed up... You should test like so : if($input['job'] === '0') so it doesn't match false, 0 or FALSE. Demo you mean just use if($input['job'] === '0'). am I right? You should use jquery form plugin, and all validation and if-else stuffs do with javascript, and after all that just make an ajax request with parameters. It's more better to do that in this way. On this link you have jquery form plugin http://malsup.com/jquery/form/ "[...] is my procedure true to check and get field in php like this:", this was meant to be the question? What errors you got? What have you tried? Is this code working? @Rafael Barros - it works fine but there are so many field in my real form, and if I check for each of them code will be like an spaghetti. @Brewal - TNX a lot dear friend. This would be sufficient: <?php $input['job'] = (isset($_POST['job'])) ? (int) $_POST['job'] : -1; $input['job_other'] = ( ($input['job'] == 0) && (isset($_POST['job_other'])) ) ? $_POST['job_other'] : ''; ?> Save the 'job' field as integer and 'job_other' as string / varchar. what if user dont select "other" option? again I store the field as an empty string? `<?php $input['job'] = (isset($_POST['job'])) ? (int) $_POST['job'] : -1; if ( $input['job'] == 0) { $input['job_other'] = (isset($_POST['job_other'])) ? $_POST['job_other'] : ''; } else {$input['job_other'] = '';} ?>` Yes, or use the revised solution :)	18,209
https://github.com/erhard-lab/gedi/blob/master/GediCore/src/gedi/core/data/numeric/diskrmq/DiskGenomicNumericProvider.java	Github Open Source	Open Source	Apache-2.0	2,021	gedi	erhard-lab	Java	Code	1,388	5,555	/** * * Copyright 2017 Florian Erhard * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. * / package gedi.core.data.numeric.diskrmq; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.RandomAccessFile; import java.io.Writer; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Collection; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Iterator; import java.util.Map.Entry; import java.util.function.Consumer; import java.util.function.DoubleBinaryOperator; import gedi.core.data.numeric.GenomicNumericProvider; import gedi.core.data.numeric.GenomicNumericProvider.PositionNumericIterator; import gedi.core.reference.Chromosome; import gedi.core.reference.ReferenceSequence; import gedi.core.region.ArrayGenomicRegion; import gedi.core.region.GenomicRegion; import gedi.util.algorithm.rmq.DiskMinMaxSumIndex; import gedi.util.algorithm.rmq.DoubleDiskSuccinctRmaxq; import gedi.util.datastructure.array.DiskIntegerArray; import gedi.util.datastructure.array.IntegerArray; import gedi.util.datastructure.array.MemoryIntegerArray; import gedi.util.datastructure.array.NumericArray; import gedi.util.datastructure.array.computed.ComputedIntegerArray; import gedi.util.datastructure.collections.intcollections.IntArrayList; import gedi.util.datastructure.tree.redblacktree.IntervalTree; import gedi.util.io.randomaccess.BinaryReader; import gedi.util.io.randomaccess.ConcurrentPageFile; import gedi.util.io.randomaccess.PageFile; import gedi.util.io.randomaccess.PageFileView; import gedi.util.io.randomaccess.diskarray.IntDiskArray; public class DiskGenomicNumericProvider implements GenomicNumericProvider, AutoCloseable { private HashMap<ReferenceSequence,IntegerArray> positions; private HashMap<ReferenceSequence,DiskMinMaxSumIndex[]> rmqs; private BinaryReader file; private int rows = -1; private boolean coverageMode = false; private boolean dense = false; public DiskGenomicNumericProvider(String file) throws IOException { positions = new HashMap<ReferenceSequence, IntegerArray>(); rmqs = new HashMap<ReferenceSequence, DiskMinMaxSumIndex[]>(); this.file = new ConcurrentPageFile(file); if (!this.file.getAsciiChars(DiskGenomicNumericBuilder.MAGIC.length()).equals(DiskGenomicNumericBuilder.MAGIC)) throw new RuntimeException("Not a valid file!"); System.err.print("Loading "+file+"... "); int refs = this.file.getInt(); for (int i=0; i<refs; i++) { Chromosome chr = Chromosome.read(this.file); long pos = this.file.getLong(); long cur = this.file.position(); this.file.position(pos); char type = this.file.getAsciiChar(); if (type!='S' && type!='C' && type!='W' && type!='D') throw new RuntimeException("Not a valid file!"); coverageMode = type=='C' \|\| type=='W'; dense = type=='W' \|\| type=='D'; int size = this.file.getInt(); int numCond = this.file.getInt(); if (rows==-1) rows = numCond; else if(rows!=numCond) throw new RuntimeException("Inconsistent number of conditions!"); if (!dense) { BinaryReader view = this.file.view(this.file.position(), this.file.position()+sizeInteger.BYTES); DiskIntegerArray ida = new DiskIntegerArray(); ida.deserialize(view, size); positions.put(chr, ida); this.file.position(view.getEnd()); } else { positions.put(chr, new ComputedIntegerArray(n->n,size)); } long rmqPos = this.file.position(); DiskMinMaxSumIndex[] ind = new DiskMinMaxSumIndex[numCond]; for (int j=0; j<numCond; j++) { BinaryReader pfv = this.file.view(rmqPos,this.file.size()); ind[j] = new DiskMinMaxSumIndex(pfv); rmqPos = pfv.position()+pfv.getStart(); } rmqs.put(chr, ind); this.file.position(cur); // if (chr.getName().equals()) } System.err.println("done!"); } public boolean hasSum() { return rmqs.values().iterator().next()[0].hasSum(); } @Override public int getLength(String name) { Chromosome reference = Chromosome.obtain(name); IntegerArray dia = positions.get(reference); if (dia==null) { // test all three strands dia = positions.get(reference.toStrandIndependent()); if (dia==null) dia = positions.get(reference.toPlusStrand()); if (dia==null) dia = positions.get(reference.toMinusStrand()); if (dia==null) return -1; } return -dia.getInt(dia.length()-1); } public Collection<ReferenceSequence> getReferenceSequences() { return positions.keySet(); } /** * Dumps the content of the disk arrays (positions and values) from the specified region. * @param reference * @param region * @param w */ public void dump(ReferenceSequence reference, Consumer<String> output) { dump(reference, null, output); } public void dump(ReferenceSequence reference, GenomicRegion region, Consumer<String> output) { if (!positions.containsKey(reference)) return; IntegerArray arr = positions.get(reference); DiskMinMaxSumIndex[] vals = rmqs.get(reference); if (region!=null) { for (int p=0; p<region.getNumParts(); p++) { int idx1 = positions.get(reference).binarySearch(region.getStart(p)); int idx2 = positions.get(reference).binarySearch(region.getStop(p)); if (idx1==idx2 && idx1<0) continue; if (idx1<0) idx1 = -idx1-1; if (idx2<0) idx2 = -idx2-2; idx2++; dump(arr,vals,idx1,idx2,output); } } else { dump(arr,vals,0,arr.length(),output); } } private void dump(IntegerArray arr, DiskMinMaxSumIndex[] vals, int start, int end, Consumer<String> a) { for (int i=start; i<end; i++) { a.accept(arr.format(i)); for (int v=0;v<vals.length; v++) { a.accept("\t"); a.accept(vals[v].format(i)); } a.accept("\n"); } } public PositionNumericIterator oldCoverageIterator(ReferenceSequence reference, GenomicRegion region) { return new PositionNumericIterator() { private int p = 0; @Override public boolean hasNext() { return p<region.getTotalLength(); } @Override public int nextInt() { return region.map(p++); } @Override public double getValue(int row) { return DiskGenomicNumericProvider.this.getValue(reference, region.map(p-1), row); } @Override public double[] getValues(double[] re) { if (re==null \|\| re.length!=getNumDataRows()) re = new double[getNumDataRows()]; for (int row=0; row<re.length; row++) re[row] = getValue(row); return re; } }; } public PositionNumericIterator iterateValues(ReferenceSequence reference) { IntegerArray a = positions.get(reference); int l = a.getInt(a.length()-1)+1; return iterateValues(reference, new ArrayGenomicRegion(0,l)); } @Override public PositionNumericIterator iterateValues(ReferenceSequence reference, GenomicRegion region) { if (coverageMode) { IntegerArray ind = positions.get(reference); if(ind==null) return GenomicNumericProvider.empty(); boolean leftZero = false; IntArrayList idxs = new IntArrayList(); for (int p=0; p<region.getNumParts(); p++) { int idx1 = ind.binarySearch(region.getStart(p)); int idx2 = ind.binarySearch(region.getEnd(p)); if (idx1<0) idx1 = -idx1-2; if (idx2<0) idx2 = -idx2-1; if (idx1<0) { leftZero = true; idx1=0; } idxs.add(idx1); idxs.add(idx2); } ArrayGenomicRegion idxRegion = new ArrayGenomicRegion(idxs); rmqs.get(reference); double[] currValue = new double[getNumDataRows()]; for (int i=0; i<currValue.length; i++) currValue[i] = leftZero?0:rmqs.get(reference)[i].getValue(idxRegion.getStart()); if(idxRegion.isEmpty()) return GenomicNumericProvider.empty(); boolean uLeftZero=leftZero; return new PositionNumericIterator() { int p = 0; int currIdx = uLeftZero?-1:0; int nextPos = currIdx+1>=idxRegion.getTotalLength()?Integer.MAX_VALUE:ind.getInt(idxRegion.map(currIdx+1)); @Override public boolean hasNext() { return p<region.getTotalLength(); } @Override public int nextInt() { int re = region.map(p++); if (re>=nextPos) { int pp=idxRegion.map(++currIdx); nextPos = currIdx+1>=idxRegion.getTotalLength()?Integer.MAX_VALUE:ind.getInt(idxRegion.map(currIdx+1)); for (int i=0; i<currValue.length; i++) currValue[i] = rmqs.get(reference)[i].getValue(pp); } return re; } @Override public double getValue(int row) { return currValue[row]; } @Override public double[] getValues(double[] re) { if (re==null \|\| re.length!=getNumDataRows()) re = new double[getNumDataRows()]; System.arraycopy(currValue, 0, re, 0, re.length); return re; } }; } IntegerArray ind = positions.get(reference); IntArrayList idxs = new IntArrayList(); for (int p=0; p<region.getNumParts(); p++) { int idx1 = ind.binarySearch(region.getStart(p)); int idx2 = ind.binarySearch(region.getEnd(p)); if (idx1==idx2 && idx1<0) continue; if (idx1<0) idx1 = -idx1-1; if (idx2<0) idx2 = -idx2-1; idxs.add(idx1); idxs.add(idx2); } ArrayGenomicRegion idxRegion = new ArrayGenomicRegion(idxs); return new PositionNumericIterator() { int p = 0; @Override public boolean hasNext() { return p<idxRegion.getTotalLength(); } @Override public int nextInt() { return positions.get(reference).getInt(idxRegion.map(p++)); } @Override public double getValue(int row) { return rmqs.get(reference)[row].getValue(idxRegion.map(p-1)); } @Override public double[] getValues(double[] re) { DiskMinMaxSumIndex[] r = rmqs.get(reference); if (re==null \|\| re.length!=getNumDataRows()) re = new double[getNumDataRows()]; for (int row=0; row<re.length; row++) re[row]=getValue(row); return re; } }; } @Override public void close() throws Exception { file.close(); } @Override public int getNumDataRows() { return rows; } @Override public double getValue(ReferenceSequence reference, int pos, int row) { IntegerArray ind = positions.get(reference); if (ind==null){ reference = reference.toStrandIndependent(); ind = positions.get(reference); } if (ind==null) return Double.NaN; int idx = ind.binarySearch(pos); idx = adaptIdx(idx); if (idx<0 \|\| idx>=ind.length()) return 0; return rmqs.get(reference)[row].getValue(idx); } public double[] getValues(ReferenceSequence reference, int pos, double[] re) { if (re==null \|\| re.length!=rows) re = new double[rows]; IntegerArray ind = positions.get(reference); if (ind==null){ reference = reference.toStrandIndependent(); ind = positions.get(reference); } if (ind==null) { Arrays.fill(re,Double.NaN); return re; } int idx = ind.binarySearch(pos); idx = adaptIdx(idx); if (idx<0 \|\| idx>=ind.length()) { Arrays.fill(re,0); return re; } DiskMinMaxSumIndex[] rm = rmqs.get(reference); for (int i=0; i<rows; i++) re[i] = rm[i].getValue(idx); return re; } private int adaptIdx(int idx) { if (coverageMode && idx<0) idx=-idx-2; return idx; } @Override public double getMax(ReferenceSequence reference, GenomicRegion region, int row) { if (!positions.containsKey(reference)) return Double.NaN; try { double re = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY; for (int p=0; p<region.getNumParts(); p++) { int idx1 = positions.get(reference).binarySearch(region.getStart(p)); int idx2 = positions.get(reference).binarySearch(region.getStop(p)); idx1=adaptIdx(idx1); idx2=adaptIdx(idx2); if (idx1==idx2 && idx1<0) continue; if (idx1<0) idx1 = -idx1-1; if (idx2<0) idx2 = -idx2-2; DiskMinMaxSumIndex ind = rmqs.get(reference)[row]; if (idx1<ind.length()) { idx2 = Math.min(idx2,ind.length()-1); re = Math.max(re,ind.getValue(ind.getMaxIndex(idx1, idx2))); } } return Double.isInfinite(re)?Double.NaN:re; } catch (IOException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); } } @Override public double getMin(ReferenceSequence reference, GenomicRegion region, int row) { if (!positions.containsKey(reference)) return Double.NaN; try { double re = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY; for (int p=0; p<region.getNumParts(); p++) { int idx1 = positions.get(reference).binarySearch(region.getStart(p)); int idx2 = positions.get(reference).binarySearch(region.getStop(p)); idx1=adaptIdx(idx1); idx2=adaptIdx(idx2); if (idx1==idx2 && idx1<0) continue; if (idx1<0) idx1 = -idx1-1; if (idx2<0) idx2 = -idx2-2; DiskMinMaxSumIndex ind = rmqs.get(reference)[row]; if (idx1<ind.length()) { idx2 = Math.min(idx2,ind.length()-1); re = Math.min(re,ind.getValue(ind.getMinIndex(idx1, idx2))); } } return Double.isInfinite(re)?Double.NaN:re; } catch (IOException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); } } @Override public double getSum(ReferenceSequence reference, GenomicRegion region, int row) { if (!positions.containsKey(reference)) return Double.NaN; try { double re = 0; for (int p=0; p<region.getNumParts(); p++) { int idx1 = positions.get(reference).binarySearch(region.getStart(p)); int idx2 = positions.get(reference).binarySearch(region.getStop(p)); idx1=adaptIdx(idx1); idx2=adaptIdx(idx2); if (idx1==idx2 && idx1<0) continue; if (idx1<0) idx1 = -idx1-1; if (idx2<0) idx2 = -idx2-2; DiskMinMaxSumIndex ind = rmqs.get(reference)[row]; if (idx1<ind.length()) { idx2 = Math.min(idx2,ind.length()-1); re += ind.getSum(idx1, idx2); } } return re; } catch (IOException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); } } @Override public double getMean(ReferenceSequence reference, GenomicRegion region, int row) { return getSum(reference, region, row)/region.getTotalLength(); } @Override public double getAvailableMean(ReferenceSequence reference, GenomicRegion region, int row) { if (!positions.containsKey(reference)) return Double.NaN; try { double re = 0; int n = 0; for (int p=0; p<region.getNumParts(); p++) { int idx1 = positions.get(reference).binarySearch(region.getStart(p)); int idx2 = positions.get(reference).binarySearch(region.getStop(p)); idx1=adaptIdx(idx1); idx2=adaptIdx(idx2); if (idx1==idx2 && idx1<0) continue; if (idx1<0) idx1 = -idx1-1; if (idx2<0) idx2 = -idx2-2; DiskMinMaxSumIndex ind = rmqs.get(reference)[row]; if (idx1<ind.length()) { idx2 = Math.min(idx2,ind.length()-1); re += ind.getSum(idx1, idx2); n+=idx2-idx1+1; } } return re/n; } catch (IOException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); } } }	25,670
https://github.com/AhmedMohamedAbdelaal/start.net/blob/master/Start.Net/RequestModels/Charges/GetChargeRequest.cs	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	2,017	start.net	AhmedMohamedAbdelaal	C#	Code	47	168	using Newtonsoft.Json; namespace Start.Net.RequestModels.Charges { public class GetChargeRequest : RequestBase { public GetChargeRequest() { base.UriTemplate = "/charges/{0}"; base.HttpMethod = System.Net.WebRequestMethods.Http.Get; } private string chargeId; [JsonProperty("id")] public string ChargeId { get { return chargeId; } set { chargeId = value; base.Uri = string.Format(base.UriTemplate, chargeId); } } } }	42,331
wt949fh4367_1	GATT_library	Open Government	Various open data	1,983	Problemes du Commerce des Metaux et Mineraux non Ferreux : Projet de Decision Revise	None	French	Spoken	196	357	RESTRICTED ACCORD GENERAL SUR LES TARIFS C/W/410/Rev.1 DOUANIERS ET LE COMMERCE 6 avril 1983 Distribution limit6e CONSEIL 20 avril 1983 PROBLEMES DU COMMERCE DES METAUX ET MINERAUX NON FERREUX Projet de decision revise 1. Conform6ment à la decision adoptee le 29 novembre 1982 par les PARTIES CONTRACTANTES au sujet des problems du commerce de certains produits provenant des ressources naturelles, y compris sous forme de produits semi-transform6s ou transforms (L/5424, page 13), le Conseil decide qu'afin de faciliter les travaux pr6vus, le secretariat proc6dera à une etude de base sur les problems du commerce des m6taux et min6raux non ferreux, qui se rapportent aux droits de douane, aux mesures non tarifaires et aux autres facteurs affectant le commerce. 2. Le Conseil invite le Directeur general a proc6der aux consultations appropri6es avec toutes organisations intergouvernementales et tous experts, afin d'obtenir les renseignements n6cessaires à la r6alisation de l'6tude. Le Conseil invite les delegations int6ress6es a fournir au secretariat tous renseignements dont il pourrait avoir besoin pour faire une etude complete et exacte. 3. Le Conseil examiner l'etude faite par le secretariat d3s qu'elle sera achev6e en vue de recommander, dans les d6tais convenes, des solutions possibles. 83-0711.	36,410
https://github.com/M-Yankov/UniversityStudentSystem/blob/master/UniversityStudentSystem/Web/UniversityStudentSystem.Web/Controllers/BaseController.cs	Github Open Source	Open Source	MIT	null	UniversityStudentSystem	M-Yankov	C#	Code	59	207	namespace UniversityStudentSystem.Web.Controllers { using System.Web.Mvc; using AutoMapper; using HelperProviders; using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity; using UniversityStudentSystem.Web.Infrastructure.Mapping; public abstract class BaseController : Controller { protected IMapper Mapper { get { return AutoMapperConfig.Configuration.CreateMapper(); } } protected string UserId { get { if (!this.Request.IsAuthenticated) { return null; } return this.User.Identity.GetUserId(); } } protected UserManagement UserManagement { get { return new UserManagement(this.Server); } } } }	47,423
https://openalex.org/W4281772796	OpenAlex	Open Science	CC-By	2,022	Urinary tract diversion with gastric conduit after total pelvic exenteration for Crohn’s disease-related anorectal cancer: a case report	Kei Kimura	English	Spoken	4,211	7,541	© The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Background Crohn’s disease (CD)-related colorectal cancers occur at anorectal sites more frequently in Japan than in other countries. CD-related anorectal cancers include many Correspondence: k-kimura@hyo-med.ac.jp 1 Division of Lower G.I., Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1‑1 Mukogawa‑cho, Nishinomiya 663‑8501, Japan Full list of author information is available at the end of the article However, surgical treatment may be problematic because many anorectal cancers exhibit diffuse infil- tration or extraluminal progression within a narrow Abstract Background: In Japan, Crohn’s disease (CD)-related cancers occur most frequently in the anal canal. Many patients with advanced CD-related cancer require total pelvic exenteration (TPE) based on their medical history, and choos- ing the most effective method for urinary diversion is a major concern. We herein report the first case of CD-related cancer treatment with urinary diversion using a gastric conduit after TPE in Japan. Case presentation: A 51-year-old man with a 25 year history of CD was referred to our institution after having been diagnosed with fistulae between the rectum and urethra. Sigmoidoscopy revealed stenosis of the anal canal, and histological examination of this lesion led to a diagnosis of mucinous adenocarcinoma. Magnetic resonance imaging showed that the tumor had invaded the prostate and left internal obturator muscle, and TPE with left internal obtura- tor muscle resection was planned. Urinary diversion was performed with a gastric conduit. The gastric conduit was created by trimming a gastric tube to a 1.5 cm width via stapled resection of the greater curvature, and the branches of the right gastroepiploic artery were preserved as feeding vessels. The ureters were raised from the mesentery on the right side of the ligament of Treitz. Ureterogastric anastomosis was performed using the Wallace technique, and the entire anastomosis was then retroperitonealized. The anastomotic site had a bleeding tendency, but hemostasis was obtained by proton pump inhibitor administration and discontinuation of enoxaparin, which had been admin- istered to prevent venous thrombosis. No other major complications occurred, and the patient’s quality of life was recovered 6 months after surgery. Conclusion: Urinary diversion using a gastric conduit is a feasible treatment option for patients with CD-related anorectal cancer requiring TPE. Keywords: Gastric conduit, Total pelvic exenteration, Crohn’s disease, Anorectal cancer, Laparoscopic surgery, Urinary diversion Keywords: Gastric conduit, Total pelvic exenteration, Crohn’s disease, Anorectal cancer, Laparoscopic surgery, Urinary diversion advanced cases with T4 invasion, have aggressive histo- logical features such as mucinous and poorly differenti- ated types, and are known to have a poor prognosis [1, 2]. The mainstay of treatment for CD-related anorectal cancer is surgical intervention because of the insufficient outcomes of preoperative treatments such as chemother- apy and chemoradiotherapy [3]. CASE REPORT Open Access Urinary tract diversion with gastric conduit after total pelvic exenteration for Crohn’s disease‑related anorectal cancer: a case report Kei Kimura1 , Akihiro Kanematsu2, Masato Tomono2, Kozo Kataoka1, Naohito Beppu1, Motoi Uchino3, Hisashi Shinohara4, Hiroki Ikeuchi3, Shingo Yamamoto2 and Masataka Ikeda1 Kimura et al. Surgical Case Reports (2022) 8:107 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40792-022-01458-x Kimura et al. Surgical Case Reports (2022) 8:107 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40792-022-01458-x CASE REPORT Kimura et al. Surgical Case Reports (2022) 8:107 Page 2 of 6 and invaded the left obturator internus muscle (Fig. 1a, b). After a discussion at a multidisciplinary team meet- ing, we decided to perform laparoscopic TPE-combined resection of the left obturator internus muscle and a wide perineal skin incision concomitant with transanal total mesorectal excision. After removal of the tumor, reconstruction of the soft tissue and skin defect was planned using a vertical rectus abdominis myocutane- ous flap. Additionally, urinary diversion was planned using a gastric conduit instead of an ileal conduit. This surgical intervention was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Hyogo College of Medicine (ID: 80). Informed consent was obtained from the patient. pelvis and concomitant anorectal fistulae. These patients require total pelvic exenteration (TPE) with extensive perineal skin excision for curative resection [4]. Gener- ally, urinary diversion is performed with an ileal conduit, but the ileum cannot be used in patients with CD-related anorectal cancer because it is the site of predilection for CD [5]. Therefore, cutaneous ureterostomy or nephros- tomy is chosen for urinary diversion.fi Self-care of a cutaneous ureterostomy is difficult because urine is drained from two stomas, and one of the major problems is that the urinary stent can- not be removed because of the ureteral stricture. Some problems associated with a nephrostomy include the location of catheters in the back, the need for frequent replacement, and the risk of urinary infection, which sig- nificantly deteriorates patients’ quality of life (QOL) com- pared with an ileal conduit [6]. CD can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. In the duodenum and ileum, strictures are found in many cases and may prevent passage of the endoscope; however, ste- nosis rarely occurs in the stomach [7].i Five ports were placed as follows: 12 mm ports at the umbilicus, upper left quadrant, and lower right quadrant and 5 mm ports at the upper right quadrant and lower left quadrant. The abdominal phase of the operation was conducted using a medial-to-lateral approach. Next, we started the pelvic phase with dissection of the poste- rior wall of the rectum, which proceeded with the total mesorectal excision line until the levator ani muscle was visible. We herein describe the first case of urinary diversion in Japan using a gastric conduit after TPE for CD-related anorectal cancer. Lateral lymph node dissection was performed to obtain a clear lateral margin. The external iliac vessels, psoas muscle, obturator internus muscle, and pubic bone were exposed, and the parietal fascia was identified. The ure- terohypogastric fascia and vesicohypogastric fascia were then mobilized, and the umbilical artery and inferior vesical vessels were ligated at the root of the internal iliac vessels. The dissection was continued distally toward the internal pudendal vessels. The pudendal vessels and the inferior gluteal vessels were then ligated at the infrapiri- form foramen. Case presentation First, the dissection proceeded posteriorly toward the right laterally. Using the coccyx and gluteus maximus muscle as landmarks, the levator ani muscle was dissected and the retrorectal space was entered. Next, right-side dissec- tion was performed along the levator ani muscle, and we entered the right obturator space and identified the inter- nal pudendal vessels, where the endopelvic fascia was incised to proceed to the pelvic cavity (Fig. 2a). Finally, left sidewall dissection along with resection of the left- side obturator internus muscle was performed with the sciatic notch as the guide (Fig. 2b). From the abdominal side, in cooperation with the perineal team, we recog- nized the obturator foramen, the most important land- mark that goes deeper to resect the obturator muscle than with the conventional TPE procedure (Fig. 3a, b). We then proceeded and completed the dissection. urethra were ligated using a linear stapler. A 10-cm inci- sion was made and the specimen was extracted. Finally, the plastic surgeons performed the perineal recon- struction using the rectus abdominis muscle. At the same time, the urologist performed a urinary diversion through the abdominal wound. Case presentation A 51-year-old man with a 25-year history of CD was referred to our institution after having been diagnosed with fistulae between the rectum and urethra. Sigmoi- doscopy revealed stenosis of the anal canal with mucin production, and histological examination of this lesion led to a diagnosis of mucinous adenocarcinoma. Com- puted tomography showed no lymph node or distant metastasis. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed that the tumor involved the prostate and urethra and that fistulae had penetrated through the levator ani muscle At the same time, the transperineal approach was taken. The perineal skin including the anorectal fistulae was incised, the ischiorectal fat was dissected, and the Fig. 1 T2-weighted axial magnetic resonance images of the pelvis a The tumor, including a mucin pool, had spread to the prostate (yellow arrowheads). b Beyond the levator ani muscle, the tumor had invaded the obturator internus muscle on the left side (yellow arrowheads) Fig. 1 T2-weighted axial magnetic resonance images of the pelvis a The tumor, including a mucin pool, had spread to the prostate (yellow arrowheads). b Beyond the levator ani muscle, the tumor had invaded the obturator internus muscle on the left side (yellow arrowheads) Kimura et al. Surgical Case Reports (2022) 8:107 Page 3 of 6 rectal lumen was tightly closed and washed. A multi- access port (GelPOINT® Mini; Applied Medical, Ran- cho Santa Margarita, CA, USA) was then placed. First, the dissection proceeded posteriorly toward the right laterally. Using the coccyx and gluteus maximus muscle as landmarks, the levator ani muscle was dissected and the retrorectal space was entered. Next, right-side dissec- tion was performed along the levator ani muscle, and we entered the right obturator space and identified the inter- nal pudendal vessels, where the endopelvic fascia was incised to proceed to the pelvic cavity (Fig. 2a). Finally, left sidewall dissection along with resection of the left- side obturator internus muscle was performed with the sciatic notch as the guide (Fig. 2b). From the abdominal side, in cooperation with the perineal team, we recog- nized the obturator foramen, the most important land- mark that goes deeper to resect the obturator muscle than with the conventional TPE procedure (Fig. 3a, b). We then proceeded and completed the dissection. rectal lumen was tightly closed and washed. A multi- access port (GelPOINT® Mini; Applied Medical, Ran- cho Santa Margarita, CA, USA) was then placed. Urinary diversion 4 Trimming for establishment of gastric conduit a The incision line for the gastric conduit was determined. b The gas to establish a tube approximately 1.5 cm wide. c The stomach was cut away using a linear stapler to keep it straight toward Fig. 4 Trimming for establishment of gastric conduit a The incision line for the gastric conduit was determined. b The gastric conduit was marked to establish a tube approximately 1.5 cm wide. c The stomach was cut away using a linear stapler to keep it straight toward the fornix Fig. 5 Creation of gastric conduit a Both ends were trimmed, and the gastric conduit was 11 cm long. b The gastric conduit was 11 cm in diameter Fig. 5 Creation of gastric conduit a Both ends were trimmed, and the gastric conduit was 11 cm long. b The gastric conduit was 11 cm in diameter Fig. 5 Creation of gastric conduit a Both ends were trimmed, and the gastric conduit was 11 cm long. b The gastric cond 3. Ureterogastric anastomosis using the Wallace tech- nique was performed with isoperistaltic anastomosis (Fig. 6a, b). 3. Ureterogastric anastomosis using the Wallace tech- nique was performed with isoperistaltic anastomosis (Fig. 6a, b). We assessed the patient’s perioperative QOL using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal (FACT-C) instrument [8]. His QOL was lower at 1 month after the surgery and recovered at 6 months after the surgery. g 4. The entire ureterogastric anastomosis was placed ret- roperitoneally and covered by the greater omentum and retroperitoneum. The distal end of the conduit was brought up through the right upper quadrant stoma site, and the stoma was everted. 4. The entire ureterogastric anastomosis was placed ret- roperitoneally and covered by the greater omentum and retroperitoneum. The distal end of the conduit was brought up through the right upper quadrant stoma site, and the stoma was everted. Urinary diversion 1. Both ureters were pulled out from the retroperito- neum to the abdominal side through the mesentery of the small intestine on the right side of the ligament of Treitz. 2. The branch of the right gastroepiploic artery was preserved as a feeding vessel. From 2 cm above the pylorus, the stomach was transected vertically using a linear stapler, and a 1.5-cm-wide conduit along the greater curvature was created toward the for- nix (Fig. 4a–c). The gastric conduit was 11 cm long (Fig. 5a, b). The resection stump was buried. After both ureters were transected, the anterior dis- section was performed, and the dorsal vein complex and Fig. 2 Transanal total mesorectal excision a The rendezvous point is used to identify the internal pudendal vessels (yellow dashed line) from the perineal side. b The ischial spine (yellow dashed line) was identified, and the obturator internus muscle was dissected, exposing the bone Fig. 2 Transanal total mesorectal excision a The rendezvous point is used to identify the internal pudendal vessels (yellow dashed line) from the perineal side. b The ischial spine (yellow dashed line) was identified, and the obturator internus muscle was dissected, exposing the bone Fig. 3 Laparoscopic view a The rendezvous was performed with the perineal side based on the internal pudendal vessels (yellow dashed line). b The left internus obturator muscle was incised using the obturator nerve (yellow dashed line) and foramen (yellow arrowheads) as guides Fig. 3 Laparoscopic view a The rendezvous was performed with the perineal side based on the internal pudendal vessels (yellow dashed line). b The left internus obturator muscle was incised using the obturator nerve (yellow dashed line) and foramen (yellow arrowheads) as guides Kimura et al. Surgical Case Reports (2022) 8:107 Kimura et al. Surgical Case Reports Page 4 of 6 Fig. 4 Trimming for establishment of gastric conduit a The incision line for the gastric conduit was determined. b The gastric conduit was marked to establish a tube approximately 1.5 cm wide. c The stomach was cut away using a linear stapler to keep it straight toward the fornix Fig. 4 Trimming for establishment of gastric conduit a The incision line for the gastric conduit was determined. b The gastric conduit was marked to establish a tube approximately 1.5 cm wide. c The stomach was cut away using a linear stapler to keep it straight toward the fornix Fig. Discussion We have herein reported a case of urinary diversion using a gastric conduit after TPE for CD-related anorectal can- cer. This intervention is the first to be reported in Japan to date, and it showed good results in terms of safety and efficacy. The operating time was 883 min, and the blood loss vol- ume was 1520 mL. Pathologic examination of the speci- men showed a negative circumferential resection margin. Postoperatively, the patient developed Clavien–Dindo grade II functional dyspepsia and grade II ureterogas- tric anastomotic bleeding, which required administra- tion of a proton pump inhibitor and discontinuation of enoxaparin. Grade III lymphatic leakage requiring com- puted tomography-guided puncture was also observed. The patient was discharged from the hospital 51 days after surgery. Six months after the surgical resection, he showed no evidence of recurrence. fi CD-related cancers in Japan are characterized by a high incidence in the anorectal canal. The main problem in the treatment of CD-related anorectal cancer is that the ileum, which is the site of predilection for CD, cannot be used as the urinary diversion after TPE [9, 10]. No reports have described the problems posed by uri- nary diversion after TPE in patients with CD-related anorectal cancer. However, our institution experienced seven cases of extended surgery that required excision of adjacent organs for treatment of CD-related anorectal Kimura et al. Surgical Case Reports (2022) 8:107 Kimura et al. Surgical Case Reports Page 5 of 6 Fig. 6 Ureterogastric anastomosis a Both ureters were pulled out from the retroperitoneum to the abdominal side through the mesentery of the small intestine on the right side of the ligament of Treitz. b Ureterogastric anastomosis using the Wallace technique was performed with isoperistaltic anastomosis. The anastomotic site was retroperitonealized Fig. 6 Ureterogastric anastomosis a Both ureters were pulled out from the retroperitoneum to the abdominal side through the mesentery of the small intestine on the right side of the ligament of Treitz. b Ureterogastric anastomosis using the Wallace technique was performed with isoperistaltic anastomosis. The anastomotic site was retroperitonealized cancers from 2017 to 2021 (Table 1), and the method of urinary diversion after TPE was a very important issue. Five patients underwent TPE, and until the present case, a cutaneous ureterostomy was performed in one patient and a nephrostomy was performed in four patients. The patient with the cutaneous ureterostomy could not undergo stent removal because of ureteral stenosis. Funding Funding We declare that no authors received funding for this study. Discussion Endoscopy from the gastric conduit showed ureterogastric anasto- mosis, bleeding of which is difficult to control by endos- copy; however, the patient was treated with a proton pump inhibitor and discontinued enoxaparin to prevent postoperative venous thrombosis. The patient’s QOL improved at 6 months after surgery. No other severe postoperative complications occurred. since been scarce except for a recent one indicating the usefulness of a gastric conduit in patients with inflamma- tory bowel disease [12]. We therefore performed urinary diversion using a gastric conduit in our patient. Upper gastrointestinal and urologic surgeons worked together to perform this surgical intervention, and no problems arose during the procedure. With respect to complica- tions, the patient developed grade II functional dyspep- sia and was prescribed rikkunshito, a traditional Japanese medicine. Additionally, by receiving supportive therapy including nutritional guidance regarding food intake, the patient’s symptom resolved before he was discharged. Grade II anastomotic bleeding also occurred. Endoscopy from the gastric conduit showed ureterogastric anasto- mosis, bleeding of which is difficult to control by endos- copy; however, the patient was treated with a proton pump inhibitor and discontinued enoxaparin to prevent postoperative venous thrombosis. The patient’s QOL improved at 6 months after surgery. No other severe postoperative complications occurred. References 1. Ikeuchi H, Nakano H, Uchino M, Nakamura M, Matsuoka H, Fukuda Y, et al. Intestinal cancer in Crohn’s disease. Hepatogastroenterology. 2008;55:2121–4. 2. Ueda T, Inoue T, Nakamoto T, Nishigori N, Kuge H, Sasaki Y, et al. Anorectal cancer in Crohn’s disease has a poor prognosis due to its advanced stage and aggressive histological features: a systematic literature review of Japanese patients. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2020;51:1–9. 2. Ueda T, Inoue T, Nakamoto T, Nishigori N, Kuge H, Sasaki Y, et al. Anorectal cancer in Crohn’s disease has a poor prognosis due to its advanced stage and aggressive histological features: a systematic literature review of Japanese patients. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2020;51:1–9. 3. McCawley N, Clancy C, O’Neill BDP, Deasy J, McNamara DA, Burke JP. Mucinous rectal adenocarcinoma is associated with a poor response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016;59:1200–8. 4. Pogacnik JS, Salgado G. Perianal Crohn’s disease. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2019;32:377–85. Availability of data and materials Not applicable Availability of data and materials Not applicable. Acknowledgements 10. Dahl DM, McDougal WS. Use of intestinal segments in urinary diver- sion. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA, editors. Campbell-walsh urology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2011. p. 2436. 10. Dahl DM, McDougal WS. Use of intestinal segments in urinary diver- sion. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA, editors. Campbell-walsh urology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2011. p. 2436. Author contributions KK drafted the manuscript. AK, HS, and MI determined the treatment plan. MT, KK, and NB managed the perioperative course. MU and HI were involved in drafting the manuscript. MI supervised the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 11. Leong CH. Use of the stomach for bladder replacement and urinary diversion. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1978;60:283–9. 11. Leong CH. Use of the stomach for bladder replacement and urinary diversion. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1978;60:283–9. 12. Ivaz S, Bugeja S, Frost A, Jeffrey N, Lomiteng A, Dragova M, et al. When all else fails - a gastric urinary conduit. J Urol. 2019;201:e884–5. 12. Ivaz S, Bugeja S, Frost A, Jeffrey N, Lomiteng A, Dragova M, et al. When all else fails - a gastric urinary conduit. J Urol. 2019;201:e884–5. Discussion In two of the patients with a nephrostomy, the procedure could not be performed intraoperatively because they did not have hydronephrosis, and repuncture was required the day after the surgery. Puncture was also very difficult in the other two patients. In addition, these patients were in the working age population and experienced a mark- edly deteriorated QOL because cutaneous ureterostomy and nephrostomy are known to be more difficult to man- age than an ileal conduit.h The feasibility of using a gastric conduit was reported in 1978 [11]. However, reports on gastric conduits have Table 1 Crohn’s disease-related anorectal cancer requiring combined resection of adjacent organs in our institution C–D Clavien–Dindo, TPE total pelvic exenteration, TPES total pelvic exenteration with sacrectomy, APR abdominal perineal resection Sex Age (years) Type of operation Combined resection Urinary diversion Operative time (min) Blood loss (mL) Complication (C–D grade) Postoperative length of stay (days) Female 38 TPE Vagina Cutaneous ureter- ostomy 798 1750 II 41 Male 40 TPES Sacrum (below S4) Left obturator internus muscle Nephrostomy 998 735 IIIa (ileus) 42 Male 36 TPE Penis Right obturator internus muscle Nephrostomy 979 230 II 52 Male 47 TPES Sacrum (below S4) Nephrostomy 936 320 IIIa (lymphatic leakage) 40 Male 48 TPE Left obturator internus muscle Nephrostomy 783 530 IIIa (lymphatic leakage) 42 Male 60 APR Prostate Seminal vesicle Cystostomy 886 840 II 32 Male 50 TPE Left obturator internus muscle Gastric conduit 883 1520 IIIa (lymphatic leakage) 51 C–D Clavien–Dindo, TPE total pelvic exenteration, TPES total pelvic exenteration with sacrectomy, APR abdominal perineal resection Kimura et al. Surgical Case Reports (2022) 8:107 Kimura et al. Surgical Case Reports (2022) 8:107 Kimura et al. Surgical Case Reports (2022) 8:107 Page 6 of 6 since been scarce except for a recent one indicating the usefulness of a gastric conduit in patients with inflamma- tory bowel disease [12]. We therefore performed urinary diversion using a gastric conduit in our patient. Upper gastrointestinal and urologic surgeons worked together to perform this surgical intervention, and no problems arose during the procedure. With respect to complica- tions, the patient developed grade II functional dyspep- sia and was prescribed rikkunshito, a traditional Japanese medicine. Additionally, by receiving supportive therapy including nutritional guidance regarding food intake, the patient’s symptom resolved before he was discharged. Grade II anastomotic bleeding also occurred. Conclusion 5. Kocot A, Vergho DC, Riedmiller H. Use of bowel segments for ureter reconstruction. Urologe A. 2012;51:928–36. When an ileal conduit cannot be used for urinary diver- sion in patients with CD-related anorectal cancer, uri- nary diversion using a gastric conduit can be a feasible and valuable treatment option. 6. Joshi HB, Adams S, Obadeyi OO, Rao PN. Nephrostomy tube or “JJ” ureteric stent in ureteric obstruction: assessment of patient perspectives using quality-of-life survey and utility analysis. Eur Urol. 2001;39:695–701. 7. Laube R, Liu K, Schifter M, Yang JL, Suen MK, Leong RW. Oral and upper gastrointestinal Crohn’s disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;33:355–64. 8. Ward WL, Hahn EA, Mo F, Hernandez L, Tulsky DS, Cella D. Reliability and validity of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal (FACT-C) quality of life instrument. Qual Life Res. 1999;8:181–95. Abbreviations CD: Crohn’s disease; TPE: Total pelvic exenteration; QOL: Quality of life. Abbreviations CD: Crohn’s disease; TPE: Total pelvic exenteration; QOL: Quality of life. q y 9. Prabhakaran S, Finalyson A, Andersion PD, Hayes IP. Crohn’s disease involving ileal conduit: a case report. ANZ J Surg. 2019;89:E220–1. Acknowledgements We thank Angela Morben, DVM, ELS, from Edanz (https://jp.edanz.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript. Acknowledgements We thank Angela Morben, DVM, ELS, from Edanz (https://jp.edanz.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript. Acknowledgements We thank Angela Morben, DVM, ELS, from Edanz (https://jp.edanz.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript. Acknowledgements We thank Angela Morben, DVM, ELS, from Edanz (https://jp.edanz.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript. Consent for publication Consent for publication Informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this report. Author details 1 1 Division of Lower G.I., Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1‑1 Mukogawa‑cho, Nishinomiya 663‑8501, Japan. 2 Department of Urology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1‑1 Mukogawa‑cho, Nishinomiya 663‑8501, Japan. 3 Division of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Sur- gery, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1‑1 Mukogawa‑cho, Nishinomiya 663‑8501, Japan. 4 Division of Upper G.I, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1‑1 Mukogawa‑cho, Nishinomiya 663‑8501, Japan. Received: 28 March 2022 Accepted: 18 May 2022 Received: 28 March 2022 Accepted: 18 May 2022 Publisher’s Note S Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in pub- lished maps and institutional affiliations. Ethics approval and consent to participate pp p p This study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Competing interests Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.	41,938

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Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.

SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus

The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.

SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus

This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.

SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus

This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.

Filtered English Wikipedia Articles

Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.

Filtered English Open Web Texts

Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.

Filtered English Open Culture Texts

Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.

Random English Texts <6500 Ch

Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.

List of Languages

Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.