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<urn:uuid:f81be741-c3bb-4d88-940b-dfcdb0e720ba>
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Various open data
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https://www.ina.fr/ina-eclaire-actu/video/i12094861/georges-thill-a-propos-du-trac
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ina.fr
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French
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Spoken
| 59 | 105 |
Georges Thill à propos du trac
Contre ut - 11.12.1977 - 06:45 - vidéo
Sur le plateau de l'émission Bon dimanche, en compagnie de Serge LIFAR et Emmanuel BONDEVILLE, Georges THILL parle du trac, qui peut intervenir avant l'interprétation, mais aussi pendant. Il écoute ensuite un enregistrement de lui datant d'il y a quarante ans.
Georges Thill,
Emmanuel Bondeville
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US-34578008-A_4
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,008 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,318 | 11,538 |
Chimeric oligomeric compounds typically contain at least one region modified so as to confer increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. An additional region of the oligomeric compound may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, an oligomeric compound may be designed to comprise a region that serves as a substrate for RNase H. RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H by an oligomeric compound having a cleavage region, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the oligomeric compound. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter oligomeric compounds having substrate regions when chimeras are used, compared to for example phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides hybridizing to the same target region. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art.
Chimeric oligomeric compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, oligonucleotide mimics, oligonucleotide analogs, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide mimetics as described above. Such oligomeric compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids, hemimers, gapmers or inverted gapmers. Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,830; 5,149,797; 5,220,007; 5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350; 5,623,065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The conformation of modified nucleosides and their oligomers can be estimated by various methods such as molecular dynamics calculations, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and CD measurements. Hence, modifications predicted to induce RNA-like conformations (A-form duplex geometry in an oligomeric context), are useful in the oligomeric compounds of the present invention. The synthesis of modified nucleosides amenable to the present invention are known in the art (see for example, Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides Vol 1-3, ed. Leroy B. Townsend, 1988, Plenum Press.)
In one aspect, the present invention is directed to oligomeric compounds that are designed to have enhanced properties compared to native RNA. One method to design optimized or enhanced oligomeric compounds involves each nucleoside of the selected sequence being scrutinized for possible enhancing modifications. One modification would be the replacement of one or more RNA nucleosides with nucleosides that have the same 3′-endo conformational geometry. Such modifications can enhance chemical and nuclease stability relative to native RNA while at the same time being much cheaper and easier to synthesize and/or incorporate into an oligonucleotide. The sequence can be further divided into regions and the nucleosides of each region evaluated for enhancing modifications that can be the result of a chimeric configuration. Consideration is also given to the 5′ and 3′-termini as there are often advantageous modifications that can be made to one or more of the terminal nucleosides. The oligomeric compounds of the present invention may include at least one 5′-modified phosphate group on a single strand or on at least one 5′-position of a double-stranded sequence or sequences. Other modifications considered are internucleoside linkages, conjugate groups, substitute sugars or bases, substitution of one or more nucleosides with nucleoside mimetics and any other modification that can enhance the desired property of the oligomeric compound.
One synthetic 2′-modification that imparts increased nuclease resistance and a very high binding affinity to nucleotides is the 2-methoxyethoxy (2′-MOE, 2′-OCH₂CH₂OCH₃) side chain (Baker et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 11944-12000). One of the immediate advantages of the 2′-MOE substitution is the improvement in binding affinity, which is greater than many similar 2′ modifications such as O-methyl, O-propyl, and O-aminopropyl. Oligonucleotides having the 2′-O-methoxyethyl substituent also have been shown to be antisense inhibitors of gene expression with promising features for in vivo use (Martin, P., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504; Altmann et al., Chimia, 1996, 50, 168-176; Altmann et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans., 1996, 24, 630-637; and Altmann et al., Nucleosides Nucleotides, 1997, 16, 917-926). Relative to DNA, the oligonucleotides having the 2′-MOE modification displayed improved RNA affinity and higher nuclease resistance. Chimeric oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE substituents in the wing nucleosides and an internal region of deoxy-phosphorothioate nucleotides (also termed a gapped oligonucleotide or gapmer) have shown effective reduction in the growth of tumors in animal models at low doses. 2′-MOE substituted oligonucleotides have also shown outstanding promise as antisense agents in several disease states. One such MOE substituted oligonucleotide is presently being investigated in clinical trials for the treatment of CMV retinitis.
Unless otherwise defined herein, alkyl means C₁-C₁₂, C₁-C₈, or C₁-C₆, straight or (where possible) branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbyl.
Unless otherwise defined herein, heteroalkyl means C₁-C₁₂, C₁-C₈, or C₁-C₆, straight or (where possible) branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbyl containing at least one, or about 1 to about 3 hetero atoms in the chain, including the terminal portion of the chain. Suitable heteroatoms include N, O and S.
Unless otherwise defined herein, cycloalkyl means C₃-C₁₂, C₃-C₈, or C₃-C₆, aliphatic hydrocarbyl ring.
Unless otherwise defined herein, alkenyl means C₂-C₁₂, C₂-C₈, or C₂-C₆ alkenyl, which may be straight or (where possible) branched hydrocarbyl moiety, which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
Unless otherwise defined herein, alkynyl means C₂-C₁₂, C₂-C₈, or C₂-C₆ alkynyl, which may be straight or (where possible) branched hydrocarbyl moiety, which contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
Unless otherwise defined herein, heterocycloalkyl means a ring moiety containing at least three ring members, at least one of which is carbon, and of which 1, 2 or three ring members are other than carbon. The number of carbon atoms can vary from 1 to about 12, from 1 to about 6, and the total number of ring members varies from three to about 15, or from about 3 to about 8. Suitable ring heteroatoms are N, O and S. Suitable heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperidinyl, homopiperazinyl, homomorpholino, homothiomorpholino, pyrrolodinyl, tetrahydrooxazolyl, tetrahydroimidazolyl, tetrahydrothiazolyl, tetrahydroisoxazolyl, tetrahydropyrrazolyl, furanyl, pyranyl, and tetrahydroisothiazolyl.
Unless otherwise defined herein, aryl means any hydrocarbon ring structure containing at least one aryl ring. Suitable aryl rings have about 6 to about 20 ring carbons. Especially suitable aryl rings include phenyl, napthyl, anthracenyl, and phenanthrenyl.
Unless otherwise defined herein, hetaryl means a ring moiety containing at least one fully unsaturated ring, the ring consisting of carbon and non-carbon atoms. The ring system can contain about 1 to about 4 rings. The number of carbon atoms can vary from 1 to about 12, from 1 to about 6, and the total number of ring members varies from three to about 15, or from about 3 to about 8. Suitable ring heteroatoms are N, O and S. Suitable hetaryl moieties include, but are not limited to, pyrazolyl, thiophenyl, pyridyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, purinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiophenyl, etc.
Unless otherwise defined herein, where a moiety is defined as a compound moiety, such as hetarylalkyl (hetaryl and alkyl), aralkyl (aryl and alkyl), etc., each of the sub-moieties is as defined herein.
Unless otherwise defined herein, an electron withdrawing group is a group, such as the cyano or isocyanato group that draws electronic charge away from the carbon to which it is attached. Other electron withdrawing groups of note include those whose electronegativities exceed that of carbon, for example halogen, nitro, or phenyl substituted in the ortho- or para-position with one or more cyano, isothiocyanato, nitro or halo groups.
Unless otherwise defined herein, the terms halogen and halo have their ordinary meanings. Suitable halo (halogen) substituents are Cl, Br, and I.
The aforementioned optional substituents are, unless otherwise herein defined, suitable substituents depending upon desired properties. Included are halogens (Cl, Br, I), alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl moieties, NO₂, NH₃ (substituted and unsubstituted), acid moieties (e.g. —CO₂H, —OSO₃H₂, etc.), heterocycloalkyl moieties, hetaryl moieties, aryl moieties, etc.
In all the preceding formulae, the squiggle (˜) indicates a bond to an oxygen or sulfur of the 5′-phosphate.
Phosphate protecting groups include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,209, U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,621, U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,699, U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,475, U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,478, U.S. Pat. No. 6,169,177, U.S. Pat. No. 6,121,437, U.S. Pat. No. 6,465,628 each of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Screening methods for the identification of effective modulators of small non-coding RNAs are also comprehended by the instant invention and comprise the steps of contacting a small non-coding RNA, or portion thereof, with one or more candidate modulators, and selecting for one or more candidate modulators which decrease or increase the levels, expression or alter the function of the small non-coding RNA. Once it is shown that the candidate modulator or modulators are capable of modulating (e.g. either decreasing or increasing) the levels, expression or altering the function of the small non-coding RNA, the modulator may then be employed in further investigative studies, or for use as a target validation, research, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent in accordance with the present invention.
Screening methods for the identification of small non-coding RNA mimics are also within the scope of the invention. Screening for small non-coding RNA modulators or mimics can also be performed in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo by contacting samples, tissues, cells or organisms with candidate modulators or mimics and selecting for one or more candidate modulators which show modulatory effects.
Design and Screening of Duplexed Oligomeric Compounds:
In screening and target validation studies, oligomeric compounds of the invention can be used in combination with their respective complementary strand oligomeric compound to form stabilized double-stranded (duplexed) oligonucleotides. In accordance with the present invention, a series of duplexes comprising the oligomeric compounds of the present invention and their complements can be designed to target a small non-coding RNA. The ends of the strands may be modified by the addition of one or more natural or modified nucleobases to form an overhang. The sense strand of the dsRNA is then designed and synthesized as the complement of the antisense strand and may also contain modifications or additions to either terminus. For example, in some embodiments, both strands of the duplex would be complementary over the central nucleobases, each having overhangs at one or both termini, as described supra.
In some embodiments, a duplex comprising an antisense strand having the sequence CGAGAGGCGGACGGGACCG (SEQ ID NO:2181) may be prepared with blunt ends (no single stranded overhang) as shown:
In other embodiments, a duplex comprising an antisense strand having the sequence CGAGAGGCGGACGGGACCG, having a two-nucleobase overhang of deoxythymidine (dT) and its complement sense strand may be prepared with overhangs as shown:
RNA strands of the duplex can be synthesized by methods disclosed herein or purchased from Dharmacon Research Inc., (Lafayette, Colo.).
For use in drug discovery, oligomeric compounds of the present invention are used to elucidate relationships that exist between small non-coding RNAs, genes or proteins and a disease state, phenotype, or condition. These methods include detecting or modulating a target comprising contacting a sample, tissue, cell, or organism with the oligomeric compounds and compositions of the present invention, measuring the levels of the target and/or the levels of downstream gene products including mRNA or proteins encoded thereby, a related phenotypic or chemical endpoint at some time after treatment, and optionally comparing the measured value to an untreated sample, a positive control or a negative control. These methods can also be performed in parallel or in combination with other experiments to determine the function of unknown genes for the process of target validation or to determine the validity of a particular gene product as a target for treatment or prevention of a disease.
The oligomeric compounds and compositions of the present invention can additionally be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, prophylaxis and as research reagents and kits. Such uses allows for those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular non-coding or coding nucleic acids or to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway.
For use in kits and diagnostics, the oligomeric compounds and compositions of the present invention, either alone or in combination with other compounds or therapeutics, can be used as tools in differential and/or combinatorial analyses to elucidate expression patterns of a portion or the entire complement of non-coding or coding nucleic acids expressed within cells and tissues.
As one non-limiting example, expression patterns within cells or tissues treated with one or more oligomeric compounds or compositions of the invention are compared to control cells or tissues not treated with the compounds or compositions and the patterns produced are analyzed for differential levels of nucleic acid expression as they pertain, for example, to disease association, signaling pathway, cellular localization, expression level, size, structure or function of the genes examined. These analyses can be performed on stimulated or unstimulated cells and in the presence or absence of other compounds that affect expression patterns.
Cell Culture and Oligonucleotide Treatment:
The effects of oligomeric compounds on target nucleic acid expression or function can be tested in any of a variety of cell types provided that the target nucleic acid is present at measurable levels. This can be readily determined by methods routine in the art, for example Northern blot analysis, ribonuclease protection assays, or real-time RT-PCR. The following cell types are provided for illustrative purposes, but other cell types can be routinely used, provided that the target is present in the cell type chosen.
T-24 Cells:
The human transitional cell bladder carcinoma cell line T-24 is obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). T-24 cells were routinely cultured in complete McCoy's 5A basal media (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.), penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. For Northern blotting or other analyses, cells harvested when they reached 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872) at a density of 7000 cells/well for use in real-time RT-PCR analysis.
A549 Cells:
The human lung carcinoma cell line A549 is obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). A549 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM basal media (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.), penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence.
HMECs:
Normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) are obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassus, Va.). HMECs are routinely cultured in DMEM high glucose (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells are routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reach approximately 90% confluence. HMECs are plated in 24-well plates (Falcon-Primaria # 353047, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of 50,000-60,000 cells per well, and allowed to attach overnight prior to treatment with oligomeric compounds. HMECs are plated in 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of approximately 10,000 cells per well and allowed to attach overnight prior to treatment with oligomeric compounds.
MCF7 Cells:
The breast carcinoma cell line MCF7 is obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassus, Va.). MCF7 cells are routinely cultured in DMEM high glucose (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells are routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reach approximately 90% confluence. MCF7 cells are plated in 24-well plates (Falcon-Primaria # 353047, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of approximately 140,000 cells per well, and allowed to attach overnight prior to treatment with oligomeric compounds. MCF7 cells are plated in 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of approximately 20,000 cells per well and allowed to attach overnight prior to treatment with oligomeric compounds.
T47D Cells:
The breast carcinoma cell line T47D is obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassus, Va.). T47D cells are deficient in expression of the tumor suppressor gene p53. T47D cells are cultured in DMEM high glucose (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells are routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reach approximately 90% confluence. T47D cells are plated in 24-well plates (Falcon-Primaria # 353047, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of approximately 170,000 cells per well, and allowed to attach overnight prior to treatment with oligomeric compounds. T47D cells are plated in 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of approximately 20,000 cells per well and allowed to attach overnight prior to treatment with oligomeric compounds.
BJ Cells:
The normal human foreskin fibroblast BJ cell line was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassus, Va.). BJ cells were routinely cultured in MEM high glucose with 2 mM L-glutamine and Earle's BSS adjusted to contain 1.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate and supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids and 1.0 mM sodium pyruvate (all media and supplements from Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached approximately 80% confluence. Cells were plated on collagen-coated 24-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3047, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at approximately 50,000 cells per well, and allowed to attach to wells overnight.
B16-F10 Cells:
The mouse melanoma cell line B16-F10 was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.). B16-F10 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM high glucose (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached approximately 80% confluence. Cells were seeded into collagen-coated 24-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3047, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at approximately 50,000 cells per well and allowed to attach overnight.
HUVECs:
Human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) are obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassus, Va.). HUVECs are routinely cultured in EBM (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville, Md.) supplemented with SingleQuots supplements (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville, Md.). Cells are routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reach approximately 90% confluence and are maintained for up to 15 passages. HUVECs are plated at approximately 3000 cells/well in 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) and treated with oligomeric compounds one day later.
NHDF Cells:
Human neonatal dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells are obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville, Md.). NHDFs were routinely maintained in Fibroblast Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville, Md.) supplemented as recommended by the supplier. Cells were maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.
HEK Cells:
Human embryonic keratinocytes (HEK) are obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville, Md.). HEKs were routinely maintained in Keratinocyte Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville, Md.) formulated as recommended by the supplier. Cells were routinely maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.
293T Cells:
The human 293T cell line is obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.). 293T cells are a highly transfectable cell line constitutively expressing the simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen. 293T cells were maintained in Dulbeccos' Modified Medium (DMEM) (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and antibiotics (Life Technologies).
HepG2 Cells:
The human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 is obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). HepG2 cells are routinely cultured in Eagle's MEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1 mM non-essential amino acids, and 1 mM sodium pyruvate (medium and all supplements from Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells are routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reach approximately 90% confluence. For treatment with oligomeric compounds, cells are seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of approximately 7000 cells/well prior to treatment with oligomeric compounds. For the caspase assay, cells are seeded into collagen coated 96-well plates (BIOCOAT cellware, Collagen type I, B-D #354407/356407, Becton Dickinson, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of 7500 cells/well.
Preadipocytes:
Human preadipocytes are obtained from Zen-Bio, Inc. (Research Triangle Park, N.C.). Preadipocytes were routinely maintained in Preadipocyte Medium (ZenBio, Inc., Research Triangle Park, N.C.) supplemented with antibiotics as recommended by the supplier. Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. Cells were routinely maintained for up to 5 passages as recommended by the supplier. To induce differentiation of preadipocytes, cells are then incubated with differentiation media consisting of Preadipocyte Medium further supplemented with 2% more fetal bovine serum (final total of 12%), amino acids, 100 nM insulin, 0.5 mM IBMX, 1 μM dexamethasone and 1 μM BRL49653. Cells are left in differentiation media for 3-5 days and then re-fed with adipocyte media consisting of Preadipocyte Medium supplemented with 33 μM biotin, 17 μM pantothenate, 100 nM insulin and 1 μM dexamethasone. Cells differentiate within one week. At this point cells are ready for treatment with the oligomeric compounds of the invention. One day prior to transfection, 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) are seeded with approximately 3000 cells/well prior to treatment with oligomeric compounds.
Differentiated Adipocytes:
Human adipocytes are obtained from Zen-Bio, Inc. (Research Triangle Park, N.C.). Adipocytes were routinely maintained in Adipocyte Medium (ZenBio, Inc., Research Triangle Park, N.C.) supplemented with antibiotics as recommended by the supplier. Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. Cells were routinely maintained for up to 5 passages as recommended by the supplier.
NT2 Cells:
The NT2 cell line is obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassa, Va.). The NT2 cell line, which has the ATCC designation NTERA-2 c1.D1, is a pluripotent human testicular embryonal carcinoma cell line derived by cloning the NTERA-2 cell line. The parental NTERA-2 line was established in 1980 from a nude mouse xenograft of the Tera-2 cell line (ATCC HTB-106). NT2 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. For Northern blotting or other analyses, cells harvested when they reached 90% confluence.
HeLa Cells:
The human epitheloid carcinoma cell line HeLa is obtained from the American Tissue Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.). HeLa cells were routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. For Northern blotting or other analyses, cells were harvested when they reached 90% confluence.
For Northern blotting or other analysis, cells may be seeded onto 100 mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide.
Treatment with Antisense Oligomeric Compounds:
In general, when cells reach approximately 80% confluency, they are treated with oligomeric compounds of the invention. Oligomeric compounds are introduced into cells using the cationic lipid transfection reagent LIPOFECTIN™ (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Oligomeric compounds are mixed with LIPOFECTIN™ in OPTI-MEM™ (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) to achieve the desired final concentration of oligomeric compound and LIPOFECTIN™. Before adding to cells, the oligomeric compound, LIPOFECTIN™ and OPTI-MEM™ are mixed thoroughly and incubated for approximately 0.5 hrs. The medium is removed from the plates and the plates are tapped on sterile gauze. Each well of a 96-well plate is washed with 150 μl of phosphate-buffered saline or Hank's balanced salt solution. Each well of a 24-well plate is washed with 250 μL of phosphate-buffered saline or Hank's balanced salt solution. The wash buffer in each well is replaced with 100 μL or 250 μL of the oligomeric compound/OPTI-MEM™/LIPOFECTIN™ cocktail for 96-well or 24-well plates, respectively. Untreated control cells receive LIPOFECTIN™ only. The plates are incubated for approximately 4 to 7 hours at 37° C., after which the medium is removed and the plates are tapped on sterile gauze. 100 μl or 1 mL of full growth medium is added to each well of a 96-well plate or a 24-well plate, respectively. Cells are harvested 16-24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment, at which time RNA can be isolated and target reduction measured by real-time RT-PCR, or other phenotypic assays performed. In general, data from treated cells are obtained in triplicate, and results presented as an average of the three trials.
In some embodiments, cells are transiently transfected with oligomeric compounds of the instant invention. In some embodiments, cells are transfected and selected for stable expression of an oligomeric compound of the instant invention.
The concentration of oligonucleotide used varies from cell line to cell line. To determine the optimal oligonucleotide concentration for a particular cell line, the cells are treated with a positive control oligonucleotide at a range of concentrations. For human cells the positive control oligonucleotide may be selected from ISIS 13920 (TCCGTCATCGCTCCTCAGGG, SEQ ID NO: 1) which is targeted to human H-ras, or ISIS 18078, (GTGCGCGCGAGCCCGAAATC, SEQ ID NO: 2) which is targeted to human Jun-N-terminal kinase-2 (JNK2) or another suitable positive control. Controls are 2′-O-methoxyethyl gapmers (2′-O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone or having chemical modifications similar to the oligonucleotides being tested. For mouse or rat cells the positive control oligonucleotide may be ISIS 15770 (ATGCATTCTGCCCCCAAGGA, SEQ ID NO: 3), a 2′-O-methoxyethyl gapmer (2′-O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone which is targeted to both mouse and rat c-raf The concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 80% inhibition of c-H-ras (for ISIS 13920), JNK2 (for ISIS 18078) or c-raf (for ISIS 15770) or other suitable control target RNA may then be utilized as the screening concentration for new oligonucleotides in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 80% inhibition is not achieved, the lowest concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 60% inhibition of target expression or function is then utilized as the oligonucleotide screening concentration in subsequent experiments for that cell line. The concentrations of oligonucleotides used herein can range from 10 nM to 300 nM.
Examples of methods of gene expression analysis known in the art include DNA arrays or microarrays (Brazma and Vilo, FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 17-24; Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16), SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression)(Madden, et al., Drug Discov. Today, 2000, 5, 415-425), READS (restriction enzyme amplification of digested cDNAs) (Prashar and Weissman, Methods Enzymol., 1999, 303, 258-72), TOGA (total gene expression analysis) (Sutcliffe, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2000, 97, 1976-81), protein arrays and proteomics (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Jungblut, et al., Electrophoresis, 1999, 20, 2100-10), expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Larsson, et al., J. Biotechnol., 2000, 80, 143-57), subtractive RNA fingerprinting (SuRF) (Fuchs, et al., Anal. Biochem., 2000, 286, 91-98; Larson, et al., Cytometry, 2000, 41, 203-208), subtractive cloning, differential display (DD) (Jurecic and Belmont, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 2000, 3, 316-21), comparative genomic hybridization (Carulli, et al., J. Cell Biochem. Suppl., 1998, 31, 286-96), FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) techniques (Going and Gusterson, Eur. J. Cancer, 1999, 35, 1895-904), mass spectrometry methods (To, Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen, 2000, 3, 235-41) and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (Heid, et al., Genome Res., 1996, 6(10), 986-94).
Analysis of Oligonucleotide Inhibition of a Target Levels or Expression:
Modulation of target levels or expression can be assayed in a variety of ways known in the art. For example, target nucleic acid levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis, competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or real-time quantitative RT-PCR (also known as RT-PCR). Real-time quantitative RT-PCR is presently preferred. RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+ mRNA. Methods of RNA isolation are well known in the art. Northern blot analysis is also routine in the art. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR can be conveniently accomplished using the commercially available ABI PRISM™ 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System, available from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. and used according to manufacturer's instructions.
RNA Isolation:
Poly(A)+ mRNA Isolation
Poly(A)+ mRNA was isolated according to Miura et al, (Clin. Chem., 1996, 42, 1758-1764). Other methods for poly(A)+ mRNA isolation are routine in the art. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). 60 μL lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, 20 mM vanadyl-ribonucleoside complex) was added to each well, the plate was gently agitated and then incubated at room temperature for five minutes. 55 μL of lysate was transferred to Oligo d(T) coated 96-well plates (AGCT Inc., Irvine Calif.). Plates were incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature, washed 3 times with 200 μL of wash buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.3 M NaCl). After the final wash, the plate was blotted on paper towels to remove excess wash buffer and then air-dried for 5 minutes. 60 μL of elution buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6), preheated to 70° C., was added to each well, the plate was incubated on a 90° C. hot plate for 5 minutes, and the eluate was then transferred to a fresh 96-well plate.
Cells grown on 100 mm or other standard plates may be treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of all solutions.
Total RNA Isolation
Total RNA was isolated using an RNEASY 96™ kit and buffers purchased from Qiagen Inc. (Valencia, Calif.) following the manufacturer's recommended procedures. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 150 μL Buffer RLT was added to each well and the plate vigorously agitated for 20 seconds. 150 μL of 70% ethanol was then added to each well and the contents mixed by pipetting three times up and down. The samples were then transferred to the RNEASY 96™ well plate attached to a QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a waste collection tray and attached to a vacuum source. Vacuum was applied for 1 minute. 500 μL of Buffer RW1 was added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and incubated for 15 minutes and the vacuum was again applied for 1 minute. An additional 500 μL of Buffer RW1 was added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and the vacuum was applied for 2 minutes. 1 mL of Buffer RPE was then added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and the vacuum applied for a period of 90 seconds. The Buffer RPE wash was then repeated and the vacuum was applied for an additional 3 minutes. The plate was then removed from the QIAVAC™ manifold and blotted dry on paper towels. The plate was then re-attached to the QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a collection tube rack containing 1.2 mL collection tubes. RNA was then eluted by pipetting 140 μL of RNAse free water into each well, incubating 1 minute, and then applying the vacuum for 3 minutes.
The repetitive pipetting and elution steps may be automated using a QIAGEN Bio-Robot 9604 (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia Calif.). Essentially, after lysing of the cells on the culture plate, the plate is transferred to the robot deck where the pipetting, DNase treatment and elution steps are carried out.
Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis of a Target RNA Levels:
Quantitation of a target RNA levels was accomplished by real-time quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISM™ 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer's instructions. This is a closed-tube, non-gel-based, fluorescence detection system which allows high-throughput quantitation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products in real-time. As opposed to standard PCR in which amplification products are quantitated after the PCR is completed, products in real-time quantitative PCR are quantitated as they accumulate. This is accomplished by including in the PCR reaction an oligonucleotide probe that anneals specifically between the forward and reverse PCR primers, and contains two fluorescent dyes. A reporter dye (e.g., FAM or JOE, obtained from either PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa) is attached to the 5′ end of the probe and a quencher dye (e.g., TAMRA, obtained from either PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa) is attached to the 3′ end of the probe. When the probe and dyes are intact, reporter dye emission is quenched by the proximity of the 3′ quencher dye. During amplification, annealing of the probe to the target sequence creates a substrate that can be cleaved by the 5′-exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase. During the extension phase of the PCR amplification cycle, cleavage of the probe by Taq polymerase releases the reporter dye from the remainder of the probe (and hence from the quencher moiety) and a sequence-specific fluorescent signal is generated. With each cycle, additional reporter dye molecules are cleaved from their respective probes, and the fluorescence intensity is monitored at regular intervals by laser optics built into the ABI PRISM™ Sequence Detection System. In each assay, a series of parallel reactions containing serial dilutions of RNA from untreated control samples generates a standard curve that is used to quantitate the percent inhibition after oligonucleotide treatment of test samples.
Prior to quantitative PCR analysis, primer/probe sets specific to the target gene (or RNA) being measured are evaluated for their ability to be “multiplexed” with a GAPDH amplification reaction. In multiplexing, both the target gene (or RNA) and the internal standard gene GAPDH are amplified concurrently in a single sample. In this analysis, RNA isolated from untreated cells is serially diluted. Each dilution is amplified in the presence of primer/probe sets specific for GAPDH only, target gene (or RNA) only (“single-plexing”), or both (multiplexing). Following PCR amplification, standard curves of GAPDH and target RNA signal as a function of dilution are generated from both the single-plexed and multiplexed samples. If both the slope and correlation coefficient of the GAPDH and target signals generated from the multiplexed samples fall within 10% of their corresponding values generated from the single-plexed samples, the primer/probe set specific for that target is deemed multiplexable. Other methods of PCR are also known in the art.
PCR reagents were obtained from Invitrogen Corporation, (Carlsbad, Calif.). RT-PCR reactions were carried out by adding 20 μL PCR cocktail (2.5×PCR buffer minus MgCl₂, 6.6 mM MgCl₂, 375 μM each of DATP, dCTP, dCTP and dGTP, 375 nM each of forward primer and reverse primer, 125 nM of probe, 4 Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units PLATINUM® Taq, 5 Units MuLV reverse transcriptase, and 2.5×ROX dye) to 96-well plates containing 30 μL total RNA solution (20-200 ng). The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 48° C. Following a 10 minute incubation at 95° C. to activate the PLATINUM® Taq, 40 cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95° C. for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 60° C. for 1.5 minutes (annealing/extension).
Gene (or RNA) target quantities obtained by real time RT-PCR are normalized using either the expression level of GAPDH, a gene whose expression is constant, or by quantifying total RNA using RiboGreen™ (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.). GAPDH expression is quantified by real time RT-PCR, by being run simultaneously with the target, multiplexing, or separately. Total RNA is quantified using RiboGreen™ RNA quantification reagent (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.). Methods of RNA quantification by RiboGreen™ are taught in Jones, L. J., et al, (Analytical Biochemistry, 1998, 265, 368-374).
In this assay, 170 μL of RiboGreen™ working reagent (RiboGreen™ reagent diluted 1:350 in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) is pipetted into a 96-well plate containing 30 μL purified, cellular RNA. The plate is read in a CytoFluor 4000 (PE Applied Biosystems) with excitation at 485 nm and emission at 530 nm.
Probes and primers are designed to hybridize to the target sequence.
Northern Blot Analysis of Target RNA Levels:
Eighteen hours after treatment, cell monolayers were washed twice with cold PBS and lysed in 1 mL RNAZOL™ (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). Total RNA was prepared following manufacturer's recommended protocols. Twenty micrograms of total RNA was fractionated by electrophoresis through 1.2% agarose gels containing 1.1% formaldehyde using a MOPS buffer system (AMRESCO, Inc. Solon, Ohio). RNA was transferred from the gel to HYBOND™-N+nylon membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) by overnight capillary transfer using a Northern/Southern Transfer buffer system (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). RNA transfer was confirmed by UV visualization. Membranes were fixed by UV cross-linking using a STRATALINKER™ UV Crosslinker 2400 (Stratagene, Inc, La Jolla, Calif.) and then probed using QUICKHYB™ hybridization solution (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) using manufacturer's recommendations for stringent conditions.
To detect a target, a target specific primer/probe set is prepared for analysis by PCR. To normalize for variations in loading and transfer efficiency, membranes can be stripped and probed for human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).
Hybridized membranes were visualized and quantitated using a PHOSPHORIMAGER™ and IMAGEQUANT™ Software V3.3 (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.). Data can be normalized to GAPDH levels in untreated controls.
The compounds and compositions of the invention are useful for research and diagnostics, because these compounds and compositions hybridize to nucleic acids or interfere with the normal function of these nucleic acids. Hybridization of the compounds and compositions of the invention with a nucleic acid can be detected by means known in the art. Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the compound or composition, radiolabeling or any other suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for detecting the level of selected proteins in a sample may also be prepared.
The specificity and sensitivity of compounds and compositions can also be harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisense oligomeric compounds have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals, including humans. Antisense oligonucleotide drugs, including ribozymes, have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that oligomeric compounds can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for the treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.
For therapeutics, an animal, preferably a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder presenting conditions that can be treated, ameliorated, or improved by modulating the expression of a selected small non-coding target nucleic acid is treated by administering the compounds and compositions. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, the methods comprise the step of administering to or contacting the animal, an effective amount of a modulator or mimic to treat, ameliorate or improve the conditions associated with the disease or disorder. The compounds of the present invention effectively modulate the activity or function of the small non-coding RNA target or inhibit the expression or levels of the small non-coding RNA target. In one embodiment, the activity or expression of the target in an animal is inhibited by about 10%. In another embodiment the activity or expression of a target in an animal is inhibited by about 30%. Further, the activity or expression of a target in an animal is inhibited by 50% or more, by 60% or more, by 70% or more, by 80% or more, by 90% or more, or by 95% or more. In another embodiment, the present invention provides for the use of a compound of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of any and all conditions disclosed herein.
The reduction of target levels may be measured in serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal known to contain the small non-coding RNA or its precursor. Further, the cells contained within the fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule of a downstream target regulated or modulated by the small non-coding RNA target itself.
The oligomeric compounds and compositions of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of the compound or composition to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use of the oligomeric compounds and methods of the invention may also be useful prophylactically.
The oligomeric compounds and compositions of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as for example, liposomes, receptor-targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution and/or absorption-assisting formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,108,921; 5,354,844; 5,416,016; 5,459,127; 5,521,291; 5,543,158; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591,721; 4,426,330; 4,534,899; 5,013,556; 5,108,921; 5,213,804; 5,227,170; 5,264,221; 5,356,633; 5,395,619; 5,416,016; 5,417,978; 5,462,854; 5,469,854; 5,512,295; 5,527,528; 5,534,259; 5,543,152; 5,556,948; 5,580,575; and 5,595,756, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
The oligomeric compounds and compositions of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal, including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the oligomeric compounds of the invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents.
The term “prodrug” indicates a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions. In particular, prodrug versions of the oligomeric compounds of the invention can be prepared as SATE ((S-acetyl-2-thioethyl) phosphate) derivatives according to the methods disclosed in WO 93/24510 to Gosselin et al, published Dec. 9, 1993 or in WO 94/26764 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,713 to Imbach et al Larger oligomeric compounds that are processed to supply, as cleavage products, compounds capable of modulating the function or expression of small non-coding RNAs or their downstream targets are also considered prodrugs.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds and compositions of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, sodium and postassium salts. For oligonucleotides, examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations that include the oligomeric compounds and compositions of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful.
Oligomeric compounds may be formulated for delivery in vivo in an acceptable dosage form, e.g. as parenteral or non-parenteral formulations. Parenteral formulations include intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), intraperitoneal (IP), intravitreal and intramuscular (IM) formulations, as well as formulations for delivery via pulmonary inhalation, intranasal administration, topical administration, etc. Non-parenteral formulations include formulations for delivery via the alimentary canal, e.g. oral administration, rectal administration, intrajejunal instillation, etc. Rectal administration includes administration as an enema or a suppository. Oral administration includes administration as a capsule, a gel capsule, a pill, an elixir, etc.
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Why downsample exhibit wider bandwidth when doing discrete time fourier transform?
Based on Nyquist sampling theorem, sampling would have a convolution in frequency domain, and reasonably the bandwidth of each convolution would be as that of the original signal.
Nevertheless, the discrete time Fourier transform of a signal ,which has been downsampled , has the $M$ multiples bandwidth of each convolution.($M$ is the downsample factor). I could not have got the idea, what is the true relation between time/frequency domain with underlying discrete time Fourier transform?
Sampling gets convolution in frequency domain:
Downsampling gets more wider bandwidth:
You don't get "more" bandwidth. That's simply a misunderstanding of your x-axis. Your signal after downsampling occupies a $M$ times larger part of the Nyquist rate, but that's because the Nyquist rate got reduced by a factor of $M$, not because the signal got wider!
To understand this, you need to know the relation between the continuous and discrete frequency axes.
$$ f = \frac{F}{F_s}$$
where $f$ is the discrete frequency, $F$ is the continuous frequency and $F_s$ is the sample rate. Once you downsample a signal, the actual signal bandwidth does not change; however, the discrete frequency axis on which you drew the first spectrum no longer holds. You have a new discrete frequency axis that is scaled by a factor of $M$; so
$$ f' = \frac{F}{F_s/M} = M\cdot \frac{F}{F_s}$$
Taking your figures as example, assume that a signal with a maximum frequency $F = 200$ kHz was sampled at a rate of $F_s = 800$ kHz to yield $f = 1/4$ cycles/sample (which is the same as $\omega = \pi/2$ approx). Downsampling it by $M=2$ yields
$$ f' = 2\cdot \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1}{2}$$ cycles/sample, which is the same as $\omega' = \pi$ approx in your second figure.
I personally don't like drawing these figures as above as it is a source of confusion. Proper labelling of the corresponding axes while keeping the signal bandwidth the same in all figures is a better approach (in my opinion).
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Suitable chemotherapeutic or other anti-cancer agents further include, for example, certain natural products and their derivatives (for example, vinca alkaloids, antitumor antibiotics, enzymes, lymphokines and epipodophyllotoxins) such as vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, bleomycin, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, ara-C, paclitaxel (TAXOL™), mithramycin, deoxycoformycin, mitomycin-C, L-asparaginase, interferons (especially IFN-a), etoposide, and teniposide.
Other cytotoxic agents include navelbene, CPT-11, anastrazole, letrazole, capecitabine, reloxafine, cyclophosphamide, ifosamide, and droloxafine.
Also suitable are cytotoxic agents such as epidophyllotoxin; an antineoplastic enzyme; a topoisomerase inhibitor; procarbazine; mitoxantrone; platinum coordination complexes such as cis-platin and carboplatin; biological response modifiers; growth inhibitors; antihormonal therapeutic agents; leucovorin; tegafur; and haematopoietic growth factors.
Other anti-cancer agent(s) include antibody therapeutics such as trastuzumab (Herceptin), antibodies to costimulatory molecules such as CTLA-4, 4-1BB and PD-1, or antibodies to cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β, etc.).
Other anti-cancer agents also include those that block immune cell migration such as antagonists to chemokine receptors, including CCR2 and CCR4.
Other anti-cancer agents also include those that augment the immune system such as adjuvants or adoptive T cell transfer.
Anti-cancer vaccines include dendritic cells, synthetic peptides, DNA vaccines and recombinant viruses.
Methods for the safe and effective administration of most of these chemotherapeutic agents are known to those skilled in the art. In addition, their administration is described in the standard literature. For example, the administration of many of the chemotherapeutic agents is described in the “Physicians' Desk Reference” (PDR, e.g., 1996 edition, Medical Economics Company, Montvale, N.J.), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety.
Pharmaceutical Formulations and Dosage Forms
When employed as pharmaceuticals, the compounds of the invention can be administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions which refers to a combination of a compound of the invention, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. These compositions can be prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art, and can be administered by a variety of routes, depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including intranasal, vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), ocular, oral or parenteral. Methods for ocular delivery can include topical administration (eye drops), subconjunctival, periocular or intravitreal injection or introduction by balloon catheter or ophthalmic inserts surgically placed in the conjunctival sac. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Parenteral administration can be in the form of a single bolus dose, or may be, for example, by a continuous perfusion pump. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable.
This invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions which contain, as the active ingredient, one or more of the compounds of the invention above in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. In making the compositions of the invention, the active ingredient is typically mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosed within such a carrier in the form of, for example, a capsule, sachet, paper, or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% by weight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.
In preparing a formulation, the active compound can be milled to provide the appropriate particle size prior to combining with the other ingredients. If the active compound is substantially insoluble, it can be milled to a particle size of less than 200 mesh. If the active compound is substantially water soluble, the particle size can be adjusted by milling to provide a substantially uniform distribution in the formulation, e.g. about 40 mesh.
Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, and methyl cellulose. The formulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents. The compositions of the invention can be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures known in the art.
The compositions can be formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 5 to about 100 mg, more usually about 10 to about 30 mg, of the active ingredient. The term “unit dosage forms” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.
The active compound can be effective over a wide dosage range and is generally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. It will be understood, however, that the amount of the compound actually administered will usually be determined by a physician, according to the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.
For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid pre-formulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present invention. When referring to these pre-formulation compositions as homogeneous, the active ingredient is typically dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition can be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules. This solid pre-formulation is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from, for example, 0.1 to about 500 mg of the active ingredient of the present invention.
The tablets or pills of the present invention can be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permit the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate.
The liquid forms in which the compounds and compositions of the present invention can be incorporated for administration orally or by injection include aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.
Compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders. The liquid or solid compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as described supra. In some embodiments, the compositions are administered by the oral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect. Compositions in can be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be breathed directly from the nebulizing device or the nebulizing device can be attached to a face masks tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powder compositions can be administered orally or nasally from devices which deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner.
The amount of compound or composition administered to a patient will vary depending upon what is being administered, the purpose of the administration, such as prophylaxis or therapy, the state of the patient, the manner of administration, and the like. In therapeutic applications, compositions can be administered to a patient already suffering from a disease in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest the symptoms of the disease and its complications. Effective doses will depend on the disease condition being treated as well as by the judgment of the attending clinician depending upon factors such as the severity of the disease, the age, weight and general condition of the patient, and the like.
The compositions administered to a patient can be in the form of pharmaceutical compositions described above. These compositions can be sterilized by conventional sterilization techniques, or may be sterile filtered. Aqueous solutions can be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration. The pH of the compound preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9 and most preferably from 7 to 8. It will be understood that use of certain of the foregoing excipients, carriers, or stabilizers will result in the formation of pharmaceutical salts.
The therapeutic dosage of the compounds of the present invention can vary according to, for example, the particular use for which the treatment is made, the manner of administration of the compound, the health and condition of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician. The proportion or concentration of a compound of the invention in a pharmaceutical composition can vary depending upon a number of factors including dosage, chemical characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity), and the route of administration. For example, the compounds of the invention can be provided in an aqueous physiological buffer solution containing about 0.1 to about 10% w/v of the compound for parenteral administration. Some typical dose ranges are from about 1 μg/kg to about 1 g/kg of body weight per day. In some embodiments, the dose range is from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. The dosage is likely to depend on such variables as the type and extent of progression of the disease or disorder, the overall health status of the particular patient, the relative biological efficacy of the compound selected, formulation of the excipient, and its route of administration. Effective doses can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.
The compounds of the invention can also be formulated in combination with one or more additional active ingredients which can include any pharmaceutical agent such as anti-viral agents, vaccines, antibodies, immune enhancers, immune suppressants, anti-inflammatory agents and the like.
Labeled Compounds and Assay Methods
Another aspect of the present invention relates to fluorescent dye, spin label, heavy metal or radio-labeled compounds of the invention that would be useful not only in imaging but also in assays, both in vitro and in vivo, for localizing and quantitating the FGFR enzyme in tissue samples, including human, and for identifying FGFR enzyme ligands by inhibition binding of a labeled compound. Accordingly, the present invention includes FGFR enzyme assays that contain such labeled compounds.
The present invention further includes isotopically-labeled compounds of the invention. An “isotopically” or “radio-labeled” compound is a compound of the invention where one or more atoms are replaced or substituted by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature (i.e., naturally occurring). Suitable radionuclides that may be incorporated in compounds of the present invention include but are not limited to ²H (also written as D for deuterium), ³H (also written as T for tritium), ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹³N, ¹⁵N, ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ¹⁸F, ³⁵S, ³⁶Cl, ⁸²Br, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I and ¹³¹I. The radionuclide that is incorporated in the instant radio-labeled compounds will depend on the specific application of that radio-labeled compound. For example, for in vitro FGFR enzyme labeling and competition assays, compounds that incorporate ³H, ¹⁴C, ⁸²Br, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, or ³⁵S will generally be most useful. For radio-imaging applications ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹²⁵I, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹³¹I, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br or ⁷⁷Br will generally be most useful.
It is understood that a “radio-labeled” or “labeled compound” is a compound that has incorporated at least one radionuclide. In some embodiments the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of ³H, ¹⁴C, ¹²⁵I, ³⁵S and ⁸²Br.
Synthetic methods for incorporating radio-isotopes into organic compounds are applicable to compounds of the invention and are well known in the art.
A radio-labeled compound of the invention can be used in a screening assay to identify/evaluate compounds. In general terms, a newly synthesized or identified compound (i.e., test compound) can be evaluated for its ability to reduce binding of the radio-labeled compound of the invention to the FGFR enzyme. Accordingly, the ability of a test compound to compete with the radio-labeled compound for binding to the FGFR enzyme directly correlates to its binding affinity.
Kits
The present invention also includes pharmaceutical kits useful, for example, in the treatment or prevention of FGFR-associated diseases or disorders, obesity, diabetes and other diseases referred to herein which include one or more containers containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention. Such kits can further include, if desired, one or more of various conventional pharmaceutical kit components, such as, for example, containers with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers, etc., as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and/or guidelines for mixing the components, can also be included in the kit.
The invention will be described in greater detail by way of specific examples. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes, and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-critical parameters which can be changed or modified to yield essentially the same results. The compounds of the Examples were found to be inhibitors of one or more FGFR's as described below.
EXAMPLES
Experimental procedures for compounds of the invention are provided below. Preparatory LC-MS purifications of some of the compounds prepared were performed on Waters mass directed fractionation systems. The basic equipment setup, protocols, and control software for the operation of these systems have been described in detail in the literature. See e.g. “Two-Pump At Column Dilution Configuration for Preparative LC-MS”, K. Blom, J. Combi. Chem., 4, 295 (2002); “Optimizing Preparative LC-MS Configurations and Methods for Parallel Synthesis Purification”, K. Blom, R. Sparks, J. Doughty, G. Everlof, T. Haque, A. Combs, J. Combi. Chem., 5, 670 (2003); and “Preparative LC-MS Purification: Improved Compound Specific Method Optimization”, K. Blom, B. Glass, R. Sparks, A. Combs, J. Combi. Chem., 6, 874-883 (2004). The compounds separated were typically subjected to analytical liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) for purity check under the following conditions: Instrument; Agilent 1100 series, LC/MSD, Column: Waters Sunfire™ C₁₈ 5 μm, 2.1×5.0 mm, Buffers: mobile phase A: 0.025% TFA in water and mobile phase B: 0.025% TFA in acetonitrile; gradient 2% to 80% of B in 3 minutes with flow rate 1.5 mL/minute.
Some of the compounds prepared were also separated on a preparative scale by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with MS detector or flash chromatography (silica gel) as indicated in the Examples. Typical preparative reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) column conditions are as follows:
pH=2 purifications: Waters Sunfire™ C₁₈ 5 μm, 19×100 mm column, eluting with mobile phase A: 0.1% TFA (trifluoroacetic acid) in water and mobile phase B: 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile; the flow rate was 30 mL/minute, the separating gradient was optimized for each compound using the Compound Specific Method Optimization protocol as described in the literature [see “Preparative LCMS Purification: Improved Compound Specific Method Optimization”, K. Blom, B. Glass, R. Sparks, A. Combs, J. Comb. Chem., 6, 874-883 (2004)]. Typically, the flow rate used with the 30×100 mm column was 60 mL/minute.
pH=10 purifications: Waters XBridge C₁₈ 5 μm, 19×100 mm column, eluting with mobile phase A: 0.15% NH₄OH in water and mobile phase B: 0.15% NH₄OH in acetonitrile; the flow rate was 30 mL/minute, the separating gradient was optimized for each compound using the Compound Specific Method Optimization protocol as described in the literature [See “Preparative LCMS Purification: Improved Compound Specific Method Optimization”, K. Blom, B. Glass, R. Sparks, A. Combs, J. Comb. Chem., 6, 874-883 (2004)]. Typically, the flow rate used with 30×100 mm column was 60 mL/minute.
Example 1 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
Step 1. 2-bromo-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
To a stirred solution of 2-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (from Ark Pharm, cat#AK-23813, 1.00 g, 5.05 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL), NaH (60% w/w dispersion form in mineral oil, 283 mg, 7.07 mmol) was added at 0° C. After 0.5 hour, benzenesulfonyl chloride (644 μL, 5.05 mmol) was added dropwise. After another 1 hour, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to 50% ethyl acetate (EtOAc) in hexanes) to give the desired product (1.50 g, 88%). LCMS calculated for C₁₂H₉BrN₃O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=339.2. Found: 339.2.
Step 2. 2-[(E)-2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)vinyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
A stirred mixture of 2-bromo-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (929 mg, 2.75 mmol), 2-[(E)-2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)vinyl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (from Aldrich, cat#676160, 838 mg, 2.89 mmol), [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II), complex with dichloromethane (1:1) (140 mg, 0.171 mmol), and potassium phosphate (1.20 g, 5.65 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL)/water (9.6 mL) was heated at 88° C. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aq. NH₄Cl and extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and then concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to 50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product (1.10 g, 95%). LCMS calculated for C₂₂H₂₀N₃O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=422.2. Found: 422.2.
Step 3. 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
To a stirred solution of 2-[(E)-2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)vinyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (1.10 g, 2.61 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (8 mL)/methanol (10 mL), was added Pd/C (10% w/w, 580 mg, 0.545 mmol). The resulted mixture was stirred under H₂ (45 psi) at ambient temperature. After 24 hours, the palladium catalyst was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the desired product (1.05 g, 90%), which was used directly in the next step without further purification. LCMS calculated for C₂₂H₂₂N₃O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=424.2. Found: 424.2; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.18-8.15 (m, 3H), 7.97 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.53-7.48 (m, 2H), 6.80 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 6.34 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 6.30 (t, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (s, 6H), 3.19-3.15 (m, 2H), 3.02-2.98 (m, 2H) ppm.
Step 4. 6-bromo-2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
To a stirred solution of N,N-diisopropylamine (0.610 mL, 4.25 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL) at −78° C., n-butyllithium (2.5M in hexanes, 1.70 mL, 4.25 mmol) was added dropwise. After the white precipitate formed, the mixture was warmed up to 0° C. for 10 minutes. The resulting resulted solution was added to a stirred solution of 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (1.30 g, 3.07 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) at −78° C. After 30 min, a solution of 1,2-dibromo-1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (1.10 g, 3.38 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (6 mL) was added dropwise. After another 1 hour, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aq. NH₄Cl, then extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, and then concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to 50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product (1.30 g, 84%). LCMS calculated for C₂₂H₂₁BrN₃O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=502.0. Found: 502.0; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.15-8.12 (m, 3H), 7.68-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.51-7.47 (m, 2H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 6.31 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 6.28 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (s, 6H), 3.16-3.12 (m, 2H), 2.99-2.96 (m, 2H) ppm.
Step 5. 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
A stirred mixture of 6-bromo-2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (30.0 mg, 59.7 μmol), 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine (from Alfa Aesar, cat#H51659, 19.8 mg, 6.57 μmol), [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II), complex with dichloro-methane (1:1) (4.9 mg, 5.97 μmol), and potassium phosphate (25.4 mg, 119 μmol) in water (0.2 mL)/1,4-dioxane (1 mL) was heated at 88° C. After 1 hour, the volatiles were removed under vacuum and the residue was dissolved in methanol (1 mL). Potassium carbonate (16.5 mg, 119 μmol) was added and the reaction mixture was warmed up to 60° C. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (10.1 mg, 44%) as its (trifluoroacetic acid) TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₂₇H₃₂N₅O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=458.2. Found: 458.2; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 12.21 (s, 1H), 9.73 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2H), 6.93 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.38 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 2H), 6.28 (t, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, J=14.0 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (s, 6H), 3.52 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 2H), 3.19-2.93 (m, 8H), 2.86 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 3H) ppm.
Example 2 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with 1-ethyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine (from Ark Pharm, cat#AK-40362) replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₈H₃₄N₅O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=472.3. Found: 472.3.
Example 3 2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)-6-phenyl-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with phenylboronic acid replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₂H₂₂N₃O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=360.2. Found: 360.2.
Example 4 6-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with 2,6-difluorophenylboronic acid replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₂H₂₀F₂N₃O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=396.2. Found: 396.1.
Example 5 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with (4-methoxyphenyl)boronic acid replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₄N₃O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=390.2. Found: 390.2; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 9.90 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.78 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 2H), 6.23 (t, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 6H), 3.15-3.10 (m, 2H), 3.02-2.97 (m, 2H) ppm.
Example 6 N-(4-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}phenyl)acetamide
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with [4-(acetylamino)phenyl]boronic acid replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₄H₂₅N₄O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=417.2. Found: 417.2.
Example 7 4-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}-N,N-dimethylbenzamide
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with {4-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]phenyl}boronic acid replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₅H₂₇N₄O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=431.2. Found: 431.2.
Example 8 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with (4-trimethylphenyl)boronic acid replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₁F₃N₃O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=428.2. Found: 428.1.
Example 9 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-(2-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with (2-methylphenyl)boronic acid replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₄N₃O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=374.2. Found: 374.2.
Example 10 2-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}benzonitrile
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with (2-cyanophenyl)boronic acid replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₁N₄O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=385.2. Found: 385.2.
Example 11 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-[4-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with 1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl]piperidine (from Frontier, cat#P10017) replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₈H₃₃N₄O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=457.2. Found: 457.3.
Example 12 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-[4-(methoxymethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with [4-(methoxymethyl)phenyl]boronic acid replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₄H₂₆N₃O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=404.2. Found: 404.2.
Example 13 (4-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}phenyl)methanol
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with 4-hydroxymethylbenzeneboronic acid replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₄N₃O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=390.2. Found: 390.1.
Example 14 (4-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}phenyl)acetonitrile
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with [4-(cyanomethyl)phenyl]boronic acid replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₄H₂₃N₄O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=399.2. Found: 399.2.
Example 15 4-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}benzoic acid
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with 4-(dihydroxyboryl)benzoic acid replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₂N₃O₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=404.2. Found: 404.2.
Example 16 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with 1-methyl-4-[5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine (from Frontier, cat#P1824) replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₆H₂₁N₆O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=459.2. Found: 459.3.
Example 17 5-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}-N-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with {6-[(methylamino)carbonyl]pyridin-3-yl}boronic acid (from Frontier, cat#M10074) replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₄N₅O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=418.2. Found: 418.3.
Example 18 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-[5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)pyridin-3-yl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with 4-{[5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl]carbonyl}morpholine (from Frontier, cat#M1818) replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₆H₂₈N₅O₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=474.2. Found: 474.2.
Example 19 4-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}thiophene-2-carboxylic acid
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with 4-(dihydroxyboryl)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (from Frontier, cat#C1695) replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₁H₂₀N₃O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=410.1. Found: 410.1.
Example 20 5-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}-N,N-dimethylpyrimidin-2-amine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with N,N-dimethyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine (from Frontier, cat#D1773) replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₂H₂₅N₆O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=405.2. Found: 405.2.
Example 21 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylboronic acid replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₂N₃O₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=404.2. Found: 404.2.
Example 22 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-[4-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
Step 1. 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperidine
To a stirred solution of 4-(4-bromophenyl)-1-methylpiperidine (from J&W PharmLab, cat#60-0498, 200 mg, 0.787 mmol) and 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (0.210 g, 0.826 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1.62 mL, 20.7 mmol) [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) complex with dichloromethane (1:1) (27.0 mg, 33.1 μmol), potassium acetate (0.160 g, 1.63 mmol), and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (19.0 mg, 3.43 μmol) was added sequentially. The reaction mixture was then warmed up to 90° C. After 3 hours, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aq. NH₄Cl, extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, and then concentrated to give the desired product (190 mg, 80%). LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₉BNO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=302.2. Found: 302.2.
Step 2. 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-[4-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperidine (from Example 22, Step 1) replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₈H₃₃N₄O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=457.3. Found: 457.2.
Example 23 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-(1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with 1-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₂H₂₇N₄O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=379.2. Found: 379.3.
Example 24 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
To a stirred solution of 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-(1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (from Example 23, 10 mg, 26.4 μmol) in methanol (1 mL), Pd/C (10% w/w, 3.2 mg, 3.0 μmol) was added. The reaction mixture was then stirred under the atmosphere of H₂ at ambient temperature. After 3 hours, the palladium catalyst was filtered and the crude mixture was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (3.0 mg, 30%) as its TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₂₂H₂₉N₄O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=381.2. Found: 381.3.
Example 25 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-6-carboxamide
Step 1. 2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-6-carboxylic acid
To a stirred solution of N,N-diisopropylamine (64.8 μL, 0.463 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (0.3 mL) at −78° C., n-butyllithium (2.5M in hexanes, 0.185 mL, 0.463 mmol) was added dropwise. After the white precipitate formed, the reaction mixture was warmed up to 0° C. for 10 minutes. The resulted solution was transferred to a stirred solution of 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (from example 1, step 4, 130 mg, 0.310 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) at −78° C. A dark red solution was formed. After 15 minutes, dry CO₂ (prepared by passing CO₂ through drying tube) was bubbled into the reaction mixture. After another 15 minutes, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aq. NH₄Cl, extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, and then concentrated to afford the desired product (135 mg, 94%). LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₂N₃O₆S (M+H)⁺: m/z=468.1. Found: 468.0.
Step 2. 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-6-carboxamide
To a stirred solution of 2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-6-carboxylic acid (27 mg, 57.8 μmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (2 mL), methylamine (2.0M in THF, 57.8 μL, 0.116 mmol), HATU (43.9 mg, 0.116 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (40.2 μL, 0.231 mmol) were added sequentially at ambient temperature. After 1 hour, the reaction was quenched with saturated aq. NH₄Cl, then extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, and then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in methanol (2.0 mL), and potassium carbonate (16.0 mg, 0.116 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was then warmed up to 60° C. After 1 hour, the crude mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and was then purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at a flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (6.0 mg, 30%) as its TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₁N₄O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=341.2. Found: 341.1.
Example 26 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-6-carboxamide
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 15, Step 2, with dimethylamine (2.0M in THF) replacing methylamine (2.0M in THF). LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₃N₄O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=355.2. Found: 355.2.
Example 27 3-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}-N,N-diethylprop-2-yn-1-amine
A solution of N,N-diethylprop-2-yn-1-amine (10.6 mg, 95.5 μmol), bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride (2.8 mg, 4.0 μmol), copper(I) iodide (1.2 mg, 6.4 mol), triethylamine (17.0 μL, 120 μmol), and 6-bromo-2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (from Example 1, Step 4, 40.0 mg, 79.7 μmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (1.0 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with saturated aq. NH₄Cl, then extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, and then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in methanol (2.0 mL) and potassium carbonate (22.0 mg, 0.159 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was then warmed up to 60° C. After 1 hour, the crude mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (6.0 mg, 20%) as its TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₉N₄O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=393.2. Found: 393.1.
Example 28 3-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}-N,N-diethylpropan-1-amine
To a stirred solution of 3-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}-N,N-diethylprop-2-yn-1-amine (from Example 27, 5 mg, 12.7 μmol) in methanol (2 mL), Pd/C (10% w/w, 5.0 mg, 4.7 μmol) was added. The resulted mixture was stirred under H₂ at ambient temperature. After 1.5 hours, the palladium catalyst was filtered and the crude mixture was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (2.4 mg, 50%) as its TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₃₃N₄O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=397.3. Found: 397.3.
Example 29 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₀N₅O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=350.2. Found: 350.2.
Example 30 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with 1-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₀H₂₂N₅O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=364.2. Found: 364.2.
Example 31 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-[1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 1, Step 5, with 4-{2-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethyl}morpholine (from Combi-Blocks, cat#PN-8727) replacing 1-methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]piperazine. LCMS calculated for C₂₅H₃₁N₆O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=463.2. Found: 463.2.
Example 32 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-[1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
Step 1. tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl methanesulfonate
To a stirred solution of tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-ol (100.0 μL, 1.05 mmol) in methylene chloride (8.0 mL) at 0° C., triethylamine (183 μL, 1.31 mmol) and methanesulfonyl chloride (89.3 μL, 1.15 mmol) were added sequentially. After 1.5 h, the reaction was quenched with water and extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, and then concentrated to give the desired product (190 mg, 100%), which was used directly in the next step. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 4.92-4.87 (m, 1H), 3.97-3.92 (m, 2H), 3.57-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.04 (s, 3H), 2.07-2.02 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.83 (m, 2H) ppm.
Step 2. 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole
A mixture of 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole (30.0 mg, 0.154 mmol), and tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl methanesulfonate (0.150 g, 0.460 mmol) in acetonitrile (1.0 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 2 hours. The reaction was quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, then filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the desired product (35 mg, 80%), which was used directly in the next step without further purification. LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₂₄BN₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=279.2. Found: 279.2.
Step 3. 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-[1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
A stirred mixture of 6-bromo-2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (15.0 mg, 29.8 μmol), [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II) complexed with dichloromethane (1:1) (1.30 mg, 1.59 μmol), 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole (8.9 mg, 32.0 μmol), and potassium phosphate (13.5 mg, 63.6 μmol) in water (0.2 mL)/1,4-dioxane (0.40 mL) was heated at 88° C. After 1 hour, the volatiles were removed under vacuum and the residues were dissolved in methanol (1 mL). Potassium carbonate (8.8 mg, 63.7 μmol) was added and the reaction mixture was then warmed up to 60° C. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (2.5 mg) as its TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₂₄H₂₈N₅O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=434.2. Found: 434.2.
Example 33 1-(4-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-methylpropan-2-ol
Step 1. 2-methyl-1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]propan-2-ol
A mixture of 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole (30.0 mg, 0.154 mmol), 2,2-dimethyl-oxirane (25.8 μL, 0.309 mmol), and cesium carbonate (0.150 g, 0.460 mmol) in acetonitrile (1.0 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, quenched with water, and extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, then filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the desired product (32 mg, 78%). LCMS calculated for C₁₃H₂₄BN₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=267.2. Found: 267.2.
Step 2. 1-(4-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-methylpropan-2-ol
A stirred mixture of 6-bromo-2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (from Example 1, Step 5, 15.0 mg, 29.8 μmol), [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloro-palladium(II) complexed with dichloromethane (1:1) (1.30 mg, 1.59 μmol), 2-methyl-1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]propan-2-ol (8.5 mg, 31.8 μmol), and potassium phosphate (13.5 mg, 63.7 μmol) in water (0.2 mL)/1,4-dioxane (0.4 mL) was heated at 88° C. After 1 hour, the volatiles were removed under vacuum and the residues were dissolved in methanol (1.0 mL). Potassium carbonate (8.3 mg, 59.7 μmol) was added and the reaction mixture was warmed up to 60° C. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (3.0 mg) as its TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₈N₅O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=422.2. Found: 422.3.
Example 34 2-(4-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine
Step 1. N,N-dimethyl-2-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanamine
A mixture of 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole (60.0 mg, 0.309 mmol), β-dimethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride (49.0 mg, 0.340 mmol) and cesium carbonate (0.302 g, 0.928 mmol) in acetonitrile (1 mL) was stirred at 90° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, quenched with water, and extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, then filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the desired product (60 mg, 88%). LCMS calculated for C₁₃H₂₅BN₃O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=266.2. Found: 266.2.
Step 2. 2-(4-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine
A stirred mixture of 6-bromo-2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (from example 1, step 4, 20.0 mg, 0.0398 mmol), [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) complexed with dichloromethane (1:1) (1.30 mg, 1.59 μmol), N,N-dimethyl-2-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanamine (8.44 mg, 0.0318 mmol), and potassium phosphate (13.5 mg, 0.0637 mmol) in water (0.2 mL)/1,4-dioxane (0.4 mL) was heated at 88° C. After 1 hour, the volatiles were removed under vacuum and the residues were dissolved in methanol (2.0 mL). Potassium carbonate (8.8 mg, 63.7 μmol) was added and the reaction mixture was warmed up to 60° C. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (3.0 mg) as its TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₉N₆O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=421.2. Found: 421.2.
Example 35 3-cyclopentyl-3-(4-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrile
Step 1. 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
A stirred mixture of 6-bromo-2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (180 mg, 0.358 mmol), tert-butyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxylate (106 mg, 0.360 mmol), [1,1′-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) complexed with dichloromethane (1:1) (29.2 mg, 0.0358 mmol), and potassium phosphate (153 mg, 0.719 mmol) in water (2 mL)/1,4-dioxane (5 mL) was heated at 88° C. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, quenched with water, and extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, and then concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to 50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product (132 mg, 75%). LCMS calculated for C₂₅H₂₄N₅O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=490.2. Found: 490.2.
Step 2. 3-cyclopentyl-3-(4-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrile
To a stirred solution of 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (25.0 mg, 51.1 μmol) in acetonitrile (1.0 mL), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (9.2 μL, 61.5 μmol) and (2E)-3-cyclopentylacrylonitrile (from Adesis, cat#9-245, 6.8 μL, 61.7 μmol) were added sequentially at room temperature. After 16 hours, the volatiles were removed and the crude mixture was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (4.2 mg) as its TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₂₇H₃₁N₆O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=471.2. Found: 471.2.
Example 36 3-(4-(2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-l)butanenitrile
This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those for Example 35, Step 2, with 2-butenenitrile replacing (2E)-3-cyclopentylacrylonitrile. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₅N₆O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=417.2. Found: 417.2.
Example 37 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-[1-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
Step 1. 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl methanesulfonate
4-Hydroxy-N-methylpiperidine (200 μL, 1.70 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride (10 mL) and then cooled to 0° C. Triethylamine (296 μL, 2.13 mmol) was added, followed by the addition of methanesulfonyl chloride (145 μL, 1.87 mmol). After 1.5 hours, the reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, then concentrated under vacuum to give the desired product (280 mg, 88%). LCMS calculated for C₇H₁₆NO₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=194.1. Found: 194.1.
Step 2. 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-[1-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine
To a stirred solution of 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (from Example 35, Step 1, 50.0 mg, 0.102 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (2.0 mL), sodium hydride (6.13 mg, 0.153 mmol) was added at 0° C. After 15 minutes, a solution of 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl methanesulfonate (23.7 mg, 0.122 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (1 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was then warmed up to 55° C. After 2 hours, the reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, then filtered and concentrated. The crude mixture was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (2.2 mg) as its TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₂₅H₃₁N₆O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=447.3. Found: 447.3.
Example 38 2-(4-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethanol
To a stirred solution of 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (from Example 35, Step 1, 30.0 mg, 0.0613 mmol) in acetonitrile (1 mL), cesium carbonate (20.0 mg, 0.0613 mmol) and (2-bromoethoxy) (tert-butyl)dimethylsilane (13.1 μL, 0.0613 mmol) were added sequentially at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was then warmed up to 60° C. After 2 hours, the reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, concentrated. The residue was dissolved in methylene chloride (1.0 m)/trifluoroacetic acid (1.0 mL) at ambient temperature. After 2 hours, the volatiles were removed under vacuum and the residues were dissolved in methanol (2.0 mL). Potassium carbonate (16.9 mg, 0.122 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was warmed up to 60° C. After 1 hour, the crude mixture was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (3.5 mg) as its TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₂₁H₂₄N₅O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=394.2. Found: 394.2.
Example 39 (2S)-1-(4-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol
To a stirred solution of 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (from Example 35, Step 1, 30.0 mg, 0.0613 mmol) and (S)-(−)-methyloxirane (8.56 μL, 0.122 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (2 mL)/N,N-dimethylformamide (0.5 mL), triethylamine (17.1 μL, 0.122 mmol) was added at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was then warmed up to 90° C. After 2 hours, the volatiles were removed and the residue was dissolved in methanol (2 mL). Potassium carbonate (16.9 mg, 0.122 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was warmed up to 60° C. After 30 minutes, the crude mixture was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (3.8 mg) as its TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₂₂H₂₆N₅O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=408.2. Found: 408.2.
Example 40 1-[2-(4-{2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl}-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethyl]piperidin-4-ol
To a stirred solution of 1-piperidineethanol (7.9 mg, 0.0613 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (16.1 mg, 0.0613 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 mL), diethyl azodicarboxylate (9.65 μL, 0.0613 mmol) was added at ambient temperature. After 15 minutes, a solution of 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (from Example 35, Step 1, 25 mg, 0.0510 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (0.5 mL) was added. After 16 hours, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, and then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in methanol (2 mL) and potassium carbonate (14.1 mg, 0.102 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was then warmed up to 60° C. After 30 minutes, the crude mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (3.2 mg) as its TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₂₆H₃₃N₆O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=477.3. Found: 477.2.
| 1,708 |
https://github.com/BrodyHiggerson/entt/blob/master/test/entt/core/iterator.cpp
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
entt
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BrodyHiggerson
|
C++
|
Code
| 32 | 274 |
#include <utility>
#include <gtest/gtest.h>
#include <entt/core/iterator.hpp>
struct clazz {
int value{0};
};
TEST(Iterator, InputIteratorPointer) {
static_assert(!std::is_default_constructible_v<entt::input_iterator_pointer<clazz>>);
static_assert(!std::is_copy_constructible_v<entt::input_iterator_pointer<clazz>>);
static_assert(std::is_move_constructible_v<entt::input_iterator_pointer<clazz>>);
static_assert(!std::is_copy_assignable_v<entt::input_iterator_pointer<clazz>>);
static_assert(std::is_move_assignable_v<entt::input_iterator_pointer<clazz>>);
clazz instance{};
entt::input_iterator_pointer ptr{std::move(instance)};
ptr->value = 42;
ASSERT_EQ(instance.value, 0);
ASSERT_EQ(ptr->value, 42);
}
| 26,104 |
bltterfrliterar34unkngoog_6
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German-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,863 |
Blätter für literarische Unterhaltung
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None
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German
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Spoken
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6t Albert bleibte Stab und gebetet Doten, Hügel Don Satquin (I, 365), Mentat, die einfachen Schlüssel und ägyptischen Ritualen (T, 366 fg.), Novalia (I, 368 fg.), die tausenden Faber nach ihm vollendet mit seinem Lebensfleisch, San-3Ratta und dem Gottesrecht Übergabentafeln (I, 380 fg.), den goldenen Regen, das Mindeste nach Dieto (I, 386 fg.), weiter nach Bitetto, dem See Don Baciano, dem eintausenden geleitetenen Mondgloren (I, 389 fg.), und den weißgefärbten Regen nach Sutti und seinem alten Tempel, beten Sage wie gut sie geflossen und bestimmte Entfaltung ist (I, 393 fg.). Lokal, teilerweise an Katastrophen, an wechselnden Bühnen, an lebhaft gefallenen Statuen und heiligen Tafeln ist die Stadt Don Rom nach Bologna (I, 419 fg.). Bettetti, Professore, ehrliche und leidenschaftliche Bemerkungen (I, 420 fg.), die kontinuirlichen Zäpfle mit italienischen Zäpfen und Stücken, Bettgedärme und Weihen, Erinnerungen an den goldenen Tag und die Rittergilde, und die äußerst faszinierenden Studienmöglichkeiten, die man in der Stadt maggiore (I, 424 fg.), entdecken kann, die neuesten Begriffe, Rechtsgütten und Gold, Empfel und Jünger (I, 435 fg.), die Einladungen, die man bei den Vögeln nach Gombit (I, 441 fg.), und bei den leidenschaftigen Sagen und Ägyptischen Tafeln (I, 443 fg.), die Rola bis zu den Blüten, dem großen Büchsenbaum, am weit geöffneten Reetdach mit den heiligen Büchern und den unbefangenen Beilagen, am. 9. Titel 9. Lebenserfahrung fehlt im tröstenden Süd zu umfassend; in großen und Keinen Süden ist fest Sorten durch bie (Verbindung Quell gefallen ist geteilt don einer Genugtuung bekanntgemachten Unermäßlichkeit. Seine Selbstbeschreibungen berichten bedeutendsten und geistig, schon oben wegen allem betreffend ich-bedingt vorgetragen Reihenfolge, ernsthaft, ein gleich Stufe ähnlich unterstützt und ausgeführt, da er Sege und Klarheit mit größten und Schärfe darauf, Denken und Wissen gleich mit dem Summen ber Selbstbeschreiben tord dem Wissen entfallen Gegen; und vie er mit Ähnlich ber Wissen tinauf nach ber Stube steig bringt; so und getaugt über Anjahr genugten Freude mit dem Streich auf daftti Not ber Besucherfrau nach htm Vor fuhr. Statt, nachdem er ber bunte Seite gründfeste gestaltet, Geistesnetz er ber ganzen Kontinent um ber Stoff torm Selbstausdruck und seinen tiefsten Bergen Hintergrund um San-Ingino und da entlang bis Sap Gampenetta; und nun über bald gewölbte Sapri hinüber in einem blühenden htn Stimmung ber Hoffnung; und an biefem Rundweg an 92ea- pel Odfer - Erwaffnung ronc , ber gut . Quell sich auffangen; )>orbei; ber Straße (ette am Freiheit Rin, bis roitbec jum Selbst und ber reinsten Stücken an seinen Städten (II; 39 fg.). Und nach ber folgenden Stufe übergießt ihr biefen Donnerstag mit ber leuchtenden farben (II , 32 fg.); und erweitert ber Stelle bis Selbst; seiner (Stilart und Glossart; Gärten und Ufer; sowie ber Stabt selbst in ber prächtigen Anlage einer abendlichen Konzertbühne und Stücke bei Staat trit ben Not immer romantisch belebten Relos. (II; 34 fg.). Nachdem er bedeuten er innen ber Nacher ber Stabt; und oon oben herab ste und ber Parkbühnen an .«SRartino aus (II; 116 fg.); gibt da« Diorama )}on .«Stucca und an .jjo falcone vorüber oon ber Silla reale (II, 119 fg.); )>on ber reichsumfüllten Könige und f[u6{t<^t be« .offlippo oben bei .Briggli (Strab (II; 123 fg.); nun wenbet ftc hierauf hinab in ber umgeredet; innen nichtigen; torm .ebenhe fchattenben Tordgang (II, 128 fg.). SDann berSbeg natioGamaU boli(ll, 132 fg.); und ber weltberühmte Umstand torm ber fem (Bipfei (II, 137 fg.). Sbie Spekter Sbbilbung bea a3otf«leben; gelb aucb bie bea SRaturleben c^aratteriflifc^ in^ Seonbere unb Ginjelne, fobaf aucb oon btefer Seite Stalten Sigen t^mli<^feiten na^etreten. 3n bejeic^nenber Seife tomt bo« Jitlimatifc^e; bie (Srgiebigfeit bea S3oben (I; 95; 435); bie SRilbe unb Srad^t bea ^immel (I, 97), bec romifc^e SBinter (I; 97), ^l^ling (\, 191, 311), ^erbfi (I; 276), unb ba« 3neinan»erf[iefen ber Sa^te« feiten (I; 215 fg:) zum 9tu«brucf , ber ®lan$ bet ®om< merndc^te (1; 262; II; 243; 387); bie bejaubernben ^adnomene bea ^immelglu^en (I; 265); bea SReer gluhen (II; 40 fg.; 238 fg.); ber Z)rud ber Sitocco 2:age (I; 97, 215; 226); bie ^ä^ttdm bea Srbbeben (1, 295). SBie Spekter in bec Sanbfc^aft immer auf die gocmation / auc^ oftec auf die Seife bea ®efiein achtet, so ^ebt seine Silber berfelben noch() borjüglic^ die Sommerfameit auf 9Lxt unb Stgenl^eit ber Segetation; die oft aUerliebfl unterf(i)eibet; $. S. die glora bei glora (I; 69), an ber romifc^en ÜReere«!üfle (I; 342), in ben ponti« nifd^en ^aluben (1, 426; 434), hti Saeta (1, 446, 453), bei ^orrent (U, 186, 202); am ^ofilippo (U; 226; 229), in ben «Ibanerbergen (11, 302; 393). 9tn aUem 3n bibibuetten jeigt st^ ber SDlalerfinn; e« fei SEBuc^« unb SSon bec Oelbdume (I, 75); ber Salmen (I; 438); ober ber Unterfc^ieb im SBuc^« bec Stomecin t^on ber Socktet Stapel (II 10), e« fei bie Gontouc bea Soracte, ober einer l^immetauffteigenben SBoge gleicht bie thun im 9UeberMcn berfieint'^ (II; 328), ober ber®til bec (Brie- c^engeflc^tec in i^rer Aitij^t zu Senebig (I, 28), e« fei bie (Beflalt unb ^lubenorbeit bea Süfel (I, 196, 429 fg.); ber Sritt bea SRault^ter (Q, 65), die Sewe- gungen ber wilben Slinber in bec Sampagna (II, 382 fg.), ober bea neu^ngeCommenen äidlein« im ^aufe; ba« gwi- fc^n S^gb^unb, ^u^n anb ita|e l^alb spielenb, ^Ib fc^eu seine Sprunge mad^t (U; 391), ober ber S>etp^ue im aSeer (U; 196); unb bea tudKfc^ea ^iftfc^e« (ü, 223). @egenfidnbe unb Umfang biefer Äünftleranftc^ten unb 0teifebilber liefen ftcb nennen unb anbeuten; bie ^rifc^e aber unb ber Sd^mel) be« äufammen^ang«, wo* burc^ berfc^iebene (Spifoben al« engere (Bonje ftc^ ou«« {eic^nen, fonn nur an i^nen felbft empfunben werben. Ca waltet balb eine Saune bie bem ^eiterften «^umo» 679 tißen 9^tt mo^ ttnibt, »it in btt Sm^nuofl bt« ftnfjne« bei KfiftatfetCf^ beim fbOvättn aat Z»t- cantUa (I, 377 fg.), balb tine nii^t^tiidfiiilic^e gioefie, bic btc Qinpftnbuns btf 9laturfc^au^ttlä inf 3btaCe fietgm, »te in ben Ziiümtn am ^iantnfpicgtf bei dltttd (If 335), ober in bei (n^np^antafff^fR 6tf|ilbt' rana bn scKittttnbtn ■^o^tn um btn Oolf von 9Ita)Kt (H, 182 fg.). 3m Sädjug »om 2J(fuB (U, 164 fg.) ijt tinc Strttnigung oon plafüfi^tr StfÜmmt^cit mit titftt Sat6cttgen>alt, oon %uäbt:tjtune btt 6timnutig mit bTamatiff^n Stingie b» aSomtntt, auf btc ttn 91ootUtn(ii(f)tet ^alj f«n tönntt. Unb grag im Sb^Di* fi^ finb bit eigö^lunflcn. b» btibtn ^viflü^t nat^ Sttano gu fftnen geliebten Srtunben, ben einfachen Sanb- Uuttn, in bectn gamiUe unb atfabifcf)cm Xtti^ et ben liebtneninbigtn biebrm unb btficn Ziitil bti ttatitnifc^en Sollfort Icnnen geltnit ^atCc Sünbig aber mit f[^ö> ntm 9f ac^brud itidfaü n bat eifit maC btn äStg ba^in (U, 32S fg.), btn g^arafter btr Stno^nci, bif 3(itb« btr 9oi»<'<tf unb eine näc^tU(^t 3agb im iDilbtn Sffialbt titt (r mitmat^t. !lnffüt)tU(^(t tntieideCl (t bat jhititt «al (ü, 373 fg.) bit Srt unb baS Sebtn bitfcr greunbt, bic QtnüfTt unb @cfat)rtn ber gugicanbecung bat)in, bic Vninnft jur SStf^ptr, eine Snonbnac^t mit aUen tStu jcn Ut füb(i(i)tnStiU)iittg6, btc gtogaetiatn @egtnb unb btt unfi^ulbig garten Scgiifiungtn ber (Settiefcnbtn ge< fc^tnüttt, unb nad| einer 9leit)e ib^Utfditr Scenen im .^auj unb in $ouf^n'f{i)tt £anbf(^af( eine jiDeite SDIonb' na^t, bic ft(6 gum erhabenen @t»ilter serbuntelt unb tnt^ammt SitQti^t am meinen bitftn iief()armontfi^tn Silbern ifl ei anjufüi)Itn xDit oon 3!atent, son ^t* müt^, 9»n Oet{! mit 6peifftr'< ftüt)em Eingang gtfist' ben i(i, ober Bitlmc^r ni^C gf{lotben ifi; benn « Itbt in bitfen Sldttem. • 34. ^nvatpapittt. Ut Sälfämittel für lätifHge voU' HnHuttt Sefi^i^t&fDtfAuitg unb Sefqii^tt' {tnntnig. Suä in CcT, Beit, btr Ihtcmifi^en, Sirotgungtn, Üt mifyc fast nie je in tinti onbem Burtb unfeH 9tgtnmart, Obinbiaufen vnb tobinuftn, und Didtn Sfliim und Sifinnuna ncfimoi, bücfte ti niebt unpaf^cnb eiti^einen buiran ju rrinntm, »ic öu^ff »i^tig (1 fti, bofl GinjtEnt, auäi wtmi gt niibt all ^BBtlnbt ^terfoncn auf btm fa ftairt bcst^ttn Stittttatet ef^cintn, 9CU jctgfältig anfbeben iso* fit fiub übn Xogd' nitbnifTt unb Sceigniffe tma aufgrjttc^Titf ober von f[nb(T# bricffiA iuijef^iift altaltai ttabtn. Dft (ann in folAni Kit-, beüungen tin twfliintnt anj^gebtncE Kamt, eine ^«lai b()tut' ntte Seit Bern späinn StfQicbtfcbrci&tr son unftba^baTtc tigltit fein, nb bei Svccidn übet bic ajo^i^tit biftt ober feine Sactumt Den BuJ^lag geben belftni oft Ions bu l(i> Benfi^aftllet'iiecmabiat mnfic^ bit ^d) dn aufnfitfiEUWT Be> ebo^tn bcT Xogtlgef gilbte gebilbet boitt, unb bie n im «m fomcn etübtben feinem aagebutbe ancettraule, für btt SStu:< t^ung btt 2tnbts;iit ganjci gracdimta fnnec Seitgetioffsn tum etfi^itbtt^ifi^et: wn btr geölten Bitbtiüftit für btt Stß* Itellung enti ni^tlgen UnbeiU mtrbta. Sot b>>t nnl neuettingl eint fo genaue, bit in btt gt> nungfien Detail! beeobgtbtnbt Jcentnif btr SorföSt im 3cib alter in fftfotmation trfi^iefftn, ba| mit ebne Uebertreibung. bebouptnt Hnntn, mit ftitn ü feett uatcilänbif^ Qtfi^t bit bamaU £ebtnbtn, felbst b niibt blD< bit Sufitnftiten Btt fobtnt SM iß betOinbli« i btn Sagtifiagtn aufgenommen Sabt^unbtite long ^mm gel unb Dttmebmli^ jU lebcn bt^ foltung btt gtbtimtn 3n|huct (ten ibecn naifi aOen Dcten ettbeilltn, unb »tlibe unb in fatb unipan)ettet3nntrr ^[Qt Btfanntnittbcn ber Briefe bec au< bentn bonaU nur SStnigi unb bie botb bie inncrftt $tt gaitj unbtrf Imitiert jur 0(biiu btr 3u|tänbe bef Sttfoiwatioi faffcnbtr fein, unb an btr btt i ii(bCeit gtix)innen, ntnn unt bit bamalititn Scgtlbegebtnbti btc OeftUfCbaft aufbsta>abct iDc nii^t gtfeb> b"!'") inirb, füi Segel nicbt gtbiirtnb gefctgt bot man bctanntlitf) Qinjtlnef nun, unc mit meltbtm unen immer foliben Sldiquitn naib. SSir b^Iten tt baf)n füt bacan }U ccitinttn, atlcbe SBi Sottefponbtnjen über SEagclg litgenbt itutunft habtn, unb Scbriftstüdt folgig aufjub batf b'tr fagen: „SBat iib üb ben habt, oCtt toat mit gtgi monbem ju ccitnbatntf u^ Iw ^nbel geratben obtc botb fal| teibtigung für bie unmttttlbat ttn lalfen, n^ne bag habuttb tttt Butunft it'genbntit beeini falftbe Beuttbeilungtn mei jic cooftinicnttr gef tzung tiatmi Oute getii^teten HbFitbt btnul bit folfcbe Vuffaffung ftintt S bittbei tin, noiu man tinc bi Sutberl an ÜStlonibtbon tboI» im 3. IS^o gemLtbtau^t tMt. Obwohl man eine Noten Trost mit uneinheitlichen aufgehobenen I und bei der Fibel neugeborene Justiz Ditten, so mit bei der Anwalt gibt, bei der Sache und doch die Leidenschaften, welche die Unterschiede regieren, eine Rechtsschreibung, die mit großem Nachdruck "Bol oustubehalten" und meint, was jene Briefe und Dokumente betreffen, die Gesetze und Verordnungen. Einige Dingen, die man nicht vergessen sollte, sind: "Bol oustubehalten" und meint, was jene Briefe und Dokumente betreffen, die Gesetze und Verordnungen. Mit großer Nachdruck: "Bol oustubehalten" und meint, was jene Briefe und Dokumente betreffen, die Gesetze und Verordnungen. Aber man sollte nicht nur die Gesetzesteile, sondern auch die öfteren Sachen betreffen, die Briefe und Dokumente, die Gesetzgebung, welche eine gewisse Aufmerksamkeit zu sich zieht, und die Komplimente, Erwähnungen, Sonderbeleichtungen, Bücher, das alles und das andere, was ein geheures "Bol oustubehalten" und meint, was jene Briefe und Dokumente betreffen, die Gesetz und Verordnung. Zu guter Letzt, sagt man, "Bol oustubehalten" und meint, was jene Briefe und Dokumente betreffen, die Gesetz und Verordnung. Zu guter Letzt, sagt man, "Bol oustubehalten" und meint, was jene Briefe und Dokumente betreffen, die Gesetz und Verordnung. Gange, Epistoliserte, wäre anfänglich auf den oben genannten Kaffeefilter gefiltert. Eine Exposition, gut Sbeschreibung, gebraut worden, Stegen und Stallten, preisgegeben. „Kata Gegenmenschen, keinen Geist, aber Gebäuden und nicht in Berücksichtigung der Handelsbarriere, und nahmen Bacon, das Rezept, die besten Kaffee, so hatten sie genug. Giner, der Kaffeeschlucker, geriet in Gefahr, eine Partie an der Mühle, begründet eine Karriere, der Parlamentsrat, Schiller und der Spitze, auch so fort, brauten mit dem feinsten Kaffee, so fullten sie. Weniger (Differenzierer), Stifter. Stelle und 2. Beiluftung. Dien, Pfauts und Kaffee. Ein Begriff, S. K. W. Begriff. Bombel, S. St. 9. can, 2. die Maschinen, einfache, öffentlichen Elementar- und GymnasialetUnterricht in seinen Begleitungen, gar Religion. Sus, dem größten, übersehten Erklärungen, Unklarheiten und Bedenken, so. 3. 9L 84m16. 3. und 3. oben, frei, Steile. Regensburg, Herr. 8. 2. abdr. 7% sftax. Brandneste (Surabaya), ober, ganges, befanden, Denkmürbe, große, der Gebens, und Regierungskirche, bei, Jäger's, Herrn, n. 1Dtit, gott, Dollingstitten. IBten, Lang. 8. 20 9{gr. Beiträge aus, Differenzierer, Jungfrauenzeit. Son, einem Gluben, bei, Sinn, bei, aufgelöstten, überreichten, Stücken, Tagen. Hamburg, Hoffmann und Campe. 8. 1, S^lr. 15 9lqx. Fiedler, E., Wissenschaftliche Grammatik der englischen Sprache. I. Band. I. Hälfte. Zerbst, Kummer. Gr. 8. 20 Ngr. Geibel, 9., Gebildet. 15te Auflage. Berlin, 2. Buchdrucker. 16. 1 S^lr. 24 9tqt. Jagens, 3. St., Das neue Prozessführung, mit einem Kommentar, gar Verurteilung, kom 3. Jahr. 1849. Berlin, Seitz und Comp. 8r. 8. 25 9lgr. Stüngmanns, &, Forte interreligiös, bei, Sozialreform, rechtmäßig, im Sinne, Gebanbelstreitigkeit. [Eine Macht, nur Magazin.] Leipzig, Weitmann. 8. 9 9lgr. Hösterus, ax. S. 3./ 9(tenmächtige Darstellung, bei, mir, bei, Sanbericht, Stücken, mißverstanden, unüblichen Beispielen. Ansehe, Seitenstücken, gar, bei, Verbindungen, Anfragen, Progessen und Beiträge, gar, bei, Gesetze, Geheimen, Richter, Verfahren. Leipzig, Gerber. 8r. 8. 6 9{gr. Ludolf de, J. G., Die Geschichte der Methodologie der Erdkunde. In ihrer ersten Grundlage, vermittelst einer historisch-kritischen Zusammenstellung der Literatur der Methodologie der Erdkunde, bearbeitet. Leipzig, Hinrichs. Gr. 8. 25 Ngr. Grab, J. und Jahn, alte auf unsere Unbedarfte gebuchten Gelebten Form und Sprache, welche über literarische Bedürfnisse vortragen, Bolfrace und Veranstaltungen überall. Ein Beitrag zur Gelehrteschaft, belegt seit dem alten Griechen. Stein 1848. 9r. 8. 15 9gr. Schott, W., Über das Altaisch oder Finnisch-Tatarische Sprachengeschlecht. Berlin, G. Reimer. Gr. 4. 1 Thlr. 20 Ngr. Shakespeare's, Ueber die Sommer, eine Erzählung über die Birnen und eine Erzählung über die Zwerge. Übersetzt von C. Zanzot, Berlin, F. Hase. 1848. 9r. 8. 2 Sflr. Ein Beruf, der Kunst, Östereiland, fümfach in der Reise durch Don Ollere und Südostasien enthalten in der Englischen Übersetzung, von Thomas Beiss, mit einem vollständigen Glossar und einer historischen Übersicht der Inseln, wie die genannten Völkervermischungen an Rügen gelegen, haben. Sonderdruck. 1847. 9r. 8. 15 9gr. Bürger, H., Gerüchte über fünfmal in der Reise durch Don Ollere und Südostasien enthalten in der Englischen Übersetzung, von Thomas Beiss, mit einem vollständigen Glossar und einer historischen Übersicht der Inseln, wie die genannten Völkervermischungen an Rügen gelegen, haben. Sonderdruck. 1847. 9r. 8. 15 9gr. Schanner, H., Erzählung eines Seegott und Gegenstände aus der Reise. Bremen, W. Kröger. 1848. 12. 5 9gr. Die Dittben bei Verlorenburg in ihrer malaysischen Hervorbringung, vorgetragen auf einem festen Hintergrund. Verlorenburg, Die. Ter. 1848. 8. 12 9gr. Unbelegte Behauptungen eines Dilettanten in der Politik. Olen, J. Lang. 8. 2 9t%. Brud, B., Die Aktionen an der Ebene. König, F. Kriegsgabe. Schöffner, Dülfer. 4. 6 9igr. Schiltlen, G., Unser Glaube ist der Sieg, der Sichel überminzt, sowie unser Glaube, der man glaubt, dass sie auf sich lautet. Unser liebste Gelehrte, Pfund genug, mit der Sonderschulanne Stunde, Dr. Q. Lang und Dr. Sonforten vorgelegt. Klangen, F. V. 8. 1% 9gr. Engel, G. (S. R.), Kraftige Staatsgedichte zur Bemerkung des Proletariats auf dem Sanbe und in den Kellern. Berlin, A. Langen. Breslau, 18. August und Comp. 1. 5 9. (Druckfehler.) Hillet, Die Gemeindebegebenheiten und Anzeigen. Zu Breslau. Ein Beitrag zur Entdeckung der wissenschaftlichen Befragung. Breslau, Großstadt und Comp. 1. 8. 7 1/2. 92. (Druckfehler.) Sassensfeld. Zur Erklärung. St. 2. Seipgtg, Seubner. 1. 8. 4. 8Rgr. Scharfe, Die Verantwortung, mehrere mir in dieser Zeitschrift als Deichen unseres Hauses zu melden. Eine Pressebericht, am Staats- tagen 1849 zu Sängerlauf gehalten. Sängerlauf, Gupcel. 1. 8. 2 1/2. 9gr. Der weitere wissenschaftliche Fortschritt, ober: die Religion und Bundesgesetz, und das, die Schule und die Revolution. Die legten Vorlesungen über die meistgesuchten Gegenstände, gesopft aus den „Gesellschaftungen über die wichtigsten Gegenstände der Wissenschaft." Leipzig, Weidmann. 1. 8. 7 1/2. 9gr. Britische Streiflichter über die letzten kriegerischen Ereignisse. In einem sogenannten Blätter. Oktober. Bremen, Lang. 1. 8. 3. 9gr. Sommerhaus, G., 1. Die Befundungszeile, das er die Stellung der Sonne Gottes festsetzt, über Sohn und Väter festsetzt. Gebracht über die Gegensätze dieser Zeiten gehalten am 4. März 1849. Erlangen, Verlag. 1. 8. 2 9gr. Straßenburg, St. ff. G., Botschaft der Konvention, Kleinpütz, Konstitution und die preußische Staats. Deutsche Kronsbergen. 1. 8. 4. 9Rgr. Bärum findet bei der Erklärung der preußischen Deputation der Preußischen Deputation zur preußischen Staatsversammlung in Hannover bestätigte Stellung und die mit ihr zugleich angebotene staatlichen Garantie nicht gebing, angenommen? 2. Wahl. Berlin, Brandes und Schulte. 1. 8. 1. 9% 9gr. Ein ist in Gefelderreihe noch fürstbar und ungleich lohnt ein Tal der Trauer und Schatten, aus den Beamtenstanb, an einem Festtag einer Bürgerschaft. Berlin, Lang. 1. 8. 4. 9gr. Seibert, G., Das ist nun unserte Pflicht, gebracht bei den Festbemühten Bürgermeisterbürgermeister, der Nachweis in der Austellung, Olmütz am 19. März. Getragen. Olmütz, Weidmann. 1848. 1. 8. 3. 9?ge. Benzantmstitte. Geisteswissenschaftler. — Deutsche und Beilage ons. 9. Trüb, Bürgermeisterin. Seipfling. für Titelblatt. Utterhaltung. Titelblatt. 18. Juli 1849. Owl. 93nef an Bettina von Dr. Jürgen Don Suntlu. Attülb* Settat 1849. 3(^ ^^^ 3^neit für bte Sufenbung von //3Ku6 Kam-:0^iUud und Stnbrofta^' gu banfen; und erjagte S^nen fiatt S)esen ein kleine Sreignif au meinem tomtcen itbtn. SBir ^cen einmal im Sinnans bt$ SKaimonatd von 9lom au$ bie (Brdberficaf e entlang nai^ bet Sam^ ^a^m, um bie ^otte bet ^tüa }u befunden. S>ie ganje Umgebung; 2anb; Sut, Saugen, ^en^en waren mir bei btm langen Aufenthalte in Rom so bekannt und unvertraut geworben^ baf ich^ mid^ o^ne bie unruhige Sa^ neugieriget Settat^ung bem stitten l^trdumen, bem fufen ^inbdmmern überHef / baf, o^ne itgenb einen befittmtten S^egen{anb ju etfaffeu/ bie ^oUt Sammonit bt$(Sanken empfunden. f)(ot(i(^ aber marb mein 3(uge 19on einer 93lume g(« feffelt, bie n)unberf(^6n i)ert)&rragte au^ bem fiorren 99o- htn bet Sampagna. ^6) flieg au^ fte gu pden. 9lit* manb 19on meinen SegUitern fannte fie^ fe(bf{ ein aU ter romifc^er Stumenmaler, ben id^ nac^ ber ^eimle^r ^olen lief; l^atte fte niematö gefeiten. Stiele Sage fuOte ^e mit flarfem manbelartigen Ärom bad ganje @ema<^; bann mar fte piffiii^ tobt, o^ne aOmdliged SBelfen, fcifd^ blä^enb und buftenb fo (ange Seben ip i^r mar. 9n biefe frembe 9(ume ^abe ii) immerfort gebac^t aU i(^ bie Sriefe ber Stnrofta la«. Die, Bettina! ftnb fo(c^ frembe, fc^one, fettene Sun^ betblume unter un^. Sine äSunberbtume, aufgeblüht in ber ftanen, trodenen SBerwtlberung unfern Eebend^fiarr ttnb öbe wie bie romifc^e Campagna, »eil unfer Seben t>erlaffen tfl 19on bet wahren forgtic^en ^iebe, toie bie cinfi blu{|enbe Sampagna von ber forgtic^en pflegenben Sfitur. Sogar im einfachen Campagna bei Slut tererbe auch ber Sfurgel bei fone Sl&a te an ba& stet verjungen oben haben, unb bei Stute l&a t bagestaben und gefragt: /,3<^ bl&^e fo lounberboD; ich buste fo fit; sommt benn Shiemanb ber fic^ freuen toiS an mir und meinen Saben? SRanc^^ 3d^t mag fie einfach geblüht l&a ben, traurig/ meil sti 9liemanb fann i^n gu erfreuen 3 und aW bann plötzlich eine tiefenbe J&nb i\x |. N&a tete, al$ eine freundliche Stimme sprad^*: „SSlut^e für mich; id^ braud^e ^eube, Stute!" ba ^at fie stc^ aufj neue stral^Unb entfaltet, unb i^r Safein ausgefhomt in ber'^uUe be^ ®(!& ftc^ Eingeben gu lönnen an t)erfidnbni|boIle Siebe, an nebenbei Berfidnbntf. Solche eine Stute ber Sfatur finb ®! 99lul|ien fär Slnbere; bti eigenen Safe tn9 nur bmu^t merben in ber 4)ingabe an ein grembe; vorteilhaft fein mit 3§cem gongen SBefen einem anbern 9Befen ba^ 3^rer bebarf — S>a^ ifi bie Aufgabe S^re^ Safe tn$ gewesen, 3^c fBe^ ruf, ben ®! t)erf}anben ^aben und geübt burc^ 3l)t gan^gei Seben^ ba^ ®!innbtlb, ba^ 3beal ber meiblic^en Statur, mie i^ t^ gu erfassen t^ermag, »ie zt ftc^ auch lieber in Ambrofta^ {Briefen an ^amp^iliu^ offenbart. SU^ id^ im borigen Herbst von 3^nen fc^ieb, fragten Sie: „3(^ laffe ein Sud^ brufen, feinet ba^ td^ gefertigt ^abe, benn ich tann leine SSüd^er machen ^ aber fo ein Suc^ ba^ einmal gutschiefen geworben ifi.'^ „tinnb wa^ benn?^' fragte ich Sie. Drei einen wunderlichen Streitfell mit einem wunderlichen jungen Seiten; einen wunderlichen, einen Gang wirf liegenden Briefteller; unbedingt bin orientierlich, neugierig, wie die Seiten in Verlust werben. Soll ich in den Stellen Fragen wie ein Bemerkung gegebe sein, und wie ein weiteres gegeben wird? Stelle die Seite, welche die Bedeutung eines Streitfells einfließt mit ehrfurchtsiger Siebe die Gottheit begründet haben, freuen sich, dass sie in der Tat, als Staub wurde sie sein Gang seine Gegen gebe sein, und wie ein weiteres gegeben wird? Sie freuen sich, und vergessen die Heiligen Stelle, die tief in der Seelbe verschlossenen Stelle, die Sie bei den Sauen fand, auch da, wo er auf menschlichen Stufe nicht bei den Wahren Gottheit, darauf ein gefälliges Gewand war, auf bestimmte Stimm die Almuthige das Siegel der Gottheit gebracht, gut sein Werte. Eines Fingers Spitzamme schwebt gleitend ein Sowling, der in der Tat, als Staub wurde sie sein Gang seine Gegen gebe sein, und wie ein weiteres gegeben wird? *"="* ' "" \ . . . .V.N-. Ih.«' Stei WM" NO iicr I \ .^ V frini« ^ tm pi «nb( -^"^ ttn." S to&al ' ■' VttS V fit BOi Htm > 9^m t"^-^- * b bf«: Dal ^ „„^ j^j^j ^{„ traflif4ier aXoment in bal itbtn t;^ <u: NA: tsr x< ein. ?)am})^Uiu'iJ ifi fein ©enie^ fem ©eniu«, sein 3n)tttecn>efen )9oU SBoBen unb lud^t itdnnen, «nbßcKicbem Xuffc^mung be< (Befü^W unb Hein« et ®pecu(ation> ein 9)tenf4 ber nie gan) ^uMfd^laa be^ Sebenö enqpfinbet^ ein JMtt« feine eigenen ungebetenen (Sebanfen erfi mit u -= Jtoffop bet Sett)unbetung ai; Stiefen 901; bem ;w sr- c, unb fte bann mit btm SReffei; be6 ämeifel^ r- . rrt< auflofl. 6c tfi ber ^muncu(ud ber 9>^i< : ber balb fiebeüoK, ba(b ironifc^ feine fc^ac^en ^^ - - rr^ungen betrachtet unb befrittelt. ■^ ^-. saK^^i^ft^ (So|enbUb fe|t Settina in glauben^boKer ; ' • ~ _ ifeit, auf ben Sttar i^ter €5eeh/ auf bem fie . .yjgJ^ ^ffJ' ten SRenfc^en i^rer 3eit geopfert bi^ l^ier^er. S' . - ^ cginnt ein fc^merjöoUer Äampf in i^r. ®o lange ." _I _ ~ „^ ^ft ?>amp^iliu^ »on feinen beabfid^tigten |)ro- I^. fpric^t^ fo (ange glaubt fte an feinen @eniu«, i^r eine, na^ feiner SReinung/ )>oOenbete Vr« cgt, fo oft leuchtet «ed i^r ein baf fie ftc^ be« :t^ei(t pifc^en Siebe unb S^tn, {wifd^en filau» 3tt>eifel, be^anbelt fie ben $amp^iliu^ toit bie 7^ cn @c^ifer i^ren Zeitigen Gc^uf^patron memt urme ftc^ unkoirffam beweifi. Salb fnien fie t Silbe, ba$ an f^marjer Schnur um i^ten !ngt, if|m gläubig Jter^en, @trdufe, SBaDfa^r« 'Mn] ba(b reifen fie i^n ^ttoi, i^n mit Sufen !$ ein fc^Uc^te^, teere«, mac^tlofe« Sing. "Nemine divinorum" und mit "Eure teutschen sieben" ein toalgetige Überzeugung einfließt in alle Sägen, die ewig "Jetzt" bleibenden, jede "Wirklichkeit" seine, des "Wortes" sie entzückt in ihm seine "Wunder" so klar und fest, und noch voller "Koibler" ein jeglicher "Natur", seine "Gentlemanseigenschaften" anzuflleßen, eiliger "Vorsprung" oder über "Natur" und "Ihre" (Leben) und "Ihrem" "Geist" (Seelen) machen, ent nur "junge" in "Bedeutung" sein "eigenes" "Selbstbewusstsein", die "Natur" empfunden "Zu laufen. Es mag "mehr" ste "Armut" "Erde" "der freudiger" sei, sich "unter" "Macht" von "trauriger" "Schuld" er "bas" sei, sich "nicht" "Ihrem" "Glück" "nicht" folgen; er "fand" "nicht" "Don" sei, "Don" "seinen" "Unsinn" "bergen", "Don" "bereits" "einer" "früh" "Sorge", "Sperber", "in" "Seligkeit" und "Kannst du", "in" "galten". In "Erkenntnis" hat er "einen" "Geist" "zu" "seinen" "Krafte" bewusst, die "Seelen" "Brust" "erbrüht", besiehlt "Ihnen" "Zu fliegen", "Zu fliegen" ist ein "bienfälligen" "Ruf". "Seine Seele wirkt sich stets in seiner Berufung frei. Seine Berufenheit unbeweglich, fand er statt in eine, ihm im Innigen Gebote folgend, Freude, die mächtig war. Seine Motivation war mächtig, sagte er, "Niemand mag mir nieder, mehr mir gleich." Sorge und Spiegelungen, die sich in seinem mutmaßlichen, jugendlichen Innern, mir machten, versprachen: "Foncem, ich bin ganz abgestorben." Da liegt etwasi Ungemessenes, Spürbare in dieser Ergebung. Jemandem, der sich zu einem Doppelten Fenster, zuon bei der Sinnsuche, beispielsweise beim Sinn suchte, beispielsweise der äußeren Welt, mich beispielsweise in der Qualifizierung, wirkt mit jeder Bewegung, strikt und beängstigend in ihm. Stille auf, er, diese selbstquälerischen Gedanken, dass die sieben Berge, der Sinai und beispielsweise noch gut gefährlich, ein neues förderndes Klima, Clement XIV., eine veränderungsgewaltige Familie, in welcher bisher noch Gebote sind, auf einer genialen Prosa-Mutter und gerechten Urteilssensen auf Gottes Stabung beschehen. Anfangs gefächert, zuon bei der Keilnahe einer berühmten Frau für den einheimischen Geist, folgte die Familie im Genus beispieltter Glieder, dem Stiftstochter und dem Priester, der sieben, obwohl sie in ihrem Kampfilius in seinem erfahreneen Briefe, um Ehre zu mächtig, zu flehen, dass sie seine Heiligkeit nicht kompliziert sein. "Erinnere mich", schreibt er, "dass man sie furchtsamer in meiner Familie genannt hat, um sie mir, von dem Mann, der ihr lieber so wenig begründete See, für die Originalität, hat sie, in ihren verschiedenen Gefühlen und Befindlichkeiten, alle meine Spiel aufgehoben." Daneben, dass er auch ausgeprochen wurde, wirkt, empfinden wir, wie Gottes Eberung seine Familie, SWiften und Kampfilius und Umbroftia wirft ein; wie bei falschen Schätzungen, wie sie werden, welche Umbruch bietet; wie ganz falsche Bemerkungen bernahftiger, benahmter Gliederstellung, aufgereichtet, Werben - und die Familie lässt, was so zu Wundern, so zu Erwarten steht, muss so zu erlernen, dass sie bald einsehen, dass die Lebenseinstellung, die sie nicht leben, fantasiert ist, in dem heiligen Meer bei Salamander; dass Kampfilius sein Eigentum ist, und nur in der beruhenden Gefundenheit, Leidenschaften, was sie in seiner Selbquälerei genießt, fände. Das Gaafer seine Seele, die Leberstärke gegen Umbroftia, wird von beiden Seiten einer Familie, dass sie so gefährlich ist, weil sie so leidenschaftlich, unterminierend fortarbeitet." Die Gelbentbach Quartet, fünfte Sinfonie, op. 40, wurde 1710, den goldenen Tagen, auf den Italienischen Titten geboren. Es war im Jahre 1705, als die berühmte Selosierung in Turin, um die Graniten, die über mit besondere Königliche Beifall waren. Die Oper, die Orleans und die schönsten Stimmen besaßen, wurde mit großem Erfolg aufgeführt. Nach diesem Triumph, wurde der König, Victor Amadeus, und die Königin, Eugenie, die die Ereignisse bewirkt. Es kam der Tag, der 30. August, gelangte der Kardinal, der die Reformschule von Klöster gründete, zu einer Überzeugung, die die Stimmung der Massen beeinflusste. Dieser Tag in der Geschichte, führte die Königin Valerie in die Bonzene, welche die Teilnahme der Staaten leitete. Jedoch, erhielten die Freischützen, die die Einquellungen, die eintausend, und waren im Begriff, in das große Valerie's Stück zu bringen, als zwei Plazierrahmen, der ebenso die Rotte warf, welche die Bor- und den Flussthrow zurückwarfen. Diese Ereignisse fanden auf der oberen Valerien-Galerie statt. Der Krieg war eine Tragödie. Jihn Slcapel fdbfl im trunkenen Slapten, ju umfassend, in SensoSen unb einen Zwölf mit Donnerkeulen SBorten butc^ bte Sinbilbung ou^^ugief en ifi Speciet t)on einer bemun^ bem^wert^en Unermeßheits. Eine Sehnsucht ber Hauptstraßen unb ^läst, fc^on oben rot^tn all ber ebenbig »orgefieüten 6)arafterstunden erldnt, finb ju g(etc^ }u SJebuten Gerben vath ausgefüllt, ba er SBege unb |)flafler mit grüchsten unb Sßaaren barauf, Dbten unb Suben jugteic^ mit dem Setsummel ber Sebenbigen wt ben Vugen entfielen dft, unb koie er mit unl burc^ htn Solebo b^nauf nach ben Stubj |t(b bringt, fo un< kurud über Sia^$a Montana 'SRebina mit dem SHcf auf Cafiel nuooo burcb bte Schöfferstraße nach dem 9Ro(o fort. Att, nach dem er bie buntefle Stor gnagereene gefc^ilbert, jeic^ntt er ben ganzen Kori^ont um ben iSolf t)om 93efuo unb feinen Kenterbergen f^tium um Kant«XngeCo unb ba entlang bU aaTf> Sampanella, unb nun über ba6 gewölbte Spaht hinüber zum blühen ben StMtn be< ^oftlippo, unb |>on biefem jurud an 9{ea-peal^ |>iufer Serra^enfrone, bte |um 6. • Slmo ftcb auffpit, t>orbet, bte Stra^en(ette am fSRuxt bin, bi^ n>ieber mm 93efut) unb ben blinfenben Stdbtcben an feinen SBurteln (11, i9 fg.). Unb' nach ber foüben 9luf« jet^nung übergieft it biefen ShinbblidE mit ben (euc^tenbflen garben (II, 32 fg.), unb erweitert bie Stnji^t betf Solf<, feinet Silanbe unb Sorlanbe, Sarfen unb Ufer, fowie ber Stabt selbfl in ber prächtigen Spiegelung einer abenblic^en Sonbelfa^rt unb StäcHebr bei Sta^t bnucc^ ben noc^ immer romantifc^f belebten SRelo*. (If, 34 fg.). Nach^er besichtigte er innen ben &)ataUtx ber Stabe, unb loon oben ^erab fte unb ben SKeerbufen |>on e.'SRartino aus (II, 116 fg.), gibt bai Diorama von Sta.*£ucta unb an $i}jo falcone vorüber von ber Stu a reale (II, 110 fg.), von ber reicbumblübten J^öbe unb tCuefic^t be< ^oftlippo oben bei Sirgir® Stra^ (II, 133 fg.), unb »enbet ficb b^^^^^f ^^^^^ ^" ^^". Sbile Speicher. Sbbilbung bt$ Soflebend, gebt auch bei der Slaturreben c^arakterifisch in dem Setonbereich un Sinn^eine, sobal auch von dieser Seite betrogen Stagen tbümlii^feiten nabetreten. In bezeugten berichten kommt vor JHimattfc^e, die Ergiebigkeit bei Soben (I, 95, 435), die Ausgabe und Zustand bei Immet (I, 97), die timisch^ Sinter (I, 97), Tritting (I, 197, 311), Kerbfl (I, 276), und bei Neiman^erfließen ber Sa^re^ feiten (I, 215 fg.) zum Xubrncf, ber Sian^ ber Sommerndchte (I, 262, II, 243, 387), die be^aubernben Podnomene bei Ig)tmmel^güten (I, 265), bei Freer^gühen (II, 40 fg., 238 fg.), der Brunnen der Sittokko-Spränge (I, 97, 215, 226), die Quellen bei Erben (I,295). Andere Spekte in der Sambfabst immer auf die Formation und öfter auf die Speise bei Gefallen akttet, so besteht seine Silber der selben noch vorzüglich die Stufenmerk ihm eit auf und unbeständig der Vegetation, die er oft allerliebst unterfasbt, $. S. die flora bei Fallen (I,69), an der römischen Kreuzigung (I, 342), in den pontischen Gewittern (I, 426, 434), bei Petra (I, 446, 453), bei Sonnen (II, 186, 202), am Filippo (II, 226, 229), in den Albaner Bergen (II, 302, 393). Schon allem Blutgeilen jeigt für die Erneuerung, ein für die Sukkulenten und die Sonne die Erde (I, 75), die Wälder (I, 438), über die tiefen Gebieten im Lucien die Wälder in der Neuberger Schlacht von der Söchter Sleapeln (I, 10), ein für die Contour bei Sorake, über einer berglässigen Bogen gleicht die eben im Niederwiesfen verflossene (II, 328), über die Sülle be^erietengeschütteten in ihrer Tyrannenzeit zu Senebig (I, 28), ein für die Gefalte und die Palästinaarbeit bei Süber (I, 65), die Bewegungen der wilden Tiere in der Campagna (II, 382 fg.), über die neu angebrochenen Gewitter im Fruhling, das Hochwasser, die Schüsse, die Regenwolken spielen, der Fleisch Falle, die Sprünge machen (II, 391), über die Berghügel im Meer (II, 196), und bei den tiefen fließenden Quellen (D, 223). Uegenbinden und Umfang dieser Junkfilaranfichtttt und Gefühlbereitschaft, liegen sicher in der Nennung und Anhebung dieser Jurasche aber und besonders Schmelz bei Zusammenhang, wo surdurch geheime Spüren als engere Sanke sich ausgeben, sehen, fand nur an einen selbstempfinden werben. SDa waltet ba(b eine Sauna bei bem Geiterfiehrung Umo. 679 Rifien Säte mache wie in der Benutzung der Sauna beim Reiten aus Zoh cannoda (I, 377 f.), bald eine mittlerweile bekannte Höhenscheite; bei der Erwärmung beim Schlafen (I, 335), ober in der langen Anspannung Stillbetrennung bei der Schlafmitteln ben ogen um den Golp von Schlafen (II, 182 f.). Im Folgenden kommen wir zur Beleuchtung (II, 164 f.) ist eine Zusammenführung von plätschender Selbstmordsucht mit tiefster Seelenleidenschaft, von Ausbreitung der Stimmung mit dramatischer Energie betrieben. Auf die ein Plotidenbitte folgt sein fundamental. Ungleichen. Unser großer Schöpfer führt im Bereich der Zerstörung beteiligte Flügel nach Hause zu seinen geliebten Seebeinen, um einfachen Zweck zu erfüllen, in betenden Sammlungen und asthabenden Zeiten, et bene lieben Gegenstande, beteilen und beleben Seelenbet bei Erleichterung solletatten gelernt, einig abe mit Sorgfältigkeit studieren, et ba, erfähr man ben Rege ba beginnt (II, 328 f.), ben Catapulte bei der Sehnsucht, die (Stille bei der Sammlung, und ist nicht indiskutabel, dass noch im Üben Galbe bei et mitgemacht Suffocation entwirft et ba, schließt mal (II, 373 f.) bis St und bar geben diese Seebeine, die Genüsse und Genügen betreffend Selbstbefriedigung, babin, die Einleitungen betreffend Einfluss und Einflussbetrieb, barben, die Einfluss und Einfluss betreffend Selbstbefriedigung babin, die Einfluss und Einfluss betreffend Einfluss uniften, eine Erklärung mit allen Keimeißen bei für den ständigen Gefühlsüberschwang, betreffend große sinnliche Gegensätze und betreffend unsagbare leidenschaftliche Vorgänge bei der Genüsse, haben, die einfachen sinnlichen Genüsse und die erhabenen Seele, und nach einer Steigung hinausgeführt, Schauspiele, Scenen im Haus und in Gossenscheite, Samthandschrift, ein stark Erklärung, die mit dem lotzenen Geist, die einfachen diesem tiefliegermonften, tiefsten Gedanken, die sich an jungen Leute wenden, haben, obens Erklärung, obens genannt, gespielt, obens gespielt, das Personen niemal gespielt, das Personen niemal gespielt, das Personen in diesen teilen, die einfachen diesben tiefliegermonften, tiefsten Gedanken, die sich an jungen Leute wenden, haben, obens Erklärung, obens genannt, gespielt, obens genannt, gespielt, das Personen niemal gespielt, das Personen niemal gespielt, das Personen in diesen teilen, die einfachen diesben tiefliegermonften, tiefsten Gedanken, die sich an jungen Leute wenden, haben, obens Erklärung, obens genannt, gespielt, obens genannt, gespielt, das Personen niemal gespielt, das Personen niemal gespielt, das Personen in diesen teilen. Huc b in bet Seit bet flünnischben Setzung, tit mebt fajl n>ie je in eine anbeten butsch unfest ^egemacht Dabinbtoufen unb babintafen, unb fo Sielen stbem unb Scftnnung nehmen, büste eft nicbt unpaffenb eftcbetnen baran gu etinnem, mte fo dufetfl sifbtig e4 fei, bof Qin^inc, ouä^ xotwn te nic^t ali banbeinbe ^etfonen auf bem fo fiatf bcse|tm SlCtt^eatet eft^einen, ^Ui fötgfdttig aufbeben mo« fie sub übet iXogeS« etlebnifTe unb ^eigniffe en^a aufgejetc^net obet oon Snberf btieflicb iugef<btdt ctbalten f^ahtn. Oft fann in folcben !Rit>^ tbeilungcn ein bcfttmmt ongegtbenet Stamt, eine ^tnoM be^et^* nete Seit bem spdtetn ^ef(bt(btf(btei6er con unfcba^atet Oi^* ttgf eit fein, unb bei doe^ein übet bie SSDa^tbeit stiefW obet jene^ ^aetumS ben Sutfcbtag geben belfen* oft fann bte fet> tenf(baft«ioS«Det1kdnbige mnficbt bte st(b etn aufnctf fönet Be» eba<btet bet SageSgef<bi4te gd^ilbet ^tte, tmb bte et an eine^ famen C^tübcben feinem 5£agebu(be anoetttaute, füt bU flieut« tbeilung bet iXenbenjen gantet Stactionen feinet deitgenoffen tem ^ef(|i(btefotMet o«r Oer gt6(ten SBiibttgf ett fät bte ge^ ^eHung eineO ticbtigen UttbetU n^etben. Ist das unten neugestaltet, eine so genaue, bis in die geheimen Details. Ein vollständiges Verzeichnis der Sachverständigen betreffend Soffelie im Setzalter betreffend SOffmanation. Ein offenes Bündel mit obigen Übereinstimmungen. Behaupten sie tatsächlich, mit ihren überraschenden Benennungen. Es scheint, dass sie ohne Beweise vorgehen, was unbefugter ist. Die Tatsache, dass sie genauestens untersucht und alle Nachweise angeben, zeigt, dass sie sich im Recht haben. Sie behaupten, dass sie die Wahrheit sagen, mit ihren überraschenden Behauptungen. Es scheint, dass sie ohne Beweise vorgehen, was unbefugter ist. Die Tatsache, dass sie genauestens untersuchen und alle Nachweise angeben, zeigt, dass sie sich im Recht haben. Ist das unten neugestaltet, eine so genaue, bis in die geheimen Details. Ein vollständiges Verzeichnis der Sachverständigen betreffend Soffelie im Setzalter betreffend SOffmanation. Ein offenes Bündel mit obigen Übereinstimmungen. Behaupten sie tatsächlich, mit ihren überraschenden Benennungen. Es scheint, dass sie ohne Beweise vorgehen, was unbefugter ist. Die Tatsache, dass sie genauestens untersucht und alle Nachweise angeben, zeigt, dass sie sich im Recht haben. Sie behaupten, dass sie die Wahrheit sagen, mit ihren überraschenden Behauptungen. Es scheint, dass sie ohne Beweise vorgehen, was unbefugter ist. Die Tatsache, dass sie genauestens untersuchen und alle Nachweise angeben, zeigt, dass sie sich im Recht haben. Die Wahrhaftigkeit der Sachverständigen ist entscheidend, um die Streitigkeiten betreffend Soffelie und die Einweihungsfeier zu klären. Sie müssen genauestens untersuchen und alle Nachweise angeben, um ihre Behauptungen zu stützen. Dies ist notwendig, um die Rechtigkeit zu sichern und die Wahrheit zu finden. Bste man wundert sich, was für ein glückliches Leben gewesen ist, das sich selbst genießt, nachdenkt, nachdenkt und niemals an vergangenes denkt. 2) Da ist auch gelegentlich gut; das aber, was der Körper und der Geist fühlen, sind Dinge, die später genügen müssen. 3) Daher entschloss sich der Besitzer der genannten Bonds, die sofortige Auszahlung aller seiner Forderungen, Komplimente, Gratulationen, Konfessionen, Konto-Doxx und andere Dinge zu fordern. 4) Biegen Sie die Finger, sie erreichen einen höheren Rang, die geistigen Kräfte sind betroffen, die tiefsten Gefühle berühren, über alles, und auch unsere eigene Domestic-Affären angeben. 5) Gott sei Dank, dass der Sultan nicht geopfert wurde, sondern eher eine Kornarsl aufbehalten, um zu erhalten. 6) Viele, die sich seiner Unterstützung bedürften, wurden unter dem Schutz, der in der Aufbewahrung der Korrespondenz fortgeführt wurde, gefördert und gefördert. 7) Bei seinem Sohn und anderen ungeheurigen Briefen und Konzepten in der Sache, haben sie aber nichts mit Staatsangelegenheiten zu tun. 8) Die Schreiben, welche seine Stiefel an jungen Studenten in lateinischer Sprache mit reichen Gehalt hatten, sind aufgehoben worden. 9) Er ging mit epistolarisch gedachte Sache an, und fand an den beiden Haupten seines Hauses, Stephan und Stefan, gebrachte Mörder, Siegen und Städten, preisgegeben. 10) Viele genossen die Genüsse der Leidenschaften und die Freuden der Jugend, und nachdem die scharfsichtige Sache, die auch die Dienste und die Linien in der scharfen Sache, und nachdem die nachdenkliche Sache, das nachhaltige Streben, zu einem guten Lebenswerk geleitet hat. 11) Ganz anders, die Arbeiten, die die Angelegenheiten der Staatsbarometer und die Namen der Wissenschaften betreffen, und die, die jetzt zu Studium aufgenommen wurden, sind mit den Folianten für den 7. 12) Album der öfter rezipienten Dichter. 2. Lieferung. 13) Die, und die 2. Lieferung. 14) Oder, der Schatz und die Wahrheit der Elementar- und Gymnasialunterrichten in seinen Anfangsjahren, und die öffentlichen Vorlesungen über die Religion. 15) Im Framostellen übersehe man das Erklären und Erlernen der Dinge, und nachdenkt über die Wissenschaften und ihre Anwendbarkeit. 16) Mein Buch, der große Schatz. 17. 18) Stellenweise, Bde. 8. Oder 8. 2. Abdl. 7%. 9. 91gr. granciSceife Öuriofa; ober gang befonbere Senfmürbigkeiten feiten auS ber Bebens unb SHegierungS-Gebeote beS Kaifers 9rang n. fDtit gtoet folgst(nitten. Sften, lang. 8. 20 !Rgr. Einstellungen auS Geberreichtungen lünger Bergangzeit. Bon einem !Rttgliebe ber Sinnfen tt$ aufgeloffen österreichischen Reichtagen. Hamburg, Hoffmann u. (Sampe. 8. 1 SC^lr. 15 9}gr. Fiedler, B. , Wissenschaftliche Grammatik der englischen Sprache. I. Band, late Hälfte. Zerbat, Kummer. Gr. 8. 20 Ngr. Reibet, G., Gebäude. 15te Auflage. Berlin, A.i3)unfer. 16. I SC^lr. 24 Ngr. Jagens, 3- / jt./ HaS neue Preufische Strafbearbeitungen mit einem Kommentar zur Bereinigung vom 3. Jan. 1849. Berlin, Beit u. C^omp. Gr. 8. 25 9t%t. Jungmann, &, Uhrfeier Unterricht in der Pädagogik im Ginne der Selbstfreiheit. [Eine Einladung nur einangegangen.] Beiping, Mayer. 8. 9 9;gr. Möster, IX. S. 3./ Stufenweise Darstellung der mir bei den anfänglichen Selbststudien überfolgenden unmittelbaren Beibehaltung. Gegen die Geistesschwäche und die Beispiele zu benannten Themenproblemen sowie Beiträge zu der Gestaltung der Wissenschaften und der Geheimwissenschaften. Der ganzen Sache. Gegen, gerber. 8. 6 9>?gr. Ludwig de, J. G., Neue Geschichte der Methodologie der Erdkunde. In ihrer ersten Großlage, mittels einer historisch-kritischen Zusammenstellung der Literatur der Methodologie der Erdkunde bearbeitet Leipzigs Hinridis. Gr. 8. 25 Ngr. ah 9, S,, Has alte auf unsere Unbewussten gebetzte Siegeln na(^ grorm und Alt, einige über Bildungsfähigkeit Bewusstheit, Bewusstsein und Begebenheiten der Menschheit, Schule 1848. 9r. 8. 15 Sgr. Sturm, Dr., Vermögensverwalter über das geistvolle Bewusstsein der Völker, Bräuche und Erben, unser Haupt Betrag zur Kulturgeschichte der alten Welt. Berlin 1848. 9r. 8. 15 9^r. Schott, W., Über das Altai'sche oder Finnisch-Tatarische Sprachengeschlecht. Berlin, G. Reimer. Gr. 4. 1 Thlr. 20 Ngr. Shakespeare's, 9ß., Der Zigeuner der Stadt, Geschichte der Beiträge und Geschichte der fünften. Übersetzung con 9t. 3* 2* 0a ra^ fon 0. Gellertfriern. Gellert Buchhandlung. Stuttgart, Gellert. 1848. 9r. 8. 2 9|gr. "Beruf, ben Ort, gelegen, fünfmal in dem Gericht und Sßulfflan entfalten, in dem Singolfen, Übersetzung, konkrete, mit einer Stabilität, genau belegt, in dem, was Sage, wo diese Benita, nämlich an Rügen, gelegen, haben, voll. Sonntag 1847. Sanberer, E., Geschichte lichter und Geschichte des Vaterlands, ausserhalb Bremen, Schiffshandler. 12. 5 Kgr. Die Städte, bei der Bergpreisung Slitenburg, in ihrer, malirenden, sichten, beabsichtigt, ein, wüstenburgisch. Wittenburg, veröffentlicht. 0r. 8. 12 Kgr. Xage, Literatur. Aufsätze eines jungen Mannes in der Polity. Berlin. 8. 2 9(gr. Bruch, E., Die Sotten an der Seine. Eine Vertrauensgabe. Koblenz, Dülfer. 4. 1 Vi Kgr. Dietzen, E., Unser Glaube ist die Liebe, die über alles die Glaube, die da glaubt, das Seligste, glottest, mütterlich die Glaube, die man glaubt, das Seligste. Veröffentlicht, lieben, persönliche Botschaften, gute Ernte, über Donnerstag, Dr. und Forster, vorgelegt. Klangen, B., Belastigung. 8. 1% Aigr. Bengel, C., Präsidirendes Stück, für Verklärunge bei der Proletarier-Aufklärung, auf der Sanber und in der Sache, auf der Staat. Breslau, Schulbuch und Comp. 9r. 8. 5 Kgr. Gittt, Die Allgemeine Vorlesung der theologischen Wissenschaften in Breslau. Ein Beitrag zur Diskussion über die fischlichen Beischläge. Breslau, Schulbuch und Comp. 9r. 8. 1% 9tgr. Einfachheit, für die Erläuterung der Glaubensfesten. 2. September, Schubert. 9r. 8. 4 Kgr. Scharfe, Die dtündliche Schrift, teilweise mir in der, die, in dieser Seite, als Selbstbewusstsein unserer Bürger, stünden, müssen. Eine Rede, am Bundestag 1849, zur Ängstung, vorgelegt. Sonderanstifter, Berlin, 8. 2% Kgr. Der totale Krieg, die Religion, der Staat, über: die Religion, die in der, die, übermindest, unmöglich, die Religion, die man glaubt, das Seligste, glottest, mütterlich die Glaube, die man glaubt, das Seligste. Veröffentlicht, lieben, persönliche Botschaften, gute Ernte, über Donnerstag, Dr. und Forster, vorgelegt. Klangen, B., Belastigung. 8. 1% Aigr. Engel, Streiflichter über die letzten Beiläufigkeiten der Burger'schen Frage. Bonn, einem gerahmten, Veröffentlichungsdrittel. Berlin, Lang. @r. 8. 3 SRgr. S^omaftuS, ®., I>a^ BeCenntnig 3efu, baf er (S^ri* fhtS ber @$o^n ®otteS fep. 9>rebigt miber bit Eügenpropbeten biefer deit gel^alten am 4. SRdrg 1849. (Erlangen, Blaftng. «r. 8. 2 sRgr. Sral^nborff, St. ?. C^./ BolfSfouoerainitdt, dtepublil, (SonfKtution unb ber preufifc^e ®taat. Deutf((i*6rone. 8. 4 9Jgr. IBarum konnte ber J(6nig oon |)reuf en bie oon ber ^a» tionaUBerfammlung in granrfurt bef^loffene dteidftS'Berfaf« fung unb bie mit i^r gugleidb 3bm angebotene Jtaiferlrone ni((t unbebingt annehmen? 2te 9luf(age. Berlin / BranbeS u. ®(^ulte. ®r. 8. 1 % !Rgr. 2Bo ifl'S in fötftttvtiä^ nodft furchtbar ungleich?! ober einige SCrauer « €$cenen auS bem Beamtenftanbe, oon einem f. f. 9lec^nungS'9leoibenten. Sßien, Jtlang. ®r. 8. 4 9?gr. Seibi^, ^., SBaS ifl nun unfere fpfii^t^ ^rebigt bei bem afabemtf(ben ®otteSbienfte ber ^oil^fÄule £)lmü( am 19. SDtdrg oorgetragen. £)lmü|, ^ölgel. 1848. (ir. 8. 3 9?gc. Beranttoortlid^ee Herausgeber : ^tiutit^ flr#«9M«. — DntCtsnb Betlag oon 9» it* »wn^n^ <n Seipitg. fß l ä t t t t ffic Ittctttrif(^e UnterNHung. Wtittroo^, «ftt. 171. 18. SuU 1849. SBrief an Bettina oon Scntm oon ^annp ßtWalb^ Stiruat 1849. 3c^ l^obe 3^neit fiit bie änfenbung t>on „^IM |)am- p^ittu« unb SImbrofta" ju banfen , unb erid^(e S^nen ftatt DefTen ein f(eine6 (Srei^nif au^ meinem tomif^en 2e6en. 9Bir fitsten einmal im Sbifang be6 SRaimonatd Don ^om oul bie ©rdbecjlcafe enciang nat^ bet Garn« pagna/ um bie ®totte bet Sg^na ju befuc^en. S)te gan^e Umgebung, 2anb, Suft, Sauten, SRenfc^en »aten mic bei bem langen Aufenthalte in 9lom fo befannt unb vertraut gciootben^ baf ic^ mic^ o^ne bie unruhige ^afi neugieriget SSetrac^tung htm ftiden «^ntcdumen, bem fufen ^inbdmmetn äberlief, bad, o^ne itgenb einen be« fitmmten (Segenfianb ju etfa^en, bie 9oQe <f>armonie bed Sanken empftnbet. Flock, aber darb, meinige, Tage ton einer Summe gefallen, dabei Konnerjagd außerhalb bem horren, Sohn bet Compagna. Sieh, sieh, zu Pfingsten, Sittenmann, meinen Segensmöchte, fand, sieh, selbst, ein Achtein dem toten Stummement, ben ich nach, bet wie ein Meile ston lief, hat sie nie mal gesehen. Siehe, Sage, für Gott, sieh mit Kraft, männigem Äußerung, bis ganz allein; dann macht sie, plotzlich tobt, ohne allmächtige Selbst, stirbt, blüht und buhnt, so lange sieben, ist tot. Dann, diese Stunde, habe ich immer noch gebacht, all, die, Briefe, bet. Embroste, lass. Sie, Settina! Eine, sieh, folgsam, fremd, fein, blühende Blume, unbetritten und. Ihre, blühende Blume, aufgeblüht, in der, glatten, toten, entsprossen, Settwilberung, ungestörte, Gebärde, und oben, sieh, diese toten Stummement, Seil ungestörte, flatternd, lieben, sieh, diese ein blühende, Settina, von der, folgenden, gegenwärtigen. Daher, die, einfach, Campagna, die, Brut, geteilt, der, Abend, die, fremde, Stelle, an, das, Licht, gesetzt, haben, und die, Stelle, late, beraubt, und gefragt: "Was, blüht, so unbetreten, ich, buh, so sus, kommt, bem, fremde, die, zu, meinen, feinen, toiS, an, mit und meine, Gaben? Sie, Erde, sei, mir, einfach, geblüht, haben, stetig, nicht, sie, Fremde, finde, ich, z, ihnen, zu feinen, toiS, und, meine, Gaben? Erde, sei, mir, einfach, geblüht, haben, stetig, nicht, sie, Fremde, finde, ich, z, ihnen, zu feinen, toiS, und, meine, Gaben?" Er, der, Erde, sei, mir, einfach, geblüht, haben, stetig, nicht, sie, Fremde, finde, ich, z, ihnen, zu feinen, toiS, und, meine, Gaben? Erde, sei, mir, einfach, geblüht, haben, stetig, nicht, sie, Fremde, finde, ich, z, ihnen, zu feinen, toiS, und, meine, Gaben? Eolc eine Slute bet Statut funb die!tSlu^en fät Slnbete; bei eigenen Safein nut bemust merben in bet Übergabe an ein Ätembelien bienf tbat sein mit Ästem gan- gen SBefen einem anbern SBefen ba« Äi^et bebatf Die Zaß ifi bei Südgabe Älre^ Äafein gewesen, Är Ätuf, ben Sie t^etfianben ^aben unb geübt butc^ Ät gan- gen Seben^ ba« Sinnbilb, ba« Äeit bet »eibUc^en Slatut, ton ic^ e« gu erfaffen etmag, »ie e« fic^ auc^ mie« bet in Xmbtofia^ Äeifen an ^amp^iliu^ offenbatt. Sil« iö) im zotigen Äetbfie pon Ä^nen f^ieb, fragten Sie: „Ä^ taffe ein Süd^ btufen, seine« ba« ic^ ge« mac^t i^abty ben Ic^ fann leine Suchet machen ^ abet fo ein Süd( ba« einmal gufdllig gekoosten x%. „Unb »a« ben?'' fragte ic^ Sie. „D ! einen Koubetlit^en Stieftoec^fel mit einem Kumbetli^en jungen Ätenfc^en^ einen mitflid^en, gang n)it(« liefen Stieftoec^fel; unb id^ bin otbentli^ neugierig »ie bie Äeute i^n »etfie^en n>etben." Soll i4 Ä^nen ie|t fagen mie e« bem Sücc egen gen if!, unb »ie e« il)m fetnet gen e^en »irb? Die Äeute kooperieren ben „Stieftoec^fel eine Äinbe« mit Äoet^e" umpeiblic^ nannten ihre in ben Stiefen bet Ämbrofia an ben ^amp^iliu^ ben (Sipfet ber Un> n>etblt(^(eft; die Äenfc^en meldete einst mit ei|rfut(^tigct Siebe ben Äotte«bienfi be« Äinbe« begriffen ^aben fteuen fic^ jet, bas ba« Äinb butc^ fein gangen Seben fi^ fei'nen Äotte unb feinem Äotte«bienfle tteu geblieben ifi. Sie freuen fi^ unb forfie^en ben ^eiligen Cultu^, ben tiefen feldfbetteugnenben Siebe«bienf} bet Stauenfeele aud^ ba, n>o et au« menf^lic^em Ä^rt^unt ntc^t bem magren Äotte, fonbetn einem falfc^en (Bo|en bargebrac^t mirb, auf beffen Stime bie Äudubige ba iliege bai Siegel bet Söttlic^feit gebtuA gu seine tod^nte.
| 32,801 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsman%20Dam
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Sportsman Dam
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sportsman Dam&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 54 | 99 |
Ang Sportsman Dam ngalan niining mga mosunod:
Heyograpiya
Tinipong Bansa
Sportsman Dam (alihan sa tubig sa Tinipong Bansa, Virginia), Albemarle County,
Sportsman Dam (alihan sa tubig sa Tinipong Bansa, Montana), Fallon County,
Sportsman Dam (alihan sa tubig sa Tinipong Bansa, Wyoming), Albany County,
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot 2017-02
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Tinipong Bansa
| 13,927 |
https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activestorage/lib/active_storage/previewer/poppler_pdf_previewer.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, Ruby
| 2,023 |
rails
|
rails
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 89 | 321 |
# frozen_string_literal: true
module ActiveStorage
class Previewer::PopplerPDFPreviewer < Previewer
class << self
def accept?(blob)
blob.content_type == "application/pdf" && pdftoppm_exists?
end
def pdftoppm_path
ActiveStorage.paths[:pdftoppm] || "pdftoppm"
end
def pdftoppm_exists?
return @pdftoppm_exists if defined?(@pdftoppm_exists)
@pdftoppm_exists = system(pdftoppm_path, "-v", out: File::NULL, err: File::NULL)
end
end
def preview(**options)
download_blob_to_tempfile do |input|
draw_first_page_from input do |output|
yield io: output, filename: "#{blob.filename.base}.png", content_type: "image/png", **options
end
end
end
private
def draw_first_page_from(file, &block)
# use 72 dpi to match thumbnail dimensions of the PDF
draw self.class.pdftoppm_path, "-singlefile", "-cropbox", "-r", "72", "-png", file.path, &block
end
end
end
| 24,306 |
https://github.com/JuliensForks/redis/blob/master/src/ioMethods.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
redis
|
JuliensForks
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 198 | 1,057 |
/*
* @adonisjs/redis
*
* (c) Harminder Virk <virk@adonisjs.com>
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
* file that was distributed with this source code.
*/
export const ioMethods = [
'connect',
'send_command',
'bitcount',
'bitfield',
'get',
'getBuffer',
'set',
'setBuffer',
'callback',
'setnx',
'setex',
'psetex',
'append',
'strlen',
'del',
'exists',
'setbit',
'getbit',
'setrange',
'getrange',
'substr',
'incr',
'decr',
'mget',
'rpush',
'lpush',
'rpushx',
'lpushx',
'linsert',
'rpop',
'lpop',
'brpop',
'blpop',
'brpoplpush',
'llen',
'lindex',
'lset',
'lrange',
'ltrim',
'lrem',
'rpoplpush',
'sadd',
'srem',
'smove',
'sismember',
'scard',
'spop',
'srandmember',
'sinter',
'sinterstore',
'sunion',
'sunionstore',
'sdiff',
'sdiffstore',
'smembers',
'zadd',
'zincrby',
'zrem',
'zremrangebyscore',
'zremrangebyrank',
'zinterstore',
'zrange',
'zrevrange',
'zrangebyscore',
'zrevrangebyscore',
'zcount',
'zcard',
'zscore',
'zrank',
'zrevrank',
'hset',
'hsetBuffer',
'hsetnx',
'hget',
'hgetBuffer',
'hmget',
'hincrby',
'hincrbyfloat',
'hdel',
'hlen',
'hkeys',
'hvals',
'hgetall',
'hexists',
'incrby',
'incrbyfloat',
'decrby',
'getset',
'mset',
'msetnx',
'randomkey',
'select',
'move',
'rename',
'renamenx',
'expire',
'pexpire',
'expireat',
'pexpireat',
'keys',
'dbsize',
'auth',
'ping',
'echo',
'save',
'bgsave',
'bgrewriteaof',
'shutdown',
'lastsave',
'type',
'multi',
'exec',
'discard',
'sync',
'flushdb',
'flushall',
'sort',
'info',
'time',
'monitor',
'ttl',
'persist',
'slaveof',
'debug',
'config',
'watch',
'unwatch',
'cluster',
'restore',
'migrate',
'dump',
'object',
'client',
'eval',
'evalsha',
'script',
'scan',
'sscan',
'hscan',
'zscan',
'pfmerge',
'pfadd',
'pfcount',
'pipeline',
'scanStream',
'hscanStream',
'zscanStream',
'xack',
'xadd',
'xclaim',
'xdel',
'xgroup',
'xinfo',
'xlen',
'xpending',
'xrange',
'xread',
'xreadgroup',
'xrevrange',
'xtrim',
]
| 19,893 |
3490495_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1,900 | 2,390 |
A motion for re-argument has been filed in this case accompanied by an elaborate brief in support of the motion, and careful consideration has been given it by each of the Judges who sat in the case, without however convincing the Court of any error in the views expressed in the opinion heretofore filed.
The reasons for adherence to these views will be briefly stated.
The eleventh plea of the Aetna Indemnity Company alleged that the bond sued on "was obtained by the fraud and misrepresentation of the plaintiff," and the chief burden of complaint in the brief for re-argument relates to the action of the Court upon the issue raised by the traverse of that plea. The Indemnity Company attempted to show three alleged misrepresentations made by Witherspoon, the agent of the plaintiff, prior to the giving of the bond, to induce the Indemnity Company to become surety for it. These are thus stated in the brief for re-argument:
"(a) That the Fuller Company would finance the whole work; (b) That there would, therefore, be no financial risk to the surety; (c) That bids of three other responsible bidders had been submitted, which were within $2,000 of the contract price agreed on between the plaintiff and the principal upon the bond, the successful bidder, the Southern Construction Company."
The brief concedes that the first two representations, (`a'
and `b') having been ruled out of the case by the granting of *Page 351
the plaintiff's eighth prayer, by which the jury was instructed that "they were not such representations, even if made, as constitute a defence to this action," and this ruling having been sustained on appeal, that they need not be further considered.
The evidence offered and admitted, as to the bids, was as follows: Hunter, the Aetna's general agent, testified that "Witherspoon told him there were four companies who bid on this job, and their bids were within $2,000 of each other, and the Southern Construction Company was one of those bidders, or their bid was one of them." He was then asked: "How about the responsibility of the other bidders?" and the Court sustained an objection remarking that it was leading. He was then further asked: "Did Witherspoon make any statement to you as to the responsibility of the other bidders?" and an objection to this was also sustained. Hunter also testified: "I do not recall any other representation at that time."
Purnell, treasurer of the Southern Construction Company, testified: "Witherspoon told Hunter, Ward and myself that there were four bids within $2,000 of each other on the work on the Friedenwald Building, including the Southern Construction Company's." He was not asked whether any statement was made asto the responsibility of these bidders. Ward, President of the Southern Construction Company, testified: "There were several other bids than that of the Southern for the work covered by its contract. There were the Baltimore Ferro Concrete Company, theFilbert Paving Company, and several others whose names I cannotremember. These bids were received by the Fuller Company, and I had no way of seeing them, but was told by Mr. Witherspoon that the figures were lower than mine and those of my company."
This witness was not asked whether there was anyrepresentation as to the responsibility of the other bidders.
At no time until after the above testimony for defendant was given, were these alleged representations mentioned by *Page 352
the Aetna's counsel in Witherspoon's examination. But at the close of the testimony for defendant, Witherspoon was called in rebuttal and denied that he made any of the representations testified to by Hunter prior to the execution of the bond in suit. Purnell was recalled in surrebuttal, and said that Witherspoon did make them to Hunter in the presence of Ward and himself. If Witherspoon's denial that he made any of the representations alleged by Hunter was true, it went to the very root of the defence of fraud in procuring the bond. But even if he had made the representations so testified to, that, alone,
would neither prove, nor tend to prove, fraud inducing the Aetna Company to execute the bond in suit. To constitute a defence on that ground, it was necessary to show either, (1), that no bids from other parties were received; or (2) that if such were received, they were not within $2,000 of each other; or (3) that if received, and within $2,000 of each other, that Witherspoon represented these bidders to be financially responsible, when he knew they were not, or had no knowledge whatever upon that point. There was not a particle of proof upon any one of the three matters above mentioned, nor even an offer to follow up the testimony of Hunter, Purnell and Ward as to the making by Witherspoon of the representation that such bids had been received, by proof of any one of the three matters above. If the representations they allege to have been made were not made, the defence of fraud falls to the ground, and if made, the defence equally falls, in the absence of clear proof that they were false in fact. In the absence of such proof the representations that there were such bidders had no probative force under the plea in question, and had no legal relevancy to that issue.
It must not be forgotten that these alleged representations were made to Hunter in the presence of Ward and Purnell; that Hunter said he could not say whether Witherspoon gave him the names of any other bidders, though he may have done so; nor that Ward said he named the Baltimore Ferro Concrete Company, the Filbert Paving Company and several *Page 353
others whose names he could not then remember. The Aetna Company could thus have informed itself, before the execution of the bond, whether the parties so named were bidders, and at what figures, and could have taken the usual and ordinary means of ascertaining their financial responsibility. Whether it did so, does not appear, but it does appear that its counsel failed to call any of these parties as witnesses to prove the charge of fraud, and this failure is deeply significant that if called they could not have sustained the charge. It must be observed also that Witherspoon nowhere was asked what other bids he received, but merely whether he made the statements testified to by Hunter, and his denial of these statements throws no light upon the question, not raised anywhere in the record, as to whether any other bids were in fact received. If he had, in rebuttal, attempted to prove that other bids were received, it is at least questionable whether he could have done so, and he was certainly not called on to deny what had not been testified to for the defendant. Hence the reference in the brief for re-argument to the case of Hiss v. Weik, 78 Md. 439, is not in point. Witherspoon could not be expected in testifying for plaintiff, either in chief or on cross-examination, to anticipate the testimony of Hunter, Purnell and Ward, nor in rebuttal to go beyond the subject-matter of rebuttal. If any unfavorable inference is to be drawn from the non-production of pertinent evidence in this case, it could be most properly drawn against the Aetna Company for its failure to call the parties whose evidence as to their bids would have been the best obtainable, and by whom, if the alleged representations were false, their falsity could have been clearly proved. We can perceive no conflict between the present case and the cases cited in the brief. Casualty Co. v. Gehrman,96 Md. 634; Bankers Life Ins. Co. v. Miller, 100 Md. 1; Dulaney v.Fidelity Co., 106 Md. 17; Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Mullan,107 Md. 457, and Same v. Rain, 108 Md. 353.
In all those cases there was proof offered and admitted of the falsity of material representations relied on as inducing the contract. Here there was none offered.
Turning to the instructions commented on in the brief, being the plaintiff's first prayer and the Aetna's sixteenth prayer as modified by the Court, no ground for reversal can be found in either. Both gave the Aetna Company more than it was entitled to, because both allowed the jury to find for the defendant, the Aetna Company, if the alleged representations were untrue, when, as we have shown, there was no evidence offered of their untruth.
If the plaintiff had offered a prayer that there was no evidence legally sufficient to support the allegations of the Aetna's eleventh plea, and that their verdict therefore, upon the issues raised on that plea, should be for the plaintiff as against the Aetna Company, that issue might well have been thus disposed of.
Regarding the question of reasonable time for the Aetna to act, the record shows that on August 23rd the plaintiff, by letter, notified the Aetna Company that a bill had been filed by a Fireproofing Company against the Construction Company, alleging its insolvency and asking for a receiver. On August 24th plaintiff wrote the Aetna Company that the Southern had stopped work on the contract and that plaintiff was informed the Southern would consent to a receivership and be wound up. On August 29th plaintiff again wrote, stating a receiver had been appointed and that the Southern had answered consenting thereto and admitting its insolvency; that no reply had been received to any of these letters, and that it was imperative for the protection of the interests *Page 355
of the Aetna that some action be taken at once. On September 1st plaintiff again wrote, stating no reply had yet been received to any of these letters; that plaintiff assumed from this silence that the Aetna did not deem it to their advantage to perform the contract or sublet, and that in order to keep the damages down as low as possible the plaintiff would, on Tuesday, September 4th, get to work, holding them responsible on the bond. If the last letter had never been written, we are of opinion that reasonable notice had been given for the Aetna to act.
There was evidence that Monday, September 3rd, was Labor Day, but there was no evidence that there was no delivery of letters in New York either on Sunday or on Labor Day, as is assumed in the brief. To the contrary, it is common knowledge that in all cities and large towns the Postoffice is open for general delivery at certain stated hours on Sundays, and that there is one delivery by carriers on holidays. Neither is there any evidence, as is also assumed in the brief, that the Aetna's office would not be open on Labor Day for the receipt of mailmatter, or that no Sunday call would be made at the Postoffice for that purpose, and it may well be regarded as surprising that a corporation engaged in so large and hazardous a business should make no such provision, especially in view of the repeated warnings from plaintiff in the letters of August 23rd, 24th and 29th of the necessity of prompt action for the protection of their own interests as sureties on the bond.
In conclusion, we are of opinion that no injustice has been done in the disposition of this case and that a re-argument was properly denied. *Page 356.
| 21,572 |
2597092_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 2,593 | 3,298 |
321 F. Supp. 523 (1971)
Steven Robert WINSBY, Petitioner,
v.
J. J. WALSH, Warden, Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island, San Pedro, California, Respondent.
No. 70-2714.
United States District Court, C. D. California.
January 12, 1971.
*524 Peter I. Ostroff, Ernest S. Gould, Los Angeles, Cal., Arthur Gottlieb, Long Beach, Cal., for petitioner.
Robert L. Meyer, U. S. Atty., Frederick M. Brosio, Jr., Asst. U. S. Atty., Chief, Civil Division, Alan W. Peryam, Asst. U. S. Atty., Los Angeles, Cal., for respondent.
ORDER DENYING WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
DAVID W. WILLIAMS, District Judge.
Steven Robert Winsby is a prisoner in the Federal Correctional Institution at Terminal Island, San Pedro, California, after his conviction on marijuana charges and the resulting sentence of three years. He entered the institution approximately 14 months ago and was explained the rules and regulations of the prison and then placed in custody with the general population and given all those privileges accorded inmates who were not subject to disciplinary proceedings. At the time Winsby entered the prison he wore a short mustache but he was clean-shaven and his hair was of ordinary length. Shortly after his admission to the facility he began letting his hair grow long, and from time to time he was reminded of the regulations against long hair in the prison and was asked to have his hair cut but he refused. Eventually he was told that if he persisted in refusing to have his hair cut he would be subjected to disciplinary proceedings, but he insisted that it was his God-given right to let his hair grow and that he would continue to refuse to have it cut. This attitude led to him being placed in what prison officials term "segregation" but which the petitioner prefers to call "solitary confinement in a dungeon" and he has remained there for a period of approximately 10 months to the filing of this petition for habeas corpus asking that he be returned to the general population. During his period in segregation the petitioner has not only stalwartly refused to cut his hair but also stopped shaving and allowed his beard to grow unshorn. At the time of his appearance in Court his hair had grown so that it half-covered his ears on the side, and in the back extended to the bottom of the collar of his jacket. He wore a shaggy mustache of approximately 1½ inches in length and a full facial beard. He now claims that his refusal to cut his hair and shave his beard is based upon religious beliefs. Prior to entering prison, however, he had worn a mustache but had not worn a beard in five years. He testified that prior to entering prison he shaved and kept well-groomed because it gave him a better appearance as he went about his business affairs, but that after entering prison he no longer felt the compulsion to remove his hirsute.
The petition alleges that the confinement of Winsby for a period of 10 months amounts to cruel and inhuman punishment in violation of Eighth Amendment protection and that the prison officials' insistence upon disciplining him because he would not shave amounts to "unbridled arrogance" in enforcing unreasonable rules. It should be emphasized that during all the time petitioner has been held in segregation, repeated visitations have been made to him by custodial officers in an attempt to persuade him to change his mind, and there is no dispute but that it has been made clear to Winsby that he would be immediately released from segregation and returned to the general population the moment he relented. The Government therefore argues that during all the time the petitioner has been in segregation he has held the key to his own release.
This Court recognizes that no prison is a joy to behold but it is well-recognized that the Terminal Island Federal Correctional Institution is one of the better places of custody within the federal system. Those persons who are not subject to discipline are placed either in dormitories consisting of large rooms with many beds, or in private single-bed rooms as space permits. They have access to a day room where they can play cards, look at television or hear radio. *525 An auditorium provides space for the holding of meetings and the viewing of motion pictures. A large yard provides space for the playing of games and outside civilian teams are often brought in to compete with prisoners in athletic events. The average day of the usual prisoner consists of having his meals with other prisoners in regular dining facilities, exercising with other inmates and performing some type of prison work. The petitioner was employed as an orderly in the prison hospital prior to being segregated. The ordinary inmate is also allowed to receive visitors periodically in a large room furnished with tables and chairs and free from the close scrutiny of guards.
When for disciplinary reasons an inmate is placed in segregation, he is deprived of dormitory existence, group dining privileges, use of commissary and library privileges and is placed in a single-bedded room approximately six feet by eight feet which has three concrete walls with one window, and one wall consisting of bars. As a practical matter, he has no ability to mix with or converse with other prisoners and his exercise rights are limited to walking in a short nearby corridor from 20 to 45 minutes, five days each week. Besides containing a bed, the room contains a lavatory and toilet. When petitioner was held in segregation he was deprived of contact with others, not allowed to work at his hospital job, and although he was allowed to receive periodic visits from relatives and friends, those visits were confined to a conference room under greater surveillance than would ordinarily be the case and they were usually limited to one-half hour. While held in solitary confinement petitioner was allowed to take a shower daily and his meals, consisting of the same food served other prisoners, were brought to him to his cell.[1]
It is clear that the purpose of the prison officials was to keep the petitioner out of the vision of other inmates so that none of the other prisoners would be tempted to defy the prison regulations and grow long hair and beards and so that the isolation of petitioner would serve as an example to them.
At the hearing the Government defended the reasonableness of the prison regulations by calling the associate warden, the chief correctional supervisor, and the prison psychiatrist. The latter testified that in his opinion the petitioner was sincere in his belief that he had a right to refuse to cut his hair or shave, but that there was little evidence that he held strong religious beliefs supporting this conduct prior to his entry into prison and no evidence that while in prison he had a "peak experience" or had undergone conversion to a religion.
The correctional officers testified that their principal reason for objecting to bearded inmates was the difficulty in identification. They also pointed out that it brought about unsanitary conditions among such a large number of men in close custodial contact with each other. The prison has a present male population of approximately 700 persons and a total of 75 correctional officers, some of whom are supervisors or attend to special assignment duties. This results in there being available a maximum of only 20 guards to police 700 inmates during any one work shift. A high turnover of personnel adds to the difficulty in that it takes a period of time *526 for new officers to become able to recognize the many men over whom they have custody. For some of those men to have changing lengths of hair and beards in varying styles and lengths imposes a monstrous identification problem, especially during periods when visitors are circulating around in the institution or civilian athletic teams are allowed entry. The difficulty of the correctional officers in learning the faces of the inmates is added to by the fact that Terminal Island is a short-term institution and there is a rapid introduction of new inmates.
I have come to the conclusion that petitioner is not entitled to the relief he seeks. His efforts to ground his opposition to shaving upon religious beliefs are smothered by evidence that, while he may be possessed of a strong code of morals, he is governed by a resolute spirit which gives him endurance as he plays his stubborn game with prison officials. He has been given countless opportunities to gain his freedom by complying with reasonable rules, but he has chosen to bring about day by day defiance of those who have his custody. To allow one man to defy regulations forbidding the wearing of long hair and beard is to invite the balance of the male population of the prison to do the same thing. In the opinion of the associate warden, half the men in Terminal Island would take advantage of any absence of a rule against beards, thus greatly increasing the difficulty of identification. There can be little doubt that identification of a large number of bearded men is more difficult than the ability to quickly recognize facial features of the same number of clean-shaven men. I have examined the rules of the prison affecting grooming and feel that they are not oppressive and that they are based on reason and are not arbitrarily enforced.
Petitioner relies heavily upon Sostre v. Rockefeller, 312 F. Supp. 863 (S.D.N. Y.1970). Sostre had spent 12 years in prison until 1964, four of which were spent in solitary confinement for Black Muslim activities. He had filed many civil rights complaints against prison officials and had thereby secured gains for other prisoners in their quest for unrestricted religious liberties. His suits had successfully attacked and eliminated other "outrageously inhumane" aspects of solitary confinement in some state prisons.
After a period of freedom, Sostre once again was convicted of a crime and given a long term. Taken to prison under special guard, he was met with an aura of "instant hostility" on the part of those who did not relish once again having to supervise this troublesome prisoner. The day following his return to the institution he was placed in solitary confinement under circumstances which show clearly it was for old sins rather than new infractions.[2] I know of no other case which holds that a prisoner ought be given a full hearing on notice and with counsel present before he can be disciplined and I am not prepared to follow Sostre if that is its holding.
The Federal Courts are loathe to interfere with internal discipline in federal or state prisons. Beard v. Lee, 396 F.2d 749 (C.A.Ala.1968); Johnson v. Avery, 382 F.2d 353 (6th Cir. 1967). Lawful incarceration necessarily operates to deprive a prisoner of certain rights and privileges he would otherwise enjoy in free society. Courtney v. Bishop, 409 F.2d 1185 (C.A.Ark.1969).
Acceptance of the fact that incarceration, because of inherent administrative problems, may necessitate the withdrawal of many rights and privileges does not preclude recognition by the Courts of a duty to protect a prisoner from unlawful and onerous treatment of a nature that, of itself, adds punitive measures to those legally meted out by the Court. Jackson v. Goodwin, 400 F.2d 529, 532 (5th Cir. 1968).
*527 "It is well established that prisoners do not lose all their constitutional rights and that the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment follow them into prison and protect them there from unconstitutional action on the part of prison authorities carried out under the color of state law." Washington v. Lee, 263 F. Supp. 327, 331 (M.D. Ala.1966); Sewell v. Pegelow, 291 F.2d 196, 197 (4th Cir. 1961).
The Sewell court declared:
"It is beyond dispute that certain rights and privileges of citizenship are withdrawn from prisoners, but it has never been held that upon entering a prison one is entirely bereft of all of his civil rights and forfeits every protection of the law." Sewell, at 198.
Prison officials are vested with wide discretion in controlling prisoners committed to their custody, but the courts should not hesitate to intervene and see that outrageously inhumane acts are corrected where there is a proper showing. Any arbitrary taking away of rights of a prisoner ought to be the subject of proper judicial inquiry. But prison authorities have a right to adopt reasonable restrictions governing the conduct of inmates. Vida v. Cage, 385 F.2d 408 (C. A.Mich.1967).
Regulations for the administration and discipline of prisons, promulgated and enforced by duly authorized officials, are not subject to review by the courts unless it can be clearly demonstrated that they interfere with fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution. United States v. Marchese, 341 F.2d 782 (9th Cir. 1965), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 817, 86 S. Ct. 41, 15 L. Ed. 2d 64; Hatfield v. Baileaux, 290 F.2d 632 (9th Cir. 1961), cert. denied, 368 U.S. 862, 82 S. Ct. 105, 7 L. Ed. 2d 59.
This Court feels that it is an extremely serious situation when a prisoner is placed in segregation for a period of 10 months and I have therefore given close attention to the evidence so that I may determine whether the action amounts to cruel and inhuman punishment on the part of prison authorities. The facts of this case do not show that the petitioner was "sentenced" to any period of time in segregation by prison authorities and this case is not to be compared with the instance of an inmate being administratively confined in isolation for an act he did, such as an assault upon another. Winsby can actually be said to be committing a new infraction each day and since I must conclude that the prison regulations governing grooming are reasonable and have a definite purpose directly connected with the duty of the warden to see that inmates do not escape, I conclude that petitioner's conduct is the wilful continuous violation of a reasonable rule for which he could release himself at any time if he chose to do so.
Cases in which Federal Courts have held that prison regulations requiring inmates to be clean-shaven and to wear shortened hair include Brown v. Wainwright, 419 F.2d 1376 (5th Cir. 1970); Brooks v. Wainwright, 428 F.2d 652 (5th Cir. 1970); Blake v. Pryse, 315 F. Supp. 625 (D.C.Minn.1970).
CONCLUSION
The Court therefore finds that the rules and regulations of which petitioner complains are reasonable, do not constitute cruel and inhuman punishment and are well within the discretion lodged with prison officials. The petition is denied.
NOTES
[1] One of the prison regulations at the time petitioner was first placed in segregation required inmates to be fully dressed before they could have their meals. During his stay in segregation petitioner further rebelled by often refusing to dress, at times remaining completely bare and on such occasions the correctional officers would refuse to serve him his meals. On each such occasion they would urge him to clothe himself so that he could be fed but it is the petitioner's testimony that his refusal to comply with this regulation caused him to miss as many as 90 meals. Eventually the correctional officers relented on this score and because of petitioner's stubbornness, changed the policy so that they fed him regardless of whether he dressed or not.
[2] The apparent reason was for Sostre's refusal to cease "practicing law" in the institution.
| 16,749 |
https://github.com/usc-isi-i2/dsbox-ta2/blob/master/python/dsbox/template/template_files/loaded/CMUacledProblemTemplate.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
dsbox-ta2
|
usc-isi-i2
|
Python
|
Code
| 262 | 1,357 |
from dsbox.template.template import DSBoxTemplate
from d3m.metadata.problem import TaskKeyword
from dsbox.template.template_steps import TemplateSteps
from dsbox.schema import SpecializedProblem
import typing
import numpy as np # type: ignore
class CMUacledProblemTemplate(DSBoxTemplate):
# From primitives/v2019.6.7/Distil/d3m.primitives.data_transformation.encoder.DistilTextEncoder/0.1.0/pipelines/0ed6fbca-2afd-4ba6-87cd-a3234e9846c3.json
def __init__(self):
DSBoxTemplate.__init__(self)
self.template = {
"name": "CMU_acled_problem_template",
"taskType": {TaskKeyword.CLASSIFICATION.name},
"taskSubtype": {TaskKeyword.BINARY.name, TaskKeyword.MULTICLASS.name},
"inputType": {"table"},
"output": "steps.13",
"steps": [
{
'name': 'steps.0',
'primitives': [
{
'primitive': 'd3m.primitives.data_transformation.dataset_to_dataframe.Common',
'hyperparameters': {
},
},
],
'inputs': ['template_input'],
},
{
"name": "common_profiler_step",
"primitives": ["d3m.primitives.schema_discovery.profiler.Common"],
"inputs": ["steps.0"]
},
{
'name': 'steps.1',
'primitives': [
{
'primitive': 'd3m.primitives.data_transformation.column_parser.Common',
'hyperparameters': {
},
},
],
'inputs': ['common_profiler_step'],
},
{
'name': 'steps.2',
'primitives': [
{
'primitive': 'd3m.primitives.data_transformation.extract_columns_by_semantic_types.Common',
'hyperparameters': {
'semantic_types': [('https://metadata.datadrivendiscovery.org/types/Attribute',)],
},
},
],
'inputs': ['steps.1'],
},
{
'name': 'steps.3',
'primitives': [
{
'primitive': 'd3m.primitives.data_transformation.extract_columns_by_semantic_types.Common',
'hyperparameters': {
'semantic_types': [('https://metadata.datadrivendiscovery.org/types/Target', 'https://metadata.datadrivendiscovery.org/types/TrueTarget')],
},
},
],
'inputs': ['steps.1'],
},
{
'name': 'steps.4',
'primitives': [
{
'primitive': 'd3m.primitives.natural_language_processing.lda.Fastlvm',
'hyperparameters': {
"k":[10, 100, 1000, 5000],
"iters":[100, 1000, 5000],
"frac":[0.001, 0.01],
},
},
],
'inputs': ['steps.2'],
},
{
'name': 'steps.5',
'primitives': [
{
'primitive': 'd3m.primitives.classification.gradient_boosting.SKlearn',
'hyperparameters': {
},
},
{
"primitive":
"d3m.primitives.classification.extra_trees.SKlearn",
"hyperparameters":
{
'use_semantic_types': [True],
'return_result': ['new'],
'add_index_columns': [True],
'bootstrap': ["bootstrap", "disabled"],
'max_depth': [15, 30, None],
'min_samples_leaf': [1, 2, 4],
'min_samples_split': [2, 5, 10],
'max_features': ['auto', 'sqrt'],
'n_estimators': [10, 50, 100]
}
},
{
"primitive":
"d3m.primitives.classification.xgboost_gbtree.Common",
"hyperparameters":
{
# 'use_semantic_types': [True],
# 'return_result': ['new'],
'learning_rate': [0.001, 0.1],
'max_depth': [15, 30, None],
# 'min_samples_leaf': [1, 2, 4],
# 'min_samples_split': [2, 5, 10],
'n_more_estimators': [10, 50, 100, 1000],
'n_estimators': [10, 50, 100, 1000]
}
}
],
'inputs': ['steps.4', 'step.3'],
},
{
'name': 'steps.6',
'primitives': [
{
'primitive': 'd3m.primitives.data_transformation.construct_predictions.Common',
'hyperparameters': {
},
},
],
'inputs': ['steps.5', 'common_profiler_step'],
},
]
}
| 13,995 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/69118563
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 154 | 264 |
Check if return a JSON or not
I wrote a simple script to check if a URL return me a JSON.
I'm using request to check if return 200 and is working.
But now i need to check if the URL return me a JSON. I don't need to open it. Just check if is a JSON or not, because even if the URL returns me a 200 doesn't mean that is JSON file I need.
How can I check if result.json() is true? I tried to check len but if the site don't have JSON my script crashes.
import pandas as pd
from requests import get
lista = pd.read_csv('sites.csv', sep=',')
df = pd.DataFrame(lista, columns=['Site', 'Json'])
newdf = df.assign(Site=df['Site'].map(str) + 'Json')
for i in newdf['Site']:
result = get(i)
result.json()
An option could be to check the response headers, which means you don't need to try and parse the response at all:
'application/json' in result.headers.get('Content-Type')
| 33,122 |
|
https://github.com/chenmingqiang/codesnippet/blob/master/c++/boost/Time/progress_timer.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
codesnippet
|
chenmingqiang
|
C++
|
Code
| 47 | 142 |
#include <boost/progress.hpp>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
{
boost::progress_timer timer;
}
stringstream ss;
{
boost::progress_timer t(ss);
}
cout << ss.str() << endl;
boost::progress_display display(100);
for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
++display;
}
return 0;
}
| 46,982 |
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrotus%20angustulus
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Centrotus angustulus
|
https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centrotus angustulus&action=history
|
Waray
|
Spoken
| 33 | 60 |
An Centrotus angustulus in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Melichar. An Centrotus angustulus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Centrotus, ngan familia nga Membracidae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.
Mga kasarigan
Centrotus
| 46,999 |
https://github.com/yezouagh/Quiz/blob/master/app/Quiz/app/src/main/java/ezouagh/quiz/ServerRequests.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
Quiz
|
yezouagh
|
Java
|
Code
| 608 | 2,377 |
package ezouagh.quiz;
import android.app.ProgressDialog;
import android.content.Context;
import android.os.AsyncTask;
import android.support.annotation.NonNull;
import android.util.Log;
import android.widget.Toast;
import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;
import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;
import org.json.JSONArray;
import org.json.JSONException;
import org.json.JSONObject;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ListIterator;
/**
* Created by Younes on 02-Jul-15.
*/
public class ServerRequests {
ProgressDialog progressDialog;
private static String url_Connection = "http://challengequiz.ml/ConnectToQuizChallenge/";
private static final String TAG_SUCCESS = "success";
private static final String TAG_User = "userinfo";
private static final String TAG_Email = "email";
private static final String TAG_FullNAME = "fullname";
private static final String TAG_BD = "birthday";
private static final String TAG_pass = "pass";
Context ctxt;
public ServerRequests(Context context) {
try
{
ctxt=context;
progressDialog=new ProgressDialog(context);
progressDialog.setCancelable(false);
progressDialog.setCanceledOnTouchOutside(false);
progressDialog.setMessage(ctxt.getString(R.string.Please));
progressDialog.setTitle(R.string.processing);
}catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void StoreUserDataInBackground(Users user,GetUserCallback userCallback) {
try
{
progressDialog.show();
new StoreUserDataAsyncTask(user, userCallback).execute();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void FetchUserDataInBackground(Users user,GetUserCallback userCallback) {
try
{
progressDialog.show();
new FetchUserDataAsyncTask(user, userCallback).execute();
}catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void UpdateUserDataInBackground(Users user,String email,String pass,GetUserCallback
userCallback) {
try
{
progressDialog.show();
new UpdateUserDataAsyncTask(user,email,pass, userCallback).execute();
}catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public class StoreUserDataAsyncTask extends AsyncTask<Void,Void,Users> {
Users user ;
GetUserCallback userCallback;
public StoreUserDataAsyncTask(Users user,GetUserCallback userCallback) {
try
{
this.user=user;
this.userCallback=userCallback;
}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
protected void onPostExecute(Users aVoid) {
try{
progressDialog.dismiss();
userCallback.Done(aVoid);
super.onPostExecute(aVoid);
}catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
protected Users doInBackground(Void... args) {
Users IsSeccuss=new Users();
List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair(TAG_FullNAME,this.user.getFullName()));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair(TAG_Email,this.user.getEmail()));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair(TAG_BD,this.user.getBirthDay().toString()));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair(TAG_pass, this.user.getPass()));
try {
JSONObject json = JSONParser.makeHttpRequest(url_Connection+"Register.php", params);
int success = json.getInt(TAG_SUCCESS);
if (success == 1) {
IsSeccuss=new Users();
} else {
IsSeccuss=null;
}
} catch (JSONException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return IsSeccuss;
}
}
public class FetchUserDataAsyncTask extends AsyncTask<Void,Void,Users> {
Users user;
GetUserCallback userCallback;
public FetchUserDataAsyncTask(Users user, GetUserCallback userCallback) {
try{
this.user = user;
this.userCallback = userCallback; }
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
protected void onPostExecute(Users ReturnedUser) {
try
{
progressDialog.dismiss();
userCallback.Done(ReturnedUser);
super.onPostExecute(ReturnedUser);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
protected Users doInBackground(Void... args) {
Users Returnuser=new Users();
// Check for success tag
int success;
try {
// Building Parameters
List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair(TAG_Email,user.getEmail()));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair(TAG_pass,user.getPass()));
JSONObject json = JSONParser.makeHttpRequest(
url_Connection+"FetchUserData.php",params);
// check your log for json response
Log.d("Single User Details", json.toString());
// json success tag
success = json.getInt(TAG_SUCCESS);
if (success == 1) {
// successfully received user details
JSONArray UserObj = json.getJSONArray(TAG_User); // JSON Array
// get first user object from JSON Array
JSONObject userO = UserObj.getJSONObject(0);
String FullName=userO.getString(TAG_FullNAME);
String birthday=userO.getString(TAG_BD);
String email=userO.getString(TAG_Email);
String pass=userO.getString(TAG_pass);
Returnuser=new Users(FullName, java.sql.Date.valueOf(birthday),email,pass);
} else {
Returnuser=null;
}
} catch (JSONException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return Returnuser;
}
}
public class UpdateUserDataAsyncTask extends AsyncTask<Void,Void,Users> {
Users user;
GetUserCallback userCallback;
String email,pass;
public UpdateUserDataAsyncTask(Users user,String email,String pass, GetUserCallback userCallback) {
try{
this.user = user; this.email = email; this.pass = pass;
this.userCallback = userCallback; }
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
protected void onPostExecute(Users ReturnedUser) {
try
{
progressDialog.dismiss();
userCallback.Done(ReturnedUser);
super.onPostExecute(ReturnedUser);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
protected Users doInBackground(Void... args) {
Users Returnuser=new Users();
// Check for success tag
int success;
try {
// Building Parameters
List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair(TAG_Email,email));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair(TAG_pass,pass));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("UP"+TAG_Email,user.getEmail()));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("UP"+TAG_pass,user.getPass()));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("UP"+TAG_BD,user.getBirthDay().toString()));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("UP" + TAG_FullNAME, user.getFullName()));
JSONObject json = JSONParser.makeHttpRequest(
url_Connection+"UpdateUserData.php", params);
// json success tag
if(json!=null)
{
success = json.getInt(TAG_SUCCESS);
if (success == 1) {
// successfully received user details
JSONArray UserObj = json.getJSONArray(TAG_User); // JSON Array
// get first user object from JSON Array
JSONObject userO = UserObj.getJSONObject(0);
String FullName=userO.getString(TAG_FullNAME);
String birthday=userO.getString(TAG_BD);
String email=userO.getString(TAG_Email);
String pass=userO.getString(TAG_pass);
Returnuser=new Users(FullName, java.sql.Date.valueOf(birthday),email,pass);
} else {
Returnuser=null;
}
}else {
Returnuser=null;
}
} catch (JSONException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return Returnuser;
}
}
}
| 510 |
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balina%20ve%20yunuslar%20listesi
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Balina ve yunuslar listesi
|
https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balina ve yunuslar listesi&action=history
|
Turkish
|
Spoken
| 1,744 | 5,377 |
Balinalar ya da Latince adıyla Cetacea infra takımı içinde plasentalı deniz memelileri olan balinalar, yunuslar ve musurları barındırır. Bu infra takımın tüm günümüz üyeleri tamamen su içinde yaşamaya adapte olmuştur. Çoğu açık okyanuslarda yaşarken az sayıda üyesi nehirlerde ve haliçlerde yaşar. Bu hayvanlar üremek için çiftleşmeyi, doğumu, yavrularını emzirmeyi ve beslenmeyi tamamen sualtında gerçekleştirirler. Boyutları 1,4 m. boyunda ve 54 kg. ağırlığındaki körfez muturundan aynı zamanda bugüne kadar yaşamış en büyük hayvan olduğu düşünülen 29,9 m. boyunda ve 190 ton ağırlığında mavi balinaya kadar bir yelpaze içindedir. Dünya Doğa ve Doğal Kaynakları Koruma Birliği (IUCN) tarafından bu infra takım için on dört familya, 39 cins ve 90'dan fazla tür tanınmaktadır. IUCN tarafından bu türlerden ikisi kritik tehlikedeki türler, yedisi tehlikedeki türler, altısı hassas türler, beşi neredeyse tehdit altındaki türler arasında listelenirken yirmi ikisi asgari endişe altında görülmekte ve kırk beşi hakkında yeterli veri yoktur, ayrıca üç tür henüz değerlendirilmemiştir.
Balinalar, ince ve uzun aerodinamik bir gövdeye, kürek şeklinde ön uzuvlara ve evrim sonucu değişmiş arka uzuvlara sahip olan deniz memelileridir. Kuyrukları itmeye yardımcı olacak şekilde yassılaşmıştır. Akciğerleri vardır ve düzenli olarak su yüzüne çıkıp kafataslarının tepesinde yer alan ve bir nevi değişiklik geçirmiş burun deliği sayılabilecek solunum deliklerinden hava solumak zorundadırlar. Balinalar çift toynaklılar (Artiodactyla) ile birlikte Cetartiodactyla takımında sınıflandırılırlar. Daha önceleri kendi takımları olan ama şimdi infra takım olan Cetacea takımı içinde yer almaktaydılar. Dişli balinalar (Odontoceti) ve dişsiz balinalar (Mysticeti) olarak iki alt gruba ayrılırlar. Bu iki alt grup önceden alt takım iken artık parvo takım olarak sınıflandırmaya alınmıştır. Yaşayan 90 türü vardır (soyu tükendiğine inanılan Çin nehir yunusu da dahil olmak üzere). Ayrıca çok sayıda soyu tükenmiş balina ve yunus kaydedilmiştir ancak burada listelenmemiştir. Burada yakın zamanlarda keşfedilen yeni türler dahil olmak üzere yalnızca bilinen ve yaşayan türler listelenmiştir.
Balina ve yunuslar Dünya okyanuslarında yaygın olarak bulunmaktadırlar ancak dişsiz balinaların bazıları belirli çevreleri tercih ederler. Dişsiz balinaların çoğu Kuzey ve Güney Yarımkürenin soğuk sularında yaşar ve doğurmak için ekvatorun sıcak sularına göç ederler. Dişli balinaların çoğu balık ve kalamar ile beslenir ancak katil balina gibi az sayıda türü yüzgeçayaklılar gibi memelilerle beslenir. Gri balinalar dipte yaşayan yumuşakçalarla beslenmek üzerine uzmanlaşmıştır. Erkekler her yıl birkaç dişi ile çiftleşir ancak dişiler yalnızca iki ila üç yılda bir çiftleşir. Yavrular genel olarak bahar ve yaz aylarında doğar ve dişiler yavruları büyütmekten tek başına sorumludur. Bazı türlerin anneleri çok uzun süre boyunca beslenmeden yavrularını emzirirler. Bazı balinalar çeşitli sesler çıkarabilirler, en bilineni kambur balinaların şarkılarıdır. Asıl olarak yunuslar olmak üzere bazı türleri çok sosyaldirler ve sürüleri binlerce bireyden oluşabilir.
Bir zamanlar balinalardan elde edilen ürünler için amansızca avlanmaktaydılar ancak artık uluslararası yasalarla korunmaktadırlar. Bazı türlerinin yüksek derecede zekâya sahip olduğu düşünülür. American Association for the Advancement of Science'ın 2012 toplantısında balina ve yunuslar insan olmayan bireyler olarak listelenerek balina ve yunus hakları konusunda destek tekrarlanmıştır. Buzul balinaları 450'nin altına düşen populasyonlarıyla yirminci yüzyılda neredeyse soyları tükenmiş ve setologlar tarafından işlevsel olarak soyu tükenmiş olarak listelenmiştir. En son 2004 yılında görülen Çin nehir yunusu da Dünya Doğa ve Doğal Kaynakları Koruma Birliği (IUCN) tarafından ilevsel olarak soyu tükenmiş sayılmaktadır. Balina avcılığının yanı sıra balık ağlarına takılma ve deniz kirliliği gibi tehditlerle karşı karşıyadırlar. Balinaların eti, yağı ve balina çubuğu geleneksel olarak Arktiklerde yaşayan yerli halklar tarafından kullanılmıştır. Herman Melville'in Moby Dick adlı büyük beyaz balinası gibi balina ve yunuslar sıklıkla edebiyat ve filmlerde kullanılan bir temadır. Bazı yunus türleri esaret altında tutularak çeşitli oyunlar yapmak üzere eğitilirler ancak esaret altında üremeleri başarısızdır. Balina gözleme dünya çapında bir turizm şekli olmuştur.
Listeleme kuralları
Türkçe adı
Türlerin Türkçe adı Türkçe kaynaklarda geçtiği durumlarda verilmiştir. Türkçe kaynaklarda adı geçmeyen türler için boş bırakılmıştır.
Korunma durumu
Korunma durumu kodları IUCN Nesli Tükenme Tehlikesi Altında Olan Türlerin Kırmızı Listesi'nin 2016-2 versiyonuna göre verilmiştir.
Tahminî küresel populasyonu
Bulunan tahminî küresel populasyonu listelendiğinde aksi belirtilmediği takdirde IUCN Nesli Tükenme Tehlikesi Altında Olan Türlerin Kırmızı Listesi'nin 2016-2 versiyonundan alınmıştır.
Mysticeti : Dişsiz balinalar
Dişsiz balinaların özelliği, diş yerine üst çenelerinde iki sıra dizili olan ve suyu süzerek besin toplamaya yarayan balina çubuğu denen boynuzsu yapılara ve iki solunum deliğine sahip olmalarıdır. Bu özellikleri ile balinalar takımının diğer alt takımı dişli balinalardan (Odonteceti) ayrılırlar. Yaşayan dişsiz balinalar türlerinin yalnızca embriyo aşamasında dişleri bulunur ve bu dişler doğumdan önce kaybolur. Mysticeti takımının fosillerinde balina çubuğunun gelişmesinden önce dişleri olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.
Balaenidae familyası : Gerçek balinagiller
Gerçek balinagiller (Balaenidae) familyasında iki cins ve dört tür balina bulunur. Tüm gerçek balinagillerin karınları ve çeneleri düzdür, karınlarında oluklar bulunmaz. Belirgin bir kafa yapıları vardır, ağızlarının üstü gaga şeklinde kıvrıktır ve altı eğiktir. Alt dudakları ağızlarının yanlarını ve gagalarını kaplar. Üst çenelerinde diş yerine uzun ve dar, elastik balina çubuğu bulunur.
Balaenopteridae familyası : Oluklu balinagiller
Oluklu balinagiller, iki cins içinde sınıflandırılan dokuz türüyle dişsiz balinaların en büyük grubunu oluşturur. Bu grubun içinde, yaklaşık 150 tona varan ağırlığıyla yaşayan en büyük hayvan olan mavi balina da bulunur. Diğer iki tür balina kolaylıkla 50 ton ağırlığı geçer ve grubun en küçüğü olan Minke balinası bile 9 tona ulaşır.
Bu balinalar için kullanılan rorqual adı Norveççe "izli balina" anlamına gelen sözcükten gelir: Bu familyada bulunan tüm balinalarda ağzın altından göbek bölümüne kadar giden uzunlamasına deri katları bulunur ancak kuzey balinasında bu yarıklar daha kısadır. Bu deri katlarının beslenme sırasında ağzın muazzam bir şekilde genişlemesine yaradığı anlaşılmıştır. Tüm rorqualların karın bölgesinde, yalnızca bu familyada görülen oluklar bulunur. Ayrıca sırt yüzgeçleri, geniş ve yumuşak kıvrımlı bir gagaları ve kısa balina çubukları bulunur.
Cetotheriidae familyası: Cüce gerçek balina
Cüce gerçek balina, gerçek balinalar ile birçok özelliği paylaşır ancak ayırt edici çene yapıları ve sırt yüzgeçleri ile gerçek balinalardan ayrılır. Cüce gerçek balinanın kafası gövdesinin ¼’ünden daha fazla değildir ama gerçek balinaların kafaları vücutlarının yaklaşık ⅓’üdür.
Eschrichtiidae familyası: Gri balina
Gri balina, gerçek balinalar ve çatal kuyruklu balinalardan yeteri kadar farklı olduğu için yalnızca kendisinin bulunduğu bir familyada sınıflandırılmıştır. Gri balina bentos yiyen tek dişsiz balinadır, sığ denizlerin dip çamurlarından küçük organizmaları süzer. Gebelik dönemleri de dişsiz balinalarda pek görülmeyecek şekilde bir yılın üzerindedir.
Odontoceti : Dişli balinalar
Dişli balinalar (Odontoceti), balinaların bir parvo takımını oluşturur. Adından anlaşılacağı gibi, balina çubuğu yerine dişleri vardır. Dişli balinalar etkin avcılardır ve balık, kalamar ve bazen deniz memelileri ile beslenirler.
Delphinidae familyası : Yunusgiller (Okyanus yunusları)
Okyanus yunusları, balinaların yunusgiller (Delphinidae) familyasındandır. Balina ve liman yunusları ile akrabadır. Adından anlaşılacağı üzere bu yunuslar, nehir yunuslarının aksine açık denizlerde bulunur ancak Irrawaddy yunusu gibi bazı türleri kıyılarda ya da nehirlerde yaşar. Yunusgiller familyasının aralarında katil balinanın da bulunduğu altı büyük türüne yunus yerine balina adı verilir.
Yunusgillerin, musurgillerin aksine gagaları çok belirgindir, iki ya da daha fazla servikal omurları birbirine bütünleşmiştir ve üst çenelerinde 20 çift ya da daha çok sayıda diş bulunur. Hiçbiri 4 metreden uzun değildir.
Monodontidae familyası : Beyaz balinagiller (Deniz gergedanı ve Beyaz balina)
Beyaz balinagiller (Monodontidae) familyasında iki sıra dışı balina türü bulunur: Erkeklerinin uzun bir boynuzu bulunan deniz gergedanı ve beyaz balina.
Beyaz balinagillerde sırt yüzgecinin yerine gövdenin orta noktasının hemen ardında sert bir çıkıntı yer alır. Bu büyük bir olasılıkla buzun altında yüzmenin getirdiği bir adaptasyondur. Yan yüzgeçler küçük ve uçları yuvarlaktır. Hemen hemen tüm servikal omurlar birbirine kaynaşmamıştır, dolayısıyla kafanın gövdenden bağımsız dönmesi mümkündür. Hiçbirinde boğaz oyukları yoktur.
Phocoenidae familyası : Musurgiller
Musurgiller familyasında yer alan balina türleri okyanus yunuslarından farklıdır. Liman yunusları dişleri düzleşmiş iken okyanus yunuslarının dişleri koniktir. Liman yunusları, okyanus yunuslarından daha fazla sayıda yavruyu daha kısa zamanda büyütürler. Altı türün tamamının da yan yüzgeçleri küçüktür, gagaları yoktur ve küt burunludurlar. Hepsinin alt ve üst çenesinde en az 11 çift diş bulunur.
Liman yunuslarının yedi türü okyanusta ama kıyı yakınlarında yaşar. En iyi tanınan türü Kuzey Yarımküre’nin tamamında bulunan bayağı musurdur.
Physeteridae familyası : İspermeçet balinasıgiller
İspermeçet balinasının kafası gövdesinin ⅓’i uzunluğunda, geniş ve kare şeklindedir. Solunum deliği sola kayıktır, derisi genelde kırışıktır ve üst çenesinde diş yoktur.
Kogiidae familyası : Cüce ispermeçet balinasıgiller
Cüce ve pigme ispermeçet balinaları, ispermeçet balinasına benzer ama çok daha küçüktürler. Sırtları koyu gri, karınları ise daha açık renktedir. Küt ve kare şeklinde kafaları vardır ve çeneleri geridedir. Ön yüzgeçleri kafaya yakın, sırt yüzgeçleri ise sırtın gerisindedir.
Ziphiidae familyası : Gagalı balinagiller
Gagalı balinagiller (Ziphiidae) familyasında 22 tür bulunur. Büyük memelilerin en az bilinen familyalarından biridir. Bazı türleri son yirmi yılda tanımlanmıştır ve başka türlerin henüz keşfedilmemiş olması mümkündür. Altı cins tanımlanmıştır.
Beslenme yöntemleri kendilerine özgüdür ve emme yoluyla beslenirler. Avlarını dişleriyle yakalamak yerine ağız boşluklarına emerek yakalarlar. Dilleri çok serbest olarak hareket edebilir ve dillerini geri çekerken boğazlarının üst kısmının uzanmasıyla ağızlarında düşen basınç avlarının su ile birlikte emilmesini sağlar. Familyadaki türlerin alt çeneleri en azından üst çenelerinin ucuna kadar gelir. Kuyruklarının ortasında belli belirsiz bir ayrım bulunur. Sırt yüzgeçleri sırtlarının çok gerisinde yer alır. Sırt omurlarının üç ya da dördü kaynaşmıştır. Aşırı kafatası asimetrisi ve V şeklinde boğaz yarıkları gözlemlenir.
Platanistoidea üst familyası : Nehir yunusları
Nehir yunusları tatlısu ve haliçlerde yaşayan beş yunus türünü kapsar. Balinaların Platanistoidea üst familyasında sınıflandırılırlar. Dört türü tatlısu ırmaklarında, beşinci türü olan La Plata yunusu tuzlusu haliçlerinde ve okyanusta yaşar ancak bilimsel olarak okyanus yunusları familyasında sınıflandırılmamıştır. Tüm türler balık yakalamayı kolaylaştıracak adaptasyonlar geçirmiştir. Uzun, forseps şeklinde ve birçok küçük diş barındıran gagaları vardır. Keskin dönüşleri kolaylaştıran geniş ön yüzgeçleri, küçük gözleri ve başlarını oynatmalarını sağlayan kaynaşmamış omurları bulunur.
Iniidae familyası
Iniidae familyasında tek bir cins ve iki tür bulunur ancak Amazon nehir yunusu üç alt tür olarak sınıflandırılmıştır:
Amazon nehir yunusu - Inia geoffrensis
Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis - Amazon havzası popülasyonu (Bolivya'da Teotonio Rapids yukarısındaki Madeira Nehri akaçlama alanı dışında)
Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana - Orinoco havzası popülasyonu
Bolivya nehir yunusu - Inia geoffrensis boliviensis- Madeira Nehri akaçlama alanı içindeki Amazon havzası popülasyonu
Lipotidae familyası
Lipotidae familyasında da tek bir cins ve tür bulunur: Çin nehir yunusu. Fosil kayıtlarına göre bu yunusun ilk olarak 25 milyon yıl önce ortaya çıktığı ve Pasifik Okyanusu’dan Yangtze Nehri’ne 20 milyon yıl önce göç ettiği bilinmektedir. 2006 yılı sonunda Yangtze nehrinde yapılan yunus araştırması sonucunda bir tane yunus ile bile karşılaşılmayınca soyu kısmen tükenmiş sayılmıştır.
Platanistidae familyası
Platanistidae familyasının tek bir türü olduğu düşünülmekteydi: Ganj ve İndus nehir yunusu. Ancak kafatası ve omurilik yapısındaki ve lipid içeriğindeki farklılıklar nedeniyle 1970'lerin başında biliminsanları bu iki popülasyonun iki ayrı tür olduğunu ilan ettiler. 1988 yılında bu çalışmaların sonuçları sorgulandı ve sınıflandırma 1970 öncesine çevrildi. Dolayısıyla, günümüzde Platanista cinsinde iki alt tür bulunmaktadır: Platanista gangetica minor (İndus nehir yunusu) ve Platanista gangetica gangetica (Ganj nehir yunusu).
Pontoporiidae familyası
La Plata yunusu Pontoporiidae familyasında ve Pontoporia cinsindeki tek türdür.
Notlar
Dipnotlar
Kaynakça
Dış bağlantılar
ARKive - Images and movies of Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises
American Cetacean Society
CMS Small Cetaceans
IUCN Redlist
Memeliler listesi
| 38,271 |
https://github.com/darcy-shimmer/AG-LayCast/blob/master/Geolife/Geolife Trajectories 1.3/Data/073/Trajectory/20080630153016.plt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
AG-LayCast
|
darcy-shimmer
|
Gnuplot
|
Code
| 19 | 273 |
Geolife trajectory
WGS 84
Altitude is in Feet
Reserved 3
0,2,255,My Track,0,0,2,8421376
0
39.9756633,116.3308033,0,157.5,39629.6460185185,2008-06-30,15:30:16
39.9756633,116.3307983,0,157.5,39629.6460300926,2008-06-30,15:30:17
39.9756566,116.3308216,0,157.5,39629.6460763889,2008-06-30,15:30:21
39.9756316,116.3308199,0,154.2,39629.6461342593,2008-06-30,15:30:26
39.9755883,116.3307549,0,154.2,39629.6461689815,2008-06-30,15:30:29
39.9755749,116.3307483,0,154.2,39629.6461921296,2008-06-30,15:30:31
| 36,280 |
https://github.com/Timlong2018/test_javadoc/blob/master/testSystem/WebContent/JS/viewTestPaperAjax.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
test_javadoc
|
Timlong2018
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 133 | 555 |
$(document).ready(function(){
$("#subButton").click(function(){
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var json = {
"name" : $("#name").val().trim(),
"type" : $("#type").val().trim(),
"examtime" : $("#examTime").val().trim().replace("T", " ").concat(":00")
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// true OR false is the return value of is(":checked")
var single = $("#single").is(":checked");
var tf = $("#tf").is(":checked");
var frq = $("#frq").is(":checked");
var data = getData();
if(single){
data.singleNum = $("#single_num").val().trim();
}else{
data.singleNum = '0';
}
if(tf){
data.tfNum = $("#tf_num").val().trim();
}else{
data.tfNum = '0';
}
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data.frqNum = $("#frq_num").val().trim();
}else{
data.frqNum = '0';
}
$.ajax({
url : '../ViewTestPaperServlet',
type : 'POST',
dataType : 'json',
data : JSON.stringify(data),
success : function(res){
$("#testpaper").val("");
if("false" == res["res"]){
alert("插入试卷失败，请更换试卷名称重试！");
return;
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for(var i = 0; i < res.length; i++){
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| 44,564 |
https://github.com/looker53/webdriver-downloader/blob/master/driverloader/cli.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
webdriver-downloader
|
looker53
|
Python
|
Code
| 99 | 361 |
import click
from driverloader import chrome_driver, firefox_driver
from driverloader.driver import DEFAULT_FIREFOX_VERSION, DEFAULT_CHROME_VERSION
def download_driver(name: str, path=None, version=None, force=False):
if name.lower() == 'chrome':
version = version or DEFAULT_CHROME_VERSION
return chrome_driver(path=path, version=version, force=force)
elif name.lower() == 'firefox':
version = version or DEFAULT_FIREFOX_VERSION
return firefox_driver(path=path, version=version, force=force)
raise ValueError("name must be chrome or firefox")
@click.command()
@click.argument('driver_name', type=click.Choice(['chrome', 'firefox']))
@click.argument('path', type=click.Path(exists=True))
@click.option('-v', '--version')
@click.option('-f', '--force')
def cli(driver_name, path, version, force):
"""Webdriver downloader of chrome and firefox.
- driver_name: Which driver, [chrome, firefox] supported.\n
- path: Path to save the driver.
"""
driver = download_driver(driver_name, path=path, version=version, force=force)
click.echo(driver)
if __name__ == '__main__':
cli()
| 2,117 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahnbetriebswerk%20Koblenz-Mosel
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Bahnbetriebswerk Koblenz-Mosel
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahnbetriebswerk Koblenz-Mosel&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 794 | 1,629 |
Das ursprüngliche Bahnbetriebswerk Koblenz-Mosel war ein Bahnbetriebswerk an der Moselstrecke in Koblenz. Das Werk, zwischen den Stadtteilen Moselweiß und Goldgrube gelegen, war von 1900 bis 1988 in Betrieb. Der Lokschuppen war Heimat und Instandsetzungsort von Lokomotiven der Deutschen Bundesbahn (DB) und ihrer Vorgängerbahnen. Im Raum Koblenz wurden Reisezüge nur hier bespannt.
Die Gebäude der Deutschen Bundesbahn wurden restlos abgerissen. Ab 2008 errichtete die trans regio ein eigenes Betriebswerk Koblenz-Mosel an gleicher Stelle.
Geschichte
Die am 15. Mai 1879 eröffnete Moselstrecke endete in Koblenz am Moselbahnhof, in der Nähe des heutigen Hauptbahnhofs. Ein weiterer Bahnhof stand mit dem Rheinbahnhof für Züge auf der linken Rheinstrecke zur Verfügung. Nach Aufgabe der preußischen Stadtbefestigung ab 1890 konnte die Stadt Koblenz erstmals aus den engen Stadtgrenzen ausbrechen. Beide bestehende Bahnhöfe wurden mit Bau des Hauptbahnhofs 1902 zusammengefasst und aufgegeben.
Das ging einher mit einem völligen Umbau der Koblenzer Bahnanlagen. Es entstanden drei Betriebswerkstätten, eine am Hauptbahnhof, das Bahnbetriebswerk Koblenz-Lützel am Bahnhof Koblenz-Lützel (1905) und eine weitere an der Moselstrecke in Moselweiß (Koblenz-Mosel). Die Bauarbeiten zum Bau des Bahnbetriebswerks Koblenz-Mosel begannen 1896 durch die Eisenbahn-Direktion Coeln. Nach der Inbetriebnahme um 1900 wurde das Werk 1902 fertiggestellt.
Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg und der Besetzung des Rheinlands war die wirtschaftliche Situation sehr schwierig und es wurde kaum in moderne Lokomotiven investiert. Eine erste Verbesserung gab es 1927 mit dem viergleisigen Ausbau der Moseleisenbahnbrücke. Mit Aufgabe des Bahnbetriebswerks am Koblenzer Hauptbahnhof 1935 wurden die Leistungen von den Bahnbetriebswerken Koblenz-Lützel und Koblenz-Mosel übernommen. Mit Bau des Westwalls ab 1938 wurden erhebliche Mengen an Baustoffen über das Bahnbetriebswerk Koblenz-Mosel umgeschlagen. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg war das Werk meist Hauptangriffsziel der alliierten Luftangriffe auf Koblenz. Über den wichtigen Eisenbahnknoten Koblenz wurden 1944/1945 Truppen und Material an die Westfront gebracht. Einen letzten Höhepunkt erreichten die Luftangriffe auf das Betriebswerk mit der deutschen Ardennenoffensive. Kurz vor Einmarsch der amerikanischen Truppen im März 1945 wurden viele betriebsfähige Lokomotiven ins „Reichsinnere“ in Sicherheit gebracht. Der Betrieb im Werk kam schließlich mit Zerstörung aller Brücken in Koblenz am 7. März 1945 durch die sich zurückziehenden Einheiten der Wehrmacht völlig zum Erliegen.
Amerikanische Truppen nahmen bereits am 29. März 1945 den Eisenbahnverkehr von Koblenz-Mosel über Bonn nach Aachen für ihren eigenen Nachschub wieder auf. Die Moseleisenbahnbrücke wurde provisorisch wiederhergestellt. Schwieriger gestaltete sich die Instandsetzung der Moselstrecke, da zu viele Brücken entlang der Mosel zerstört waren. Die Strecke über die Gülser Eisenbahnbrücke nach Güls war bereits am 18. Dezember 1945 provisorisch wieder befahrbar, die Gesamtstrecke nach Trier konnte jedoch erst im Mai 1947 wieder befahrbar gemacht werden.
Mit Übernahme von Koblenz durch die französische Militärverwaltung gliederte man das Bahnbetriebswerk Koblenz-Mosel von der ehemaligen Reichsbahndirektion Köln an die Eisenbahndirektion Mainz. Nach deren Auflösung am 1. Juni 1971 kam das Werk wieder zurück in die Obhut der Direktion Köln. Eine weitere Normalisierung der Verhältnisse im Werk nach dem Krieg erfolgte mit Übernahme durch die Deutsche Bundesbahn und der Rückkehr von Lokomotiven.
Erste Einbußen im Einsatz von Dampfloks waren nach der Elektrifizierung der linken Rheinstrecke 1958 spürbar. 1962 folgte die Elektrifizierung der rechten Rheinstrecke, 1973 die der Moselstrecke, was das Ende des Dampfbetriebes bedeutete (siehe auch Chronik der Streckenelektrifizierung der Deutschen Bundesbahn). Das Bahnbetriebswerk Koblenz-Mosel wurde nach und nach auf die Unterhaltung von Elektrolokomotiven umgestellt. Das Ende kam, nachdem am 1. Mai 1982 am Hauptbahnhof die Großdienststelle „Betriebswerk Koblenz“ in Dienst ging. Von nun an wurden immer mehr Mitarbeiter und Fahrzeuge in das neue Betriebswerk umgesetzt, so beispielsweise 1982 die Lokleitung. Auch der Bahnhof Koblenz-Lützel war betroffen. Die letzten Triebwagen verließen am 28. Mai 1988 das Bahnbetriebswerk Koblenz-Mosel. Die Betriebsgebäude waren seitdem verlassen und wurden bis 2007 abgerissen.
Betriebsanlagen
Das Bahnbetriebswerk Koblenz-Mosel lag zwischen Beatusstraße/Bogenstraße und der Moselstrecke. Es bestand eine direkte Anbindung an die Moselstrecke, von wo aus auch über die linke Rheinstrecke der Koblenzer Hauptbahnhof direkt erreicht werden konnte. Das Herzstück der Anlage war auf westlicher Seite ein 30-ständiger Ringlokschuppen mit Drehscheibe. Nach dem Krieg blieben bis zum Abriss noch 25 Stände übrig, 5 Stände waren als Freistände ausgelegt. Zusätzlich gab es einen Wasserturm mit Wasserkran und Schlackengrube, einen Kohlenbansen, ein Trafohaus, eine Besandungsanlage sowie verschiedene Verwaltungsgebäude z. B. für die Lokleitung. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg entstanden am Werk zwei Bunker zum Schutz der Arbeiter der Reichsbahn bei Luftangriffen.
Trans Regio Betriebswerk Koblenz-Mosel
Auf dem ehemaligen Gelände der Deutschen Bundesbahn errichtete die trans regio Deutsche Regionalbahn GmbH seit 2008 ein eigenes Betriebswerk mit Werkstatt und Depot. Hier werden die Fahrzeuge der Baureihe 460 des Typs Desiro ML gewartet.
Literatur
Matthias Fuhrmann (Hrsg.): Das Bw Koblenz-Mosel. In: Deutsche Bahnbetriebswerke und der Triebfahrzeugpark der deutschen Eisenbahnen von 1920 bis heute. GeraMond Verlag München, 1991
Weblinks
Fotos vom Bw Koblenz-Mosel im Forum drehscheibe-online.ist-im-web.de
Weitere Fotos mit Lageplan auf ahrtalbahn.de
Trans Regio Betriebswerk Koblenz-Mosel
KoblenzMosel
Verkehrsbauwerk in Koblenz
Moselstrecke
Erbaut in den 1900er Jahren
Schienenverkehr (Koblenz)
Verkehrsbauwerk in Europa
| 21,963 |
https://openalex.org/W2100082409
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,008 |
Nanoparticle formation in the exhaust of vehicles running on ultra-low sulfur fuel
|
Huiling Du
|
English
|
Spoken
| 14,671 | 24,756 |
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 2715–2744, 2008
www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/2715/2008/
© Author(s) 2008. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 2715–2744, 2008
www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/2715/2008/
© Author(s) 2008. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Atmospheric
Chemistry
and Physics
Discussions ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust Nanoparticle formation in the exhaust of
vehicles running on ultra-low sulfur fuel Hua Du and Fangqun Yu Hua Du and Fangqun Yu Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany,
New York 12203, USA Received: 3 January 2008 – Accepted: 3 January 2008 – Published: 12 February 2008
Correspondence to: Hua Du (huadu@asrc.cestm.albany.edu ) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 2715 Abstract ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 The concern of adverse health impacts from exposure to vehicle-emitted nanoparticles
has been escalating over the past few years. In order to meet more stringent EPA emis-
sion standards for particle mass emissions, advanced exhaust after-treatment systems such as continuously regenerating diesel particle filters (CRDPFs) have to be employed
5
on vehicles and fuel with ultra-low sulfur is to be used. Although CRDPFs were found to
be effective in reducing particle mass emissions, they were revealed to increase the po-
tential of volatile nanoparticle formation. Significant nanoparticle concentrations have
also been detected for vehicles running on ultra-low sulfur fuel but without CRDPFs. such as continuously regenerating diesel particle filters (CRDPFs) have to be employed
5
on vehicles and fuel with ultra-low sulfur is to be used. Although CRDPFs were found to
be effective in reducing particle mass emissions, they were revealed to increase the po-
tential of volatile nanoparticle formation. Significant nanoparticle concentrations have
also been detected for vehicles running on ultra-low sulfur fuel but without CRDPFs. Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust also been detected for vehicles running on ultra-low sulfur fuel but without CRDPFs. The main focus of this paper is the formation and evolution of nanoparticles in ex-
10
haust plume under ultra-low sulfur condition. Such study is necessary to project future
nanoparticle emissions as fuel compositions and after-treatment systems change. We
have carried out a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the effects of enhanced
sulfur conversion efficiency, sulfur storage/release, and presence of non-volatile cores
on nanoparticle formation using a detailed composition resolved aerosol microphysical
15
model with a recently improved H2SO4-H2O homogeneous nucleation (BHN) module. g
The main focus of this paper is the formation and evolution of nanoparticles in ex-
10
haust plume under ultra-low sulfur condition. Such study is necessary to project future
nanoparticle emissions as fuel compositions and after-treatment systems change. We
have carried out a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the effects of enhanced
sulfur conversion efficiency, sulfur storage/release, and presence of non-volatile cores The main focus of this paper is the formation and evolution of nanoparticles in ex-
10
haust plume under ultra-low sulfur condition. Such study is necessary to project future
nanoparticle emissions as fuel compositions and after-treatment systems change. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 Vehicle emission is one of the major sources of nanoparticles in urban areas. A large
number of studies in the past few years have associated nanoparticles with adverse
public health effects (Wold et al., 2006; Carbajal-Arroyo et al., 2007; Gauderman et public health effects (Wold et al., 2006; Carbajal Arroyo et al., 2007; Gauderman et
al., 2007; Meng et al., 2007; Rundell et al., 2007). Therefore, a clear understanding
5
of on-road nanoparticle formation and subsequent near-road evolution is critically im-
portant for the quantitative assessment of nanoparticle exposure levels to travelers on
roadways and residents living nearby. Diesel vehicles are known to be one of the major
sources of the particulate matter near busy roads. Recently, continuously regenerat- al., 2007; Meng et al., 2007; Rundell et al., 2007). Therefore, a clear understanding
5
of on-road nanoparticle formation and subsequent near-road evolution is critically im-
portant for the quantitative assessment of nanoparticle exposure levels to travelers on
roadways and residents living nearby. Diesel vehicles are known to be one of the major
sources of the particulate matter near busy roads. Recently, continuously regenerat- Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust ing diesel particle filters (CRDPFs) have been shown to be able to reduce particulate
10
matter emission by orders of magnitude. However, their effect on the nanoparticle for-
mation remains unclear. It is also important to know the extent to which CRDPF affects
the production of nanoparticle formed via the combustion of ultra-low sulfur fuels. ing diesel particle filters (CRDPFs) have been shown to be able to reduce particulate
10
matter emission by orders of magnitude. However, their effect on the nanoparticle for-
mation remains unclear. It is also important to know the extent to which CRDPF affects
the production of nanoparticle formed via the combustion of ultra-low sulfur fuels. pend strongly on a number of factors including the sulfur content in fuel and lubricating
15
oil, engine operation conditions, exhaust after-treatment setups, ambient conditions
and exhaust dilution. Binary H2SO4-H2O homogeneous nucleation (BHN) theory has
been applied to study nucleation in diesel exhaust. It has been shown that in the high
sulfur fuel conditions (i.e. fuel sulfur content (FSC)>300 ppm), BHN may account for formation of vehicle-emitted nanoparticles (Du and Yu, 2006). Lemmetty et al. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 We
have carried out a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the effects of enhanced
sulfur conversion efficiency, sulfur storage/release, and presence of non-volatile cores y,
g
,
p
on nanoparticle formation using a detailed composition resolved aerosol microphysical
15
model with a recently improved H2SO4-H2O homogeneous nucleation (BHN) module. Two well-controlled case studies show good agreement between model predictions
and measurements in terms of particle size distribution and temperature dependence
of particle formation rate, which leads us to conclude that BHN is the main source of y
g
on nanoparticle formation using a detailed composition resolved aerosol microphysical
15
model with a recently improved H2SO4-H2O homogeneous nucleation (BHN) module. Two well-controlled case studies show good agreement between model predictions
and measurements in terms of particle size distribution and temperature dependence
of particle formation rate, which leads us to conclude that BHN is the main source of nanoparticles for vehicles equipped with CRDPFs. We found that the employment of
20
CRDPFs may lead to the higher number concentration of nanoparticles (but smaller
size) in the exhaust of vehicles running on ultra-low sulfur fuel compared to those emit-
ted from vehicles running on high sulfur fuel. We have also shown that the sulfate
storage and release effect can lead to significant enhancement in nanoparticle pro- duction under favorable conditions. For vehicles running on ultra-low sulfur fuel but
25
without CRDPFs, the BHN is negligible; however, the condensation of low volatile or-
ganic compounds on nanometer-sized non-volatile cores may explain the observed
nucleation mode particles. 2716 1
Introduction 1 ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 vehicles running on the ultra-low sulfur fuel are unexpectedly high (Maricq et al., 2002;
5
Vaaraslahti et al., 2004; Vaaraslahti et al., 2005; Arnold et al., 2006; Kittelson et al.,
2006; Giechaskiel et al., 2007; R¨onkk¨o et al., 2007). This suggests that the application
of CRDPFs may have profound effects on the observed nanoparticle formation. In the
presence of CRDPFs, the nucleation mode was found to be sensitive to FSC and the 5 Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust most (∼90%) mass of nucleation mode particles were found to be sulfate (Kittelson et
10
al., 2006). This suggests that BHN may be involved in the nanoparticle formation mech-
anism under the aforementioned conditions. Two possible reasons for the influence of
CRDPFs on nanoparticle formation can be identified : (a) enhanced sulfur conversion
efficiency (ε) due to CRDPFs (Maricq et al., 2002; Vaaraslahti et al., 2004; Arnold et most (∼90%) mass of nucleation mode particles were found to be sulfate (Kittelson et
10
al., 2006). This suggests that BHN may be involved in the nanoparticle formation mech-
anism under the aforementioned conditions. Two possible reasons for the influence of
CRDPFs on nanoparticle formation can be identified : (a) enhanced sulfur conversion
efficiency (ε) due to CRDPFs (Maricq et al., 2002; Vaaraslahti et al., 2004; Arnold et y ( )
(
q
al., 2006; Kittelson et al., 2006; Giechaskiel et al., 2007); (b) sulfur storage/release
15
effect (Arnold et al., 2006; Giechaskiel et al., 2007). On the other hand, in the absence
of CRDPFs the number concentration of the nucleation mode particles was found to
be independent of FSC (Vaaraslahti et al., 2004; R¨onkk¨o et al., 2007). The sampled
nanoparticles were shown to have non-volatile cores coated with organics (R¨onkk¨o et al., 2007). Although numerous experimental studies have demonstrated the impor-
20
tance of different factors on the nanoparticle production, the formation mechanisms
behind the elevated nanoparticle production remain elusive. In the present paper, the
effect of the above-mentioned factors (enhanced sulfur conversion efficiency, sulfur
storage/release, and presence of non-volatile cores) on the nanoparticle formation in g
p
)
p
the presence or absence of CRDPFs has been studied using the size and composi-
25
tion resolved aerosol microphysical model. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 (2006)
20
also applied a classical BHN model to study maximum H2SO4-H2O nucleation rates in
the diesel exhaust assuming the sulfur to sulfuric acid conversion efficiency of 100%
and exhaust temperature of ∼400 K. It is important to note that Lemmetty et al. (2006)
may have over predicted maximum nucleation rates because the exhaust temperature of >∼700 K is needed in order to achieve a 100% conversion efficiency (Giechaskiel et
25
al., 2007). At the present time, the fuel sulfur content (FSC) for diesel vehicles has been re-
duced from ∼500 ppm to 15 ppm (by weight) nationwide. The role of BHN in nanopar- of >∼700 K is needed in order to achieve a 100% conversion efficiency (Giechaskiel et
25
al., 2007). At the present time, the fuel sulfur content (FSC) for diesel vehicles has been re-
duced from ∼500 ppm to 15 ppm (by weight) nationwide. The role of BHN in nanopar- At the present time, the fuel sulfur content (FSC) for diesel vehicles has been re-
duced from ∼500 ppm to 15 ppm (by weight) nationwide. The role of BHN in nanopar- 2717 ticle formation in ultra-low sulfur conditions (i.e., FSC ∼15 ppm) is expected to be
negligible (Du and Yu, 2006) due to the nonlinear dependence of nucleation rates
on H2SO4 concentration,. However, many recent laboratory experiments and in situ
measurements have shown that number concentrations of nanoparticles emitted by ticle formation in ultra-low sulfur conditions (i.e., FSC ∼15 ppm) is expected to be
negligible (Du and Yu, 2006) due to the nonlinear dependence of nucleation rates
on H2SO4 concentration,. However, many recent laboratory experiments and in situ
measurements have shown that number concentrations of nanoparticles emitted by ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 The major objective of the present study is
to investigate the formation mechanism for nanoparticles emitted by vehicles running
on ultra low sulfur fuel by focusing on the effects of the enhanced sulfur conversion
efficiency, sulfur storage/release, and presence of non-volatile cores. 2718 2
Method 2 1. Dilution of exhaust plume in the atmosphere In order to study the nanoparticle formation and evolution inside a single vehicular
plume, the size and composition resolved aerosol model has been developed. There Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust are three distinct stages for the evolution of the vehicular plume, which are character-
5
ized by different dilution and dominant aerosol microphysical processes. The stage 1
starts at 0 s (right behind the tailpipe) and ends at 1 s of the plume age. The plume
age is defined as time elapsed after the exhaust is emitted from the tailpipe. The hot
vehicular exhaust experiences rapid dilution due to strong turbulence in the near field are three distinct stages for the evolution of the vehicular plume, which are character-
5
ized by different dilution and dominant aerosol microphysical processes. The stage 1
starts at 0 s (right behind the tailpipe) and ends at 1 s of the plume age. The plume
age is defined as time elapsed after the exhaust is emitted from the tailpipe. The hot
vehicular exhaust experiences rapid dilution due to strong turbulence in the near field p
p
g
of the tailpipe. At this stage of the plume evolution, the nucleation is the key microphys-
10
ical process. Studies (Kittelson et al., 1988; Shi et al., 2002) have shown that typical
dilution ratios at this stage are ∼1000. The dilution ratio as a function of the plume age
used in this study was obtained using the nonlinear regression of the experimental data
by Kittelson et al. (1988). The dilution ratio (DR) in Kittelson et al. (1988) is expressed as DR=1.0+700×t1.413(t≤1 s). 15
The stage 2 begins after 1s and ends when the exhaust reaches the roadside. At
this stage the low volatile organics still condense onto nucleated particles; however,
semi-volatile organics may begin to evaporate due to dilution (Sakurai et al., 2003). The precise determination of the dilution ratio in a single on-road vehicle plume is a as DR=1.0+700×t1.413(t≤1 s). 15
The stage 2 begins after 1s and ends when the exhaust reaches the roadside. At
this stage the low volatile organics still condense onto nucleated particles; however,
semi-volatile organics may begin to evaporate due to dilution (Sakurai et al., 2003). ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 1. Dilution of exhaust plume in the atmosphere 1. Dilution of exhaust plume in the atmosphere The precise determination of the dilution ratio in a single on-road vehicle plume is a complex problem, whose solution requires accurate accounting for the vehicle gener-
20
ated turbulence and mixing of the considered plume with other plumes. At the present
time, no commonly accepted dispersion model that could predict, with considerable
degree of confidence, the on-road dilution profile for a single plume is available. In the
present study, the dilution profile during the stage 2 was determined as the ratio of CO2
concentration in raw exhaust before dilution to the observed on-road one. Typically, the
25
dilution ratio at plume age of ∼5 s varies from ∼5 to∼10 (relative to t=1 s), depending
ffid
i
i d
d
d
h
i
bili complex problem, whose solution requires accurate accounting for the vehicle gener-
20
ated turbulence and mixing of the considered plume with other plumes. At the present
time, no commonly accepted dispersion model that could predict, with considerable
degree of confidence, the on-road dilution profile for a single plume is available. In the
present study, the dilution profile during the stage 2 was determined as the ratio of CO2 concentration in raw exhaust before dilution to the observed on-road one. Typically, the
25
dilution ratio at plume age of ∼5 s varies from ∼5 to∼10 (relative to t=1 s), depending
on traffic density, wind speed and atmospheric stability. 2719 location perpendicular to the roadway). The aerosol processing at stage 3 involves
coagulation, dilution, and evaporation of organics. The corresponding dilution profile
can be determined from CO measurements. The additional dilution (relative to t=5 s)
is assumed to be ∼10 at 150 m away from the roadside (Zhu et al., 2002). location perpendicular to the roadway). The aerosol processing at stage 3 involves
coagulation, dilution, and evaporation of organics. The corresponding dilution profile
can be determined from CO measurements. The additional dilution (relative to t=5 s)
is assumed to be ∼10 at 150 m away from the roadside (Zhu et al., 2002). δX,A =
vi/vi+1,
if X = H2SO4
1,
if X ̸= H2SO4
(2) ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 measured thermochemical properties of H2SO4 monomers with hydrated sulfuric acid
dimers and trimers (Hanson and Lovejoy, 2006) and data from two independent mea-
5
surements of monomer hydration have been incorporated, has been employed. The
improved KQUN model is thermodynamically more robust, and predicts binary homo-
geneous nucleation rates in good agreement with available experimental data. Another
advantage of the aforementioned model is that the nanoparticle formation and subse- dimers and trimers (Hanson and Lovejoy, 2006) and data from two independent mea-
5
surements of monomer hydration have been incorporated, has been employed. The
improved KQUN model is thermodynamically more robust, and predicts binary homo-
geneous nucleation rates in good agreement with available experimental data. Another
advantage of the aforementioned model is that the nanoparticle formation and subse- 5 Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust g
p
quent evolution are coupled. The coupling allows explicit simulations of the aerosol
10
dynamics (i.e. nucleation, coagulation and condensation) of vehicle-emitted nanoparti-
cles on and near the roadway. It is important to note that previous theoretical studies
on the nanoparticle evolution considered the latter two processes only and that the nu-
cleation process was excluded from their models (Zhang et al., 2004; Jacobson et al., 2005). 15
Ambient background aerosols were included in our model, and they participate in
scavenging of small nanoparticles and H2SO4 vapor molecules as exhaust mixes with
the ambient air. The mean size and undiluted concentration of the background aerosols
is assumed to be ∼60 nm in diameter and 104(cm−3), respectively (Kittelson et al.,
2004). The mean size and concentration of soot particles is assumed to be 50 nm in
20
diameter and 107cm−3, respectively (Kittelson et al., 2004). 2004). The mean size and concentration of soot particles is assumed to be 50 nm in
20
diameter and 107cm−3, respectively (Kittelson et al., 2004). 2.1
Nanoparticle nucleation and evolution: a kinetic modeling
5 2.1
Nanoparticle nucleation and evolution: a kinetic modeling
5 A discrete-sectional bin structure (Yu, 2006) is used to represent the size spectra of
molecular clusters/particles ranging from molecular size to several micrometers. The
formation and evolution of clusters/nanoparticles are simulated kinetically by solving
the following set of differential equations (Yu, 2006), ∂Ci,X
∂t
= li+1,iδX,Aγi+1,X Ci+1,X −li,i−1γi,X Ci,X +
0
iX
j=1
i−1
X
k=1
fj,k,iβj,kNjCk,X −Ci,X
i max
X
j=1
1 −fi,j,i
βi,jNj
(1) 10 Title Page
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Interactive Discussion (1) where i, j, k are bin indices, Ci,X is the volume concentration of component X
(=H2SO4, H2O, and other species including organics, soot and refractory cores) at
bin i, Nj is the number concentration of cluster/particle at bin j, βi,j is the coagulation j
i,j
kernel between particles at bin i and bin j, γ is the cluster evaporation rate, imax is
15
maximum number of bins in the model (set to be 150 in this study), fj,k,i is the volume
fraction of intermediate particles (volume=νj+νk) partitioned into bin i, li+1,i=
ν1
νi+1−νi is
the volume fraction of intermediate particles of volume νi+1 −υ1,A partitioned into bin
i, andδX,A accounts for the volume of H2SO4 molecules evaporated from the clusters,
and is defined as
20 δX,A =
vi/vi+1,
if X = H2SO4
1,
if X ̸= H2SO4 (2) Interactive Discussion 2720 In present study, sulfuric acid and water are the only species involved in nucleation. Or-
ganics contribute to the aerosol formation via the condensation onto the nucleated par-
ticles. The improved kinetic quasi-unary nucleation (KQUN) model (Yu, 2007), in which
measured thermochemical properties of H2SO4 monomers with hydrated sulfuric acid
dimers and trimers (Hanson and Lovejoy, 2006) and data from two independent mea-
5
surements of monomer hydration have been incorporated, has been employed. The
improved KQUN model is thermodynamically more robust, and predicts binary homo-
geneous nucleation rates in good agreement with available experimental data. Another
advantage of the aforementioned model is that the nanoparticle formation and subse- ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 (5) where Vorg, νorg, Porg, Ps,org, and σorg are the thermal speed, volume, vapor pressure,
saturation vapor pressure, and surface tension of condensing organic species, respec-
tively. fcorr is the correction factor accounting for the transition regime (Seinfeld and
5
Pandis, 1998). Akelvin is the Kelvin effect and ri is the wet radius of clusters/particles in
bin i. where Vorg, νorg, Porg, Ps,org, and σorg are the thermal speed, volume, vapor pressure,
saturation vapor pressure, and surface tension of condensing organic species, respec- tively. fcorr is the correction factor accounting for the transition regime (Seinfeld and
5
Pandis, 1998). Akelvin is the Kelvin effect and ri is the wet radius of clusters/particles in
bin i. Two types of organics, low volatile from lubricating oil and semi-volatile from fuel,
were treated within each size bin. Their surrogates are alkanes, which have been g
shown to be important for the diesel exhaust evolution (Sakurai et al., 2003). The
10
vapor pressures of these surrogates are similar to those of alkenes of the same carbon
number (Makar, 2001). Although there are probably hundreds of organic species in
the vehicular exhaust, they can be divided into the two distinct categories, and the
characterization of the organics using the above-mentioned criteria should not largely
affect the major conclusions concerning the nanoparticle evolution. 15 15 2.2
Organic condensation The volume concentration change of organics (X=organics) due to cluster/particle con-
densation and evaporation is calculated using the following set of equations, ∂Ci,org
∂t
= πVorgfcorrNir2
i νorg(Porg −Ps,orgAkelvin)
(3)
25 (3) i,org
∂t
= πVorgfcorrNir2
i νorg(Porg −Ps,orgAkelvin)
25 2721 2721 fcorr =
kni
0.75 + kni
Akelvin = exp
2σorgνorg
kT ri
! fcorr =
kni
0.75 + kni (4) 3.1
Effect of enhanced sulfur conversion efficiency on nanoparticle formation Similar con
clusions have been made in other related studies (Maricq et al., 2002; Kittelson e
5
al., 2006). Giechaskiel et al. (2007) have expressed ε as function of exhaust temper
ature by compiling data from different studies. The relationship between ε and the
exhaust temperature used in this study has been adopted from Fig. 8 in Giechaskiel e
al. (2007). ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust Although laboratory studies have indicated that the sulfuric acid is involved in the
10
formation of observed nanoparticles under ultra-low sulfur conditions for vehicles
equipped with advanced after-treatments such as CRDPFs, the theoretical assess-
ment of this issue is yet to be performed. In order to understand whether BHN is the
nucleation mechanism, we have carried out two case studies. The first one looks into Although laboratory studies have indicated that the sulfuric acid is involved in the
10
formation of observed nanoparticles under ultra-low sulfur conditions for vehicles
equipped with advanced after-treatments such as CRDPFs, the theoretical assess-
ment of this issue is yet to be performed. In order to understand whether BHN is the
nucleation mechanism, we have carried out two case studies. The first one looks into
the laboratory study by Vaaraslahti et al. (2005) which focused on the effect of lubri-
15
cant oil on nanoparticle formation (FSC=1 ppm). In the second case study, on-road
measurements by Kittelson et al. (2006), which studied the effect of diesel exhaust
after-treatments on nanoparticle formation (FSC=15 ppm) have been simulated. Both
studies were conducted with ultra-low sulfur fuels. Two-stage dilution system was used
in Vaaraslahti et al. (2005), while the exhaust was diluted continuously in the work of
20
Kittelson et al. (2006). The cut-offsize of the particle size distribution in both mea-
surements was ∼3 nm. The key parameters of experimental setups such as exhaust
temperature and dilution profile, ambient and dilution air temperature, sulfur content of
fuel and lubricating oil were explicitly specified. The detailed experimental setups and
key parameters can be found in (Vaaraslahti et al., 2005; Kittelson et al., 2006), and the
25
corresponding parameters used to constrain the present model are given in Table 1. Figure 1 shows the comparison of the simulated particle size distribution with the
observed one from Vaaraslahti et al. (2005). ε used in the simulations is assumed to
be 100 % for exhaust temperature of 750 K. As seen from Fig. 1, the predicted parti- 10 the laboratory study by Vaaraslahti et al. (2005) which focused on the effect of lubri-
15
cant oil on nanoparticle formation (FSC=1 ppm). In the second case study, on-road
measurements by Kittelson et al. (2006), which studied the effect of diesel exhaust
after-treatments on nanoparticle formation (FSC=15 ppm) have been simulated. 3.1
Effect of enhanced sulfur conversion efficiency on nanoparticle formation 3.1
Effect of enhanced sulfur conversion efficiency on nanoparticle formation One possible explanation of the nanoparticle formation under ultra-low sulfur fuel con-
ditions is the enhanced sulfur conversion efficiency. The oxidation catalyst in the
CRDPFs, for instance, not only oxidizes soot and other hydrocarbons to CO2, but
also converts significantly more SO2 into SO3
The SO3 then reacts with H2O to One possible explanation of the nanoparticle formation under ultra-low sulfur fuel con-
ditions is the enhanced sulfur conversion efficiency. The oxidation catalyst in the One possible explanation of the nanoparticle formation under ultra-low sulfur fuel con-
ditions is the enhanced sulfur conversion efficiency. The oxidation catalyst in the
CRDPFs, for instance, not only oxidizes soot and other hydrocarbons to CO2, but
0
also converts significantly more SO2 into SO3. The SO3 then reacts with H2O to
form H2SO4. Thus, sulfur conversion efficiency can be considerably enhanced due
to CRDPFs. CRDPFs, for instance, not only oxidizes soot and other hydrocarbons to CO2, but
20
also converts significantly more SO2 into SO3. The SO3 then reacts with H2O to
form H2SO4. Thus, sulfur conversion efficiency can be considerably enhanced due
to CRDPFs. CRDPFs, for instance, not only oxidizes soot and other hydrocarbons to CO2, but
20
also converts significantly more SO2 into SO3. The SO3 then reacts with H2O to
form H2SO4. Thus, sulfur conversion efficiency can be considerably enhanced due
to CRDPFs. 2722 Sulfur conversion efficiency ε of after-treatments varies greatly, depending mainly
on the exhaust temperature, noble metal and washcoat used in the oxidation cata-
lyst. Based on their gaseous phase H2SO4 measurements in vehicle exhaust, Arnold
et al. (2006) suggested that ε can be enhanced to be as high as 90%. Similar con-
clusions have been made in other related studies (Maricq et al., 2002; Kittelson et
5
al., 2006). Giechaskiel et al. (2007) have expressed ε as function of exhaust temper-
ature by compiling data from different studies. The relationship between ε and the
exhaust temperature used in this study has been adopted from Fig. 8 in Giechaskiel et
al. (2007). Sulfur conversion efficiency ε of after-treatments varies greatly, depending mainly
on the exhaust temperature, noble metal and washcoat used in the oxidation cata
lyst. Based on their gaseous phase H2SO4 measurements in vehicle exhaust, Arnold
et al. (2006) suggested that ε can be enhanced to be as high as 90%. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 Both
studies were conducted with ultra-low sulfur fuels. Two-stage dilution system was used the laboratory study by Vaaraslahti et al. (2005) which focused on the effect of lubri-
15
cant oil on nanoparticle formation (FSC=1 ppm). In the second case study, on-road
measurements by Kittelson et al. (2006), which studied the effect of diesel exhaust
after-treatments on nanoparticle formation (FSC=15 ppm) have been simulated. Both
studies were conducted with ultra-low sulfur fuels. Two-stage dilution system was used in Vaaraslahti et al. (2005), while the exhaust was diluted continuously in the work of
20
Kittelson et al. (2006). The cut-offsize of the particle size distribution in both mea-
surements was ∼3 nm. The key parameters of experimental setups such as exhaust
temperature and dilution profile, ambient and dilution air temperature, sulfur content of
fuel and lubricating oil were explicitly specified. The detailed experimental setups and key parameters can be found in (Vaaraslahti et al., 2005; Kittelson et al., 2006), and the
25
corresponding parameters used to constrain the present model are given in Table 1. Figure 1 shows the comparison of the simulated particle size distribution with the
observed one from Vaaraslahti et al. (2005). ε used in the simulations is assumed to
be 100 % for exhaust temperature of 750 K. As seen from Fig. 1, the predicted parti- key parameters can be found in (Vaaraslahti et al., 2005; Kittelson et al., 2006), and the
25
corresponding parameters used to constrain the present model are given in Table 1. Figure 1 shows the comparison of the simulated particle size distribution with the
observed one from Vaaraslahti et al. (2005). ε used in the simulations is assumed to
be 100 % for exhaust temperature of 750 K. As seen from Fig. 1, the predicted parti- 2723 cle size distribution is in good agreement with the measurement, especially in terms
of mode peak concentration and mean size. Figure 2a shows the effect of the ex-
haust temperature on the particle (Dp>=3 nm) number concentration based on both
model simulations and measurements. As seen from Fig. 2a, the predicted particle ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 number concentration tracks the measured ones well over full range of the temper-
5
atures. It is important to note that the sulfur conversion efficiency at each exhaust
temperature is a critically important parameter in the model simulation because it con-
trols H2SO4 concentration in raw exhaust. In the view of the critical importance of the
sulfur conversion efficiency, Fig. 2b compares the sulfur conversion efficiency used in number concentration tracks the measured ones well over full range of the temper-
5
atures. It is important to note that the sulfur conversion efficiency at each exhaust
temperature is a critically important parameter in the model simulation because it con-
trols H2SO4 concentration in raw exhaust. In the view of the critical importance of the
sulfur conversion efficiency, Fig. 2b compares the sulfur conversion efficiency used in number concentration tracks the measured ones well over full range of the temper-
5
atures. It is important to note that the sulfur conversion efficiency at each exhaust
temperature is a critically important parameter in the model simulation because it con-
trols H2SO4 concentration in raw exhaust. In the view of the critical importance of the
sulfur conversion efficiency, Fig. 2b compares the sulfur conversion efficiency used in 5 Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust the simulations at each exhaust temperature with those from Fig. 8 in Giechaskiel et
10
al. (2007). As can be seen from Fig.2 b, the model-derived relationship of the sulfur
conversion efficiencies as a function of the exhaust temperature is in good agreement
with experimental data. This means that our model is capable of accurately predicting
the temperature dependences of nucleation rates. This model may also be used to the simulations at each exhaust temperature with those from Fig. 8 in Giechaskiel et
10
al. (2007). As can be seen from Fig.2 b, the model-derived relationship of the sulfur
conversion efficiencies as a function of the exhaust temperature is in good agreement
with experimental data. This means that our model is capable of accurately predicting
the temperature dependences of nucleation rates. This model may also be used to
infer the temperature-dependent sulfur conversion efficiency of a particular CRDPF by
15
fitting the predicted particle number concentrations to the measured ones. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 Data to note that the sulfur from the lubricating oil has to be accounted for in the case when
the ultra-low sulfur fuel is used. The LSC is assumed to be 3000 pm with lube oil
leaking rate assumed to be 0.5% (Abdul-Khalek et al., 1998). The sulfur conversion
efficiency is assumed to be 60% for Fig. 3a and 1.4% for Fig. 3b, respectively. Data ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 g
p
p
The comparisons of the simulation results with measurements indicate that our
model accurately predicts not only in the particle size distribution but also in the tem-
perature dependence of nucleation rates. Moreover, the good agreement between the
theory and experiments gives us a clear indication that BHN is responsible for the
20
nanoparticle formation in the exhaust of vehicles with CRDPFs running on ultra-low
sulfur fuel. These results are encouraging for the further applications of the developed
model to the formation and evolution of nanoparticles in the vehicular exhaust diluting
in the real atmosphere. Figure 3 shows the evolution of the particle size spectrum as
a function of plume ages up to 75 s under (a) ultra-low sulfur conditions (effective sul-
25
fur content (ESC)=30 ppm with FSC=15 ppm and contribution from lube sulfur content
(LSC)=15 ppm) and (b) high sulfur conditions (ESC=330 ppm with FSC=330 ppm) in
a winter condition (T=278 K, RH=60%). LSC represents sulfur content from the lubri-
cating oil and effective sulfur content is the sum of both FSC and LSC. It is important theory and experiments gives us a clear indication that BHN is responsible for the
20
nanoparticle formation in the exhaust of vehicles with CRDPFs running on ultra-low
sulfur fuel. These results are encouraging for the further applications of the developed
model to the formation and evolution of nanoparticles in the vehicular exhaust diluting
in the real atmosphere. Figure 3 shows the evolution of the particle size spectrum as p
g
p
p
a function of plume ages up to 75 s under (a) ultra-low sulfur conditions (effective sul-
25
fur content (ESC)=30 ppm with FSC=15 ppm and contribution from lube sulfur content
(LSC)=15 ppm) and (b) high sulfur conditions (ESC=330 ppm with FSC=330 ppm) in
a winter condition (T=278 K, RH=60%). LSC represents sulfur content from the lubri-
cating oil and effective sulfur content is the sum of both FSC and LSC. It is important 2724 to note that the sulfur from the lubricating oil has to be accounted for in the case when
the ultra-low sulfur fuel is used. The LSC is assumed to be 3000 pm with lube oil
leaking rate assumed to be 0.5% (Abdul-Khalek et al., 1998). The sulfur conversion
efficiency is assumed to be 60% for Fig. 3a and 1.4% for Fig. 3b, respectively. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 y
g
g
y
shown in Fig. 3a were obtained assuming that CRDPFs efficiently removes all of or-
5
ganic compounds in exhaust. This is consistent with recent findings of Vaaraslahti et
al. (2004) who have observed a reduction of 90% in total hydrocarbon concentration
for a heavy duty diesel vehicle equipped with CRDPFs. The wind speed is assumed to
be 2 m/s and the distance of vehicular plume away from centerline of highway is cal- shown in Fig. 3a were obtained assuming that CRDPFs efficiently removes all of or-
5
ganic compounds in exhaust. This is consistent with recent findings of Vaaraslahti et
al. (2004) who have observed a reduction of 90% in total hydrocarbon concentration
for a heavy duty diesel vehicle equipped with CRDPFs. The wind speed is assumed to
be 2 m/s and the distance of vehicular plume away from centerline of highway is cal- 5 Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust p
y
g
y
culated based on the plume age. A distance of 12 m from centerline of the roadway is
10
considered as a border of the roadside, assuming roadway to be totally 24 m in width. As seen from Fig. 3a, no nucleation happens (dot-dashed curve in black) if vehicles
are not equipped with CRDPFs and running with fuel with FSC=15 ppm; however, sig-
nificant nucleation occurs when CRDPFs are functioning (solid curve in black). Mode ,
g
y
y
As seen from Fig. 3a, no nucleation happens (dot-dashed curve in black) if vehicles
are not equipped with CRDPFs and running with fuel with FSC=15 ppm; however, sig-
nificant nucleation occurs when CRDPFs are functioning (solid curve in black). Mode nificant nucleation occurs when CRDPFs are functioning (solid curve in black). Mode
I is composed exclusively of H2SO4-H2O particles formed via BHN nucleation. Mode
15
III consists mainly of soot agglomerates and ambient particles. Our model shows that
most of the nucleation happens within plume age of 0.1 s. The concentration of parti-
cles in Mode I decrease with time mainly due to the atmospheric dilution since then. In addition, a distinct nucleation mode is formed within less than 1 s. The similar time
scale has also been observed by R¨onkk¨o et al. (2006) which have shown that the
20
aerosol nucleation mode has been formed within 0.45 s of plume age. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 An apparent difference in the particle size distribution between (a) ultra-low sulfur
and (b) high sulfur case is the existence of Mode II reported in many recent field mea-
surements. An example of such on road measurements (from Kittelson et al., 2004)
is given in Fig. 3b. This measurement has been chosen because FSC and ambient
25
temperature assumed in our simulation are close to high FSC in Minnesota (∼300–
400 ppm) and cold ambient temperature during the measurements (274 K to 286 K). Due to its large Kelvin Effect, only part of Mode I particles can be activated by semi-
and low volatile organics and form the Mode II. It is clear from Fig. 3b that our model I is composed exclusively of H2SO4-H2O particles formed via BHN nucleation. Mode
15
III consists mainly of soot agglomerates and ambient particles. Our model shows that
most of the nucleation happens within plume age of 0.1 s. The concentration of parti-
cles in Mode I decrease with time mainly due to the atmospheric dilution since then. In addition, a distinct nucleation mode is formed within less than 1 s. The similar time
scale has also been observed by R¨onkk¨o et al. (2006) which have shown that the
20
aerosol n cleation mode has been formed
ithin 0 45 s of pl me age I is composed exclusively of H2SO4-H2O particles formed via BHN nucleation. Mode
15
III consists mainly of soot agglomerates and ambient particles. Our model shows that
most of the nucleation happens within plume age of 0.1 s. The concentration of parti-
cles in Mode I decrease with time mainly due to the atmospheric dilution since then. In addition, a distinct nucleation mode is formed within less than 1 s. The similar time
scale has also been observed by R¨onkk¨o et al. (2006) which have shown that the
20
aerosol nucleation mode has been formed within 0.45 s of plume age. g
An apparent difference in the particle size distribution between (a) ultra-low sulfur
and (b) high sulfur case is the existence of Mode II reported in many recent field mea-
surements. An example of such on road measurements (from Kittelson et al., 2004)
is given in Fig. 3b. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 This measurement has been chosen because FSC and ambient
25
temperature assumed in our simulation are close to high FSC in Minnesota (∼300–
400 ppm) and cold ambient temperature during the measurements (274 K to 286 K). Due to its large Kelvin Effect only part of Mode I particles can be activated by semi- An apparent difference in the particle size distribution between (a) ultra-low sulfur
and (b) high sulfur case is the existence of Mode II reported in many recent field mea-
surements. An example of such on road measurements (from Kittelson et al., 2004) and (b) high sulfur case is the existence of Mode II reported in many recent field mea-
surements. An example of such on road measurements (from Kittelson et al., 2004)
is given in Fig. 3b. This measurement has been chosen because FSC and ambient
25
temperature assumed in our simulation are close to high FSC in Minnesota (∼300–
400 ppm) and cold ambient temperature during the measurements (274 K to 286 K). Due to its large Kelvin Effect, only part of Mode I particles can be activated by semi-
and low volatile organics and form the Mode II. It is clear from Fig. 3b that our model is given in Fig. 3b. This measurement has been chosen because FSC and ambient
25
temperature assumed in our simulation are close to high FSC in Minnesota (∼300–
400 ppm) and cold ambient temperature during the measurements (274 K to 286 K). Due to its large Kelvin Effect, only part of Mode I particles can be activated by semi-
and low volatile organics and form the Mode II. It is clear from Fig. 3b that our model 2725 is able to capture the main features of the observed on-road nucleation mode (Mode
II). The mean size of Mode II is close to observed nucleation mode and predicted peak
concentration is in a reasonable agreement with measured one. is able to capture the main features of the observed on-road nucleation mode (Mode
II). The mean size of Mode II is close to observed nucleation mode and predicted peak
concentration is in a reasonable agreement with measured one. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 Due to the absence of organics associated with the equipment of CRDPFs in the
ultra-low sulfur case (Fig. 3a), the mean size of the nucleation mode (Mode I) is ∼3–
5
4 nm that is much smaller than that shown in Fig. 3b (Model II). This finding is consistent
with the measurements reported in Kittelson et al. (2006), which show that the mean
sizes of the observed nucleation mode are ∼5 nm or smaller for most exhaust temper-
atures. Although the mean size of nucleation mode becomes smaller, the number con-
centration of nucleation mode (Mode I) under ultra-low sulfur conditions will be at least
10
the same, if not higher, than that of (Mode I + Mode II) under high sulfur conditions due
to the enhanced sulfur conversion efficiency and removal of soot agglomerates. This
indicates that the effect of reduction in fuel sulfur content on minimizing the vehicular Due to the absence of organics associated with the equipment of CRDPFs in the
ultra-low sulfur case (Fig. 3a), the mean size of the nucleation mode (Mode I) is ∼3–
5
4 nm that is much smaller than that shown in Fig. 3b (Model II). This finding is consistent
with the measurements reported in Kittelson et al. (2006), which show that the mean
sizes of the observed nucleation mode are ∼5 nm or smaller for most exhaust temper-
atures. Although the mean size of nucleation mode becomes smaller, the number con- Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust centration of nucleation mode (Mode I) under ultra-low sulfur conditions will be at least
10
the same, if not higher, than that of (Mode I + Mode II) under high sulfur conditions due
to the enhanced sulfur conversion efficiency and removal of soot agglomerates. This
indicates that the effect of reduction in fuel sulfur content on minimizing the vehicular
nanoparticle emission is offset by the employment of CRDPFs. 3.2
Effect of sulfate storage and release on nanoparticle formation
15 Effect of sulfate storage and release on nanoparticle formation Besides oxidizing SO2, the diesel oxidation catalyst and/or particulate filter can also
adsorb sulfate. Sulfate can also deposit on tailpipe walls. Sulfate may be released due
to the saturation of storage sites and/or passage of the high temperature exhaust due
to the vehicle acceleration. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 The sulfate release leads to a considerable increase in the Besides oxidizing SO2, the diesel oxidation catalyst and/or particulate filter can also
adsorb sulfate. Sulfate can also deposit on tailpipe walls. Sulfate may be released due
to the saturation of storage sites and/or passage of the high temperature exhaust due
to the vehicle acceleration. The sulfate release leads to a considerable increase in the to the vehicle acceleration. The sulfate release leads to a considerable increase in the
H2SO4 concentration in exhaust, which makes BHN under ultra-low sulfur conditions
20
possible, even in the case when ε is low (due to less catalyst oxidation efficiency asso-
ciated with low exhaust temperature). In the present work, we investigate the extent to
which such sulfate storage/release effects may influence the nanoparticle formation in
ultra-low sulfur conditions. Assuming that the original H2SO4 concentration in exhaust
to be C0 and that resulting from the sulfur release effect to be C1, the storage/release
25
enhance factor (SREF) can be defined as C1/C0. Clearly, the bigger is the SREF, the
higher is the H2SO4 concentration in raw exhaust. H2SO4 concentration in exhaust, which makes BHN under ultra-low sulfur conditions
20
possible, even in the case when ε is low (due to less catalyst oxidation efficiency asso-
ciated with low exhaust temperature). In the present work, we investigate the extent to
which such sulfate storage/release effects may influence the nanoparticle formation in
ultra-low sulfur conditions. Assuming that the original H2SO4 concentration in exhaust 2
4
to be C0 and that resulting from the sulfur release effect to be C1, the storage/release
25
enhance factor (SREF) can be defined as C1/C0. Clearly, the bigger is the SREF, the
higher is the H2SO4 concentration in raw exhaust. 2
4
It is difficult to predict the amount of sulfate deposited on exhaust after-treatments
2726 2726 or tailpipe, and no direct measurements on SREF are available at the present time. SREF depends on several factors, such as type and mass of washcoat, and exhaust
temperature. Arnold et al. (2006) also attributed the occasionally measured high ε
to the release of sulfate from oxidation catalyst at high exhaust temperature. Since
both the sulfur conversion process and the sulfate release effect may affect gaseous
5
phase H2SO4 concentration, it is difficult to figure out whether it is enhanced oxidation
or sulfate release that caused the observed high ε. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 to the release of sulfate from oxidation catalyst at high exhaust temperature. Since
both the sulfur conversion process and the sulfate release effect may affect gaseous
5
phase H2SO4 concentration, it is difficult to figure out whether it is enhanced oxidation
or sulfate release that caused the observed high ε. However, we can get an upper
limit of SREF which is calculated to be 10 based on Arnold et al.’s measurements by
assuming that the sulfate release leads to the observed high ε, 5 Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust g
g
Figure 4 shows the predicted nanoparticle emission indices as a function of SREF
10
at 3 different εs at two ambient temperatures (278 K and 298 K). The ESC is assumed
to be 30 ppm. Two solid parallel lines from Zhang et al. (2005) represent lower and
upper limits of the calculated nanoparticle emission index based on near road mea-
surements (Zhu et al., 2002) in California. We consider any value above the lower line Figure 4 shows the predicted nanoparticle emission indices as a function of SREF
10
at 3 different εs at two ambient temperatures (278 K and 298 K). The ESC is assumed
to be 30 ppm. Two solid parallel lines from Zhang et al. (2005) represent lower and
upper limits of the calculated nanoparticle emission index based on near road mea-
surements (Zhu et al., 2002) in California. We consider any value above the lower line 10 to be significant. In summertime, the sulfur release effect cannot produce the signifi-
15
cant nanoparticles for the ε=2.5% case. However, this effect becomes important as ε
increases. SREF must have at least the value of 7 and 9 in order for BHN to produce
significant amount of nanoparticles for cases of ε=5.0% and 3.5%, respectively. How-
ever, as ambient temperature decreases to 278 K, SREF needed to produce significant nanoparticles decreases by more than a factor of 2 for ε=3.5% and 5.0%. This sug-
20
gests that the sulfur release effect on nanoparticle production become more significant
in winter conditions. nanoparticles decreases by more than a factor of 2 for ε=3.5% and 5.0%. This sug-
20
gests that the sulfur release effect on nanoparticle production become more significant
in winter conditions. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 However, we can get an upper
limit of SREF which is calculated to be 10 based on Arnold et al.’s measurements by
assuming that the sulfate release leads to the observed high ε, 3.3
Role of non-volatile cores in the formation of observed nanoparticles 3.3
Role of non-volatile cores in the formation of observed nanoparticles 3.3
Role of non-volatile cores in the formation of observed nanoparticles A large number of systematic field measurements on the A large number of systematic field measurements on the characterization of vehicle-
emitted nanoparticles in California have been carried out in the past few years (Zhu
25
et al., 2002, 2004, 2006; Kuhn et al., 2005a, b, c; Sardar et al., 2005; Westerdahl et
al., 2005; Phuleria et al., 2007). While a lot of useful data on the particle size distri-
bution, nanoparticle evolution process, and particle compositions have been reported,
2727 2727 little information on nanoparticle formation mechanism have been revealed. Although
generally California fuel has FSC of ∼50 ppm, a key difference in nanoparticle forma-
tion between California case and ultra-low sulfur cases discussed earlier lies in the
availability of CRDPFs. To our knowledge, no CRDPFs were employed during the time little information on nanoparticle formation mechanism have been revealed. Although
generally California fuel has FSC of ∼50 ppm, a key difference in nanoparticle forma-
tion between California case and ultra-low sulfur cases discussed earlier lies in the
availability of CRDPFs. To our knowledge, no CRDPFs were employed during the time ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 indicate that BHN is not responsible for nanoparticle formation in California conditions. 5
However, the presence of non-volatile cores leads to the formation of a clear nucleation
mode with a mean size ∼20 nm. The predicted particle size distribution is in reasonable
agreement with observed on-road particle size distribution in Los Angeles by Wester-
hahl et al. (2005) at the ambient temperature of ∼294 K. Our simulations show that indicate that BHN is not responsible for nanoparticle formation in California conditions. 5
However, the presence of non-volatile cores leads to the formation of a clear nucleation
mode with a mean size ∼20 nm. The predicted particle size distribution is in reasonable
agreement with observed on-road particle size distribution in Los Angeles by Wester-
hahl et al. (2005) at the ambient temperature of ∼294 K. Our simulations show that 5 Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust most of the non-volatile cores are activated. We found that organic compounds, rather
10
than H2SO4, are responsible for the activation of the non-volatile core mode. In the
other words, H2SO4 concentration under low sulfur conditions (FSC=50 ppm) is not
high enough to promote the growth of the non-volatile core mode to larger sizes that
are ∼20 nm. This finding is consistent with recent studies (Vaaraslahti et al., 2005; g
R¨onkk¨o et al., 2007) which showed no clear effect of FSC on nucleation mode parti-
15
cles. This is different from cases of both high sulfur fuel and ultra-low sulfur fuel with
CRDPFs. In those cases, nucleation mode is sensitive to FSC because of the high
concentration of H2SO4 due to either the high fuel sulfur content or enhanced sulfur
conversion efficiency or sulfur release effect. y
Figure 5b shows the composition of particles of various sizes at 1 s of plume age. 20
Similarly to the case of high sulfur content, organics contribute to the majority mass of
the nucleation mode. The volume fraction of non-volatile cores is smaller than that of
H2SO4 and accounts for less than 1% of total mass of nucleation mode particles. This
is consistent with findings of Biswas et al. (2007) who showed that for 20 nm particles, y
Figure 5b shows the composition of particles of various sizes at 1 s of plume age. 20
Similarly to the case of high sulfur content, organics contribute to the majority mass of
the nucleation mode. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 For the assumed ESC and sulfur conversion efficiency, no nucleation
mode particles were formed via BHN in the absence of non-volatile cores. This may ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 periods when those field campaigns were conducted. Low sulfur conversion efficiency
5
is therefore expected for vehicles without CRDPFs. In order to address the questions-
What could be the possible nanoparticle formation mechanism in California and could
BHN be an essential nucleation source, we have applied the aerosol model to sim-
ulate nanoparticle formation under California conditions (i.e., low sulfur fuel and no Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust p
(
CRDPFs) as to gain some insights into the nanoparticle formation mechanism. The
10
presence of a mode of nanometer-sized non-volatile cores is considered. The exis-
tence of non-volatile cores has been long observed in a number of field and laboratory
studies (Sakurai et al., 2003; Kittelson et al., 2006; R¨onkk¨o et al., 2007). For example,
Sakurai et al. (2003) pointed out that ∼12 and 30 nm particles did not completely evap- orate even if they were heated up to ∼473 K and sizes of residual non-volatile cores
15
were as small as ∼2–3 nm. The existence of non-volatile fractions of sampled nanopar-
ticles have also been pointed out in their later field measurements (Kuhn et al., 2005;
Biswas et al., 2007). In addition, Kittelson et al. (2006) observed a non-volatile mode
with mean size of ∼10 nm at engine idle condition. More recently, R¨onkk¨o et al. (2007) found that sampled nanoparticles consist of organic coated non-volatile cores which
20
have been formed before the dilution process. Figure 5a shows the evolution of nanoparticles as a function of the plume age
with the assumed mode of non-volatile cores for vehicles running on low sulfur fuel
(ESC=50 ppm with 35 ppm of FSC and 15 ppm of LSC). For the comparison purposes, (
pp
pp
pp
)
p
p
p
a case without non-volatile cores is also shown (black-dashed line Fig. 5a). The non-
25
volatile particles are assumed to be in the range of 1.8 nm-3 nm in diameter, which is
consistent with recent measurements of Sakurai et al. (2003). The number concen-
tration of non-volatile cores is assumed to be 3×108 cm−3. It is important to note that
the actual size range and concentrations of non-volatile core are expected to depend 2728 strongly on soot concentration, engine operation conditions, and fuel and lube oil com-
positions (R¨onkk¨o et al., 2007). No sulfur storage/release effect is considered in these
simulations. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 The volume fraction of non-volatile cores is smaller than that of
H2SO4 and accounts for less than 1% of total mass of nucleation mode particles. This
is consistent with findings of Biswas et al. (2007) who showed that for 20 nm particles, 20 g
(
)
p
non-volatile cores account for less than 3% of particle mass. Although the contribution
25
of non-volatile cores to the nanoparticle mass is negligible, they are a source of the
observed nucleation modes. It is important to note that the entire nucleation mode will
still disappear (i.e., become undetectable) when these particles are passed through a
thermal denuder due to the small mass fraction of solid component. In the other words, 2729 a complete disappearance of entire observed nucleation mode may not necessarily be
an indicator of absence of nanometer-sized non-volatile cores. a complete disappearance of entire observed nucleation mode may not necessarily be
an indicator of absence of nanometer-sized non-volatile cores. 4
Summary and Discussion Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust A comprehensive modeling study of possible causes of na A comprehensive modeling study of possible causes of nanoparticle formation un-
der ultra-low sulfur conditions has been carried out using a size- and composition-
5
resolved aerosol microphysics model with updated binary homogeneous nucleation
(BHN) scheme. A good agreement of the predicted particle size distribution and tem-
perature dependences of nucleation rates with experiments leads us to conclude that
BHN is the nucleation mechanism of nanopaticle formation for vehicles equipped with p
q pp
CRDPFs and running on ultra-low sulfur fuel. We have shown that such vehicles emit at
10
least the same, if not higher, number concentrations of nanoparticles than those without
CRDPFs and running on high sulfur fuel. We also found that the sulfate storage/release
effect can lead to a significant nanoparticle production under favorable conditions. This
effect becomes more significant as the ambient temperature decreases. These find- g
p
ings lead us to conclude that although CRDPFs are effective in reducing the mass of
15
vehicular emissions, they offset the positive effects of the reduced fuel sulfur contents
on the nanoparticle formation and significantly enhance the number concentrations of
nanoparticles in vehicular emissions. Moreover, higher nanoparticle number concen-
trations are expected when the enhanced sulfur conversion and sulfur release effect
takes place simultaneously
20 takes place simultaneously. 20
A complete physical picture of the nanoparticle formation and evolution on and near
roadway has been also presented. Our simulations showed that most of nucleation
events happen within 0.1 s of plume age and that a clear nucleation mode is developed
within 1 s of plume age. Coagulation and dilution with or without organic condensation takes place simultaneously. 20
A complete physical picture of the nanoparticle formation and evolution on and near
roadway has been also presented. Our simulations showed that most of nucleation
events happen within 0.1 s of plume age and that a clear nucleation mode is developed
within 1 s of plume age. Coagulation and dilution with or without organic condensation A complete physical picture of the nanoparticle formation and evolution on and near
roadway has been also presented. Our simulations showed that most of nucleation
events happen within 0.1 s of plume age and that a clear nucleation mode is developed
within 1 s of plume age. Acknowledgements. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant
ATM 0618124 and the New York State Energy Resource and Development Agency.
25 4
Summary and Discussion Coagulation and dilution with or without organic condensation
can change the particle size distribution at latter stages. We found that the mean size
25
of nucleation mode becomes smaller because the total organic carbon concentration in
raw exhaust can be significantly removed by CRDPFs Smaller in size but of high num- can change the particle size distribution at latter stages. We found that the mean size
25
of nucleation mode becomes smaller because the total organic carbon concentration in
raw exhaust can be significantly removed by CRDPFs. Smaller in size but of high num- can change the particle size distribution at latter stages. We found that the mean size
25
of nucleation mode becomes smaller because the total organic carbon concentration in
raw exhaust can be significantly removed by CRDPFs. Smaller in size but of high num- 2730 ber concentration, the nucleation mode has the lifetime of ∼300 s due to scavenging by
ambient aerosol. The ambient existing particle number concentration of 104(cm−3) and
coagulation kernel of ∼3×10−7(cm3/s) of nanoparticles (∼2–3 nm) with larger soot or
ambient particles (∼100 nm) due to Brownian motion at room temperature were used ber concentration, the nucleation mode has the lifetime of ∼300 s due to scavenging by
ambient aerosol. The ambient existing particle number concentration of 104(cm−3) and
coagulation kernel of ∼3×10−7(cm3/s) of nanoparticles (∼2–3 nm) with larger soot or
ambient particles (∼100 nm) due to Brownian motion at room temperature were used ber concentration, the nucleation mode has the lifetime of ∼300 s due to scavenging by
ambient aerosol. The ambient existing particle number concentration of 104(cm−3) and
coagulation kernel of ∼3×10−7(cm3/s) of nanoparticles (∼2–3 nm) with larger soot or
ambient particles (∼100 nm) due to Brownian motion at room temperature were used ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 in the calculations. The present results lead us to conclude that the vehicle-emitted
5
nanoparticles will affect not only residents living near the roadways but also those who
live several hundreds meters away. The strength of the effect also depends on wind
speed and atmospheric dilution. in the calculations. The present results lead us to conclude that the vehicle-emitted
5
nanoparticles will affect not only residents living near the roadways but also those who
live several hundreds meters away. The strength of the effect also depends on wind
speed and atmospheric dilution. Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust In addition, we have shown that instead of BHN, the non-volatile cores are the source In addition, we have shown that instead of BHN, the non-volatile cores are the source In addition, we have shown that instead of BHN, the non volatile cores are the source
of observed nucleation mode in California, where low sulfur fuel is used and vehicles
10
are not equipped with CRDPFs. We found that organics, rather than H2SO4, contribute
to the growth of non-volatile particles that may explain the observed on-road nucleation
mode. Non-volatile cores that are as small as ∼2–3 nm in diameter are able to grow to
sizes larger than 10 nm by taking up the low and semi-volatile organics. No valuable of observed nucleation mode in California, where low sulfur fuel is used and vehicles
10
are not equipped with CRDPFs. We found that organics, rather than H2SO4, contribute
to the growth of non-volatile particles that may explain the observed on-road nucleation
mode. Non-volatile cores that are as small as ∼2–3 nm in diameter are able to grow to
sizes larger than 10 nm by taking up the low and semi-volatile organics. No valuable sizes larger than 10 nm by taking up the low and semi volatile organics. No valuable
information on the formation mechanism of these non-volatile cores is available at the
15
present time. Recent studies suggest that non-volatile cores may be formed due to nu-
cleation of metal oxides or heavy hydrocarbons inside the engine cylinder (Vaaraslahti
et al., 2004; Kittelson et al., 2006). Their formation also depends on the engine load
and availability of CRDPFs because non-volatile cores were often observed at low en-
gine loads for vehicles without CRDPFs. Kittelson et al. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
F., Avol, E., Kunzli, N., Jerrett, M., and Peters, J.: Effect of exposure to traffic on lung devel-
15
opment from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study, Lancet, 369, 571–577, 2007. F., Avol, E., Kunzli, N., Jerrett, M., and Peters, J.: Effect of exposure to traffic on lung devel-
15
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speed and speed-transition on the formation of nucleation mode particles from a light duty
diesel vehicle, SAE J-Automot. Eng., 01, 1110, 307–319, 2007. F., Avol, E., Kunzli, N., Jerrett, M., and Peters, J.: Effect of exposure to traffic on lung devel-
15
opment from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study, Lancet, 369, 571–577, 2007. Giechaskiel, B., Ntziachristos, L., Samaras, Z., Casati, R., Scheer, V., and Vogt, R.: Effect of
speed and speed transition on the formation of nucleation mode particles from a light duty 15 opment from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study, Lancet, 369, 571–577, 2007. Giechaskiel, B., Ntziachristos, L., Samaras, Z., Casati, R., Scheer, V., and Vogt, R.: Effect of
speed and speed-transition on the formation of nucleation mode particles from a light duty
diesel vehicle, SAE J-Automot. Eng., 01, 1110, 307–319, 2007. Hanson, D. R. and Lovejoy, E. R.: Measurement of the thermodynamics of the hydrated dimer
20
and trimer of sulfuric acid, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 9525–9528, 2006. I. S. Abdul-Khalek, D. B. Kittelson, B. R. Graskow, Q. Wei, and Brear, F.:
Diesel exhaust particle size: Measurement issues and trends, SAE J-Automot. Eng., 980525,
81–93, 1998. Hanson, D. R. and Lovejoy, E. R.: Measurement of the thermodynamics of the hydrated dimer
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and trimer of sulfuric acid, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 9525–9528, 2006. I S Abdul Khalek D B Kittelson B R Graskow Q Wei and Brear F: Abdul-Khalek, D. B. Kittelson, B. R. Graskow, Q. Wei, and Brear, F.: ,
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Diesel exhaust particle size: Measurement issues and trends, SAE J-Automot. Eng., 980525,
81–93, 1998. Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to
25
Climate Change, New York, NY, Wiley, 1998. Jacobson, M. Z., Kittelson, D. B., and Watts, W. ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 (2006) suggest that low soot
20
surface areas resulting from low engine loads may promote the metal oxide nucle-
ation inside cylinder. Further research is needed to investigate the formation of the
nanometer-sized non-volatile cores. g
y
g
p
g
information on the formation mechanism of these non-volatile cores is available at the
15
present time. Recent studies suggest that non-volatile cores may be formed due to nu-
cleation of metal oxides or heavy hydrocarbons inside the engine cylinder (Vaaraslahti
et al., 2004; Kittelson et al., 2006). Their formation also depends on the engine load
and availability of CRDPFs because non-volatile cores were often observed at low en-
gine loads for vehicles without CRDPFs. Kittelson et al. (2006) suggest that low soot
20
surface areas resulting from low engine loads may promote the metal oxide nucle-
ation inside cylinder. Further research is needed to investigate the formation of the
i
d
l
il information on the formation mechanism of these non-volatile cores is available at the
15
present time. Recent studies suggest that non-volatile cores may be formed due to nu-
cleation of metal oxides or heavy hydrocarbons inside the engine cylinder (Vaaraslahti
et al., 2004; Kittelson et al., 2006). Their formation also depends on the engine load
and availability of CRDPFs because non-volatile cores were often observed at low en- gine loads for vehicles without CRDPFs. Kittelson et al. (2006) suggest that low soot
20
surface areas resulting from low engine loads may promote the metal oxide nucle-
ation inside cylinder. Further research is needed to investigate the formation of the
nanometer-sized non-volatile cores. gine loads for vehicles without CRDPFs. Kittelson et al. (2006) suggest that low soot
20
surface areas resulting from low engine loads may promote the metal oxide nucle-
ation inside cylinder. Further research is needed to investigate the formation of the
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l E
K
li N
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M
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Eff
f
ffi
l
d
l Title Page
Abstract
Introduction
Conclusions
References
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F., Avol, E., Kunzli, N., Jerrett, M., and Peters, J.: Effect of exposure to traffic on lung devel-
15
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8, 2715–2744, 2008 Kittelson, D. B., Watts, W. F., Johnson, J. P., Rowntree, C., Payne, M., Goodier, S., Warrens,
C., Preston, H., Zink, U., Ortiz, M., Goersmann, C., Twigg, M. V., Walker, A. P., and Caldow,
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Fuel Sulfur Level on Motor Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions: Light Duty Diesel Vehicles Title Page
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38, 6655–6665, 2004. Zhu, Y., Hinds, W. C., Kim, S., Shen, S., and Sioutas, C.: Study of ultrafine particles near a
major highway with heavy-duty diesel traffic, Atmos. Environ., 36, 4323–4335, 2002. Zh
Y Hi d
W C
Sh
S
d Si
t
C
S
l t
d
f
t
ti
d
i Zhu, Y., Hinds, W. C., Kim, S., Shen, S., and Sioutas, C.: Study of ultrafine particles near a
major highway with heavy-duty diesel traffic, Atmos. Environ., 36, 4323–4335, 2002. Zhu, Y., Hinds, W. C., Shen, S., and Sioutas, C.: Seasonal trends of concentration and size
distribution of ultrafine particles near major highways in Los Angeles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 38,
30
5–13, 2004. 2734 ACPD 5 5 Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust 2735 ACPD Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust Table 1. Parameters used for comparisons of model simulation with laboratory studies
(Vaaraslahti et al., 2005; Kittelson et al., 2006)
Kittelson et al. (2006)
Vaaraslahti et al. (2005)
fuel sulfur content (ppm)
15
1
lubricant sulfur content (ppm)
1300
5100
lube oil consumption rate (%)
0.5
0.5
exhaust temperature (K)
603.15–643.15
750.15
dilution air temperature (K)
295.15
303.15
Dilution ratio
400–600
Primary 12, secondary 8
residence time (s)
1 s in air, 2 s in sampling line
3 s in ageing chamber Table 1. Parameters used for comparisons of model simulation with laboratory studies
(Vaaraslahti et al., 2005; Kittelson et al., 2006) Table 1. Parameters used for comparisons of model simulation with laboratory studies
(Vaaraslahti et al., 2005; Kittelson et al., 2006) Kittelson et al. (2006)
Vaaraslahti et al. (2005)
fuel sulfur content (ppm)
15
1
lubricant sulfur content (ppm)
1300
5100
lube oil consumption rate (%)
0.5
0.5
exhaust temperature (K)
603.15–643.15
750.15
dilution air temperature (K)
295.15
303.15
Dilution ratio
400–600
Primary 12, secondary 8
residence time (s)
1 s in air, 2 s in sampling line
3 s in ageing chamber 2736 ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 10
100
1000
Dp (nm)
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
Vaaraslahti et al., (2005)
dN/dLogDp (part./cm3)
0
1
Figure 1. Comparison between the predicted particle size distribution and measured one from 10
100
1000
Dp (nm)
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
Vaaraslahti et al., (2005)
dN/dLogDp (part./cm3)
0
1
Figure 1. Comparison between the predicted particle size distribution and measured one from
ε
Fig. 1. Comparison between the predicted particle size distribution and measured one from
Vaaraslahti et al. (2005). The sulfur to sulfuric acid conversion efficiency ε used in the simula-
tion is assumed to be 100% for exhaust temperature of 750 K. Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust g
p
p
p
ε
Fig. 1. Comparison between the predicted particle size distribution and measured one from
Vaaraslahti et al. (2005). The sulfur to sulfuric acid conversion efficiency ε used in the simula-
tion is assumed to be 100% for exhaust temperature of 750 K. 2737 280
300
320
340
360
380
Kittelson et al. (2006)
present study
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
10
Exhaust temperature (0C)
Particle number, part/cm3
(a)
Fig. 2a. The effect of exhaust temperatures on (a) dilution corrected number concentrations of
nanoparticles (Dp>3 nm) formed in the vehicle equipped with modern diesel particle filters, and
(b) sulfur to sulfuric acid conversion efficiency assumed in our simulation and from other stud-
ies. The experimental data (black dots) in Fig. 2a are from (Kittelson et al., 2006). The sulfur
conversion efficiencies are adjusted in the model so that the predicted nanoparticle concentra-
tions are close to the measured ones for different exhaust temperatures. The sulfur conversion
efficiencies inferred in this way along with numbers reported in other studies are plotted in
Fig. 2b as function of exhaust temperature. 280
300
320
340
360
380
Kittelson et al. (2006)
present study
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
10
Exhaust temperature(0C)
Particle number, part/cm3
(a) ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 Exhaust temperature ( C)
Fig. 2a. The effect of exhaust temperatures on (a) dilution corrected number concentrations of
nanoparticles (Dp>3 nm) formed in the vehicle equipped with modern diesel particle filters, and
(b) sulfur to sulfuric acid conversion efficiency assumed in our simulation and from other stud-
ies. The experimental data (black dots) in Fig. 2a are from (Kittelson et al., 2006). The sulfur
conversion efficiencies are adjusted in the model so that the predicted nanoparticle concentra-
tions are close to the measured ones for different exhaust temperatures. The sulfur conversion
efficiencies inferred in this way along with numbers reported in other studies are plotted in
Fig. 2b as function of exhaust temperature. 2738 ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 280
300
320
340
360
380
10
Exhaust temperature (0C)
Horiuchi et al. (1990)
Wyatt et al. (1993)
Xue et al. (1993)
Equilibrium Xue et al. (1993)
Deeba et al. (1995)
Estimation, Giechaskiel et al. (2007)
Present study
0
20
40
60
80
100
SO2 conversion efficiency (%)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Exhaust temperature ( C)
0
(b)
Fig. 2b. Continued. 280
300
320
340
360
380
Exhaust temperature (0C)
Horiuchi et al. (1990)
Wyatt et al. (1993)
Xue et al. (1993)
Equilibrium Xue et al. (1993)
Deeba et al. (1995)
Estimation, Giechaskiel et al. (2007)
Present study
0
20
40
60
80
100
SO2 conversion efficiency (%)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Exhaust temperature ( C)
0
(b)
Fig. 2b. Continued. 320
340
Exhaust temperature (0C) Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust (b) (b) Fig. 2b. Continued. 2739 ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 (a)
t=0.1 s
t=0.1 s (w/o aftertreatment)
t=1 s
t=6 s (12 m from centerline)
t=15 s (30 m from centerline)
t=30 s (60 m from centerline)
t=45 s (90 m from centerline)
nucleation
Mode I
Mode III
10
100
1000
Dp (nm)
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
10
10
11
10
12
10
13
dN/dLogDp (part./cm3) (a)
t=0.1 s
t=0.1 s (w/o aftertreatment)
t=1 s
t=6 s (12 m from centerline)
t=15 s (30 m from centerline)
t=30 s (60 m from centerline)
t=45 s (90 m from centerline)
nucleation
Mode I
Mode III
10
100
1000
Dp (nm)
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
10
10
11
10
12
10
13
dN/dLogDp (part./cm3)
Fig. 3a. Nanoparticle formation and evolution as a function of plume ages up to 75 s under (a)
ultra-low sulfur conditions (effective sulfur content ESC=30 ppm) and (b) high sulfur conditions
(ESC=330 ppm) in a winter condition (T=278 K, RH=60%). The sulfur conversion efficiency is
assumed to be 60% for Fig. 3a and 1.4% for Fig. 3b, respectively. Particle number concentration
is not corrected for dilution. (a) Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust Dp (nm)
Fig. 3a. Nanoparticle formation and evolution as a function of plume ages up to 75 s under (a)
ultra-low sulfur conditions (effective sulfur content ESC=30 ppm) and (b) high sulfur conditions
(ESC=330 ppm) in a winter condition (T=278 K, RH=60%). The sulfur conversion efficiency is
assumed to be 60% for Fig. 3a and 1.4% for Fig. 3b, respectively. Particle number concentration
is not corrected for dilution. 2740 ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 (b)
10
100
1000
Dp (nm)
1
t=0.1 s
t=1 s
t=6 s (12 m from centerline)
t=15 s (30 m from centerline)
t=30 s (60 m from centerline)
t= 45 s (90 m from centerline)
Kittelson et al., (2004)
Mode I
Mode II
Mode III
10
100
1000
Dp (nm)
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
10
10
11
10
12
10
13
dN/dLogDp (part./cm3)
Fig. 3b. Continued. (b)
10
100
1000
Dp (nm)
1
t=0.1 s
t=1 s
t=6 s (12 m from centerline)
t=15 s (30 m from centerline)
t=30 s (60 m from centerline)
t= 45 s (90 m from centerline)
Kittelson et al., (2004)
Mode I
Mode II
Mode III
10
100
1000
Dp (nm)
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
10
10
11
10
12
10
13
dN/dLogDp (part./cm3)
Fig. 3b. Continued. Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust (b) Fig. 3b. Continued. 2741 ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 1
3
5
7
9
SREF
10
13
10
14
10
15
10
16
10
17
10
18
ε=2.5%, T=298 K
ε=2.5%, T=278 K
ε=3.5%, T=298 K
ε=3.5%, T=278 K
ε=5.0%, T=298 K
ε=5.0%, T=278 K
Zhang et al.,(2005)
NPs emission index (#/Kg fuel)
Figure 4. Dependence of dilution corrected nanoparticle emission indices on SREF at 3 different
ε
Fig. 4. Dependence of dilution corrected nanoparticle emission indices on SREF at 3 different
εs (2.5%, 3.5%, and 5.0%) at ambient RH=50% in winter (T =278 K) and summer (T=298 K)
conditions. The ESC is assumed to be 30 ppm. 1
3
5
7
9
SREF
10
13
10
14
10
15
10
16
10
17
10
18
ε=2.5%, T=298 K
ε=2.5%, T=278 K
ε=3.5%, T=298 K
ε=3.5%, T=278 K
ε=5.0%, T=298 K
ε=5.0%, T=278 K
Zhang et al.,(2005)
NPs emission index (#/Kg fuel)
Figure 4. Dependence of dilution corrected nanoparticle emission indices on SREF at 3 different Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust Figure 4. Dependence of dilution corrected nanoparticle emission indices on SREF at 3 different
ε
Fig. 4. Dependence of dilution corrected nanoparticle emission indices on SREF at 3 different
εs (2.5%, 3.5%, and 5.0%) at ambient RH=50% in winter (T =278 K) and summer (T=298 K)
conditions. The ESC is assumed to be 30 ppm. 2742 ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 (a)
t=1s
t=1s, absence of nonvolatile cores
t=6 s (12 m from centerline)
t=15 s (30 m from centerline)
t=45 s (90 m from centerline)
nonvolatile core mode (before dilution)
Westerhahl et al., (2005)
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
10
dN/dLogDp (part./cm3)
10
100
1000
Dp (nm)
1 (a)
(b)
t=1s
t=1s, absence of nonvolatile cores
t=6 s (12 m from centerline)
t=15 s (30 m from centerline)
t=45 s (90 m from centerline)
nonvolatile core mode (before dilution)
Westerhahl et al., (2005)
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
10
dN/dLogDp (part./cm3)
10
100
1000
Dp (nm)
1
Fig. 5a. (a) Evolution of nanoparticle size distributions at four selected plume ages with the
presence of non-volatile cores, and (b) volume size distributions for different components at
plume age of 1 s. The ambient T and RH are 295 K and 60%, respectively. ESC=50 ppm and
ε=2.5%. The particle number and volume size distribution is not corrected for dilution. (a) (a) Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust (b)
Fig. 5a. (a) Evolution of nanoparticle size distributions at four selected plume ages with the
presence of non-volatile cores, and (b) volume size distributions for different components at
plume age of 1 s. The ambient T and RH are 295 K and 60%, respectively. ESC=50 ppm and
ε=2.5%. The particle number and volume size distribution is not corrected for dilution. Interactive Discussion 2743 ACPD
8, 2715–2744, 2008 (b)
lube organics
fuel organics
soot agglomerates
H2SO4
nonvolatile cores
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
dV/dLogDp (µm3/cm3)
10
100
1000
Dp (nm)
Fig. 5b. Continued. (b)
lube organics
fuel organics
soot agglomerates
H2SO4
nonvolatile cores
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
dV/dLogDp (µm3/cm3)
10
100
1000
Dp (nm)
Fig. 5b. Continued. Nanoparticle
formation and
evolution in the
vehicle exhaust Fig. 5b. Continued. 2744
| 25,354 |
6707133_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 13 | 24 |
Petition by defendant for discretionary review under G.S. 7A-31 denied 7 May 1985.
| 28,930 |
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anw%C3%A4rter
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Anwärter
|
https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anwärter&action=history
|
Croatian
|
Spoken
| 306 | 667 |
Anwärter je njemački naslov koji se prevodi kao “kandidat”. U današnjoj Njemačkoj, naslov Anwärter nose oni koji se prijavljuju za posao ili oni koji se još pripravljaju u njemačkom Bundeswehru da bi preuzeli vodstvo.
Tijekom postojanja Trećega Reicha, Anwärter je rabljen kao čin i u NSDAP-u i u SS-u. U Nacionalsocijalističkoj stranci, Anwärter je bio onaj tko je primljen u vladinu službu, a sam čin dijelio se na dva dijela: na stranački i na nestranački. Anwärter je bio najniži čin Nacističke stranke, a iznad ovoga čina bili su činovi Gauleiter i Reichsleiter.
Kao čin SS-a, Anwärter je bio netko tko se prijavio za članstvo u SS i bio je u tijeku probnoga ispita; kada bi jendom ispit bio položen, Anwärter bi bio promaknut kao SS-Mann. Najraniji zapis uporabe naziva Anwärter kao SS-ovog čina je sastavljen 1932.; međutim, naziv je rabljen još 1925. prije nego u SS-u.
U Allgemeine SS-u, prelazak iz Anwärtera u čin Mann bio je opsežan proces, obično bi trajao godinu dana. Tijekom te godine, kandidat za članstvo u SS-u bio bi istraživan i ispitivan; rasno, politički, a bila bi ispitana i njegova povijest. Nakon završenoga ispita, Anwärter bi dobio promaknuće u SS-Manna.
Poslije 1941. Anwärter je bio i činom Waffen SS-a, no rjeđe nego u Allgemeine SS-u. Anwärter Waffen SS-a bio je unovačeni koji nije prošao vojnu obuku, ali je netom prošao ispit da bi ušao u SS. Kada bi prošao osnovnu vojnu obuku, Anwärter bi bio automatski promaknut u SS-Schützea.
Između 1942. i 1945., postojao je i niži čin u SS-u, pod nazivom Bewerber. SS je bio jedina nacistička organizacija koja je imala čin niži od Anwärtera. SS-ov čin Anwärtera nije imao nikakvih obilježja. Nacistička stranka je, međutim, za ovaj čin imala znak orla i svastiku na kolarnoj oznaci čina, ali samo za Anwärtere koji su bili članovi Nacističke stranke.
Činovi SS-a
| 19,602 |
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
曹公里
|
https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=曹公里&action=history
|
Chinese
|
Spoken
| 9 | 525 |
曹公里是高雄市鳳山區轄下的行政區。面積0.151平方公里，行政區包含31鄰、人口約2130人（截至2021年9月止），因曹公圳流經此處，且鳳山車站前有曹公路，並感念曹謹對桑梓的貢獻，因此命名為曹公里。
地理
曹公里以火車鐵軌與文華里為界，以曹公圳溝與鎮西里為界，光復路右為曹公里，東至精武路橋為界，地點屬交通樞紐。
地名釋義
清代的下陡頭街向北通往台灣府城，必經本地，因此本地最晚在乾隆時期就已經形成街市，當時以附近的低山為名，稱作武洛塘街。後來在嘉慶朝修建城門時，設置外北門曰「郡南第一關」，意思就是府城以南的第一道關隘，因此，武洛塘街終被外北門街所取代。台灣寶圖簡稱之為北門街，與武洛塘地名並立。外北門街係指中正路位於協和路與光復路之間路段，外北門的遺址約在協和中正路口北側的圳溝南鄰。
其他
鳳山車站，明治40年（1907年）打狗到九曲堂之間的鐵軌鋪設完工，同時鳳山車站也興建完成。當時火車站前的廣場過於狹小侷促，具體地反映出當時鳳山街沒落之象。
參考資料
鳳山區的里
| 44,370 |
sn87065528_1947-07-11_1_8_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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| 5,170 | 8,369 |
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Box 1035-Eastinwn PHONE 457-XM Let Us Help You With Your Spring Cleaning We can make your old mattress new. We now have Innerspring units. Let us make you a new instru ment. Let us make you a new instru ment. We Pick Up and Deliver All Work Guaranteed Eubanks and Cumberland THANKS MUMMILMINI; 725 S PASCA GOULA' STREET, PHONE 807 J. KENNEY REPAIR SHOP Repairs on Washing Machines Lawn Mowers, Gas Engines, Electric Appliances Also Have Wringer Rollers WELDING WE FIX ANYTHING PHONE 172 345 S. MAGNOLIA STREET WANTED WASHING AND IRONING Annie Grav, 507 Carver Village ROBERTS RADIO SERVICE 718 MARKET STREET Hours 7 A. M. to 6 P. M. PHONE 1116 PICK UP and Delivery Service 10,000 yards of dirt filling and top soil given away Nolan’s Gulf Service Station. Highway 90, one mile east of Kn 4 2tp 7-11 MONCRIEF MODERN DECORATING CO. Interior-Exterior Decorators Painting - Paperhanging Authorized Applicators SHEETROCK and TEXTON COLOR CRETE STUCCO AZROCK FLOOR TILE 250 KREBS AVE. PASCAGO BLDG. MISS. PHONES 211. 1114 CALL US IF YOU NEED SHEETROCK THOMPSON TRANSFER & STORAGE CO. Movers of Fine Furniture and General Transfer PICK UP AND DELIVERY FOR M E. R. R. Every Load Insured Plenty Padding Crating—Packing—Forwarding LOCAL AGENT FOR SUPERIOR TRANSPORT COMPANY Over night service between New Orleans and Mobile. Warehouse located at 408 Krebs Avenue, Phone 545-J or 664-M Office 448 Becht Street 4 tf e-ta e 4 BUSINESS SERVICES ROOFING Wise Builders use genuine Everwear Aluminum roofing and idling $0.50 a square. Prentiss Crane. Box 438. Mags Point 4 3tpd 7-11 AMMUNITION Luger Pistol—Beretta and Other German Guns 25 Automatic, 38, 380. 9 mm Long and Short JACKSON GUN CLUB 4 2tpd 7-11 LYND'S GUN SHOP—Guns repaired, cleaned and refinished. 104 Robinson Street, m • Point 4 8tpd < 11 ANNOUNCING A Modern and Complete Music Store ready to serve the many high school bandsmen, siring bands, amateur and professional musicians of Pascagoula and Moss Point and surrounding communities. Martin, Buescher, Selmer, Olds, Blessing, Reynolds, York and Peddler Band Instruments Grestch Guitars and Amplifiers, Reeds, Valve and Slide Oils. Strings, picks and All Music Accessories Piano methods and Sheet Music. A large selection of Records and Albums. PASCAGOULA MUSIC SHOP LOREN BOSARGE. Manager Pascagoula, Miss. Phone 1345 206 S Canty St. PLACES TO EAT 5 ICED COLD WATERMELONS Point Ice House. 5a 8tr fi-ST COME TO DUBY'S FRIDAY NIGHT AND HEAR MUSIC BY CARMEN KNIGHT AND HIS MISSISSIPPI RAMBLERS CANNED FALSTAFF OR REGAL BEER BY THE CASE HELP WANTED 8 MALE 8 WANTED Experienced wool pri ser Joe's Dry Cleaning Service. 212 Canty g| R llr 7 t WANTED Colored Male or fen rook, morning shift Write P O Box 308 Pascal 8 ttc 6 2 DISTRIBUTOR to handle potato chips automatically machine made Good proposition Fazzin's Potato Ship Plant. 2837 Tchoupttoulas St.. Ch 0801. New Orleans: La8 He 7-4 HELP WANTED 9 FEMALE 9 WANTED WAITRESSES, experienced only Lincoln Grill. 4J8 E Lincoln Ave 0 2tpd 7-11 WANTED LIGHT HOUSEKEEPER 434 Magnolia & Morgan Lane 9 4tpd 7-4 I GOOD TYPIST For general office work Excellent opportunity for inexperienced but ambitious girl. Write Box "CM Chronicle-Star" 54_11dh 7-11 11 SITUATIONS WANTED SITUATION WANTED Experienced salesman and collector now available. Knows Jackson county, has automobile. Interest only in permanent position with future Employed but desires change References. Write Box "X" Chronicle-Star_11 3pJ7*4 13 APARTMENTS—RENT 131 FURNISHED APARTMENT Apply 312 Front St after 5 p. m 13 ltpd T-U THREE-ROOM FURNISHED APARTMENT. adults only 719 Washington Ave. Phone 509-W. 13 ltc 7-11! TWO-ROOM APARTMENT, completely furnished, with private bath. $42.50 per month Write Chronicle-Star. Box 13 ltc 7-11 THREE ROOMS, water, lights, and gas. Near Vancleave Near school mail, and shipyard bus routes. See or write Mrs. Paul A. Carter, Rt 1. Ocean Springs 13 lt 7-11 FOUR UNFURNISHED ROOMS Lights and water furnished. First house past cattle guard going east on Lincoln Ave. Mrs. T. L. Harper 13 ltpd 7-4 13a ROOMS—BOARD 13a FURNISHED ROOM Next to bath, private entrance. Consider serving meals. Phone 896-W 18A ltfc 7-11 BEDROOM Private entrance. Hot and cold shower. Suitable for single or couple 912 Parsley Ave., Ph 1 j 02 - J 13A 2tpd 7-11 UNFURNISHED ROOMS-Also unfurnished light-housekeeping rooms. G Blackwell, 120 Krebs Avenue Ph 11.15-J13A 2U-.7 11 ’4 HOUSES FOR RENT 14 FIVE ROOM HOUSE with lath, in Pascagoula. Ph 5666, Moss Point 14 ltfc 7 11 IDEAL COUNTRY HOME Gas, electricity. Large enough for two families. Seven miles northwest of Sultter. Adjoining Sinking River Fishing Camp $65.00 per month. Phone 1160 R 200 Lafayette Ave 14 2tpd 7-11 15 WANTED TO RENT IS WANTED hot is - paacagi Moss Point or Gautier Couple Ph. 256-XJ 15 3tpd 6 5? 16 HOUSES FOR SALE 16 BEAUTIFUL 5-ROOM HOUSE—On Jackson Ave. Attic fan Can be seen by appointment only. Call.6162. Most of the modern house with bath, gas, lights, gas stove, hot and cold water; near Goff's Store in Escatawp. Immediate possession if interested, see Mrs. Don Ohvpi, Price $3,000. 6 HOUSES FOR SALE: PREFABRICATED HOUSES for sale at $2,500. P. S. Bill Johnson, K. O. O. F. Miss 16 3tpo 7-11 FIVE-ROOM HOUSE Lot 75x200, three blocks from Court house. I 733 R 16 3tpd 7-4 Six ROOM HOUSE in Escatawpa on Old Elder Kerry Road, mrlude 6j acres- Phone 3162. Moss Point 16 3tr 7-11 2-BEDROOM HOUSE So Pascagoula St Furniture Included House can be bought F.H A Ph 516?. M.s Point 16 2tc 7-11 NINE ROOM HOUSE With bath, large garage and out houses Pecan and fine trees One block from Beach 1327 Man to Street 16 3tpd 7 11 BEAUTIFUL 13-ROOM HOUSE J, block from Highway 100 Good for 1 apartment house or small hotel Call 5162. Moss Point 16 3tpd 7-11 FIVE ROOM HOUSE Hot and cold water, screened front and back por ches. at 622 W Farnsworth St Write Box 411. Lueedale. Miss, or Phone 175 Lueedale 16 3tpd 7-11 HOME--On Mary Walker Bayou. Six large rooms and bath Lights, water and gas 1000 ft on Bayou by 1500 ft. Gatti's Place. Owner, 2621 Esplanade Ave. New Orleans 16 2tpd 7-U TWO-BEDROOM HOUSE On Washington Ave Gas heater in every room Gas range, garage and laundry room. Can be seen by appointment only Ph 5162. Moss Point 16 2tpd 7-11 NEAR BEACH Pascagoula Three bedroom house on lot 83x300‘. attic fan. floor furnace, laundry room garage Reasonable Call 5161 -Z. Moss Point 16 2tpd 711' NEW FIVE-ROOM HOUSE With modern conveniences on lake and river will sell for cash and car leaving town Frank Cunningham. 113 Beardslee St., Moss Point 16 lie 7-11 FOR SALE - Pascagoula. Miss and 3 bedrooms, hardwood floors, gas range, water heaters and gas heaters. Terms. $500 cash, balance like rent, includes interest, insurance, taxes, principal. Png It wood Homes! Pascagoula St., phone notfi if to-i 1 17 BUSINESS PROPERTY 17 INDUSIIl.-U. PROPERTY ON RAIL nui fall lMafi 17 tf 1? 13 CAFE in Moss Point for sale. Call 5162. Moss Point. Box 62. 17 3tc 7-11 LITTLE RERV-U-BAH and CAFE. CO Polk Reason for selling, ill health 17 3tpd 6-27 2 ROOM OFFICE BUILDING 14x26 Must be moved from property. Box 62. Moss Point Ph 5162 17 lie 7-11 TWO MODERN STORE BUILDINGS for rent on Market St., 800 sq ft. floor space each Very reasonable. 116 E. Lincoln Ave., Ph. 121)5 17 2tpri 7-11 FOR SALE GARAGE. FILLING STATION A PAINT SHOP, off Highway HO on short cut to Mobile Good business. W 1C. Maples, ph 5682 17 31 pd 6-27 18 LOTS AND ACREAGE 18 LOT IN Mo Point, on Aithur St. 100x200. Call 5162. Moss Point. 18 2tr 7-11 LOT 100x238 Partly fenced. U,filftnm ready for connection $800 00 cash 912 Parsley Ave. Phone 1102 J LOTS for sale on E Lincoln Ave. Any size First house near churches, school and stores. Cash or terms. C. B Martin, Rt l. Bayou Casotte 18 7?pd 7 1 LOTS Nice home site near churches or school and stores. Cash or rent. C R Martin Route 1. Bayou Gavotte 16 Bind 5-TO! LOT 167 ft Lake frontage by 455 ft 1 on Beards Lake. Moss Point. Clarence Couch. 814 Dantzler St 18 3tpd 6?7 | 80 ACRES TIMBERED LAND North half of S. E quarter of section 30, township 6 south, range 7 west $3600/K). See L S Allen. Vancleave. Miss. 18 4tpd 7 11 SEVEN LOTS Between Moss Point and Paper Mill, 50x150 each. 20x40 concrete block building. 6000 ft A-1 him her Call 5162, Moss Point 18 3tc 6-27 ) TEN ACRES Front on Tarvin Road, one mile past of dink decoy plant in Ea Pascagoula where road leaves Highway 90 Price $300. Owner M E Bogle. 527 Ogden St. San Antonio, Texas. 18 tfc 6-6 I 18a FARMS FOR SALE 18a 38-ACRE FARM In Grand Bay, Alabama For sale cheap by owner Call 712 J 18A 21 pd 7 11 12 ACRES 80 large pecan trees. 7 room house, electricity, good water, barn Caroline E Smith. Grand Bay. Alabama 18A 4tp 718 NEW FIVE-ROOM HOUSE 40 acre good land, some pine timber. 10 acres land cleared. Lights, electric water pump and butane gas system. Located 7 miles south of Lucedale on Highway Hit A. E Stoncypher, Route 2, Lucedale. Miss. 18A 2tpd 7-11 159 ACRES 80 in cultivation: all fenced Two dwelling houses, barn, chicken house, and smokehouse; electric pump on bus line. 10 miles south of Lucedale on Lemon Highway. Trator and cultivators with place if preferred. L M Goodlett, Route 3, Lucedale. Miss. 18A 3tpd 7-11 19 HOUSEFURNISHINGS 19 WASHING MACHINE - Call 554 22 2tpd 7-11 FIRESTONE BICYCLE — Practical, new. $28.50. Call 3f48-XW 22 llpd 7-11 HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE for three rooms, at a bargain. 911 E Conveni St 19 2tpd 7-4 BABY BED and waterproof mattresses, and springs. Glen Vowoll. 503 13th St Ph 410-R 19 2tpd 7-4 TABLE SAW AND MOTOR — New Craftsman, cheap Frank Cunningham 193 Boardsie St., Moss Point 22 lte 7-11 6 PAIRS GOOSE FEATHER "pit. LOWS New ticking moderately priced. Call 3581. Moss Point, 19 3tpd 8-27 SPECIALS THIS WEEK Chifforobros $19.95 Lane Cedar Chests $49.95 Floor Lamps $19.95 Sunbeam Mixmasters 34.95 Maple and Mahogany Beds 19.95 Paper Drapes Pr. 98c STANDARD FURNITURE COMPANY 314 KREBS AVE. PHONE 626 22 lte 7-11 *9 HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE Dining bedroom, living room. Can be seen after 6 pm at 931 Resca De La Palma St 19 2tpd 7-11 DOUBLE REED Walnut finish Good springs and inner spring mattress. Also baby carriage, in good condition 138 School Ave. 19 ltpd 7 11 BEAUTIFUL GRAND PIANO - 75 cars old, in good condition. 175 3 L. Greenwood. 1925 Uherushusee St 1925-1931, 2-13 22 FOR SALE OR TRADE 22 SAW MILL 1938 Chevrolet truck and have mare Wm It Maki. Rule 2 Box 280. City 22 2tpd 7-11 NEW BUGGY SHOP EQUIPMENT I cheap. Write or see Mrs. Gladys Chavers, 1021 Manlo St. 22 3tpd 8-27 WE BUY, SELL OR TRADE ANYTHING From A Baby Buggy To A Battleship Specializing In Good Used And Reconditioned FURNITURE Come In and Look Around GULF COAST TRADING POST We Pick Up and Deliver it Delmas Ave Phone 111) Fascion, Mississippi THANK YOU ONE WORK MARE and harness Practically new wagon and this year old mare 1934 Chevrolet Delbert Ave den, Kreole. Ph 5B84 22 2tp 7 1 HO PEANUT MACHINES. 10 on to cation. $500 Garage stock, stock, and wrecks. $2700.00 Mule and farm tools. $85.00 Stevens Garage. Ocean Springs 22 2tpd 7-11 NEW FIVE-ROOM HOUSE On lake and river. Will trade for practically new car and $3000 Leaving town. Frank Cunningham. 193 Beardslee St. Moss Point, 22 ttc 7-11 ELETRIC REFRIGERATOR—6 C. ft. $95.00 503 Magnolia, Moss Point Also combination on safe, platform scales and DeWalt saw, located at Couch Motor Lines, Pascagoula 22 ltpd 7-11 FOR SALE—TWO MAN SAW MILL and dual wheel trailer See R H Hubbard, one mile north of Escalante. Rt 2, Box 50. Pascagoula 22 3tpd 6-27 FOR SALE OR TRADE—Horses, mules and milch cows Will also buy your cattle, hogs and you will find mules Sec Charles Mason, 11 imW*.-. east of Kreole depot on Pine Island Road Phone 1027-W. 22 1 p B-20 WIGGINS WEEKLY SPECIALS LOOK AT THESE BARGAINS CLOSE OUT CLARA HARRIS COSMETICS Perfume and Cologne Sachet and Dulling Powder Face Powder, Rouge and Lips Night Creams, Coughing Creams And Cold Creams Price Atlas Shoe Shine Kit Formerly 23c 5c SEVEN SEAS Combination After Shave and Colours Formerly $2.00 Now Only 75c While They Last Lazier?... CLOPE OUT HALF PRICE Vida Ray Line Cosmetics * Perfume and Cologne Dusting Powder Night Creams Colored Cream Cleansing Cream Face Powder Rouge and Lipstick Phillips Beauty Brush Was $1.00 Now 75c WIGGINS DRUG STORE NO. 1 I "We Sell the best of Everything" Phone 70 Phone 71 7.2 tf 4 | Hr* | GOOD PLOW MULK, plow and hai m\ss Will take lumber, chickens or what have you? A E Jcnkl/i. Rt i 2. Box 1HA. Ph 4347 22 Sitpd 7-4 LUMBER ROUGH AND DRESSED Buy Direct From Mill At Low Cash Prices DROP SIDING CENTER MATCH S4S HEART SIZES, ETC. TANNER LUMBER & SUPPLY CO. Bus. Ph 1104-J Res Ph. 1137-J 446 Lake Avenue Pascagoula, Mississippi _22 tf 3-28 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 22d KIMBALL BABY GRAND PIANO WRITE BOX "T CHRONICLE-STAR" 22D 2tc 7-4 23 WANTED TO BUY 23 HENS OF any size chickens. In any amount A E Jenkins. Rt 2. Box P 23 31 |)d 7-11 WANTED GOOD USED STROLLER and collapsable Play Pen Ph 813-J 23 3d n li 27 BIRDS AND PETS 24 ORANGE PERSIAN KITTENS, males, for sale Mr A F Johnson, 216 Mill P.rrad. City_21 ltpd 7-11 25 POULTRY—LIVESTOCK 25 SEVERAL HOGS for sale First house past ( attic guard on E. Lincoln T L Harper 25 ltpd 7-11 SADDLE MORSE—Caited pinto. *150 Mu L K McTntosh, phone 2721 25 3tc 7-4 YOUNG GARDEN SADDLE HORSE will work anywhere C. B Martina Rt I Bayou C'asotte 25 2tpd 7-4 HYBREDS AUSTRIA white pullets 3 months old $100 each. Mrs M. E Dav'Lakeside Inn, Orange Grove 25 ltpd 7-11 "QUEENA'S GO® DOC registered Guernsey bull. 4 years old Reason for selling to prevent inbidding Circle T Estate. Gautier. 23 ltpd 25 POULTRY—LIVESTOCK HENS for sale. Se R R Rawle, Van rrave Road, Ocean Springs, Miss. AUTOS, ACCESSORIES Packard Motor For sale or trade. 19 Washington Ave., Chicago, USA TURBAN pick up, 1936 Model R duck toil Williams St. 26 Itp 7 11 1941 STUDEBAKER COMMANDER 14 ton truck, with steel body Good condition Near C R Martin’s. Lewis Simmons, Ft 1 Bayou Casotte 26 3tpd 6 27 USED CARS BOUGHT FOR CASH AND SOLD ON TERMS STOKLEY AUTO SALES 812 MARKET ST. PHONE 885-M 26 4 p tf 4-25 FOR SALE One 1741 model Ford Truck. Lj Tont Duel wheels Long wheelbase, Stake body made of good Oak. Seven good tires. Motor in good condition. One electric table saw with near new motor One extension Lace, One Pick One 5-1" rope with double and triple Blocks—One 10 lb. Sliding Hammer One wheelbarrow Several Shovels Several hand Carpenter Tools Several Squares of Sec on brick im itation Galvanized Siding The only reason for selling the owners health has gotten such that he is unable to follow his trade, otherwise nothing would sell. Items listed above can be seen at 417 PINE STREET Can be Men at any time Except Sunday. No selling or Trading on Sunday. 26 2tpd 7-4 it-FT THAILFH David Bradley, solid steel, new stake, body. Glen Vowell, 503 13th St. Ph 410-R 26 2tp<l 7 I | TWO-WHEEL HALF-TON TRAILER Solid steel Throughout, cheap for cash. Sec it at 313 Lafayette Ave, 26 2tc 7-4* BUICK' 1946 SEDANETTE Like New—River Mist Grey Heater, Radio, Windshield Sprayer, Air Conditioner, Seat Cover, Royal Tire. Call 854-R or 548-W AFTER 5 P. M. 22 Itdh 7 II I WE HAVE INSTALLED NEW MODERN STEAM CLEANING DEVICE FOR CLEANING CHASSIS, MOTORS, ETC. We Spray Special New Paint Process Underneath Cars Which Forms Film And Prevents Rust. WE ALSO SPRAY MOTORS COOPER'S GARAGE 912 Market St.—Phone 67-J Pascagoula, Miss. 27 BOATS, ACCESSORIES 27 SMALL OUTBOARD MOTOR New. $60.00 731 Beach Hlvd 27 2nd 7-11 28 FT DOUBLE ENDER With Model A engine Ph 813 J 27 3rd 6-27 SKIFF Cheap Apply to M J Ladner. Highway 90. Gautier, Miss. 25 2nd 7-11 MOATS FOR RENT: Boats, bait and tackle East Lincoln at Bayou Casino; Black Wood. Rt 1. Buy 52 27 4th 8 20 MOAT 41 feet long, 16 ft beam Perfect condition. Fine for pleasure or work Toilet room, large cabin, plenty deck space. Bargain at $2,500. Poitevln Shipyard 27 2nd 7-11 Deep Sea Fishing and Swimming Parties Modern 37' Cruiser, Seaworthy. Roomy and Shady. Ex-Navy Licensed Operator For Reservation Call or See Francis Frederic PHONE 266 28 2nd 7-11 28 CARDS OF THANKS We respectfully and sincerely thank all the friends who paid such a great tribute to our deceased brother and uncle, William Taylor May God bless you all Francis and Henry White, nieces and nephews. Brother and sister wish to express to our many friends who have been so kind, generous, and thoughtful during the illness and death of our beloved Helen Callahan Key, who passed to her reward June 22nd, 1947, our sincere thanks and appreciation for the many services and courtesies extended us. We wish them to know that we shall ever be under a debt of gratitude to them. We are especially grateful for the many kind remembrances and floral offerings during her illness. To her, her friends were her greatest treasure, and to us, she was the joy of our lives, always kind, understanding, and a friend to all. Although we feel we have suffered a great loss, we are truly grateful we have been privileged to enjoy her beautiful life for these thirty-one short years, and humbly bow to the will of the Almighty, who knows best for all. To our friends who have never drunk from the dregs of this bitter cup, may the Great God in Heaven spare you from such a disaster and misfortune. Sincerely, Robert H. Key, Husband Bobby Key, Son R.C. Callahan, Father Lena B. Callahan, Mother Mary Neil Smith, Sister J.E. Callahan, Brother The Azter name for their town or the site of Mexico City was Tenthian 29 LEGAL NOTICES NON RESIDENCE NOTICE No. 10074 THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. To Elsie Odell, Whatley 1878, Washington Blvd. Beaumont, Texas You are summoned to appear before the Chancery Court of the County of Jackson in said State, on the second Monday of DECEMBER A.D. 1847, to defend suit No. 10074 in said Court of Luna Elmira, Whatley, where in you are a defendant, and where in Complainant seeks a decree of divorce and restoration of her maiden name. As fully set out in the file, this 24th day of June A. D. 1947. (Seal) FRED TAYLOR. Clerk, County Court. Jackson County, Mississippi. VERTIS G RAMSAY, D.C. It is 7:27, 7:4, 11:18 APPLICATION AND PETITION FOR A PARDON TO BE GRANTED GRANTED GRANTED. FORMER PRISONER No 8750. OF THE STATE PENITENTIARY. STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. I COUNTY OF GEORGIA: To GOVERNOR AND BOARD OF PARDONS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI: Comes the undersigned applicant (7 R Rayborn and Petitioners and respectfully petitions your Excellency to grant a PARDON to said G. R Rayborn and respectively shows unto your Honor the following facts, in said cause, to-wit; That said G. R Rayborn (who was a Spanish American War Veteran) was convicted and sentenced to the State Penitentiary, in Jackson County, Mississippi, on April 30th, 1931: that he served as a prisoner in the State Penitentiary for 10 years and 4 months, until the year A D 1941, at which time he was granted an indefinite suspension of sentence and for the past Five Years he has lived here in George County, Mississippi, established a permanent Home, and served as a loyal, patriotic, law-abiding and good citizen; and we each and all feel that he is entitled to a Pardon, to restore his right as a citizen, to vote, etc. That, his present age will be Seventeen (77) years, on March 14th. AD. 1947; WHEREFORE, the premises consid ered your petitioners hereby petition and pray that your Excellency grant unto said G. R Rayborn a PARDON; Respectively submitted; O R RAYBORN Applicant, and 66 Petitioners of George County 51 6-27, 7-4, 11. 18. 25 NON RESIDENT NOTICE No 10080 THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI To John M. Zampiere You are summoned to appear be fore the Chancery Court of the Coun ty of Jackson In said Stale, on the , Second Monday of August (Rule dav) A D . 19*17, In defend suit No 10080 \ lo 'aid Court or T F Walker and Ci I M Walker wherein you are a defen danl, and wherein Complainant seeks a Judgment against you Tor such' amount ; as may Tie disclosed by evi dence for your occupancy nf the Fl i dm a Cafe. 221 Live Oak St . Pasca goula. Miss., and use of complainants fixtures and loss ol certain tlx'tires I1 nf complainant's which ar- missing, as fully set out In hill on file Till* 2 dav nf July A. D., 1947. 'Seal) FRED TAYLOR. VERTIS n RAMSAY. D C Clerk. Chancery Court. Jar ksnn County. Mississippi « 74, U, 18 NOTICE or SALE or LAND BY SPECIAL COMMISSIONER Under and hv virtue of the terms nf the decree In the Chancery Court I nf .1 ark*nn Cminl* Mississippi, dat ed the I2!h dav of June. 1947, In a rase prnd'ng I** «,i|d Court sivlcd. D. J. SAVOIE. COMPLAINANT VS. DAN E. TANNER AND MRS. EMMA MAE TANNER DEFENDANTS, being equity No lorn on the docket of said Court, I will during legal hours on Monday, the 11th day of August, 1917, at the front door of the Courthouse of Jackson County, Mississippi, in the City of Jackson, Mississippi, offer for sale and sell for cash to the highest bidder the lands in Jackson County, Mississippi, described as: The West Half of the East Half of the Northeast Quarter of the Northwest Quarter and the East Half of the West Half of the Northeast Quarter of Section 19, Township 7 South, Range 5 West excepting, however, that parcel of land described as being at the Northeast corner of the West Half of the East Half of the Northeast Quarter of Section 29 and running thence West along the North boundary line of the Northeast Quarter of the North west Quarter of said Section 29 and running thence West along the said North boundary line of said Northeast Quarter of the North west Quarter of said Section a distance of 150 feet and a starting point, thence continuing West along the said North boundary line of said Northeast Quarter of the North west Quarter a distance of 75 feet; thence South a distance of 150 feet, thence East a distance of 75 feet; thence North 150 feet to the place beginning and Said lands are sold for the purpose of satisfying a Judgment in favor of the Complainant against The Deft and the defendants all as is stated and set out in said decree. Witness my hand this 8th day of July, 1947. FRED TAYLOR. Special Commissioner. BIRTHDAY PARTY FOR MARY LOU TINGLE This week, Mary Lou Tingle celebrated her fourth birthday with a party at the home of her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Louis Tingle, 801 East Taylor avenue. A highlight of the party was the ornate cake with its lighted candles which were blown out by Mary Lou as the small guests sang the “Happy Birthday” song. The cake was then cut and served with ice cream. A number of appropriate gifts were received by the little honoree. MRS. BEEBE HOSTESS Mrs. Spencer Beebe entertained her bridge club in her home on Tuesday afternoon. Mrs. R. E. Davis received the high score prize. Mrs. Alton Thomson the cut prize. A delicious salad plate with baked tea was served after the games to Mesdames Willard McLeod, Harold Monroe, Alton Thomson, S. Peterzell, Edwin Mays, R. E. Davis, S. A. McInnis, Jr., and W. H. Nelson, Jr. YMBC TO MEET JULY 14 A meeting of the Young Women's Business Club of Pascagoula will be held at the Knights of Columbus building Monday, July 14 at the usual hour of assembly. MELVIN S. ROOKER, JR., son of M. S. Rooker, 807 18th street, Pascagoula, who has been ill for several days, is now recovering. Recently completed his basic training at Fort Jackson, S. C. Pvt. Rooker was inducted into the service. May 1. He is 17 years old. Pascagoula Personals Mrs. W. W. Burnett and daughter, Anna Bob, have returned home after a tour of interesting points in Texas which included visits to Galveston, Houston, Fort Worth and Dallas. They were away a month. Recent guests in the home of Mr. and Mrs. John O. Grant, Sr. were Mr. and Mrs. Joe Davenport of Port Gibson. Miss. Mrs. Davenport is the former Louise Watkins who made her girlhood home in Pascagoula. Mr. and Mrs. Ralph MtFaui and son, Billy, and James Rigby are in Breaux Bridge, La., where they went to attend the J. C. McFaul wedding. Mr. and Mrs. C. C. McCoy, Jr., are enjoying his vacation by visiting the former's parents, Mr. and Mrs. D. W. Smith at Port St. Joe, Fla. They were accompanied by their young daughter, Janice, and Mrs. McCoy's brother, Timon Smith, who came from Jackson to join them in the visit. When they return Mr. and Mrs. Smith will bring their daughter, Patsy, who has been visiting her grandparents, back with them. Mrs. I. G. Levy of New Orleans is visiting her son and daughter-in-law, Mr. and Mrs. I. G. Levy, Jr. Mrs. Levy is also enjoying being with her friend, Mrs. Mildred Frederic, while here. On the departure of her aunt, Mrs. Lottie Anthony and the latter's daughter, Miss Kate, who had been spending a few days with her, Mrs. William M. Colmer accompanied them as far as Meridian where she was to visit her mother, Mrs. J. H. Miner, for a few days. Mr. and Mrs. George Harrison and the latter's mother, Mrs. George Rogers, spent the Fourth of July visiting. Friends and relatives in Wayne county. Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Morse and daughter, Miss Rita, of 609 14th street, who were recent visitors to relatives and friends in Meridian had as guests over the weekend Mr. and Mrs. Clevo Null and daughters, Misses Francos and Yvonne of the same city. Mr. and Mrs. Marvin Colmer had as guests over the weekend Mr. Colmer's brothers, Henry Colmer of Mobile and A. L. Colmer and his grandson, Raymond, of Ponchatoula, La. Mr. and Mrs. B. J. Dick, Jr and daughter, Nancy Lois, and Mr. Dick's brother, Malcolm, spent the Fourth holidays with Mrs. Dick's parents, Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Campbell, in Cantonment, Florida. Mr. and Mrs. J. B. McCullough of the River road community have had their daughter, Mrs. George L. Puryear, and little daughter, Sandra, as their guests for ten days. Mrs. Puryear and Sandra departed Thursday of last week for their home in Memphis. Mr. and Mrs. D. C. Powell and children, Max and Ruth and Ruby returned home Saturday after spending a week in Fort Meyers in the home of Mr. and Mrs. Sam Flint and son, Bob. Max Powell was enjoying a vacation from the shipyard. Pat Winter, who has been vacationing at Camp Scoutshire near Citronelle, Ala., has returned home for a few days of medical treatment. George Winter, Jr., who is working at Bell City, La., during his summer vacation will arrive Friday to spend the holidays with his parents, Mr. and Mrs. George Winter. Mrs. Julian Richards and children of Savannah, Ga., who are visiting their various relatives, are guests of Mr. and Mrs. John Nelson, 400 Lafayette street. For Ring worn N-J.
| 13,481 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26226707
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Rivière Gouape
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 20 | 60 |
Rivière Gouape
Rivière Gouape
Rivière Gouape land Haiti
Rivière Gouape Geonames-ID 3724670
Rivière Gouape geografiska koordinater
Rivière Gouape GNS-ID -64046
| 28,106 |
https://github.com/atorefrank/model_data_sets/blob/master/picklepredictor.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
model_data_sets
|
atorefrank
|
Python
|
Code
| 43 | 158 |
import pickle
import os
import re
import numpy as np
from vectorizer import vect
clf = pickle.load(open(
os.path.join('movieclassifier/pkl_objects',
'classifier.pkl'), 'rb'))
label = {0: 'negative', 1: 'positive'}
example = ['I may enjoy this movie']
X = vect.transform(example)
print('Prediction: %s\nProbability: %.2f%%' %\
(label[clf.predict(X) [0]],
np.max(clf.predict_proba(X))*100))
| 13,709 |
https://github.com/NGCMan/fe000000-mod/blob/master/js/saving.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
fe000000-mod
|
NGCMan
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 5,375 | 18,388 |
let offlineSimulationData = {active: false};
let Saving = {
h(s) {
let x = [...s.toLowerCase().replace(/[^0-9a-z]/g, '')].map(i => parseInt(i, 36));
let r = 0;
for (let i of x) {
r += i;
r *= 42;
r %= 1e12;
}
return r;
},
encode(s) {
return btoa(JSON.stringify(s).replace(/[\u007F-\uFFFF]/g, function (chr) {
let code = chr.charCodeAt(0).toString(16);
return '\\u' + '0000'.slice(0, 4 - code.length) + code;
}));
},
decode(s) {
return JSON.parse(atob(s));
},
saveGame(isAutoLoop, isDirectlyManual) {
// Stop the player from saving the game while time is being simulated.
if (blocked) {
if (!isAutoLoop) {
alert('This is an evanescent simulation. Saving it is forbidden.');
}
return;
}
localStorage.setItem('fe000000-save', this.encode(player));
if (isDirectlyManual) {
Notifications.notify('Manually saved!', 'saveLoad');
}
},
quickLoadIssueCheck(s) {
let p = this.decode(s);
for (let i of ['boost', 'currentTab', 'generators', 'lastUpdate', 'prestigePower', 'stars']) {
if (!(i in p)) {
// This message has additional context when shown.
return 'It has no "' + i + '" property.';
}
}
return null;
},
loadGame(s, offlineProgress, minTicks, isOracle, callback) {
if (blocked && !confirm('Time is currently being simulated. Loading a save while time ' +
'is being simulated can cause weird behavior. Are you sure you want to load? ' +
'(This message may appear if you did something that uses loading in its implementation, ' +
'such as resetting.)')) {
return;
}
// offlineProgress = null means leave it up to the save.
player = this.decode(s);
if (offlineProgress === null) {
offlineProgress = Options.offlineProgress();
}
let originalVersion = player.version;
this.fixPlayer();
this.convertSaveToDecimal();
this.doLastFixes(originalVersion);
let setupPageLoad = function (now) {
player.lastUpdate = now;
Saving.saveGame(false, false);
Options.updateCheckboxSize();
Options.updateButtonOutlines();
Colors.updateColors();
updateDisplaySaveLoadSetup();
}
if (isOracle) {
callback();
} else {
// We can do this after fixing Decimal.
let now = Date.now();
if (offlineProgress) {
let realTicks = (minTicks === null) ? this.defaultTicks() :
Math.max(minTicks, this.defaultTicks());
this.simulateTime((now - player.lastUpdate) / 1000, realTicks, true, function () {
setupPageLoad(now);
callback();
});
} else {
setupPageLoad(now);
callback();
}
}
},
defaultTicks() {
return Options.offlineTicks();
},
simulateTimeUpdate(time, ticks, totalTicks) {
document.getElementById('timesimulated').innerHTML =
formatTime(time, {seconds: {f: format, s: false}, larger: {f: format, s: false}});
document.getElementById('tickssimulated').innerHTML = formatInt(ticks);
document.getElementById('totaltickssimulated').innerHTML = formatInt(totalTicks);
let expectedTotalTime = time * totalTicks / ticks;
document.getElementById('expectedtotaltimesimulated').innerHTML = ticks === 0 ? 'unknown' :
formatTime(expectedTotalTime, {seconds: {f: format, s: false}, larger: {f: format, s: false}});
document.getElementById('expectedremainingtimesimulated').innerHTML = ticks === 0 ? 'unknown' :
formatTime(expectedTotalTime - time, {seconds: {f: format, s: false}, larger: {f: format, s: false}});
document.getElementById('bar').style.width = Math.floor(ticks / totalTicks * 512) + 'px';
},
simulateTime(totalDiff, maxTicks, showSimulation, callback) {
if (totalDiff < 0) {
alert('It appears that your save is somehow from ' +
formatTime(-totalDiff, {seconds: {f: format, s: false}, larger: {f: format, s: false}}) +
' in the future. You may want to figure out what might be causing this.');
player.lastUpdate = Date.now();
callback();
return;
}
// Add this not for any of the actual JS files, but for ease of use from console.
if (maxTicks === undefined) {
maxTicks = this.defaultTicks();
}
// And similarly
if (callback === undefined) {
callback = () => true;
}
let baseTickLength = 1 / 16;
offlineSimulationData.active = true;
offlineSimulationData.ticks = Math.ceil(Math.min(totalDiff / baseTickLength, maxTicks));
offlineSimulationData.tickLength = totalDiff / offlineSimulationData.ticks;
let startTime = Date.now();
let lastUpdateTime = Date.now();
if (showSimulation) {
document.getElementById('simulatetime').style.display = '';
this.simulateTimeUpdate((lastUpdateTime - startTime) / 1000, 0, offlineSimulationData.ticks);
}
offlineSimulationData.tick = 0;
blocked = true;
let interval = setInterval(function() {
let initialTick = offlineSimulationData.tick;
while (offlineSimulationData.tick < Math.min(offlineSimulationData.ticks, initialTick + 256)) {
gameLoop(offlineSimulationData.tickLength, false, false);
let d = Date.now();
offlineSimulationData.tick++;
if (d - startTime > 1 / 16) {
lastUpdateTime = d;
if (showSimulation) {
Saving.simulateTimeUpdate((lastUpdateTime - startTime) / 1000, offlineSimulationData.tick, offlineSimulationData.ticks);
}
}
}
if (offlineSimulationData.tick === offlineSimulationData.ticks) {
blocked = false;
clearInterval(interval);
offlineSimulationData.active = false;
if (showSimulation) {
document.getElementById('simulatetime').style.display = 'none';
}
callback();
}
}, 1);
},
speedUpOffline() {
if (!offlineSimulationData.active) {
return;
}
let oldTicks = offlineSimulationData.ticks - offlineSimulationData.tick;
let newTicks = 1024;
if (oldTicks <= newTicks) {
return;
}
offlineSimulationData.tickLength *= oldTicks / newTicks;
offlineSimulationData.ticks = newTicks;
offlineSimulationData.tick = 0;
},
oracleSimulateTime(totalDiff, totalTicks, callback) {
let firstDiff = Math.max(0, totalDiff - 16);
let secondDiff = Math.min(16, totalDiff);
Saving.simulateTime(firstDiff, totalTicks, true, function () {
// 1024 is more than enough for max ticks however long secondDiff is
// (since it's at most 16 seconds).
Saving.simulateTime(secondDiff, 1024, false, callback);
});
},
fixPlayer() {
if (player.version < 1.25) {
// The first line here fixes a bug, the rest are due to new content.
player.prestigePower = Decimal.max(1, player.prestigePower);
player.infinityPoints = new Decimal(0);
player.infinities = 0;
player.infinityStars = new Decimal(1);
player.infinityGenerators = initialInfinityGenerators();
player.highestInfinityGenerator = 0;
player.infinityUpgrades = [0, 0];
player.version = 1.25;
}
if (player.version < 1.3125) {
player.sacrificeMultiplier = new Decimal(1);
// This is done so old saves that have reached infinity won't be stuck.
// It works because 2^256 - 2 is still 2^256 in the number library used.
// Also, we use Decimal.minus because player.stars is usually a string here.
player.stats = {
totalStarsProduced: Decimal.minus(player.stars, 2).max(0),
timeSincePurchase: 0,
timeSinceSacrifice: 0,
timeSincePrestige: 0,
timeSinceInfinity: 0,
timeSinceGameStart: 0,
peakIPPerSec: new Decimal(0)
};
player.version = 1.3125;
}
if (player.version < 1.375) {
player.currentChallenge = 0;
player.challengesCompleted = [
false, false, false, false, false, false,
false, false, false, false, false, false,
];
player.breakInfinity = false;
player.stats.purchasesThisInfinity = 0;
player.version = 1.375;
}
if (player.version < 1.40625) {
player.stats.totalIPProduced = new Decimal(0);
player.stats.fastestInfinity = Math.pow(2, 256);
player.stats.timeSinceLastPeakIPPerSec = Math.pow(2, 256);
player.stats.lastTenInfinities = [
[-1, new Decimal(-1), new Decimal(-1)], [-1, new Decimal(-1), new Decimal(-1)],
[-1, new Decimal(-1), new Decimal(-1)], [-1, new Decimal(-1), new Decimal(-1)],
[-1, new Decimal(-1), new Decimal(-1)], [-1, new Decimal(-1), new Decimal(-1)],
[-1, new Decimal(-1), new Decimal(-1)], [-1, new Decimal(-1), new Decimal(-1)],
[-1, new Decimal(-1), new Decimal(-1)], [-1, new Decimal(-1), new Decimal(-1)],
];
player.version = 1.40625;
}
if (player.version < 1.4375) {
player.autobuyers = initialAutobuyers();
// this is usable for testing and for cheaters
player.cheats = {
gameSpeed: 1,
};
player.version = 1.4375;
}
if (player.version < 1.453125) {
player.currentInfinityChallenge = 0;
player.infinityChallengesCompleted = [
false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
];
// Eternity hasn't been added yet, so this is clearly correct.
player.stats.totalStarsProducedThisEternity = player.stats.totalStarsProduced;
player.version = 1.453125;
}
if (player.version < 1.4609375) {
player.stats.prestigesThisInfinity = 0;
player.version = 1.4609375;
}
if (player.version < 1.46875) {
player.stats.purchasesThisInfinityByType = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
player.version = 1.46875;
}
if (player.version < 1.5) {
player.eternityPoints = new Decimal(0);
player.eternities = 0;
player.eternityStars = new Decimal(2);
player.eternityGenerators = initialEternityGenerators();
player.highestEternityGenerator = 0;
player.eternityMilestonesOn = [true, true];
player.autobuyers.push({on: false, mode: 'Amount', priority: new Decimal(2)});
player.infinityAutobuyers = [
false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false
];
player.stats.totalEPProduced = new Decimal(0);
player.stats.timeSinceEternity = player.stats.timeSinceGameStart;
player.stats.timeSinceLastPeakEPPerSec = Math.pow(2, 256);
player.stats.fastestEternity = Math.pow(2, 256);
player.stats.peakEPPerSec = new Decimal(0);
player.stats.lastTenEternities = initialLastTenEternities();
player.version = 1.5;
}
if (player.version < 1.50625) {
player.slowAutobuyers = [
false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
];
player.slowAutobuyersTimer = 0;
player.version = 1.50625;
}
if (player.version < 1.515625) {
player.boughtTheorems = [0, 0, 0];
player.unspentTheorems = 0;
player.studies = [
false, false, false, false, false, false,
false, false, false, false, false, false,
];
player.version = 1.515625;
}
if (player.version < 1.5234375) {
player.fastAutobuyersTimer = 0;
player.autobuyersTimerLength = 0;
player.version = 1.5234375;
}
if (player.version < 1.53125) {
player.totalIPProducedThisEternity = player.totalIPProduced;
player.version = 1.53125;
}
if (player.version < 1.546875) {
player.eternityUpgrades = [0, 0];
player.version = 1.546875;
}
if (player.version < 1.5625) {
player.boostPower = 1;
player.version = 1.5625;
}
if (player.version < 1.578125) {
player.bestBoostPowerEver = 1;
player.version = 1.578125;
}
if (player.version < 1.59375) {
player.eternityUpgrades.push(0);
player.version = 1.59375;
}
if (player.version < 1.609375) {
player.eternityProducer = {
unlocked: false,
upgrades: [0, 0]
};
player.version = 1.609375;
}
if (player.version < 1.625) {
// No Decimal conversion has happened yet.
if (player.stars === "0" && player.generators.every(x => x.amount === "0")) {
player.stars = new Decimal(2);
}
player.version = 1.625;
}
if (player.version < 1.640625) {
player.unlockedEternityChallenge = 0;
player.currentEternityChallenge = 0;
player.eternityChallengeCompletions = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
player.respecEternityChallenge = false;
player.version = 1.640625;
}
if (player.version < 1.65625) {
player.permanence = 0;
player.permanenceUpgrades = [0, 0, 0, 0];
player.hasGainedPermanence = false;
player.version = 1.65625;
}
if (player.version < 1.671875) {
player.chroma = {
colors: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
unlocked: [false, false, false, false, false, false],
current: 0,
next: 0
};
player.version = 1.671875;
}
if (player.version < 1.6875) {
player.studies = player.studies.concat([0, 0, 0, 0]);
player.version = 1.6875;
}
if (player.version < 1.703125) {
player.chroma.colors = player.chroma.colors.slice(0, 5);
player.chroma.unlocked = player.chroma.unlocked.slice(0, 5);
player.version = 1.703125;
}
if (player.version < 1.71875) {
// This variable was accidentally not defined in the initial save, with no consequence at all.
// Still, best to define it.
player.respecStudies = false;
player.bestBoostPowerThisComplexity = player.bestBoostPowerEver;
delete player.bestBoostPowerEver;
delete player.unspentTheorems;
player.eternities = new Decimal(player.eternities);
player.permanence = new Decimal(player.permanence);
player.complexityPoints = new Decimal(0);
player.complexities = 0;
player.complexityStars = new Decimal(2);
player.complexityGenerators = initialComplexityGenerators();
player.highestComplexityGenerator = 0;
player.complexityChallengeCompletions = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
player.isComplexityChallengeRunning = [true, true, true, true, true, true];
player.stats.totalStarsProducedThisComplexity = player.stats.totalStarsProduced;
player.stats.totalEPProducedThisComplexity = player.stats.totalEPProduced;
player.stats.totalCPProduced = new Decimal(0);
player.stats.timeSinceComplexity = player.stats.timeSinceGameStart;
player.stats.timeSinceLastPeakCPPerSec = Math.pow(2, 256);
player.stats.fastestComplexity = Math.pow(2, 256);
player.stats.peakCPPerSec = new Decimal(0);
player.stats.lastTenComplexities = initialLastTenComplexities();
player.version = 1.71875;
}
if (player.version < 1.734375) {
player.complexityChallengeSafeguards = [false, false, false, false, false];
player.version = 1.734375;
}
if (player.version < 1.765625) {
player.complexityUpgrades = [
[false, false, false, false],
[false, false, false, false],
[false, false, false, false],
[false, false, false, false]
];
player.version = 1.765625;
}
if (player.version < 1.78125) {
player.presets = [];
player.version = 1.78125;
}
if (player.version < 1.796875) {
player.autobuyers.push({isOn: true, mode: 'X times last', priority: new Decimal(2)});
// The loose justification for the array being arranged like this is that
// the first 8 autobuyers are for eternity generators, and the other 9 are
// for other things.
player.eternityAutobuyers = [
true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true,
true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true,
];
player.stats.lastPermanenceGain = new Decimal(0);
player.stats.timeSincePermanenceGain = 0;
player.version = 1.796875;
}
if (player.version < 1.8125) {
player.stats.totalEternitiesProducedThisComplexity = player.eternities;
player.chroma.colors.push(0);
player.chroma.unlocked.push(false);
player.version = 1.8125;
}
if (player.version < 1.828125) {
player.isEternityChallengeRequirementDisplayOn = true;
player.version = 1.828125;
}
if (player.version < 1.84375) {
player.eternityAutobuyers = player.eternityAutobuyers.slice(0, 13).concat(
[true, true, true], player.eternityAutobuyers.slice(13));
player.stats.timeSinceAutoECCompletion = 0;
player.autoECCompletion = true;
player.usedAutoECCompletionThisComplexity = false;
player.version = 1.84375;
}
if (player.version < 1.859375) {
player.autobuyers.push({isOn: true, mode: 'Amount', priority: new Decimal(2)});
player.bestBoostPower = player.bestBoostPowerThisComplexity;
delete player.bestBoostPowerThisComplexity;
player.extraTheorems = [0, 0, 0, 0];
player.version = 1.859375;
}
if (player.version < 1.875) {
player.highestBoostsBought = 0;
player.boughtTheoremsThisComplexity = player.boughtTheorems.some(x => x !== 0);
player.version = 1.875;
}
if (player.version < 1.890625) {
player.complexityAchievements = player.complexityUpgrades;
delete player.complexityUpgrades;
player.version = 1.890625;
}
if (player.version < 1.89453125 || !player.options.completionColors) {
player.options.completionColors = true;
player.version = Math.max(player.version, 1.89453125);
}
if (player.version < 1.90625) {
// player.powers.next will be deleted later
player.powers = {
seed: RNG.createSeed(),
unlocked: false,
upgrades: [0, 0, 0],
active: [],
stored: [],
next: null,
gain: true,
respec: false
};
player.stats.timeSincePowerGain = 0;
player.version = 1.90625;
}
if (player.version < 1.9140625) {
player.powers.hasGainedShards = false;
player.powers.shards = 0;
player.powers.shardUpgrades = [0, 0, 0, 0];
player.powers.powerDeletionMode = 'Confirmation';
player.version = 1.9140625;
}
if (player.version < 1.921875) {
player.powers.upgrades = player.powers.upgrades.slice(0, 2).concat([0, player.powers.upgrades[2]]);
player.version = 1.921875;
}
if (player.version < 1.9296875) {
player.powers.upgrades.pop();
player.version = 1.9296875;
}
if (player.version < 1.93359375) {
player.powers.presets = [];
player.version = 1.93359375;
}
if (player.version < 1.9345703125) {
player.stats.totalInfinityStarsProduced = player.infinityStars;
player.stats.totalEternityStarsProduced = player.eternityStars;
player.stats.totalComplexityStarsProduced = player.complexityStars;
player.galaxies = {
unlocked: false
};
player.version = 1.9345703125;
}
if (player.version < 1.935546875) {
player.galaxies.dilated = 0;
player.galaxies.nextDilated = 0;
delete player.powers.next;
player.options.completionColors = player.options.completionColors ? 'On (gradient)' : 'Off'
player.version = 1.935546875;
}
if (player.version < 1.9365234375) {
player.powers.craft = {
type: 'normal',
strength: 'max',
rarity: 1,
};
player.version = 1.9365234375;
}
if (player.version < 1.9375) {
player.powers.lastData = {
lowRarity: false,
type: 'normal'
}
player.version = 1.9375;
}
if (player.version < 1.9384765625) {
delete player.powers.craft.strength;
player.version = 1.9384765625;
}
if (player.version < 1.939453125) {
player.powers.autoSort = {
active: false,
stored: false
}
player.options.exportDisplay = false;
player.version = 1.939453125;
}
if (player.version < 1.9404296875) {
player.oracle = {
unlocked: false,
time: 256,
timeSimulated: 256,
complexityPoints: new Decimal(0),
complexityPointGain: new Decimal(0),
used: false,
alert: false,
powerDisplay: true,
powers: []
};
player.complexityAutobuyers = [
true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true,
true, true, true
];
player.version = 1.9404296875;
}
if (player.version < 1.940673828125 || !player.firstTwelveStudyPurchaseOrder) {
player.firstTwelveStudyPurchaseOrder = player.studies.slice(0, 12).map(
(x, i) => x ? i + 1 : 0).filter(x => x);
player.version = Math.max(player.version, 1.940673828125);
}
if (player.version < 1.94091796875 || !player.isTabVisible) {
player.isTabVisible = {
'infinity-challenges': false,
'eternity-producer': false,
'eternity-challenges': false,
'chroma': false,
'powers': false,
'oracle': false,
'galaxies': false,
};
player.version = Math.max(player.version, 1.94091796875);
}
if (player.version < 1.94140625) {
player.finalityPoints = new Decimal(0);
player.totalFinalityShards = 0;
player.respecFinalityShards = false;
player.finalities = 0;
player.finalityStars = new Decimal(1);
player.finalityGenerators = initialFinalityGenerators();
player.highestFinalityGenerator = 0;
player.finalityShardUpgrades = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
player.finalityShardUpgradePresets = [];
player.complexityAutobuyers = player.complexityAutobuyers.concat([true, true, true, true]);
player.goals = [
false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false
];
if (player.sacrificeMultiplier !== '1') {
player.goals[0] = true;
}
if (player.prestigePower !== '1') {
player.goals[1] = true;
}
// This works for numbers, strings (that can be converted to Decimal), and Decimals.
// It also works for undefined, but it should never need to.
// Why each of these things is relevant: infinities and complexities will both be numbers,
// and eternities will be a Decimal if they weren't in the save before (default value)
// and a string if they were (we haven't converted the save yet).
let isPositive = function (x) {
return Decimal.gt(x, 0);
}
// Is this remotely worth the optimization of not recalculating stuff? Probably not.
// Note that finalities were added right at this time so there was no need to check for them.
let posData = {
'infinities': isPositive(player.infinities),
'eternities': isPositive(player.eternities),
'complexities': isPositive(player.complexities)
};
if (posData.infinities || posData.eternities || posData.complexities) {
// We don't technically know that the player has done all these things but it's a fair guess.
player.goals[0] = true;
player.goals[1] = true;
player.goals[2] = true;
}
if (posData.eternities || posData.complexities) {
player.goals[5] = true;
}
if (posData.complexities) {
player.goals[10] = true;
}
player.displayAllGoals = false;
player.stats.totalStarsProducedThisFinality = player.stats.totalStarsProduced;
player.stats.totalInfinityStarsProducedThisFinality = player.stats.totalInfinityStarsProduced;
player.stats.totalEternityStarsProducedThisFinality = player.stats.totalEternityStarsProduced;
player.stats.totalComplexityStarsProducedThisFinality = player.stats.totalComplexityStarsProduced;
delete player.stats.totalInfinityStarsProduced;
delete player.stats.totalEternityStarsProduced;
delete player.stats.totalComplexityStarsProduced;
player.stats.totalCPProducedThisFinality = player.stats.totalCPProduced;
player.stats.totalFPProduced = new Decimal(0);
player.stats.timeSinceFinality = player.stats.timeSinceGameStart;
player.stats.fastestFinality = Math.pow(2, 256);
player.stats.lastTenFinalities = initialLastTenFinalities();
player.version = 1.94140625;
}
if (player.version < 1.9423828125) {
player.galaxies.resetDilatedOnFinality = true;
player.version = 1.9423828125;
}
if (player.version < 1.943359375) {
player.studyListAutoLoad = {
studyList: '',
on: true
};
player.version = 1.943359375;
}
if (player.version < 1.9443359375) {
player.powerListAutoLoad = {
powerList: '',
on: true
};
player.autobuyers.push({isOn: true, mode: 'none', priority: 'none'});
player.version = 1.9443359375;
}
if (player.version < 1.9453125) {
let newList = [];
for (let i of player.firstTwelveStudyPurchaseOrder) {
if (!newList.includes(i)) {
newList.push(i);
}
}
player.firstTwelveStudyPurchaseOrder = newList;
player.version = 1.9453125;
}
if (player.version < 1.9462890625) {
player.tabOptions = {
'main': true,
'infinity': true,
'challenges': true,
'autobuyers': true,
'infinity-challenges': true,
'goals': true,
'statistics': true,
'options': true,
'eternity': true,
'eternity-milestones': true,
'studies': true,
'eternity-producer': true,
'eternity-challenges': true,
'chroma': true,
'complexity': true,
'complexity-challenges': true,
'complexity-achievements': true,
'powers': true,
'oracle': true,
'galaxies': true,
'finality': true,
'finality-shards': true,
'finality-milestones': true,
};
player.version = 1.9462890625;
}
if (player.version < 1.947265625) {
player.complexityChallengeLastCompletion = [[-1, -1], [-1, -1], [-1, -1], [-1, -1], [-1, -1], [-1, -1]],
player.version = 1.947265625;
}
if (player.version < 1.9482421875) {
player.oracle.complexityChallengeCompletions = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
player.oracle.originalComplexityChallengeCompletions = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
player.version = 1.9482421875;
}
if (player.version < 1.94921875) {
player.areNewlyUnlockedAutobuyersOn = true;
player.version = 1.94921875;
}
if (player.version < 1.9501953125) {
player.powers.initialSeed = player.powers.seed;
player.version = 1.9501953125;
}
if (player.version < 1.951171875) {
player.chroma.displayAmount = 0;
player.oracle.powerFutureExtraMultipliers = true;
player.version = 1.951171875;
}
if (player.version < 1.9521484375) {
delete player.powers.autoSort;
player.oracle.extraMultipliers = {
normal: 1,
infinity: 1,
eternity: 1,
complexity: 1
};
player.version = 1.9521484375;
}
if (player.version < 1.953125) {
player.stats.lastResetsToShow = 10;
player.version = 1.953125;
}
if (player.version < 1.9541015625) {
if (player.complexities < 12 && player.finalities === 0) {
player.autobuyers[14].isOn = false;
}
player.version = 1.9541015625;
}
if (player.version < 1.955078125) {
player.challengeRestartOnCompletion = false;
player.version = 1.955078125;
}
if (player.version < 1.9560546875) {
player.options.fitToWidth = true;
player.version = 1.9560546875;
}
if (player.version < 1.95703125) {
player.isDivVisible = {
'prestige': false,
'infinity': false,
'boost-power': false,
'softcap': false,
'hardcap': false,
};
player.version = 1.95703125;
}
if (player.version < 1.9580078125) {
player.oracle.ticks = 1024;
player.oracle.ticksSimulated = 1024;
player.oracle.finalities = 0;
player.oracle.originalFinalities = 0;
player.oracle.finalityShards = 0;
player.oracle.originalFinalityShards = 0;
player.version = 1.9580078125;
}
if (player.version < 1.958984375) {
if (!player.powers.unlocked) {
player.powers.lastData.next = 'none';
}
player.version = 1.958984375;
}
if (player.version < 1.9599609375) {
player.options.theme = 'Dark';
player.version = 1.9599609375;
}
if (player.version < 1.9609375) {
player.options.largerCheckboxes = false;
player.version = 1.9609375;
}
if (player.version < 1.9619140625) {
player.tabOptions['last-ten-runs'] = true;
player.stats.lastRunsToShow = player.stats.lastResetsToShow;
delete player.stats.lastResetsToShow;
player.stats.lastRunTypesToShow = {
infinity: true,
eternity: true,
complexity: true,
finality: true
};
player.viewAllGenerators = false;
player.version = 1.9619140625;
}
if (player.version < 1.962890625) {
player.options.offlineTicks = 1024;
player.version = 1.962890625;
}
if (player.version < 1.9638671875) {
player.options.timeDisplay = 'Seconds';
player.version = 1.9638671875;
}
if (player.version < 1.96484375) {
player.highestBoostsBoughtThisEternity = player.boost.bought;
player.version = 1.96484375;
}
if (player.version < 1.965820312) {
player.confirmations = {
sacrifice: true,
prestige: true,
infinity: true,
eternity: true,
complexity: true,
finality: true,
};
player.version = 1.965820312;
}
if (player.version < 1.966796875) {
player.confirmations.complexityReset = true;
player.version = 1.966796875
}
if (player.version < 1.9677734375) {
player.complexityChallengeTimeSpent = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
player.version = 1.9677734375;
}
if (player.version < 1.96875) {
player.confirmations.studiesRespec = true;
player.confirmations.eternityChallengeRespec = true;
player.confirmations.powersRespec = true;
player.confirmations.finalityShardUpgradesRespec = true;
player.version = 1.96875;
}
if (player.version < 1.9697265625) {
player.oracle.originalGalaxies = 0;
player.oracle.galaxies = 0;
player.version = 1.9697265625;
}
if (player.version < 1.970703125) {
player.studyMode = 'Buy';
player.confirmations.singleStudyRefund = true;
player.powers.powerDeactivationMode = 'Confirmation';
player.version = 1.970703125;
}
if (player.version < 1.9716796875) {
player.options.resetColors = true;
player.options.tabColors = true;
player.version = 1.9716796875;
}
if (player.version < 1.97265625) {
player.disableAutobuyersWhenStarting = {
challenge: false,
infinityChallenge: false,
};
player.version = 1.97265625;
}
if (player.version < 1.9736328125) {
player.options.theme = {
background: player.options.theme,
buttonColor: 'Vibrant',
completionGradients: 'Default'
}
player.version = 1.9736328125;
}
if (player.version < 1.974609375) {
player.studyDisplayCostWhenBought = false;
player.version = 1.974609375;
}
if (player.version < 1.9755859375) {
player.stats.bestStarsThisSacrifice = player.stars;
player.stats.bestStarsThisPrestige = player.stars;
player.stats.bestStarsThisInfinity = player.stars;
player.version = 1.9755859375;
}
if (player.version < 1.9765625) {
player.options.viewAllGenerators = player.viewAllGenerators;
delete player.viewAllGenerators;
player.options.viewGeneratorsWhenStarsAtLimit = false;
player.studySettings = {
firstTwelveStudyPurchaseOrder: player.firstTwelveStudyPurchaseOrder,
respecStudies: player.respecStudies,
studyMode: player.studyMode,
studyDisplayCostWhenBought: player.studyDisplayCostWhenBought,
boughtTheoremsThisComplexity: player.boughtTheoremsThisComplexity,
rebuyAfterComplexityChallenge6: true,
studiesBeforeLastRespec: initialStudies(),
},
delete player.firstTwelveStudyPurchaseOrder;
delete player.respecStudies
delete player.studyMode;
delete player.studyDisplayCostWhenBought;
delete player.boughtTheoremsThisComplexity;
player.version = 1.9765625;
}
if (player.version < 1.9775390625) {
player.oracle.powerGainInPredictions = 'Same';
player.version = 1.9775390625;
}
if (player.version < 1.978515625) {
player.options.viewAllGenerators = true;
player.version = 1.978515625;
}
if (player.version < 1.9794921875) {
player.stats.timeSinceExport = 0;
player.options.exportNotificationFrequency = Math.pow(2, 16);
player.tabPresets = [];
player.version = 1.9794921875;
}
if (player.version < 1.98046875) {
player.studySettings.showPresetExplanation = false;
player.version = 1.98046875;
}
if (player.version < 1.9814453125) {
player.stats.timeSinceIPGainWasAmount = 0;
player.stats.timeSinceEPGainWasAmount = 0;
player.stats.timeSinceCPGainWasAmount = 0;
player.stats.timeSinceIPGainWasTotal = 0;
player.stats.timeSinceEPGainWasTotal = 0;
player.stats.timeSinceCPGainWasTotal = 0;
player.version = 1.9814453125;
}
if (player.version < 1.982421875) {
player.studySettings.presetRespecStudies = false;
player.powers.presetRespec = false;
player.presetRespecFinalityShards = false;
player.version = 1.982421875;
}
if (player.version < 1.9833984375) {
player.lastPresetIndices = [0, 0, 0, 0];
player.options.presetHighlightColors = false;
player.version = 1.9833984375;
}
if (player.version < 1.984375) {
player.options.showGeneratorAndBoostAutobuyers = true;
player.version = 1.984375;
}
if (player.version < 1.9853515625) {
player.options.headerSettings = {
showCurrentChallenges: true,
showNextCCCompletion: true,
showResetButtonsForHiddenTabs: true,
};
player.options.optionTypeShown = 'saving';
player.version = 1.9853515625;
}
if (player.version < 1.986328125) {
player.stats.timeSinceSacrificePossible = 0;
player.stats.timeSincePrestigePossible = 0;
player.version = 1.986328125;
}
if (player.version < 1.9873046875) {
player.oracle.powerShards = 0;
player.oracle.originalPowerShards = 0;
player.version = 1.9873046875;
}
if (player.version < 1.98828125) {
// New saves get -1 for this. 0 is slightly less likely to lead to bug reports, I think.
player.complexityChallengeLastCompletion = player.complexityChallengeLastCompletion.map(i => i.concat([0]));
player.oracle.activePowers = [];
player.version = 1.98828125;
}
if (player.version < 1.9892578125) {
player.oracle.showWaitsFromPastTime = true;
player.version = 1.9892578125;
}
if (player.version < 1.990234375) {
// Note that player.options.viewAllGenerators.normal is true by default,
// and is intended to be true by default.
player.options.viewAllGenerators = {
normal: player.options.viewAllGenerators,
infinity: false,
eternity: false,
complexity: false,
finality: false,
};
player.version = 1.990234375;
}
if (player.version < 1.9912109375) {
player.complexityChallengeLastCompletion = player.complexityChallengeLastCompletion.map(i => [i[0], i[2]]);
player.version = 1.9912109375;
}
if (player.version < 1.9931640625) {
player.options.showFullOptions = {
studies: false,
powers: false,
finality: false,
};
player.version = 1.9931640625;
}
if (player.version < 1.994140625) {
player.confirmations.presetChange = true;
player.confirmations.presetDeletion = true;
player.version = 1.994140625;
}
if (player.version < 1.9951171875) {
player.stats.timeSinceOraclePrediction = 0;
player.version = 1.9951171875;
}
if (player.version < 1.99609375) {
player.infinityChallengeRestartOnCompletion = false;
player.eternityMilestonesEnabled = player.eternityMilestonesOn;
delete player.eternityMilestonesOn;
player.complexityAchievementsEnabled = [true, true];
player.version = 1.99609375;
}
if (player.version < 2) {
player.complexityAchievementsEnabled.pop();
player.oracle.isPredicting = false;
player.tabOptions.achievements = true;
for (let x of player.tabPresets) {
x.tabs = 'ac,' + ((x.tabs[0] === 'a') ? ('au' + x.tabs.slice(1)) : x.tabs);
}
// Assume that the player has done some EC out of order
// if they've done an EC apart from the first EC at all.
player.achievements = {
table: [
[false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false],
[false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false],
[false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false],
[false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false],
[false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false],
[false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false],
[false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false],
[false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false],
],
beyondHighest: 2,
active: true,
notifications: true
};
// Add some achievement migrations. (This isn't complete but hopefully it's good enough.)
if (player.sacrificeMultiplier !== '1') {
player.achievements.table[1][0] = true;
}
if (player.prestigePower !== '1') {
player.achievements.table[1][4] = true;
}
// Search for either isPositive or posData above to see more information about them.
let isPositive = function (x) {
return Decimal.gt(x, 0);
}
// At this point, the player may have finalities.
let posData = {
'infinities': isPositive(player.infinities),
'eternities': isPositive(player.eternities),
'complexities': isPositive(player.complexities),
'finalities': isPositive(player.finalities)
};
if (posData.infinities || posData.eternities || posData.complexities || posData.finalities) {
// We don't technically know that the player has done all these things but it's a fair guess.
player.achievements.table[1][0] = true;
player.achievements.table[1][4] = true;
player.achievements.table[1][7] = true;
}
if (posData.eternities || posData.complexities || posData.finalities) {
player.achievements.table[3][3] = true;
}
if (posData.complexities || posData.finalities) {
player.achievements.table[5][4] = true;
}
if (posData.finalities) {
player.achievements.table[7][3] = true;
}
if (player.stats.fastestEternity <= 3600) {
player.achievements.table[3][4] = true;
}
if (player.stats.fastestComplexity <= Math.pow(2, 16)) {
player.achievements.table[5][5] = true;
}
if (player.stats.fastestFinality <= Math.pow(2, 16)) {
player.achievements.table[7][4] = true;
}
if (new Decimal(player.stats.totalStarsProduced).gt(Decimal.pow(2, 1024).times(Decimal.pow(2, 64)))) {
player.achievements.table[2][3] = true;
}
if (new Decimal(player.stats.totalStarsProduced).gt(Decimal.pow(9, Math.pow(9, 9)).times(Decimal.pow(2, 64)))) {
player.achievements.table[5][1] = true;
}
player.stats.sacrificesThisInfinity = 0;
player.version = 2;
}
if (player.version < 2.015625) {
player.confirmations.permanence = true;
player.achievements.showFullyFarRows = true;
player.achievements.showCompletedRows = true;
player.version = 2.015625;
}
if (player.version < 2.01953125) {
if (Decimal.lte(4, player.eternities) && Decimal.lte(player.eternities, 6)) {
alert('Eternity milestones 4 and 6 have been swapped (view the eternity milestones tab for more information). ' +
'You may want to change your sacrifice autobuyer to not constantly sacrifice.');
}
player.version = 2.01953125;
}
if (player.version < 2.03125) {
player.chroma.timeForChromaValue = 0.875;
player.chroma.timeForChromaMode = 'fraction of chroma cap';
player.version = 2.03125;
}
if (player.version < 2.046875) {
// We don't have any better guess.
player.stats.onlineTimeSinceGameStart = player.stats.timeSinceGameStart;
player.version = 2.046875;
}
if (player.version < 2.05078125) {
player.isComplexityChallengeExplanationMovedDown = false;
player.version = 2.05078125;
}
if (player.version < 2.0625) {
player.powers.equipped = player.powers.active;
player.powers.powerUnequipMode = player.powers.powerDeactivationMode;
player.oracle.equippedPowers = player.oracle.activePowers;
delete player.powers.active;
delete player.powers.powerDeactivationMode;
delete player.oracle.activePowers;
player.version = 2.0625;
}
if (player.version < 2.078125) {
player.galaxies.resetNextDilatedOnFinality = player.galaxies.resetDilatedOnFinality;
player.galaxies.nextDilatedMode = (player.galaxies.nextDilated >= 0) ? 'Amount' : 'All but amount';
player.galaxies.nextDilatedAmount = Math.abs(player.galaxies.nextDilated);
delete player.galaxies.nextDilated;
delete player.galaxies.resetDilatedOnFinality;
player.version = 2.078125;
}
if (player.version < 2.08203125) {
player.options.complexityChallengeRunningColors = false;
player.version = 2.08203125;
}
if (player.version < 2.0859375) {
player.achievements.requirementDescriptions = true;
player.version = 2.0859375;
}
if (player.version < 2.08984375) {
player.stats.hasSeenPowerWarningMessage = false;
// This might be confusing for one tick but since dilated galaxies
// can't go down, it's not that bad, if indeed it's bad at all.
player.galaxies.undilated = 0;
player.version = 2.08984375;
}
if (player.version < 2.09375) {
if (player.currentTab === 'challenges') {
player.currentTab = 'normal-challenges';
}
player.tabOptions['normal-challenges'] = player.tabOptions.challenges;
delete player.tabOptions.challenges;
for (let i of player.tabPresets) {
i.tabs = i.tabs.split(',').map(j => j === 'cha' ? 'ncha' : j).join(',');
}
player.version = 2.09375;
}
if (player.version < 2.09765625) {
player.isEternityMilestoneExplanationMovedDown = false;
player.version = 2.09765625;
}
if (player.version < 2.0986328125) {
// These two probably shouldn't be the same but coming up
// with a good value requires computing the chroma cap.
// If the player switches, they won't be surprised to see
// the same value, but when they switch back they'll
// happily see the old value.
player.chroma.timeForChromaValue = {
amount: player.chroma.timeForChromaValue,
capFraction: player.chroma.timeForChromaValue,
}
player.version = 2.0986328125;
}
if (player.version < 2.099609375) {
player.options.theme.edgeGradients = 'Default';
player.version = 2.099609375;
}
if (player.version < 2.1015625) {
for (let i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
delete player.autobuyers[i].priority;
}
player.version = 2.1015625;
}
if (player.version < 2.1025390625) {
player.confirmations.powerDeletionMode = player.powers.powerDeletionMode;
player.confirmations.powerUnequipMode = player.powers.powerUnequipMode;
player.confirmations.powersUnequip = player.confirmations.powersRespec;
delete player.powers.powerDeletionMode;
delete player.powers.powerUnequipMode;
delete player.confirmations.powersRespec;
player.version = 2.1025390625;
}
if (player.version < 2.103515625) {
player.options.notifications = {
achievements: player.achievements.notifications,
complexityAchievements: true
};
delete player.achievements.notifications;
player.version = 2.103515625;
}
// player.powers.presetRespec previously wasn't kept properly on finality,
// so we fix it with a new version.
if (player.version < 2.1044921875) {
player.powers.presetRespec = !!player.powers.presetRespec;
player.version = 2.1044921875;
}
if (player.version < 2.10546875) {
player.options.buttonOutlines = false;
player.version = 2.10546875;
}
if (player.version < 2.1064453125) {
player.options.buttonOutlines = player.options.buttonOutlines ? 'Cyan' : 'None';
player.version = 2.1064453125;
}
if (player.version < 2.107421875) {
player.stats.timeSinceLastPeakLogIPPerSec = Math.pow(2, 256);
player.stats.timeSinceLastPeakLogEPPerSec = Math.pow(2, 256);
player.stats.timeSinceLastPeakLogCPPerSec = Math.pow(2, 256);
player.stats.peakLogIPPerSec = 0;
player.stats.peakLogEPPerSec = 0;
player.stats.peakLogCPPerSec = 0;
player.version = 2.107421875;
}
if (player.version < 2.1083984375) {
player.options.notifications.saveLoad = true;
player.version = 2.1083984375;
}
if (player.version < 2.109375) {
player.stats.hasSeenPowerWarningMessage = player.stats.hasSeenPowerWarningMessage ? {'offline progress': true} : {};
player.version = 2.109375;
}
if (player.version < 2.1103515625) {
player.options.lowerPrecision = 3;
player.options.higherPrecision = 5;
player.version = 2.1103515625;
}
if (player.version < 2.111328125) {
if (player.options.notation === 'Cancer') {
player.options.notation = 'Emoji';
}
player.version = 2.111328125;
}
if (player.version < 2.1123046875) {
// These will be set to true after one tick if they should be true.
player.isDivVisible.boosts = false;
player.isDivVisible.sacrifice = false;
player.version = 2.1123046875;
}
if (player.version < 2.11328125) {
player.options.autobuyers = {
areNewlyUnlockedAutobuyersOn: player.areNewlyUnlockedAutobuyersOn,
disableAutobuyersWhenStarting: player.disableAutobuyersWhenStarting,
showGeneratorAndBoostAutobuyers: player.options.showGeneratorAndBoostAutobuyers,
suspendAutobuyers: true
};
delete player.areNewlyUnlockedAutobuyersOn;
delete player.disableAutobuyersWhenStarting;
delete player.options.showGeneratorAndBoostAutobuyers;
player.version = 2.11328125;
}
if (player.version < 2.1171875) {
// Adding a whole 1 / 256 because as player experience goes this is a fairly big change.
player.options.maxAllMode = 'Normal generators and boosts';
player.version = 2.1171875;
}
if (player.version < 2.1181640625) {
player.options.showAllTabs = false;
player.version = 2.1181640625;
}
if (player.version < 2.119140625) {
player.options.showAllTabs = false;
player.version = 2.119140625;
}
},
convertSaveToDecimal() {
player.stars = new Decimal(player.stars);
player.infinityStars = new Decimal(player.infinityStars);
player.eternityStars = new Decimal(player.eternityStars);
player.complexityStars = new Decimal(player.complexityStars);
player.finalityStars = new Decimal(player.finalityStars);
player.infinityPoints = new Decimal(player.infinityPoints);
player.eternityPoints = new Decimal(player.eternityPoints);
player.complexityPoints = new Decimal(player.complexityPoints);
player.finalityPoints = new Decimal(player.finalityPoints);
player.sacrificeMultiplier = new Decimal(player.sacrificeMultiplier);
player.prestigePower = new Decimal(player.prestigePower);
for (let i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
player.generators[i].amount = new Decimal(player.generators[i].amount);
player.infinityGenerators[i].amount = new Decimal(player.infinityGenerators[i].amount);
player.eternityGenerators[i].amount = new Decimal(player.eternityGenerators[i].amount);
player.complexityGenerators[i].amount = new Decimal(player.complexityGenerators[i].amount);
player.finalityGenerators[i].amount = new Decimal(player.finalityGenerators[i].amount);
}
player.eternities = new Decimal(player.eternities);
player.permanence = new Decimal(player.permanence);
player.stats.lastPermanenceGain = new Decimal(player.stats.lastPermanenceGain);
player.stats.bestStarsThisSacrifice = new Decimal(player.stats.bestStarsThisSacrifice);
player.stats.bestStarsThisPrestige = new Decimal(player.stats.bestStarsThisPrestige);
player.stats.bestStarsThisInfinity = new Decimal(player.stats.bestStarsThisInfinity);
player.stats.totalStarsProduced = new Decimal(player.stats.totalStarsProduced);
player.stats.totalStarsProducedThisEternity = new Decimal(player.stats.totalStarsProducedThisEternity);
player.stats.totalStarsProducedThisComplexity = new Decimal(player.stats.totalStarsProducedThisComplexity);
player.stats.totalStarsProducedThisFinality = new Decimal(player.stats.totalStarsProducedThisFinality);
player.stats.totalIPProduced = new Decimal(player.stats.totalIPProduced);
player.stats.totalIPProducedThisEternity = new Decimal(player.stats.totalIPProducedThisEternity);
player.stats.totalInfinityStarsProducedThisFinality = new Decimal(player.stats.totalInfinityStarsProducedThisFinality);
player.stats.totalEPProduced = new Decimal(player.stats.totalEPProduced);
player.stats.totalEPProducedThisComplexity = new Decimal(player.stats.totalEPProducedThisComplexity);
player.stats.totalEternitiesProducedThisComplexity = new Decimal(player.stats.totalEternitiesProducedThisComplexity);
player.stats.totalEternityStarsProducedThisFinality = new Decimal(player.stats.totalEternityStarsProducedThisFinality);
player.stats.totalCPProduced = new Decimal(player.stats.totalCPProduced);
player.stats.totalCPProducedThisFinality = new Decimal(player.stats.totalCPProducedThisFinality);
player.stats.totalComplexityStarsProducedThisFinality = new Decimal(player.stats.totalComplexityStarsProducedThisFinality);
player.stats.totalFPProduced = new Decimal(player.stats.totalFPProduced);
player.stats.peakIPPerSec = new Decimal(player.stats.peakIPPerSec);
player.stats.peakEPPerSec = new Decimal(player.stats.peakEPPerSec);
player.stats.peakCPPerSec = new Decimal(player.stats.peakCPPerSec);
for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (player.stats.lastTenInfinities[i] !== -1) {
player.stats.lastTenInfinities[i][1] = new Decimal(player.stats.lastTenInfinities[i][1]);
player.stats.lastTenInfinities[i][2] = new Decimal(player.stats.lastTenInfinities[i][2]);
}
if (player.stats.lastTenEternities[i] !== -1) {
player.stats.lastTenEternities[i][1] = new Decimal(player.stats.lastTenEternities[i][1]);
player.stats.lastTenEternities[i][2] = new Decimal(player.stats.lastTenEternities[i][2]);
}
if (player.stats.lastTenComplexities[i] !== -1) {
player.stats.lastTenComplexities[i][1] = new Decimal(player.stats.lastTenComplexities[i][1]);
player.stats.lastTenComplexities[i][2] = new Decimal(player.stats.lastTenComplexities[i][2]);
}
if (player.stats.lastTenFinalities[i] !== -1) {
// There's no missing line here. Finalities are just stored slightly differently.
player.stats.lastTenFinalities[i][1] = new Decimal(player.stats.lastTenFinalities[i][1]);
}
}
for (let i = 9; i < 15; i++) {
player.autobuyers[i].priority = new Decimal(player.autobuyers[i].priority);
}
player.oracle.complexityPoints = new Decimal(player.oracle.complexityPoints);
player.oracle.complexityPointGain = new Decimal(player.oracle.complexityPointGain);
},
doLastFixes(originalVersion) {
if (originalVersion < 2.078125) {
player.galaxies.dilated = Math.floor(Math.min(Galaxy.amount(), Math.max(0, player.galaxies.dilated)));
}
},
loadGameStorage (callback) {
if (!localStorage.getItem('fe000000-save')) {
// The save doesn't exist.
this.resetGame();
// It worked, I guess?
callback(true);
} else {
try {
// We're loading from storage, player.options.offlineProgress isn't set yet.
this.loadGame(localStorage.getItem('fe000000-save'), null, null, false, () => callback(true));
} catch (ex) {
console.log('Error while loading game, please report this.', ex);
alert('There was an error while loading the game, please report this. ' +
'If the game seems broken, export your save (and reset if you want). ' +
'More detail on error: ' + ex.toString() + ', stack: ' + ex.stack.toString());
callback(false);
}
}
},
loadGamePrompt() {
try {
let save = prompt('Enter your save:');
if (save && !(/^\s+$/.test(save))) {
if (this.h(save) === 715689180736) {
Options.toggleShowAllTabs();
return;
}
let issue = this.quickLoadIssueCheck(save);
if (issue) {
alert('The save you entered does not seem to be valid. ' + issue);
} else {
// This needs a callback to reset time since export and notify that the save was loaded'
// (we only want to notify after loading in case something goes wrong).
// The Options.offlineTicks() here means we'll always use at least the pre-load
// number of offline ticks (we don't need this parameter when, for example,
// opening the game in a new window, because then we don't have any potentially different
// number of offline progress ticks, but when loading from prompt we have a number
// from the pre-load save and a number from the save being loaded).
this.loadGame(save, Options.offlineProgress(), Options.offlineTicks(), false, function () {
// If the player is loading a save from a prompt, we assume that the loaded save
// is itself an export, and thus reset the export timer.
player.stats.timeSinceExport = 0;
// Also notify that the save was loaded successfully.
Notifications.notify('Loaded save!', 'saveLoad');
});
}
} else if (save !== null) {
alert('The save you entered appears to be empty.');
}
} catch(ex) {
alert('The save you entered does not seem to be valid. The error was ' + ex);
}
},
exportGame(buttonIndex) {
if (blocked && !confirm('Time is currently being simulated. Exploits are possible by ' +
'exporting while time is being simulated and then loading the resulting save. ' +
'If you want to use those exploits, it\'s your choice, but those exploits ' +
'are not intended in normal play. Are you sure you want to export?')) {
return;
}
player.stats.timeSinceExport = 0;
this.saveGame(false, false);
// How can this happen? Well, it can happen if something went wrong.
let loading = document.getElementById('loading').style.display === '';
if (loading) {
document.getElementById('loading').style.display = 'none';
document.getElementById('main').style.display = '';
}
let output = document.getElementById('export-output');
let parent = output.parentElement;
parent.style.display = '';
output.value = this.encode(player);
output.select();
let copyWorked;
try {
document.execCommand('copy');
copyWorked = true;
} catch(ex) {
alert('Copying to clipboard failed.');
// I guess we don't need this explicitly but it seems nice
// for showing intent.
copyWorked = false;
}
if (loading) {
document.getElementById('loading').style.display = '';
document.getElementById('main').style.display = 'none';
}
if (!player.options.exportDisplay) {
parent.style.display = 'none';
document.getElementsByClassName('export-button')[buttonIndex].focus();
}
if (copyWorked) {
Notifications.notify('Exported save!', 'saveLoad');
}
},
reseedInitialPlayer() {
// This should only be called right after resetting the game,
// or otherwise using initialPlayer if it's later used elsewhere.
initialSeed = RNG.createSeed();
initialPlayer.powers.seed = initialSeed;
initialPlayer.powers.initialSeed = initialSeed;
},
resetGame() {
// The first false here sets Date.now() to when the game was reset
// rather than when the window was loaded.
// The null says we have no special setting for offline ticks.
// The second false confirms that this isn't the oracle.
this.loadGame(this.encode(initialPlayer), false, null, false, () => this.reseedInitialPlayer());
},
resetGameWithConfirmation() {
if (confirm('Do you really want to reset the game? You will lose all your progress, and get no benefit.')) {
this.resetGame();
Notifications.notify('Game has been reset!', 'saveLoad');
}
}
}
| 35,652 |
US-1901043645-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,901 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,443 | 1,822 |
Mail-box.
No. 684,004. v Patented Oct. 8, 10m.
v w. 0. STEVENSON & F. H. H000.
MAIL BOX.
(Application filed Jan. 17, 1901.
(No Model'.)
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
WILLIAM G. STEVENSON AND FRED H. HOOD, OF MORENOI, MICHIGAN.
sPncImcATIoNrorming part of Letters Patent No. 684,004, dated October s, 1901. Application tiled January 17, 1901- Serial No. 43,645. (No model.)
To all whom it may concern:
I Be it known that We, WILLIAM G. STEVEN- SON and FRED H. HOOD, citizens of the United States, residing at Morenci, in the county of Lenawee and State of Michigan, have invented a new and useful MaihBox, of which the following is a Specification.
The invention relates to improvements in mail-boxes.
The object of the present invention is to improve the construction of mail-boxes and to provide a simple, inexpensive, and eflicient one designed for private and Government use and adapted to receive all kinds of mailinatter at any time without unlocking it and capable of effectually preventing the same from being surreptitiously removed without breaking it or the look.
A further object of the invention is to enable letters to be conveniently held in position for removal by a letter-carrier for mailing when the mail-box is employed for private use.
The invention consists in the construction and novel combination and arrangement of parts hereinafter fully described, illustrated in the accompanying drawings, and pointed out in the claims hereto appended.
In the drawings, Figure 1 is a perspective View of a letter-box constructed in accordance with this invention and shown open. Fig. 2 is a vertical sectional view of the same, the letter-box being closed. Fig. 3 is a detail view of the clamp.
Like numerals of reference designate corresponding parts in all the figures of the drawings.
1 designates the body of a letter or mail box, which may be constructed of any desired material, and the said body 1 is composed of a bottom, front, and rear walls 2 and 3 and end walls 4., which have segmental extensions 5 at their tops for supporting a curved lid or cover 6. The curved lid or cover 6 is hinged at its rear edge at 7 to the upper edge of the rear wall of the body of the box, and it is provided with curved end flanges 8, located beyond the ends of the body and adapted to fit on the exterior of the same when the lid is closed. The curved lid carries a tray 8, consisting of a bottom plate 9 and end plates or walls 10, suitably connected The tray is suitcompanying drawings the bottom of the tray is arranged in nearly the same horizontal plane as the upper edge of the front of the body and is adapted to receive the letters or other matter to be deposited in the box.
The upper support or plate 11 is provided with a spring-clamp 12, consisting of an approximately U-shaped loop, provided at its ends with coils and suitably secured to the support. This U-shaped loop or frame is adapted to clamp letters or other matter on the upper face of the support or plate to hold such matter thereon to enable it to be readily removed by a letter-carrier. The loop or frame, which is reduced at its front or outer portion, is adapted to prevent letters and other matter from dropping into the body of the box when the lid is closed, and its front portion is bent upward from the support or plate 11 to enable it to be readily grasped and also to enable letters and other matter to be readily introduced beneath it. The ends of the tray are provided with curved edges 13, and the curve of the edges 13 forms a portion of a circle, of which the pintle of the hinge of the lid or cover is the center, and the body of the mail-box is provided at the inner face of its front Wall with a guard 14, consisting of a curved upright portion and horizontal connecting portions 15 and 16, located at the top and bottom of the guard and suitably connected with the front wall; but the guard may also be connected with the end walls, if desired. The curved guard is arranged on the same curve as the edges of the ends of the tray, and it extends inward from the front Wall and is adapted to close the space between the same and the tray when the lid orcover is raised to prevent the hand of a person from being introduced into the body of the mail-box.
The curved guard extends the entire length of the body of the mail-box, and the bottom of the tray is prevented from swinging'up- Ward beyond the guard by means of a chain ICO 17, secured at its upper end to the lid and pro' vided at its lower end with a link 18, forming a hasp and adapted to be arranged on a staple 19, fastened to the body of the box, and to be secured'thereto by a padlock 20, as clearly illustrated in Fig. 1. Any other suitable means may be employed for limiting the movement of the lid, and the chain may be duplicated to arrange such a flexible connection at both ends of the letter-box.
The mail-box may be provided at its back with suitable flanges for enabling it to be readily secured to a suitable support, or it may be mounted on the latter in any desired manner.
It will be seen that the mail-box is exceedingly simple and inexpensive in construction, that it is adapted both for Government and private use, and that it will eifectually prevent its contents from being surreptitiously removed without breaking it or the lock. It will also be apparent that letters and other matter placed on the bottom of the tray will be discharged into the lowerportion of the body of the box when the lid is closed, that the clamping device on the upper support or plate "is adapted to hold mail-mat Ier and prevent the same from falling into the body of the box, and that it will enable such matter to be readily removed by a letter-carrier. Vheu it is desired to remove the contents of the mail-box, the padlock is untastened and the lid is swung backward to carry the tray out of the body of the mailbox. It will also be seen that mail can be deposited at any time without unlocking the box, and when the latter is employed forprivate use the'letter-carrier does not require a key, the locking and unlocking of the box being under the control of the owner, who may furnishany kind of a padlock.
Having thus fully described our invention, what we claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is- I 1. A device of the class described comprising a body, a lid hinged to the body at the back of the same and adapted to swing entirely open to afford access to the interior of the body, means for limiting the movement of the lid to prevent the same from being enthe lid and provided with end walls having curved edges, and a guard mounted on the body at the innerface of the front wall of the same and presenting an inner concave face to the said curved edges and provided with upper and lower portions secured to the said body, substantially as described.
3. A device of the class described comprising a body, a hinged lid, a tray secured to and carried by the lid, and providedwith upper and lower supports, and a clamp mounted on the upper support and arranged to hold mail-matter, substantially as described.
4. A device of-the class described comprising a body, a hinged lid, a tray carried by the lid and consisting of end walls and upper and lower supports connecting the end Walls, and a guard mounted 'on the body at thefront thereof, substantially as described.
5. A device of the class described comprising a body provided atits end walls withsegmental extensions, a curved lid having end flanges, a tray comprising end walls having curved edges, and upper and lower plates or supports connecting the end walls, and a guard arranged within thebody and consist ing of a curved body portion and upper and lower portions connected with the front of the body, substantially as described.
In testimony that we claim the foregoing as our own we have hereto aftixed our signatures in the presence of two witnesses.
WILLIAM G. STEVENSON. FRED H. HOOD. \Vitnesses:
O. A. WILSON, O. E. WAKEFIELD.
| 29,274 |
https://openalex.org/W3193124576_21
|
Spanish-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,021 |
La figura de Caín en el teatro del Siglo de Oro. Edición y estudio de "El primer condenado", comedia atribuida a Felipe Godínez
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 3,798 | 9,082 |
MACHADO, A. (1989), Antonio Machado: Poesía y Prosa, en Macrì, O. (ed.), vol. II,
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J. A. M. (eds.), La Biblia en el teatro español, Pontevedra, Academia del
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⸺⸻ (2014), Los triunfos de san Miguel, en Martínez López, M. (ed.), Vigo,
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~ 419 ~
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Exocomets Size Distribution In The β Pictoris Planetary System
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English
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Spoken
| 8,032 | 14,880 |
Matthew Kenworthy
University of Leiden Flavien Kiefer
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7095, Sorbonne Université
Sylvestre Lacour
LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université
Anne-Marie Lagrange
LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université
Nadège Meunier
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG
Alfred Vidal-Madjar
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS Exocomets Size Distribution In The β Pictoris
Planetary System Guillaume Hébrard
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS Eder Martioli
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS Marc Duquesnoy
LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Universite PSL Matthew Kenworthy
University of Leiden ABSTRACT The star β Pictoris harbors a young planetary system, which is characterized by the presence of a gaseous and dusty debris
disk1–6, at least two massive planets7–10 and many minor bodies. For more than thirty years, exocomets transiting the star
have been detected using spectroscopy, probing the gaseous part of the cometary comas and tails11–15. The detection of the dusty component of the tails can be performed through photometric observations of the transits16–19. Since 2018, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite20 has observed β Pic for a total of 156 days. Here we report an analysis
of the TESS photometric data set with the identification of a total of 30 transits of exocomets. Our statistical analysis shows
that the number of transiting exocomet events (N) as a function of the absorption depth (AD) in the light curve follows a power
law in the form dN(AD) ∝AD−α, where α = 2.3±0.4. This distribution of absorption depth leads to a differential comet size
distribution proportional to R−γ, where γ = 3.6±0.8, showing a striking similarity to the size distribution of comets in the Solar
system and the distribution of a collisionally relaxed population (γD = 3.5). The star β Pictoris harbors a young planetary system, which is characterized by the presence of a gaseous and dusty debris
disk1–6, at least two massive planets7–10 and many minor bodies. For more than thirty years, exocomets transiting the star
have been detected using spectroscopy, probing the gaseous part of the cometary comas and tails11–15. Introduction Since the mid-1980’s, spectroscopic observations of the bright southern star β Pictoris, or β Pic, have revealed variations in the
calcium H and K lines, which have been interpreted as the transit of the gaseous tails of exocomets11–14. Using data obtained
by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS20) between October 2018 and February 2019, three photometric events
were discovered19 and interpreted as due to the transit of the dust component of exocomets. In support of this interpretation, the
observed light curves are almost identical to the predictions made twenty years earlier16,17. Since 2019, β Pic has been re-observed by TESS. Here we present the analysis of the complete data set gathered up to
February 2021 in order to perform a deep search for exocomet transits and determine the size distribution of the β Pic comets to
be compared with the distribution observed in the Solar system. Keywords: License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Alain Lecavelier des Etangs1,*, Lucie Cros1,2, Guillaume H´ebrard1,3, Eder Martioli1,4,
Marc Duquesnoy5, Matthew Kenworthy6, Flavien Kiefer1,5, Sylvestre Lacour5,
Anne-Marie Lagrange5, Nad`ege Meunier7, and Alfred Vidal-Madjar1 Alain Lecavelier des Etangs1,*, Lucie Cros1,2, Guillaume H´ebrard1,3, Eder Martioli1,4,
Marc Duquesnoy5, Matthew Kenworthy6, Flavien Kiefer1,5, Sylvestre Lacour5,
Anne-Marie Lagrange5, Nad`ege Meunier7, and Alfred Vidal-Madjar1 Alain Lecavelier des Etangs1,*, Lucie Cros1,2, Guillaume H´ebrard1,3, Eder Martioli1,4,
Marc Duquesnoy5, Matthew Kenworthy6, Flavien Kiefer1,5, Sylvestre Lacour5,
Anne-Marie Lagrange5, Nad`ege Meunier7, and Alfred Vidal-Madjar1 1Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7095, Sorbonne Universit´e, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
2Ecole nationale sup´erieure des mines de Paris, Mines ParisTech, 60 boulevard Saint-Michel, 75272 Paris, France
3Observatoire de Haute-Provence, St Michel l’Observatoire, France
4L b
t´ i
N
i
l d
A t
f´ i
R
E t d
U id
154 37504 364 It j b´
MG B
il Search for exocomet transits After the cleaning process of the δ Scuti variations and other slower variations (see Method), we end up with a 156 days light
curve clearly showing some dips, which are similar to what is expected for exocomet transits (Extended Data Fig. 4). To make
sure that the observed dips in the β Pic light curve are real and not noise residuals nor artifacts due to the reduction process, we
downloaded the TESS observations of the nearby star α Pic and applied the same procedure to remove the δ Scuti and slower
variations. The observations of α Pic provide an excellent data-set to test our procedure because α Pic is in the same region
of the sky as β Pic (and has hence overlapping TESS observations epochs), it has the same spectral type (A8V versus A5V
for β Pic), and similar magnitude (3.3 versus 3.85 for β Pic). Thus, α Pic is almost a nearby stellar twin of β Pic except for
the presence of the young planetary system. α Pic has already been successfully used as a reference star for analysis of β Pic
observations21. We first compare α Pic and β Pic by visual inspection of plots. The light curve of α Pic shows noisy excursions from
the mean value both in the positive and negative deviations with the same pattern. The light curve of β Pic also shows noisy
excursions in the positive direction that are similar to the ones observed in the light curve of α Pic, but noisy excursions that are
more pronounced and more frequent in the negative direction. The latest are typical signatures of small, transiting objects with
extended dust tails. We characterize this excess of transit-like features in the light curve of β Pic and identify the corresponding individual
events. To do so, we calculated the correlation of the light curves with a simple model of an exocomet transit photometric
event, assuming a 1D transit of a translucent dust cloud with an exponential decrease of the optical thickness from the head of
the comet. Search for exocomet transits This model has only four parameters : K, the cloud optical thickness at the leading head, ∆t, the transit duration
corresponding to the time needed to cover the chord length of the stellar disk at the transit velocity, β, the speed of the transit of
one scale length of the cometary tail (the inverse of the scale length of the cometary tail divided by the transit velocity), and
finally t0, the time of the beginning of the transit. With this model of the transit of the exocometary tail, the corresponding
decrease in relative flux at the time t is given by ∆F/F (t) = K ×(exp(−∆)−exp(−∆′)), where ∆= β(t −t0) if t ≥t0, ∆= 0
if t ≤t0, and ∆′ = β(t −t0 −∆t) if t ≥t0 +∆t, and ∆′ = 0 if t ≤t0 +∆t. We calculated the correlation of this 1D-model with the observed light curves of β Pic and α Pic by varying the value of
the transit time t0 and using various plausible values for the ∆t and β parameters characterizing the shapes of the exocomet
transit light curves. We used β from 2 to 20 days−1 and ∆t from 0.15 to 0.5 days, corresponding to periastron distances ranging
from about 0.08 to 0.85 au. The value of K in the model can be arbitrarily chosen because it only changes the amplitude of the
light variations, hence it has no consequence in the position of the correlation maximum nor on the identification of exocomet
transits events. In the case of β Pic the correlation reaches large positive values for some of the values of t0. This behaviour is not observed
with the α Pic light curve, showing that the photometric variations with cometary transit shapes are specific to β Pic. We check
the negative values of the correlation of the model with the β Pic light curve itself, and found that they are much less numerous
and significantly smaller than the positive values. This confirms that the light curve of β Pic shows photometric variations with
decrease of the star brightness that are typical of the transits of exocomets and the absence of variations with increase of the
star brightness with similar shape and amplitude. We interpret the correlation peaks as the signatures of potential exocomet
transits. Search for exocomet transits We keep only the peaks with correlation values that are higher than the maximum value obtained with the α Pic data
and the maximum negative value with the β Pic data. This is our conservative criterion to consider the observed variations as a
detection of an exocomet transit. We identified a total of 30 significant detections of exocomet transit events. This confirms the ubiquity of comets in that
young planetary system. The light curves of these detected exocomet transits are plotted in Extended Data Fig. 4. Their
characteristics and the parameters of the best fits with the 1-D model are given in Extended Data Table 2. TESS observations β Pictoris has been observed by TESS at 2-minute cadence several times from October 2018 to February 2021. The available
data-set covers a total of 156 days of observations in the optical domain, divided into 14 epochs of about 12 days each. The raw
data shows a flux dispersion of about 10−3, which is mainly due to δ Scuti pulsations in the stellar atmosphere. The data from 19 October 2018 to 1 February 2019 have already been analysed19. Three photometric events have been
identified and attributed to the transits of three different exocomets, with one spectacular transit at Julian Day (JD) equals to
(2457000+1486). In addition to these pioneering observations, β Pic has been observed from 20 November 2020 to 8 February 2021. We
downloaded the whole data set from the TESS database at MAST for the observations of Sectors 4 to 7 and Sectors 31 to 34
(Extended Data Table 1). Comparison with Solar system comets The size distribution of the nucleus of Solar system comets has been estimated for various locations. The size distribution of the
Jupiter family comets and Oort cloud comets are found to be similar but not exactly the same. For the Oort cloud, the size distribution has been estimated using a cometary activity model with a survey simulation and
application to 150 long-period comets (LPC) detected over 7 years by the Pan-STARRS1 near-Earth object survey24. For
objects with diameters above 1 km, the distribution is found to be γ = 3.6 ± 0.4 (stat.) ±0.7 (sys.), which is in remarkable
agreement with our value for β Pic exocomets. For smaller long-period comets, a shallower distribution is found with γ = 0.35
for diameters between 100 m and 1 km (ref.24). Note that in practice, in a similar manner as we have used the transit absorption
depth as a proxy for the size estimate of the β Pic comets, the above estimates for the Oort cloud comets have been obtained
using the absolute H magnitudes of the nuclei as the proxy for their size. For the β Pic exocomets, the comparison may be more appropriate with the size distribution of the comets in the Jupiter
family, which originates from the Kuiper Belt. In ref.25 a catalog of absolute nuclear magnitudes of Jupiter family comets (JFC)
has been used to derive a size distribution and to find γ = 3.7±0.3 for nuclei with radius between 2 and 5.5 kilometers (see
Fig. 8 of ref.25). More recent works have provided a shallower distribution : analyzing a large number of optical observations,
ref.26 found a lower value with γ = 2.9±0.2 for nuclei with radius larger than 1.25 kilometers, and γ = 1.2 for smaller objects. This last result is consistent with the result described in ref.27, where images of Jupiter family comets obtained with the Hubble
space telescope and the Keck telescopes have been analyzed. With a model fit to the observations, it is concluded that the
intrinsic size distribution of comets in the Jupiter family is consistent with a γ = 3.5 power-law but truncated at small nucleus
radii below 2.0 kilometers. In ref.28 a similar distribution is obtained with γ = 2.9 for radius between 2 and 5 kilometers,
interpreting the distribution shallower than the canonical Dohnanyi’s size distribution γD = 3.5 (ref.23) as due to fragmentation
of the JFC objects. Distribution of exocomet sizes 2), we used the cometary radii estimated following the derivation described in the
Method section. The conclusion on the similarity of the size distributions in β Pic and the Solar system is independent of these
absolute size estimates. Nonetheless, it is remarkable that not only the distribution but also the sizes of the β Pic comets nuclei
are found to be similar to sizes of the Solar system comets. Distribution of exocomet sizes The modeling of the exocomet transit light curves shows that the transit absorption depth, AD, is directly proportional to ˙M, the
dust evaporation rate from the comet nucleus16 . If we assume that the dust production rate is proportional to the comet nucleus
area (i.e., ref.22), we have a production rate ˙M proportional to the squared of the nucleus radius R. Finally, with AD proportional
to R2, we find that the differential number of exocomets as a function of the nucleus size is given by dN(R) ∝R−γdR, with
γ = 2α −1. With the fit to the observed distribution of the absorption depths, we conclude that the differential distribution of the
exocomet size must follow a power law with an index γ = 3.6±0.8. This distribution is notably similar to the size distribution
of comets in the Solar system (Fig. 2) and the distribution predicted in ref.23 for a collisionally relaxed population (γD = 3.5). For the plot of the size distribution (Fig. 2), we used the cometary radii estimated following the derivation described in the
Method section. The conclusion on the similarity of the size distributions in β Pic and the Solar system is independent of these With the fit to the observed distribution of the absorption depths, we conclude that the differential distribution of the
exocomet size must follow a power law with an index γ = 3.6±0.8. This distribution is notably similar to the size distribution
of comets in the Solar system (Fig. 2) and the distribution predicted in ref.23 for a collisionally relaxed population (γD = 3.5). exocomet size must follow a power law with an index γ = 3.6±0.8. This distribution is notably similar to the size distribution
of comets in the Solar system (Fig. 2) and the distribution predicted in ref.23 for a collisionally relaxed population (γD = 3.5). For the plot of the size distribution (Fig. 2), we used the cometary radii estimated following the derivation described in the
Method section. The conclusion on the similarity of the size distributions in β Pic and the Solar system is independent of these
absolute size estimates. Nonetheless, it is remarkable that not only the distribution but also the sizes of the β Pic comets nuclei
are found to be similar to sizes of the Solar system comets. For the plot of the size distribution (Fig. Distribution of absorption depths p
p
Our detection of 30 photometric transits of exocomets allows a statistical analysis of their properties. Here we call "absorption
depth", noted AD, the decrease in relative flux at the minimum of a transit light curve. The numerical value of the absorption
depth is estimated from the best fit with the 1-D model with AD = K(1−exp(−β∆t)). A plot of the events frequency as a
function of the absorption depth shows that there is a steep decrease of the number of events toward the larger absorption depths
(Fig. 1). The differential number of transiting exocomet events (dN) detected with an observation of duration δt as a function
of the absorption depth can be fitted by a power law in the form dN(AD) = N0 ·(AD/10−4)−α ·(δt/100days)·(dAD/10−4). Considering 29 events detected in 156 days of observations, that is all the 30 events except the deepest one (see below), we find
that α = 2.3±0.4 and N0 = 33+16
−11, where the uncertainties have been evaluated using a Poisson distribution for the number of
events in each bin of width dAD = 1.5·10−4. 2/15 The deepest transit event of Julian Day JD=2457000+1486 looks exceptional with an absorption depth of about 20×10−4. This event could be produced by a member of another family of exocomets than the one which produces the 29 other shallower
events, as we know from spectroscopic transit observations the presence of several families of β Pic comets14. Nonetheless,
with the distribution derived above, the expected number of events with absorption depths in the range [10-20]×10−4 in
a 156 days observation is 1.2+0.6
−0.4. Even in the range [15-20]×10−4 the expected number of detections in 156 days is
0.38+0.19
−0.12, corresponding to a probability of 26% to have one single event in this range as observed. Therefore the event
of JD=2457000+1486 can simply be a normal event, only the deepest, within the same distribution of the other 29 events. Nonetheless, to remain conservative, this deepest event is not taken into account in the derivation of the distribution of absorption
depths and exocomets sizes. Discussion The measured absorption depth distribution is the result of the distribution of several parameters for each individual comet, e.g.,
the orbital parameters, cometary activity, size, etc. Here we assumed that the absorption depth distribution is mainly dominated
by the distribution of the exocomet intrinsic dust production rate and hence their size. In other terms, although other parameters
play a role for each individual comet, their diversities are expected to have a lower impact on the observed transit absorption
depth than the size. In support of that idea, in spectroscopy it is observed that the β Pic transiting comets present similar orbital
characteristics, which allows the classification in two different families14. With similar orbits, different transiting exocomets
have different dust tails mainly because of different dust production rate, and hence because of different size nuclei. The observed distribution of exocomets in the young planetary system of β Pic is strikingly similar to the distribution
observed in the Solar system. This distribution seems to be ubiquitous and is also consistent with the canonical Dohnanyi’s size
distribution23 (γD = 3.5), which corresponds to the size distribution of a collisionally relaxed population (see discussion in
ref.31). This indicates that the collisional process with fragmentation cascades is likely one of the dominant processes that
shape the population of kilometer-sized bodies in the β Pic planetary systems. 0
5
10
15
20
Absorption depth (10
-4 )
0
5
10
15
20
Number per bin
Figure 1. Histogram of the number of exocomet transit events as a function of the absorption depth. The red line shows
the fit with a power law function with α = 2.3±0.4. The uncertainty on the fitted parameters of the power law function have
been evaluated using a Poisson distribution for the number of events in each bin of width dAD = 1.5·10−4. The red squares
represents the number of expected events in each bin as calculated with the fitted power law. 0
5
10
15
20
Absorption depth (10
-4 )
0
5
10
15
20
Number per bin Figure 1. Histogram of the number of exocomet transit events as a function of the absorption depth. The red line shows
the fit with a power law function with α = 2.3±0.4. Comparison with Solar system comets In ref.29 the measured γ = 3.3±0.2 for Jupiter family comets of radius between 2 and 10 kilometers is to
be compared to the γ = 2.0±0.1 for long-period comets between 1 and 20 kilometers in radius. Finally, in the Solar system the size distribution of extinct or dormant comets can be determined through the population of
asteroids in comet orbits (ACO). For these objects, ref.30 found γ = 3.55±0.04 for the full sample with radius between 2.8 and
7 kilometers, γ = 3.2±0.04 for near Earth objects (NEO) with radius down to 1.4 kilometers and γ = 3.45±0.04 for non-near
Earth objects (non-NEO) with radius between 2.8 and 7 kilometers. Taken all together these estimates for the Solar system comets are in general agreement with the value that we obtained
for the β Pic comets, with some slightly shallower distributions in some cases (Fig. 2). This points toward the importance of
collisional fragmentation in shaping the size distribution of the exocomets in the younger β Pic planetary system. 3/15 Discussion The uncertainty on the fitted parameters of the power law function have
been evaluated using a Poisson distribution for the number of events in each bin of width dAD = 1.5·10−4. The red squares
represents the number of expected events in each bin as calculated with the fitted power law. 4/15 T06 (JFC)
S11 (JFC)
B17 (LPC)
B17 (JFC)
A06 (ACO)
A06 (NEO)
A06 (non-NEO)
F13 (JFC)
B19 (LPC)
Solar system
This work
b Pic exocomets
Fit
1
10
Radius R (km)
1
10
Cumulative N(>R)
Figure 2. Plot of the cumulative size distribution of the exocomets in β Pic. The cumulative size distribution is plotted
with blue squares for each exocomet and the corresponding fit excluding the largest comet is plotted with the red thick line. For
comparison, published size distributions measured in the Solar system are plotted with thin dashed lines for asteroids in comets
orbits (ACO), on near Earth orbits (NEO) and non-near Earth orbits (non-NEO) (A06, ref.30), Jupiter family comets (JFC)
(T06, ref.25 ; S11, ref.26 ; F13, ref.28 ; B17, ref.29), and long-period comets (LPC) (B17, ref.29 ; B19, ref.24). In this plot, the
size distributions for the objects in the Solar system have been scaled to have a cumulative number of about 10 objects with
radius above 2 kilometers. The radii of the β Pic comets have been estimated using the derivation described in the Method section. The conclusion on the
similarity of the size distributions in β Pic and the Solar system is independent of these estimates. . T06 (JFC)
S11 (JFC)
B17 (LPC)
B17 (JFC)
A06 (ACO)
A06 (NEO)
A06 (non-NEO)
F13 (JFC)
B19 (LPC)
Solar system
This work
b Pic exocomets
Fit
1
10
Radius R (km)
1
10
Cumulative N(>R) Radius R (km) Figure 2. Plot of the cumulative size distribution of the exocomets in β Pic. The cumulative size distribution is plotted
with blue squares for each exocomet and the corresponding fit excluding the largest comet is plotted with the red thick line. For
comparison, published size distributions measured in the Solar system are plotted with thin dashed lines for asteroids in comets
orbits (ACO), on near Earth orbits (NEO) and non-near Earth orbits (non-NEO) (A06, ref.30), Jupiter family comets (JFC)
(T06, ref.25 ; S11, ref.26 ; F13, ref.28 ; B17, ref.29), and long-period comets (LPC) (B17, ref.29 ; B19, ref.24). Cleaning the light curves
The δ Scuti variations β Pictoris is prone to δ Scuti type photometric variations32–34. These variations have a dominant frequency of 47.44 d−1
(corresponding to a period of about 0.5 hours), with an amplitude of up to 4×10−3 (Extended Data Fig. 1). These variations
are superimposed on the searched signal and must be corrected before looking for exocomet transit signatures. β Pictoris is prone to δ Scuti type photometric variations32–34. These variations have a dominant frequency of 47.44 d−1
(corresponding to a period of about 0.5 hours), with an amplitude of up to 4×10−3 (Extended Data Fig. 1). These variations
are superimposed on the searched signal and must be corrected before looking for exocomet transit signatures. Each of the 14 epochs of continuous observations (Extended Data Table 1) have been reduced separately ; for each of
them we extracted the set of frequencies and amplitudes of the pulsations using the Period04 software as previously done in
ref.19. The Period04 software performs a Fourier transform on the data, giving the frequencies, amplitude, phase and signal
to noise ratio of each harmonic in the time series. We conducted the frequency search between 15 and 100 day−1, to avoid
removing slow variations that might be caused by a cometary transit. For each iteration of the software, the highest-amplitude
frequency within the search range is selected, and added to a multi-sine model. This model is then optimized over amplitude
and frequency of each harmonic, then removed from the original signal. For each iteration, the software computes the signal to
noise ratio of the main remaining frequencies. The exit condition of the loop was chosen when the main frequency’s signal to
noise ratio went under 4. We considered that below this limit, all that is left is noise. The process has been applied for each of the 14 blocks of continuous observations, leading to an average number of
43 different pulsations for each block. After identifying all these pulsations, we subtracted them from the photometric
measurements. The resulting residuals were then rebinned from an initial time sampling of 120 seconds to a time sampling of
1800 seconds. To validate the result, we checked that the three exocomet transits already identified in ref.19 are clearly visible in the data
set cleaned from the δ Scuti variations by this procedure (Extended Data Fig. 2). The data are clean enough that new potential
exocomet transits are suspected from the resulting light curve. Remaining slow variations After removal of the δ Scuti variations, the resulting light curve still shows slow variations. These variations can have various
origins (residuals of the δ Scuti variations that were not properly eliminated, systematic correlated noise, instrumental effects,
etc.). Whatever the origin of these slow variations, astrophysical or instrumental, they need to be cleaned before searching for
exocomet transits. To do so, for each epoch of continuous observations we searched for a smooth function modelling these
variations. First we rebinned the time series at a 1-day-long interval, in order to "protect" the shorter dimmings (such as comets),
excluded the 1-day measurements where the deepest exocometary transits are already clearly identified (by using the detection
procedure described in the main text), then we interpolated a function with a cubic spline to model the generic form of the time
series. Finally, we normalized our time series with this model. The result is a flattened light curve, which can be directly used
to search for shallow dip events due to exocomet transits. The procedure is illustrated in Extended Data Fig. 3 where a potential
second shallower exocomet transit closely follows another deep exocomet transit event. Discussion In this plot, the
size distributions for the objects in the Solar system have been scaled to have a cumulative number of about 10 objects with
radius above 2 kilometers. Figure 2. Plot of the cumulative size distribution of the exocomets in β Pic. The cumulative size distribution is plotted
with blue squares for each exocomet and the corresponding fit excluding the largest comet is plotted with the red thick line. For
comparison, published size distributions measured in the Solar system are plotted with thin dashed lines for asteroids in comets
orbits (ACO), on near Earth orbits (NEO) and non-near Earth orbits (non-NEO) (A06, ref.30), Jupiter family comets (JFC)
(T06, ref.25 ; S11, ref.26 ; F13, ref.28 ; B17, ref.29), and long-period comets (LPC) (B17, ref.29 ; B19, ref.24). In this plot, the
size distributions for the objects in the Solar system have been scaled to have a cumulative number of about 10 objects with
radius above 2 kilometers. The radii of the β Pic comets have been estimated using the derivation described in the Method section The conclusion on the The radii of the β Pic comets have been estimated using the derivation described in the Method section. The conclusion on the
similarity of the size distributions in β Pic and the Solar system is independent of these estimates. 5/15 Comet’s nuclei radius With a β Pic luminosity of 8.7L⊙, we
find
/ R ≃7.2km
˙
M1au
106 kgs−1
1/2
. R ≃7.2km
˙
M1au
106 kgs−1
1/2
. All together, we conclude that the radius of the β Pic comets nuclei can be estimated using the photometric transit absorption
depth with
q R ≃1.5km
q
AD/10−4. R ≃1.5km
q
AD/10−4. Using this relationship, we derive a size of 1.5 km for the smallest detected comets (AD ≃10−4), and 6.7 km for the largest
comet (AD ≃20·10−4). These sizes are remarkably similar to the sizes of comets in the Solar system. References 1. Smith, B. A. & Terrile, R. J. A Circumstellar Disk around β Pictoris. Science 226, 1421–1424, DOI: 10.1126/science.226. 4681.1421 (1984). 2. Vidal-Madjar, A., Hobbs, L. M., Ferlet, R., Gry, C. & Albert, C. E. The circumstellar gas cloud around Beta Pictoris. II. Astron. Astrophys. 167, 325–332 (1986). 2. Vidal-Madjar, A., Hobbs, L. M., Ferlet, R., Gry, C. & Albert, C. E. The circumstellar gas cloud around Beta Pictoris. II. Astron. Astrophys. 167, 325–332 (1986). 3. Kalas, P., Larwood, J., Smith, B. A. & Schultz, A. Rings in the Planetesimal Disk of β Pictoris. Astrophys. J. Lett. 530,
L133–L137, DOI: 10.1086/312494 (2000). astro-ph/0001222. 3. Kalas, P., Larwood, J., Smith, B. A. & Schultz, A. Rings in the Planetesimal Disk of β Pictoris. Astrophys. J. Lett. 530,
L133–L137, DOI: 10.1086/312494 (2000). astro-ph/0001222. 4. Roberge, A., Feldman, P. D., Weinberger, A. J., Deleuil, M. & Bouret, J.-C. Stabilization of the disk around βPictoris by
extremely carbon-rich gas. Nature 441, 724–726, DOI: 10.1038/nature04832 (2006). astro-ph/0604412. 5. Apai, D. et al. The Inner Disk Structure, Disk-Planet Interactions, and Temporal Evolution in the β Pictoris System:
A Two-epoch HST/STIS Coronagraphic Study. Astrophys. J. 800, 136, DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/800/2/136 (2015). 1501.03181. 6. Brandeker, A. et al. Herschel detects oxygen in the β Pictoris debris disk. Astron. Astrophys. 591, A27, DOI: 10.1051/
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host star. Nat. Astron. 2, 883–886, DOI: 10.1038/s41550-018-0561-6 (2018). 1808.06257. 9. Lagrange, A. M. et al. Evidence for an additional planet in the β Pictoris system. Nat. Astron. 3, 1135–1142, DOI:
10.1038/s41550-019-0857-1 (2019). 10. Lacour, S. et al. The mass of Beta Pictoris c from Beta Pictoris b orbital motion. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2109.10671 (2021). 2109.10671. 11. Ferlet, R., Hobbs, L. M. & Vidal-Madjar, A. The beta Pictoris circumstellar disk. V. Time variations of the Ca II-K line. Astron. Astrophys. 185, 267–270 (1987). 12. Beust, H., Lagrange-Henri, A. M., Vidal-Madjar, A. & Ferlet, R. The beta Pictoris circumstellar disk. X. Numerical
simulations of infalling evaporating bodies. Astron. Astrophys. 236, 202 (1990). 13. Vidal-Madjar, A. et al. HST-GHRS observations of β Pictoris: additional evidence for infalling comets. Astron. Astrophys. 290, 245–258 (1994). 14. Comet’s nuclei radius The conclusion on the size distribution given in the main text does not require to estimate the true size of the comet’s nuclei. It only relies on the assumption that the absorption depth is a good proxy for the dust production rate, which is supported
by numerical simulations of exocomets light curves17, and that the production rate is proportional to the area of the comet’s
nucleus, which is consistent with Solar system comets’ models and observations. Nonetheless, using these simulations and Solar system observations, we can make a step further and derive the typical sizes
of the comets detected in the β Pic TESS light curve. From a newly calculated library of exocomet transit light curves similar
to the one of ref.17, we derive a typical scaling law for the absorption depth AD, which is AD ≃5·10−5
˙
M1au
105kgs−1
q
1au
−1/2 M∗
M⊙
, where
˙
M1au is the dust production rate of the comet when it is at 1 au from the star, q is the orbital periastron distance and M∗is
the mass of the star. This estimate is valid over a wide range of the longitude of perisastron of the comet’s orbit, ω. The periastron distance of the detected comets can be estimated using the transit time ∆t. We have ∆t = Lchord/vtransit,
where the mean chord length is Lchord = πR∗/2 and the transit velocity is vtransit =
p
GM∗/2q(cosω +1) ∼
p
GM∗/q. With a
β Pic radius of R∗= 1.7R⊙(ref.35) and a mass of M∗= 1.75M⊙, we find ∆t ≃13(
p
q/1au) hours. The best fits values of ∆t
correspond to distances ranging from 0.03 to 1.3 au, in good agreement for the distances expected for the comet evaporation. The mean value of the estimated periastron distances is about 0.18 au. Using this mean distance, we obtain the following 6/15 relationship for the observed absorption depth and the dust production rate : AD ≃2·10−4
˙
M1au
105kgs−1
. Finally, the relation between the evaporation rate and the comet’s nucleus size can be derived by scaling the observation of
the Hale-Bopp comet. Using a radius of about 30 kilometers22,36,37 and a dust production rate of 2·106 kg s−1 at 1 au (ref.22)
for this well-observed dusty comet, we find
˙
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10.1117/1.JATIS.1.1.014003 (2015). 21. Lecavelier des Etangs, A. et al. Observation of the central part of the beta Pictoris disk with an anti-blooming CCD. Astron. Astrophys. 274, 877–882 (1993). 22. Jewitt, D. & Matthews, H. Particulate Mass Loss from Comet Hale-Bopp. Astron. J. 117, 1056–1062, DOI: 10.1086/300743
(1999). 23. Dohnanyi, J. S. Collisional Model of Asteroids and Their Debris. J. Geophys. Res. 74, 2531–2554, DOI: 10.1029/
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comets. Icarus 182, 527–549, DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.01.007 (2006). 26. Snodgrass, C., Fitzsimmons, A., Lowry, S. C. & Weissman, P. The size distribution of Jupiter Family comet nuclei. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 414, 458–469, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18406.x (2011). 1101.4228. 27. Meech, K. J., Hainaut, O. R. & Marsden, B. G. Comet nucleus size distributions from HST and Keck telescopes. Icarus
170, 463–491, DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.03.014 (2004). 28. Fernández, Y. R. et al. Thermal properties, sizes, and size distribution of Jupiter-family cometary nuclei. Icarus 226,
1138–1170, DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2013.07.021 (2013). 1307.6191. 29. Bauer, J. M. et al. Debiasing the NEOWISE Cryogenic Mission Comet Populations. Astron. J. 154, 53, DOI: 10.3847/
1538-3881/aa72df (2017). 30. Alvarez-Candal, A. & Licandro, J. The size distribution of asteroids in cometary orbits and related populations. Astron. Acknowledgements We thank Paul Wiegert for enlightening discussion on the size distribution of comets in the Solar system. This paper includes
data collected with the TESS mission, obtained from the MAST data archive at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Funding for the TESS mission is provided by the NASA Explorer Program. STScI is operated by the Association of Universities
for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5–26555. We thank the TESS Team members for making available
the extremely accurate photometric data they obtained. ALdE, LC, GH, EM, FK, and AVM acknowledge support from the
CNES (Centre national d’études spatiales, France). References Astrophys. 458, 1007–1011, DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20064971 (2006). 31. O’Brien, D. P. & Greenberg, R. The collisional and dynamical evolution of the main-belt and NEA size distributions. Icarus 178, 179–212, DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.04.001 (2005). 32. Koen, C. δ Scuti pulsations in β Pictoris. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 341, 1385–1387, DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003. 06509.x (2003). 33. Mékarnia, D. et al. The δ Scuti pulsations of β Pictoris as observed by ASTEP from Antarctica. Astron. Astrophys. 608,
L6, DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201732121 (2017). 1711.05604. 34. Zwintz, K. et al. Revisiting the pulsational characteristics of the exoplanet host star β Pictoris. Astron. Astrophys. 627,
A28, DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201834744 (2019). 1905.12545. 35. Kervella, P. et al. VINCI/VLTI Observations of Main Sequence Stars. In Dupree, A. K. & Benz, A. O. (eds.) Stars as Suns
: Activity, Evolution and Planets, vol. 219, 80 (2004). astro-ph/0309784. 36. Fernández, Y. R. et al. The Inner Coma and Nucleus of Comet Hale-Bopp: Results from a Stellar Occultation. Icarus 140,
205–220, DOI: 10.1006/icar.1999.6127 (1999). 37. Bair, A. N., Schleicher, D. G. & Farnham, T. The Extremely Active Comet C/Hale-Bopp (1995 O1): Production Rates
from Nearly Five Years of Narrowband Photometry. In AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts #50, vol. 50
of AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts, 210.06 (2018). 8/15 Author contributions statement ALdE initiated and directed the project, analysed the cleaned light curves, interpreted the result and wrote the bulk of the
manuscript. LC analysed the raw TESS data, developed and applied the algorithms, produced the cleaned light curves, extracted
the first list of exocomet transits, participated to the interpretation and wrote parts of the manuscript. GH contributed to the
project design, definition of the scientific goal, the derivation of Fig. 2. and to the writing. EM contributed to the TESS data
extraction and interpretation, and to the writing. MD, AML and NM developed an independent analysis of the data for a
cross-check of the result, extracted a confirmation list of exocomet transits, and participated to the writing. MK, FK, SL and
AVM participated to the definition of the project, scientific interpretation of the results, clarification of the presentation and to
the writing. All authors discussed the scientific result, edited the manuscript and contributed to the final version. Data availability The observational data used in this work are publicly available in the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescope (MAST). The data
in the tables and the final cleaned light curves are publicly available on GitHub at https://github.com/lecaveli/BetaPic_TESS. Competing interests Competing interests
The author declare no competing interests. The author declare no competing interests. 9/15 Extended Data Figures
Extended Data Fig. 1. Sample of TESS photometry of β Pic. The light curve is dominated by δ Scuti variations. The
bottom panel shows the variations over about half a day with a relative amplitude of up to 4×10−3. Extended Data Figures Extended Data Figures Extended Data Fig. 1. Sample of TESS photometry of β Pic. The light curve is dominated by δ Scuti variations. The
bottom panel shows the variations over about half a day with a relative amplitude of up to 4×10−3. 10/15 Extended Data Fig. 2. The β Pic TESS light curve after removing the δ Scuti photometric variations. The plot is for
the same time interval as in Extended Data Fig. 1. Here the photometric dip at Julian Day 2457000+1486 already identified in
ref.19 is clearly visible. Extended Data Fig. 2. The β Pic TESS light curve after removing the δ Scuti photometric variations. The plot is for
the same time interval as in Extended Data Fig. 1. Here the photometric dip at Julian Day 2457000+1486 already identified in
ref.19 is clearly visible. 11/15 Extended Data Fig. 3. Illustration of the process to remove the slow time scale variations. The top panel shows the data
binned with a 1-day interval (red dots) and the cubic spline fitting the rebinned data (red dotted line). The bottom panel shows
the original data (black line) and the final data after correction (red line). Extended Data Fig. 3. Illustration of the process to remove the slow time scale variations. The top panel shows the data
binned with a 1-day interval (red dots) and the cubic spline fitting the rebinned data (red dotted line). The bottom panel shows
the original data (black line) and the final data after correction (red line). Competing interests 12/15 1424.5 1425.0 1425.5
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1425.5
1426.0
1426.5
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1442.0
1442.5
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1454
1455
1456
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1458
1459
1460
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1462.5
1463.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1468
1469
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1474.5
1475.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1476
1477
1478
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1484.0
1484.5
1485.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1486
1488
-20
-10
0
1506.5
1507.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1506.5
1507.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1509.5
1510.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1511
1512
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1511.5
1512.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1516
1517
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2175.5
2176.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2176
2177
2178
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2188
2189
2190
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2189
2190
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2189
2190
2191
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2191.0 2191.5 2192.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2193.0
2194.5
2196.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2202
2203
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2209.5
2211.0
2212.5
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2220
2223
2226
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2229.0
2229.5
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2234.0
2234.5
2235.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2250.5
2251.0
2251.5
-6
-4
-2
0
2
nded Data Fig. 4. β Pic photometric variations at the time of the 30 detected transits of exocomets. The time
is given in units of Julian Day-2457000 and the flux variations in the y-axis are relative to the mean flux and given
of 10−4. The red line represents the best fits with the 1-D model. Competing interests 1458
1459
1460
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2 1476
1477
1478
-6
-4
-2
0
2 1484.0
1484.5
1485.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2 1486
1488
-20
-10
0 1506.5
1507.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2 1511
1512
-6
-4
-2
0
2 1486
1488
1506.5
1507.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2 1509.5
1510.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2 1506.5
1507.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2 2175.5
2176.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2176
2177
2178
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2188
2189
2190
-6
-4
-2
0
2 1511.5
1512.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1516
1517
-6
-4
-2
0
2 2189
2190
-6
-4
-2
0
2 2189
2190
2191
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2191.0 2191.5 2192.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2 2189
2190
2191
-6
-4
-2
0
2 2209.5
2211.0
2212.5
-6
-4
-2
0
2 2220
2223
2226
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2 2234.0
2234.5
2235.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2
2250.5
2251.0
2251. -6
-4
-2
0
2 Extended Data Fig. 4. β Pic photometric variations at the time of the 30 detected transits of exocomets. The time in the
x-axis is given in units of Julian Day-2457000 and the flux variations in the y-axis are relative to the mean flux and given in
units of 10−4. The red line represents the best fits with the 1-D model. 13/15 Extended Data Tables Extended Data Tables Extended Data Table 1. Log of TESS observations. The epochs of the data studied in ref.19 are noted in bold font. Date begin
Date end
(JD-2457000)
(JD-2457000)
1411.0
1418.5
1425.1
1436.1
1438.0
1450.1
1451.6
1463.9
1468.3
1476.9
1478.1
1490.0
1491.6
1503.0
1504.7
1516.0
2174.2
2185.7
2187.2
2200.0
2201.7
2213.8
2215.4
2227.5
2229.1
2240.8
2243.0
2253.0 Extended Data Table 1. Log of TESS observations. The epochs of the data studied in ref.19 are noted in bold font. Extended Data Table 1. Log of TESS observations. The epochs of the data studied in ref.19 are noted in bold font. Table 1. Log of TESS observations. The epochs of the data studied in ref.19 are noted in bold fon 14/15 Extended Data Table 2. List of the detected exocomet transits. The second to the fifth columns give the parameters of the
best fits with the 1-D model. The last column gives the corresponding calculated absorption depths. Extended Data Table 2. List of the detected exocomet transits. The second to the fifth columns give the parameters of the
best fits with the 1-D model. The last column gives the corresponding calculated absorption depths. Extended Data Table 2. List of the detected exocomet transits. The second to the fifth columns gi
best fits with the 1-D model. The last column gives the corresponding calculated absorption depths. Extended Data Tables ID
Time t0
∆t
β
K
Absorption depth
(JD-2457000)
(days)
(days−1)
(10−4)
(10−4)
1
1425.09
0.24
15.44
3.10
3.02
± 0.26
2
1425.90
0.15
22.11
2.17
2.10
± 0.29
3
1442.16
0.18
9.76
4.32
3.56
± 0.20
4
1455.52
0.53
30.00
1.69
1.69
± 0.15
5
1458.80
0.34
5.02
6.93
5.65
± 0.15
6
1462.54
0.15
30.00
1.29
1.27
± 0.27
7
1468.49
0.27
9.85
2.11
1.97
± 0.21
8
1474.58
0.12
16.79
2.02
1.77
± 0.27
9
1476.34
0.28
3.62
5.94
3.76
± 0.18
10
1484.31
0.20
30.00
1.63
1.63
± 0.29
11
1485.72
0.62
2.30
25.91
19.63
± 0.15
12
1506.47
0.10
21.60
1.54
1.36
± 0.30
13
1506.94
0.10
7.59
2.33
1.24
± 0.30
14
1509.64
0.19
9.83
1.71
1.45
± 0.27
15
1510.91
0.10
4.31
4.32
1.51
± 0.30
16
1511.82
0.15
30.00
1.08
1.07
± 0.25
17
1515.57
0.13
2.90
6.46
2.06
± 0.27
18
2175.68
0.14
17.82
1.26
1.15
± 0.31
19
2177.12
0.39
18.45
3.98
3.97
± 0.15
20
2188.26
0.18
3.47
4.15
1.95
± 0.20
21
2189.01
0.14
4.41
3.69
1.71
± 0.25
22
2189.57
0.23
4.47
2.16
1.40
± 0.15
23
2191.55
0.20
9.01
1.78
1.49
± 0.22
24
2193.56
0.34
2.21
7.69
4.09
± 0.15
25
2202.39
0.26
4.45
8.21
5.59
± 0.17
26
2210.66
0.41
3.11
6.10
4.39
± 0.15
27
2220.84
0.31
0.97
30.12
7.78
± 0.15
28
2229.25
0.10
11.22
2.13
1.44
± 0.28
29
2234.40
0.10
30.00
1.57
1.50
± 0.28
30
2250.80
0.22
28.59
1.08
1.08
± 0.31 ID
Time t0
∆t
β
K
Absorption depth
(JD-2457000)
(days)
(days−1)
(10−4)
(10−4)
1
1425.09
0.24
15.44
3.10
3.02
± 0.26
2
1425.90
0.15
22.11
2.17
2.10
± 0.29
3
1442.16
0.18
9.76
4.32
3.56
± 0.20
4
1455.52
0.53
30.00
1.69
1.69
± 0.15
5
1458.80
0.34
5.02
6.93
5.65
± 0.15
6
1462.54
0.15
30.00
1.29
1.27
± 0.27
7
1468.49
0.27
9.85
2.11
1.97
± 0.21
8
1474.58
0.12
16.79
2.02
1.77
± 0.27
9
1476.34
0.28
3.62
5.94
3.76
± 0.18
10
1484.31
0.20
30.00
1.63
1.63
± 0.29
11
1485.72
0.62
2.30
25.91
19.63
± 0.15
12
1506.47
0.10
21.60
1.54
1.36
± 0.30
13
1506.94
0.10
7.59
2.33
1.24
± 0.30
14
1509.64
0.19
9.83
1.71
1.45
± 0.27
15
1510.91
0.10
4.31
4.32
1.51
± 0.30
16
1511.82
0.15
30.00
1.08
1.07
± 0.25
17
1515.57
0.13
2.90
6.46
2.06
± 0.27
18
2175.68
0.14
17.82
1.26
1.15
± 0.31
19
2177.12
0.39
18.45
3.98
3.97
± 0.15
20
2188.26
0.18
3.47
4.15
1.95
± 0.20
21
2189.01
0.14
4.41
3.69
1.71
± 0.25
22
2189.57
0.23
4.47
2.16
1.40
± 0.15
23
2191.55
0.20
9.01
1.78
1.49
± 0.22
24
2193.56
0.34
2.21
7.69
4.09
± 0.15
25
2202.39
0.26
4.45
8.21
5.59
± 0.17
26
2210.66
0.41
3.11
6.10
4.39
± 0.15
27
2220.84
0.31
0.97
30.12
7.78
± 0.15
28
2229.25
0.10
11.22
2.13
1.44
± 0.28
29
2234.40
0.10
30.00
1.57
1.50
± 0.28
30
2250.80
0.22
28.59
1.08
1.08
± 0.31 15/15 Supplementary Files This is a list of supplementary ¦les associated with this preprint. Click to download. FigureS1.tif
FigureS2.tif
FigureS3.tif
FigureS4.tif
TableS1.tif
TableS2.tif FigureS1.tif FigureS2.tif
| 32,715 |
https://github.com/TyrekKamil/Projekt_PRI/blob/master/Menu/Assets/PuzzleGame/Scripts/StartPuzzleTrigger.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Projekt_PRI
|
TyrekKamil
|
C#
|
Code
| 103 | 438 |
using System.Collections;
using UnityEngine;
using UnityEngine.SceneManagement;
using Cinemachine;
public class StartPuzzleTrigger : MonoBehaviour
{
private bool isZoomed = false;
public float smooth = 0.5f;
public GameObject virtCamera;
public Transform zoomingObject;
public GameObject lightPuzzle;
public string puzzleSceneName;
void OnTriggerStay2D(Collider2D col)
{
if (Input.GetKey((KeyCode)System.Enum.Parse(typeof(KeyCode), PlayerPrefs.GetString("ActionButton"))) && !Statics.puzzle[puzzleSceneName])
{
Statics.recentPlayerPosition = GameObject.FindGameObjectsWithTag("Player")[0].transform.position;
Statics.lastSceneId = SceneManager.GetActiveScene().name;
isZoomed = true;
virtCamera.SetActive(false);
Camera.main.transform.position = new Vector3(zoomingObject.position.x, zoomingObject.position.y, Camera.main.transform.position.z);
}
}
void Start()
{
if (Statics.winPuzzle || Statics.puzzle[puzzleSceneName])
{
lightPuzzle.SetActive(false);
}
}
void Update()
{
if (isZoomed)
{
Camera.main.orthographicSize = Camera.main.orthographicSize - Time.deltaTime * smooth;
}
if (isZoomed && Camera.main.orthographicSize < 0.5)
{
isZoomed = false;
SceneManager.LoadScene(puzzleSceneName);
}
}
}
| 33,301 |
bpt6k5804827k_102
|
French-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Pandectes françaises : nouveau répertoire de doctrine, de législation et de jurisprudence. 40 - Marine marchande - mines
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,914 | 12,714 |
1493. — L'étendue du droit d'occupation, et les conditions dans lesquelles il s'exercera, peuvent toujours être réglées par une convention amiable entre les propriétaires intéressés et le concessionnaire : elle doit alors recevoir son application. 1494. — La convention aux termes de laquelle le concessionnaire de la mine se réserve le droit d'occuper, moyennant une indemnité déterminée, certaines parties de la surface, pour le fonçage de puits ou cheminées d'aérage, et pour l'établissement de chemins de fer nécessaires à leur desserte, peut être interprétée en ce sens, qu'elle permet au concessionnaire d'occuper les terrains, aux mêmes conditions, pour prises de remblais, lorsque telle a été l'intention commune des parties. Et, à cet égard, l'appréciation des juges du fond est souveraine. — (Cass., 18 juin 1879, S. 1879. 4. 449, D. P. 1879. 1. 337.) 1495. — C'est à l'autorité administrative seule qu'il appartient, soit d'autoriser les travaux nécessaires à l'exploitation des mines, soit de maintenir ou de faire supprimer les ouvrages faits sans autorisation. En conséquence, les tribunaux ne sont pas compétents pour prononcer la destruction de chaussées pratiquées par les exploitants sur les terrains des propriétaires de fonds environnants. — (Cons. d'Etat, 11 août 1808, Lebon, 1.1, p. 135 ; S. 4846. 2. 389, S.chr., D. A. 40.392. — 3 décembre 4846, précité. — Sic, Prudhomme, Domaine privé, t. 3, n. 798.) 1496. — ... Ni pour ordonner l'enlèvement de matériaux et de déblais extraits d'une mine en exploitation et déposés sur les terrains voisins de l'ouverture. — (Cons. d'Etat, 3 décembre 1846, précité.) 1497. — ... Ni pour connaître des contestations relatives à l'établissement des constructions nécessaires pour l'exploitation des mines, notamment, des patouilles ou lavoirs, et à la hauteur des eaux qui doivent y être employées. — (Cass., 6 mai 1806, D. P. 1806. 2. 601, S. chr., D. A. 10. 393.) 1498. — En un tel cas, les tribunaux ne peuvent statuer sur les demandes en dommages-intérêts formées par les particuliers, qu'après que l'administration a prononcé sur la légitimité du placement des lavoirs. — (Bruxelles, 23 novembre 1814, S. 1812. 2. 2SS, S. chr.) 1499. — L'autorité judiciaire est seule compétente pour déterminer le prix du terrain dont l'acquisition a pu être exigée du concessionnaire, ou les indemnités auxquelles les propriétaires du sol peuvent avoir droit, par suite de l'occupation nécessitée par les travaux postérieurs à la concession. — (Cons. d'Etat, 3 décembre 1846, précité.) 1500. — Jugé encore que c'est devant les tribunaux, et non devant l'autorité administrative, que doivent être portées les oppositions formées par des particuliers aux travaux faits par les concessionnaires d'une mine. — (Cons. 759 pour le règlement, plusieurs hypothèses doivent être envisagées. 1503. — Tout d'abord, une convention amiable peut intervenir entre l'exploitant et le propriétaire superficiel. Il n'y a alors qu'à appliquer le contrat tel qu'il est passé, et les art. 43 et 44 n'ont pas à intervenir. — (Trib. Saint-Etienne, 21 mars 1888, Rev. des mines, 1889, p. 285. — Féraud-Giraud, t. 2, n. 562.) 1504. — Cette convention peut être consentie pour un temps plus ou moins long : rien n'empêche les parties de convenir d'une indemnité fixe, qui ne subira aucune variation correspondant aux variations du produit du sol. 1505. — Lorsqu'il intervient, entre une société minière et un propriétaire, une convention fixant l'indemnité annuelle à payer pour la privation de jouissance, cette convention ne s'applique, comme, du reste, l'art. 43, qu'à des installations provisoires, susceptibles d'être facilement enlevées, et permettant le rétablissement des lieux dans leur ancien état, lors de la cessation de l'occupation. On ne peut considérer comme tels des dépôts considérables de schistes, rendant impossible toute jouissance du propriétaire, et destinés à ne pas être enlevés. En conséquence, est recevable la demande d'acquisition à la double valeur intentée par le propriétaire à la société. — (Trib. Liège, 1er juin 1892, Rev. mines, 1895, p. 178. 1506. — Lorsqu'une convention a déterminé l'indemnité à payer par une société minière pour l'occupation du terrain par des huttes, bâtiments, et travaux nécessaires à l'exploitation, et stipulé que ces bâtiments resteront sa propriété en cas de cessation de l'exploitation, le propriétaire a le droit d'en réclamer l'acquisition à la double valeur, si la société utilise le terrain pour y déposer les résidus de l'exploitation. Cette convention ne s'applique qu'à des travaux temporaires. — (Trib. Liège, 1er juin 1892, précité.) 1507. — Au cas de vente à l'amiable à un concessionnaire de mines, de terrains compris dans le périmètre de sa concession, il peut être convenu que le prix sera porté au double de l'estimation, comme s'il s'agissait d'une vente forcée. — (Cass., 31 mars 1862, S. 1862. 1. 362, D. P. 1862. 1. 242.) 1508. — Dans ce cas, est suffisamment motivé l'arrêt qui, pour rejeter la demande en nullité de cette convention, se fonde uniquement sur ce qu'elle est licite. — (Même arrêt.) 1509. — La convention par laquelle le concessionnaire d'une mine s'est engagé à payer une redevance en nature au propriétaire de la surface, pour l'indemniser du dommage que lui cause l'exploitation, n'est applicable qu'à l'occupation dommageable qui est la conséquence de l'exploitation. Ainsi, la redevance stipulée cesse d'être due, dès que l'extraction a cessé, alors, d'ailleurs, que cette extraction n'a pas été capricieuse, et contraire aux règles d'une bonne exploitation, mais qu'elle a été approuvée par l'autorité administrative; et l'occupation continuée après cette époque, ne peut plus donner lieu à des dommages-intérêts qu'en vertu du droit commun. — (Lyon, 2 décembre 1865, D. P. 1866. 2. 134.) 1510. — Mais, bien que l'extraction ait cessé, la redevance stipulée est due, si la surface a continué d'être, pour divers travaux, et, notamment, pour l'épuisement des eaux, l'objet d'une occupation aussi dommageable. — (Même arrêt.) 1511. — En second lieu, s'il s'agit des travaux prévus par l'art. 44. nouveau de la loi de 1840, c'est-à-dire de canaux et chemins de fer modifiant le relief du sol, dans le périmètre, ou de tous autres travaux accomplis en dehors du périmètre, l'indemnité sera fixée conformément à la loi du 3 mai 1841 : il suffit donc de renvoyer aux explications données suprà, v° Expropriation pour cause d'utilité publique, n. 1220 et s. 1512. — Le cas pour lequel il existe une législation spéciale, est celui de travaux ne modifiant pas le relief du sol, exécutés dans le périmètre concédé : l'art. 43 nouveau de la loi de 1810, fixe alors les règles à suivre : il distingue deux hypothèses : 1° les travaux ne sont que passagers, et permettent la remise en état du sol ; 2° les travaux durent plus d'un an, ou endommagent trop gravement le sol. 1513. — 1° Travaux passagers. — Lorsque l'explorateur autorisé, ou le concessionnaire, exécute des travaux passagers, et que le sol où ils ont eu lieu peut être remis en culture au bout d'un an, comme il l'était auparavant, l'indemnité est fixée au double du produit net du terrain endommagé. 1514. — Il est à remarquer que l'indemnité allouée n'est pas, ici, égale à la réparation du préjudice causé : le propriétaire privé de sa jouissance a droit au double de ce qu'il a perdu. Les motifs de cette prescription ont été ainsi exposés par M. de Girardin dans son rapport au Corps législatif : « Le droit d'occupation accordé au concessionnaire de la mine, est analogue au droit de passage que donne l'art. 682 C. civ. au propriétaire du fonds enclavé. Que si ce dernier ne doit au propriétaire du fonds sur lequel il obtient passage, que la simple indemnité du dommage causé, c'est que le passage pour la culture des terres étant une servitude réciproque, l'équité n'exigeait que cette simple indemnité. Dans l'exploitation des mines, il n'y a pas de réciprocité entre le propriétaire de la surface et le propriétaire de la mine. Il est donc juste de doubler l'indemnité, et même le prix du terrain en cas d'achat. » — (L'œuvre, Législ. des mines, p. 420. — Conf : Bury, t. 1, n.501, p. 314.) 1515. — Au cours des travaux préparatoires de la loi du 27 juillet 1880, ce doublement a été justifié à nouveau en ces termes : « On a voulu conserver intactes les bases de la législation de 1810 : relativement au propriétaire de la surface, l'indemnité au double offre le plus souvent l'avantage d'un règlement facile, reposant à forfait sur une base uniforme. C'est une indemnité rendue large à dessein, qui garantit le propriétaire, forcé de subir une occupation, contre des demandes que la recherche ou l'exploitation des mines ne rendraient pas véritablement nécessaires. — (Journ. off. du 1er février 1879, p. 704.) 1516. — Comme on le verra plus loin (n. 1362 et s.), cette fixation au double ne concerne que l'occupation proprement dite, et non les dommages qui pourraient être causés à la surface par l'exploitation. 1517. — Jugé que le double produit net, ou la double valeur vénale, constituent une indemnité transactionnelle établie par la loi, qui exonère le concessionnaire de la mine, vis-à-vis le propriétaire de la surface, de toutes les conséquences de l'occupation. — (Trib. Béthune, 16 décembre 1897, Rev. mines, 1898, p. 303; Monit. jud. Lyon du 18 février 1898.) 1518. — En conséquence, elle ne peut être augmentée par les tribunaux, sous prétexte que le dommage causé serait plus considérable : la fixation faite par la loi est un véritable forfait, qui ne peut être ni dépassé ni abaissé. — (Dijon, 29 mars 1854, S. 1854. 2. 243, P. 1855. II. 154, D. P. 1854. 2. 143.) 1519. — Les art. 43 et 44 de la loi sur les mines, du 21 avril 1810, confirmés par la loi du 27 juillet 1880, en accordant au propriétaire de la surface une indemnité égale au double de la valeur locative, règlent à forfait toutes les indemnités dues, pour l'occupation du sol, au propriétaire de la surface, que cette occupation soit passagère ou qu'elle se prolonge au-delà d'une année. — (Trib. Niort, 13 mars 1894, Rev. mines, 1894, p. 241. — Poitiers, 12 décembre 1894, Rev. mines, 1895, p. 163; S. 1896. 2. 134, D. P. 1895. 2. 447.) Ainsi, pendant tout le temps de l'exploitation d'une mine, le propriétaire de la surface ne saurait prétendre à une indemnité différente de celle prévue par les articles précités, qu'autant qu'un préjudice résulterait d'une cause étrangère à l'occupation même, comme la suppression d'une source, l'altération des eaux d'un ruisseau par le déversement de liquides nuisibles ou corrompus, la destruction plus ou moins complète de bâtiments ou d'objets appartenant au propriétaire. — (Mêmes décisions.) Par suite, le propriétaire ne peut réclamer le paiement d'une indemnité spéciale, en se fondant uniquement sur la dépréciation que son sol a subie par le seul fait de l'occupation. — (Mêmes décisions.) L'attribution du double du produit net aurait lieu, même si l'occupation n'avait pas duré l'année entière. C'est aux tribunaux qu'il appartient de fixer souverainement le « simple », c'est-à-dire le produit net qui doit être doublé : ils le feront, non pas en envisageant seulement le prix de location, mais surtout en considérant la nature, la qualité, la destination du terrain, en recherchant sa production antérieure, et en le comparant aux terrains similaires de la localité. — (Bury, t. 1. n. 509, p. 317.) Si le terrain était ensemencé au moment où l'occupation a débuté, ou s'il était déjà mis en état de culture, l'exploitant devrait rembourser, non seulement le double du produit net, mais encore, les frais de semence et de culture déjà déboursés. 1525. — Le concessionnaire n'est tenu au double que pour l'étendue qu'il occupe réellement, ou qu'il rend impropre à la culture. — (Dijon, 2 juillet 1874, S. 1878. 2. 134, P. 1875. 570, D. P. 4875. 2. 86. — Cass., 27 janvier 1885, Rev. mines, 1885, p. 443; S. 1886. 1. 61, D. P. 1885. 1. 297.) 1526. — Mais la disposition de l'art. 43 s'applique, non seulement au dommage causé au terrain occupé, mais encore au dommage causé à des terrains non occupés, mais qui est la conséquence directe de cette occupation. — (Cass., 15 mai 1861, S. 1861. 1. 959, D. P. 1861. 1. 329.) 1527. — Il peut arriver que le terrain occupé soit donné à bail par le propriétaire : en pareil cas, c'est lui seul qui a droit à la double indemnité, laquelle constitue une garantie pour le droit de propriété. Si le locataire souffre, de son côté, un dommage, il aura la faculté de demander au propriétaire des dommages-intérêts, ou une diminution du prix de son bail, selon le droit commun. — (Trib. Saint-Etienne, 8 juillet 1891, Rev. mines, 1892, p. 177. — Douai, 18 avril 1898, S. 1900. 2. 85. — Bréchignac et Michel, n. 371; Féraud-Giraud, t. 2, n. 605.) 1528. — Ainsi jugé que quand le propriétaire de terrains occupés par le concessionnaire d'une mine, contraint ce dernier à l'acquisition du sol, l'indemnité au double du produit net et de la valeur du terrain nu comprend toutes les conséquences de sa dépossession, que le propriétaire de la surface cultive par lui-même ou par un locataire. Le locataire dépossédé ne peut, dès lors, exercer, contre le concessionnaire de la mine, aucun recours direct, et n'a d'action que contre le propriétaire, qui doit prélever, sur les indemnités par lui reçues, les sommes suffisantes pour l'indemniser. — (Douai, 29 novembre 1897, Jurispr. Douai, 1898, p. 33; la Loi du 14 juillet 1898.) 1529. — S'il y a constitution d'usufruit, l'usufruitier ayant la jouissance de la chose touchera l'indemnité. — (Bury, t. 1, n. 314; Féraud-Giraud, t. 2, n. 604; Bréchignac et Michel, n. 371.) 1530. — Les indemnités pour privation de jouissance sont payables annuellement : il en résulte qu'elles sont soumises à la prescription de cinq ans de l'art. 2277 C. civ., lorsqu'elles sont fixes et liquides. — (Cass. belge, 5 juillet 1845, Pas. belge, 1845. 1. 417. — Bury, t. 1532. — La loi fixe à une année la durée de l’occupation. Il y a une différence à remarquer avec l’occupation temporaire pour l’exécution de travaux publics, qui est limitée à cinq ans. — V. infra, v° Occupation temporaire, n. 160 et suivants. 1533. — Dès lors que l'occupation a duré plus d'une année, il n'y a pas à rechercher si elle a, ou non, changé la nature du terrain, et si celui-ci est resté propre à la culture : le droit du propriétaire est ouvert, par le seul fait de la promulgation de l'occupation. — (Bruxelles, 23 octobre 1843, Pasquier belge, 1843, 2. 371. — Bury, t. 1, n. 504, p. 315.) 1534. — Inversement, l'occupation n'ayant même pas duré une année, le propriétaire est en droit d'exiger l'acquisition, si le terrain ne peut pas être remis en culture comme auparavant, c'est-à-dire, n'est plus susceptible de la même exploitation. — (Bury, t. 1, n. 507, p. 316.) 1535. — En particulier, si la remise en état du terrain devait entraîner des dépenses excessives, et que l'exploitant refusât de les exécuter, les tribunaux alloueraient au propriétaire des dommages-intérêts. — (Féraud-Giraud, t. 2, n. 571, p. 20.) 1536. — Il est, d'ailleurs, entendu que, dans ce cas, le propriétaire, au lieu d'exiger l'acquisition de son terrain, peut ne réclamer qu'une indemnité de non-jouissance. — (Cass., 27 janvier 1885, Rev. mines, 1885, p. 143, S. 4886. 4. 61, P. 1886. I. 134; D. P. 1885. 1. 297. — Trib. Niort, 13 mars 1894, précité. — Rapport de M. Brossard sur la loi du 27 juillet 1880.) 1537. — C'est au propriétaire seul, que ce choix appartient : le concessionnaire est obligé de subir sa volonté; il ne peut jamais exiger que le terrain lui soit vendu, en dehors des cas où la loi reconnaît formellement le droit d'expropriation. — (Féraud-Giraud, t. 2, n. 579; Bréchignac et Michel, n. 369; Aguillon, t. 1, n. 358.) 1538. — Lorsque le propriétaire contraint l'exploitant à l'acquisition, il devient un vendeur d'immeuble, et jouit, par suite, du privilège attaché à cette qualité. — (Bury, t. 1, n. 519, p. 322.) 1539. — Le propriétaire pourrait renoncer, d'une façon absolue, à jamais requérir l'acquisition, et prendre l'engagement de se contenter d'une indemnité. Il suffit que sa volonté, à cet égard, soit certaine. — (Bury, t. 1, n. 508; Bréchignac et Michel, n. 378.) 1540. — Au surplus, le propriétaire qui n'a pas fait 761 cette renonciation, conserve le droit de requérir l'acquisition à toute époque : il n'est nullement obligé de le faire au début des travaux, et il le peut encore, même après trente ans, si des indemnités ont été payées annuellement pendant ce temps. — (Cass. belge, 28 janvier 1848, Pas. belge, 1848. 1. 296.—Féraud-Giraud, t. 2, n. 579; Aguillon, t. 1, n. 359; Bury, t. 1, n. 506, p. 316; Bréchignac et Michel, n. 378.) 1541. — Lorsque l'acquisition a été faite, la transmission de propriété est définitive, comme dans une vente ordinaire : il en résulte que, si l'occupation par l'exploitant venait à cesser, l'ancien propriétaire n'aurait pas, pour cela, le droit de reprendre le terrain. — (Bury, t. 1, n. 528, p. 326.) 1542. — Au cas où le propriétaire use de la faculté qui lui est accordée, de réclamer l'acquisition, après un an d'occupation, il a, en outre, droit à une indemnité pour non-jouissance, pendant tout le temps de l'occupation, et non pas seulement à partir de la demande en justice. Et, pour cette indemnité de non-jouissance, les juges doivent, ou tout au moins peuvent, accorder l'intérêt du prix total, c'est-à-dire de la valeur doublée, et non pas seulement l'intérêt de la valeur simple. — (Cass., 8 août 1839, S. 1839. 1. 666, P. 1839. 2. 173, D. P. 1839. 4. 360.) 1543. — Les matériaux, autres que ceux qui font l'objet de la concession de la mine, continuant d'appartenir au propriétaire de la surface, le concessionnaire, qui a enlevé des matériaux de cette nature, doit tenir compte à ce propriétaire de la valeur de ces matériaux, et n'est pas fondé à réclamer le remboursement des frais d'extraction, dès lors que l'extraction a été faite dans l'intérêt exclusif du concessionnaire, et pour arriver à la mine. — (Cass., 27 janvier 1885, précité.) 1544. — La règle est que l'exploitant n'est tenu d'acheter que les parties dégradées : toutefois, l'art. 43 y apporte une exception, pour le cas où la pièce de terre est trop endommagée, ou dégradée sur une trop grande partie de sa surface : l'exploitant est obligé d'acheter la totalité. La question se posera, dès lors, de savoir quand les conditions exigées seront remplies, c'est-à-dire de déterminer quand le dommage sera suffisant, ou quand les parties atteintes seront assez étendues pour justifier la demande d'acquisition. 1548. — Au cas où, sur la demande du propriétaire du terrain dans lequel une mine est ouverte, tendant à faire condamner le concessionnaire de cette mine à acquérir la propriété du demandeur, endommagée par les travaux d'exploitation, et à lui en payer le prix au double de sa valeur, conformément à la disposition de l’art. 44 de la loi du 21 avril 1810, le défendeur déclare consentir à faire cette acquisition, mais seulement au prix simple de l’estimation de la propriété, les juges peuvent, en présence de ce consentement, ordonner l’acquisition au double de la valeur estimative; ce n’est pas là violer le principe de l’indivisibilité de l’aveu judiciaire, lequel ne saurait être invoqué ici. Il n’en est pas de ce cas comme de celui d’une offre spontanée d’acquisition. — (Cass., 17 juillet 1860, S. 1860. 1. 699, P. 1860. 1173, D. P. 1860. 1. 321.) 1549.— Il a été dit supra, n. 1540, que le propriétaire peut faire son option à toute époque, même après l’expiration de la première année d’occupation. La question s’élève alors de savoir si l’on doit prendre pour base du calcul, la valeur du terrain au moment où l’occupation a commencé, ou au moment où le propriétaire manifeste sa volonté. La première opinion a pour elle le texte formel de la loi, et il semble bien qu’on doive le prendre à la lettre, puisque le rapporteur a déclaré qu’il avait pour but de faire cesser toute équivoque. — (Cire, min., 6 août 1880. — Féraud-Giraud, t. 2, n. 588.) 1550. — Jugé, en ce sens, que le législateur n’a pas voulu dire, par là, que les magistrats devront, pour la fixation de la valeur du terrain, se placer à la date exacte de l’occupation effective et matérielle, ou à la date de l’autorisation préfectorale. Ils devront se reporter à l’époque à laquelle ont commencé les actes préliminaires à l’occupation, et ils ne sauront tenir compte de la plus-value que les actes préparatoires ont pu donner à l’immeuble. — (Trib. Arras, 24 janvier 1894, Rev. mines, 1895, p. 225. — Douai, 4 août 1894, ibid., 1895, p. 228.) 1551. 1555. — L'art. 10 de la loi de 1810 impose à l'explo 762 MINES, MINIÈRES ET CARRIÈRES — CHAPITRE DEUXIÈME, SECTION VI, § 4. raté, qui se livre à des travaux de recherche, l'obligation de l'indemnité préalable : elle ne dit rien de semblable dans ses art. 43 et 44 (anciens) relatifs à l'exploitant. Cependant, un parti important soutient que l'exploitant doit l'indemnité préalable : les art. 43 et 44 doivent être complétés par l'art. 10, car ils mettent sur la même ligne les explorateurs et les concessionnaires : s'ils ne mentionnent pas expressément ces derniers, c'est seulement parce que c'eût été inutile, en présence de cette assimilation. En outre, il ne faut pas oublier l'art. 545 C. civ., d'après lequel nul ne peut être contraint de céder sa propriété, si ce n'est moyennant une juste et préalable indemnité. (Bourges, 20 avril 1831, S. 1831. 2. 321, D. P. 1834. 2. 248.) Vainement allègue-t-on que le paiement préalable est impossible, parce que la durée et les effets de l'occupation ne peuvent pas être certains dès son origine : cette incertitude n'existera pas toujours, et rien n'empêchera de faire payer à l'avance, soit le double de la valeur du terrain, soit le double du produit net d'une année. — (Trib. Belfort, 12 août 1846, S. 1847. 2. 182, D. P. 1847. 3. 65. — Delebecque, n. 241; Peyret-Lallier, n. 420; Dupont, t. 1, p. 299; Naudier, p. 292.) 1556. — Mais cette doctrine ne paraît pas devoir l'emporter. Exiger, en effet, le paiement préalable de l'indemnité, ce serait ajouter aux conditions que la loi impose aux exploitants : elle dit à quelles conditions ceux-ci peuvent pratiquer l'occupation, et parmi elles, elle ne mentionne pas le paiement préalable : son silence sur ce point est d'autant plus significatif, qu'elle a imposé cette condition aux explorateurs, dans l'art. 10. Quant à l'assimilation faite par les art. 43 et 44, entre les exploitants et les explorateurs, elle n'est pas aussi complète qu'on le soutient : elle existe, sans doute, au point de vue du calcul de l'indemnité; mais on n'en trouve pas trace quant au paiement préalable, dont les art. 43 et 44 ne s'occupent pas. L'art. 545 C. civ. n'est pas non plus déterminant, attendu qu'il vise l'expropriation, laquelle n'intervient pas ici. « Au surplus, ajoute Bury (t. 1, n. 350, p. 343, le législateur a été sage, en n'astreignant pas le concessionnaire à la règle inflexible du règlement et du paiement préalable de l'indemnité; l'exécution de cette règle amène toujours des lenteurs, très prolongées souvent, tandis que les circonstances peuvent exiger la prompte occupation de la surface, pour sauvegarder les travaux de l'exploitation souterraine. L'ouverture de travaux de recherches, au contraire, ne présente pas ce caractère d'urgence. On conçoit donc que le législateur l'ait toujours fait précéder du paiement de l'indemnité, et l'on comprend aussi que l'art. 10, bon pour les explorateurs et leurs recherches, ne peut être invoqué avec une analogie complète à l'égard des concessionnaires et des travaux d'exploitation. — (Cass. belge, 21 novembre 1843, Pas. belge, 1847. 1. 7.-8 janvier 1848, ibid.. 4848. 1. 220. — Douai, 12 mai 1857, S. 1857. 2. 749, P. 1858. 420, D. P. 1857. 2. 153. — Montpellier, 9 février 1882, S. 1882. 2. 155, P. 1882. 1. 819, D. P. 1883. 2. 139. — Boudet, p. 196; Batbie, n. 567; Féraud-Giraud, t. 2, n. 597; Aguillon, t. 1, n. 353; Biot, p. 248; Krug-Basse, p. 163; Bréchignac et Michel, n. 372.) 1557. — C'est le concessionnaire en exercice, qui est tenu des indemnités. Cette règle est intéressante à constater, pour le cas de cession de la mine. L'exploitant primitif reste, sans doute, débiteur des indemnités qui étaient déjà encourues au moment où la cession s'est faite; mais on ne peut rien lui réclamer, relativement à celles qui seraient la représentation d'actes d'occupation accomplis par le nouvel exploitant. — (Bréchignac et Michel, n. 374; Bury, t. 1, n. 547; Féraud-Giraud, t. 2, n. 590.) 1558. — Jugé, à cet égard, que reste tenu de l'indemnité due au propriétaire de la surface, le concessionnaire qui a maintenu, sans modification appréciable, l'occupation réalisée par son auteur, alors même qu'il n'en aurait pas tiré profit. — (Dijon, 14 juin 1877, S. 1881. 2. 227, P. 1881. 4. 4408.) 1559. — Compétence. — D'après l'art. 43, les difficultés relatives aux indemnités dues pour occupation rentrent dans la compétence des tribunaux civils : c'est là une question de pur intérêt privé. — (Riom, 27 octobre 1893, Gaz. Pal, table 1892-97, p. 136.) 1560. 1562. — Dans les développements qui précèdent, on a envisagé uniquement les dommages résultant, pour la surface du sol situé au-dessus de la mine, du seul fait de l'occupation. Mais l'existence de la mine et son exploitation peuvent être la source, pour les terrains du périmètre, de divers autres préjudices : les travaux, en effet, peuvent occasionner des dégradations, soit aux parcelles occupées, soit à des parties de la propriété non occupées; les travaux souterrains peuvent avoir des conséquences fâcheuses pour la surface, par suite de la désolidification du sol, de la suppression des sources, etc. Tous ces travaux, et les dommages qui en résultent, entraînent-ils une responsabilité pour l'exploitant? Et au cas d'affirmative, l'indemnité est-elle acquittée par le prix ou la valeur de la jouissance au double, fixée pour l'occupation? Est-ce, au contraire, une indemnité régie par le droit commun qu'il faut allouer? 1563. — La loi de 4840 était muette à cet égard : mais une jurisprudence importante et une grande partie de la doctrine admettaient que les art. 43 et 44 de la loi de 1810 n'avaient en vue que le règlement des indemnités dues pour la privation de jouissance ou l'occupation du terrain, mais que ces dispositions exceptionnelles ne dérogeaient pas aux principes généraux, en vertu desquels les propriétaires de mines sont tenus de réparer tous autres préjudices. C'est donc d'après le droit commun que doivent être allouées les indemnités. — (Dijon, 29 mars 1854, S. 1854. 2. 243, P. 4833. 2. 454, D. P 1854 2 443. — 21 août 4856, S. 4836. 2. 548, P. 4837. 569, D. P. 1857. 2:6. — Lyon, 5 août 1858, S. 4858. 2 664, P. 4859. 4026, D. P. 1859. 2. 7. — 2 juillet 1839, D. P. 1860. 2. 104. — Grenoble, 20 mars 1864, S. 4864 2 249, D. P. 4861. 2. 185. — Cass., 23 juillet 1862, S. 1862. 1. 804, D. P. 1862. 1. 257. Douai, 13 janvier 1863, Jurispr. Douai, 1863, p. 5. — Cass., 18 novembre 1863, D. P. 1863. 4. 445. — Toulouse, 17 janvier 1866, MINES, MINIÈRES ET CARRIÈRES — CHAPITRE DEUXIÈME/ SECTION VI, § 4. 763 S. 1866. 2. 127, D. P. 1866. 2. 4. — Poitiers, 17 mai 1867, D. P. 1870. 1. 17. — 18 novembre 1872, D. P. 1875. 1. 349. — Cass., 14 juillet 1875, S. 1876. 1. 9, D. P. 4875. 4. 349. — Lyon, 14 mars 1877, précité. — Nancy, 3 août 1877, S. 1880. 2. 102, P. 1880. 441, D. P. 1880. 2. 39. — Trib. Liège, 7 mars 1891, Rev. mines, 1893, p. 312. — Cass., 6 juin 1896, Pand. fr. pér., 1898. 1. 1, et la note: Rev. mines, 1896. p. 287. 1896. 1. 352, D. P. 1896. 1. 465. — Rey, Propriété des mines, t. 1, p. 220 et s.; Aguillon, t. 1, p. 324, 325; Féraud-Giraud, t. 2, n. 629; Bréchignac et Michel, n. 167, p. 222. Il convient de citer, toutefois, une opinion dissidente, professée d'abord par la Cour de cassation, puis abandonnée par elle, à la suite d'un arrêt des chambres réunies du 23 juillet 1862 précité, et d'après laquelle la disposition des art. 43 et 44 de la loi du 21 avril 1810, qui donne au propriétaire d'un terrain où une mine a été ouverte le droit de contraindre le concessionnaire de la mine à acheter ce terrain en payant le double de sa valeur, ne doit pas être restreinte au cas d'occupation de terrain; elle est pareillement applicable au cas de simple dépréciation produite par des travaux intérieurs, tels qu'affaissements, éboulements, ou fissures, causés à la surface. — (Cass., 23 avril 1850, S. 1850. 1. 735, D. P. 1850. 1. 150. — 22 décembre 1852, précité. —Nîmes, 10 février 1857, S. 1857. 2. 343, P. 4857. 589, D. P. 4857. 2.242. — Cass., 2 décembre 1857, S. 4858.1. 377, P. 1858. 27, D. P. 1857. 1. 434. — Nancy, 7 juillet 1858, S. 1858. 2. 572, D. P. 1861. 2. 162. — Nîmes, 15 décembre 1858, S. 1839. 2. 20, P. 1859. 1026, D. P. 1859. 2. 47. — Cass., 7 juillet 1860, S. 1860.1. 699, P. 1860. 4473, D. P. 1860. 1. 321. — Nîmes, 16 janvier 1864, S. 1861. 2. 249. — Lamé-Fleury, Texte annoté de la loi du 21 avril 1810, p. 46, note; Dupont, t. 1, p. 299: Peyret-Lallier, t. 1, n. 419; Dufour, Lois des mines, n. 17, et Dr. adm., t. 6, n. 299; de Fooz, Points fondamentaux de la législation des mines, p. 329. 1566. — Mais, quel est le fondement de cette responsabilité? On a voulu parfois le découvrir dans les art. 1382 et 1383 C. civ., auxquels semble renvoyer la loi du 27 juillet 1880, en se référant au droit commun. Il résulterait de là que le concessionnaire ne serait responsable des dommages causés à la surface, qu'autant qu'ils proviendraient d'une faute par lui commise dans l'exécution des travaux. — (Delebecque, n. 895 et s.; Jacomy, p. 237; Naudier, p. 239.) 1567. — Sans doute, il n'est pas impossible que la responsabilité de l'exploitant puisse être comprise dans certains cas : il peut, en effet, se produire que l'existence d'une faute à la charge de l'exploitant soit établie, qu'il ait commis une négligence ou une imprudence préjudiciables : et alors, on invoquera l'art. 1382. 1568. — Mais c'est là un cas tout exceptionnel, et la solution qu'on lui donne ne répond pas à la question générale. Si aucune faute n'a été commise, ou ne peut être prouvée, quelle est la situation? L'opinion à peu près unanime aujourd'hui est que, même en l'absence de toute faute ou négligence, le concessionnaire est tenu, lorsque ses travaux ont occasionné un préjudice à la surface. Eût-il agi conformément à toutes les règles de l'art, il serait néanmoins responsable. — (Cass., 4 janvier 1841, S. 1841. 1. 323, P. 1841. I. 719. D. P. 1841. 1. 63. — 20 juillet 1842, S. 1842. 1. 963, P. 1842. II. 247, D. P. 1842. 1. 396. — Lyon, 14 juillet 1846, S. 1847. 2. 17, P. 1847. I. 30, D. P. 1847. 2. 24. — Cass., 16 novembre 1852, S. 1853. 1. 756, P. 1854. I. 159, D. P. 1853. 1. 189. — Dijon, 21 août 1856, S. 1856. 2. 518, P. 1857. 569, D. P. 1857. 2. 6. — Cass., 3 février 1857, S. 1857. 1. 469, P. 1857. 1251, D. P. 1857. 1. 193. — 17 juin 1857, S. 1857. 1. 639, P. 1858. 26, D. P. 1858. 1. 278. — Riom, 21 février 1881, S. 1882. 2. 15, D. P. 1881. 2. 133. — Cass., 21 juillet 1885, Rev. mines, 1885, p. 207; S. 1883. 1. 500, D. P. 1886. 1. 336. — Lyon, 4 décembre 1885, Rev. mines, 1886, p. 25. — Trib. Saint-Etienne, 31 mai 1887, ibid., 1889, p. 167; Monit. jud. Lyon du 24 octobre 1887. — Lyon, 25 novembre 1887, Rev. mines, 1888, p. 229. — Trib. Saint-Etienne, 28 novembre 1889, ibid., 1890, p. 163; la Loi du 27 décembre 1889. — Nancy, 7 décembre 1895, Pand. fr. pér., 1898. 2. 241; Rev. mines, 1896, p. 232; Rec. arr. Nancy, 1895, p. 338. — Cass., 6 juin 1896, précité. — Dijon, 30 décembre 1896, Pand. fr. pér., 1900. 1. 241. — Peyret-Lallier, t. 1, n. 261; Biot, p. 284; Féraud-Giraud, t. 2, n. 626; Perreau, n. 145; Bréchignac et Michel, n. 138. 1569. — Ce n'est donc pas dans les art. 1382 et 1383 C. civ., que l'on trouve la justification de cette responsabilité, puisqu'elle existe indépendamment de toute faute. (V. Aguillon, Des indemnités dues pour les dommages causés à la propriété superficiaire par les travaux des mines, dans les Annales des mines, 1879, 7e série, t. 8, p. 161 et s., et Législation des mines françaises et étrangères, t. 1, n. 377 et s., p. 317 et s.) Aussi, la plupart des arrêts déduisent-ils la responsabilité du concessionnaire « de l'esprit comme du texte et de l'ensemble des dispositions de la loi du 21 avril 1810, notamment, de la combinaison de l'art. 6 avec les art. 10, 11, 15, 43 et 45, dans lesquels on voit les intérêts du propriétaire de la surface protégés contre les entreprises du propriétaire de la mine. » — (Cass., 4 janvier 1841, précité.) 1570. — D'après M. Gény (note Pand. fr. pér., 1896. 1. 337), il est facile de découvrir les idées rationnelles qui servent de base à cette théorie. La loi du 21 avril 1810, en séparant la propriété minière de celle du sol, a constitué un régime sui generis : celui de deux propriétés en contact par superposition, ayant chacune, à les prendre isolément, la plénitude de ses attributs, mais se trouvant, par le rapprochement nécessaire de leurs objets, asservies l'une envers l'autre, à des obligations de voisinage beaucoup plus complexes que celles qui existent entre des fonds simplement limitrophes. p. 33, n. 623. — Mais, bien que distinctes de celles que consacre le droit commun de la propriété foncière, ces obligations réciproques entre le fonds et la surface n'en ont pas moins la même nature juridique. Et l'on peut dire justement que la loi du 21 avril 1810 a établi, de la mine à la surface, une situation de servitude légale rentrant dans la formule générale de l'art. 631 C. civ. (Trib. Saint-Etienne, 28 février 1885, Rev. mines, 1885, p. 124. — Aubry et Rau, t. 2, § 225, p. 445; Féraud-Giraud, t. 2, p. 54 et s., n. 624 et s.; Bréchignac et Michel, p. 214, n. 161.) C'est donc par suite d'un véritable statut de propriété, que la mine se trouve astreinte, indépendamment de toute faute du concessionnaire, à laisser intacte la destination naturelle de la surface. Celle-ci doit pouvoir servir, dans l'avenir comme dans le passé, à la culture, à la construction de bâtiments. Si, par suite des travaux souterrains, le sol s'affaisse ou se disloque au point d'entraver son utilisation normale, le concessionnaire doit s'attendre, comme conséquence nécessaire de sa concession même, à devoir réparer tous les dommages. 1571. — Il résulte de là que, quand une question de responsabilité se soulève, il n'y a pas besoin de rechercher si les travaux exécutés sont, ou non, conformes aux règles de l'art. — (Nîmes, 16 janvier 1861; Trib. Saint-Etienne, 28 février 1885; Cass., 21 juillet 1885, précités. — Bruxelles, 5 janvier 1888, D. P. 1889. 2. 226. — Nancy, 7 décembre 1895; Dijon, 30 décembre 1896, précités.) 1572. — L'obligation du concessionnaire est, en effet, générale : il doit la réparation des dommages, à quelque moment qu'ils se produisent et de quelque nature qu'ils soient. — (Cass., 11 mars 1896, Pand. fr. pér., 1896. 1. 337; Rev. mines, 1898, p. 351; S. 1896. 1. 265, D. P. 1896. 1. 323.) 1573. — Jugé, en ce sens, que l'obligation première et principale du concessionnaire de la mine envers le propriétaire du sol, est de supporter et de maintenir le toit de la mine : c'est une condition naturelle, absolue, perpétuelle, qu'il est inutile d'imposer, et lorsque les moyens ordinaires ne suffisent pas pour soutenir le sol, le concessionnaire doit en employer d'extraordinaires, même faire une voûte si cela est indispensable : d'où il résulte, en fait et en droit, que la faute est présumée, lorsqu'un événement se produit, ce qui entraîne l'application des art. 1382 et 1383 C. civ. — (Cass., 20 juillet 1842, précité.) 1574. — ... Que, lorsqu'il est constaté, en fait, que les dégradations survenues aux digues d'un canal ont eu pour cause unique les mouvements du sol déterminés par les travaux souterrains d'une compagnie minière, cette compagnie est tenue de la réparation totale des dommages, sans qu'elle puisse diminer sa responsabilité, en alléguant que les conditions particulières des terrains de la vallée dans laquelle est situé le canal, ont augmenté, dans une certaine mesure, l'amplitude et l'étendue de ces dégradations. — (Cons. d'Etat, 24 juin 1887, Lebon. p. 517; Rev. mines, 1887, p. 355; S. 1889. 3. 35; P. adm. chr., D.P. 4888. 3. 89.) 1575. — Le concessionnaire d'une mine est responsable envers les propriétaires voisins, du dommage causé à ces derniers par l'action corrosive des eaux qui, amenées artificiellement à la surface et employées à des manipulations industrielles, sont ensuite rejetées sur leurs propriétés, qu'elles frappent de stérilité. — (Cass., 9 janvier 1856, D. P. 1856. 1. 33.) 1576. 1580. — Toutefois, avant d'aborder cette énumération, il est nécessaire de résoudre plusieurs difficultés très graves, relatives aux conditions d'existence de la responsabilité de l'exploitant. 1581. — Clauses d'exonération. — Les exploitants peuvent-ils, par une convention avec le propriétaire du sol, échapper aux conséquences des travaux qu'ils accomplissent? Le principe de la liberté des conventions oblige à faire, à la question posée en ces termes généraux, une réponse affirmative. Aussi la jurisprudence et la doctrine sont-elles d'accord pour admettre que les clauses d'exonération sont licites, notamment dans le cas où elles apparaissent sous la forme d'une stipulation de non-garantie insérée dans les actes d'aliénation des terrains superficiaires. Cette validité n'est, toutefois, certaine qu'autant que ces clauses ne tendent pas à exonérer le concessionnaire des conséquences de ses fautes ou de celles de ses préposés, et, notamment, lorsqu'elles ont pour but de le prémunir contre le préjudice pouvant résulter, pour les terrains vendus par lui, et pour les constructions élevées sur ces terrains par les acquéreurs, des travaux souterrains de l'exploitation régulière de la mine. — (Dijon, 3 juillet 1868, D. P. 1869. 2. 38. — Cass., 18 juin 1879, S. 1879. 1. 449, P. 1879. 1182, D. P. 1879. 4. 337. — Limoges, 4 février 1880, et Cass., 8 décembre 1880, S. 1882. 1.297, P. 1882. I. 734, D. P. 1881. 1. 351. — Dijon, 30 décembre 1896, Pand. fr. pér., 1900. 1. 241. — Cass., 12 décembre 1899, Pand. fr. pér., 1900. 1. 241, et la note de M. Gény; Rev. mines, 1900, p. 465. — Dalloz et Gouffiès, Propriété des mines, t. 1, p. 438; Féraud-Giraud, t. 2, n. 642, p. 69; Bréchignac et Michel, n. 164, p. 218, 219; Perriquet, Contrats de l'Etat, n. 334. 1582. — On opposerait vainement aux clauses de nongarantie insérées dans les contrats de vente de la superficie l'art. 1628 C. civ., qui déclare nulle toute convention par laquelle le vendeur prétendrait se soustraire à la garantie de ses faits personnels envers le vendeur. Cet article signifie seulement que, par une stipulation de nongarantie, le vendeur ne peut se réserver la faculté de troubler (Mines, Mines et Carrières — Chapitre Deuxième, Section VI, § 4.) hier, à sa volonté, l'acheteur dans la possession de la chose vendue. Mais il peut, dans une certaine mesure, s'exonérer de la responsabilité de faits postérieurs à la vente, en se réservant le droit d'accomplir des actes déterminés, qui nuiront à la jouissance paisible de l'acheteur. (Guillouard, Vente, t. 1, p. 443.) Faisant application de cette idée très juste, M. Féraud-Giraud dit à cet égard : « L'article 4628 n'a nullement empêché de prévoir les conséquences qui naîtraient d'un contrat loyalement exécuté par suite de la nature même des stipulations et des conditions dans lesquelles elles intervenaient; la clause de non-garantie étendue aux conséquences des fautes que pouvait commettre la compagnie, eût été illégale; mais la clause de non-garantie, restreinte aux conséquences des travaux faits ou à faire, d'une manière normale et régulière, pour l'exploitation de la mine, était parfaitement licite; elle s'appliquait, en effet, aux conséquences probables d'un fait légitime, connu de l'acquéreur au moment de la vente, déclaré et précisé par le vendeur dans le contrat qui la réalisait, et se renfermant ainsi dans les limites de la liberté laissée par la loi aux contractants. » — (Code des mines, t. 2, n. 642, p. 70.) Il est donc bien entendu que, si la clause d'exonération visait la responsabilité des dommages résultant de fautes d'exploitation; et faisant échec à la règle des articles 1382 et 1383, elle ne serait pas valable. 1584. — Ces clauses doivent donc être respectées de part et d'autre. Aussi a-t-il été jugé que, lorsque les clauses dont s'agit, d'ailleurs connues en fait du propriétaire qui prétend les écarter, en supprimant toute réclamation d'indemnité pour les dommages à résulter de l'exploitation régulière de la mine, ont, de plus, réglementé les constructions à édifier sur les terrains vendus, en stipulant que ce seraient des bâtiments « à rez-de-chaussée et à étage », le propriétaire des terrains peut être considéré comme coupable d'une grave imprudence, pour avoir construit sur ces terrains une maison considérable de trois et quatre étages, et cette imprudence peut entrer en ligne de compte pour l'évaluation du dommage imputable à des fautes d'exploitation de la mine. — (Cass., 12 décembre 1899, précité.) 1585. — Une grave question s'est élevée au sujet de ces clauses : celle de savoir dans quelle mesure elles sont opposables aux ayants cause du propriétaire. La Cour de cassation a décidé que la convention par laquelle l'acquéreur de la superficie s'engage, pour lui et les siens, envers le propriétaire d'une mine, son vendeur, à ne réclamer aucune indemnité pour les dommages que pourra causer à la surface l'exploitation régulière de la mine, n'étant autre chose qu'une renonciation à l'un des attributs du droit de superficie, et constituant thus une restriction de ce droit au profit de l'exploitant, doit subsister à l'avantage de celui-ci, contre les sous-acquéreurs particuliers de l'acquéreur primitif, en vertu du principe que l'auteur ne transmet à l'acquéreur que les droits qu'il avait lui-même; alors, surtout qu'il a été déclaré, en termes formels, dans l'acte de vente primitif, que, sans cette clause, l'aliénation de la superficie n'aurait pas eu lieu, de telle sorte que ladite convention forme la condition nécessaire de l'exercice du droit transmis. — (Cass., 12 décembre 1899, précité.) 1586. — En tout cas, il suffit que la pensée commune du vendeur et de l'acquéreur primitif ait été d'assurer, par la stipulation de non-garantie des dommages causés à la surface, l'exploitation régulière de la mine, pour que, les juges du fait, qui dégagent cette volonté, tant des clauses formelles des actes, que des circonstances de la cause, soient fondés à lui donner toute la portée qu'elle comporte. — (Même arrêt.) 1587. — M. Gény, dans une note remarquable qui accompagne l'arrêt précité (Pand. fr. pér., 1900. 1. 1588. — C'est à cette dernière idée que la Cour de cassation s'est attachée dans l'arrêt précité; et, après avoir montré en quoi les deux autres conceptions sont défectueuses, M. Gény l'approuve en ces termes : « La position prise par la Cour de cassation est assurément la plus prudente, j'entends dire celle qui réserve le mieux les précisions à faire dans l'avenir. En soumettant simplement la clause d'exonération de la mine à l'article 1122, l'arrêt consacre, si je puis dire, le minimum de conception possible au cas actuel, et ne fait guère que revêtir d'une formule juridique des idées qui résultent de la nature même des choses. Visiblement, la Cour suprême se rattache à une théorie nettement esquissée par MM. Aubry et Bau (t. 2, p. 103, § 176 bis, texte et note 3), complétée par Demolombe (t. 24, n. 280, p. 284), et se ramenant à imposer aux acquéreurs particuliers les obligations de leur auteur, lorsqu'elles ont un rapport étroit avec la chose aliénée, suivant qu'elles ont pour effet de restreindre ou de modifier le droit transmis, ou qu'elles forment la condition nécessaire de son exercice... » 1589. — Sur la demande en dommages-intérêts formée par un locataire contre son bailleur, à raison d'émanations de gaz rendant les lieux loués inhabitables, le bailleur doit être déclaré responsable. Mais sur le recours exercé d'abord contre la compagnie d'éclairage, et sur le recours de celle-ci contre une compagnie de mines, dont les travaux souterrains ont occasionné la rupture des tuyaux de gaz et les émanations qui s'en dégagent, la compagnie des mines est bien fondée à opposer une exception tirée de ce que, dans un contrat antérieur, elle a obtenu du propriétaire de l'immeuble, la renonciation à toute indemnité, pour tous dommages pouvant survenir, à l'avenir à la suite d'une première indemnité payée par elle. — (Lyon, 6 novembre 1897, Monit. jud. Lyon du 1er mars 1898.) 1590. — La clause d'exonération, a-t-on dit, est possible et valable; elle peut intervenir, non seulement comme dans l'hypothèse qui vient d'être examinée, lors que le concessionnaire, propriétaire de la surface, l'aliène avec une réserve à son profit, mais encore lorsque, la propriété. 766 MINES, MINIÈRES ET CARRIÈRES — CHAPITRE DEUXIÈME, SECTION VI, § 4. de la surface étant distincte de celle de la mine, il intervient un arrangement entre l'exploitant et le propriétaire superficiel. Ce dernier a toujours la faculté incontestable de renoncer, à telles conditions qu'il lui plaît, à rien réclamer à l'exploitant. 1591. — Lors donc qu'on se trouve en présence d'une convention précise et formelle, il n'y a pas de difficulté. Mais la pratique a tenté d'employer un autre moyen, sur la validité duquel la Cour de cassation a été appelée à se prononcer. Dans une espèce, l'exploitant, au lieu de passer un contrat avec le superficiel qui se disposait à construire sur son terrain, lui a fait notifier un acte extrajudiciaire, pour le mettre en garde contre les éventualités dommageables qu'éprouveraient les constructions projetées, et l'aviser qu'il n'entend pas en supporter les conséquences, lui offrant, d'ailleurs, de régler avec lui, amiablement ou par expertise, l'indemnité de dépréciation de sa propriété, résultant de ce qu'elle serait devenue, par suite de travaux souterrains, impropre à bâtir, et de l'indemniser ainsi de cette restriction à son droit de propriété. Par l'offre ainsi faite, l'exploitant tendait à deux résultats : avertir le propriétaire que les terrains sur lesquels il se proposait de construire étaient déconsolidés par l'exploitation souterraine, qu'il y aurait imprudence, de sa part, à bâtir sur son sol, et que, par suite, la dégradation des bâtiments qui pourraient y être élevés demeurait à ses risques ; 2° faire accepter par le propriétaire le règlement de l'indemnité due à raison de la dépréciation de son terrain non encore bâti, et, par suite, décharger l'exploitant, à tout événement, de la responsabilité des dommages pouvant survenir ultérieurement par suite des travaux souterrains déjà faits.
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ليزا بين
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ليزا بين هي محرِّرة وكاتِبة وكاتبة غنائية أمريكية، ولدت في 7 نوفمبر 1921 في سان فرانسيسكو في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفيت في 22 ديسمبر 2015.
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أعلام إل جي بي تي أمريكية في القرن 20
أعلام إل جي بي تي أمريكية في القرن 21
أمريكيون من أصل نرويجي
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شخصيات مثلية القرن 21
كاتبات أمريكيات في القرن 20
كاتبات أمريكيات في القرن 21
كتاب أغان مثليون
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كتاب من لوس أنجلوس
محررات مجلات
محررو مجلات أمريكيون
مغنون مثليون من الولايات المتحدة
مواليد 1921
موسيقيات سحاقيات
موسيقيون من لوس أنجلوس (كاليفورنيا)
ناشرو مجلات أمريكيون
ناشطات أمريكيات
ناشطات حقوق مدنية
ناشطو حقوق إل جي بي تي أمريكيون
ناشطون من سان فرانسيسكو
وفيات 2015
كاتبات مثليات أمريكيات
| 17,897 |
US-202318155727-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,023 |
None
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None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,060 | 8,802 |
Guide wire shaping tool and guide wire shaping method
ABSTRACT
An inlet passage portion, which is a substantially columnar space through which a tip end of a guide wire is inserted into an opening portion to pass the guide wire, a shaping portion, which is a space communicating with the inlet passage portion through an outlet portion, which is a portion located at a deepest part of the inlet passage portion, and flatly expanding from the outlet portion, an annular inner wall, which forms an inner circumferential portion of the shaping portion, an extension line intersection portion, which is an inner wall intersecting an extension line of a center line of the inlet passage portion at an obtuse angle, and an obtuse angle side inner wall portion, which is an inner wall extending from the outlet portion to the extension line intersection portion and forming an obtuse angle with the extension line are included.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a guide wire shaping tool and a guidewire shaping method, and more particularly to a guide wire shaping toolthat performs shaping by inserting a guide wire into a shaping portionthat is a flatly expanding space, and a guide wire shaping method usingthis guide wire shaping tool.
Description of Related Art
Conventionally, there is a guide wire shaping tool configured such thata tip end of a guide wire is inserted into an opening portion of aninlet passage portion, and the tip end protruding from this inletpassage portion is pressed against a pressing die to form a desiredshape (JP 2014-68965 A).
The guide wire refers to a flexible, wire-like instrument forfacilitating insertion and indwelling of a catheter introducer into ablood vessel. Then, by the user performing shaping process so as to foldback the tip end of the guide wire using the guide wire shaping tool,the risk that the guide wire damages an inner wall of the blood vesselof the patient is reduced. Since a heating treatment process, a chemicaltreatment process, and the like are unnecessary in order to performmechanical shaping by the guide wire shaping tool as described above,the user can perform a shaping process also in a medical site such as anoperating room, for example, and does not need to select a work place.
The inventor of the present invention is the same inventor as theinventor of the invention according to International Application No.PCT/JP2020/027748, the international publication date of which is Jan.28, 2021. The patent application to which this description is attachedis made within one year from the International Publication Date.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Some guide wires include a flat-plate-like core wire in order to ensurethe fastness. FIGS. 1 is an example of a guide wire having such aflat-plate-like core wire, where FIG. 1A shows an example of a guidewire in which a resin plastic jacket covers around a metal core wire,and FIG. 1B shows an example of a guide wire in which a coil is woundaround the core wire. Examples of the material of the metal core wireinclude stainless steel, and examples of the material of the plasticjacket include polytetrafluoroethylene.
In the case of a guide wire having such a flat-plate-like core wire, theease of bending of the guide wire differs depending on the relationshipbetween the direction in which the guide wire is bent and the longdirection or the short direction in the transverse cross section of thecore wire. Specifically, when the short direction of the core wire inthe transverse cross section coincides with the up-down direction as inthe upper view of FIG. 2A, that is, when the long direction and thebending direction of the guide wire are the same as in the lower view ofFIG. 2A, the guide wire is hardly bent left and right, and a large forceneeds to be applied in order to forcibly bend the guide wire.Conversely, when the long direction of the core wire in the transversecross section coincides with the up-down direction as in the upper viewof FIG. 2B, that is, when the short direction and the bending directionof the guide wire are the same as in the lower view of FIG. 2B, theguide wire is easily bent left and right as compared with the case ofFIG. 2A.
On the other hand, for example, the plastic jacket is often colored, andit is difficult to determine the long direction or the short directionin the transverse cross section of the core wire only by viewing theguide wire from the outside. Therefore, when the guide wire is insertedinto the guide wire shaping tool and the tip end is to be shaped, it iseasy to perform shaping when the core wire is arranged in a direction inwhich the guide wire is easily bent as in FIG. 2B, but when the corewire is arranged in a direction in which the guide wire is difficult tobe bent as in FIG. 2A, efficiency of the shaping is poor, and there is apossibility that the guide wire cannot be shaped into a desired shape.In this manner, a situation occurs in which there is a variation betweenthe difficulty of the shaping process of the guide wire and the qualityof the shaping depending on the direction of the core wire.
In view of such a problem, an object of the present invention is toprovide a guide wire shaping tool and a guide wire shaping method thatcan obtain uniform difficulty in shaping process of a guide wire andquality of shaping regardless of the direction of a core wire inside aguide wire to be inserted into the guide wire shaping tool whenperforming shaping of folding back a tip end of the guide wire.
The present invention is to provide a guide wire shaping tool including:an inlet passage portion that is a substantially columnar space throughwhich a tip end of a guide wire is inserted into an opening portion toallow the guide wire to pass; a shaping portion that is a spacecommunicating with the inlet passage portion through an outlet portionthat is a portion located at a deepest part of the inlet passage portionand flatly expanding from the outlet portion; an annular inner wallforming an inner circumferential portion of the shaping portion; anextension line intersection portion that is, of the inner wall, an innerwall intersecting with an extension line of a center line of the inletpassage portion at an obtuse angle; an obtuse angle side inner wallportion that is, of the inner wall, an inner wall extending from theoutlet portion to the extension line intersection portion and is aninner wall at an obtuse angle with the extension line; and an acuteangle side inner wall portion that is, of the inner wall, an inner wallextending from the outlet portion to the extension line intersectionportion and is an inner wall at an acute angle with the extension line,in which the guide wire is configured such that, as the guide wire isfed from the opening portion, the tip end that is sequentially insertedinto the inlet passage portion and the shaping portion abuts against avicinity of the extension line intersection portion, and at a time ofthis abutment, the guide wire slides along the obtuse angle side innerwall portion while being bent on the obtuse angle side, and an entireguide wire is annularly arranged.
As a result of intensive studies, the present inventor has found thatwhen the tip end of the inserted guide wire abuts on the vicinity of theextension line intersection portion and slides along the inner wallwhile being bent on the obtuse angle side, even if the long direction ofthe transverse cross section of the flat-plate-like core wire inside theguide wire is substantially the same as the bending direction of theguide wire and the core wire is located at a position as in FIG. 2A, theguide wire rotates by 90° about its center axis, and has completed thepresent invention. As a result of the rotation, the short direction ofthe cross section of the core wire and the bending direction of theguide wire become the same, and therefore the guide wire is easily bentas compared with that before the rotation. It has been found that evenwhen the long direction of the cross section of the core wire and thebending direction of the guide wire form an angle of equal to or lessthan 90° even not the same, the guide wire rotates by the angle of equalto or less than 90°. As a result of the rotation, similarly, the shortdirection of the cross section of the core wire and the bendingdirection of the guide wire become the same, and therefore the guidewire is easily bent as compared with that before the rotation.
In this manner, regardless of the direction of the core wire inside theguide wire when inserted into the guide wire shaping tool of the presentinvention, the guide wire abuts on the vicinity of the extension lineintersection portion and slides along the inner wall, whereby the guidewire can change its attitude so as to be easily bent. Therefore, theguide wire shaping tool of the present invention can achieve uniformease of shaping process of a guide wire and quality of shaping.
The acute angle side inner wall portion may have a shape bulging in anorientation away from the extension line.
That is, since the inner wall of the guide wire shaping tool of thepresent invention has the acute angle side inner wall portion bulging inan orientation away from the extension line, when the tip end of theguide wire slides along the inner wall while being bent on the obtuseangle side, a portion continuous with the tip end of the guide wire canbe curved so as to approach or contact the acute angle side inner wallportion. Due to this, as compared with a case where the continuous partis not curved, the tip end can smoothly slide while making a shallowerangle with respect to a wall surface direction of the inner wall.Therefore, the guide wire can more easily rotate and can be moreefficiently shaped.
In this manner, the guide wire shaping tool of the present invention canachieve uniform ease of shaping process of a guide wire and quality ofshaping.
An obtuse angle side outlet portion that is one side portion on a sidehaving a substantially linear inner wall continuous with the obtuseangle side inner wall portion, of the outlet portion having a width thatallows the guide wire to be doubly arranged; an acute angle side outletportion that is one side portion on a side opposite to the obtuse angleside outlet portion, of the outlet portion; and a holding portionconfigured to press and hold the tip end and its vicinity against a mainbody of the guide wire shaping tool at the obtuse angle side outletportion may be included, and the guide wire may be partially pulled outfrom the opening portion, remaining in a state where the tip end and itsvicinity are held by the holding portion, and a part of the guide wireannularly arranged inside the shaping portion may be discharged throughthe acute angle side outlet portion and a remaining portion may beannularly shaped with a smaller diameter.
The user of the guide wire shaping tool of the present invention feedsthe guide wire, and after the tip end of the guide wire slides along theobtuse angle side inner wall portion and reaches the outlet portion,conversely, the user partially pulls out the guide wire from the openingportion. In this manner, the guide wire can be annularly shaped byreducing the annular diameter of the guide wire inside the shapingportion. At this time, the position of the tip end can be reliably fixedby the holding portion holding the tip end of the guide wire, and thetip end is held at the obtuse angle side outlet portion of one sideportion, whereby the guide wire to be pulled out can be passed throughthe acute angle side outlet portion of the other side portion.Therefore, it becomes possible to perform shaping by reducing theannular diameter of the guide wire more efficiently.
An obtuse angle side outlet opposing portion and an acute angle sideoutlet opposing portion that are inner walls opposing each other in theobtuse angle side outlet portion and the acute angle side outletportion; and a sliding portion in which a part including the acute angleside outlet opposing portion and an acute angle side outlet adjacentportion that is a part adjacent to the acute angle side outlet opposingportion of the acute angle side inner wall portion is nested, thesliding portion being slidable along a groove-shaped rail portionprovided in a direction orthogonal to the center line may be included,and the sliding portion may slide, and an interval between the obtuseangle side outlet opposing portion and the acute angle side outletopposing portion and an interval between the obtuse angle side innerwall portion and the acute angle side outlet adjacent portion mayincrease.
When the guide wire is inserted into a blood vessel, the load on theblood vessel is reduced by folding back the tip end in a J shape.However, when shaping of folding back the guide wire into the J shape isperformed, if the force applied to bend the guide wire at the time offolding back is too large, stress in a specific orientation remainingafter plastic deformation is large. Due to this, there is a case whereafter the guide wire is removed from the guide wire shaping tool, thefolded back part reaches a state of being bent to hang down the neck.That is, a state occurs in which the guide wire in which the tip end isfolded back and shaped along the obtuse angle side inner wall portionwhile being bent on the obtuse angle side is further curved in theorientation of folding back together with the folded back part. A statein which stress in a specific orientation due to such plasticdeformation excessively remains is also referred to as state in which“ironing” is applied.
In particular, when shaping is performed with reducing the annulardiameter of the guide wire, if the interval between the obtuse angleside outlet opposing portion and the acute angle side outlet opposingportion and the interval between the obtuse angle side inner wallportion and the acute angle side inner wall portion are narrow, thecurvature of the annular portion of the guide wire to be fed is small.Therefore, the guide wire is applied with strong ironing by being sentin a state with a small curvature. As a result, the folded back part ofthe guide wire tends to be bent unnecessarily.
On the other hand, in the guide wire shaping tool of the presentinvention, by sliding the sliding portion, and increasing the intervalbetween the obtuse angle side outlet opposing portion and the acuteangle side outlet opposing portion that makes a part of the slidingportion and the interval between the obtuse angle side inner wallportion and the acute angle side outlet adjacent portion that makes apart of the sliding portion, it is possible to shape the guide wire in asent state so as to draw a gentle curve, and as a result, it is possibleto increase the curvature of the folded back part. This can relax theironing applied to the guide wire, and it is possible to avoid a statein which the folded back part is bent so as to hang down the neck.
In the guide wire shaping tool of the present invention, since thesliding portion is slidable along the rail portion, these intervals canbe freely changed. This can adjust the curvature of the folded backpart, and it is possible to adjust the degree of bending or the degreeof warping of the folded back part as per desire of the user. The termwarping mentioned here refers to a state in which the folded back partof the guide wire is warped in an orientation opposite to theorientation of folding back.
In this manner, the guide wire shaping tool of the present invention canbe more easily shaped into a desired shape.
A main body portion may be divided into a first main body portion and asecond main body portion, the inlet passage portion and the shapingportion may be provided in a recessed manner in a first dividingsurface, which is a dividing surface of the first main body portion, andeach of the main body portions may be configured such that the firstdividing surface and a second dividing surface, which is a dividingsurface of the second main body portion, can freely overlap or separate.
That is, since the second dividing surface of the second main bodyportion can be freely overlapped or separated with respect to the firstdividing surface of the first main body portion in which the inletpassage portion and the shaping portion are provided in a recessedmanner, the guide wire can be accurately guided with the first dividingsurface and the second dividing surface being in close contact so as tooverlap each other when the guide wire is formed. When removing theguide wire after shaping from the guide wire shaping tool, whenperforming cleaning, maintenance, and the like on the inlet passageportion, the shaping portion, and the like, it is possible to easilyperform the work by exposing the dividing surfaces so as to be separatedfrom each other.
As described above, the present invention provides a guide wire shapingtool that can obtain uniform ease of shaping process of a guide wire andquality of shaping regardless of the direction of a core wire inside aguide wire to be inserted into the guide wire shaping tool. The guidewire shaping tool and the guide wire shaping method that can efficientlyshaping a desired shape including folding back in a J shape areprovided.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A shows, in the left view, a transverse cross section of a guidewire in which a plastic jacket covers around a core wire, and shows, inthe right view, a longitudinal cross section of the guide wire; FIG. 1Bshows, in the left view, a transverse cross section of a guide wire inwhich a coil is wound around the core wire, and shows, in the rightview, a longitudinal cross section of the guide wire;
FIG. 2A shows, in the upper view, a transverse cross section of a guidewire in a case where the long direction of the core wire and the bendingdirection of the guide wire are the same, and shows, in the lower view,a longitudinal cross section of the guide wire; FIG. 2B shows, in theupper view, a transverse cross section of a guide wire in a case wherethe short direction of the core wire and the bending direction of theguide wire are the same, and shows, in the lower view, a longitudinalcross section of the guide wire;
FIG. 3A shows a plan view of the guide wire shaping tool of the presentinvention; FIG. 3B shows a front view of the guide wire shaping tool;
FIG. 4 shows a guide wire shaped in a J shape;
FIG. 5A shows a left side view of the guide wire shaping tool of thepresent invention; FIG. 5B shows a right side view of the guide wireshaping tool;
FIG. 6 shows a plan view of the guide wire shaping tool of the presentinvention in a state where a sliding portion is removed;
FIG. 7A shows a back view of the sliding portion; FIG. 7B shows a planview;
FIG. 8 shows a plan view of the guide wire shaping tool of the presentinvention in a state where the sliding portion is located on thebackmost side;
FIG. 9A shows a plan view of the guide wire shaping tool of the presentinvention in a state where the sliding portion is slid slightly forward;FIG. 9B shows an enlarged plan view of the guide wire shaping tool;
FIG. 10A shows an enlarged plan view of the guide wire shaping tool ofthe present invention in which the sliding portion and the holdingportion are omitted; FIG. 10B shows an enlarged plan view of the guidewire shaping tool of the present invention in a state where the tip endof the guide wire returns to an outlet portion;
FIG. 11A shows a plan view of the holding portion; FIG. 11B shows a leftside view of the holding portion; FIG. 11C shows a front view of theholding portion;
FIG. 12 shows a plan view of in an example of the guide wire shapingtool of the present invention;
FIG. 13 shows a plan view of the guide wire shaping tool of the presentinvention in a state where the guide wire is caused to enter the inletpassage portion;
FIG. 14 shows a plan view of the guide wire shaping tool of the presentinvention in a state where the guide wire is further fed and the tip endadvances the shaping portion rightward;
FIG. 15 shows a plan view of the guide wire shaping tool of the presentinvention in a state where the guide wire draws an annular shape;
FIG. 16 shows a plan view of the guide wire shaping tool of the presentinvention in a state where the guide wire is folded back;
FIG. 17 shows a plan view of the guide wire shaping tool of the presentinvention in a state of a process where the annular diameter of theguide wire staying inside the shaping portion is gradually reduced;
FIG. 18 shows an enlarged plan view of the guide wire shaping tool ofFIG. 17 ;
FIG. 19 shows an enlarged plan view of FIG. 18 in which the holdingportion and the guide wire are omitted;
FIG. 20 shows a plan view of the guide wire shaping tool of the presentinvention in a state where the sliding portion is further slid and theguide wire is further pulled out;
FIG. 21 shows an enlarged plan view of the guide wire shaping tool ofFIG. 20 ;
FIG. 22A shows a state of further curving together with the folded backpart of the guide wire; FIG. 22B shows a state in which the folded backpart of the guide wire is warped;
FIG. 23 shows the guide wire shaping tool of the present invention in astate where shaping of the guide wire shaping tool is completed afterthe guide wire is pulled out;
FIG. 24 shows a flowchart of the guide wire shaping method of thepresent invention; and
FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
An embodiment of the present invention will be exemplified withreference to the drawings. In FIGS. 3, 11 denotes a guide wire shapingtool. The guide wire shaping tool 11 is used to shape the guide wireshown in FIGS. 1 and 2 into a so-called J shape as in the example shownin FIG. 4 . The guide wire is indicated by reference sign W in FIG. 10Band subsequent drawings described below. In each drawing, arrow Urepresents upward U in the up-down direction of the guide wire shapingtool 11. Arrow D represents downward D in the up-down direction. Theupward side is referred to as up side, and the downward side is referredto as down side. Arrow L represents leftward in the left-rightdirection. Arrow R represents rightward in the left-right direction. Theleftward side is referred to as left side, and the rightward side isreferred to as right side. Arrow F represents forward in the front-backdirection. Arrow B represents backward in the front-back direction. Theforward is referred to as front side, and backward is referred to asback side.
The guide wire shaping tool 11 has a main body 13 shown in the plan viewof FIG. 3A. This main body 13 is divided in the up-down direction asshown in the front view of FIG. 3B and includes a first main bodyportion 14 arranged on the lower side and a second main body portion 15arranged on the upper side. A first dividing surface 14 a, which is adividing surface of the first main body portion 14, and a seconddividing surface 15 a, which is a dividing surface of the second mainbody portion 15, are substantially horizontal surfaces. The first mainbody portion 14 is formed of a synthetic resin having characteristicssuch as impact resistance, abrasion resistance, heat resistance, andhigh dimensional accuracy, such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK). Thesecond main body portion 15 is formed of a synthetic resin having hightransparency such as an acrylic resin. Since the second main bodyportion 15 is transparent and see-through from above, the structure onthe first dividing surface 14 a is represented by a solid line in theplan view.
The first main body portion 14 and the second main body portion 15 arejoined by a hinge or a bolt and a nut. Therefore, the first dividingsurface 14 a and the second dividing surface 15 a can freely overlap orseparate from each other by opening and closing the hinge or attachingand detaching the bolt and the nut.
The guide wire shaping tool 11 includes a sliding portion 16 and aholding portion 17. The sliding portion 16 is formed in a shape in whicha substantially trapezoidal columnar solid that is flat in the up-downdirection and a substantially rectangular parallelepiped solid that hasa long direction in the front-back direction and is flat in the up-downdirection are combined, and a part of the back side is fitted into agroove provided in a recessed manner in the first dividing surface 14 a.The holding portion 17 is formed in a substantially quadrilateralcolumnar solid having a long direction in the up-down direction, and apart of the lower side is fitted into a hole 15 b penetrating the secondmain body portion 15 in the up-down direction.
FIG. 5A shows a left side view of the guide wire shaping tool 11, andFIG. 5B shows its right side view. FIG. 6 shows a plan view in a statewhere the sliding portion 16 is removed. The first main body portion 14includes a groove-shaped rail portion 21 provided in the front-backdirection and into which a part of the back side of the sliding portion16 is fitted. The rail portion 21 is provided in a recessed mannerdownward on the first dividing surface 14 a as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B,and has a leftward side wall 21 a, a rightward side wall 21 a, and anupward bottom wall 21 b as shown in FIG. 6 . These side walls 21 a andthe bottom wall 21 b have a surface direction in the front-backdirection. The rail portion 21 has a flat shape in the up-downdirection, and the depth in the up-down direction is larger than thedepth of a shaping portion 25.
On the other hand, as shown in the back view of FIG. 7A and the planview of FIG. 7B, the sliding portion 16 has a left side surface 16 a anda right side surface 16 a in the front-back direction and the up-downdirection, and a bottom surface 16 b in the front-back direction and theleft-right direction. The sliding portion 16 has these left and rightside surfaces 16 a and 16 a brought into contact with the left and rightside walls 21 a and 21 a as well as the bottom surface 16 b brought intocontact with the bottom wall 21 b, and can slide on the rail portion 21to slide in the front-back direction. The up-down direction height ofthe sliding portion 16 is substantially the same as the up-downdirection depth of the rail portion 21.
FIG. 8 is a plan view showing a state in which the sliding portion 16 islocated on the backmost side and omitting display of the holding portion17 for easy viewing. As shown in FIG. 5A, the first main body portion 14has an opening portion 22 recessed rightward from the left side surface.The opening portion 22 forms a semi-conical space having a rightwardapex. The tip end of a guide wire W is inserted into this openingportion 22. Then, an inlet passage portion 23, which is a substantiallycolumnar space in the left-right direction as shown in FIG. 8 , isformed so as to communicate with the opening portion 22. The inletpassage portion 23 is provided in a recessed manner downward in thefirst dividing surface 14 a. Then, the inlet passage portion 23 has anoutlet portion 24, which is a part located at the deepest side as viewedfrom the opening portion 22. That is, the outlet portion 24 is locatedon the rightmost side of the inlet passage portion 23.
Next, the first main body portion 14 has the shaping portion 25communicating with the inlet passage portion 23 and expanding rightwardfrom the outlet portion 24. Similar to the inlet passage portion 23, theshaping portion 25 is provided in a recessed manner downward in thefirst dividing surface 14 a. The shaping portion 25 forms a flat spacein the up-down direction on the side surface of FIGS. 5A and 5B asindicated by the hidden line. The shaping portion 25 has a substantiallyannular inner wall 25 a forming its inner circumferential portion.
Here, an extension line C′ of a center line C of the inlet passageportion 23 intersects the inner wall 25 a. The inner wall 25 a of thepart intersecting in this manner is called an extension lineintersection portion 26. The extension line C′ is not orthogonal to theinner wall 25 a but intersects at an obtuse angle at the extension lineintersection portion 26. As shown in FIG. 8 , the extension line C′makes an obtuse angle with the inner wall 25 a on the back side relativeto the extension line intersection portion 26. At the same time, theextension line C′ makes an acute angle with the inner wall 25 a on thefront side relative to the extension line intersection portion 26. Inthe example of FIG. 8 , the extension line C′ intersects the inner wall25 a at an angle of 129.0° at the extension line intersection portion26. Of these inner walls 25 a, the inner wall 25 a that reaches theextension line intersection portion 26 through the back side from theoutlet portion 24 and intersects the extension line C′ at an obtuseangle is called an obtuse angle side inner wall portion 27. The innerwall 25 a that reaches the extension line intersection portion 26through the front side from the outlet portion 24 and intersects theextension line C′ at an acute angle is called an acute angle side innerwall portion 28.
The acute angle side inner wall portion 28 has a shape bulging forwardin an orientation away from the extension line C′ as indicated by athick arrow in FIG. 8.
The sliding portion 16 has a back end portion 31 protruding backward asshown in FIG. 7B. The back end portion 31 is arranged at an upper partwith respect to the thickness in the up-down direction of the slidingportion 16 as shown in FIG. 7A. The left side surface of the back endportion 31 is called a stopping surface 31 a. Then, in a state where thesliding portion 16 is located on the backmost side as shown in FIG. 8 ,the back end portion 31 intersects with the center line C, and thereforethe guide wire W entering rightward the inlet passage portion 23 throughthe opening portion 22 is blocked from further entering by the stoppingsurface 31 a. On the other hand, FIG. 9A shows a state in which thesliding portion 16 is slid slightly forward. In this state, since a backsurface 31 b of the back end portion 31 is continuous left and rightwith a front end surface of the inner wall of the inlet passage portion23 on the left side part relative to the outlet portion 24, or islocated slightly on a front side relative to the inlet passage portion23, the guide wire W is not blocked from entering by the stoppingsurface 31 a. This state is called an open state of the inlet passageportion 23.
The back surface 31 b of the back end portion 31 constitutes the acuteangle side outlet opposing portion described below.
FIG. 9B is an enlarged plan view in an open state showing the holdingportion 17 by an imaginary line. In this figure, the back surface 31 bof the back end portion 31 is continuous left and right with a front endsurface 23 a of the inner wall of the inlet passage portion 23 on theleft side part relative to the outlet portion 24.
FIG. 10A is an enlarged plan view near the outlet portion 24 in whichthe sliding portion 16 and the holding portion 17 are omitted. Theoutlet portion 24 has a width in the front-back direction that allowsthe guide wire W not shown in this figure to be doubly arranged frontand back. This outlet portion 24 includes an obtuse angle side outletportion 32, which is one side portion on a side having a substantiallylinear inner wall 32 a continuous with the obtuse angle side inner wallportion 27, and an acute angle side outlet portion 33, which is one sideportion on an opposite side of this obtuse angle side outlet portion 32.In this manner, the obtuse angle side outlet portion 32 and the acuteangle side outlet portion 33 are arranged side by side with each otheron the back side and the front side, respectively.
The obtuse angle side outlet portion 32 is closed at its left end by aclosing portion 32 b. On the other hand, the acute angle side outletportion 33 is provided at a position extending rightward the inletpassage portion 23, and its left end communicates with the inlet passageportion 23.
FIG. 10B shows a state in which the guide wire W enters rightward theinlet passage portion 23, advances inside the shaping portion 25 whilebeing bent counterclockwise, and then a tip end Wa returns to the outletportion 24. At this time, since the acute angle side outlet 33 isoccupied by the guide wire W on the front side, the tip end Wa isstopped rightward by the closing portion 32 b after entering the obtuseangle side outlet portion 32. In this manner, since the outlet portion24 has the obtuse angle side outlet portion 32 on the upper side and theacute angle side outlet portion 33 on the lower side, the guide wire Wcan be doubly arranged front and back. Of the two front and back sideguide wires W in FIG. 10B, the guide wire W having returned to theoutlet portion 24 on the rear side is called a back side guide wire Wband is arranged inside the obtuse angle side outlet portion 32. The tipend Wa makes a part of the back side guide wire Wb. The other guide wireW on the front side is called a front side guide wire Wf, and the guidewire Wf passes through the acute angle side outlet portion 33 left andright.
FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C are a plan view, a left side view, and a frontview of the holding portion 17, respectively. A part of the lower sideof the holding portion 17 is fitted into the hole 15 b of the secondmain body portion 15. The holding portion 17 has a lower end portion 34protruding downward. The lower end portion 34 has a width ofsubstantially half in the left-right direction of the holding portion 17in plan view and is arranged to the left, and has a depth ofsubstantially half in the front-back direction of the holding portion 17and is arranged to the front. The lower end portion 34 is formed withthe back surface being inclined such that the depth becomes smallertoward the lower side.
The lower end portion 34 has a concave portion 35 formed in a partialcylindrical shape in the left-right direction on the bottom surface. Bythe holding portion 17 indicated by an imaginary line in the plan viewof FIG. 10B descends along the hole 15 b, the concave portion 35 canpress the tip end Wa and the guide wire W near the tip end Wa downwardfrom the upper side. At this time, since the tip end Wa and the guidewire W near the tip end Wa are supported downward by the first main bodyportion 14 corresponding to the bottom wall of the obtuse angle sideoutlet portion 32, the tip end Wa and the guide wire W near the tip endWa are pressed against and held by the main body 13 by the lower endportion 34.
However, the concave portion 35 is so thin in the left-right directionthat the holding portion 17 can press downward only the back side guidewire Wb arranged inside the obtuse angle side outlet portion 32, anddoes not press the front side guide wire Wf. Therefore, meanwhile theback side guide Wb remains at the obtuse angle side outlet portion 32,the front side guide wire Wf can freely move in the left-right directionin the acute angle side outlet portion 33.
FIG. 12 shows an example of the dimension in a plan view of an exampleof the guide wire shaping tool 11. Here, the extension line C′ and theinner wall 25 a intersect at an angle of 129.0°. However, the extensionline C′ may intersect the inner wall 25 a at an angle other than 129.0°,and may intersect the inner wall 25 a at an angle of about 129.0° aslong as the tip end Wa slides along the obtuse angle side inner wallportion 26 without being caught as the guide wire W is fed.
Hereinafter, a guide wire shaping method S100 in which the user foldsback the tip end Wa of the guide wire W using the guide wire shapingtool 11 of the present invention and shapes the tip end part into a Jshape will be described using plan views and enlarged plan views ofFIGS. 13 to 21 and 23 in order. In these figures, the holding portion 17is represented by an imaginary line, and a structure hidden by theholding portion 17 when originally viewed from above is also representedby a solid line. The guide wire shaping method S100 is also representedby the flowchart of FIG. 24.
FIG. 13 shows a state in which the first main body portion 14 and thesecond main body portion 15 are joined in the up-down direction. Theprocess of preparing the guide wire shaping tool 11 and joining thesemain body portions 14 and 15 is called a preparation process S110.
Here, since the second dividing surface 15 a of the second main bodyportion 15 can freely overlap or separate from the first dividingsurface 14 a of the first main body portion 14 in which the inletpassage portion 23 and the shaping portion 25 are provided in a recessedmanner, the guide wire W can be accurately guided with the firstdividing surface 14 a and the second dividing surface 15 a being inclose contact with each other so as to overlap each other when the guidewire W is shaped.
FIG. 13 shows a state in which the user inserts the tip end Wa into theopening portion 22, and is about to feed the guide wire W from theoutside of the guide wire shaping tool 11 by causing the guide wire W toenter rightward the inlet passage portion 23. An entry direction of theguide wire W is indicated by an arrow. In this figure, the slidingportion 16 has moved to the backmost position on the rail portion 21similarly to FIG. 8 . Therefore, the tip end Wa cannot advance rightwardbeyond the stopping surface 31 a of the sliding portion 16. The processfrom when the guide wire W is inserted into the opening portion 22 towhen the tip end Wa abuts against the closing portion 32 b and isstopped as shown in FIG. 16 described later is called a feeding processS120. In this feeding process S120, the holding portion 17 is raised,and the lower end portion 34 is not in contact with the guide wire W.
FIG. 14 shows a state in which the user slides the sliding portion 16slightly forward and places the inlet passage portion 23 in the openstate as shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B. In this state, the guide wire W canbe further fed rightward, and the tip end Wa advances rightward in theshaping portion 25 through the acute angle side outlet portion 33. Therising holding portion 17 does not obstruct the travel of the guide wireW. Then, the tip end Wa travels substantially along the extension lineC′ and abuts on the vicinity of the extension line intersection portion26. The angle formed between the guide wire W and the inner wall 25 awhen the tip end Wa abuts on the vicinity of the extension lineintersection portion 26 is substantially the same as the angle betweenthe extension line C′ and the inner wall 25 a. In this example, theangle formed with the obtuse angle side inner wall portion 27 is 129.0°,which is an obtuse angle. The present inventor has found that the guidewire W naturally advances while being bent in a side forming an obtuseangle with the traveling direction at the time of abutment. Due to this,the tip end Wa abuts on the vicinity of the extension line intersectionportion 26, and then is bent counterclockwise in the figure and slidesalong the obtuse angle side inner wall portion 27. Then, the guide wireW in the shaping portion 25 is bent such that the entire guide wire W isannularly arranged.
Although FIG. 13 shows an example of a state in which the slidingportion 16 is first arranged at the backmost position, the slidingportion 16 may be arranged slightly on the front side from the beginningand the inlet passage portion 23 may be in the open state. In this case,the user can advance the tip end Wa into the shaping portion 25 from thebeginning without sliding the sliding portion 16.
Here, as a result of intensive studies, the present inventor has foundthat when the tip end Wa of the inserted guide wire W abuts on thevicinity of the extension line intersection portion 26 and slides alongthe obtuse angle side inner wall portion 27 while being bent on theobtuse angle side, even if the long direction of the transverse crosssection of the flat-plate-like core wire C inside the guide wire W issubstantially the same as the front-back direction and the core wire Cis located at a position as in FIG. 2A, the guide wire W rotates by 90°about its center axis, and has completed the present invention. As aresult of the rotation, the long direction and the up-down direction ofthe cross section of the core wire C become substantially the same, andtherefore the guide wire W is easily bent. It has been found that evenwhen the long direction of the cross section of the core wire C and thebending direction of the guide wire W are not the same and form an angleof equal to or less than 90°, the guide wire W rotates by the angle ofequal to or less than 90°. As a result of the rotation, similarly, thelong direction and the up-down direction of the cross section of thecore wire C become substantially the same, and therefore the guide wireW is easily bent as compared with before the rotation.
| 38,513 |
https://github.com/maxathon2020/Enk/blob/master/Unlock_webapp/libs/webapp3/response.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Enk
|
maxathon2020
|
Python
|
Code
| 99 | 379 |
"""
Custom responses
"""
import six
import collections
import webob
import json
import settings
class CorsResponse(webob.Response):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(CorsResponse, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
if getattr(settings, 'CORS_ENABLE', False):
self.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Origin'] = ', '.join(
getattr(settings, 'CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN', [])
)
self.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Headers'] = ', '.join(
getattr(settings, 'CORS_ALLOW_HEADERS', [])
)
self.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Methods'] = ', '.join(
getattr(settings, 'CORS_ALLOW_METHODS', [])
)
class JsonResponse(CorsResponse):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
data = None
if 'data' in kwargs:
data = kwargs.pop('data')
super(JsonResponse, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.headers['Content-type'] = 'application/json'
if isinstance(data, (collections.Mapping, list, set, tuple)):
self.body = json.dumps(data)
elif isinstance(data, six.string_types):
self.body = json.dumps({
'message': data
})
elif data is not None:
self.body = data
| 26,799 |
US-55041990-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,990 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,663 | 7,545 |
Processes for the conversion of myrcene to nerol and citral
ABSTRACT
A novel process for converting myrcene to a key palladium-myrcene complex using palladium (II) chloride in the presence of an aqueous cycloamide solvent and lithium salt is disclosed. Novel processes for converting the palladium-myrcene complex to citral using a phosphine compound, or to nerol using a nitrogen-donor compound in the presence of hydrogen gas, are also presented.
RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a divisional of copending application U.S. Ser. No. 269,278, filed Nov. 9, 1988 U.S. Pat. No. 5,017,726.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Oxygenated derivatives of monoterpenes, such as nerol and citral, are of great importance to a number of industries. Although some processes for their commercial production are available, new and/or better synthetic routes are needed.
The application of organometallic chemistry to monoterpene transformation has been the subject of a number of studies. Early experiments are reported in McQuillin et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I, pp. 809-815 (1974), and Dunne et al., J. Chem. Soc. (C), pp. 2196-2200, 2200-2203, and 2203-2206 (1970). In these studies, the authors prepared several allyl palladium complexes of terpene compounds, including those resulting from the reaction of palladium with myrcene. Cyclization of myrcene, however, was found to be a problem, and neither nerol nor citral resulted from the described processes.
Building on the earlier work of these authors, Takahashi et al., Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 266, pp. 327-336 (1984) successfully prepared a mixture of citral and nerol utilizing a two-step method. First, myrcene was reacted with dichlorobis(acetonitrile)palladium in the solvent hexamethyl-phosphoric triamide (HMPA) or in the presence of a base such as Li₂ CO₃ using dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent, to yield a non-cyclized palladium-myrcene complex. Although the reported yield of the palladium-myrcene complex in the HMPA process was relatively good, the complex formation in the Li₂ CO₃ /DMF process was somewhat low, approximately 33%. In the second step of the reported process, the complex was isolated, and then treated with base to yield terpene aldehydes and alcohols such as citral and nerol. One major drawback of these processes, however, is that they necessitate two steps, requiring isolation of the intermediate before further processing. Moreover, the product obtained using these methods is a mixture of both citral and nerol. Furthermore, these reactions have the additional disadvantage of a temperature limitation, since at high temperatures the solvents HMPA and DMF are decomposed by palladium species. See Bombieri et al., Inorganica Chimica Acta, Vol. 86, pp. 121-125 (1984); Fahey et al., Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 39, pp. 3276-77 (1974). Finally, the use of HMPA in any process is undesirable, since HMPA is an extremely potent toxin, as well as a suspected carcinogen.
Nerol and citral are compounds of high significance to the flavor, fragrance and synthetic vitamin industries. Additional and/or better processes for their commercial production, particularly processes employing the readily available starting material myrcene, are needed. The present invention is directed to this important end.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a novel process for producing a palladium-myrcene complex of the formula ##STR1## comprising contacting myrcene with palladium (II) chloride in the presence of an aqueous cycloamide solvent and a lithium salt. The complex thus formed provides a key intermediate for further conversion to the important compounds citral and nerol. The subject invention also encompasses novel methods for carrying out such conversions.
In accordance with the present invention, citral may be produced by a novel process in which a palladium-myrcene complex of the formula ##STR2## is contacted with a phosphine compound. The present invention further provides a novel process for producing nerol comprising contacting a palladium-myrcene complex of the formula ##STR3## with a nitrogen-donor compound in the presence of hydrogen gas.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The subject invention involves, in one aspect, the production of a key palladium-myrcene complex. This key complex provides an intermediate for further reaction to citral (that is, 3,7-dimethyl-(E,Z)-2,6-octadiaenal) and nerol (that is, 3,7-dimethyl-(Z)-2,6-octadien-1-ol), compounds of significant importance to the flavor, fragrance and synthetic vitamin industries. Specifically, the present invention provides a process for producing a palladium-myrcene complex of the formula ##STR4## comprising contacting myrcene with a palladium (II) chloride in the presence of an aqueous cycloamide solvent and a lithium salt.
The myrcene employed in the subject processes may be pure myrcene or other suitable mixtures of compounds containing myrcene, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. One readily available and relatively inexpensive source of myrcene is a myrcene and limonene mixture in a ratio of about 80 to about 20, respectively, a product which is commercially available from various sources, including Union Camp Corporation, Wayne, N.J.
The palladium (II) chloride may be added directly as PdCl₂. Alternatively, it may be formed in situ by the addition of a source of chloride ion, such as LiCl or NaCl, to a palladium (II) salt, such as PdSO₄, Pd(NO₃)₂, Pd₃ (PO₄)₂ and Pd(BF₄)₂. Other sources of chloride ion and palladium (II) salts suitable for in situ generation of the palladium (II) chloride will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In generating the palladium (II) chloride in situ, the chloride ion source and the palladium (II) salt may be added in varying ratios of Pd⁺² to Cl⁻, including 2:1 and 1:1. If desired, the PdCl₂ compound may be complexed with loosely coordinated ligand donors, such as acetonitrile, benzonitrile, 1,5-cyclooctadiene and dimethyl sulfoxide. Thus, the palladium (II) salt may be in the form of, for example, dichlorobisacetonitrile palladium, that is, PdCl₂ (CH₃ CN)₂. Other suitable ligand donors for coordination with the PdCl₂ compound will be apparent to those skilled in the art. These and other obvious variations are intended to be within the ambit of the phrase palladium (II) chloride, as used herein. Preferably, the palladium (II) chloride is PdCl₂ or PdCl₂ (CH₃ CN)₂.
Suitable aqueous cycloamide solvents include substituted and unsubstituted pyrrolidones, such as N-methylpyrrolidone, substituted and unsubstituted imidazolidinones, and substituted and unsubstituted pyrimidones. Other suitable aqueous cycloamide solvents will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Preferably, the aqueous cycloamide solvent is aqueous N-methylpyrrolidone, a compound of the formula ##STR5## Not only does aqueous N-methylpyrrolidone promote appropriate and efficient complexation of myrcene and palladium (II) chloride, it also lacks the toxic and carcinogenic properties found in HMPA. N-methylpyrrolidone is also less prone to decomposition by palladium than DMF.
Examples of lithium salts suitable for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, Li₃ PO₄, Li₂ B₄ O₇, Li₂ CrO₄, Li₂ SO₄, LiNO₃, Li₂ WO₄, Li₂ MoO₄, and Li₂ CO₃. Other suitable lithium salts will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Preferably, the lithium salts are selected from the group consisting of Li₃ PO₄, Li₂ B₄ O₇, Li₂ CrO₄, Li₂ SO₄, Li₂ WO₄, Li₂ MoO₄, and Li₂ CO₃. Most preferably, the lithium salt is Li₂ B₄ O₇ and Li₂ SO₄. LiNO₃ is least preferred in that it forms only a relatively small amount of the desired palladium-myrcene complex. As one skilled in the art will recognize, such salts may, if desired, be formed in situ.
The palladium-myrcene complex-forming reaction proceeds best at or above room temperature. Elevating the temperature results in increased reaction rates. Most preferably, the reaction is carried out at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 70° C. The reaction may be conducted at atmospheric pressure, and generally runs to completion within a few hours. To maximize yields, continual stirring by manual or mechanical means may be employed. Ultrasound may also be used in conjunction with, or in place of, the continual stirring.
The palladium-myrcene complex thus formed provides a suitable intermediate for the production of nerol or citral, and the present invention also includes processes for producing these important compounds. Such processes, which are described in detail below, provide high yields of the desired product, nerol or citral, as the case may be. Moreover, the citral process results in citral product, substantially free of nerol, and similarly, the nerol process results in a nerol product, substantially free of citral.
Thus, the present invention further contemplates a process for producing citral in high yields substantially free of nerol, comprising contacting a palladium-myrcene complex of the formula ##STR6## with a phosphine compound.
Surprisingly, the phosphine compound acts to stabilize an otherwise unstable citral end product to both the palladium metal and the thermal conditions of the subject reaction process. Suitable phosphine compounds include, but are not limited to, PR₁ R₂ R₃ wherein R₁, R₂ and R₃ are the same or different and each represents a substituted or unsubstituted C₁ -C₂₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂ -C₂₀ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂ -C₂₀ alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₆ -C₂₀ aryl. Other suitable phosphine compounds will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Preferred phosphine compounds are PR₁ R₂ R₃ wherein R₁, R₂ and/or R₃ are substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. Preferred phosphine compounds are where R₁, R₂ and/or R₃ are unsubstituted phenyl or para-substituted trifluoromethyl-phenyl. If desired, the phosphine compounds may be supported on a suitable support material. As those skilled in the art will recognize, providing supported phosphine compounds will result in easier separation and recovery of the palladium species. Such support materials are conventional and include polymeric and inorganic materials. An example of a suitable polymeric material is polystyrene cross-linked with divinyl benzene. A preferred embodiment includes PR₁ R₂ R₃ wherein R₁, R₂ and/or R₃ are phenyl and wherein said PR₁ R₂ R₃ is supported on polymeric polystyrene cross-linked with divinyl benzene, a commercially available product from Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wis. Other polymeric and inorganic materials suitable for supporting the phosphine compounds for use in the subject process will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
The citral-producing reaction proceeds best in temperatures of about 110° C.
The palladium-myrcene complex employed in the novel process can be obtained by using methods known to those skilled in the art, such as the methods disclosed in Takahashi et al., Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 266, pp. 327-336 (1984). Alternatively, the novel methods disclosed herein may be employed to obtain the palladium-myrcene complex utilized in the subject process.
The palladium-myrcene complex may be first isolated, and then contacted with the phosphine compound to yield citral. Accordingly, the present invention also encompasses a process for producing citral comprising: (i) contacting myrcene with palladium (II) chloride in the presence of an aqueous cycloamide solvent and a lithium salt to form a palladium-myrcene complex of the formula ##STR7## (ii) isolating the resultant palladium-myrcene complex; and (iii) contacting the isolated palladium-myrcene complex with a phosphine compound. Suitable techniques for isolating the palladium-myrcene complex will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and include techniques such as the column chromatography procedures set forth in Takahashi et al., Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 266, pp. 327-336 (1984).
Surprisingly, it has also been found that the palladium-myrcene complex need not be isolated prior to contacting with the phosphine compound, thereby providing a "one-pot" process. Moreover, it has been surprisingly discovered that the palladium-myrcene complex-forming, and the citral-forming reactions need not be carried out in a two-step fashion. Instead, the phosphine compound may be added directly to the myrcene along with the palladium-myrcene complex forming reagents, to yield, in one step, the desired citral product. Thus, an additional aspect of the invention involves a process for producing citral comprising contacting myrcene with: (i) palladium (II) chloride in the presence of an aqueous cycloamide solvent and a lithium salt; and (ii) a phosphine compound. Reagents (i) and (ii) can be added in step-wise order, that is, reagents (i) first, and then reagent (ii), or alternatively, reagents (i) and (ii) can be added simultaneously. When reagents (i) and (ii) are added simultaneously, the best results are achieved where the ratio of Pd⁺² to Cl⁻ is 1 to 1. For maximum yields, at least step (ii) in these reactions should be carried out at about 100° C. to about 140° C., most preferably at about 110° C.
The foregoing discoveries clearly provide an efficient and commercially viable pathway to the important compound citral.
A further aspect of the present invention involves a process for producing nerol in high yields and substantially free of citral, comprising contacting a palladium-myrcene complex of the formula ##STR8## with a nitrogen-donor compound in the presence of hydrogen gas. Suitable nitrogen-donor compounds include, but are not limited to, unsubstituted pyridine, substituted pyridines such as 2-methyl- pyridine and 2-phenyl-pyridine, pyridine-N-oxide, triethylamine and N,N-diethyl-aniline. Preferably, the nitrogen-donor compounds are selected from 2-substituted pyridines such as 2-methyl-pyridine and 2-phenyl-pyridine. Most preferably, the nitrogen donor compound is 2-methyl-pyridine.
Preferably, the reaction is carried out at room temperature and at a hydrogen gas pressure of three atmospheres, although other temperatures and pressures may also be employed.
The palladium-myrcene complex utilized in the novel nerol-producing process can be obtained by using methods known to those skilled in the art, such as the methods disclosed in Takahashi et al., Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 266, pp. 326-336 (1984). Alternatively, the novel methods disclosed herein may be employed to obtain the palladium-myrcene complex utilized in the subject process.
The palladium-myrcene complex may be first isolated, and then contacted with the nitrogen-donor compound in the presence of hydrogen gas. Accordingly, the present invention also encompasses a process for producing nerol comprising: (i) contacting myrcene with palladium (II) chloride in the presence of an aqueous amide solvent and a lithium salt to form a palladium-myrcene complex of the formula ##STR9## (ii) isolating the resultant palladium-myrcene complex; and (iii) contacting the isolated palladium-myrcene complex with a nitrogen-donor compound in the presence of hydrogen gas.
Suitable techniques for isolating the palladium-myrcene complex will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and include techniques such as the column chromatography procedures set forth in Takahashi, et al., Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 266, pp. 327-336 (1984).
Alternatively, the palladium-myrcene need not be isolated prior to contacting with the nitrogen-donor compound and the hydrogen gas, thereby providing a "one pot" process.
Accordingly, an additional aspect of the invention involves a process for producing nerol comprising contacting myrcene with, in order, (i) palladium (II) chloride in the presence of an aqueous cycloamide solvent and a lithium salt; and (ii) a nitrogen-donor compound in the presence of hydrogen gas. Reagents (i) and (ii) are added in step-wise order, that is, reagents (i) first, and then reagents (ii).
The aforementioned processes clearly provide an efficient and commercially viable pathway to the important compound nerol.
The citral and nerol compounds produced by the subject processes are useful in a variety of ways, for example, they may be employed as a fragrance or a flavor additive or as a precursor for the synthesis of vitamins A and E. See Derfer et al., "Terpenoids", pp. 709-762 in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., Vol. 22, Wiley Interscience Publications (New York, 1983), the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention is further described in the following Examples. These Examples are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the appended claims.
EXAMPLES
In the Examples which follow, the myrcene employed was a myrcene and limonene mixture in a ratio of about 80 to about 20, respectively.
EXAMPLE 1 Production of a Palladium-Myrcene Complex of the Formula ##STR10##
To a solution of N-methylpyrrolidone (25 ml) and Li₃ PO₄ (1.81 gm) or Li₂ B₄ O₇ (2.61 gm) was added PdCl₂ (CH₃ CN)₂ (1.0101 gm) and water (2.5 ml). The solution was briefly stirred using mechanical stirring, and myrcene (1.7619 gm) was added by pipet. The mixture was then briskly stirred (mechanical stirring) for 5 hours at room temperature, and 50 ml of toluene was added. The organic phase was then dried over CaCl₂ overnight in a hood, and separated by column chromatography on florosil gel with toluene/ethyl acetate.
The resulting isolated product was analyzed by NMR and GC. NMR data confirmed the presence of the desired palladium-myrcene complex. No cyclized complex was detected. The yield and selectivity results are shown below in Table 1. Yield calculations in all of the Examples are based on the initial level of Pd(II). Selectivity data is based on consumed myrcene. The amount of myrcene remaining was measured by external standard weight percent GC.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Process Yield Selectivity ______________________________________ Li.sub.3 PO.sub.4 71% 45% N-Methylpyrrolidone Room temperature 5 Hours Li.sub.2 B.sub.4 O.sub.7 73% 87% N-Methylpyrrolidone Room temperature 5 Hours ______________________________________
EXAMPLE 2 Production of Palladium-Myrcene Complex of the Formula ##STR11##
The procedures of Example 1 were substantially followed, except that the reaction was run at about 70° C. for 1.5 hours. The yield and selectivity results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ Process Yield Selectivity ______________________________________ Li.sub.3 PO.sub.4 70% 93% N-Methylpyrrolidone 70° C. 1.5 Hours ______________________________________
EXAMPLE 3 Production of Citral from a Palladium-Myrcene Complex
To an isolated palladium-myrcene complex (80 mg) of the formula ##STR12## was added toluene (2 ml) and triphenylphosphine (80 mg) in a flask. A water-cooled condenser was placed over the flask and the mixture was heated to about 110° C. for 1.5 hours. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature and 4 ml of tridecane was added. The citral was isolated by distillation and analyzed to confirm the presence of citral. The yield is shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 ______________________________________ Process Yield ______________________________________ Triphenylphosphine 55% 110° C. 1.5 Hours ______________________________________
EXAMPLE 4 Production of Citral from a Palladium-Myrcene Complex
The procedures of Example 3 were substantially followed, except that the reaction was run at about 140° C. for 2 hours. The yield is shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4 ______________________________________ Process Yield ______________________________________ Triphenylphosphine 54% 140° C. 2 Hours ______________________________________
EXAMPLE 5 Production of Nerol from a Palladium-Myrcene Complex
To an isolated palladium-myrcene complex, (40 mg) of the formula ##STR13## was added toluene (1 ml) and triethylamine (38 μl). The resultant mixture was placed in scintillation vials and a magnetic stirrer added. A balloon containing hydrogen gas at atmospheric pressure was placed over each vial and the mixture was allowed to stir for 20 minutes. The resulting product was analyzed and found to contain nerol. The yield is reported in Table 5
TABLE 5 ______________________________________ Process Yield ______________________________________ Triethylamine 80% H.sub.2 Gas Room temperature 20 Mins. ______________________________________
EXAMPLE 6 Production of Nerol from a Palladium-Myrcene Complex
To an isolated palladium-myrcene complex (80 mg) of the formula ##STR14## was added toluene (1 ml) and pyridine (0.1 ml). The mixture was placed in a pressure bottle and the bottle placed on a hydrogenator under 50 psi of hydrogen gas pressure. The mixture was shaken for 3 hours. The resulting product was analyzed and found to contain nerol. The yield is reported in Table 6.
TABLE 6 ______________________________________ Process Yield ______________________________________ Pyridine 39% H.sub.2 Gas Room Temperature 3 Hours ______________________________________
EXAMPLE 7 Production of Nerol from a Palladium-Myrcene Complex
The procedures of Example 6 were substantially followed, except that the nitrogen-containing compound employed was pyridine-N-oxide (100 mg) and the reaction was run for 2 hours. The yield is shown in Table 7.
TABLE 7 ______________________________________ Process Yield ______________________________________ Pyridine-N-Oxide 60% H.sub.2 Gas Room Temperature 2 Hours ______________________________________
EXAMPLE 8 Production of Nerol from a Palladium-Myrcene Complex
The procedures of Example 6 were substantially followed, except that the nitrogen-containing compound employed was 2-methyl-pyridine (2-picoline) (100 μl) and the reaction was for 2 hours. The yield is shown in Table 8.
TABLE 8 ______________________________________ Process Yield ______________________________________ 2-Picoline 80% H.sub.2 Gas Room Temperature 2 Hours ______________________________________
EXAMPLE 9 Production of Citral from Myrcene (One-Pot/Two-Step)
To a solution of N-methylpyrrolidone (25 ml) and Li₂ B₄ O₇ (1.63 gm) was added PdCl₂ (CH₃ CN₂) (1.0051 gm) and water (2.5 ml). The solution was briefly stirred, and myrcene (1.7522 gm) was added by pipet. The mixture was then briskly stirred for 5 hours at room temperature, and stored overnight.
To a sample of the solution (0.611 ml) was then added N-methylpyrrolidone (0.889 ml) and triphenylphosphine (0.023 gm). The solution was heated to about 110° C. for 2 hours.
To isolate the citral product, toluene (1.5 ml) was added and the solution washed 5 times with water. The organic phase was then dried by passage through a pipet filled with K₂ CO₃.
The resulting isolated citral product was analyzed by GC. The yield is shown in Table 9.
TABLE 9 ______________________________________ Process Yield ______________________________________ Step 1 Li.sub.2 B.sub.4 O.sub.7 N/A* N-Methylpyrrolidone Room Temperature 5 Hours Step 2 Triphenylphosphine 45% 110° C. 2 Hours ______________________________________ *N/A = not applicable.
EXAMPLE 10 Production of Citral from Myrcene (One-Pot/One-Step)
To a solution of N-methylpyrrolidone (7.5 ml) and Li₂ SO₄ (0.63 gm) was added PdSO₄ (0.2804 gm), LiCl (0.0585 gm), water (0.75 ml) and triphenylphosphine (0.385 gm). The solution was stirred for about ten minutes, and myrcene (0.5201 gm) was added by pipet. The solution was then heated to about 110° C. for 2 hours.
To isolate the citral product from a 0.75 ml aliquot of the reaction mixture, toluene (1.5 ml) was added and the solution washed 5 times with a sodium chloride and water solution. The organic phase was then dried by passage through a pipet filled with K₂ CO₃.
The resulting isolated product was analyzed by GC. The yield is shown in Table 10.
TABLE 10 ______________________________________ Process Yield ______________________________________ Li.sub.2 SO.sub.4 21% N-Methylpyrrolidone 110° C. 2 Hours ______________________________________
EXAMPLE 11 Production of Citral from Myrcene (One-Pot/One-Step)
To a solution of N-methylpyrrolidone (7.5 ml) and Li₃ PO₄ (0.55 gm) was added PdSO₄ (0.2836 gm), LiCl (0.0554 gm) and triphenylphosphine (0.475 gm) supported on a polymer of polystyrene cross-linked with divinyl benzene. The polymer-supported triphenylphosphine was obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wis. The solution was stirred for about ten minutes, and myrcene (0.5287 gm) was added by pipet. The solution was then heated to about 110° C. for 2 hours.
The citral product was then isolated and analyzed as in Example 10. The yield is shown in Table 11.
TABLE 11 ______________________________________ Process Yield ______________________________________ Li.sub.3 PO.sub.4 16% N-Methylpyrrolidone 110° C. 2 Hours ______________________________________
Various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. A process for producing nerol comprising contacting a palladium-myrcene complex of the formula ##STR15## with a nitrogen-donor compound in the presence of hydrogen gas.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the nitrogen-donor compound is selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted and substituted pyridine, pyridine-N-oxide, triethylamine and N,N-diethylaniline.
3. A process according to claim 2 wherein the substituted pyridine is a 2-substituted pyridine.
4. A process according to claim 3 wherein the 2-substituted pyridine is selected from the group consisting of 2-methyl-pyridine and 2-phenyl-pyridine.
5. A process for producing nerol comprising (i) contacting myrcene with palladium (II) chloride in the presence of a substituted aqueous cycloamide solvent and a lithium salt to form a palladium-myrcene complex of the formula; (ii) isolating the resultant palladium-myrcene complex; and (iii) contacting the isolated palladium-myrcene complex with a nitrogen-donor compound in the presence of hydrogen gas.
6. A process according to claim 5 wherein the palladium (II) chloride is selected from the group consisting of PdCl₂ and PdCl₂ loosely coordinated with ligand donors.
7. A process according to claim 6 wherein the ligand donors are selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, benzonitrile, 1,5-cyclooctadiene and dimethyl sulfoxide.
8. A process according to claim 7 wherein the ligand donors are acetonitrile.
9. A process according to claim 5 wherein the aqueous cycloamide solvent is selected from the group consisting of substituted pyrrolidones, imidazolidinones and pyrimidones.
10. A process according to claim 9 wherein the substituted pyrrolidone is N-methylpyrrolidone.
11. A process according to claim 5 wherein the lithium salt is selected from the group consisting of Li₃ PO₄, Li₂ B₄ O₇, Li₂ CrO₄, Li₂ SO₄, LiNO₃, Li₂ WO₄, Li₂ MoO₄ and Li₂ CO₃.
12. A process according to claim 11 wherein the lithium salt is selected from the group consisting of Li₃ PO₄, Li₂ B₄ O₇, Li₂ CrO₄, Li₂ SO₄, Li₂ WO₄, Li₂ MoO₄ and Li₂ CO₃.
13. A process according to claim 12 wherein the lithium salt is selected from the group consisting of Li₂ B₄ O₇ and Li₂ SO₄.
14. A process according to claim 5 wherein the myrcene is in the form of a myrcene and limonene mixture.
15. A process according to claim 14 wherein the myrcene to limonene ratio is about 80 to about
20. 16. A process according to claim 5 wherein the nitrogen-donor compound is selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted and substituted pyridine, pyridine-N-oxide, triethylamine and N,N-diethylaniline.
17. A process according to claim 16 wherein the substituted pyridine is a 2-substituted pyridine.
18. A process according to claim 17 wherein the 2-substituted pyridine is selected from the group consisting of 2-methyl-pyridine and 2-phenyl-pyridine.
19. A process according to claim 5 further comprising carrying out step (i) of the process at a temperature of about room temperature to about 70° C. and step (iii) of the process at a temperature of about room temperature.
20. A process according to claim 5 further comprising carrying out step (iii) of the process at a hydrogen gas pressure of about three atmospheres.
21. A process according to claim 5 further comprising stirring in step (i) the myrcene, palladium (II) chloride, aqueous cycloamide solvent and lithium salt mixture.
22. A process for producing nerol comprising contacting myrcene with, in order, (i) palladium (II) chloride in the presence of a substituted aqueous cycloamide solvent and a lithium salt; and (ii) a nitrogen-donor compound in the presence of hydrogen gas.
23. A process according to claim 22 wherein the palladium (II) chloride is selected from the group consisting of PdCl₂ and PdCl₂ loosely coordinated with ligand donors.
24. A process according to claim 23 wherein the ligand donors are selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, benzonitrile, 1,5-cyclooctadiene and dimethyl sulfoxide.
25. A process according to claim 24 wherein the ligand donors are acetonitrile.
26. A process according to claim 22 wherein the aqueous cycloamide solvent is selected from the group consisting of substituted pyrrolidones, imidazolidinones and pyrimidones.
27. A process according to claim 26 wherein the substituted pyrrolidone is N-methylpyrrolidone.
28. A process according to claim 22 wherein the lithium salt is selected from the group consisting of Li₃ PO₄, Li₂ B₄ O₇, Li₂ CrO₄, Li₂ SO₄, LiNO₃, Li₂ WO₄, Li₂ MoO₄ and Li₂ CO₃.
29. A process according to claim 28 wherein the lithium salt is selected from the group consisting of Li₃ PO₄, Li₂ B₄ O₇, Li₂ CrO₄, Li₂ SO₄, Li₂ WO₄, Li₂ MoO₄ and Li₂ CO₃.
30. A process according to claim 29 wherein the lithium salt is selected from the group consisting of Li₂ B₄ O₇ and Li₂ SO₄.
31. A process according to claim 22 wherein the myrcene is in the form of a myrcene and limonene mixture.
32. A process according to claim 31 wherein the myrcene to limonene ratio is about 80 to about
20. 33. A process according to claim 22 wherein the nitrogen-donor compound is selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted and substituted pyridine, pyridine-N-oxide, triethylamine and N,N-diethylaniline.
34. A process according to claim 33 wherein the substituted pyridine is a 2-substituted pyridine.
35. A process according to claim 34 wherein the 2-substituted pyridine is selected from the group consisting of 2-methyl-pyridine and 2-phenyl-pyridine.
36. A process according to claim 22 further comprising carrying step (i) of the process at a temperature of about room temperature to about 70° C. and step (ii) of the process at a temperature of about room temperature.
37. A process according to claim 22 further comprising carrying out step (ii) of the process at a hydrogen gas pressure of about three atmospheres.
38. A process according to claim 22 further comprising stirring in step (i) the myrcene, palladium (II) chloride, aqueous cycloamide solvent and lithium salt mixture..
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bpt6k5505703d_1
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French-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Journal amusant : journal illustré, journal d'images, journal comique, critique, satirique, etc.
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None
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French
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Spoken
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S' 1021. Prix do numéro : 35 centimes. Pour le» •éparleaeata S 40 centimes» 25 Mars 1876. 29* ANNÉE. LE CHOIX D'UNE BOBONNE. Eh bien! voyons, mon enfant; dites-moi, que savez-vous faire? Tout, monsieur. Ensuite? JOURNAL AMUSANT. N° 4021, À LA HOUZARDE! — par G. RANDON. — Voyons, chère enfant! vous serez encore bien moins compromise en prenant mon bras... comme ma petite femme. INVITATION A I.A VA1.SF.. Nous épouser 1... décidément, ma chère, vous n'êtes pas sérieuse. CHRONIQUE PARISIENNE. L'heure solennelle a sonne pour les artistes.. Le 20 mars ne fait pas pousser que des feuilles sur le marronnier des Tuileries, il fait éclore aussi des toiles par centaines au palais des Champs-Elysées. La procession a eu lieu conformément aux usages. Rien de curieux à observer comme la physionomie de ceux d'entre les artistes qui font eux-mêmes cortège •îi leurs ouvrages. Celui-ci est l'homme de précaution. 11 n'a pas voulu s'en rapporter aux commissionnaires. Un malheur est si vile arrivé ! Il a donc bravement emboîté le pas derrière la charrette à bras. Une poule veillant sur ses jeunes poussins, avec la sollicitude dont cette race a le monopole, n'a pas des angoisses plus touchantes que notre homme, épiant tous les périls qui peuvent menacer ses toiles. Du plus loin qu'il aperçoit une voiture, il se précipite, faisant signe au cocher d'obliquer à gauche, pour ne pas accrocher Raphaël et sa fortune. Les honnêtes Auvergnats qui remorquent son tableau ont-ils serré un seul instant le trottoir de trop près, il a bondi : — Prenez garde! ma Léda a failli glisser dans le ruisseau. — Pas de ricbque, mon bourgeois! nous chavons que les petites femmes, cb'est fragile! Un peu plus loin, c'est le tramway. Pour le coup, quelle émotion! On a corné avec fureur. Le lourd véhicule a frôlé le cadre qui dépassait. Notre homme a failli se trouver mal. Enfin on arrive. C'est le moment le plus épineux : il faut procéder au débarquement de la Léda. Ce n'est plus un homme : c'est un chien de berger ■qui court à droite, qui court à gauche. — Ne prenez pas par le cadre, vous allez abîmer la dorure... Ne prenez pas par le milieu, vous allez abîmer abîmer peinture qui n'est pas sèche... Doucement, donc ! Allons, bon ! C'est la Léda qui vient de se rencontrer brusquement avec un paysage qui A'enait à reculons. Le paysagiste et le lédaïste échangent des regards furibonds. — C'est la faute de vos Auvergnats ! — De quoi! Auvergnats!... Faudrait peut-être prendre des bacheliers! Ah ! le 20 mars est une terrible journée pour celui dont nous venons d'esquisser les palpitations. #*# Cet autre, c'est le triomphal. 11 n'a pas voulu se séparer de son colis, parce qu'il tient, sur tout le parcours, à épater les populations. Dans son quartier d'abord. Comme il toise ses fournisseurs, dont la confiance se sent presque rassurée, en pensant que leur client envoie au Salon deux natures mortes... qui seront probablement refucées ! Puis tout le long... le long du chemin, c'est un paon qui fait la roue sans entr actes. De temps à autre, il a soin de s'approcher du crochet sur lequel s'avancent ses Pommes mûres et ses Raisins veris, afin que les passants sachent bien qu'il en est le père. Il a eu soin, de plus, de faire tourner les natures mortes du côté où ça se voit. Et son regard de crier : — Oui, philistins! c'est moi qui vous ai brossé ça! Est-il assez pur, mon verjus! On en grince des dents... Oui, philistins, vous entendrez parler de moi... Enfoncés Vollon, Monginot, Philippe Rousseau et les autres ! Vive moi ! vive Chalumard ! ç*^ Où la petite fête se corse, c'est dans les dernières heures qui avoisinent le délai fatal. De véritables attroupements se sont formés autour du palais de l'Industrie. On crie, on rit, on échange des poignées de main et des quolibets. On écrase les excentriques de hourras formidables. Puis (car c'est ainsi toujours), à six heures et quart, au moment où la porte vient de se fermer, on voit poindre au coin de la place de la Concorde un monsieur qui court à toutes jambes, ses cheveux tombant en saule pleureur; il accourt, un paquet sous le bras. — Dépéchez-vous ! lui crient les rapins qui ont guetté le coup. 11 redouble de vitesse et de suffocation. — Mais dépêchez-vous donc ! Haletant, éperdu, ruisselant de sueur, il arrive enfin, semblable au soldat de Marathon. Et cent voix de lui crier à l'unisson : — Il y a un quart d'heure que c'est fermé! — Oh!!! Il est prêt à tomber à la renverse, l'infortuné retardataire. Et d'une voix amère •: — Un tableau qui est fini depuis six semaines, et que je n'ai pas voulu apporter plus tôt, de peur qu'on ne l'abîmât dans les galeries ! #*# Il paratt s'annoncer, d'ailleurs, sous des auspices particulièrement favorables, le Salon de 1876. A l'avance, la renommée proclame les mérites de plusieurs envois importants. Parmi ceux que, par anticipation, on met à l'ordre du jour, nous citerons : Français, avec un paysage magnifique, dont le motif a été pris en Franche-Comté. Vollon, avec une Pêcheuse magistralement traitée, et qui sera comme le point de départ d'une nouvelle manière de l'éminent artiste. Jundt, qui a peint délicieusement une figure de jeune fille assise dans une prairie où elle assemble des fleurs. Fichel, qui a envoyé une très-curieuse fête de village au dix-huitième siècle. N* 4021. JOURNAL AMUSANT. LA REVANCHE DU CORDON RLEU, — par RANDON. — Si toutefois ça ne dérangerai', pas madame... — Ce chérubin ! et dire que j'avais toujours rêvé l'amour d'un sapeur I — Mon cher, des militaires, et surtout dos sapeurs, j'en ai jusque-là I MORAL*: : Via o' que c'tist, C'(!3l bien fait, etc. Dnez, qui parait devoir être un des triomphateurs de l'année, avec une tête de femme d'une facture tout à fait hors ligne. Carolus Duran, avec son portrait d'Emile de Girardin. Feyen Perrin, et ses Pêcheuses attendant le retour des bateaux qui ramènent leurs hommes. L'oeuvre est saisis, ante. Henner, et son Christ au tombeau. Bonnat, et son Ange luttant contre Jacob, une débauche de biceps qui soulèvera une vive critique. Monginot, avec une Patineuse qui rendra jaloux le Skating-Rink, et un charmant tableau de genre : le Déjeuner volé. Clairin, avec le portrait de Sarah Bernhardt. Moullion, avec deux paysages bien divers. Manet va soulever de nouvelles tempêtes avec sa Laveuse. Cabanel va piquer une nouvelle tète avec sa Sunamite. M. Gustave Moreau, l'archéologue du pinceau, va faire une rentrée dont le besoin ne se faisait pas sentir. On cite encore, pêle-mêle, M. Jules Héreau (Au bord de la mer); le portrait de M. Hoschedé, par Baudry ; un tableau de Falguières, un beau groupe de Sarah Bernhardt... *% Mais je me laisse entraîner, et j'empiète sur la place réservée ici à cette chronique. Il est vrai que les théâtres m'en laissent le loisir, car je n'ai rien de neuf à vous dire, ni sur VOEU crevé des Folies, ni sur le Courrier de Lyon de l'Ambigu. Finissons par une anecdote... qui restera dans le domaine artistique comme ce courrier tout entier. Une de nos actrices, plus connue par sa galanterie que par son talent, va dernièrement trouver le peintre X..., connu pour ses boutades. La demoiselle, qui voudrait bien se faire prendre pour une artiste, désire son portrait. Le peintre lui dit le prix. Elle marchande : — Songez donc que ce sera pour vous une excellente réclame. Chez moi, il sera vu par tant de inonde ! — Alors, vous le mettrez dans votre chambre à coucher?... FlERHE VÉnON. LE MALHEUR D'AVOIR UNE FEMME TROP BONNE — Vous dites que vous avez ce qu'on appelle une bonne femme? — Excellente. — Mais là, une vraie? — Tout ce qu'il y a de meilleur. — Douce? — Comme un agneau. — Pas volontaire? — Elle veut tout ce que je veux. — Pas boudeuse ? — Pas le moins du monde. — Je vois cela d'ici. — Et alors... — Eh bien ! mon ami, je vous plains. — Comment? — Oui, je vous plains, et de tout mon coeur. — Je ne vous comprends pas; c'est une plaisanterie; je suis au comble de mes voeux et vous me plaignez ! — C'est que je sais ce que c'est. Comme vous, j'ai été au comble de mes voeux, et j'en suis descendu. — Expliquez-vous. — Du reste, votre ravissement s'explique ; vous n'avez encore que deux mois de mariage et moi trois ans ; tout est là. — Je veux être damné si j'y comprends rien! — Le temps vous fera comprendre. — En attendant, ne pourriez-vous pas... — Vous ne me croiriez pas; vous diriez que j'exagère, que je ne suis qu'un original. — Le moyen de me faire penser que vous exagérez, c'est dene pas vous expliquer. — Vous le voulez? — Sans doute. Ma pauvre Adèle, dire que je suis à plaindre parce que tu es trop bonne ! — J'ai poussé les mêmes exclamations, vous dis-je; je me riais de ceux qui me tenaient le propos que je vous tiens aujourd'hui, mais j'en suis bien revenu. — J'attends. — Vous connaissez Nini? — Excellente personne. N'ai-je pas été vingt, fois chez vous?. Ne m'a-t-elle pas reçu avec une affectuosité touchante ? Ne m'en avez-vous pas fait vingt fois l'éloge? — Justement; toujours comme vous à l'égard de votre chère Adèle. — Bonne petite Adèle!... Pardon, je regarde ma montre, parce que je me dis que voilà une heure déjà que je suis absent, et qu'elle va s'ennuyer, s'inquiéter, pleurer peut-être, la pauvre enfant ! — C'est bien cela. — Dites, vite! — Oui. Dans les premiers mois de notre mariage, nous étions comme deux tourtereaux, toujours l'un à côté de l'autre, toujours nous serrant la main, toujours nous bécotant. C'est si bon de s'aimer ! — De s'aimer d'amour tendre, comme dit le fabuliste, car notre ménage rappelait exactement la fable des Deux Pigeons. — C'est bien cela, n'est-ce pas? On voudrait ne se quitter jamais, se tenir toujours; on ne comprend pas ces maris qui partent le malin et ne reviennent que le soir; qui feignent des affaires urgentes qui les appel(Voir appel(Voir suite page 6.) JOURNAL AMUSANT. N* 1021, PASSE MINUIT, par VALIO. — Bisque d'écrevisses, perdreau trufféT — Mais non... mais non... garçon, nous sommes mariés. — Eh bien, vrai 1 tu dois être un ange pour me faire ainsi monter au paradis! DANS LE MONDE PIGNOUF. — Oh! c'te bobine! faut-il qu'il en dévide des pipettes pour s'en offrir une de galipoteuse aussi chouette! 34708 A LA BRASSERIE. — Une au fromage à'I'as !... LES AFFAMES SONT DANS LE MARASME. — C'est au point que je m' demande qu'quefois si je ne ferais pas mieux de rentrer dans la vie de famille; mais, v'ià le chiendent!... i' manque la familial... — Il me semble bien avoir déjà eu l'honneur de souper avec vous. — Chez votre tan le, cher, madame la marquise de TumelafaiaVoseille; même que vous me lanciez des boulettes de pain dans le corsage, ce qui a fait supposer à mon père, le général Boum, que vous vouliez me demander en mariase. — Si ces dames voulaient en accepter un à seize sur le zing — avec accompagnement d'oeufs durs. DANS LE MONDE CHIC. — Encore)... peuvent pas manger proprement; faut toujours qu'ils laissent des ordures par terre. N* 1021. JOURNAL AMUSANT. MI-CARÊME, — par G. LAFOSSE. — En sultane?... oui, ça m'irait pas mal... Le malheur, c'est que j'ai rien pour me faire ce costume-là — Ça n'est guère malin de s'faire un turban... — Eh ben, et l* reste? — Le reste, le reste... pardine, on trouve toujours bien un zouave qui vous prête sa culotte... — Vous avez demandé à maman si elle voulait bien que j'aille souper ? — Oui, mais elle a dit qu'elle vous 1' défendait bien... — Pour lors, comme nous avons sauvé les convenances, vous pouvez retourner lui dire que j' m'en fiche... BOULEVARDS EXTERIEURS. — Quel succès I plus de cent personnes à nous suivre 1... et c'était à qui nous offrirait une tournée!... — C'était étourdissantl M'a fallu toute mon énergie pour rester vertueuse... SUR LE CHAR DES DIEUX. — Je m' disais aussi, qu'est-ce qu'il a donc aujourd'hui, mon animal d'homme, à être aimable comme ça?... il a tenu absolument à me céder sa place de banquette...M' m'étonne plus, y a un clou. 94711 DÉPART DU CORTEGE. — Le lâche pas, Désiré, le lâche donc pas! Tu vois bien qu'il a envie de casser tout... —Pardine, ben sûr que je 1* vois... c'est bien pour ça que je 1* lâche "... — Vous connaissez la petite qui est par ici ? — Oui, oui, nous nous sommes rencontrés deux ou trois fois cet été en bateau. — En bateau? bah! vous allez donc quelquefois laver?... 347 u — Oh ben, elle s'y entend au quadrille, vot' demoiselle! Qui donc qui lui a appris c' coup de chien-là ?... — Pardine, c'est sa mère... — Ohl j* vas vous dire... comme j'vas filer au bal sitôt que vous aurez dîné, je m' suis habillée avant... SOIREE PARTICULIERE. — Qu'è qu' t' as. Déchu? t'as l'air tout chose. — J'ai qu' mon habit m' gène rudement tous les lira?... — T'es bête, on le r'tirc... — Et puis, c'eit ma culotte qui m' coupe... — On lâche ses bretelles... — Sans compter me* soulier» qui.m'écrasent les pieds... — Eh ben, un rien t'embarrasse!... on avertit les aames, et on les Ole JOURNAL AMUSANT. N" 1021. PHYSIONOMIES PARISIENNES, — par J. PELCOQ. LE CARNAVAL (AUTREFOIS). Une échappée de joie et de mouvement hors du cercle ordinaire. Ohé ! les débardeurs, les titis, les chicards ! ! ohé !... Le grand Musard mène la ronde. On danse soi-»i£/>ie,pour le plaisir; l'animation court les rues comme les hais ; puis le ruisseau de la Gourtille remet chacun dans son lit. lent loin de la maison, en voyage pour des mois entiers. C'est affreux, c'est infâme!... Pauvres femmes! — Oui, pauvres femmes ! — Vile, dites, vite! j'ai hâte... — En un mot, j'étais heureux comme un oiseau pris à la glu, comme un hanneton dans un pot de miel. — Fi donc ! — Vous croyez que je plaisante, eh bien! c'est juste cela; ces femmes très-bonnes, c'est une vraie glu. Oh! tout d'abord, on ne s'en aperçoit pas, c'est tout miel; c'est si douxl Arachné vous enserre dans ses milliers de mailles ; vous vous laissez envelopper, vous vous empêtrez, et quand un beau jour vous essayez de développer vos ailes pour prendre votre volée, plus moyen de bouger, vous êtes dans le lacs, il faut y rester, si vous ne voulez pas tout briser, ou plutôt s'il vous reste assez de force pour prendre une bonne résolution. — Bt vous l'avez prise? — Mon Dieu! je n'ai pas fait grand mal; au fond, je n'ai repris que ma liberté d'action. Mais c'est qu'il n'y avait littéralement plus moyen de bouger. Voulais-je aller passer une heure dans mon cabinet pour y lire quelques pages d'un de mes livres favoris : « Tu t'en vas.'; Armand? — Non, ma fille, je vais un instant de l'autre côté. — Tu t'ennuies auprès de moi? — Mais non, mon enfant, mais il me reste à finir quelques pages de mon volume, et je voudrais le rendre à l'ami qui me l'a prêté. — Ah ! » Oh! c'est justice à lui rendre; elle ne proférait pas un mot de plus. Mais elle baissait les yeux, ses beaux yeux; et ce seul geste en disait plus qu'un vrai reproche bien motivé. Le fait est que je fus un mois à terminer mon volume, car je ne pouvais me résigner ;i la quitter d'une seconde. Elle m'aime tant, pensais-je ; je ne puis lui en vouloir d'être aussi bonne. Au bout d'un mois, la même scène s'étant réitérée dix fois par jour à propos de mille choses aussi insignifiantes, je bravai la douce réclamation, et j'allai dans mon cabinet. Mais croiriez-vons une chose? je n'y pouvais rien faire ; voulais-je lire, je ne comprenais pas un mot; voulais-je écrire un bout de lettre, je le recommençais vingt fois, vingt fois j'écrivais des absurdités. C'est que la pensée de Nini ne pouvait me sortir de la tète. Elle pleure peut-être, me disais-je. Et puis, l'imagination s'en mêlant, il me semblait qu'effectivement je l'entendais soupirer; je voyais une grosse larme rouler dans ses beaux yeux bleus. Alors, n'y pouvant plus tenir, je me traitais de mou, d'efféminé, de lâche, et je laissais là le livre, je déchirais la lettre commencée et je revenais au salon. Vous croyez qu'elle m'adressait un reproche? Pas le moins du monde ; elle se levait, me tendait les bras ; je la serrais, je l'étreignais contre ma poitrine ; nous nous embrassions cent fois, mille fois... et intérieurement je me trouvais cruel d'avoir pu laisser seule une heure de temps une femme si bonne, si douce, si aimante. — Je connais cela. J'en aurais autant à vous dire. — Ça été notre vie pendant les trois premiers mois; vous n'en êtes encore que là, vous autres. Mais ce n'est pas tout! — Continuez, cela m'amuse ; il me semble que vous me racontez mon histoire. — Parbleu, c'est exactement celle de tous ceux qui ont le malheur d'avoir une femme trop bonne. — Oh! le malheur!... Voilà où je trouve que vous exagérez. — L'ai-je fait jusqu'à présent? — Non. — Eli bien ! je ne le ferai pas davantage dans ce qui va suivre. — J'écoute; j'attends ma condamnation... notre condamnation, ma pauvre Adèle! — Vous riez?... Vous ne rirez pas toujours. Après le soupir, les larmes... oh ! des larmes amères à propos de circonstances aussi graves que celle que je racontais tout à l'heure. Tenez, une entre autres. Je venais de lui faire une lecture qui m'avait beaucoup fatigué. C'était ce fameux livre de M. Dumas fils sur le mariage. Je tisonnais mon feu, tout en réfléchissant sur la solution que l'auteur propose aux maris trompés. Cet homme-là, me disais-je, a retenu les procédés de son père. Quand celui-ci ne savait plus quoi faire de son héros, il le flanquait par la fenêtre. C'est du moins lui qui le raconte quelque part, si j'ai bonne mémoire. Le fils, ne sachant plus comment se tirer d'affaire : « Tue-la! » dit-il au mari. C'est un truc de famille. Bref, toujours tisonnant, toujours réfléchissant, je m'endormis. — Ce n'était pas poli. — Ça ne dura pas plus de dix minutes. Vous croyez qu'à mou réveil Eugénie m'adressa le moindre reproche? Non, elle pleurait... « Mais pourquoi pleùres-tu, ma bonne amie? — Pour rien. — Que t'aide fait? — Rien. — Alors... — Je vois bien que tu ne m'aimes plus; je ne te suffis plus pour société; tu t'endors auprès de moi! » N' 1021. JOURNAL AMUSANT. PHYSIONOMIES PARISIENNES, — par J. PELCOQ. LE CARNAVAL (ACTOTOD'HUI). Atonie, énervement, satiété ! — Les danseurs : une profession ; des clodoches qui donnent des représentations. — Ceci a tué cela : les bals ont tué les mascarades de la rue. Les femmes, en déshabillé qui nécessiterait le huis clos, cherchent une affaire. Hélas! pauvre carnaval ! Que voiiliez-vous que je répondisse? Ce n'était que trop vrai, je m'étais endormi. Cependant, ce n'était pas précisément par ennui. Mais quand on n'a vu, pour ainsi dire, personne depuis deux mois ; quand, pendant soixante jours, on s'est embrassé cent fois par jour; puis, quand on vient de lire du Dumas philosophe... La pauvre petite ne voulut rien comprendre; elle pleura toute la nuit. — Ma chère Adèle n'a encore ni soupiré, ni pleuré. — Eh bien, Nini a été encore plus loin. Après les pleurs, les reproches. Oh! mais, si doucereusement exprimés qu'il n'y a pas moyen de riposter. Et c'est justement cela qui me damne. J'aimerais mieux une femme qui aurait un peu plus de nerfs, un peu plus d'énergie de caractère ; qui, par moments, se fâcherait tout rouge ; qui voudrait avoir la raison de son côté, et la ferait valoir. Au moins on peut répliquer, on peut se fâcher jusqu'à un certain degré; on lutte enfin, on vit... et le raccommodement n'en est que plus ardent. Mais que répondre à des reproches qui s'appuient tous sur l'affection? Autant vaudrait donner de grands coups de poing dans une motte de beurre. Décidément, mon ami, l'amour est un égoïste fieffé ! — Et à propos de quoi, ces reproches? — A propos de quoi! Pouvez-vous le demander?... Parce qu'elle m'aime, il faudrait que je ne reçusse aucun ami, que je n'allasse voir personne. « Ah! voilà encore que tu sors ! Ah ! tes amis, tu y tiens donc beaucoup! Je ne t'aime pas autant qu'eux, alors?... Est-ce que je vais voir mes amies, moi? Non, tu nie suffis, tu me tiens lieu de toutes, tu es tout pour moi, » etc., etc. Ah ! que le bon Dieu préserve tous ceux que j'aime d'avoir une trop bonne femme! Mais je m'en vais, car voilà deux heures que je suis parti, et ce serait, en rentrant, une scène à inonder de larmes tout le salon. — Adieu, original ! — Je t'ajourne à deux ans, pour nous consoler ensemble, comme deux originaux du même avis; ce qui, dit-on, ne se rencontre jamais à Bicétre. ALFRED BOTJGEART. A TORT ET A TRAVERS. Un jeune homme de lettres se vantait d'avoir trouvé l'hospitalité dans un journal. — Signez-vous vos articles? lui demanda Scholl. — Jamais. — Et vous paye-t-on ? — Pas davantage. — Mais alors, c'est l'hospitalité que la mer donne aux fleuves que vous trouvez là ! s'écria l'amusant auteur des Amours de théâtre. Sur le boulevard, un ami de Calino le rencontre et l'arrête en lui disant : — J'ai une grande nouvelle à vous annoncer! —Laquelle? — On vient de supprimer mon cousin, M. X..., préfet d'études... — Dans quel département trouve-t-on ce cheflieu?... cheflieu?... Calino avec sa naïveté proverbiale. On parlait, entre gens de lettres, de certain petit bonhomme sans talent aucun, mais dont l'aplomb est incommensurable, et qui, entre autres mérites, possède celui, — si c'en est un, — de collectionner « bravement » les giffles, ce qui lui a valu le sobriquet original de : le Tombeau de la claque. — Comment trouvez-vous ce surnom? demandais-je, hier, à Jules Noriac; je trouve qu'il lui va comme un gant... — Sur la figure ! * * Un vénérable ecclésiastique se rendit, dernièrement, auprès d'un moribond fort avancé en âge, qui l'avait fait appeler. — Combien y a-t-il que vous ne vous êtes confessé? lui demande le prêtre. — Cinquante-cinq ans. — Sapristi ! il y a bien longtemps... — C'est vrai; mais, dans ma jeunesse, on m'avait toujours dit que, pour faire une bonne confession, il fallait une longue préparation... «s * * J'ai rencontré l'autre jour, au coin de la rue Montmartre, un incorrigible bohème qui, les mains dans les poches, marchait gravement. Lui ayant entendu dire souvent qu'il était orphelin de naissanee, je fus très-surpris de le voir porteur d'un chapeau entouré d'un crêpe. 8 JOURNAL AMUSANT. N" 1021. — De qui diable votre feutre porte-t-il le deuil?... lai demandai-je. — Voyez! me répondît-il en me montrant ses chaussures dont les semelles venaient d'expirer. L'ami Charles Monselet, qui revient des environs de Naples, me raconte l'amusante anecdote que voici : Un soir, il s'arrêta dans une auberge pour y coucher; mais, avant de se mettre au lit, connaissant de réputation les hôtelleries de l'Italie, M. de Cupidon prit une chandelle et passa en revue lès boiseries de son alcôve. — Que cherchez-vous donc, monsieur? lui demanda la servante. — Parbleu ! je regarde s'il n'y a pas des... des... des puces?... — Ah ! s'écria la fille avec indignation, des puces dans notre maison! jamais il n'y en a eu... D'ailleurs, les punaises les mangent ! JULES RAMSAY. ItadisRoses? Coeur à"Artichaut,Peau de satin, polkas; Cerises Pompadour, Lèvres de Feu, Patte de Velours, Cuir de .Russie, valses, de Jules Klein, font rage. On connaît le succès de3 chansons de Gustave Nadaud, ces petites pièces si fines où l'humour et l'originalité le disputent à la gaieté et à la verve satirique. Un recueil de Chansons inédites, dû à la plume féconde de ce poêle humoristique, vient de paraître à la librairie E. Pion et C", rue Garancière, 40, Paris. — Joli vol. iu-18. Prix : 4 fr. 50 c. CHEMISES DANIEL, coupe irréprochable, première qualité, 1» franc*. — Boulevard des Italiens, 38. Les plus neanx Foulards et Cache-nei de l'Inde, à 3 francs, inusables. — Seul dépôt, rue de Rivoli, 414. HV*BN»IBlU«ATBim DVGHBSMH. Guérison, «itraction et pou de dents sans douleur, 45, rus LafayeUe. CARTONS DU JOURNAL AMUSANT MM. les gérants de cercles, les directeurs de cabinets de lecture et les limonadiers sont prévenus qu'ils peuvent se procurer des cartons pour envelopper le Journal amusant. — Ces carions coûtent 3 francs pris au bureau. — Comme ce prix de 3 francs est la valeur matérielle du carton, le port reste à la charge de l'acheteur. — Adresser 3 fr. en un bon de poste ou en timbresposte au directeur du Journal amusant, 20, rue Bergère, à Paris.
| 7,328 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15549139
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,013 |
Stack Exchange
|
Matthew R, Stanley.Goldman, Xharze, https://stackoverflow.com/users/104877, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1328610, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1853018
|
English
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Spoken
| 186 | 280 |
NLog Email Target with High Priorty/Importance
I've recently changed the Email Target log level up one level from Error to Warn. This is to capture some important user actions which aren't Errors on an application level but user input errors, which I don't class as errors so have logged them as Warn.
So in my subject I've changed
subject="NLog Error Message from PoppyService on ${machinename}"
to
subject="NLog ${level} Message from PoppyService on ${machinename}"
so I get a different subject based on the log level, but is there a way to make the email High Importance for Error log level only? I imagine, I'll have to create a second mail target, one for Error and one for Warn, but I can't find how to change the priority of the email to High.
There isn't a way shown in http://nlog-project.org/wiki/Mail_target.
But it will be included in the next release
Excellent I will look out for it.
It doesn't seem like that functionality ever made it to the next release.
Unfortunately there are no way to do this in the current version of NLog, without creating a custom target.
| 44,401 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/71713486
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,022 |
Stack Exchange
|
CBroe, The Bomb Squad, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10697213, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1427878, https://stackoverflow.com/users/535473, simon
|
English
|
Spoken
| 171 | 351 |
How to access a JS variable from separate display_javascript calls in Deepnote?
This simple code in a single cell works in Jupyter Notebook, but Deepnote seems to render the display_javascript calls into separate iframes. Is there any way to get this work in Deepnote?
from IPython.display import display_javascript
display_javascript("var a = 10", raw=True)
display_javascript("console.log(a)", raw=True)
Uncaught (in promise) ReferenceError: a is not defined
Example:
https://deepnote.com/project/How-to-access-Javascript-variable-from-separate-displayjavascript-call-hvyWPhDWRGahj9NvgJtuGw/%2Fnotebook.ipynb
Background: I'm working on a JS charting library Jupyter integration (ipyvizzu), where I would like to access the JS chart object eventually from different cells in the notebook.
try a=10 because it might be a scope issue that you're facing with display_javascript
Same result with a=10 or window.a=10.
window.a=10 would still refer to the window instance of each individual iframe; if anything, you'd need to go up a level, so that you are working with the window of the document that contains those iframes - parent.a
Good idea, unfortunately, I got the following error then: Blocked a frame with origin "https://deepnoteworkspace.com" from accessing a cross-origin frame.
| 2,798 |
https://github.com/Clinical-Genomics/patientMatcher/blob/master/patientMatcher/utils/stats.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
patientMatcher
|
Clinical-Genomics
|
Python
|
Code
| 329 | 1,228 |
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import logging
from datetime import date
LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
SEARCH_GEN_VARIANT = "genomicFeatures.variant"
def general_metrics(db):
"""Create an object with database metrics
Args:
db(pymongo.database.Database)
Returns:
metrics(dict): According to the MME API it should be a dictionary like this:
{
"metrics": {
"numberOfCases": 0,
"numberOfSubmitters": 0,
"numberOfGenes": 0,
"numberOfUniqueGenes": 0,
"numberOfVariants": 0,
"numberOfUniqueVariants": 0,
"numberOfFeatures": 0,
"numberOfUniqueFeatures": 0,
"numberOfFeatureSets": 0, # endpoint is not returning this, at the moment
"numberOfUniqueGenesMatched": 0,
"numberOfCasesWithDiagnosis": 0,
"numberOfRequestsReceived": 0,
"numberOfPotentialMatchesSent": 0,
"dateGenerated": "2017-08-24",
},
"disclaimer": "Disclaimer text...",
"terms": "Terms text..."
}
"""
# get gene/occurrence for all genes in db
n_genes = 0
gene_occurrs = item_occurrence(
db, "genomicFeatures", "genomicFeatures.gene", "genomicFeatures.gene.id"
)
for gene_count in gene_occurrs:
n_genes += gene_count["count"]
# get numberOfUniqueVariants/occurrence for all variants in db
variant_occurr = item_occurrence(db, "genomicFeatures", SEARCH_GEN_VARIANT, SEARCH_GEN_VARIANT)
n_vars = 0
for var in variant_occurr:
n_vars += var.get("count")
# get feature/occurrence for all features in db
n_feat = 0
feat_occurr = item_occurrence(db, "features", "features.id")
for feat in feat_occurr:
n_feat += feat.get("count")
# include in unique_gene_matches only matches actively returned by the server (internal)
match_type = {"match_type": "internal"}
unique_gene_matches = db.matches.distinct(
"results.patients.patient.genomicFeatures.gene", match_type
)
n_cases = sum(1 for _ in db.patients.find())
n_cases_diagnosis = sum(
1 for _ in db.patients.find({"disorders": {"$exists": True, "$ne": []}})
)
n_requests = sum(1 for _ in db.matches.find({"match_type": "internal"}))
n_positive_matches = sum(
1 for _ in db.matches.find({"match_type": "internal", "has_matches": True})
)
metrics = {
"numberOfCases": n_cases,
"numberOfSubmitters": len(db.patients.distinct("contact.href")),
"numberOfGenes": n_genes,
"numberOfUniqueGenes": len(db.patients.distinct("genomicFeatures.gene")),
"numberOfVariants": n_vars,
"numberOfUniqueVariants": len(db.patients.distinct(SEARCH_GEN_VARIANT)),
"numberOfFeatures": n_feat,
"numberOfUniqueFeatures": len(db.patients.distinct("features.id")),
"numberOfUniqueGenesMatched": len(unique_gene_matches),
"numberOfCasesWithDiagnosis": n_cases_diagnosis,
"numberOfRequestsReceived": n_requests,
"numberOfPotentialMatchesSent": n_positive_matches,
"dateGenerated": str(date.today()),
}
return metrics
def item_occurrence(db, unw1, group, unw2=None):
"""Get a list of item/occurrence in patient collection
Args:
db(pymongo.database.Database)
unw1(string): first nested unwind item
group(string): item to group results by
unw2(string): second nested unwind item # none if nested level is missing
Returns:
item_occurr(list) example: [{'id':'item_obj', 'count': item_occurrence}, ..]
"""
# create query pipeline
pipeline = [{"$unwind": "".join(["$", unw1])}]
if unw2:
pipeline.append({"$unwind": "".join(["$", unw2])})
pipeline.append({"$group": {"_id": "".join(["$", group]), "count": {"$sum": 1}}})
item_occurr = list(db.patients.aggregate(pipeline))
return item_occurr
| 49,914 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomis%20erosa
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Anomis erosa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anomis erosa&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 96 | 177 |
Anomis erosa, the yellow scallop moth or abutilon moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1821. It is found in south-eastern North America. It is mostly a southern species, but migrants reach Manitoba, Quebec and Maine.
The wingspan is about 27 mm.
The larvae feed on cotton, Hibiscus or rose of Sharon, hollyhock, marsh mallow, okra, rose-mallow, velvet leaf and other Malvaceae species.
References
External links
Moths of Maryland
Lepiforum e. V.
Catocalinae
Moths of North America
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner
Moths described in 1821
| 16,972 |
bub_gb_Jjhkk0VWnNIC_18
|
Italian-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,848 |
Portafoglio dell'ingegnere delle strade ferrate pubblicato a Parigi nell'anno 1846 dagl'ingegneri Augusto Perdonnet e Camillo Polonceau Testo. 1
|
Auguste Perdonnet
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 3,877 | 7,141 |
§ 2." Della costruzione dei grandi riporti, e dei mezzi per prevenirne la degradazione o le dilamazioni ......... ...» 55 Considerazioni generali. — Riempiture eseguile col metodo dei depositi e dei pre- stiti. — Grandi riporti delle strade ferrate fatte coi vagon. — Superiorità dei riporti fatti col carretto. « — Precauzioni da prendersi ai bordi delle opere d'arte. — Grande riporto sul terreno compressibile. — Disgrazie al riporto di Val Fleun. — Mezzi im- piegati per prevenire la compressione del suolo sotto il peso dei grandi riporti: l.° Sulla strada della riva sinistra. — 2.° Al ponte di Luhzac. — 3.° Sul canale di Beaucaire. — 4.° Sulla strada da Livcrpool a Manchester. — Riporto in (erre argil- lose. — Mezzo impiegato per prevenire le dilamazioni dei riporli argillosi alla strada di Versagli» (riva sinistra) — Terrazzamento dei rifiorii. — Evitare di dare alla cir- colazione le parti in riporto aranti che esse abbiano assestato. — Prescrizioni dei capi- tolati degli oneri inglesi sulla confezione dei grandi rìfiorti. CAPITOLO TERZO DELLA COSTRUZIONE DELLA CARREGGIATA. § l.° Modo di Costruzione. pag. 51 Considerazioni generali. — Carreggiata in taglio. — Vantaggi relativi dei dadi è delle traverse. — Processo impiegalo per la conservazioue del legno. Prove pel processo di M. Boucherie. ■ — ■ Materie diverse impiegate per la costruzione delle car- reggiate. — Modificazioni al modo ordinario di costruzione della carreggiata: l.° Sulla strada di Darlington. — 2.° Sulla strada di S. Etienne — 3.° Sulla strada di Versaglia ( riva sinistra — Soppressione dei piccoli muri in pietre secche. — Approssima- uiento delle traverse nella vicinanza delle voltate. — Posa su telari. — su lungarine sole. — Passoni impiegati per sostenere le traverse alla strada di Bristol. — Posa su muri in pietra. — Costruzione della carreggiata in riporlo. — Costruzione della car- reggiata su terreno molle: l.° in terreno paludoso. — a. facile a disseccarsi. — b. poco profondo. — c. profondissimo. — 2.° Terreno sabioso acquastrino. % 2." Del capitolato degli oneri per la fornitura della sahia, del pietrisco, dei dadi e delle traverse ...» 59 Condizioni che deve avere la sabbia impiegala per la carreggiala. — Prezzo della sabbia su più strade. — Vantaggi che trova una compagnia a caricarsi dell' insabbia- mento. — Condizioni che debbono avene l.° il pietrisco impiegalo per le carreggiate. 2.° gli dadi. — Condizioni che debbono adempire le traverse. — Dimensioni delle traverse. — Traverse di legno squadrato, e grezzo. — - Taglio dei legni per le tra- verse. — Prezzo delle traverse. Digitized by Google TAVOLA DELLE MATERIE. 337 CAPITOLO QUARTO DELLE SPRANGHE E CISC INETTI, E DEI CAPITOLATI DEGLI ONERI PER LA LORO FABBRICAZIONE. $ l.° Delle spranghe c dei cuscinetti pag. Od Vantaggi rispettivi delle strade a spranghe piatte c saglicnti. — Vantaggi rispettivi delle spranghe di ferro mollcabile c di ghisa. — Delle differenti forme di spranghe. • — • Spranghe di ferro schiacciate. — Spranghe a fungo. — Difetti delle spranghe a fungo. — Nuove spranghe di M. Coste. — Spranghe a semplice fungo della strada di Versa- glia {riva sinistra). — Vantaggi rispettivi delle spranghe a semplice o doppio fungo. — Specchio della resistenza delle spranghe. — Forme diverse del fungo. — Vantaggi rispettivi delle spranghe a superficie piana cd a superficie convessa. ~ Vantaggi ri- spettivi delle spranghe ondulate c di quelle paralelle. — Antiche spranghe saglienti di ghisa. — Modi diversi di unione delle spranghe. — Spranghe dette americane. — Spranghe di legno c ferro. — Spranghe di ferro piatto su longarine. — Spranghe a fungo o incavate su lungarine. — < Comparazione fra le spranghe in legno c ferro, c quelle di tutto ferro. — Difetti degli attacchi in ferro per fissare i cuscinetti. • — Im- perfezione dei cuscinetti. ■ — Effetti prodotti dalle cause precitate. ~ Cuscinetti di nuovo modello di M. Gubitt. — Nuove cavicchie di legno. — Cavicchie a testa tonda c piatta. — Vili e chiavarde per fissare le spranghe di legno e ferro. — Viti preferibili alle cavicchie. — Ramponi. — Cavicchie o ramponi barbellati e non barbellati. — Modo di unione dei cuscinetti con le spranghe. — Forma del cuscinetto. *— Zeppe di legno c di ferro. — Zeppo non compresse e compresse. — Zeppe al di dentro ed al di fuori. — Dimensioni delle spranghe e dei cuscinetti, distanza dei punti di appog- gio. — Dimensioni le più convenienti da darsi allo spranghe di legno e di ferro. — Resistenza delle spranghe di ferro. — Sforzo al quale le spranghe sono assoggettate all ora del passaggio dei convogli. < — Consumo delle spranghe per lo strisciamento. — Dimensioni da darsi al tondino ed al fungo. $ 2.° Della fabbricazione delle spranghe ........ o 95 Natura dei ferri impiegati per la confezione delle spranghe. — Forni per questa fabbricazione. — Magli impiegati iu Inghilterra per questa fabbricazione. — Forme e dimensioni dei cilindri. — Nuovi dettagli sulla trattazione. • Fabbricazione delle spranghe ondulale. — • Fabbricazione delle spranghe incavate. — Affrancazione delle spranghe. — Delle seghe circolari impiegate per questa operazione. — Riscaldamento delle spranghe. — Drizzature delle spranghe. — Torchio impiegato alla ferriera per l'addrizzatura. — Suddivisione in pezzi delle spranghe di rifiuto. — Carri pel tra- sporto dei pacchetti. — Composizione dei fardelli. — Trattazione delle coperture. ■ — Utilizzazione del calore perduto. — Mezzo per ottenere una buona saldatura. — Tra- ttazione dei pacchetti. « — Segatura delle spranghe. $ 3.° Del capitolato di oneri per la fornitura delle spranghe, cuscinetti, cavicchie c zeppe, a 106 Scelta del fabbricante. < — Forma della spranga. « — Qualità del ferro. — Composi- zione dei pacchetti per la fabbricazione. — Sezione delle spranghe. — Lunghezza delle spranghe. — Difetti. — Drizzamene delle spranghe. — Prova delle spranghe. — Garanzia. — Agente alla ferriera. — • Epoche della distribuzione, dei pagamenti, ec. 43 338 TAVOLA DELLE MATBRIF. — Arbitri. — Prezzo delle spranghe- — Forma del cuscinetto. — Natura della ghisa. — Peso dei cuscinetti. — Prova dei cuscinetti. * — Garanzie. « — Peso dei cuscinetti. — Natura del ferro per le cavicchie. — Teste delle cavicchie. — Modello della zeppa. — Natura del legno. — Taglio del ferro. CAPITOLO QUINTO Della posa e delia manutenzione della carreggiata pag. 117 Sabotaggio (a). — Tracciamento dell intacca pei cuscinetti. — Posa delle cavicchie. — Diligenze particolari delle quali abbisogna il sabotaggio. — Posa delle traverse avanti al sabotaggio. •— Prezzo del sabotaggio. — Raddrizzamento delle spranghe al cantiere. — Posa della carreggiata. — Diligenze che essa esige. — Addrizzamento della carreg- giata. * — Distanze fra gli estremi delle spranghe. — Insabbiamento fra le traverse. — Posa sulle opere di arte. — Posa fatta a giornata od a cottimo. - — Prezzo della posa. — Posa della carreggiata sulla strada di Douvres , in un nuovo sistema. — Recezione della carreggiala dall' ingegnere. — Manutenzione della strada ed obblighi dei canto- nieri e guarda vie. — Diligenze da prendersi per la mauutenzione della carreggiata. — Approvigionamcnto della sabbia. — Legge da farsi per prevenire gli edetti della malvolenza sulle strade ferrale. — Precauzione importante da prendere allorquando si rialza la carreggiata. CAPITOLO SESTO DEI CAMBIAMENTI DI VLV, PIATTE FORME GIRANTI ED ALTRI APPARECCHI DELLO STESSO GENERE. § l.° Cambiamento di via pag. 129 Vantaggi cd inconvenienti rispettivi dei differenti cambiamenti di via. — Cambia- menti a spranghe mobili della prima specie. — Cambiamento a controspranghe. — Cambiamento della terza specie. — Cambiamento di via per terrazzamento. — Cam- biamenti di via difinitivi. — Cambiamento ad aguglic semplici di s. Germano. — Cambiamento a doppia aguglia. — Cambiamento per tre carreggiate. — Cambia- mento di via a controspranghe. — Cambiamento a controspranghe della strada di s. Germano. — Della strada di Versaglia e di Strasburgo. — Cambiamento di via a contropeso. — Crociamenti. — Condizioni che debbono avere. — Crociamenti di ghisa. — Crociamenti in legno e ferro. — Crociamenti di ferro su cuscinetti di ghisa. — Crociamenti a spranghe mobili. — Apparecchio per la manovra delle aguglie. — Leve. — Leve a conlropcso. — Albero a gomido. «— • Della strada di s. Germano. — Delia strada di Versaglia (riva sinistra). — - Eccentrici. — • Della strada da Londra a Birmingam. — Della strada da Liverpool a Mancesler. • — Della strada da Bàie a Strasburgo. — Ragioni per preferire gli eccentrici agli alberi a gomido. — Dispo- sizione della gabbia dell’ eccentrico o della manuella. — Segnali collocati sugli alberi degli eccentrici. — Disposizione generale dei cambiamenti di via. — Cambiamenti di via posti nella diramazione della strada di s. Germano e di Versaglia (riva destra). (a) Il sabotaggio significa il collocamento e fissamente» dei coseinelti sulle traverse. Digitized by Google TAVOLA PELLI MATERIE. 339 $ 2. # Delle piattaforme giranti » 144 Girante pei lavori di terrazzamento e d insabbiamento. — Del fabbricato delle piattaforme giranti. — Dei perni. — Delle ruotclle. — Delle fondazioni. — Antiche piattaforme della strada di s. Germano. » Piattaforma della strada da Londra a Bir- mingam. — Piattaforma della strada di Versaglia. < — Antiche piattaforme della strada di Orleans. — ■ Piattaforma della strada di Bristol. — Piattaforma della strada di Gard. — • Piattaforma della strada da Liverpool a Mancester. — Piattaforma della strada da Bdle a Strasburgo. — Fondazione delle piattaforme delle strade di Versaglia (riva si- nistra) e da Bdle a Strasburgo. — • Piattaforma di legno della strada di Versaglia (riva sinistra'!. — Piattaforma di legno della strada da Newcastle a Cartista. — • Piattaforma della strada da Vienna a Bruno. $ 3.° Carri per cambiare di carreggiata » 151 Impiego esclusivo delta piattaforme giranti per le carreggiate principali. — Carri di due specie differenti. — Cale poste presso dei fossi. — - Carri a piatte- forme giranti. $ i.° Dei passaggi a livello a 152 Disgrazie prodotte dal difetto di chiusura. — • Pericoli dei passaggi a livello in certi casi. — Vantaggi rispettivi dei ponti e dei passaggi a livello. Numero dei passaggi a livello in certe strade ferrate. — Controspranghc nei passaggi di livello. — • Super- fìcie della carreggiata fra le controspranghe. — Lunghezza da darsi ai passaggi a li- vello. — ^ Barriere mobili; differenti specie. — Vantaggi rispettivi delta barriere che chiudono le strade, e di quelle che non le chiudono. — Barriere fisse o chiusure ; differenti specie. CAPITOLO SETTIMO Delle vetture o vagon di ogni specie impiegate sulle strade ferrate. . . . pag. 159 Differenza fra i vagon e le vetture delta vie ordinarie. — Differenti specie di vagon. $ l.° Dei vagon di sterro . * 160 Differenti varietà dei vagon di sterro. — Modo di costruzione da preferirsi pei vagon di sterro. — Condizioni diverse che deve avere il vagon di terrazzamento. — - Modo di costruzione preferibile pei vagon di sterro. — Delle ruote del vagon di sterro. — Delle sale. — - Delle scattole a grasso. — - De’ talari. — ■ Delle casse. — Importanza di ben calibrare i differenti ferramenti e di tagliare il legname alle stesse dimensioni. — Vagon a billico sulla sala. — Numero dei vagon versanti davanti o di lato. — Metodo da tenersi per l'esecuzione dei vagon. $ 2.° Dei vagon d'insabbiamento a 10N Metodo da seguire per l'esecuzione del materiata. — - Ituotc diverse. — Ruote di ghisa impiegate sulla strada di s. Etienne. — • Vantaggi delta ruote di ferro sulle altre specie di ruote. — Disposizione delle ruote a raggi di ghisa. — Disposizione delle ruote di ferro forgiato. *— Ruote della strada da Londra a Birmingatn. — Ruote della strada di Orleans. — • Ruote di Bramach. — Ruote di ilick. — Forma e dimensione del cerchione. — Modo di fabbricazione delle ruote con razzi di ferro forgiato. « — Metti- tura dei cerchioni. — Caratteri di una buona ruota. — Della forma c dimensione delle sale. — Modo di rottura. — Natura della spezzatura dopo qualche tempo di uso. — Cambiamento di tessitura delta barre di ferro in casi analoghi. — Modificazioni TAVOLA OEtLB MATERIE. 310 apportate nella costrnzione delle sale sulla strada da Bàie a Strasburgo. — Prove alle quali sonosi sommesse le sale. — Prezzo di fabbricazione. — Delle scottole a grasso. — Importanza di un buon'ingrassaggio. — Natura dei grassi. — - Opinione di M. Lo- car! sull ingrassaggio. — Forma c dimensione delle scatlole. — Giuoco delle scottole sulla strada di Roucn. — Precauzioni da prendersi per conservare le sceltole in buono stato. — Modo di sospensione delle vetture. — Disposizioni diverse delle molle. • — Prove alle quali si sottopongono le molle. — Delle piastre di guardia. — Mezzo per fissare solidamente le piastre di guardia. — Montaggio delle piastre di guardia.— Impiego delle piastre di guardia doppie. — Impiego delle molle a tondino. — Telaro della vettura di lusso della strada di Vcrsaglia (riva sinistra ). — Telaro belgio. — Te- laro alemanno. — Telaro delle vetture di s. Germano. — Telari de* vagon di seconda classe delle vetture di s. Germano. — Telari delle vetture della strada di Tenaglia (riva destra). — Telari della strada di Tenaglia (riva sinistra}. — Telari della vet- tura della strada di s. Etienne. — Telari delle vetture della strada di Rouen. — Differenti varietà di telari. — Casse dei vagon d'insabbiamento. $ 3.° Dei Vagon pel trasporto dei viaggiatori » 203 Distribuzione del peso nelle vetture delle strade ferrate. — Casse delle vetture da viaggiatori. — Disposizioni generali. — Larghezza. — Lunghezza. — Altezza. — Ventilatore impiegato alla strada da Bàie a Strasburgo. — Dimensioni delli sportelli. — Casse coperte e non coperte, guarnite o non guarnite ec. — Necessiti di cuoprire i vagon. • — Vagon in piedi. — Inconveniente di moltiplicare le classi de» viaggiatori. — Vetture a capriolò della strada da Bàie a Strasburgo. — Finestre. — Copertura del soffitto. — Mezzo per scaldare le casse. — Modo di fermare li sportelli. — Peso delle vetture da strade ferrale. — Peso delle diligenze ordinarie. — Vantaggi rispet- tivi delle vetture a quattro, sei ed otto ruote. — Disposizione dell' imperiali. — Guarnizione delle piastre da cassa. • — Modo di costruzione dei specchi. — Montatori. — Modo d'illuminare le casse. — Sedili pei conduttori. — Modo di comunicazione fra i conduttori ed il Macchinista. — Lampioni al di fuori delle vetture. — Vagon americani ad otto ruote. § I.' 1 Dei vagon da bagagli » 221 Disposizione dei vagon da bagagli. — Posto nei convogli. — Apparecchio di urto. § 5." Dei vagon misti ........... » 222 Disposizione dei vagon misti. $ G.° Dei vagon da mercanzie # 222 Disposizione dei vagon da mercanzie. — Differenti specie di coperte. — Vagon da mercanzie speciali. — Vagon ad otto ruote della strada da Bàie a Strasburgo. — Te- lari dei Vagon da mercanzie. $ 7.° Dei vagon da carhon fossile « 221 Disposizione dei vagon da earbon fossile. 1 — Vantaggi rispettivi dei vagon a cassa piramidale e quadrala. — Peso dei vagon. $ 8.° Dei vagon pel trasporto dei grandi pezzi di legno * 225 Disposizione. % 1».° Dei vagon a cavalli * 225 Disposizione dei vagon a cavalli. l.° Della strada da. Londra a Birmingam. — 2.° Delle strade da Bàie a Strasburgo, e da Leeds a Selby. S 10.° Vagon pel carico delle vetture » 22li Digitized by Google Vagon inglese pel trasporlo delle vetture. — Vagon pel trasporlo delle casse da diligenza. $ 11.° Dei vagou inservienti al trasporto dei dispacci » 22# Disposizione del vagon-posta. — Valigia. — Posta inglese. — Vetture con letto. Dei Freni » 2211 Freni diversi. *— Freni della strada di Versaglia (riva sinistra). — Freni delle strade d' Orleans e di Rouen. — Modo di regolare la lunghezza di certi pezzi. — Modo di azione dei conduttori sui freni. — Dei zoccoli. — Freni del piano inclinato di Liege. — Attaccatura con barre rigide. — Attaccatura della strada di Bristol. — Attaccatura coi tender. — Disposizione degli arpioni. Perfezionamenti recentemente apportati in Inghilterra nella costruzione della carreggiata, e nel materiale delle vetture » 236 Assiccameoto delle scarpate. — Larghezza della carreggiata. — Traverse triango- lari. — Forma delle spranghe. — Peso. — Cambiamento di vie a doppia aguglia. — Telari delle vetture. — Giuoco della scattola a grasso. — Modo di sospensione delle vetture. — Ruote impiegate. — Aste degli urlatori rotonde. — Forma delle casse da vettura. — Vagon di seconda classe. — Vagon di terza classe. — * Vetture di prima classe. — Valigie. — Imperiali, modo di copertura. — Vagon da mercanzie. — Vagon pel trasporto del sale. Vagon di servizio idraulico. Del capitolalo di oneri per la fabbricazione delle vetture ...... 242 Scelta del fabbricante. — Condizioni alle quali debbono soddisfare le sale. — Condizioni per le scattolc a grasso. — Condizioni per le ruote. — Prezzo delle sale. — • Prezzo delle ruote. — Prezzo delle scattole a grasso. — Condizioni alle quali debbono soddisfare le molle. — Prezzo delle molle. — Confezione delle casse da vetture. — • Necessità d’ impiegare dei legnami ben secchi. — Natura dei legni. — Caratteri dei legni secchi. — Latla impiegata pei specchi. — » Pittura delle casse. • — Natura dei ferri. — • Natura del crino e quantità. — Drappi. — Vetri. — Ne- cessità di ben calibrare tutti i pezzi. CAPITOLO OTTAVO Delle gare o stazioni. pag. 24# Cosa s'intende per la parola gare o stazioni. — Stazioni di evitamento. — Diffe- renti specie di stazioni. $ l.° Delle stazioni estreme, stazioni di arrivo o di partenza » 250 A quale distanza dal centro delle città debbono stabilirsi le stazioni. — Vantaggi ed inconvenienti della concentrazione delle stazioni di più strade in uno stesso spazio. — Differenti parti di cui si compongono le stazioni estreme. — Stazioni coperte e non coperte. — Servizio delle mercanzie ordinariamente distinto da quello dei viaggiatori. — Servizio alla partenza cd all’arrivo sa delle carreggiale distinte o comuni. — Collo- camento dei fabbricati per le sale di aspettito. — Numero delle carreggiate fra i mar- ciapiedi. — Caricamento e scarico delle vetture da posta. — Servizio delle locomo- tive all'arrivo dei convogli, antico modo. — Modo inglese. — Metodo adottato alla Digilized by Google 342 TAVOLA DELLE MAJP.BIE strado di Rodeo. — Vantaggi ed inconvenienti dei fabbricati di testa e di Iato. — Di- sposizione mista. — Fabbricalo nel mezzo della stazione. — Sale di aspettilo sotto le carreggiate. — Corso di partenza e di arrivo. — Utilità di caoprire le carreggiate. — Numero delle carreggiate il più conveniente fra i marciapiedi. — ■ Utilità degli urlatori. — Vantaggi ed inconvenienti rispettivi dei differenti modi di servizio all'arrivo. — Disposizioni dei cambiamenti di carreggiata. — Divisioni dei servizj da viaggiatori, da mercanzie e delle officine. • — ■ Collocamento delle rimesse da locomotive, e delle offi- cine. — Delle conserve. — Composizione delle stazioni estreme. — Collocamento degli uffizj dcllamministrazione centrale. — Sale per la visita del dazio d‘ introduzione, e per quello delle dogane. — Delle sale da cafR o trattoria. — Degli uffizj pei bagagli. — Degli uffizj pei rapi della stazione, le guardie ce. — Degli uffizj pel commissario di poli- zia. — Degli uffizj di distribuzione dei biglietti, e delle sale di aspettilo. ■ — Suddivisione delle sale di aspettilo. — Suddivisione degli uffizj da bagagli. — Suddit isione degli uffizj dell' amministrazione rcntrale. — Posizione relativa degli uffizj per la distribu- zione dei biglietti e delle sale di aspettilo. — Disposizione interna degli uffizj per la di- stribuzione dei biglietti. — L'uffizio dei bagagli più prossimo all'uffizio dei biglietti. — Suddivisione dei viaggiatori in differenti classe negli uffizj. < — Suddivisione delle sale di aspettilo. — Vantaggi ed inconvenienti rispettivi di questi due modi. — Dimensioni da dare ai vestiboli. — Dimensioni delle sale di aspeltito. — Ariosità, finestre c porte delle sale di aspettilo. — Luoghi comuni ed ormatori. — Disposizioni e dimensioni delle scale. — Disposizione interna degli uffizj dcll amministrazione centrale. — Modo di costruzione, disposizione c dimensione dei marciapiedi. — Disposizione dei tetti soprapposti — Inconvenienti dei fossi nel pendio dei marciapiedi. • — Composizione e disposizione delle rimesse da vetture. — Disposizioni diverse delle rimesse da loco- motive. — Al Grand-Junction Railway. — A Malines. — A Cambdcn-Town. — Ri- messe poligone. — Vantaggi ed inconvenienti delle rimesse poligone e rettangolari. • — Rimesse poligone coperte e scoperte. — Rimesse coperte in ferro ed in legno. — Spese di costruzione di una rimessa poligona. — Spesa di costruzione delle rimesse rettangolari. — Disposizioni interne delle rimesse da locomotive. — Conserve di di- verse specie. — Magazzeni. — Fabbricati pel servizio delle mercanzie. — Fabbricati pel servizio delle dogane. Delle stazioni intermedie a Delle officine . . . . » Urlatori » Grue idrauliche » APPENDICE Descrizione delle nuove sceltole a grasso alemanne pag. Note sulle spranghe cave a Note sui cambiamenti e crociamenti di via a Sunto dei perfezionamenti apportati durante la pubblicazione di quest'opera, alla parte del materiale delie strade ferrate in cui si racchiude la descrizione. . . a Larghezza della carreggiata. — Estensione delle stazioni. — Dilainazioni delle scar- pate. — Processo di conservazione del legno. — Vantaggi delle spranghe a semplice 291 29 » 307 308 312 314 314 325 Digitized by Google TAVOLA DELLE MATERIE, 343 fungo su quelle a doppio fungo. — Peso delle nuove spranghe. — Rimarchi sul processo di fahbricaiione delle spranghe. — Sulla tolleranza da accordarsi per la lun- ghezza delle spranghe. — Sulla forma dei nuovi cuscinetti. — Sui cambiamenti di car- reggiate. — Sulle piastre giranti. — Sulle vetture. Note sulla preparazione dei legni » 329 Cause di distruzione dei legni. — Reattivi impiegali per la conservazione. — Van- taggi e difetti dei reattivi. — Metodi impiegati per penetrare i legni di reattivo. — Prezzi correnti della penetrazione dei legni. i § 1 ^ 3 } Digitized by Google Digitized dai dai dalle dai dalle dei :a carreggiate viaggiatori fabbricati fabbricati carreggiate fabbricati e corsi dalle delle gale delPammi- di servino rimesse ite di aspettilo Distrazione marciapiedi ! mercanzie delle mercanzie dei 3880 i 1033 1680 2916 27184 3846 1400 1288 15000 ilio a. pitali * » no )> » » )) 96 l. L.innn 1 392 » 11000 53200 1 75 Ift OC *4* a. piano Per Roum 1500 5000 1568 2256 f S.-C. 420 Rouen ir, 3 a )) )) » » » 1 » 1560 » 4536 » » 1 1450 I I Digitized byGooglè' JPALI DI UNA STAZIONE DI STRADA FERI PARTE i occupala n dalle rimesse da m locomotive, le officine i di piccola i « riparazione il* e toro ut dipendenze PARTE occupata dalle officine da grandi riparazioni e loro dipendenze PARTE occupata dai fabbricati e corsi interni di queste grandi officine SUPERFICIE dei marciapiedi LUNGHEZZA dei marciapiedi SUPERFICIE degli uffizj per la distribuzione dei biglietti SUPE vcs «• CO| m. q. m. <|. m. q. m. q. met. Iin. m. q. m i) 55290 18000 1680 HI 90 4 6 1 8000 )) » 1700 135 90 1 0 » )) » 920 92 30000 » » » » «
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https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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درويش محمد
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https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=درويش محمد&action=history
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Arabic
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Spoken
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درويش محمد هي قرية في مقاطعة مرند، إيران. عدد سكان هذه القرية هو 528 في سنة 2006.
مراجع
أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة مرند
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bub_gb_MUO3-wA38foC_72
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Latin-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Ortus medicinae, id est initia physicae inaudita. Progressus medicinae nouus, in morborum vltionem ad vitam longam. Authore Ioann. Baptista Van Helmont ... Edente authoris filio Francisco Mercurio Van Helmont ..
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Helmont, Jan Baptiste van, 1577-1644
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Latin
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Spoken
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Quod liquor Aik-ihcft, idem in numero, pode- re & a&iuitate tamum valet millcfima a&ione quantum prima. Qj_ia agit Huc rea&ione patie- tis. Mercurio igitur lic coagulato , abfquc vlla coagulantis r< manentia, fac inde puluetem mi- nutum.E: diftillaab illo quinquies, aqua ab al- buminibus ouorum diftillatum /atque iiilfur -* Mercuri) , quod per fui prxfatam coagulatio- nem foras dedudlum cft , fiet rubicundu inftar coralii : & quanquam fcetear aqua albuminum tamen ifte puluis dulcis cft, fixus feres omnem follium ignem , nec periit in plumbi examine Spoliatur ramen v inure Medica, dum in album merallum reducitur. Datur autem granis ocio plerumque. Quia purgat corpus humanum, quamdiu fordnhim eft, dc non peifedte fanum, ^anac quoque vlcera vcficx , laryngis, & cefo- phagi. Aecum non cuique Medico contingat adire Corinthum , nec liceat profanare Arcana Dei, qui horum dilpenfator manere volnit; fat fuit Theoriam medicam maniftftailc. Vt orando, quxrendo, & pullando , feientiam ac- quirant, vnde omne donum bonum defeendir. Attamen fune quxdam febrium particularia remedia, qux licet ad Generum amplitudinem vuiuerfaicm non afeendant : Febribus tamen plerumque fatisfaciunt. Cuiufmodi fune fa.ia a Cephalicis, inteque a maiorana, roremarino, faluia , ruta , atque fimilibus. Non exiftimans hxc falia cfte alcalia cinerum , fcd volatilia , Sc qux fimplicium totam crafim continent. Ete- nim funi diaphoretica infignia , atque nonni- hil temperata. Qux fi debira ftatione , nimi- rum ieiuno ftonucho , & ante paroxyfmum Intermittentium vel quouis tempore conti- nuatum, potentur in vino, vel aceto , fudorque roliciatui', nunquam Mcdcntem fidelem ludi- rio exponent. Cella quoque mirari , quod ab- fquc omni cuacuarione febres curandas pro- ponam, fi diaphxrefim atque fudores fuadeam. Nam & alligatis fimplicibus , magno Medcn- tumdedecoie , frequenter febres curatas vidi. Denique & iftud dicam ,qu6d per emplaftrum centenas quartanas* totd fanauerim.abfque re- cidiua .licet autumnale». In fpecietum febri- lium igitur familia, non raro particularia eiuf. modi , vniuerfalis remedij apicem attingunt. Q^:rire,& innenietis ; modo Medecina non in qi xftum fotum fit. Nam fi vobis intentio eft, Mifericordia ex charitate , obuiabic vobis in itinere ,Veriras , & lux a Patre luminum def- cendens, cui fic houoris retributio in xternum. Refponfio *d contumelias. CAPVT XV.. i Argumentum m contemtores J cienti, irum , x . Refpovfion.es ad convicia C alenicorum. 3 • Adulterata funi thymica officinarum. 4. ‘Per ignem mitefeunt corrofiua. $ . Obielho de par unate dojts. 6. Dignitas Mercurii & Jlibt i. 7. Raujjimum arcanum falis volatilis. 8. Res omnes clamant provinditlam Caleni- Jlam fpretorem chimit. 9. Origo Pharmacia. lc. Olneclio de /olutione per larum & coralio- rum. 0 1 1 . Quomodo fep arantur in fiomaebo dijjolucn - tia d dijjolutis. I x. Qutd fignificapracipitare in chymicis. 1 j . Cenfira de jntbufdd / ereptoribus chymicis. 14. Iterata obieiho tfubter jugia ad meliores animatuum topho spue lapides. 15, Qualis fit aefio gemmarum tnnoj. 1 6 • Quid fit in teneriori lapide , quod operatur • pu/uere fiio fifpite permanente. 17. Proba mechanica. 1 8 . Proba ex armis propriis. 19. Patientis mira quadam ac propemodum in. finita reacliofine pajjione tranfmutati- ua effient ia fua. x o. Explicatio per mechanicam. 1 1 . ,fi)uid corpora apparenter dijjpluta , in ne- bis patiantur. IX. Periculum ignotum fcholit. 2 3 . Arcanum umolutum, pruno per ingrata dif- foluta: atque deinde Juperlauuum per diffioiuentia grata. 1 4. fffil i edteamen gener icum. ij. Peroratio ad Medcntes. 2 6. Laus falis volatilis e tartaro. TTcerofum hoc feculum perucrfifBmo- Y rum ingenioiu, non patie rur admonitos refipifeere. Tamum enim adhuc abeft , quod pleriquc pra&icantium detiedemur , huiuf- modi arcana maiora inquirete, quod psilira jn feiemiasquas ignorant inuehantur. Quod au- tc eafdc ignoret penitus, & pci c geftiaut.fibiq; inuicc gratulcntur de illatu mfeitia , nec tepus in illis inutiliter abfumfifte, patet, quia no pu- det illos feientiam Chymicj vclut fumi vtn- dulaatq; illufotiam fmc falfam, fcriptis,& Cit- cafmis vilipendcre.At ncfciunt,quod cum non emis non fit fcientia, nullufque conceptus in' mente illi rcfpondcns.Adcoqiin to, quo negat 1 veritate Icientix, manifcftat fc eandeignoiarc. Id cft vilipendere id ,quod penitus ignoratu. Suntque alij, qui mitius, fcd xque ftolide , di- - cunt.i.Ifta non funi noftti fori , rem medicam nequaquam attingunt : fcquimur namque ab antiquo approbata, x. Medicamina Chymica, empyreuma rcdolent,calida, violenta, |& mini- me trica. 3. Seruos hebemus , qui nobis ,qux vfui funt , fideliter ptxparant Eltq; indecorum , virp do&o,Pharmaceuticcn cxccrccrc.4.Fumi- uenduli cxperimcntatores,omnes cuacuat iones horridas infticuunt,tcrrore plenas, quia Mercu- rio & Antimonio, venenis apertis, tantum in- • nuuntur. Adeoquc circumforaneos inter funt reputadi. Hxc fuuc,qux pro fua infeitia incau- to obtrudunt vulgo. Qrnbus ex ordine fic fa- 2 tifdo. Agitur de medicamentis , non aurem de rebus, qux coriarium aut figulum concernunr. Pudendum ergd fupponunt fubtcrfugiu.quod ignorent , qux difccrc debuillcnt. Nec etiam £dutn; *> I Caput fidum eft fundamentum ab antiquitate iemper ruinofum, euntes qua itum , non qua eundum erae , fcmpfcr antecedentium gregem (equentes, coccifquc mentis judiciis fibi mutuo lubfcri- bcnrts. RcfponJent etiam me (ilente ferui no- Ati fugitiui , i quibus conofiuum pulucrem prxcipuaril& dulcioris alterius, liue minus vi- rulent i.ucmquc vitrum antimonij, ac flores, ei- nal>ritim,& in fumma,n6 nifi venena mutuant, ad magnorum moiborum tranipiantatioues Se palliationcs. Cxtcrdm infigniter adulterata omnia, pro libidine lucri. Nam facile cft ignaros decipere, in rebus, quas profitentur fc ignorare. Sunt nempe olea cflcntialia venalia , quxquc magno xrc penduntur , adulterata omnia atque fingula : fi nouem partes olei Amygdalini , ad vnam eflentiaiis committas e (Te . facilis fit ex- perimenti. Iniice nempe in cocblcaraqux vitx quidquid fupcrnatauctit.cfto de oleo edentuli} reliquum vetb, Amydalinum. ldque tutius fci- ucris , fi in balneo experimentum feceris. O- Icum fulfuris , ex dimidio aqua cft piuuia , Vi- trioli autem ttagma, torum in impofturam de* larum cft: Se quotidie magis futile. Quod fim. plici examine per balneum mox conflabit. Vix lextam partem cius efle m.'rutn,camquc adhuc tinriura ex Cortice querno grauaum.Ad fecun- dum denique rcfpondcbo mox.Nunclat cft di- xiXe , Icleriiores hodie Medicos , non fperuere chy mica remedia, quod eorum libri nouiter re- flantur. Adeoque vulpes vituperat vuas, Se gal- linas , in arbore fequcfttas . Quantum autem pixftcm , Alentibus nobis , loquuntur xgri ex- perti. Ad tertium. Nou cft indecorum , manu proptia pvrpaiallc quidam fc!criiora,& illa fuis poderis lrg.tllc , ac tudidflcpci manus. Nec enim indecorum erat 1’otifici hcbrxo, ftrauiftc armcnta,& lanionem egi fle, pro lalu te populi. An fotte Aereus olidum inlpcxillc,& baculo a- gitaile,g oriofius eft Galenicx rurbx,qua nobis turuos , vafa Se carbones trariallc } Sane fi mo- mentum vrritatis haberent, cognofccrcnt,quod operacharitatis non infament quetnquam. At qui charitarcm non hahcnt,cunria prxtcr qux- Itum ac lucrum cenfcnt indecora. Abfceditc ab hoc vaftu,8e cftote mifcricot Jcs,ficut Pater ve- fter,qui in ecclis eft , cft mifericors. Alias nam- que dicecNcfcio vos in lucrum, Se impollutam viueiucs. At fane ho^ambitiofulos non mora- tur dedecus •• fed ignorantia , Se cupido lucri. Piuris enim faciunt vifitacionum numerum, quam Amationis gloriam , qux in bene fecille tora fc fcpdit. Etenim tam ciri, atque & Scho- lis , Dodoris titulo dimitti fune , lampeuinis oculis per placeas , Se diucrfoiia inquirunt , an non fiiitxgii* qui fibi vitam fuam credant. Sed fiftc gradum non cft Medicina , per nio. dumM «h.micaruin exercenda. Et quia in hoc punrio M edent es errant , Pater luminum iua dona .ubftiahit , poflquam Medicina ve ara- trum eft exculta. Habetote charitatcm : Se lu- crum vos Ipome fcquetur, cum honore & glo- ria , qux fugientem arripiunt Medicum, quem Aitittimus honorandum pixeepir. Ad quar- * tum. Concedo , in Chymiam non minus , quim iu rem- tncdicam , liccntiofiflimc fc in- trufitte omne nebuonum genus , vatiam que inde cladem generi humano emergere quoci- die.irt quos ia.tc M-gvftraxus iurc fxuirc debe- rer. Sed hxc non infamant tkos probos. Ccr- XV. 105' cum eft , quod femper lucro annexa fucrinc fraus , Se adulteratio medicaminum. Quantum autem ad opprobrium remediorum Se Chymi- corum fperiv,id largiori periodo trutinandum. Imprimis hic quadrat, qu6dfci£(ia non habeat holtcm.nifi ignorantem; non quemlibet, fed fu- pcibum , difccrc recufantem. Quod patet per iam ditia corrofiua nempe atque maniftfta venena, cunderc lacchato dulciora. Facilius, Se ad manum idem patet liquidem flammula , Ra- nunculus,«apium rifus , Se e. vim vclicatoriam, mox diftillando deponant , prout fuccus citri luam ariditatem , hydiopiper acrimoniam ,Sec. Nec rcfcrr,quod Pharmaca Chymia fint par- * ua doli exhibenda. Id enim non accufac viru- lentiam : fed fummam agendi entelechiam. Sic nempe alia dofis cft ciborum, & alia Scammo- nex, cfulx.ae colocynthidis. Ide 6 Medicus in- difciecuSjtortotis inllar cft. Vires remedij Chy- mici atriantur in parua quantitate, fub qua pla- cent, dum quxquc fuis proportionibus rcfpi- ^ ciant vim , Se nece fluat es xgtorum. Huc forte non inepte quadrat illud Hietem» 1 j. Si fepa- raucrts pretiofum e vili , e an quam os meum cris.Q1.0d autem deargento viuo&r Amimonio improperant, meram continet rerum infernam, & llupidam contumeliam. Nani Antinionium, quamdiu vomitum aut fedes mcuct,&: Mercu- rius rcuiuificari poteft , venena lunc , nec boni viri remedia. Sed dum ad apicem venerunt , in quem a Deo de (linantur, nemo mortalium, illo- rum virtutes indagare , vel encomiis condignis illuftrare poteft, vcut crepant ilia momo-.ncque enim gloriamur. Mercuri) & St ibi j vim putga- Ciuam noui(fe,xgr ilquc propina(Tc,qui purgan- tia dcccftamur , prxlertimqux fanum xque at- que infirmum dilToluuni putrefaciendo. Bilem d-ponitc,&: mementote, quod in thecis ve- litis nil refonent difpcnfatoria , prxtcr Scam- monem , colocynthidcm , elaterium , cfulam, id cft, mera toxica. Deinde ,etfi vegetabilium & aromatum e lictu ix fint calidx : illorum ta- men falia volatilia (qux nunquam vidiftis)funt 7 temperata. Adeb , vt fi oleum cinnamomi , ea. ryophylloiuni, laucndalx, &c. nouciis trauf- mutare in fidem volatilem, narius es medica- men temperatum , efficiens quactum de iftis fimplicibus fperari poteft , in vteti vertigine, palpitatione. Apoplexii.fimilibufque. EtgO qui claucs Medicinx tenent hodie ,curo nec adyta intrent, mortales arcent ab vfufruriu donorum, qux Allidimus in natura difpofuit. Clamant 8 ergi in corium prxftantiffinuium rerum potc- ftates, fc vclut fruftra venifle , vix quetnquam cflc,qui vincula carum foluar.vt bcncuolcntiam, quam mortalibus debent, perfoluant, fed potitis cuafifte , ftuprorum , & adulteriorum prxmia. Illa ergo fcientia ,qux docet infpicere corpora occlula pcrfuianalyfin, ac virtutes illorum ab- fcondiras eruere , famula I harniaceutices non cftf ve ionant ignorantium conuicia) fed potif- firaa hiftorix naturalis cccmaifis cft. Incepit ^ namq; Pharmacia, priiniim I mercatoribus fim. pliciumSt herbarum collerioribus ; deinverd, cum cernerent Medici, non vnicuiquc oppor- tunum e(Te,fimpliciaclixare, condire Se prxpa- rarc , negotium iftui fimul fuit fimplicium venditoribus committiim. Interirn Medici fe- leri.ota.3c fecreta libi feruabanr , quibus hono- rem polleri1, fuis eompaiaicm.Scd taudcm.ere- 1 ii 4 fcente I 04 ^ De Febribus. f • fcentc Mcdentum ignayii , contenti -fuerunt, in Pcite, febribus, lithiafi, vulneratis, deuolutis difcurrere per plateas, de domo in domum ,cx ab alro.Qunptopu r pcv ntc Aulide idcin negari frequentil vifitationum quxftutn fccifte fuc- pcrlis.corallo.Ckc. Quibus rclpcndco. Gemmas, cellerunt demum inde difpenfatoda , (elidas lapides, Sc laxa, utulcam habere latitudinem, Sc formulas hmc inde, pfo nutu ignoranrix com- differre plurimum inter fc. Imprimis nun.qi.e ptiaffe vt m officinis fcruarcntur,& offint arcti- gemrox, filices , marmora, & quxeumque c y«» rur venalia , magis ad expeditionem , quam ad ltallinam habent duritiem, nequidquam agunt, proprietatem. Vnde tandem Medici, com polita aut patiuntur in nos aut a nobis , ni fi per tno- compofitis nedentes, mille quandbqm fimpli- dutu appcnfi Sc periapti , ^dque tantilper dum chinsdatraginem xgris pfopinanr , vt fi vnurn aborc , per recrementa tranleunt. Vis^horum non iuuet,ruuet faltem aliud. Veladmintmuir., ideb languida, quia corpore nimis der.io.claufa fccxcufcnt,qubd 'texta tritam normam, curam latet. Perl* vetb & coralia , quxeumque con- argrorum gelfcrint. Hxccft Pharmacia hodicr- chyliorum faxatiltm duritiem habent, gemmis ,na> & qua quantum diftet Philofophja Chymi- quidem in dtuitic cedunt , attamen proinde ca,norunt quidem qui eandem vel i limine Ia- nondum conficiuntur in humano ftomacho, vc lutarunt, ignorant verd.foli ignarf ofores. Aigrc bene in quibuldam atubus. Lapides autem Bc- fanc ferent Galeniftx, quod luis ignominiis Sc *oar, cancrorum, Sic. adhuc pcrlis mii us duri, contumeliis , per meram lucem retpondciim, non funt dc natura faxatili : ied potius fiunt ex quodque fuam potiffimorom remediorum fu- fuccola&eo fcmicafcato,5c femipen ificato,ha- pcllc&ilcm vcllicaucrim, quare mftabunt ( fac bentque tophi naturam , inter cati iiagdtm dc i o lcio)hoc modo.Vrges.perlas, coralia, flcc. indi- lapidem neutram. Prout putamina lapmum, in quortbus acidulis non di(Tolui:fcd tantjum a Ia- mespilis , peificis , &c. Neutrum genus, atque l»bus diftbluent-m velut calcinari , ac putucia- medium {eruant, inter ligna, &. Iapi<* m «oj ht- ri, abfeondi quoque, ac fieri inuifibilia oculis. cum. a dillolucnte luo, idcoque proponas ludtbnum. Cxrcrum puluis itliquus , vt tlixando inui- Ac per confequensmatctia Pet larum. Coralio- &us, ita & ftomacho noftro tndigcftus perma- rum,5cc. femcl hoc modo d.lfoluta , foluca ma. ner. Adt oque ex ptxfaci liquoris quantitate pu- neat,& intrbad venas admii tacur.cum hqi.&ri- fida, pendet ratio, cur dragmavuica illius 'api— bus chymi , adibquc in vrinam vel cruorem dts puluerati, fumta in aliquo liqttotc, plus effi- iranfmurettir, ptxftctquequantum pollicemur. c*a‘» quam a'ioqui vuus fctupulus ctuloe. Cum # 1 1 Rcfpondeo.Naturam uon opus habere fale tar- , inierim vinum, vei acetum, eodem haultu com- tari , ad ft parandum iftum pulucrcm , i difiol- bibita, cumprxfatis puluettbus , ne lexta.it. m liente fuo. Quoniam edoda elt tam i parce ci- pulucns difioluam : t cliquum vero , integrum, borum , quim digeftionis proptixy hunc puluc- non mutatum deferam. Quod patet , ii lapidem » rem fcqueftrarc. Sunt namque quamplurima cautiorum , non in pulueicn» , fed fiultatim inter cibos.qux hunc effedunv proferunt. Qua- comminutum biberis, & poftexetetiontm ab- lia funt olera , itdmquc hcibx vulnerarix ,ccc. lucris , reperies idem pondus eius , quod ante, quibus plerumque ul yplarilc lixiuiale ineft. adeoque niluicius a ftomacho iubadlum. Net Itemq; vina cum albumine ouorum, nedum fe-s quidquam illorum lapidum per digeilior.cm parant eiufmodi difioluentia coagulata a pul- participari. Agedum, ptctmmqi Galcndlas pto- ueribus dillolutis : fed Sc Mercurium praecipita- Fno tei0* Hteuim fi lapides ptxfati , vc' pulx, cum reuiuificant. Denique ipfamet ftomac hi di- pulueretenus alfumta , in ncbts liquefctuni, gcftio , ordinatib fpiritus vegetabiles acidos, fruftra tematis diffolueic illa, hm ergo confine iubftancialiter cranfinutarin lalcm vrinx falsu, per demonnratfoncm mechanicam , teneriores atque volatilem : qui cum amplibs rton h .bcat animalium lapides , continere mucil-giitem, • priftinas vires dillbluendi , quas in acidirarc qua pcrlx, coralia , Sc faxatilta carcnt:Atiamcn 14 prius habrbaCtiBicb derelmquttfid eft,prxcipi- corpora quaiundam rerum, permanentium in tat) pulucrcm, quem ante occulcabat difTolut ii ^u' pulueie, & foiiditate hotnogenca,^ infipa- in fua aciditatc: Idcbquc ante fores mczaraica- rabii i, vt patiuntur in fui dillbluriunc adloticm ium venarum , prxfacum pulucrcm prxeipirar, * dilolucme : ita quoq; viciffim, diftbluens pa- I & exuit. Ade6que fciant Galeniftx.qubd feri- tiatur-a diilbiutc,linc vlla intetim corporis im- prores ryrocinij Chymici adhuc Tyrcjics finr, murabilis pamc^patiqjic. Caput XVI. 105 J0 altant. Clarius idem cognofccs : Si oleum vi- Qui eifi fua foluta , anaticc bomogenea dele- trioli diilillesi Mercuiia currente , oleum coa- tat , digeftus in nobis 1 illorum tamen aliquoc guljtur cum mcrcurio,manctque ambo in fun- vires mutuatus eft, quas intr6 dcfcrt.plur.mo- do, fornu niui*. Ec quicqti d ude Ud atur cft rum morborum domitrices. Ad hsec autem mera aquaNix ifta autem, U laucntur, fit citri- non difficic libros terere : ied infiipcr opoirec nus puluis , qut faci e in ptiUmum Mercutium catbones atque vafa cmeie , Si vigilias exor- tu:: emem reducitui,eodc prorfus pondcte,quo dinc nodes impendere. Sic feci,hc d.xi, Laus ante. Si ver5 aquam ablutionis dillilaucris, ha- Deo. bes in fundo merum alumen , cx acido fa'c vi- Quod Academiae Thcfi 8. venx ftdionem trioii. Si nempe didoluentia mutantur, tamctfi diHoluta, nequidquam dc fui materia , aut fub- Uantia perdiderint. Aguntque eiufmodi dilfol- uentia in nos per modum alterationis acquifi- i*»in lui pn(Iibititate;non autem ex proprietate participita a dilloluris immutatis. Ad propoli - tum ergo Aigumcntuin. Salia aceti , vini, lucri lrmonuin , vc) c quercu , itemque chyli ftoma- chici acidi, quatenus funt vegetabilia, & ino- lita d gc Ilione altciabilia , digerendo quidem mutantur in nobis , in falem vrinarium : at- tamen pro diucrlicate rei dilTolutx , illa diflo- lutiua patiuntur aliquid ex aptitudinc fuxeon- uernbiliraris.atumen nequidquam in nostrif- fetuiu dc dilfulutonou digelhbili , nifi partem 11 fui digcllibtlem contineat ; provut dixi dc mu- lagine la&ca lapidei animantatoru.Quod fi vcrA alioquin, inti6 in venas , eiufmodi didolutum pet geret ( quod nunquam ) vt fuas nobis dotes communicer ( puta pedas , aut lapides ptxfa- tosj plnrimx inde confcqucreutur anxietates, loco fublidiorum. Non primo , cum non fine digclta in (toinacho/ prout iam amc probam ) neque in fecunda demum digeftione coqui po- terunt. Quia non itur ad fecundum , niti per primum, x. Etgo nunquam conucrtentur in cruorem fcd in illud venarum recrementum. Tcrtid, Nafccntur pulueres in venis St renibus, conftipabunturque exotico hofpice pulucre. per nullum deinceps remedium cdu&.bili, x Hxc dicta fune de dUlolutis , i diflblucntc ve- i gerabili, ac proinde in nobis digellibili. Veruin- tamen fi didbluantur res per dillolucntia non digcdibilia .• ea vel erunt ingrata naturx fto- machi. ljcoque vomitum & ledes moutnt. Ad- eo vc fola incongruius, malignitas & ingratitu. do fumeorum , fint caula cur vomitum 8 c fe- demmoueanr, expcllanturquc confeftim ,cum iis,qux in fui fa&ionem deturbarunt , Idcirco anxietates St molcllias exhibent. Si vcio didbl- uentia fine naturx grata , intrb libenter admit- tuntur. Nequidquam tamen patitur compofi- tum inde, tam ex parte dtirGluentis.quam dilfo- ' luti.Siquiicra vtrumque cft imligcftibile. Ergo illud comppfitum manet lofpcs vt pridem, tranfit omnes venarum officinas : ac tandem (fiquidem non poteft mutari ,ncc per confc- t quens tranlire in familiam vitalem ) expellitur * ludore.per diaphxrcfim. In quo itinere , quid- quid prxclara eiufmodi arcana attingunt for- dium , didoluunc , fecumque rapiunt , ficque medencis febtibus, & morbis chronicis plc- rifquc. Quicumque ergd medendo charitatem prox mi cordi habetis , dilate didbluens ali- quod,quod fit homogenum «immutabile , dif- folucnsfua obietta in materiam primam liqui- dam: & natius eris intimas rerum edentus, harumque dotes polle inlpicete. Q^od fi au- tem ?d illud ignis arcanum non pertingatis, dv Icite falitm , falem tartati reddere volatilem, xt huius mcd:o,vcfttas dillblut.oncs perficiatis. nempe inhibeam oifi in ctuoris p!eintudinc,in hac autem folum admittant.eb quod mm phle- boromix vitium non fatis apcitum clTe polfit; quodque thcfi decima iam implicite conce- dant febrim non efle merum calorem , fed per calefacientia St corroborantia ( calida omn i) curandam. Eli nimirum alteiuuum ueee (la- rium : vel fcilicet febrim non clVe caloiem in fui radice, vel non medicandum per coiuiaria amplius. Ex thefibstt Louanienfbus fub ConfuU tijiimo Domino D. Poptfco For runato V tem- pto dtfputatts Louantj z 6. Fioucmbrti /in- no 1 6+1. Detegitur ejfentia Febrium. CAPVT XVI. 1 Vita mortalium , ejl morborum caufa offi- cient. x In hoc efi vita error fur iaht. i Probatio procedentium. 4 jluthor, in tjue dijjentiat d Veteribus. 5 Efficiens int:rnrnn,etuf(jue materia. probantur. 6 Qualiter formetur quidditas febr.u/n. 7 ‘Er ope fit 10. 8 Quid ex caufa naturali olim conft fiebat im- mortalitas. 9 Idearum morborofarum origo. 10 Quid Peteret deceperit. 1 1 sircbeum fuis perturbationum Ideis, imita- ri imaginationem. 1 1 Probatur prafata propofino. 13 Originis idearum fons duplex. 14 Probatur mceffitas Idearum m febri. 1 5 Idem per enumerationem panium. 1 6 Caufa occafonuhs examen. HA&rous quali contra Scholas dilputa- ui , no» au Ius docere fibiiuin c den- tiam. itaque dum aiborem uroj.it fuus fru&us, compulfus fum pro Fhilmtrix, fupplcmcmum addete, quo febrium incognita ha&enus elfcn- tia, nugis illudrctur.detutqucTytoni modus in- tetll.nguendi iudicii iiudicio , & remedii a rc. medio. Oftcndi in primis (ac potenter, defini- tionem febrium ha&cnus nefetam ; ideo tf- fentiam , ellcntulefquc caufis illarum , adhuc ignorari : Cumque nobis non fit licita cogni- tio rerum i priori : faltem mirandum forti- ter, qubd ptzter caloiem , pro edentia febrili» excogitatum fu nihil : dum tamen hidoria ipfa febrium far potui ifi t pandille caufaiuiu ncceflitatcs , conlonantiam , & condantiam: faltemquc a caloris ridiculo eirore , morta- les rcduxilTe : nifi ipfa Mottalium ignauia , per indagandi txdium,& fubfcribcndi facilitates, fuidlt alleda. Loquor imprimis de natura 1 hominis jo6 De Febribus. hominis corrupc.i,qailii a trinfgrcffionc dein- ceps perfeuerat» Erenhn motbus adhuc exui erar.quamdiu mors aberat : fic quidem ,vt mor- bo nondum vtla Tui cflct (pes in potentia. Sed poftquam mors intravit in vitam, ftetic mor- bus omnis » in potentiali exercitu in vitam x ipintn diredo. Sicut morbus nidum Taum ita- bulare intenderit in vitali initio : non quidem vr externum aliquod, in, fieaduerfus vitam, pu- gnando : fed in ipfamet vira , fofpcs externus «nfem fiium ftringeret, quo vitam, ( hofpicium Tuum, furque qaidditatis patronum ) detrun- caret. Ilia nempe foithumanx immortalitatis corruptela, quod ex ipfamet vita mortem fibi deinceps defomferit. Nec enim joco loquor. Abiit, vbi de conferuxnda mortalium vita feri- bo. Euimvero ftatiru fimul cum vira , perit 9 omnis morbus. Nec enim materiz , vtcumque fingantur hoftiles , amplius a morte dimicant, aut feruent. Quapropter omnis diredio effi- cientis incerni , debet ab ipfa vita dependete. Etenim quod Veteres hucufque ante me, natu- rx duellum vocarunt , complexionis, item de- mentatis t cum foliutiis qualitatibus , aut cuin ipfa inuiccm putatitiorum humorum peccan- 4 te adraftiam : Id totum, afleucro a principio vi- tali effcdiuc , efficienter & immediate proce- dere. Id cft , ab inordinatione , indignatione, tumultu , terrore , abhorrefeemiaque fpitituum vitalium : Materiam autem excramentofam, quamque peccantem, liuc morbidam putarunr, Sc vocarunt ; Voco prxeer naturam, a caufa oc- ' cafionali errante , vel aliena , produdam , de- tentam , vel introdudam. Adtoque eiufmodi materiam omnem , duntaxat occafionalem vo- co : Incitatriccm quidem ; at plane externam morbo : vtpote cuius adhuc materiz peiftite przfcncia, non rarh tota febris ce iTat , Sc perit * funditiis.Ergh febrile efficiens internum, atque immediatum ens formale , & cft ipfamet Vita; eiufquc immediara materia ab aura vitali ( m qua hofpitatur,& fedetipfa ) pro parte defumi- tur , fkabfcedit. Sicque e A ipfi immediata , ac fdenipotentiaria poreftas in vitam , fibi fyn.bo- o vniformitatis connexam. Etenim alioquin importunum efTet , furenti vitx , extra fe .mor- borum parere : fiuc , formale atque c flent iale initium , fundamentum , atque femen concipe- re, efficere , Sc fioucre: Non enim valet vita, motbum , feminale , in dienu excrementorum cxrernoqtic fubic&o , tbbiiire. Nam fi vita a morbo tolerati debebat , anguftiari , atque ne- cari : debebat certe & iimetipsa iam deturpata, omnem pati iuinriam. Iuxta Adagium , Nemo ni/i * /iip/e Ixditnr. Rujditcr id olim quoque 6 Hippocrates fenfit,qui fpiritum illum vitalem, impetum faciens ( tam ad vitaro , quam ad in- ternecionem) primus vocauir. Deus enim mor- tem non fecit pro homine; qusei peccato in- cepit. Non enim nego , vitam ftimuiati in pro- priam iniuriam.a c^ifiscccafiooalibus : At (al- tem optarem .Veteres diremfiflent caulamef- fentiaiiter internam , ab externis occafionali- bus, vti decet. Internum autem, & externum, non fumo pro corporis rcfpc&u : fed quod ra- dicaliter eflcntialiterqne cft morbo proprium, id voco internum , atque infeparabile : fecus verd , fi tantum accidcn taliter adjacear. Itaque ante o;nnia,feri£> & vnicc notandum , qualiter ipfa febrium quiddius formetur, iqivdditate efficientis vitz. Vt nou folii m per hoc conci- ^ piatur ipfa principiandi morbi, hzccitas : ve- rum vt inluper cognofcatur detetminatio el- fcntialis emanans quidditariue a vita ipfa. Q_x ideo funt altius inculcanda. Quia tum , Mens immortalis immediati rege- bat corpus idcoquca caducis, fc piorfus infeno- ribus,nequicquara patiebatur, fuum idcirco do- micilium , fibi vnitum , ab interitu , Sc corrup- tela merito liberabat. At pofl ptxuaricaiioiicm. Mens fuum regimen, animx fenlitiux tradidit, vnde vita mille mortis impottunis neceffiuri- bus euafic obnoxia. Senfitiua itaque deinceps auram vitalem concitauit : quz exin r't ac primarius motborum faber , ab Hippocrate appellari coepif. At male a fuis fcquacibus po- teftas eiufdem fuit intclleda : negleduroque illud manfit apud pofleros , Impetum faciens, nefeitum etiam, quod morborum difcrimjna a vita immediati manarent. Idcoque' fallo , oc- cafionalibus nuquamqnic exfiflcntibus humo- ribus, totum concreditum fuit morborum ne- gotium. Etenim, de origine, Sc principiis me- dendi tradidit modum ,quo illud impetum fa- ciens , producit ens ldeale ; vnde febres , mor- bique vniuerfi, ottum fuum mutuant. Quam idearum generationem , ibidem ex profeflo tra- natam, nunc tantum obiter attingam. Primd 9 itaque, In confeflo cft, rabiem canis excitari, Jt vel in conceptu eius , per Ideam eftcdriccm ii- liu^rabidi veneni. Quod in fano cane non cft, prout in amencc. Patctque inde, iflud virus ( quod noilram i morfu ferit imaginationem ) fabricari ab ldea,per conceptum rabidi. patrata. Idem etiam occurrit in Tataiuula,ferpentibus, Sc furore percitis. Sic in Tumulo Pcflis , hanc Ideam, nedum ex pauore hominis j fed Sc aur* vitalis , conflrui dcmonftraui.Qoare etiam per- zque ne ce (Tatium, quod pro febri) quz ab Im- petum faciente , vitalique inhio fufeitatur , nec ipome,auc ex nihilo oritur , monetur , aut in- crcfcit) fuccrefcat in eodem vitali initio, Idea motrix , fiuc caufa eftedrix , virulenta quidem in fc,ac variatu, iuxta lignaturas , quas nxc ar- bor Idez febrilis, pro frudibus exhibet. Etenim vt cx nihilo , nihil fit:ex aliquo.autcm fernper 10 aliquid : putatum tam Veteres quam moderni, febies q»a (cumque , neceflario oriri cx luda elementorum , vel laltem fiditiorutn humo- rum. Nccliquid6 eciamnum definiucre , cuius de ambobus hifcc , febrium , eflee textura. Ac cum non fint nili elementa numero tria ncc hxc confluam ad corporum conftitutioncm (quia alibi oftendam impoffibilem horum, con- nexionem ) non poliunt aliquod ens , a fe alie- num producere. Humores vet6 cum nunquam vfpiam adhuc fuerint fintque febres cx aereo, ac magis aflrado corpore , quam quod liqui- dum excrementum putaturtdeprehendi a nihi- lo nil quidem fieri materialiter : fed tffi:nn- tcr cffediue, atque formalitct pleraque ab Uca concepta fieri, quz demum mox fe corporibn* veflium* Caput tcftiunr. Per conceptam feflicer, fiunt Ide*, a- «ftiux, feminumque formalia initia, qux ic Ita- tim vcftiunt tunica fpiritus vitalis*, cum qua tum denique in fecnam prodeunt, fiunt que il- lud impetum faciens, (olo duntaxat nomine k Scholis cognitum , ac proin I Pra&icis ncglc- dUim. Etenim, qu Ad febres fubinde i perturba- tionibus animi oriantur , id lippis ac tonforibus i perxque notum. Sed Ateheunt , fiuc impetum facientem fpiritum , luas pati perturbationes, harumque (oboles, fufeitatas Ideas in fc conci- pere, inopinum, atque hucufque inauditum cft quidem Scholis. Attamen certius nil , quam quod faliua rabidi , dudum poft mortem canis in eo quem momordit , producat fuam tabiem i plani luo cani per lumlcm,vndcmanauit. Qua- re in (aliua fuit Idea foiroatiix fcminalis.illius rabiei produdlx par illi, vnde prima fluxit in- fectio. Nam eiulmodi inferio poicftatem ptx* fupponit a&licem, vitalem, potcnrcmque pro- pagatriccm fui feminis , licet nobis mortem & amentiam cauier. Potentia autem illa ne- quaquam agit , vt nudum accidens : fed qua- tenus formali fubie&o inhxfionis inhabitat. Nec etiam quod materia v.fibilis. Ime diucdo- * rium inhxfionis , fit ipfamct potentia , nec ex- citatrix , vel (limulus foi ipfius , aut quod ifta potentia fubliftat folitano extra radicem , qux illam fufeitauittSed omnispotentia habet ens fouens, patrans, ac dirigens lui, longe Ipiiicua- lius,& aolbadlius , quam fit fua capla inhxfio. nis. Abftta&ius inquam quim fit ipfum medi- um , in quod potentia motrix cft recepta : imi formalius , quam fit ipfamet qualitas pocentix* Eft nimirum architedlonica imago mali ,aut boni.cfte&rix effc&uum ,ram in morbis ,quim in exteris entibus feminalibus. Sumit autem ifta imago, primordiale fui initium, ex cogita- tione hominis , vel fuccenturiato conceptu (pi- ritus Archealis ( de motbis nunc loquor. ) Sic nempe anima fenfitiua , eft per modum reci- pientis , in fpirita , fiuc aura Archeali. Et quan- quam Ateheus non anxictut per modum ani- mxvfualcm, atque humanum : attamen diucr- fotium animx lenfuiux^quod eft ipfc Ateheus fru.rut pet modum fux receptioni propiium, Ideis onundis , tam * fuis conceptibus, quam a 13 conceptuum cxoibitationibus. Nec enim Ar- cheus iftas paffiones fempet e proprio conce- ptu ptfcatur , fed ab ingcltis»Sc male digcftis,flc tranlmutatls. Vfque adeA fle ab excrementis non rite iubaftis , aut fcgrcgatfs. Adeoque Se. nedum i facultatibus noftiis alienam , aut er- rantibus : verum infuper, ex dote rctum innata Prout in faliua rabidi demis , cft proprietas I ilealis virulenta , qux animx fenficiux tmagi- 14 nationes in nobis alienat , ad fili lubi tum. Ergo in rebus cftquxdam potentia accidentalis,qux fi contagium aut fui propagationem pet ficiat, indiget vi formali , te. feminali , qux rc&rix fit aftionis.Scmina namque , vt figuram, vel fui fi- milirudinem , edant in producis , neccflariA hanc imaginem fibi infculptam habent, h de- beant extra fe agere, aliudve fibi fimile erigere in produ&o : cum ciufmodi fimilitudo Ideam prxfupponar formatricem. Denique materia febrium occafionalis , fi eflet de febrium eden- tia , vel nonprxcedctet, faltem femper comita- retur effcdlum fibi proprium. Quare dum qua- ternarius humorum, horumaue cxiftciuia» fint XVI. 107 fiaa : neccfliim eft.quAi ficla caufa humoralis nec prxrxfiftat , nec fubicquatur eflepiiain fe- bris , nec fir relpetfiis humorum ad icbrmiir.ee viciflim febris, ad fictos humores. Denique nec cruoi (thclaurus viix)potcft vllo modo, cllc fe- brium caufa conftiiutiuntimA nec quidem cau- fa occafionalis j nili fitcxtrauenaius , piiufquc corruptus : id eft , nifi prius definat cllc eruor. Siquidem extraucnarictuotis non cft aliarcflc- xio, quam quod in viucntc theca fit cadaucr, variafque interim fubcat tranfmutaiioncs , pro varietate Idex Archei ,in proximis culinis, ela- tio xcconomix pixfcdli. Eft nempe vitiatus hic eruor cadauetoium iam excrementum , & cauta occafionalis, qua excitus Ateheus Ideam furo- ris fabricar. Denique aliud quodeumque cxcrc- 1 mentum, a fubfequente dige Ilione de (te datum caulx occafionali ius in lc transfert. Fcbnm- que occafionalitct parit, non fecus ac iam de cruore dixi. Eftquc eiu.modi excrementum , a virio digeftiu* ,ac diftiibutiue , vel fcnfim ac- cumulatum.vel demum i febri , aut ini pisaris peregrinis , ptodu&um. Vtut lucrir,laltcm re- lpe&u fcbtium,fetnpcr icmanet externum , nec harum eflentiam fubintrtt vnquam. Sunt qui. dem dutaxat accidentales confidcrationes, qux gradum febtium proxime refpiciunt. Etenim li adlio morborum procedat immediate invi- tam, fle a vita exordium fumat : vtique cll ne- ccdarium , quod edentia morborum quoque penetret penitus , ip'am medullam cllcntialem vita:. Cxteta ver A externa , qualia , quanta- cunque, tantum refpiciunt, an > atei ia o-calio- nalis fit in quanto , maior, ininoiuc j An ctli- cicns in iuuene fi potentius, quam in lene j in initio motbi, quim in fine 3 in maligna , quam in mitiore , fle e. Sed ciufmodi potcllaium gra- dus, funt correlatiua efficientis , ad vites col- lati. Doccntquc quidem , quantum lit veren- dum , ab accidente occafionalitct itrucntc.Ego autem hic fpedko formalem febris eflentiam. Itaque fempet adeft, ax permanet ifTciuialis pote lias interni efficientis , liue ipfius vita:: fle dcuotrunatiojdelumia ex termino relationis, et fi fpem Medentis mutet , fupet ioritatera vi- tx , ac proportionem Agentis variet : Aiumcn ipfa vita fempet cft intimum principale , for- male , atque cflcntialc febrium efficiens : ma- 11 er que vbivis materia occafionalis , exrra ve- ram & internam caufam materialem. Namfx- p* aufertur, ceflatve febris rcftante re fidua ad- huc cius materia , fle efficiente occa fional ibus. Etenim fxpc quartana cedat fua fp©ruc,poil- que menfem forte repetit uerum.adcAquc ma- teriam occafionalcm fetuabae fibi interim inta- dlam , ac citra adlioncm , vehit dormientem, ldemquc ens occafionalc alibi , pacata prius procella Archei , totum (ponte confumicur. Sxpc quoque febres , poft lc relinquunt debi- litates, viriumque topicas diminutiones , in vitam durabiles : quatenus vita infici Archei extruncata , fualquc pafla cft tubulationes ni- mias. Quiritatis febrilis indago. CAPVT XVII. 1 SrroneM Sibolumm /peculatu^. x Differt o/intbor dSeholis. u 3 Modm * io8 De Febribus. j Modus fiendi febrium , ab indic amne ; pro- pagat nr. 4 Centrum febrile, j Sifts , er frigoris examen. 6 Confirmatur Centri d i bina. *j Cur ftbtts quandoque terminetur per appe- titum infolitornm. 8 OEconomia febrilis in pyloro. 9 Exlex quartana , & exoticarum febrium fe- aes inaudita. 10 Cur vomitus nin foluat febres peregrinas. 1 1 ‘Definitio febris lacera. 1 1 'E^me diarum ex, i meri. i 3 bpei vannas vnde Jit introdufla. ANtch^ciam Moderni, quam priores, con- (nicrarum f.btium naturam, & quiddita- tem , ex ipeculatione caioris,tan> interni, quam xft:ui ambient is. licmque eflentinm illam di» nuniiiuur, ex acrimonia , atrocitate ,mulcipli- cuatemaccrix occafionalis ,vclex malignitate vnius , vel plurium , dc quatuor fi&iciis humo- ribus. Sic enim , qua ipgredi debuiftent, ia. nuam fibi ante nares occiufcrunt. Si quidem modus flendi in febribus , itemque eius inter- num efficiens, atque materia feminalis, manfc- re r.eg.ctla, contemplati funt febrium duntaxac in fadfo efle : adcoqur fic fibi cognitionem ef^ fenti* abilulcrunt : vbi aliis, modus fiendi, lu- pra diftii.&us , enucleat internam febris quid- d itarem , quam facta fibris claudit non potens Intellectus humanus fu a vi , penetrare res, quas fibi ex inftuuio occlufit. Docui itaque fupe- rius,quo initio aftiuo Qc vitali , febris in nobis otiatur feminaliter,& materialiter , id cft,inte- ral iter. Etenim quidditas febrium, per modum x endi, edodta, patefacit quidditatem efficientis i quo formatur. Siquidem omnem fui determi- natione mendicat i vita Ideo enim vera quid- ditas cntalis , atque cflentialis differt toto coe- lo, k veterum putaticia quidditate ( accidentali nempe) fibtium. Iplmn namque cms acciden- tale (quod c It ipfa Veterum putata febris) dif- ' feit toto pixdicammto , ab ente fubftamiali, viraliquc fibrium , atque i feminali initio, pro- gi cilli, coaptatione, asione, fequefttationc,de- turpatione ,& proprietate immediata, haufta fcilicec.tam ex parte materna materix internx, atque vitalis ; quam paterna : nimirum , vitalis efficientis principi) quidditate , Siquidem me* denns ha&cnu* omnem morbum, inicr nudas qualitates collocant. Cxccrum demonftraui, qu6d calor non fir efTcntia , aut de elTeniia fe- brium; fed merum accidens, feparabile a febri, febrique accidentaliter , Sc per interualla , adia- 3 cens. Reflat modb ad cognitionem febris , ac remediorum , contemplari modum fiendi , in fieri ellc,vt arbor k frudibus prodatur. Itaque omnis propemoduin febris (fatim k fui initio, horret , afpernaturque , carnes , pifccs, iufcula, oua & quaecunque intra (lomachum mox cor- rumpi queunr. Nam carnes & pilees folo tepe* rc, fponte vadunt in corruptiones fibi proprias arque feriores, tanquam ad terminum cadaue- risfeffinarenc. Hxcque.vbi in (lomachum de- labuntur, fermento loluo, debito, ac digerente orbatum, folo illius loci tepore, fcftinani in fui corruptionem. Rudus enim febriles, hinc fiunc olidi ,idr6que nidorofis 'rudus acidos fupet- uenire , bonum omen portendere vult Hippo- crates: eb quod fermentum digeftiuum ftoroa- chi ( quod cur.da acefcere cogit) fe tcdii(Te,ru- du acido, tcftetur. Quo alias abfcnce,dormicn- tc, impedito , vel fuppccflb.carncs.fic qux facild putrcie parata funt , mox corrumpuntur. Vnde dein vomitus flauus , porraceus , iU amarus, k corrupto oeconomi iure , fufcicatur. Hxc cft caufa cur llatim , quxeunque facile putrent, fiant exofa in febribus. Tum huic conceptui llatim fuffiagatur (itis, plerafque febres comitans. Imo & immani in- termittentium , diututnoque frigore ,atttocior 5 (itis , vomit ulquc affluemior flaux illius arour- cx, quam alioqui in acuciflimis continuarum caloribus. Nec etenim proinde ad folita latibula fubter fugiendum : quali frigerent duntaxac cx- tcrna:ar interna ferucrent vifcera^ftuarcnique potenti()imc. Vnde nimirum fub frigore, tama infcflarei ficis importunitas. Abfit , tam apertis nugis , veritati' velle imponere ! Si quidem in- tennitrcnt:u initiis horrores,atque ftigora,lcn- tiuntur non minora intus, quam in artubus. Propterea fcilicet quatiuntur pix fiigorc intei- na latibula, vfqueadeb, quod dentes & artus, non nifi intemum piodant frigus. Sedant ui autem rigores febriles, fimulatquc interni fri- goris furor cuafit mitior. Eft autem ifla ficis fraudulenta , Vtpotc quam non foliim porus non rcflinguic , potantemque milctc deludit: fed etiam docet , (c non a dcfcdu humtdicau- fari. At fi fupponatur (rilu dignus alioqui ) fer- uens intus calor , ramis per dirum frigus, epe- netrali, rigores fufeitar. An faltem dum feruor £ ille,domclticu$ febrium hofpes ( licet nondum qucrulus,aut fenfatus hadenus ) foras fpargi- turjfrigufquc abadum cft; An inquam non ac- quirat fibi vires eundo ? fefeque explicer : non quidem per modum fubftantix , extenuarx di- latando , fed per modum caloris excrefccmis agendo. Perinde vt manus, per niucm fngcfada fi calorem icpecai magis magifque incalcfcir,ac longe pountius,qu&m qux iuxia igne calcfada cft. Cur itaquc,fi ficis a calore fiat imcrno/al- tem non lellinguiiur potu; Cur etiam calore iam aucto , per febrile argumentum , ad (la- cum ampliaro, non increfcir pariter fitn:fcd po- tius plerumque mitrigatur. Au non hinc conilae ficim:non a calorc:fcd aiiena tonge radice, Ica- turire? prx>crtim vbi nonrard , (tagma acidum • fulfuris , (irim vel reftinguic , vel faltcm poten- ter fedat ' Appetitus ergb fubitanea auerfio, horrorque ciborum, potuumque faftidiofusdc- lcdus in febribus , ficis pene infaciabilis, vomi- tus, naufea, anxietas cum fufpiriis , vigilia fub- inde continua, non ratus demque fopor,vcl de- liria, locum , fiue feminam febrilem , detegunt, accufantquc (lomachum , eiufue vicina. Ideo enim lenta, pcrtinaciorque febris , foluuur fre- ^ quenter per appccirnm rerum infolitarum ( pu- ta h alecis , rerumque fumatarum )dpcrans, per rem ciufmodi inaul picatam , fubigere holpi- tem hortem. Arrident nempe ciufmodi infoli* ta,non quidem quod digertioni ( quippe qux tum nulla ibidem cft ) finr , aut alimento apta} fed quia impreffionalcm Ideam Archer, atque figillum febrile , oblitcrant , non fecus, arque alias cibi inordinati exoticas , filenrcfue inAr- chco ideas paroxymales, occafionaiiter exci- eant. Etenim fi procul inde fuum nidum febris d$’cg (Tct Caput. XVII. 109 delcgiflct, debcatqnc omnis cibus prius in fto- macho tfanfmmaii. ldgpquc quoquo in«Jc lon- gus dcuiat, co cibotura vigor /sic prioris vita*, qualitas mage ftetnitur.- Cenare fi appetito >& fruitione inJotici illius cibi, fuperctur diuturna alioqui febris: defignat , qu6d febris non pro- 8 cui k membro appetente , fit remota. R^dic nimirum quoque cum appetitu alias , tu cius acidus. At faltcm ex diduclis patet, quod ven* Uomie hales non trahant ad iccur , ficut nnfa- raica:, fcd poti ds nutriendo flomacho fine di- cat*. Quod a>ibi de digcfttonibus lludiocx- planaui. siquidem farpe k biduo adunata, non obftaiuefin, per vomitum reficiuntur. Etg& Py lorus (inf (Ius ftomachi ianitor)quamdiu fe- bris imperat , non rite luo funguur rtiwncre;fi- tilquc,quz fub >fto biduo fuboritur, aliquoties repeti», toiquet.iteruroquc mitcfcit.Ncicirque Pylorus,qu fine,f< tam pertinaciter claudat, ac tantopere potum illum Retineat, intra febrium feminam ftotruclmni. In q >a pixeipue tum non fpciatur digeftionis bonuasficd potids in- gcfti longi mora,?»: conlequcns cottuptto.Ne- Icic inquam , quorium tam amentes cffiUus c- dat , dum e x ciulmodi detentis , procreat flaua & atnara ex. renicnra, quae luttenus fellis ima- gine incautos dcluferc , filaque didat abunde » frufira,ac citra fublcuamcn Exin namque con- ficio , facultatem appeiitricetn ciborum ac po- tumo.onficio Itoimchi infertam, dcclinall in Pylorum , fufquc deque confula omnia : fitun- que ideo amentem xqnc infcftare : quia totum febrilis confufionis chaos , •agitatur immediate fiabulo exotico Pylon.Ncc enim ifta fit is potu fcdarur ,qur non cft fuo loco in ftomachi nem- pe oirficio. Cuius folias munus cft, denunciarc aliir.onix Jcfc&us. Febris itaque habet virus, cftque ferpens multiccps, quod circa Pylorum, & paulo infri , hofpitatur , vel infidet conuc- xo ftomachi. Etenim non rara fune deliria ri- dicula , alias quoque ferocia , iuxta veneni il- lius fortem. Sitim autem fuTcuat ierpens illc.lx- pc quoque angiftias,lypothymias,& fyncopcs, vel vomitus frequentes , amaros , vel etiam lo- lius aliinoni* impatientes Se intolerantes. Vi- giliasvc continuas , harumque vicem, fopot es compenfant al bi. Primo faltcm introitui fer- mentum ftomachi , cum edendi defiderio , in- tercidunt ftarim. Neque ideo fruftra conque- ritur Anatonie , diflcdkionurn difficultates mox fub Pvloro.fuperarc quafuis alias totius corpo- ris , propter vaforum multitudinem , glandu- lis intortam. Hmc namque exorbitationes ali- menti, male digefti, maleque diftrtbuti, item- quefeorix. fiue ftercoris liquidi, extra orbitam alienati , vel humoris alimcntarij ,ac fperrra- tici degeneratio , fimul concurrunt. Vnde fto» machi oeconomia coercitur. Cunfta fiquidem concurrunt in vaforum multiplicata textura, excrementorumque adhuc commiftionc. Qai- bus de caufis , virus furgic , alienanturqne aii- menta a fcopo , variafque per moram fubcun- ria «Iterationes. enim (tam venenorum , fymptoftiatumvc cft fpe&auda varietas., quantum loci dignitas , & pertutbatio Archci,& dciu quo medtocompe- lcatur virus, redueaturque aucsfio cocitataque conftifio Archei. Nam his- fc dat is , ce flat mox ipla febris , quaeque materialiter ibidem pec- cant, facile a natura domantur, atque recedunt 'dirc&c fuba&a. Hac fcilicet via , ftatim febres cedunt , ad appulfum alicuius Ateani : refi- duum autem expulfionis , committitur hume- ris natur* ,vt fna feruetur Hippocrati digni- tas. Quod ipfx rurnrx.Jint morborum mcdic.itri. cts. H.xc de Continuis, iuxti atque interpo- latis febribus , & loco natalitio illarum. Sola autem quartana exlex, penitius fubiiftc vi a, fi- 9 ue extra contubernia ftomachi , ad Splenem fe poricxifle. Parem attamen feruat fibi progtef- futn , Se explicationem , fuper Auheum Joci : dum itura proprios lares , errorem digeftionis committens , liatis periodis fuos excitat fu- rores. Eft denique malignarum , caftrenfium , purpurearum , &c. aliena prorfus , atque info- lita admodum fedes .propagatio, ac infucta medendi anxietas. Dum fcilicet , per infpi- rata endemata locorum , paludum , minera- lium .fumorum , hofpitalmm , infirmorum , putridoruinquc odorum , hauriuntur fartores, &c. Qui , dum per pulmonem , in thoracem penetrant .trans diaphragma , connexam fto- machifupcificicm feriunt , ac fux virulenti* Ideam depingunt , in alimento proxime afli- nfilando. Quod proinde degener ibidem fe fi- ftic , & Archcum loci inuitat in fuos fuiores : vnde infolirx fubfihfit febrium tragccdix atro- ces nempe, pertinaces, ac fallaces admodum. Qma fopores, vigilias, amentiafquc, & anxieta- tes periculoftorcs excitant; Iuxta cuiufq; vene- ni , obnati ibidem ftimuluni , diucrfimode Ar- chei vitalis perturbationes fufeiunte. Sic mo- di furrexere fcbrcs.abfque fiti, calore Se tuibi- nc , in Medentum confufiones : quia nimirum nihilo fccuriores febres concitant. Qjedam enim cum tantillo frigoris primordo , citoque finiente, necant cito, vel languide ; non minus tamen truculenter, quim q * magna fympto- matum feritare infcftaw.Patci faltcm nunc, cur ( vomitiua febrim iftam ftomachi , ibidemque foac manlionia figna edentem , nequicquam fubleucnr.Nam et It produclu febrile , vomitiua domare videantur : non tollunt tamen occa- fionaie producens in conucxo , externoq; fto- machi plantaturo. Manuducamur itaque ab ipfa febri , Se ftatim indicationes inde petitx docebunt ,om nes anxietates iftas incipere, & a- gttari circa ftomachu Mirum fanc, quod S.ho- It nihlldminus Herpar, fit bilem ,vcl pituitam, putrida nimirum , adhuc incufent , poftquam dcie&ioncs, arte vel naturae impetu promotas, nil iuuiftc attenderint 1 Somnus etenim labo- rem adfert in febri ; non autem in fanis : c6 quod k ftomacho.non autc k iecmore, fomnus furg.it (quo J alibi latius.) Vitium autem origi- nale febris, St occafionalc, cft. pcrmuutfildco- que etiam permutantis , horumque pemmati* na allio , manifcfta fcntiuir circa ftomachum. Eftquc ideo folemnis definitio Scholarum rui- nofa : Qjue decernit febrim , a corde ptimifin accendi, & inchoari. Qubd autem febrium oc- cafionalis materia, fit permutatum alimentum, proxime affimilandum , forte id pro flomacho admittatur : At non xque obuium erit conci- K * it pera i io De Febribus. pete feoriam , fiue ftercus liquidum , a mefen- terio retrogradum. At certe quanquam id in fanis regulariter occurrat: non tamen in febri- bus, quibus lingularis idefi fic propria eft qux- vis exorbitatio. Etenim fic fcoria ab vtero fotij , fic calculi ferdibus migrat per ablcclfum indirc&um, ad pleuram, ad venas ftomachi , fle vafa Duodeni inteftini. Cuius deviationis nulla eft ratio , nili ipfa confulionis Archei Ii. centia Denique ( repetam ) nec femper a cau- fa occalionali priore . ipfa febris profluit , di- rigitutque. Siquidem iple Auheus , ctii ab ex- terno non foiicitcturcrrotCitamen incontinen- ti* fu* peccato , fubinde Coa fponte •, furores affiimit,propriaquc luxuria libertatis infolcn- tia. Tumultuatur enim , ac leuiculo errore fu* indignationis ideas fabricat , non fccus, atque ridicula fxpc de caufa fufeitatur. Quod- que m.nu> mirum in Archeo vniuerlali , /i titubet , cum vnicus, tam diuerlis facultatum fusionibus regendis, prxfit. Etenim quiacen- tz irum mali , circa ftomachum , palxftram loca- uir, van* fune venatum depleSioncs , virium- que furta. Siquidem eruor culpa caret. Q^od fupra fat demon&raui.EAquc xque ridiculum, velle corroborare , per Alchcrmcs, gcmmas,fic perlas contritas, corroborate inquam vcl!e,vbi hortis intus dominatur , ipfamque vitam in omnem diiTblutionis ataxiam atque confufio- nem prxeipitat. Hortis namque,qui potuit in- tegram fanitatem , rubutque validum flernere, fpernec quioquid fe pixiente ad confortandum obiicietur. Fiurtra idefi fymptomatum fuble- uamen intenditur , fi non adfir v;&rix medela, quxque compefcat vitalis Archei confufioncm. Qu* nimirum eflentialis , fic principalis fana- tionum eft effedirix. Ac dolendum eft , corro- borationem virium, vna manu intendete, quam altera manus per folutiua & phlebotomum de- iicir; Remedium itaque plauftbile menfuratur abcffc&u.li tumultum Archei fedet , fic ideam febrilem exemguat. Pacato namque loco fc- . brili , Huc aperto carcere , Archcus, qui antea diruebit cun&a,quia confufus : iam tranquil- lus expellit hoftcin , fic materi* occafionales , aperio carcere repente effluunt. Idque in diffi- cillimo mfperatoquc calu contemplamur. Si- quidem ablato luis venere* cficagio, tubercula offla, atque duta,euanefcunt fponte. Alibi quo- que abfccffus dcfpcrati contingunt, folius fxpfl . natur* dudu. Sicinfolit* declinationes , djf- foluriones , refolut iones , atque recedas etiam abHumoriftis agnofeuntur. Ideoque pronio- res 1 pero fote , circa occafionalis febrilis ma- teri* fpontancam expulfionem : Saltem , non e fle petendam a foluciuis pharmacis opem, nec vc i virium vitalium furtiuis remediis. Sedato nimirum prius Archei furore , formante Ideas febriles : fequeftrantur facile deinceps , qu* , fic qualia oportet. Idque facile ferunt infirmi, ac melius fe inde habent, quatenus a grauante pondere , fic obnata pcriui bationum confulio- nc, fublcuatur. Iraque cognitio quidditatis fc- brilis,exterminac fpem, quam a venx fetftione, folutiuis.facrificatione, fic cantharidibus , mo- nent Medentes , vnam fcilicet ob culpam. Nc fuas fcurtra vifitat iones fecirte , przmiumque de impoftura petere , videantur. Cum aurem fuperaid propemodum fibri , Archcus (e ad $ tranquillitatem componit, vt per crifes , ffido- rcs,vcl hzmotthagiam, vel etiam per hxmor- rhoides , tanquam furiarum refiduaro ludam , quietem fic fanitatem fiepe adduxerit. Id fanc Medentes fefellit , omnemque fpem in hirudi- ne,& phlebotomo collocitunt , nccconfidcra- runr.quod adhibito remedio iufto, ftatim, cct- am cnigentiffimxhxmorrhoidcs , citra cruoris effu fio nem difpareanr , nec fanitatis aequi fi - tionem , aut confeiuationcm impediam. Quod aliis foret impoffibile , fi ctuot hxmorrhoida- lis , tam fcedo charadcrc, quali dcpingitur,m- famis eifet .Ddcdus itaque remediorum, in fe- bribus , defumendus eft ab r.rcanis^juorum vc in lignis eft varietas : ita fic occulta prxparacio.
| 1,436 |
JURITEXT000006957791
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Licence ouverte
| 1,961 |
COUR DE CASSATION, CHAMBRE CIVILE 2, du 16 novembre 1961, Publié au bulletin
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CASS
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French
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Spoken
| 189 | 442 |
SUR LE MOYEN UNIQUE : ATTENDU QU'IL EST REPROCHE A L'ARRET ATTAQUE D'AVOIR, SUR L'APPEL INCIDENT DE DAME X..., PRONONCE LE DIVORCE DE CELLE-CI ET DE SON MARI, APPELANT AU PRINCIPAL, ALORS QUE LEDIT APPEL INCIDENT AURAIT ETE IRRECEVABLE EN RAISON DE CE QUE LE JUGEMENT ENTREPRIS, QUI AVAIT DEBOUTE LE MARI DE SON OPPOSITION A UN PRECEDENT JUGEMENT RENDU PAR DEFAUT ET ORDONNANT ENQUETE SUR LA DEMANDE EN DIVORCE DE DAME X..., AURAIT ENTIEREMENT FAIT DROIT AUX CONCLUSIONS DE CELLE-CI EN PREMIERE INSTANCE ;<br/>
<br/>
MAIS ATTENDU QU'IL RESSORT DES QUALITES DE L'ARRET QU'A AUCUN MOMENT DU PROCES, X..., QUI POSTERIEUREMENT A LA SIGNIFICATION DES CONCLUSIONS D'APPEL INCIDENT, AVAIT LUI-MEME CONCLU SUR LE FOND DU LITIGE, N'A CONTESTE LA RECEVABILITE DUDIT APPEL INCIDENT ;<br/>
<br/>
QU'IL N'EST PAS RECEVABLE A LE FAIRE POUR LA PREMIERE FOIS DEVANT LA COUR DE CASSATION ;<br/>
<br/>
PAR CES MOTIFS : REJETTE LE POURVOI FORME CONTRE L'ARRET RENDU LE 30 MAI 1960 PAR LA COUR D'APPEL D'AIX. NO 60-13.768. X... C/ DAME X.... PRESIDENT : M. BROUCHOT. - RAPPORTEUR : M. SEYER. - AVOCAT GENERAL : M. ALBUCHER. - AVOCATS : MM. GAUTHIER ET LEDIEU.<br/>
<br/>
| 49,156 |
https://github.com/lule75/banking/blob/master/app/views/investment/show.blade.php
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,018 |
banking
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lule75
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Blade
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Code
| 152 | 545 |
<h3>Investment Details</h3>
<hr/>
<!-- if there are creation errors, they will show here -->
{{ HTML::ul($errors->all()) }}
{{ Form::open(array('url' => 'investment/'.$account->getid())) }}
{{ Form::hidden('_method', 'PUT') }}
<div class="form-group">
Created On : {{ $account->getCreateTime()->format("Y-m-d") }}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
Term Type : {{ $account->getTermType() }}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
Term Length :
{{ $account->getTermLength() }}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
Amount :
{{ $account->getAmount() }}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
Interst Rate :
{{ $account->getInterestRate() }} %
</div>
<div class="form-group">
Maturity Date :
{{ $account->getMaturityDate()->format("Y-m-d") }}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('to', 'Amount') }}
{{ Form::text('amount', $account->getAmount(), array('class' => 'form-control')) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('to', 'To Account') }}
{{ Form::select('to_account', $to, Input::old('to_account'), array('class' => 'form-control')) }}
</div>
<br/>
@if($account->isMatured())
<div class="form-group">
Interst Total :
{{ $account->getInterestTotal() }} CAD
</div>
{{ Form::submit('Redeem!', array('class' => 'btn btn-primary')) }}
@else
{{ Form::submit('Redeem Without Interest!', array('class' => 'btn btn-primary')) }}
@endif
{{ HTML::link('investment', "Back", array('class' => 'btn btn-success') ) }}
{{ Form::close() }}
| 21,639 |
bpt6k86780g_25
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French-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,888 |
Bibliographie de la France : ou Journal général de l'imprimerie et de la librairie
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None
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French
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Spoken
| 7,639 | 17,464 |
i'c série, volume. ifr. 50 ~séne(.soMsprcsse). ') Les Mots allemands groupés d'après le sens. 4°6dit. i vol.in-it!,carL toile 1 fr. t)0 Exercices sur les Mots allemands groupés d'après le sens. i vo). in-ië, cartonnage toite. tfr.50 II. FAI~TIE SPECIALE Appropriée aux divers Enseignements KNSEIGNËMENT SECONDAIRE St'~C!AL ET ËNSEtG~EMENT PRtMAtRE SUPÉRIEUR Lectures pratiques allemandes morceaux choisis et leçons de choses, à Fusage de l'Enseignement secondaire spécial et de l'Enseignement primaire supérieur. 2 vol. in-i6, cartonnage toile avec gravures. i~ année, ivol. i fr. 50 2~ année, i vol. 2fr. 50 ENSEtGNEMKNT SECONDAIRE DES JEUNES FILLES ~3 Lectures allemandes à l'usage des jeunes filles morceaux choisis et leçons de choses, à l'usage de l'Enseignement secondaire des jeunes filles..2 vol. in-t6, cartonnés, avec gravures. i~ année, 1 vol .< 1 fr. 50 cannée, ivol. 2fr.50 UBRAIRÏË MODERNE A GRANDES REMISES HENRI VIVIEN, rue Saint-Lazare, 18, Paris. (ANCIENNEMENT RUHLA.MARTINH, 31). A. DANTËS. Dictionnaire biographique et bibliographique. Un gros volume de 1,570 pages. Prix 25 fr. net 5 fr. S. COLERLDGE. La Chanson du vieux marin. Magnifique album contenant 39 planches de GusT. DoRÉ. Prix 50 fr.; net.. 18 fr. A. ASTIÉ ET F. BONNAL. Le Musée des grands Peintres français des XVF, XVÏP et XVïir siècles. Nombreuses gravures. Prix 20fr.; net. 4fr. A. PEAN. Parcs et Jardins. Un volume grand in-8. 10 planches. Prix 5fr.; net. 1 fr. FLORIAN PHARAON. Sac de Bonbons. Un volume in-12, couverture illustrée. 100 dessins dans le texte, dont plusieurs de Willette. Prix 3 fr. 50; net 0 fr. -75 H.TESS1ER. Sa Majesté le Printemps. Un beau volume, couverture illustrée~ nombreuses grav. Prix 5 fr net 1 fr. 50 L'ABBÉ V1D1EU. –Victor Hugo et le Panthéon. Un volume in-12. Prix 3 fr. 50; net .0 fr. 50 –Hygiène et Médecine des deux sexes, génération. Un volume in-12, illustré de 6 grav. dans le texte. Prix 4 fr. net. 1 fr. DELALLEAU DE BALL1ENCOURT. 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Cette deuxième partie se recommande particulièrement à l'attention, en ce sens qu'elle fixe pour ainsi dire la Législation universitaire de l'année, qu'eUe groupe sous chaque titre les renseignaments y afférents tant anciens que nouveaux et qu'elle présente dans un ordre méthodique et sous un format commode. soit dans son texte môme, soit dans des renvois, toute la série de lois, décrets, arrêtés ou règlements qui ont rapport aux choses de l'Instruction publique. Tenue au courant jusqu'au dernier moment, elle peut épargner des recherches fréquentes, remplacer nombre de documents qu'on n'a pas toujours sous la main ou qu'il est difficile de se procurer, et présente un résumé co~p~e< des pyog'raw~es publiés par MM. Delalain frères c'est un guide des mieux renseignés offert aux jeunes gens embarrassés pour le cAûM? d'une carriére, et qui pourra toujours être utilement consulté par les pères de famille et les chefs d'Etablissements d'Instruction publique ou libre. Prescrite déjà pour les examens des aspirants aux fonctions de Rédacteur au Ministère de l'Instruction publique, elle vient d'être inscrite sur la liste des ouvrages à consulter dans le catalogue des Bibliothèques populaires et pédagogiques. ~P~r~7r~ y avril Annuaire complet de l'Instruction publique, des Cultes et des Beaux-Arts CoM~f6M6t~ les deux parties: i" L'ADMINISTRATION ET LE PERSONNEL; 2" LA LÉGISLATION. Un très fort volume in-8 (format carré), ~.<o~<?. 8fr. N. B. A~ OJ~AUD]!N. libraire-expert ptpaiéographe.rneGuénégaud,3, Paris. En distribution Catalogue des livres d'un amateur de province. Lt~r~s cM~ï'eMa?, ~cM~j~cs, o~~ra~~s sur ~c Maine, etc. Vente aux enchères publiques, le lundi 2~ mars, à 7 h. 1/2 du soir, 28, rue des Bons-Enfants ( Maison Sitvestre). <9M r~ar~Mc: EocLiDis. Elementorum opus. F<?M<?~?, 1482. ~!7?o~ ~~cc~ (n° 41). HERCULANUM ET PoMpÉi. Repu~U ~e pein~u~es et moeaïques. 8 vol., avec le Musée secret (n~ 53).– LupOLpHUS DE 8AXONtA. Vita Christi. fa~ ~ewAo~, 1509 (n'' 71). HENRt MARTIN, Histoire <ie France. 17 volumes avec gravures. Bel exemplaire bien relié (no 74). ORNITHOLOGIE DU DAUPHINH; par Bouteille et de Labatie. 2 vol. (n° 84). PTOLEM~EI. Gepgpapt)ia. ~o~cp,, 1490. Gr. in-fo! avec 27 cartes grav. sur cuivre (n" 91). TAHUREAU, du Mans.T~iatogues. P~'M, iS80. Petit in-12, maroquin vert (n<'102).–TH)ERS. Histoires de la Révolution et du Consulat. 31 vot.~ avec atlas (nos ~04 et 105). VITRA UX DE LA CATHEDRALE DU MANS, par E. Hucher. Bo~DONNET. Vie des évoques du Mans. 1651. !n-4, mar. rouge (n° 151). Etc., etc. Pow~ara%M~36w~s: ~ata~pg~.e des livras rares et curieux, o~m</M sur les Beaux-Arts, M~s d g'~a~M~es, PMf)PS~~ ~<St <o~ orz~M~~e~, ~'?ï~f~, ~cë~es, etc., oompo~apt ta t!jB~ûT)~QUE DE ~M M-Y~~ MARTIN (p!i: CAVAtLLpts), inspecteur des monuments historiques c~ Vauc!use. PRE~tËRE PARTIE, comprenant la, T~o~ï'e, m~s~o~e des religions, la ~M~sprM~e~ce, les Sc~ces 6< Arts, les B~~s-Lc~res e< la B~~op~~p/~e. OM femar~M~ ~a~ cette co~ec~ott oM~ra~~ ~MM~M~ ~REVIA~P~ CAVALLÏCENSE: AVENIONE, 1540 (n" 28). HOR~E B.M. ViRGINtS: Pa~~Jû/t~t~~O~ 1497, SUR PEAU DEVÉHN (n" 33). tMiTATiON de J.-C., trad. en vers par Corneille; Rouen, 1656. EXEMPLAIRE DONNÉ PAR CORNEILLE (no 79). SAVO~AROLE; diverses pièces et ouvrages (n"8 b2 à 92). L'AIMABLE MÈRE DE JÉSUS; ~4???~<?~a~ Dan. E/?e~'ï'er, 1671. TRÈS REL EXEMPLAIRE~ relié en maroq. bleu, avec le double titre au nom de Daniel Elzevier (n" 102).– GALUA CHRISTIANA~ 14 vol. in-fol. (no 140).–AYMON (J.). Synodes nationaux des Ëgit~es réformées de France. 2 vol. in-4 (n° 227). –BOAYSTUAU (P.). Discours de l'excellence et dignité de l'homme, 1558. PRÉCIEUX EXEMPLAIRE avec la signature de MoNTAi&NE, richement reliée par Cuzin, en maroquin mosaïque, doublé de maroquin bleu, dorure à petits fers (n°291).– MONTAIGNE. Essais; ~ce~e~ Fojop~M,1659. 3 vol. pet. in-12; superbe exemplaire, d'un~ hauteur de 156millim., rel. en mar. r. par Thibaroft-JoIy (n" 292). INSTRUCTION POUR TOUS ESTATS, par Girard Corlieu d'Angoulesme: Pa~, ~pA. Bre<~M~~57t.~pr~e e~ca~c< Cn'ï~. TRÈS BEL EXEMPLAIRE relié par ChambûlIe-Durx (n< 316). RAOUL PU MONT-VERT. Fleurs et secretx de médecine; yro</M, ~<?A. /,ecoc<y, vers 1520. Pet. in-8, gothique rel. en mar. br. par Chambolle-Duru (n" 362).ROGER BACON. Le Miroir d'Alquimie (et autres ouvrages), Lyo~ JM. Bo~/tOM;)M~ 1557, pet. in-~ rei.ea mar. r. par Chambone-Duru (n" 382). CHAMPFLEURY, par Maistre Geofroy~Tory~ de Bourges; Po' la29; pet. in-fol., relié parChamboHe-Duru (p°421).–IcONQLOGlE, par Gtavelot et 6oc.h!n, 4 vol. in-8 (n" 437). –ANDROUKT DU CERCEAU. Les plus excellents bastiments de France, 1576, 2 tpm. en i vol. in-fol. (n''449).– BoLLOT (.T.), Lengrois. I~ouveaux pourtraits et ~gurea de termes pourl'architecture; ~M~rM, 1592, in-fol. (n° 451).–CH. BLANC. Histoire des peintres de toutes les écoles. 14 vol. :m-4 (n° ~4). PORTRAITS DES DÉPUTÉS A L'ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE, par Le Vachez et Sergent, 1790. 2 vol. in-4, mar. rouge, bel exemplaire colorié avec le plus grand soin à l'époque même (no541). FABLES DE LA ~ONTA~~ avec tigurcsd'Qudry. 4 vol in-fol. He! exemplaire de PREMIER TIRAGE (no 850) MÉTAMORPHOSES p.'0vip~ trad. par ~abbéBanier. avec figures d'Eisen, Moreau et autres, 1667-70. 4 vol. in-4 jn" 551). SACRE ET COURONNEMENT bE Louis XYL avec figures de Patas, 1775. In-8, mar. rouge ancien (n" 553). TopPFER. Nouveaux voyages en zigzag, 1854. Exemplaire plié en feuilles (n" 5~4). LEMoYEN AGE ET LA RENAISs.Ai~cE~ par P, Lacro~et F. Séré. 5 vol. iu-4 (n"598).– ARTS SOMPTUAIRES, par Cb, Lonandre. 4 voL in-4 (n° 599). HORATIUS, incidit Johannes Pine; Lo~Hï, 1733. 2 vol. in-8, mar. rouge ancien, exemplaire de premier ~ipa~(n<' 734). CONTES DE LA FONTAINE, édition de 1762, dite des Fermiers généraux. 2 vol. (n"769).~~ANTS ET qHANSONS PQPULAIRES de la France. 3 vol. gr. in-8. Exemplaire non rogné, de premier tirage (t~ 803). MOLIÈRE. OEuvres, édition de 16~4-7?.. 7 vol. Bel exemplaire, très grand de marges (n° 861).–RAC~E. CEuvres, éditions de 1676, 1687 et 1697. Beaux exemplaires retiésen maroquin (n~ 863-865). PHIL~I~DR~ ~T. PA8SERQSE (Hist. de); ~o~, ~~To~M~ 1544. Pet. in-8, rel. en mar. rouge, par ChaxnhoneDuru mo 890). –RABELAIS. QEuvres; ~l~~Y/a~, D. E/jse~ïc~, 1663. Exemplaire superbe de marges, d'une hauteur de 134 miUim. (no 89t). MARIVAUX. Vie de Marianne. i757.4. vol. pet. m-12, reliés en maroquin rouge ancien ;.px6jjnp)aire AUX AB~KS ME LA COMTESSE DU BARRY.– MANUEL nu LmRAiRE, par Brunet, dernière édition, 5vol. gr. in-8, L~ PRINCESSE DE CLÈVES, par M'"c de La Fayette; /~r~, 1678. Edition originale.2vol. rel. en mar. vert, par Thibaron-Joly. CORRESPONDANCE DUMAHOUis DE CAUMONT. 1721-1749. 4 vo~.in-Etc., etc. LA VENTE AHX ENCHÈRES PUBUQUESAUpAUEU ~,e ï~~i~i 3 avrU i888 et jours suivants, à 7 h. i/2 du soh% D~ S~A~E RE yENTE DE LA. U~UUE A. CL~UO~, rue D~ph~e. y~ ~roc~c~ DEUS~IËME PARTIE de cette coUeetian, comprettapt 1~ Géographie~ FHistoire, rArchéologie~ la Généalogie~ etc. Sous presse p~sienr-s autres cat~ogues de bibUothèques importantes. 1 L'Hôtellerie sanglante, un volume. 3 50 Le Duc Rouge, roman d'aventures, un vo iume. La Reine des ~ueu~, roman d'aventures, un vo~me. 3 50 Le Fils de Porthpa, roman de cape et d'Apec, deux volumes, 3° édition. 7 » La Belle Limonadière, roman, un vol. 3 50 thLbbL LT bTUUK~ HBPAVRES-ÉMTEURS~ PALAtS-R~Y~ PARt~ P~ ~c~r~~r<? LA POINTE AU CORPS ROMAND~AVENTUBES PAR P A U L MAHA~tN Deux beaux volumes in"i8 (ne se vendant pas séparément) avec couvertures illustrées parCHAMN.–Prix. 7tr. DM~ï~e~M~Mr Caprice de Princesse, roman, un vol. 3 50 Au Bout de la lorgnette, portraits de li térateurs, peintres, artistes lyriques et dramatiques, etc., un fort volume. 3 50 Les Jolies Actrices de Paris, quatre forts volumes, contenant la biographie dp toutes les artistes de Paris. Chaque volume se vend séparément. 3 50 La Filleule de Lagardère, roman d'aventures, deux volumes 7 fr. MES PETITS MËMOIRUS, par Augure JouHAtm. Un ypl. in~S. 3t fr. PIÈCES DE THEATRE RÉCEMMENT PUBLIÉES: (FORMAT GRAND IN-18) Veuve Durosel, comédie en un acte, par MM. A. BissoN et A. MARS, représantée suy te théâtre du VaudeviDe. ifr. 50 Kerkakon', pièce en un acte, par MM. A. LENHKA et E. MATRAT, représentée à la salle Ërard. ifr. Les Bons ménages, comédie en un acte, par MM. E. MAX et E. LECLERC, représentée sur le théâtre du Château-d'Eau. i fr. Le Tableau, comédie-bouffe en un acte par MM. LÉNÉKA et E. MATRAT. 1 fr. Dent pour dent, vaudeville en un acte, par M. AuBERT~ représenté sur le théâtre dn PalaisMoyal. tfy. Les Deux portraits, comédie en un acte, par M. André LÉNÉKA i fr. Mains liées, comédie en un acte. par MM. ED. NoEL et DERRIAZ, représentée aux Variétés, i 50 L'Affaire Rondecuir, comédie en un acte, par MM. E. MAX etE. LECLEMC. 1 fr. DERNIERS MONOLOGUES PUBHÉ8 Le Bouclier, de Marc Sonal,dit par M. Ch. BARET, du théâtre des Variées.. c. Le Portefeuille, de A. Lénéka, dit par Mlle RRiCHEMBERG, de la Comédie-Française. 5~ c. Trois Noëls, de G. de WaiDy, dits par Mme MARtR-LAùRENT. 50 c. Un Rhume de cerveau, de A. Lénéka et E. Matrat, dit par M. CoQUEUN cadet;, (~e ~a Comédie-Française. 50 c. La Lettre d'affaires, de H..d'Ervitle, dite par Mme BpoisAT, de la Comédie-Française. !;0 c. Histoire de bal, de L. Dupré, dite par M. F. GALipAUx, du théâtre du Palais-Royal. 1 fr. Le Cochon du pharmacien, de G. Fauré, dit par M. GALïpAUX. ~P c. LIBRAIRES GRUEL ET ENGELMANN RELIEURS RUE SAINT-HONORÉ, 4i8, PARIS VIENT DE PARAI TRE NOUVEAU MANUEL DE PREMIERE COMMUNION PAR LE R. P. LI BERCI ER Supérieur du Collèged'Arcachon. Un volume in-i6 allongé, format elzévir, de 380 pages de texte, ornées d'en-têtes de lettres et de culs-de-lampe enrichi d'une planche en hétiogravure représentant le ~ar~/rc 77~r~s~, et imprimé parjouaust et Sigaux, sur beau papier à la forme. Prix, broché 7 fr. .i Librairie nouvette de Droit et de Jurisprudence, Arthur ROUSSEAU, Éditeur RUE SOUFFLOT, i4, ET RUE TOULUER~ 13, A PARIS P~ de paraître LE PAPE ET LE DR OIT DE S GENS Souveraineté et Prééminence pontificales.–Représentants du Saint-Siè~e. Nonces et Légats. Représentants des puissances auprès du Saint-Siège. Analyse comparée des Concordats. Pouvoir temporel. Histoire des interventions étrangères à Rome.-Loi italienne des Garanties Par RAOUL BOMPARD Docteur en droit, Avocat à la Cour d'appel~ Conseiller municipal de Paris, Conseiller gênerai delà Seine. i volume in-8.I8S8. 4fr. HISTOIRE DE ~EXCEPTION EN DROIT KOMAiN ET DANS L'ANCIENNE .PROCÉDURE FRANÇAISE Par R. CARRÉ DE MALBERG Docteur en droit. 1 volumein-8. <888. 7 fr. LE DROIT D'AUTEUR Organe officiel du Bureau de )'UnioH internationale pour la protection des oeuvres titteraires et artistiques PARAISSANT LE 15 DE CHAQUE MOIS fc Année 1888. Abonnements (France et Union postale). Sfr. 60 L. WARN1ER, EDITEUR, Rue Laffitte, 48. Paris. TRA'TË COMPLET DE L'EXAMEN MÉDICAL DANSLKS A.SS'CTI~A.TSTCES SUR LA VIE Un volume in-8, de 650 pages. Prix. 10 fr. COMMENTAIRE DES POLICES FRANÇAISES a D'ASSURANCE MARITIME DEUXIÈME ÉDITION, REVUE ET CORRIGÉE Par ALFRED DE COURCY Un volume in-8. Prix o 3 ir. Ouvrages parus en Mars 1888 DE LA RESPONSABILITE DES ACCIDENTS DONT LES OUVRIERS SONT VICTIMES DANS LEUR TRAVAIL Par E.BËZIATDAUDIBERT, Actuaire Une brochure in-8. Prix 3 fr. LA RESPONSABILITE DES ACCIDENTS DEVANT LE PARLEMENT Par le baron A.-R. Une brochure in*8. 2 fr. L'ASSURANCE CONTRE LA VIEILLESSE ET L'INVALIDITÉ EN ALLEMAGNE Par ED. GRUNER, Ingénieur civil des Mines. Une brochure in-8. Prix 2 fr. LE RISQUE PROFESSIONNEL ET LA RESPONSABtDTÈ EN CAS D'ACCIDENTS Par MARC ABIANE Une brochure in-8. Prix 2 fr. Librairie COTILLON, F. PICHON successeur, imprimeur-éditeur LIBRAIRE DU CONSEIL D'ÉTAT, DE LA SOCIÉTÉ DE LEGISLATION COMPARÉE ET DE L'ÉCOLE DES SCIENCES POLITIQUES Rue Soumot, 24, Paris. VIENT DE PA RA ITRE LA PROFESSION D'AGENT DE CHANGE SES DROITS ET SES RESPONSABILITES PAR R ABEL WALDMANN Docteur en droit, ancien fondé de pouvoirs et associé d'agent de change, Sous-directeur de la Société Lyonnaise de dépôts. Un vol. in-18.< 6 fr. DEBARËGE (ComteALpit).La Principauté de Monaco au point de vue international-, avec les documents diplomatiqnes, traités, conventions, etc. Une brochure in-8. 1 fr. 50 PREUX (JULES), secrétaire-adjoint et bibliothécaire du comité de législation étrangère. La Question des langues et les conflits de nationalités en Autriche sous le ministère du comte Taaife (1879-1888). i br. in-8 2 fr. Les Mercredi 4, Jeudi 5, Vendredi 6 et Samedi 7 Avril CATALOGUE DE LIVRES ANCIENS ET MODERNES (Editions originales des xv)° et xvn° siede?, ouvrages à figures des xvm'' et xfx~ siècles) Provenant des Bibliothèques de M. E. POSWICK Membre de !a Société (les BihIiophHes bdges~ Et de deux autres Bibliophiles bruxellois Dont la vente aura lieu au domicile et sous la direction de M. E. DEMAN, libraire-expert, rue d'Arcnber~, 14, à Bruxelles. L. LAROSE ET FORCEL, UBRA)RES-ÈO)TEURS RUE SOUFFLOT, 23!, PARIS. VIENT DE jPA~A7~ Étude sur l'Histoire des Alleux en France, ~~c M~~ ~T~ coJ~oW~ des ~a~s ~Mod'ta~, parÉmUe CunNON, professeur agrège a la faculté de droit de Rennes, ancien élève de l'Ecole polytechnique. Un volume in-8.– Prix.7 fr. _D ERRATUM. Dans le précédent numéro de la J5Mo~nïp/M<?, p. 583 (d7 mars), il a été imprimé COLAS DI RIENZO, il faut lire Cola di Rienzo. A. LAnupE, éditeur, rue deFleurus, 9, Paris. (*) Deville. Tombeaux de la cathédrale de Rouen, 3~ éd. in-4,c.n.r. 25 h'. La Caricature, 1880-83, di-bas. r. 1884-87 en num. Prix. 80 fr. G. de Genouithac. Paris à travers les siëctes, 5 vo). d.-ch. r. n. 40 ft Montroster. Les Artistes modernes. v. en Uv. 85fr. Sevigne. Lettres, Grands Merivams. 14 yot. etatbum, d.-mat.c.t.d. n. r, iQpir. tournai delà Jeunesse, 1873-84~ d~-bas, reLpar semestre. 100 fr. Boileau. Monument de Gambetta, in-Cot.encart.25ft' Baudement. Les races bovinea. i in-~ pbhd,-ch.40fr. Michet.Monnm.duGâtmai8,in-4enfasc. 2Sh'~ Rousseau. OEuvr. oompt. Drdot.4 v. in-8~ br. n. o. Prix. i5 Gaz.desbeanx-arts~~sem.lS'n. 12 fr. Journ. des se. milit. 1878-82, en num. 40 fr. G,uichard. Les tissus anciens. 1 v. in-4~ oart. SO fr. Fou~eadoire. Chiures de tous styles, i atbum obtan~, cart. 15 ir. Prix nets. OFFRES LtHRAHUE tim:Et{T MOHR, QUAI VOLTAI!{E, 1, PARIS. ~~phand. Prom. de Parts. 2 v. in-fo~. euft'. 125 f' H~rgerat.. Chefs-d'œuvre d'artà t'Kxp. de 187S.!n-fot. (i.-m~c. coins, t. d. n. r. (<0fr. S~oo de 1S75. t v. gr. !n-foi. d.-mar, U'. d. Paris, goupil. 100 t' S~on de 1873~ contenant t00 photogr. 2 v, in-4, d.-war.n. r. Paris, GoupU. SOfr. La Fontaine. Contea. 2 voL in-4, H), de Fragonard. d.-ch. r. t. d., n. r. 75 fr, Dui'our. Grand aths univ. i v. gr.iû-foi. d.-ch. 30 fr. Musset. OE'iv. compt. 11 v.in-8~ br. n. c. ~5 h'. .h~Uen. La Nièvre à travers le passé. 33 eaux-fortea, in-ibt. br. n. c. 50 fr. C~evrier. Chaton-s.aône. 50e.-f. in-4, b. n. c.25 fr. Bei~rand. Les travaux ~uterrait's de Paris, t. 1, 2~3 1 et atlas, br. n.'c. 45 fr. f OUVRAGES D'OCCASION A vendra Bonne librairie située à Toulouse; commerce de livres anciens et modernes~ papeterie, petite imprimerie commerciale, Affaires au comptant. Bonne clientèle et achalandage. (Prix:8,000fr., et marchandises d'après estimation). S'adresser à M. ROUSSEAU, hbraire-éditeur, rue Soufflot, 14, à Paris, ou au propriétaire M. GARY. A céder, pour cause de santé, un bon fonds de librairie ancienne et moderne, situé dans un chef-lieu de département de l'Ouest. 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Cn. GAULON, rue Madame, 39, à Paris. H. CHACORNAC,QUAI SAINT-MICHEL, II, PARIS. Lachàtre.Dict.enlivr.n.c. 20 fr. Château. Technologie du bâtiment, 2 v. n c. 16 fr. Lois du bâtiment. 5 v. cart. de l'éd. n. r. 22 fr. Masselin. Traité des murs mitoyens. 3~ éd. br. 12 fr. des devis dépassés, 1879, br. 3 fr. 50 –de la responsabilité 1876, br. 4 fr. 50 A. Dumas. Monte-Cristo, br. éd. Roufi(18fr.)7fr.50 Lamartine, Hist. de la Restaur. 8 in-8, br. 20 fr. Magasin pitt. 1840 à 82, moins 1854 et 61, avec la tab)e des 20 prem. ann. 42 v. en livr. 110 fr. 1833 à 39, 54 et 61. 9 v. diff. rel. 15 fr. Balzac, Hous8iaux.20v.rel. neuve, d.-ch. 90 fr. LaStratégie.journal d'échecs, 1867 à 78. 12 ann. rel. en 5 vol. (180 fr.). Rare. 60 fr. Revue des 2 Mondes, 1864 à 86, 23 ann. en liv. 130 fr. 1874 à 84, 11 ann. en livr. 80 fr. LIBRAIRIE SCIENTIFIQUE A. HERMANN. RUE DE LA SORBONNE, 8, PARIS. Brockhaus. Conversations Lexicon, 13e éd., 1887.16 vol. m-8 et supp. en 255 livr. 80 fr. Allgemeine Naturkunde. 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Chargeant Sagonne, ligueur décidé qui lui crioît : * a Du fouet! du fouet! petit garçon! » il lui cassa la cuisse d'un coup de pistolet , et obtint les prémices de la victoire. L'Auvergne fut presque toujours en révolte sou$ la seconde race; elle dépéndoit dç l'Aquitaine; et la charte d'Aalon a prouvé que les premier^ ducs d'Aquitaine descendoient en ligne directe de la race, de Glovis; ils combattoient donc les Cairlovingîens comme des usurpateurs du trône. Sous la troisième race, lorsque la Guienne, fief de la couronne de France^ tomba par alliance et héritage à la couronne d'Angleterre, l'Auvergne se trouva angloise en partie : elle fut alors ravagée par les grandes conppagnies, par les écorcheurs, etc. On chantoit partout des complaintes latipes sur les malheurs dé la France : Plange regni respublica, Tua gens ut schismatica Desolatur, etc. Pendant les guerres de la Ligue , l'Auvergne eut beaucoup à souffrir. Les sièges d'Issoire sont fameux: A CLERMONT. ^2? le capitaine Mçrle , partisan protestant, fit çcorchey ■vifs trois religieux de Fabbaye d'Issoire. Ce n'étojt pas la peine de crier si haut contre les violences dçs catholiques. On a beaucoup cité, et avec raison, la répoqse du gouverneur de Bayonne à Charles IX qui lui or donnoit de naassacrer les protests^nts. Montmorio, commandant en Auvergne à la même époque , i^t éclater la même générosité. La noble famille qui avoit montré ur si véritable dévouement ^ «oa prince, ne l'a point démenti de nos jour$; elle a répandu son sang pour un monarque aussi vertueux que Charles IX fut criminel. Voltaire nou$ a conservé la lettre de Montmorin. «Sire, c< J'ai reçu un ordre , sous le sceau de Votre Ma « jesté, de faire mourir tous les protestants qui sçnt « daps ma province. Je respecte trop Votre Majesté « pour ne pas croire que ces lettres sont supposées; « et si , ce qu'à Dieu ne plaise , l'ordre est véritable « ment émané d'elle , je la respecte aussi trop poujT c( lui obéir. » ■>■■■. C'est de Clermont que nous viennent les deux plus anciens historiens de la France, Sidoine Apol linaire et Grégoire de Tours. Sidoine, natif de Lyon et évêque de Clermont, n'est pas seulement un poëte, c'est un écrivain qui nous apprend comment les rois francs célébroient leurs noces dans un fourgon, comment ils s'habilloient et auel étoit leur langafi^. 424 VOYAGE Grégoire de Tours nous dit, sans compter le reste, ce qui se passoit à Clerniont de son temps; il raconte, avec une ingénuité de détails qui fait frémir, l'épou yantable histoire du prêtre Anastase, enfermé par Tévêque Caulin, dans un tombeau avec le cadavre d'un vieillard. L'anecdote des deux amants est aussi fort célèbre : les deux tombeaux d'Injuriosus et de Schôlastique se rapprochèrent, en signe de l'étroite union de deux chastes époux, qui ne craignoieht plus de manquer à leur serment. Quelque chose de semblable a été dit depuis d'Abailard et d'Héloïse : on n'a pas la même confiance dans le fait. Grégoire de Tours, naïf dans ses pensées, barbare dans son langage, ne lai^é pas que d'être fleuri et rhétori cien dans son style. L'Auvergne a vu naître le chancelier de L'Hospital, Donat, Pascal, le cardinal de Polîgnac, l'abbé Gé rard, le père Sirmond, et de nos jours La Fayette, Desaix , d'Ëstaing , Chamfort , Thomas , l'abbé De lille, Chabrol, Dulaure, Montlosier et Barante. J'oubliois de compter ce Lizet , ferme dans la pro spérité, lâche au malheur, faisant brûler les pro testants, requérant la mort pour le connétable de Bourbon, et n'ayant pas le courage de perdre une place. Maintenant que ma mémoire ne fournit plus rien d'essentiel sur l'histoire d'Auvergne , parlons de la cathédrale de Glermont, de la Limagne et du Puy-de-Dôme. La cathédrale de Glermont est un monument go thique qui , comme tant d'autres , n'a jamsiis été A/CLERMONT. 425 achevé. Hugues de Tours commença à la faire bâtir en partant pour la Terre-Sainte, sur un plan donné par Jean de Campis. La plupart de ces grands mo numents ne se finissoient qu'à force de siècles , parce qu'ils coùtoient des sommes immenses. La chrétienté entière payoit ces sommes du produit des quêtes et des aumônes. La voûte en ogive de la cathédrale de Clermont est soutenue par des piliers si déliés qu'ils sont effrayants à l'œil : c'est à croire que la voûte va fondre sur votre tête. L'église, sombre et religieuse, est assez bien ornée pour la pauvreté actuelle du culte. On y voyoit autrefois fe tableau de la Corufer sion de saint Paul, un des meilleurs de Lebrun ; on l'a ratissé avec la lame d'un sabre : Turba ruit! Le tombeau de Massillon étoit aussi dans cette église; on l'en a fait disparoitre dans un temps où rien n'étoit à sa place, pas même la mort. Il y a long-temps que la Limagne est célèbre par sa beauté. On cite toujours le roi Childebert à qui Grégoire de Tours fait dire : «Je voudrois voir « quelque jour la Limagne d'Auvergne, que l'on dit « être un pays si agréable. » Salvien appelle la Li magne la moelle des Gaules, %àone^ en peignant la Limagne d'autrefois, semble peindre la Limagne d'aujourd'hui. Taceo territorii peculiarem jucundi tatem viatoribus molle , fructuosum aratoribus , ve natoribus voluptuosum ; quod montium cingunC dorsa pascuis , lateravinetis, terrena villis, saxosa castellis, opaca lus tris ^ tzperta culturis, concava fontibuSf abrupta fluminibus : quod denique hujus^ 4ÎJ^ • VQYAQE modi est y ut semel visum adifenis , multis PATRICE OBLIVIONEM SiEPE PERSUADEAT, On croît que d^ Limagneaété un CTand lac; que son nom vient du grec >.tjjL£v : Grégoire de Tours écrit alternativement Limane et Limania. Quoi qu'il en soit, Sidoine, jouant sur le mot, dUoit dès le qua trième siècle, œquor agtvrumm quoy sine periculo ^ quœstuosœ fluctuant in segetibus undœ. C'est en effet une mer de moissons. La position de Ciermont eat unç des plus belles du monde. Qu'on se représente des montagnes s'arrondis sant en un demi-cercle ; uu monticule attaché k la partie concave de ce demi-cercle; sur ce monticule Ciermont; au pied de Ciermont, la Lîmagne, for mant une vallée de vingt lieues de long, de six, huit et dix de large. La place du * offre un point de vue admirable sur cette vallée. En errant par la villç au hasard , je suis arrivé à cette place vers six heures et demie du soir. Les blés mûrs ressçmbloient à une grève immense, d'un sable plus ou moins blond. L'ombre des nuages parsenioit cette plage jaune de taches obscures , comme des couches de limon ou des bancs d'algue : vous eussiez cri^ voir le fond d'une mer dont les flots venoient de se retirer. Le bassin de la Limagne n'est point d'un niveau égal; c'est un terrain tourmenté dont les bosses de diverses hauteurs semblent unies quand on les voit ' Je n'ai jamais pu lire le nom à demi effacé dans r.orijpii^l ^crit au crayon , c'est sans doute la place de Jaude. A CLERMONT. 427 de Clermont, mais qui, dans 1{( vérité, offrent des inégalités nombreuses et forment une niultitude dç petits vallons au sein de la grande vallée. Dea viUagçs l3lancs , des maisons de campagne blanches , de vieux châteaux noirs, des collines rougeâtres, desplant^ de vignes, des prairies bordées de saules, des noyer^ isolés qui s'arrondissent comme des orangers, ou pon tent leurs rameaux comme ks branches d'un candé labre, mêlent leurs couleurs variées à la couleur des froments. Ajoutez à cela toi3 les jeu3^ ^e la, lumière. A mesure que le soleil descendoit à Voccident, Fombre couloit à Foriei^t et enyahisspi^ la plaine. Bientôt le 3oleil a disparu; mais baissant tQtiours et marchant derrière les monta|;nes de Vo^^çst, i^ a rencontré quelque défilé débouchant «ur la h magne: précipités à travers cette ouvei[*ti]^i;*e , sea rayons ont soudain coupé l'uniform^e obscurité dc^ la plaine par un fleuve d'or. Les monts qui borçlent la Limagne au levant, retenoient encore Ja luçiièrq sur leur cime ; la ligne que ces monts traçoîent dana l'air se brisoit en arcs dont la partie convexe étoit tournée vers la terre. Tous ces arcs se liant les uns; aux autres par lés extrémités, imitoient à l'horizon la sinuosité d'une guirlande, ou les festons dç ces draperies que l'on suspend aux murs d'un palais avec des roses de bronze. Les montagnes du levant dessinées de la sorte, et peintes, comme je l'ai dit, (ies reflets du soleil opposé, ressembloient à un ri deau de moire bleu et pourpre ; lointaine et dernière décoration du pompeux spectacle que la Limagne étaloit à mes yeux. 428 VOYAGE Les deux degrés de différence entre la latitude de Clermont et celle de Paris sont déjà sensibles dans la beauté de la lumière : cette lumière est plus fine et moins pesante que dans la vallée de la Seine; la verdure s'aperçoit de plus loin et paroit moins noire : Adieu donc, Chanonat! adieu, frais paysages! H semble qu'un autre air parfume vos rivages ; 11 semble que leur vue ait ranimé mes sens , M'ait redonné la joie, et rendu mon printemps. Il faut en croire le poëte de l'Auvergne. J'ai remarqué Ici dans le style de l'architecture des souvenirs et des traditions de l'Italie : les toits sont plats, couverts en tulles à canal , les lignes des murs longues, les fenêtres étroites et percées haut, les portiques multipliés, les fontaines fréquentes. Rien ne ressemble plus aux villes et aux villages de l'Apennin que les villes et les villages des montagnes de Thiers , de l'autre côté de la Limagne , au bord de ce LIgnon où Céladon ne se noya pas, sauvé qu'il fut par les trois nymphes Sylvie, Galatée et Léonide. Il ne reste aucune antiquité romaine à Clermont, si ce n'est peut-être un sarcophage , un bout de voie romaine, et des ruines d'aquéduc; pas un fragment du colosse , pas même de traces des malsons , des bains, et des jardins de Sidoine. Nemetum et Cler mont ont soutenu au moins seize sièges, ou, si l'on veut, ils ont été pris et détruits une vip^aine de fpis. A CLERMONT. 429 Un contraste assez frappant existe entre les femmes et les hommes de cette proyince. Les femmes ont les traits délicats, la taille légère et dé liée ; les hommes sont construits fortement, et il est impossible de ne pas reconnoître un véritable Au vergnat , à la forme de la mâchoire inférieure. Une province, pour ne parler que des morts, dont le 8ang a donné Turenne à Tarmée, L'Hospital à la ma gistrature, et Pascal aux sciences et aux lettres, a prouvé qu'elle a une vertu supérieure. Je suis allé au Puy-de-Dôme, par pure affaire de conscience. Il m'est arrivé ce à quoi je m'étois at tendu : la vue du haut de cette montagne est beau coup moins belle que celle dont on jouit de Cler mont. La perspective à vol d'oiseau est plate et vague; l'objet se rapetisse dans la même proportion que l'espace s'étend. Il y avoit autrefois sur le Puy-de-Dôme une cha pelle dédiée à saint Barnabe; on en voit encore les fondements : une pyramide de pierre de dix ou douze pieds marque aujourd'hui l'emplacement de cette chapelle. C'est là que Pascal a fait les premières expériences sur la pesanteur de l'air. Je me repré sentois ce puissant génie cherchant à découvrir, sur ce sommet solitaire, les secrets de la nature, qui dévoient le conduire à la connoissance des mystères du Créateur de cette même nature. Pascal se fraya au moyen de la science le chemin à l'ignorance chrétienne; il commença par être un homme su blime, pour apprendre à devenir un simple enfant. Le Puy-de-Dôme n'est élevé que de huit cent 43b VOYAGE vihgt-cinq toisés au dessus du niveau de la mer ; .cependant je sentis à son sommet une difficulté de respirer, que je n'ai éprouvé ni dans les AUéghany, en Amérique, ni sur les plus hautes Alpes de la Sa voie. J'ai gravi le Puy-de-Dôme avec autant de peine que le Vésuve ; il faut près d'une heure pour monter de sa base au sommet par un chemin roide et glis sant, mais la verdure et les fleurs vous suivent. La jpetite fille qui me servoit de guide mWoit cueilli un bouquet des plus belles pensées ; j'ai moi-même trouvé sous mes pas des œillets rouges d^une élé gance parfaite. Au sommet du mont, on voit par tout de larges Feuilles d'une plante bulbeuse, assez sèinblàblé au lis. J'ai rencontré, à ma grande sur pi'ise, sur ce lieu élevé, trois femmes qui se tenoint par la main et qui chantoient un cantique. Au dessous de moi, des troupeaux de vaches paissoient parmi les monticules que domine le Puy-de-Dôme. Ces troupeaux montent à la montagne avec le prin temps , et en descendent avec la neige. On voit par tout les barons oii les chalets de l'Auvergne , mauvais abri de pierres sans ciment, ou de bois gazonné. Chantez les chalets, mais ne les habitez pas. Le patois de la montagne n'est pas exactement celui de la plaine. La musette ^ d'origine celtique, sert à accompagner quelques airs de romances, qui ne sont pas sans euphonie, et sur lesquels on a fait des paroles françaises. Les Auvergnats , comme les habitants du Rouergue ; vont vendre des mules en Catalogne et en Aragon ; ils rapportent de ce pays quelque chose d'espagnol qui se marie bien avec A CLERMÔNT. Û à éolUiiclé ^è leurs montagnies^ ils fôtiît pour leurs longs hivers provisions de soleil et d'histoires. Léi voyageurs et lés vieillards aiment à contet*, parce qu'ils bnt beaucoup vu: les uns ont cheminé sur là terre, Tes autres danè la vie. Lké jpàys de montagnes sont propres à conserver les îiiœui»s. Une iFamille d'Auvergne , apjpelée les Guittard' Pmon^ cuUivoit en commun des terrés dans les environs de Thiers ; elle étoît goùvérnëè par un chef étéctiF, et ressembloit assez à un ancien clan a'Écosse. Cette eispècé de république cnani jpétre a survécu à la révolution y mais elle est ad moment dé se dissoudre. > Je laisse de côté les curiosités naturelles aé l'Au vëi*gne, la grotte de Rpyat, charmante néanmoins par «es eaux et sa Terdure , les diverses fontaines minérales , la fontaine pétrifiante de Saînt-ÀUyrë , avec le pôni de pierre qu elle a formé et que Charles ÏX voulut voir : le puits de la poix , les volcans éteints ^ etc. Je laisse aussi à l'écart les merveilles des siècles knoyens, les orgues, les horloges avec leur carillon et leurs têtes dé Maure ou de More, qui ouvroient des bouches effroyables quand l'heure venoit à son ner. Les processions bizarres , les jeux mêlés de su jpërstition et d'indécence, mille autres coutumes de ces temps , n'appartiennent pas plus à l'Âuyergnë qu'au reste de l'Europe gothique. J'ai voulu , avant de mourir, jeter un regard sur l'Auvergne , en souvenance des impressions de ma jeunesse. Lorsque j'étois enfant dans les bruyères 432 VOYAGE de ma Bretagne , et que j'entendois parler de TÂu vergne et de» petits Auvergnats , je me figurois que l'Auvergne étolt un pays bien loin , bien loin, où Ton voyoit des choses étranges , où Ton ne pouvoit aller qu'avec de grands périls, en cheminant sous la garde de la mère de Dieu. Une chose m'a frappé et charmé à la fois: j'ai retrouvé dans Fhabitdu paysan Auvergnat le vêtement du paysan Breton. D'où vient cela? C'est qu'il y avoit autrefois pour ce royaume, et même pour l'Europe entière, un fond d'habille ment commun. Les provinces reculées ont gardé les anciens usages, tandis que les départements voisins de Paris ont perdu leurs vieilles mœurs : de là cette ressemblance entre certains villageois placés aux extrémités opposées de la France, et qui ont été dé fendus contre les nouveautés par leur indigence et leur solitude. Je ne vois jamais sans une sorte d'attendrisse ment ces petits Auvergnats qui vont chercher for tune dans ce grand monde, avec une boîte et quel ques méchantes paires de ciseaux. Pauvres enfants qui déifalent bien tristes de leurs montagnes, et qui préféreront toujours le pain bis et la bourrée aux pré tendues joies de la plaine. Ils n'avoient guère que l'espérance dans leur boîte en descendant de leurs rochers; heureux s'ils la rapportent à la chaumière paternelle ! FIN DU VOYAGE A CLERMONT. VOYAGE AU MONT-BLANC. yotâ«iis. 28 LE MONT-BLANC. PATBAOES DE MONTAGNES. S... ^% ft'tft bMH q[iit le tni, le Ttfti stid «t ilaafai». Fin d'août 180S. J*ai TU beaucoup d« montagnes en Europe et en Amérique, et il m'a toujours paru que, dans la^ descriptions de ces grands monuments de la nature, on alloit au delà de la vérité. Ma dernière expé< rience à cet égard ne m'a point Fait changer de sen« timent. J ai visité la vallée de Chamouni , devenue célèbre par les travaux deM.de Saussure ; mais je ne sais si le poëte y trouveroit lespeciosa deserti comme le minéralogiste. Quoi qu'il en soit, j'exposerai avec simplicité les réflexions que j'ai faites dans mon voyage : mon opinion d'ailleiu*s a^trop peu d'auto- rité pour qu'elle puisse choquer personne. Sorti de Genève par un temps assez nébuleux , j'arrivai à Servois au moment où le ciel commençoit à s'éclaircir. La crête du Mont-Blanc ne se découvre pas de cet endroit, mais on a une vue distincte d^ sa croupe neigée, appelée le Dôme. On franchit en* suite le passage des Montées, et l'on entre dans la vallée de Chamouni. On passe au dessousdu glacier des Bossons ; ses pyramides se montrent à travert 436 VOYAGE • • • • les branches de8 sapins et des mélèzes. M.Bourrita comparé ce glacier, pour sa blancheur et la coupe allongée de ses cristaux, à une flotte à la voile; j*ajouterois, au milieu d'un golfe bordé de vertes forêts. Je m'arrêtai au village de Chamouni , et le len demain je me rendis au Mon tan vert. J'y montai par le plus beau jour de l'année. Parvenu à son sommet qui n'est qu'une croupe du Mont-Blanc , je décou vris ce qu'on nomme très improprement la Merde Glace. Qu*on se représente une vallée dont le fond est entièrement couvert par un fleuve. Les montagnes qui forment cette vallée laissent pendre au dessus de ce fleuve des masses de rochers , les aiguilles du Dru , du Bochard , des Charmoz. Dans l'enfonce ment, la vallée et le fleuve se divisent en deux branches , dont l'une va aboutir à une haute Q)on tagne , le Col du Géant , et l'autre aux rochers des Jetasses. Au bout opposé de cette vallée se trouve une pente qui regarde la vallée de Chamouni. Cette pente presque vtfrticale est occupée par la portion de la Mer de Glace qu'on appelle le Glacier des Bois. Supposez donc un rude hiver survenu ; le fleuve qui remplit la vallée , ses inflexions et ses pentes, a été glacé jusqu'au fond de son lit; les sommets des monts voisins se sont chargés de neige partout où les plans du granit ont été assez hori zontaux pour retenir les eaux congelées : voilà la Mer de Glace et son site. Ce n'est point , comme on le voit, une mer : c'est un fleuve, c'est, si Ton veut AU MONT-BLANC. 437 le Rhin glacé : la Mer de Glace sera son cours , et le Glacier des Bois sa chute à Laufen. Lorsqu'on est sur la Mer de Glace, la surface, qui vous en paroissolt upie du haut duMontanvert, offre une multitude de pointes et d'anfractuosités. Ces pointes imitent les formes et les déchirures de la haute enceinte de rocs qui surplombent de toutes parts : c'est comme le relief en marbre blanc des montagnes environnantes. Parlons maintenant des montagnes en général. II y a deux manières de les voir : avec les nuages , ou sans les nuages. Avec les nuages, la scène est plus animée; mais alors elle est obscure, et souvent d'une telle con fusion , qu'on peut à peine y distinguer quelques traits. Les nuages drapent les rochers de mille manières. J'ai vu au dessus de Servez un piton chauve et ridé qu'une nue traversoit obliquement comme une toge; on l'auroit pris pour la statue colossale d'un vieil lard romain. Dans un autre endroit on apercevoit la pente défrichée de la montagne; une barrière de nuages arrétoit la vue à la naissance de cette pente, et au dessus de cette barrière s'élevoient de noires ramifications de rochers imitant des gueules de Chimère , des corps de Sphinx , des tètes d'Anu bis, diverses formes des monstres et des dieux de l'Egypte. Quand les nues sont chassées par le vent, les monts semblent fuir derrière ce rideau mobile : ils se cachent et se découvrent tour à tour ; tantôt un 4S» tÔTAGB boiiquet de verdure se montre subifefttent à IW verture d*un nuage, comme une tle suspendue dans le oiel ; tantôt un rocher se dévoile avec lenteur, et peroe peu à peu la vapeur profonde comme un hn^ tome. Le voyageur attristé n'entend que le bourdon** nement du vent dans les pins , le bruit des torrents qui tombent dans les glaciers, par intervalle la chute de l'avalanche , et quelquefois le sifflement de li marmotte effrayée qui a vu l'épervier dans la nue. Lorsque le ciel est sans nuages, et que Tamphi théàtre des monts se déploie tout entier à la ^irue, un seul accident mérite alors d'être observé : les sommets des montagnes, dans la haute région où ils se dressent, offrent une pureté de lignes, une net teté de plan et de profil que n'ont point les objets de la plaine. Ces cimes anguleuses , sous le dôme transparent du ciel , ressemblent à de superbes mor ceau)t d'histoire naturelle, à de beaux arbres de co raux , à des girandoles de stalactite, renfermés sous lin globe du cristal le plus pur. Le monts^ard cherche dans ses découpures élégantes Vimage des objets qui lui sont familiers : de là ces roches oom* mées les Mulets, les Oiarmozj ou les Chamois ;it là ces appellation^ empruntées de la religion, les sommets des Croix ^le rocher du Reposoir y e glacier des Pèlerins; dénominations naïves qui prouvent que , si l'homme est sans cesse occupé de Tidée de ses besoins , il aime à placer partout le souvenir de %es consolations. Quant aux arbres des montagnes , je ne parlerai qxA du pin ^ du sâpin et du mélèze ^ pàree qu'ik AU môNt-blang. m font 9 pour ainsi dire, Tunique décoration des Alpes. Le pin a quelque chose de monumental ; ses branches ont le port de la pyramide , et son tronc celui de la colonne. Il imite aussi la forme des ro diers où il vit : souvent je Tai confondu sur les re dans et les corniches avancées des montagnes, avec des flèches et des aiguilles élancées ou échevelées comme lui. Au revers du col deBalme, à la descente du glacier de Trient , on rencontre un bois de pins , de sapins et de mélèzes : chaque arbre dans cette famille de géants compte plusieurs siècles. Cette tribu alpine a un roi que le$ guides ont soin de montrer aux voyageurs : c'est un sapin qui pourroit servir de màt au phis grand vaisseau. Le monarque aeul est sans blessure, tandis que tout son peuple autour de lui est mutilé : un arbre a perdu sa tête , un autre ses bras; celui-ci a le front sillonné par la foudre, celui-là le pied noirci par le feu des pâtres. Je remarquai deux jumeaux sortis du même tronc, qui s'élançoient ensemble dans le ciel : ils étoient égaux en hauteur et en âge; mais Tun étoit plein de vie, et Fautre étoit desséché. Daucia, Laride Tbymberque, siibilliina prolety Ipdiscreta suis, gratusque parentibus error, At nunc dura dédit yobis discrimina Pallas. a Fils jumeaux de Daucus ^ rejetons semblables , ô « Laris et Thymber , vos parents mêmes îie pou^ «voient vous distinguer, et vous leur causiez dé « douces méprises ! Mais la mort mit entre voué une • cruelle différence. » 440 YOTAGE Ajoutons que le pin annonce la solitude et l'in digence de la montagne. Il est le compagnon du pauvre Savoyard dont il partage la destinée : comme lui, il croit et meurt inconnu sur des sommets ÎDac cessibles où sa postérité se perpétue également igno rée. C'est sur le mélèze que l'abeille cueille ce miel ferme et savoureux, qui se marie si bien avec la crème et les framboises du Montanvert. Les bruits du pin, quand ils sont légers, ont été loués parles |>oëtes bucoliques; quand ils sont violents, ils res semblent au mugissement de la mer : vous croyez quelquefois entendre gronder l'Océan au milieu des Alpes. Enfin , l'odeur du pin est aromatique et agréable ; elle a surtout pour moi un charme parti culier, parce que je l'ai respirée à plus de vingt lieues en mer sur les côtes de la Virginie : aussi ré veille-t -elle toujours dans mon esprit l'idée de ce Nouveau-Monde qui me fut annoncé par un souffle embaumé, de ce beau ciel, de ces mers brillantes où le parfum des forêts m'étoit apporté par la brise du matin ; et, comme tout s'enchaîne dans nos sou venirs, elle rappelle aussi dans ma mémoire les sen timents de regrets et d'espérance qui m'occupoient, lorsque appuyé sur le bord du vaisseau je révois à cette patrie que j'avols perdue , et à ces déserts que j'allois trouver. Mais pour venir enfin à mon sentiment particu lier sur les montagnes, je dirai que, comme il n y a pas de beaux paysages sans un horizon de mon tagnes, il n'y a point aussi de Hqux agréables à ha biter ni de satisfaisants pour les yeu^ et pour le cœur AU MONT-BLANC. 441 là où Ton manque d'air et d'espace; or, c'est ce qui arrive dans l'intérieur des monts.Ces lourdes masses ne sont point en harmonie avec les facultés de l'homme et la foiblesse de ses organes. On attribue aux paysages des montagnes la su blimité : celle-ci tient sans doute à la grandeur des objets. Mais , si l'on prouve que cette grandeur, très réelle en effet, n'est cependant pas sensible au re gard , que devient la sublimité ? 11 en est des monuments de la nature comme de ceux de l'art: pour jouir de leur beauté, il faut être au^ritable point de perspective; autrement les forÀJis, les couleurs, les proportions, tout dispa ^"^tu i)ans l'intérieur des montagnes, comme on toucl^ à l'objet même, et comme le champ de l'optique est trop resserré, les dimensions perdent nécessairement leur grandeur : chose si vraie, que l'on est continuellement trompé sur les hauteurs et sur les distances. J'en appelle aux voyageurs : le Mont-Blanc leur a-t-il paru fort élevé du fond de la vallée de Chamouni ? Souvent un lac immense dans les Alpes a l'air d'un petit étang; vous croyez arriver en quelques pas au haut d'une pente que vous êtes trois heures à gravir; une journée entière vous suffit à peine pour sortir de cette gorge, à l'extrémité de laquelle il vous sembloit que vous touchiez de la main. Ainsi cette grandeur des montagnes, dont on fait tant de bruit, n'est réelle que par la fatigue qu'elle vous donne. Quant au paysage, il n'est guère plus grand à l'œil qu'un paysage ordinaire. Mais ces monts qui perdent leur grandeur appa 441 V0YA6B rente, quand ils sont trop rapprochés du spectateur, sont toutefois si gigantesques qu'ils écrasent ce qui pourroit leur servir d'ornement. Ainsi , par des lois contraires, tout se rapetisse à la fois dans lesdéfiiéi des Alpes , et Tensemble et les détails. Si la natare avoit fiiit les arbres cent fois plus grands sur les montagnes que dans les plaines; si les fleuves et les cascades y versoient des eaux cent fois plus abon* dantes, ces grands bois, ces grandes eaux pourroient produire des effets pleins de majesté sur les flancs élargis de la terre. Il n'en est pas de la sorte; le cadre du tableau s'accroît démesurément, et'lei rivières, les forêts, les villages, les trouf4(aux gardent les proportions ordinaires : alors il b'f a plus de rapport entre le tout et la partie, entre le théâtre et la décoration. Le plan des montagnes étant vertical devient une échelle toujours dressée où l'œil rapporte et compare les objets qu'il em« brasse; et ces objets accusent tour à tour leurpe titesse sur cette énorme mesure. Les pins les plus altiers , par exemple , se distinguent a peine dans l'escarpement des vallons, où ils paroissent collés comme des flocons de suie. La trace des eaox plu viales est marquée dans ces bois grêles et noirs par de petites rayures jaunes et parallèles; et lesto^ rents les plus larges, les cataractes les plus élevées, ressemblent à de maigres filets d'eau ou à des va peurs bleuâtres. Ceux qui ont aperçu des diamants, des topazes, des émeraudes dans les glaciers, sont plus heureux aue moi : mon imaaination n'a iamais pu déeooTnr à AU MONT-BLANC. 44i ces trésors. Les neiges du bas Glacier des Bôis^ mêlées à la poussière de granit , m'ont paru sem« blables à de la cendre; on pourroit prendre la Mer de Glace, dans plusieurs endroits, pour des car rières de chaux et de plâtre; ses crevasses seules offrent quelques teintes du prisme, et quand les couches de glace sont appuyées sur le roc, elles res^ semblent à de gros verres de bouteille. Ces draperies blanches des Alpes ont d'ailleur$ un grand inconvénient ; elles noircissent tout ce qui les environne, et jusqu'au ciel dont elles rembru nissent l'azur. Et ne croyez pas que l'on soit dë 'dommagé de cet effet désagréable par les beaux accidents de la lumière sur les neiges. La couleur dont se peignent les montagnes lointaines est nulle pour le spectateur placé à leur pied. La pompe dont le soleil couchant couvre la cime des Alpes dt la Savoie n'a lieu que pour l'habitant de Lausanne. Quant au voyageur de la vallée dé Chamouni , c'est en vain qu'il attend ce brillant spectacle. Il voit, comme du fond d'un entonnoir, au dessus de sa tète , une petite portion d'un ciel bleu et dur , sans couchant et sans aurore ; triste séjour où le soleil jette à peine un regard à midi par dessus une bar rière glacée. Qu'on me permette, pour me faire mieux en tendre, d'énoncer une vérité triviale. Il faut une toile pour peindre : dans la nature le ciel est la toile des paysages; s'il manque au fond du tableau, tout est confus et sans effet. Or, les monts, quand on en est trop voisin y obstruent la plus grande partie du 444 VOYAGE ciel. Il n'y pas assez d'air autour de leurs cimes; ils. se font ombre l'un à l'autre et se prêtent mu tuellement les ténèbres qui résident dans quelque enfoncement de leurs rochers. Pour savoir si les paysages des montagnes avoient une supériorité si marquée, ilvSuffisoit de consulter les peintres : ils ont toujours jeté les monts dans les lointains, en ouvrant à l'œil un paysage sur les bois et sur les plaines. Un seul accident laisse aux sites des montagnes leur majesté naturelle : c'est le clair de lune. Le propre de ce demi-jour sans reflets et d'une seule teinte est d'agrandir le^ objets en isolant les masses et en faisant disparoitre cette gradation de couleurs qui lie ensemble les parties d'un tableau. Alors plus les coupes des monuments sont franches et décidées, plus leur dessin a de longueur et de hardiesse, et mieux la blancheur de la lumière profile les lignes de l'ombre. C'est pourquoi la grande architecture romaine, comme les contours des montagnes, est si bell^ à la clarté de la lune. hà grandiose y et par conséquent l'espèce de su blime qu'il fait naître, disparoit donc dans Finté rieur des montagnes : voyons si le gracieux sy trouve dans un degré plus éminent. On s'extasie sur les vallées de la Suisse; mais il faut bien observer qu'on ne les trouve si agréables que par comparaison. Certes, l'œil fatigué d errer sur des plateaux stériles ou des promontoires cou verts d'un lichen rougeàtre, retombe avec grand plaisir sur un peu de verdure et de végétation. Mais AU MONT-BLANC. 445 en quoi cette yerdure consiste-t-elle ? en quelques saules chétiFs, en quelques sillons d*orge et d'avoine qui croissent péniblement et mûrissent tard, en quelques arbres sauvageons qui portent des fruits âpres et amers. Si une vigne végète péniblement dans un petit abri tourné au midi , et garantie avec soin du vent du nord , on vous fait admirer cette fécondité extraordinaire. Vous élevez-vous sur les* rochers voisins , les grands traits des monts font disparoitre la miniature de la vallée. Les cabanes deviennent à peine visibles , et les compartiments cultivés ressemblent à des échantillons d'étoffes sur la carte d'un drapier. On piarle beaucoup des fleurs des montagnes , des violettes que Ton cueille au bord des glaciers , des fraises qui rougissent dans la neige, etc. Ce sont d'imperceptibles merveilles qui ne produisent aucun effet : l'ornement est trop petit pour des colosses. Enfin , je suis bien malheureux, car je n'ai pu voir dans ces fameux chalets enchantés par Fimaginalion de J. J. Rousseau que de méchantes cabanes rem plies du fumier des troupeaux, de l'odeur des fro mages, et du lait fermenté; je n'y ai trouvé pour habitants que de misérables montagnards qui se re gardent comme en exil et aspirent à descendre dans la vallée. De petits oiseaux muets , voletant de glaçons en glaçons , des couples assez rares de corbeaux et d'éperviers, animent à peine ces solitudes de neiges et de pierres, où la chute de la pluie est presque tou jours le seul mouvement qui frappe vos yeux. Heu 44e YOYAOfi reuï quand la pivert , anDonçant Forage^ &it retentir sa Toix cafisée au fond d'un vieux bois de sapins ! Et pourtant ce triste signe de vie rend plus aensibk la naort qui vous enviroivie. Les chamois , les bou quetins, les lapins blancs sont presque entièrement détruits ; les marmottes même deviennent rares » at It petit Savoyard est menacé de perdre son trésor. jLas bétes sauvages ont été remplacées sur les som* mets des Alpes par des troupeaux de vaches qui regrettent la plaine aussi bien que leurs maitret* Couchés dans les herbages du pays de Caux , ces troupeaux offriroient une scène aussi belle » et Us auroient en outre le mérite de rappeler les descrip* tions des poètes de lantiquité. Il ne reste plus qu'à parler du sentiment qu'on éprouve dans les montagnes. Eh bien ! ce sentioienti selon moi , est fort pénible. Je ne puis être heureui Ih où je vois partout les fatigues de Thomaie et set travaux inouis qu'une terre ingrate refuse de payer. Le montagnard, qui sent son mal, est plus sincère que les voyageurs ; il appelle la plaine le botipays^ et ne prétend pas que des rochers arrosés de ses sueurs, sans en être plus fertiles, soient ce qu'il y a de meilleur dans les distributions de la ProTidenoe. S'il est très attaché a sa montagne, cela tient aux relations merveilleuse^ que Dieu a établies entre noi peines, l'objet qui les cause et les lieux où nous les avons éprouvées;cela tient aux souvenirs de l'enfance aux premiers sentiments du coeur, aux douceurs, et même aux rigueurs de la maison paternelle. Plus aolitaire que les autres hommes, plus aérîeux par AU MONT-BLANC. 447 rhabitude de souffrir, le montagnard appuie da« Tantage sur tous les sentiments de sa vie. Il ne faut pas attribuer aux charmes des lieux qu'il habite Tamour extrême quil montre pour son pays; ett amour vient de la concentration de ses pensées et du peu d'étendue de ses besoins. Mais les montagnes sont le séjour de la rêverie ? j'en doute ; je doute qu'on puisse rêver lorsque la promenade est une fatigue ; lorsque l'attention que vous êtes obligés de donner à vos pas occupe entiè rement votre esprit. L'amateur de la solitude qui bayerait aux chimères ' en gravissant le Montanvert pourroit bien tomber dans quelque puits « comme l'astrcdogue cpii prétendoit lire au dessus de sa tétt et ne pouwit voir à ses pieds. Je sais que les poètes ont désiré les vallées et les boii pour converser avec les Muses. Mais écoutons Virgile: Rura mihi et rigui placeant in rallibiu «ame» : Flumina amem , sylvasque inglorius. * D'abord il se plairoit aux champs , rura mihi; il chercheroit les vallées agréables, riantes, gracieuses, 'vallibus amnes ; il aimeroit les fleuves , flumitux amem (non pas les torrents), et les forêts où il ri» vroît sans gloire , syhasque inglorius. Ces forêts sofit de belles futaies de chênes, d'ormeaux, de hêtres, et non de tristes bois de sapins ; car il n'eût pas dit: Et ingenti ramorum protegat umèra, c Et d*uu feuillage épais ombragera ma tète. • * tétL fontaine. 44« VOYAGE £t où veilt-il que cette vallée soit placée? dans un lieu où il y aura de beaux souvenirs, des noms harmonieux , des traditions de la Fable et de l'Histoire : » O ubi campi, Sperchiusque, et yirginibus bacchata lacœnîs •Taygeta ! 0 qui me gelidis in yallibus Hsemi Sistat! Dieux! que ne suis-je assis au bord duSpercbius! Quand pourrai-je fouler les beaux yaUons d'Hémus ! Oh! qui me portera sur le riant Taygète! Il se serait fort peu soucié de la vallée de Cha mouni , du glacier de Taconay, de la petite et de la grande Jorasse , de l'aiguille du Dru et du rocher de là Tété-Noire. Enfin y si nous en croyons Rousseau et ceux qui ont recueilli ses erreurs sans hériter de son élo quence , quand on arrive au sommet des montagnes on se sent transformé en un autre homme. « Sur les « hautes montagnes , dit Jean^Jacques , les médita tttions prennent un caractère grand , sublime, pro « portionné aux objets qui nous frappent ; je ne sais « quelle volupté tranquille qui n'a rien d'acre et de « sensuel. Il semble qu'en s'élevant au dessus du sé «jour des hommes , on y laisse tous les sentiments a bas et terrestres... Je doute qu'aucune agitation « violente put tenir contre un pareil séjour pro a longé, etc.» Plût à Dieu qu'il en fut ainsi 1 Qu'il seroit doux de pouvoir se délivrer de ses maux en s'élevant à AU MONT-BLANC. 449 quèl(}ues toises nu dessus de la plaine ! Malheureu sement Famé de Thomme est indépendante de Fair et des sites ; un cœur chargé de sa peine n'est pas moins pesant sur les hauts lieux que dans les vallées. L'antiquité y qu'il faut toujours citer quand il s'agit de vérité de sentiments, ne pensoit pas comme Rousseau sur les montagnes ; elle les représente au contraire comme le séjour de la désolation et de la douleur : si l'amant de Julie oublie ses chagrins parmi les rochers du Valais, l'époux d'Eurydice nourrit ses douleurs sur les monts de la Thrace. Malgré le talent du philosophe genevois, je doute que la voix de SaintPreux retentisse aussi long« temps dans l'avenir que la lyre d'Orphée. OËdipe, ce parfait modèle des calamités royales, cette image accomplie de tous les maux de l'humanité, cherche aussi les sommets déserts : 11 va, . . . .,. . du Cythéron remontant vers les cieuz, Sur le malheur de l'homme interroger les dieux. Enfin une autre antiquité plus belle encore et plus sacrée nous offre les mêmes exemples. L'Écriture, qui connoissoit mieux la nature de l'homme que les faux sages du siècle , nous montre toujours les grands infortunés , les prophètes , et Jésus-Christ même se retirant au jour de l'affliction sur les hauts lieux. La fille de Jephté, avant de mourir, demande à son père la permission d'aller pleurer sa virginité sur les montagnes de la Judée : Super montes assu manij dit Jévémie ^ ^etum ac lamentum. « Je m'é TOTAQE0. 29 S 450 VOYAGE « lèverai sur les montagnes pour pleurer et ^mÎM Ce fut sur le mont des Oliviers que Jésus-Christ bat le calice rempli de toutes les douleurs et de toota les larmes des hommes. C'est une chose digne d'être observée que dans les pages les plus raisonnables d'un écrivain qui Vétoit établi le défenseur de la morale^ on distingae encore des traces de l'esprit de son siècle. Ce chan* gement supposé de nos dispositions intérieures selon le séjour que nous habitons , tient secrètement sa système de matérialisme que Rousseau prétendoit combattre. On faisoit de l'ame une espèce déplante soumise aux variations de l'air, et qui , comme nn instrument*, suivoit et marquôit le repos ou Tagita tion de l'atmosphère. Eh ! comment Jean-Jacques lui-même auroit-il pu croire de bonne foi à cette influence salutaire des hauts lieux ? L'infortuné ne traina-t-îl pas sur les montagnes de la Suisse ses passions et ses misères? Il n'y a qu'une seule circonstance où il soit vrai que les montagnes inspirent l'oubli des troubles de la terre ; c'est lorsqu'on se retire loin du monde, pour se consacrer à la religion. Un anachorète qui se dévoue aux services de l'humanité , un asint qiu veut méditer les grandeur^ de Dieu en ailenoe, peuvent trouver la paix et U joie sur des roches désertes ; mais ce n'est point alors la tranquillité des lieux qui passe dans l'eme de ces tolittires, c'est so contraire leur ame qtti répand sa séràûté dtf» ^ réigion des ors^. L'instinet des hommes a toigours été d'9é^ * AU MONT-BLANC. 4M rÉtdrnel sur les lieux élevés: plus près du ciel, il «emble que la prière ait moins d'espaee à franchir pour arriver au trône de Dieu. 11 étoit resté dans le christianisme des traditions de ce culte antique; nos montagnes, et, à leur défaut, noscollinesétoient chargées de monastères et de vieilles abbayes. Du milieu d'une ville corrompue, l'homme qui marohoit peut*étre à des crimes, ou du moins à des vanités, apercevoit, en levant les yeux, des autels sur les eo^ teaux voisins. La Croix , déployant au loin l'étendard de la pauvreté aux yeux du luxe, rappeloit le riche à des idées de souffrance et de commisération. Nos poëtes connoissoient bien peu leur art lorsqu'ils se moquoient de ees monts du Calvaire, de ces mis eions , de ces retraités qui retraçoient parmi nous les sites de l'Orient , les mœurs des solitaires de la Thé* baïde, les miracles d'une religion divine, et le sou venir d'une antiquité qui n'est point effacé par celui d'Homère. Mais ceci rentre dans un autre ordre d'idées et de sentiments , et ne tient plus à la question géné rale que nous venons d'examiner. Après avoir fait la critique des montagnes , il est juste de finir par leur éloge. J'ai déjà observé qu'elles étoient nécessaires à un beau paysage, et qu'elles dévoient former la chaîne dans les derniers plans d'un tableau. Leurs tètes chenues, leurs flancs décharnés, leurs membres gigantesques, hideux quand on les contemple de trop près, sont admirables lorsqu'au fond d'un ho rizon vaporeux ils s'arrondissent et se colorent dans une lumière fluide et dorée. Ajoutons, si Ton 29, 452 VOYAGE AU MONT-BLANC.
| 12,099 |
https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%20%28%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Сайарлар (Сур)
|
https://ce.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Сайарлар (Сур)&action=history
|
Chechen
|
Spoken
| 40 | 179 |
Сайарлар () — Туркойчоьнан Къилба-Малхбален Анатоли регионан Дийарбакир провинцин (ил) Сурнан кӀоштара эвла/микрокӀошт ().
Географи
Истори
Бахархой
Билгалдахарш
Хьажоргаш
Дийарбакир провинцин нах беха меттигаш
Дийарбакир провинцин микрокӀошташ
Сурнан микрокӀошташ
Сурнан кӀоштан нах беха меттигаш
Туркойчоьнан микрокӀошташ
Туркойчоьнан нах беха меттигаш
| 27,680 |
https://github.com/tsborissov/JS_Advanced/blob/master/04. DOM/Exercise/03. Accordion/accordion.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
JS_Advanced
|
tsborissov
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 36 | 119 |
function toggle() {
let displayStyle = document.getElementById('extra').style.display;
displayStyle = displayStyle == 'block' ? 'none' : 'block';
let buttonText = document.getElementsByClassName('button')[0].textContent;
buttonText = buttonText == 'More' ? 'Less' : 'More';
document.getElementById('extra').style.display = displayStyle;
document.getElementsByClassName('button')[0].textContent = buttonText;
}
| 20,231 |
https://github.com/safex/alpha_shop/blob/master/payments/src/sqliteWrapper.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
alpha_shop
|
safex
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 47 | 152 |
module.exports = {
query: query
}
const sqlite3 = require('sqlite3').verbose();
let db = new sqlite3.Database('db/test.db', sqlite3.OPEN_READWRITE | sqlite3.OPEN_CREATE, (err) => {
if(err) {
console.error(err.message);
}
else {
console.log('Connected to the database!!');
}
});
function query(queryString, callback) {
db.all(queryString, [], (err, rows) => {
callback(rows, err);
});
}
| 5,788 |
5e71caac06008dfdcf087b7bf77175de
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| null |
Code des impositions sur les biens et services, article L421-213
|
LEGI
|
French
|
Spoken
| 22 | 33 |
L'autorité compétente peut instituer une exonération applicable à tout poids lourd affecté au transport de matériels de cirques ou de fêtes foraines.
| 40,485 |
https://github.com/vcico/chat-room/blob/master/Applications/Chat/Web/static/js/video_win.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
chat-room
|
vcico
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 22 | 179 |
//开奖视频src路径调用 数据和方法
var oVideoLink = {
bj:"https://www.1229.org/video/pk10/450.html",
cq:"https://www.1229.org/mvideo/cqssc",
js:"https://www.1229.org/mvideo/jsk3",
fnTabVideo:function(sId,sSrc){
var iframeWin = document.getElementById("iframeWin");
iframeWin.src=sSrc;
var objs = document.getElementById(sId);
$(objs).addClass("orangeBk").siblings().removeClass("orangeBk");
}
}
| 49,327 |
https://github.com/mwesolowski/organization-structure/blob/master/organization-structure-core/src/main/java/org/javers/organization/structure/domain/PersonService.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,016 |
organization-structure
|
mwesolowski
|
Java
|
Code
| 39 | 145 |
package org.javers.organization.structure.domain;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class PersonService {
private PersonRepository personRepository;
@Autowired
public PersonService(PersonRepository personRepository) {
this.personRepository = personRepository;
}
public void update(Person person) {
personRepository.save(person);
}
public Person findPerson(String login) {
return personRepository.findOne(login);
}
}
| 8,292 |
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Arms%20Company
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
National Arms Company
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National Arms Company&action=history
|
Ukrainian
|
Spoken
| 218 | 644 |
National Arms Company виробник вогнепальної зброї розташований в Брукліні, штата Нью-Йорк, яка процвітала протягом десятиліття в середині 19-го століття, приблизно під час громадянської війни в США.
Серед зброї яку компанія випускала був деррінджер, який стріляв набоями .41 Short (набій було представлено в 1863 році), та кишеньковий револьвер Даніеля Мура та Девіда Вільямсона під сосковий набій .32 калібру (який випускали під марками Мура та National Arms).
Сосковий набій .32 калібру Мура — унікальний набій розроблений для обходу патенту Ролліна Вайта, який належав Горасу Сміту та Даніелю Вессону. Набій був дуже популярним під час громадянської війни, як серед солдатів, так і серед військових. Сосковий набій не мав фланцю на донці, як звичайні набої, але мали закруглену задню частину, з невеликим "соском" який виступав через невеликий отвір у задній частині циліндра. У "соску" знаходилася капсульна суміш і при ударі курка відбувався постріл. Таким чином він був схожий на набій кільцевого запалення, але капсуль розташовувався не у фланці, а в центральному соску. Існувало два варіанти "сосків": круглий та плаский. Пласка версія частіше зустрічається серед колекціонерів.
National Arms випустила приблизно 30000 револьверів в період з 1864 по 1870 роки, до придбання її компанією Colt's Manufacturing Company. Компанія Кольт продовжила виробництво деррінджера під набій .41 rimfire після придбання компанії, у спробі вийти на ринок зброї під унітарні набої.
Примітки
Colt's Manufacturing Company
Підприємства Нью-Йорка
| 16,643 |
https://github.com/curium-rocks/data-emitter-base/blob/master/src/loggerFacade.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
data-emitter-base
|
curium-rocks
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 50 | 162 |
/* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any */
export interface LoggerFacade {
trace(msg: string, ...params:any) : void;
debug(msg: string, ...params:any) : void;
info(msg: string, ...params:any) : void;
warn(msg: string, ...params:any) : void;
error(msg: string, ...params:any) : void;
critical(msg: string, ...params:any) : void;
}
export enum LogLevel {
TRACE,
DEBUG,
INFO,
WARN,
ERROR,
CRITICAL
}
| 39,764 |
https://github.com/aleclarson/react-galaxy/blob/master/.npmignore
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
react-galaxy
|
aleclarson
|
Ignore List
|
Code
| 5 | 34 |
/.vscode/
/.prettierrc
/tsconfig.json
/tslint.json
shrinkwrap.yaml
| 824 |
https://github.com/tangju0418/algo-classrome/blob/master/go/p0011/p0011.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
algo-classrome
|
tangju0418
|
Go
|
Code
| 162 | 302 |
// Copyright (c) 2018 soren yang
//
// Licensed under the MIT License
// you may not use this file except in complicance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package p0011
func maxArea(height []int) int {
minInt := func(v1 int, v2 int) int {
if v1 < v2 {
return v1
}
return v2
}
left, right, max := 0, len(height)-1, 0
for left < right {
curr := (right - left) * minInt(height[right], height[left])
if curr > max {
max = curr
}
if height[right] < height[left] {
right--
} else {
left++
}
}
return max
}
| 38,447 |
2337887_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1,292 | 1,807 |
105 A.2d 746 (1954)
DE FRIES
v.
DAVID.
No. 1492.
Municipal Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.
Argued May 24, 1954.
Decided June 9, 1954.
Philip B. Brown, Washington, D. C., with whom Malcolm S. Langford, Washington, D. C., was on the brief, for appellant.
Alexander Boskoff, Washington, D. C., for appellee.
Before CAYTON, Chief Judge, and HOOD and QUINN, Associate Judges.
CAYTON, Chief Judge.
The question is whether a client was entitled to the return of part of a retainer fee paid to his lawyer.
DeFries, an employee of the Federal Government, received an interrogatory from the Civil Service Commission concerning his loyalty to the United States. He sought the advice of David, an attorney. After some discussion as to the fees to be charged, the parties signed this agreement:
"The receipt is acknowledged of your check for $500.00 as a retainer, engaging me to represent you in connection with your loyalty proceeding now pending before the Fourth United States Civil Service Region.
"We have agreed that my fee shall be at the rate of $40.00 an hour against which hourly rate the retainer paid is to be applied. In addition, you have agreed to pay any out-of-pocket, expenses which might be involved."
Thereafter David spent 2¾ hours helping the client prepare his answer to the interrogatory. This answer proved sufficient to establish DeFries' loyalty, and the proceeding ended without a formal hearing and without any further legal work *747 by David. Thereupon DeFries asked for a refund of the balance of the $500 remaining after deducting $40 for each hour he had spent on the case. David refused and DeFries brought this suit. A jury returned a verdict for the attorney, David.
On appeal DeFries contends that the trial judge should have awarded him a directed verdict. It is by no means clear from the record whether he made a timely motion for an instructed verdict; nor is it clear that his (verbal) motion for judgment n. o. v. complied with the governing procedural rules. Nevertheless, we have considered his contention on the merits. He argues that according to the written agreement David was entitled to a fee of only $40 per hour, that use of the word retainer in the agreement did not have the effect of making the sum paid non-returnable, and that even if there was some ambiguity in the instrument is must be resolved against appellee who wrote it.
We think the trial court properly refused to take the case from the jury and rule for plaintiff as a matter of law. The written agreement does not purport to say what shall become of the retainer fee in the event the fee computed on an hourly basis proves to be less than $500. The agreement does no more than acknowledge receipt of $500 and provide that it is to be applied against the hourly fee of $40. It does not require that any portion of the fee be returned to the client; nor does it specify that the fee shall be completely non-returnable. Consequently, there was a question for the jury as to what agreement the parties had reached on that subject. This is true regardless of the meaning to be given the word "retainer," and the use of that term in the agreement had no bearing upon whether the question should have gone to the jury. Plaintiff testified in part "that it was his understanding from the general conversation" that the $500 was to be a deposit against the hourly fee and that he would be entitled to a return of that part of the $500 which was not earned by the attorney at the hourly rate, but he admitted that he "could not honestly state" that defendant had specifically said that any part of the $500 would be returned. Defendant was more specific on the point: he testified that the $500 retainer "represented a minimum, non-returnable fee" against which the hourly fee rate would be applied. On the basis of this testimony it would have been clearly erroneous to take the factual issue from the jury.
Next appellant contends that the judge erred (1) in refusing to instruct the jury as to the reasonable value of appellee's services, (2) in modifying the meaning of a sentence read to the jury from Knight v. Sontag,[1] and (3) in defining the word "retainer" to the jury.
Rule 23(b) of this court makes it unnecessary for us to consider these errors. That rule provides: "If error is claimed in the court's charge to the jury, the entire charge or its substance shall be included in the statement." That rule was not complied with. Not only is "the entire charge or its substance" absent from the record; all that is presented to us is a most meager five-line reference to what the judge said about the meaning of "retainer," and in all, a sketchy ten-line outline of the charge as a whole. It would be wholly unsatisfactory, as well as unfair to appellee and to the trial judge, to attempt an evaluation of what the judge said on the subject, without knowing all that was said.
It has repeatedly been held that an instruction not objected to below will not be considered on appeal.[2] Here the record reveals no request by appellant for an instruction on the word "retainer," and no *748 objection at all to the instruction after it was given.
For the same reasons we need not consider the other errors assigned. Although invited to do so by the judge, appellant filed no written requests for instructions. He asked the judge to read to the jury a sentence from the Knight case, and in a discussion with the judge before the jury was instructed, opposed the judge's decision not to instruct on reasonable value. The record reveals no further word of suggestion or criticism by appellant, and as we have said, it contains a completely insufficient sketch of the whole charge to the jury.
But even if we were to consider the errors assigned despite these objections,[3] the record would not persuade us that appellant was prejudiced. Assuming that the meaning of the sentence from the Knight case was somewhat shaded, we could not say that the alteration was serious or prejudicially affected the verdict. The language was taken from a case distinguishable on the facts and was favorable to appellant's position, even as modified by the judge. The refusal of the judge to instruct the jury upon reasonable value was based upon the absence of evidence on the point. Although appellant says there was such evidence, the record does not reveal it. Even so, he says, the instruction should have been given. Assuming this to be true, it appears that the judge did leave the jury free to award appellee only the agreed hourly rate for the time he spent on the case. It also appears that appellant agreed that the hourly rate was reasonable.
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] D.C.Mun.App., 99 A.2d 217.
[2] Ersler v. T. F. Schneider Corp., 88 U. S.App.D.C. 371, 188 F.2d 1022; Asha v. Goldsten, 78 U.S.App.D.C. 349, 140 F.2d 702; Baltimore & O. R. R. v. Corbin, 73 App.D.C. 124, 118 F.2d 9; Webster v. Perper, D.C.Mun.App., 83 A.2d 433; Bowles v. Marsh, D.C.Mun.App., 82 A.2d 135; Bollt v. Morgenstein, D.C.Mun.App., 81 A.2d 656.
[3] See Richmond, F. & P. R. Co. v. Brooks, 91 U.S.App.D.C. 24, 197 F.2d 404, certiorari denied, 344 U.S. 828, 73 S. Ct. 31, 97 L. Ed. 644; Montgomery v. Virginia Stage Lines, 89 U.S.App.D.C. 213, 191 F.2d 770; Shokuwan Shimabukuro v. Higeyoshi Nagayama, 78 U.S.App.D.C. 271, 140 F.2d 13, certiorari denied, 322 U.S. 755, 64 S. Ct. 1270, 88 L. Ed. 1584.
| 45,967 |
https://github.com/cristhian19-code/ProjectFinal/blob/master/Project-final/src/public/js/index.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
ProjectFinal
|
cristhian19-code
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 600 | 1,986 |
const socket = io();
const chat = document.querySelector('.chat');
const alert_container = document.querySelector('.alert');
const alert_login = document.querySelector('.alert-login');
const usuario = document.querySelector('.usuario');
//initialization
const parseh = new DOMParser();
//guandando los key del localStorage
const viewData = () => {
return Object.keys(localStorage).map(key => key);
};
// verificando si es un correo los datos de localStorage
function correoValidation() {
var path = /@/;
for (var i = 0; i < viewData().length; i++) {
if (path.test(viewData()[i])) {
return viewData()[i];
break;
}
}
}
//eliminar datos del localStorage
const clearStorage = () => {
localStorage.clear();
}
//mostrar datos del localStorage
const viewStorage = () => {
if (correoValidation()) {
const data = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(correoValidation()));
usuario.textContent = data.name;
$('.btn-group').removeAttr('hidden');
$('.gallery').removeAttr('hidden');
$('.save-photos').removeAttr('hidden');
$('.avatar-user').attr('src', '/uploads/' + data.avatar);
$('#user').val(data.name);
} else {
$('.btn-group').attr('hidden', 'true');
$('.gallery').attr('hidden', 'true');
$('.save-photos').attr('hidden', 'true');
alert('Aun no esta logueado');
}
}
viewStorage();
//template send chat
const templateChat = (user, msg) => {
return `
<div class="toast fade show" role="alert" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true">
<div class="toast-header">
<strong class="mr-auto">${user}</strong>
</div>
<div class="toast-body">
${msg}
</div>
</div>
`
}
//parse chatHtml
const parsechatHTML = (chat) => {
const chattemplate = parseh.parseFromString(chat, 'text/html').querySelector('.toast');
return chattemplate;
}
//recibiendo los datos escuchados por el servidor
socket.on('send', (data) => {
chat.appendChild(parsechatHTML(templateChat(data.user, data.texto)));
});
//funcion para limpiar las cajas del registro
const clearBoxRegister = () => {
$('#name').val('');
$('#email-register').val('');
$('#password-register').val('');
$('#password-confirm-register').val('');
};
//funciton para limpiar las cajas del login
const clearBoxLogin = () => {
$('#login-email').val('');
$('#login-password').val('');
}
//almacenamiento en el localStorage
const setLocalStorage = (key, data) => {
localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(data));
};
//sweetAlert
const alertSwee = (text, tipe) => {
swal(text, {
icon: tipe,
button: false,
timer: 4000,
button: false,
closeOnEsc: false,
closeOnClickOutside: false,
})
}
//Objeto para las validaciones del loin y el register
const Validation = {
validationLogin: function(email, password) {
var xhttp = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhttp.onreadystatechange = async function() {
if (this.readyState == 4 && this.status == 200) {
var validation = false;
const response = JSON.parse(xhttp.responseText);
const users = response.user;
for (var i = 0; i < users.length; i++) {
if (users[i].email == email && users[i].password == password) {
validation = true;
datos = { email: users[i].email, name: users[i].name, avatar: users[i].avatar };
break;
}
}
if (validation) {
clearStorage();
setLocalStorage(datos.email, datos);
clearBoxLogin();
$('.btn-group').removeAttr('hidden');
$('.gallery').removeAttr('hidden');
$('.save-photos').removeAttr('hidden');
$('.avatar-user').attr('src', '/uploads/' + datos.avatar);
usuario.textContent = datos.name;
$('#user').val(datos.name);
await alertSwee('INICIO DE SESION EXITOSO', 'success');
$('.close').trigger('click');
} else {
await alertSwee('NO ESTA REGISTRADO', 'error');
}
}
};
xhttp.open("GET", "/db/user.json", true);
xhttp.send();
},
}
//ejecutar al iniciar
$(function() {
$('.btnchat').click(function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
var user = $('#user').val();
var texto = $('#texto').val();
if (user != "" && texto != "") {
//enviando los datos
socket.emit('recived', { user, texto });
$('#texto').val('');
}
});
$('.btn-login').click(async function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
var email = $('#login-email').val();
var password = $('#login-password').val();
if (email != "" && password != "") {
await Validation.validationLogin(email, password);
} else {
await alertSwee('CAJAS VACIAS', 'warning');
}
});
$('.btnexit').click(async function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
await swal({
title: "SEGURO DE SALIR?",
icon: "warning",
buttons: true,
dangerMode: true,
})
.then(async function(exit) {
if (exit) {
$('.btn-group').attr('hidden', 'true');
clearStorage();
await alertSwee('SESSION FINALIZADA', 'error')
setTimeout(() => {
location.reload();
}, 3000);
} else {
await alertSwee('CERRAR SESION CANCELADA', 'success');
}
});
});
$('#email-register').keyup(function(e) {
const path = /@/;
if (path.test(e.target.value)) {
var xhttp = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhttp.onreadystatechange = async function() {
if (this.readyState == 4 && this.status == 200) {
var validation = false;
const response = JSON.parse(xhttp.responseText);
const users = response.user;
for (var i = 0; i < users.length; i++) {
if (users[i].email == e.target.value) {
validation = true;
break;
}
}
if (validation) {
$('#email-register').removeClass('btn btn-outline-success');
$('#email-register').addClass('btn btn-outline-danger');
} else {
$('#email-register').removeClass('btn btn-outline-danger');
$('#email-register').addClass('btn btn-outline-success');
}
}
};
xhttp.open("GET", "/db/user.json", true);
xhttp.send();
} else {
$('#email-register').removeClass('btn btn-outline-success');
$('#email-register').addClass('btn btn-outline-danger');
}
});
});
| 41,150 |
oxyrhynchuspapyr14grenuoft_8
|
US-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,898 |
The Oxyrhynchus papyri
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,715 | 16,826 |
Aéyov 6romowd. edeEdunv Kavrlov po(tp.) t map €oov poipiddas) _e, diowikiov poltp.) ¢, Z dpxddia po(tp.) 7, ydpov avoTnoiwy po(ip.) o€, eis) Oimvov Katpia polip.) t, 5 TovAov.|[..... | plo(ep.)| 2B, 15 Totp@v potip.) A, upfe J. [----]-- plolep.)| 8; Kphas Altp@v) y po(tp.) o€, Re Gicie ud eis |pcov poltp.) ¢, dwapidiwv po(tp.) 6B, gaciiiav Kai dela}mroddxava dkp{v}ov po(ip.) 4B, Holtp.) ¢, xXabapay polip.) KL, eis) Simvov Kpéas Au(Tp@v) y pOlLp.) 20 Wopiwy po(tp.) pr, 0€, dpioTrwy po(tp.) o€, 10 d{a}wpapcéyor [x] Ho(tp.) +8, karparsdiov Kali] médrros po(tp.) n- 1. 1]. Adyos. 8. 1. haondiov. g. First v of durvov corr. from o. 15. 1. rupav. 16. |. xpéas. 19. |. xabapav. 22. 1. nepadsdiov. 102 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI ‘ Account ofa repairer (?). I received from you 5,000 myriads, from which, for dried fish (?) sauce 75 myr.,... beans and small vegetables 10 myr., meat for dinner, 3 Ib., 75 myr., relishes 12 myr., cabbages 10 myr., dates ro myr., Arcadian ... 300 myr., ... for dinner 10 myr., cheeses 30 myr., meat, 3 lb., 75 myr., relishes 12 myr., trotter 12 myr., pure loaves 40 myr., dainties 180 myr., breakfasts 75 myr., heads and honey 8 myr.’ 1. édorowd: the only instance cited of this word is Damascius, De princip. 33 (p. 87 Kopp) ovx @s €vorordy Anwréov GAX’ ws Tavrorotdy* Kal mAnOoroLdy yap Kai dyaborowy Kai GoTo kai ovdé év ére od movodv, and its meaning in the present place is doubtful. The sense of ‘factotum”’ or ‘handy man’ on the analogy of zavrom#Ans is hardly natural, and ‘repairer’ is more in accordance with use and the passage of Damascius, in which. mavroroids and édomowds are distinguished. 4. avornoioy is perhaps for aiornpiov, avornpéds being used as an epithet of xvAds, Adyava, otria, &C. ae 5. tovdov .[: the fourth letter may be 6, and the seventh may be also 8 or A. 13. dpxddia remains unexplained. Cf. e.g. cairia in 1658. 1. 14. kayua is unknown. According to Photius xnpdés was donpidv 7 mapa Opagiv, but a misspelling of xnyiov in this sense does not seem very probable. 18. For dkpor(?) cf. e.g. 108. 3. 19. xa@apav is for xaSapar, sc. aprov; cf. e.g. 786. 78, and for the absolute use P. Tebt. 120. int. cabapay Cevyn te. 20, ouiwy: the remains of the second letter suggest a rather than o, but in any case Wopioy was no doubt intended. (c). .: Leste, 1657. LIST oF UTENSILS. 21-6 X 12-5 cm. Late third century. A list of utensils, which were contained in two orpariwrdpia (military haver- sacks? Cf. 1. 1, n,), followed by a short letter announcing their dispatch. As often happens (cf. e.g. 521, 1290), the list includes some new words. It is written on the verso of 1411, which belongs to the year 260. Xadkoxpbtov orpatiwrd| pioly ALTp@v 1s, Exov a riTpav «ko, Ta avTa €idn éxov oxoutdlov a, kai OvoKnv Kai mé&oxalro ? |v. [ Bodr7rijoy a, Ofori Piro. af..j.... 5 Baréd2X.ov, 15 Ta dtareppbévta yadkolKpd|ror paBardp|tjor, oTpatiwrdpia B exolvTja ogvBagia B, Ta mMpoxeiweva ayyeia Koluold- ETEpa aylye<ija B, pevos kuBid[p\ov, A ap[O\uod 0. pera Tav arrA@v SnrOoeELs pol, 10 ETEpoy oTpaTiwTdpLov Aovkia. 1657. LIST OF UTENSILS 103 ‘A military case of bronze utensils weighing 24 pounds, containing 1 dish, 1 saucepan, a plate, a bean-tureen, 2 saucers, 2 other vessels, a salt-fish-pot (?), making 9 in number. Another military case weighing 16 pounds, containing the same objects and a censer and wallet ? To my friend Theon....on receipt of the 2 military cases of bronze utensils con- re the aforesaid_ vessels, which I have dispatched, with the rest, send word to me, ucia. I, otparwwrdpwoy (cf. 1. 10) is apparently novel, but clearly means some sort of receptacle used by soldiers, perhaps a haversack. 3. oxovrdior, for which cf. 741. 19, P. Brit. Mus. 191. 10, = scusula, scutella. 4. Bodryrio: cf. the mudxa Bodrnrapa in B,G.U. 781. i. 1, iii, 7. Badnrdp\y for Bwdntdpiov is a possible reading here, but suits the papyrus less well than BwArjrdolv, which, though not occurring elsewhere, is a natural form (from SBoAnros = doletus). 5. BaréAduov :.cf. Wilcken, Osz. ii. 1218. 3 ovvbéa(e)us BaredAXiov, 741. 18 BarehAat, 6. paBardp|{tlov = fabatarium. g. kvBialp|ov is a derivative of xiStor, 13. mdoka\doly, if right, is for pdcxadov, Pdokwdov ; cf. the Latin pasceolus. meox might be read for macx, but a word connected with méoxos (méxos) seems less probable. 14. aj..|.... would naturally be taken for the name of the writer, which, however, would leave Aovxia in ]. 19 (the last letter is doubtful, but @ is less suitable) unexplained, It is not possible to read [y|a[ép|ew or d{7d| Aove{éas, The word may therefore be connected with what follows. 1658. LIstT OF ARTICLES. 17-8 X 12-1 cm. Fourth century. A list of various articles, similar to 1657, 1290, &c., and including, like those papyri, some rare or novel forms. The writing is across the fibres of the verso, the recto being blank except that at one edge there is a vestige which may belong to the final letter of a line. Saizia B, puvik(wa) [ payaipra B pei[K(pd), évAa € Tov maxT\wvos, KOKKOUpLLOV @, xar[dd]pa B, 10 mugidiov Ev, Badiov Kawvov, [| [Aq] HAdpra 5 KaTakyny Kevov, | peikpa To WaKTwVOS, peckpov agupiov | @tiov xadkiov. Exov Kato [ I. cairta. 1, govvik(va). 5. 1, Kauvdv. 7. 1. €xov. ‘2 Saite jars, 5 palm-wood boards of the boat, 2 couches, a new flagon, a new .. ., a small basket containing at the bottom 2 small knives, 1 pot, 1 casket, some small nails of the boat, a handle of a kettle.’ TO4 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI 1. cairva: cf. Archiv iii. 448 and a Rainer papyrus of the fourth or fifth century cited by Wessely, Adfersindiz. im Philogelos, p. 32. An analogous measure is pepdiriov (P. Flor, 213. 6). z. xan dd |pia : cf, 646, 1142. 13, P. Tebt. 414. 13. 4. Badiov is apparently a diminutive of Bases or Baros, which according to Hesychius contained 50 géora. Epiphanius, De pond. p. 178, derives the measure from the Hebrew Bié and associates it with the oil-making industry. 5. kaTakny remains unexplained. A connexion with xaS8:yos or xdd8:xov, which Hesychius gives as equivalent to jiexrov, is hardly likely. 9. For xoxxovpuor cf. e. g. 1160. 23, n., 1290. 3. 10. mugidioyv: cf. e. g. P. Ryl. 124. 14, 127. 30. Ill. TAXING-ACCOUNTS 1659. ACCOUNT OF CROWN-TAX. 35 xX (approximately) 42-5 cm. A.D. 218-221. This long and fairly well preserved papyrus contains an account of sums collected in the Oxyrhynchite nome for Crown-tax (Il. 1, 130) during a period of five days from Hathur 10-14 in the reign of Elagabalus, who is known from numerous papyri (e.g. 1522) to have paid special attention to this source of revenue; cf. 1441, int., where the evidence concerning the mode of its assessment is collected. Of the three columns the second and third are nearly complete, but in the first the middles of lines are for the most part missing. The position assigned to four fragments which do not actually join the beginnings or ends of lines of Col. i (Fr. 1 to Il. 1-6, Fr. 2 to ll. 7-13, Fr. 3 to ll. 33-43, Fr. 4 to ll. 43-5) is practically certain; a few very small unplaced pieces are ignored. After the heading in ll. 1-3 (or 4), which is imperfect and probably contained a mention of the year in either 1. 1 or 1. 4, comes in Il. 5 (or 4)-8 a list of sums paid through the public bank of Oxyrhynchus apparently by individual tax- payers (Il. 5-6, n.), followed in 1.9 by another payment at Oxyrhynchus, distin- guished from the preceding section (1. 9,n.). Then follows in Il. 10-119 a list of payments through mpdxropes, whose names are in the nominative (ll. 12, 86-7, 100, 118), or their agents, who are introduced by 6: (cf. 81(a) Avov(vaotov) bm(npérov) in 1. 125), at various villages of all six toparchies of the Oxyrhynchite nome, each section concerning a toparchy being subdivided into two parts, respectively headed pytpomoAitixGv and kwpytixkév, according to the place in which the tax- payers were registered. In 1. 120 comes an entry of 80 drachmae credited 1659. ACCOUNT OF CROWN-TAX 105 to the nome in general, this having perhaps been explained in detail in a note added, but subsequently cancelled, after 1. 102 (cf. 1. 103, n.), and there follows in 1. 121 the total of sums actually received for the nome together with the total due according to the fraction (5 days make 4) of the znvaiov, or official assessment of the amount due in each month. Since the actual receipts were 206 drachmae in excess of the assessment, arrangements were made for abatements (ll. 122-4, a section which has been cancelled, like 1]. 103) in the case of three villages, effected by 6 pds mapadox(7), which is a new official title. Since payments for Crown-tax were made at intervals throughout the year (cf. 1522 and B, G. U. 518), there is some reason to infer that 12 tal. 5890 dr. 4% obols, the amount of the assessment for Hathur 10-14, represent #; of the whole annual amount due from the Oxyrhynchite nome for that impost, i.e. nearly 950 talents. In conclusion (ll. 125-9) there is a list of sums credited to the Hermopolite nome, partly collected at a Hermopolite village which probably adjoined the Upper toparchy of the Oxyrhynchite nome (1. 125, n.), partly paid by inhabitants of a village in that toparchy who had gone over into the Hermopolite nome (1. 128). The sum of the Hermopolite items is in 1. 9. pntpon. (miscellaneous) 305 dr. 23,32. "Avwtom. [2tal.] 2900 dr. [4113 dr. 4o0b.] 3 tal. 1013 dr. 4 ob. 43,45. AvBos rom. [2 tal. 5]560dr. 250 dr. [2 tal.] 5[810 dr. 56,60. "Amd. rom. 1 tal. 5907 dr. 471 dr. 4 ob. 2 tal. 378 dr. 4 ob. *® 97,85. Méon rom. I tal.[4]328dr.gob. 570 dr. 4 ob. I tal. 4898 dr. 48 ob. 92,99. Quo. trom. 4845 dr. 3% ob. 1767 dr. [3]% ob. [1 tal.] 613 dr. ¢ ob. III, 119. Kdrw tom. Ital. 1356 dr. . 2268 dr. I tal. 3624 dr. 120. nome (miscellaneous) 80 dr. 121. Oxy. nome (actual receipts) 13 tal. 96 dr. 3% ob. 121. Oxy. nome (proportion of pyviaiov) 12 tal. 5890 dr. 43 ob. 129. Hermop. nome 4290 dr. 130. Grand total 13 tal. 4180 dr. 43 ob. Some doubt attaches to the totals of the “Avw and Ads ror. (Il. 23, 43, nn.), and the total of the bank-receipts at Oxyrhynchus is obtained only by subtraction ; but the margin of error is small. The arithmetic of the writer is good ; the only mistakes which can be detected concern the obols in two cases (Il. 122 and 130, nn.). 106 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI For determining his official rank there is no direct evidence, and it is not made clear who is meant by the second person used in 1. 103 ; but accounts of payments by individuals for Crown-tax were sent by mpaxropes to the strategus, as the head of the revenue-administration of the nome; cf. P. Brit. Mus. 474. The geographical information provided by 1659 is of considerable interest. The order of the six toparchies is the same as that in 1285, which is also a taxing- list, and 1747, a list of persons serving in some official capacity (guards ?), and was evidently customary, proceeding in general from south to north. The enumera- tion of the toparchies in the Hermopolite nome found in the taxing-lists B. G. U. 552-7, which observes the following order (1) Kovocirns dvw, (2) Kovocirns xara, (3) Aevxorupyirns. dvw, (4) Aevxomupyirns. kdtw, (5) TMepl médw advo, (6) Tept modu kato, (7) Ilarpi ave, (8) Marpi xdérw, (9) Marepuirns ave, (10) Tareuirns karo with the district called Tlaoxé (cf. 1687. 20, n.), also probably proceeds in general from south to north, so that the Aevxomupyirns district is to be placed between Kodocat (El-Kustyeh) and Hermopolis (Ashmunén), the Tarpy and Iareuirns districts’ between Hermopolis and the boundary of the Oxyrhynchite nome. These toparchies were all mainly or exclusively on the west bank. The district on the east bank, in which ’AxGpis-Tihvis (Zekneh) was situated, was called Mexirns. Most of the villages in 1659 were already known, principally from the fuller list in 1285; but new names occur in Il. 27, 42, 55, 63, 74, and some which were imperfectly preserved in 1285 can now be fixed; cf. ll. 14,15, 70,nn. The order of the villages in the two sections concerning pytpomoAitixd and kwpytixa does not correspond, even where, as in the case of the Thmoisepho toparchy (Il. 86-99), the same villages are found in both. Usually the pnrpovodurixd section is much the longer and the sums are uniformly much larger, a circumstance which serves to account for the comparative smallness of the receipts recorded at the metro- polis itself. In 1285 also, which is concerned with a tax called riw7..., there aré two lists ; but the order of the villages is the same in both, and the relative amounts of the payments correspond to a large extent, so that there is no reason to suppose that the two lists in 1285 refer to pntpomoAitixd and Kopytid. Col. i. Z[repav P|ccov | [.....--.. ].- L-Ja[rlex rod Kupiiolv [wav] | Avfrlox[pd}rop|[os Kalcalpos Mdpxov Avpyiolv| ‘Avr[wvef[voly Ed|ceBods Evdrlvxois %eBaorob [scien Aree Js 5 Oud. dn]|uo(oias) rpa(mégns) AOl[dp ¢ ‘mapa ? Kdalu(dias) "IoWdpas ris K(ai) ‘Arias (Spaypas) adc. Io 15 20 25 3° 1659. ACCOUNT OF CROWN.TAX 107 va [map ?]| Avdpnd(lov) "Arod(Awviov) (dp. ?) | [..-, mapa?...]. txov did) ‘Dpryévovs (8p.) vry (dv0B.) (Hpi. ). (B.[.-.] |... das) (Op. ?). |... ee eee jai rav Ték(vov ?) (dp.) péé, <1]. / Gp) ‘Aroy.2. (@u6f)) hea bnt|pom(drcws ?)]|..... Is: gy 'n'5 'e wilate pene ]---+, ty (Op.)../ Op.) re. ‘Ave [rom(apxias)] | unr(porodtiKdv) An{u(udror): Paiva "oy at APiae omy tate | ., dA(Aas) (Sp.) p&, [e+ (8p.)] wu, AXA.) (8p.) Tea (Sv0B. ?), / (8p.) Al.) Neopeliu(ews) ‘Addp als OUR) 50 rete erates 0. Xiceo[s] [s] | me La, Kj re. 5 Same mpd(KTwp) ?| (dp.) og, 16 (dp.). ., /[(6p.)] X Styx pa] | ‘Addpr.|[..... sess. ]--- [+]. ++ [+++ Op)] pus, / Op.) pé- A085 (ews ‘Addp ct. OHM) ss oiscenarepue < ]-, @A(A.) (Op.) Ka, [dA(A.) (dp.) lg; / (Sp-) "AXE. } "Evreiews? ‘Addp 1. dd)... 2.2. , YB da) O€wvos (8p.) rks, ty [(Op.) .-., ] / \(Sp-)| Apr. OadoP(ews) [AOdp «. diz) 12 1.Jn, cd (Sp.) pB, / Sp.) $d (rerpoB.). MepplépOwv ‘Addp « did) 10 1.,] ca (Sp.) 1B, GA(A.) (Bp.) p&, GA(A.) (Sp.) & ., ANA.) (8p.) [18 LJgB, aA.) (8p.) n, / (Sp-) "BoB. ZKo Alp «. dz) 12 1.| (Sp. ?) v, GAA.) (dp.) AB, [ / (6p.)] vaAB. Movip(ov) ‘A[Odp « . da) 121.) (Op.) oB,.... [ee]. ees Klelp[xeu(otvews) AOdp «. dd) 121.]., ey (6p.) af.,] od GA(A.) (Op. ?) [-]., £ (8p: P00 — f [entpormoX(iriKav) (rédavta) B (dp.)| "Bop. kopnr(ikav) [Anupd(rov) 13 1.] (Op. ?) 4, 06 (Bp.) pp, / (dp.) f. « «| Xicews [Addp tc. dia... 2... ]- ous (dp.) [. .] Sryxéga [AOdp c. dd) 11 1.] (Op. ?) k., GAA.) Op.) vs, / Op.) af Baoin( ) [AOdp c. 8(&) 11 LJ, 4A.) [8p] - 8, / Op.) [.- -] Neopeip(ews) [AOdp «. da) 11 l.jun, oB (8p.) pn, / (Op.) [-] - Movip(ov) ‘A[Odp «. did) 12 1.]., 1d (dp.) Kd, GAA.) (Sp.) pp, / (Op.) 7 - |. Meppép[Owv Addp t.....6-20e- |ns mpd(krwp) (dp.) of.. "Emiojpoly ‘Addp .. dia IIrode|ualov (dp.) of. / Kolp(nrixav) (dp.) "Apty (rerpdB.). /"Avw tom(apxias) (raA.)| y (Sp.) Aty (rerpaB.). AiB(ds) rom(apyias) unr(porodirixav) A\nu(udrov).|[...---+- Aévdp «ja (dp.) Ao, ty (dp.) p, &A(A.) (Op.) [. «+s Ld (dp. ?) g[-] | -, aA.) Op.) | [121] / (dp.) Lof. .] 103 35 40 45 50 55 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI Kepxe|Ov(pews) ‘AO\dp « . | (dua) 11 1g, / 6p.) "By. [Selexered ['Adp] ig 3) (OU) sae eee ]-. 6, 0 (dp.) g, AA.) (Gp. ?) px, / 8p.) ’BoéB. evoxdpelals “AlO[p c......-0e \x, / Op.) vpa. Sdpoly] ‘A[Odp 1B | [d(a)......-.. ]. 8 ) (6p.) [. .]. Sevaw ‘AlO]dp vy dud) |[....--] (p.?) Arp, 00 (dp.) §, / (Op.) Awé. ITé\a AO[dp «. du(a)| | Ator(votov) [(Sp.)......... ] (6p. ?) pen, 08 (Sp.) pg; / (8p.) Aown. : ITacipew|s ‘AOldp | [c. da)... 2... Js (dp.) on. Avrin(épa) Iléda [AOljdop 1B da) O......... 1] / (6p.) AgvB. [ J / | [en]|rporol[Atrexav) (réd.) B (Sp.) E}gé. Kopnt(iKov) Anppld(tov)...... ‘AODd||p B dua) | [.- -].( ) (6p.) ot, 08 (8p.) Bs / (Op.) ov. vf Aa tom(apxias) (rdé\.) RB] | (dp. ?) ‘Eau. AnmnX(idrov) tomapxias) pnt(porodrriKav) [Anu(udrov)......... Advp t dua) Yaplam(fwvos) (dp.) Ap, wa d(&) Arovyaio(v) (dp.) 7[20 1.,] | / (Sp.) ‘Avo. PaO (ews) AOldp 18 1.\ed, AA.) (Sp.) ay, / Op.) ‘Apn. Taapni{éuov Addp 14 1.] (dp.) vos, GX(A.) (dp.) [- .,] ey (Op.) 7, GAA.) [(dp.) 21 1.] (Op. ?) «, / (Op.) Brg]. 28. «8 corr. (?). Col. ii. DOdxw|s AOdp ca dz) Zalf|r(ov) [(dp.)] "Aw, «B (Sp.) p, ry (Sp.) AgB, / (6p.) ’BloléB. *"Agews ‘AOdp iB du(&) Sapan(tovos) (dp.) ais, vy (Sp.) mw, HAA.) (Op.) Kd, 8 (Sp.) pHs / Sp.) Ak. PoBdov ‘Advp 1B did) AmodAaviov) (Sp.) yr, ty (Sp.) T, EAA.) (Op.) prB, ed (Op.) x, / dp.) ApvB. Tuxivex(@rews) Addp ia did) Yapam(twvos) (bp.) o[k, aA(A.) [(dp.)] , «8 (Op.) Hs ty (8p.) 4B, 48] (p.) Km, / (Sp.) OpowepaBbews Addp 1d 3d) Atoyévous (Sp.) Apye. / entpon{[o|A(iteKav) (rdd.) a (Bp.) “Ene. Kolpn|r(cKov) Anu(udrwv) Yarvpov ‘Addp 16 da) Yapamdpplolvols] (dp. ?) AB (rerpop.). 60 65 70 75 1659. ACCOUNT OF CROWN-TAX 109 Tulxtyvexarews AOdp vy 8(&) Diréiox(ov) (dp.) eae 8 (dp.) ug, [/] Op.) pd. O[polvepdBO(ews) ‘AOdp 18 Six) Atoyévovs (8p.) r / kKop(ntixGy) (dp.) voa (rerpaeB.). / ’Am(ndidrov) ‘omens (rér.) B (dp.) Ton (reTpoB.). [Mélon(s) [rom(apxias) pnt(poroditixav) An\u(udrov) Zevrw ‘Addp| ca [(Gp.) . . +5] «8 (8p.) vB, 18 (8p.) K ., / (8p.) ’Bi.}. Odr(Gews) ‘Ad[dp ¢ .] da) F apiece (Op.) var, GAA.) [(Op.) . «, « . Op.) . -Je, ENA.) (8p.) 8, / (8p) [- | ITax ...{[. Ap} ¢.] 9iu(8)] dishes (6p. ?) Af. .]-[.-]- - ¢ - (6p) 9B (ride. Phy Uf (ep): Tavdeois AOWp 1B did) [....].., @A(A.) (Op.) pl.|., / [(Op.).... ’Téun ‘AOdp 1B 8i(a) ‘Apupoviov 8p.) T, GA.) (dp.) pw, vy (8p-) Ad, 08 (dp.) «, / (8p.) 798. “Iorploly ém(otxiov) ‘Aé[d|p ty dia) Xarpryu(ovos) (dp.) pyn (TprdB.) (jprwB.) X(@Akobs) a, 16 (Bp.) Ag, / (Sp.) cre (rprB.) (HutwB.) x(aA.) a. Yevér(ra) Addp ca (dz) IroX(epaiov) (dp.) pwn, «8 (Sp.) v, GAA.) (dp.) Wr, i[y] (dp.) 7, @A(A.) (Bp) p, 06 [(Sp.)] «, / Op.) Axén. Noyp(od) ém(otxiov) AOdp 1B dia “Hpaxrdeidov (dp.) pv. Kepxedpav Addp 1B :(&) “Apryévovs (Sp.) pd. [Taalumirer 16 dud) Ac... [|]... (dp. ?) o, GAA.) (Op.) 7B; / (p.) [Be] [.].- [Joo A@dp ta du(a)....... [emp a Seaway she. 5 IIeevv® AO[dp ja [du a)} . ~[. J... [--, GAA.) (Op. ?) pegs ty [(dp.)] o, 28 (Op. ?). / (8p). + « TéBa ‘A[Opp oP da "A paxd{(Slou (Sp.) . & 7 ‘Hpakdciov Addp 1B 8i(a) “Hplaxdédolv (Sp.) pn, 08 (dp.) x, / (Op.) [p]Kn. Taxorkeirews ‘Abdp 1d du(&) ‘Alrod\A@viov (dp.) vB. / pntpotoX(urixav) (rdd.) a ((dp.) Alran (HpewB.) x(a.) a Kopnr(iKav) Anppd(rov) Tavd(ews) APdp a dua) Yap(a)wdpu(uevos) (dp.) p, 00 (Sp.) oB, aA(A.) (Bp.) pw, / (Bp.) eB. ToBa A@dp id dua) ¢ » (dp.) pk. 80 Taxorxeidews Addp 18 8i(&) 'Arroddwr|iolv (dp.) é. Sevérra Addp 18 de) Trodep\aiov| (Op.) én. IIcfelwvd [AOWp 1 dia Acookolv|pidov (Sp.) AB. Diet itas¥. 80:4 ‘AjOdp sa i(%) Aroyévous (dp.) 4, 8 (Sp.) 3, / (dp.) 9 PTuln Advp ey de() Trodepaiolv} (dp.) o (rerpoB.). IIo THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI 85 / Kop(nrixay) (Sp.) po (rerpoB.). / Méon(s) rom(apxias) (réd.) a (dp.) "Awgn (rerpoB.) (HputwB.) X(aA.) @. | O p0(cepo) tor(apyias) unt(porrortTLK@v) An(updrov): Thews AOdp ca ’Icid(wpos) mpd(xrop) (Sp.) x, aA.) (dp.) YB (tpiwB.) x(aad.) B, /(Sp.) xGB (Tp@B.) x(ar.) B. Tladpews A[OWp ty AroA(Adrios) mpd(krwp) (Sp.) of, (~~ ) (Sp.) 48, / (Sp.) oo. Tladdcews AOdp ty O(&) Amiwvos (Sp.) vKn. OdrGew[s] AOdp 1B dud) Oéwvos (dp.) v, ty (Bp.) a, / (Sp.) x: 90 Keopotyews Abdp 1B dua) KX(éwvos ?) (Sp.) PE, ry (Op.) 7, &A(A.) (Sp.) ox, / Op.) pr. Led « 6x2) [Tdovriw(vos) [(8p.)] wm, «8B (Sp.) W, ty (Sp.) Kd, GA(A.) Op.) p, 8 (p.) m, &A(A.) (dp.) K, GA(A.) (Bp.) £0, / (Op.) Aaoy. / entpotroX(itiK@v) (dp.) ’A@pe (tptdB.) x(ad.) B. KopuNT(LKoV) An(updrov) THhews AOdp ty (Op.) a (TpidB.) (7ptwB.), 18 (Op.) o, GA.) (Sp.) ps / Op.) cpa (TpLoB.) (jprwB.). (ITardcew|s Addp vy (dp.) 5, Op.) w, / (dp.) pd. 95 ITadpewls AOdp ca (Sp.) pps, 8 (Op.) pw, / (Op.) prs. KjecpoWyxews Addp 16 d(x) Ardvp(ov) (dp.) AB. Seg[o] ‘A[OW[p] ¢ (8p.) p, 4+] Sp.) & — / [(Sp.)] pd ? Oa[A(Gews) APd|p va (dp.) 7, B (8p.) , ey (Op.) 7; [1]8 (Op.) & / (8p.) ‘Apé. [/ kop(nrixav)] (dp.) “AWE¢ [(rp16B.)] (Hpr@.). / Opolcepd) tomapyias) [(rar.) a (Sp.)] Xey (Hpt@B.) [x(aa.) B. 55- A COI. 65. tpn. Col. iii. 100 Kdrw ron(apxias) pnt(pomoditiKk@v) An(updrov) ‘Iciov Tpid(wvos) Abdp 1B Aovkto(s) mpd(xrewp) (Sp.) 7, 8 Sp.) Pe, GNA.) (dp.) B, &A(A.) (Op.) o, / (8p.) wre. Swapd ‘Addp va 81(&) ‘Amiwvo(s) Sp.) ‘Aw, 4B (Sp.) x, vy (Sp.) &8, / (Sp.) “Bu€6. lj. -]- - [a@r]o Movy(ivapua ?) mod(irixkav) ad’ (@v) ddeid(ovorv) aad én(orxiov) Kadn(oupriov ?) (Sp.) p, &X(A.) cob Auwrdvz{os (Sp.)| pw, / (8p.) 7. |] [Sovelws Addp « dd) Yapam(twvos) (Sp.) cig, tB (Sp.) Ed, vy (Op.) a, / (Op.) ora. 105 [TalAa® AOdp ta d(x) Aclov (dp.) vvy, tB (dp.) p&, ty (dp.) A, 1d (dp.) he, / (Sp.) Axpn. WadBOews APdp ta dia) Aetov (Sp.) op, cy (dp.) AB, / (Op.) cof. IIo 115 I20 125 130 1659. ACCOUNT OF CROWN.TAX III OddOews ‘AOdp 1B di(d) ‘EI pa(kdeidov) (8p.) ot, &d(A.) (Bp.) r, ey (8p.) p, / (8p.) Xt. Zéopba AOdp vy (x) Hror(epatov) [(Sp-)] ps vy (Sp.) B, 08 (8p.) x, / (Bp.) pxB. (Tlexdva ABip cy 8(2) Zephivov) (8p.) o, «8 (8p) pen, / (8p) én. [Texerpdyov ‘Ap ta did) O€wvo(s) (8p.) p, «B (8p.) v5, / (8p.) pve. / HnTpomoXirikdv) (réd.) a (dp.) 'Arvs. K@pn|r(tKk@v)| Anupd(rov) “Ioiov [T\ptd(wvos) ‘Abdp 18 (dp.) p, 6 (8p.) p, / (8p-) pp. PalBlPcws APp ¢ (dp.) wy, oS (Sp.) 1B, ENA.) (8p.) pén, / (8p.) on. Taxova Addp ca (Sp.) n, vy (dp.) TAS, 8 (Sp.) p, / (8p.) +78. Tuxivpdyov ‘Addp vy d(&%) Mdpwvos (dp.) o, 08 (8p.) avs, aX(A.) [(Sp.)] pvB, &(A.) (Sp.) Kd, AA(A.) (8p.) «B, EA(A.) (Bp.) Kn, / (8p.) xoB. Zéogla AOdp wa (Sp.) Ko, vy (Sp.) en, 08 (8p.) w, / 8p.) 7. TalAjam AOdp « ‘Amodwwdptos mpd(Krwp) (dp.) Wk. / |ko\unrixav) (p.) ’Bogén. / Kétw rom(apyias) (réd.) a (dp.) Ke. vouod Advdp 16d “(8p.) Tr. / voplo\i O€gupuyxirov) (rdd.) ey (Sp.) 9F (TpLdB.) (jpu@B.) x(adrxor) y, dvd (Aoyov) pnvia(iov) (raX.) 1B (dp.) "Ewy (rerp@B.) x(ad.) a. [[Sor’ (clvac) wA(Etor) [(Sp.)] og, at Kouglt]oA(eioas) d(x) Tod mpds mapadoy(f) amd per] [ Evrefews ToA(tTiK@V) (dp.) &5, [| kai] amd dé evém(ra) moXr(ir.) (dp.) p, Kal dd Xtva(pd) moX(tr.)]| [[Au(pelora: ?) (Bp. ?) ws /(?) [(p-) ole] | ‘Epplor|oA(crov): “IBia(vos) . . A( ) pntpom(oAutixav) Addp ta di(&) Avor(vaiov) im(npétov) (dp.) o, 8 (dp.) ‘AvAn, &X(A.) (6p.) x, ey (Op.) aun, 18 (Sp.) v, GAA.) (Bp.) pAB, / (Sp.) ’ByAn. Kopnr(txav) [A]Oi{p] ca d(2) Xepr(vov) (Sp.) XB (rpdB.), «8 (Sp.) pk, ey (Sp.) of, &A(A.) (Sp.) pw, 18 (Sp.) ta (rpt@B.), / (bp.) Aod. kat dud) t(@v) amd Sry[kjepa Addp 1B (dp.) tk, ty (dp.) o, 8 (8p.) vn, / (8p-) pon. / ‘Epplo\wox(érov) (dp.) “Acg. / emt 7 a(d7d) [o}rep(avixar) (rdA.) cy (Sp.)'Apm (rerpdB.) (HutwB.) x(aA.) a 100. iowov: so in|. 112. 121, x(ad.) a corr. 1. The word before rod is possibly reAleo[p]d[r]lov, but not A}nu[p]d{r]or. 112 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI 4. Possibly p[yrpoédew|s (cf. 1. 9, n.) ; but that word would hardly be expected to have a line to itself, and érou|s i is more likely, unless this occurred in |. 1. 5-6. KAa|v(dias) "IowWepas Tis K(ai) *Amias: cf. 1680. 3, n. da can be substituted for mapa in ll. 5-63; cf. 1. 128 d:(a) 7(Gv) awd Zry[xlepa, where tax-payers, not tax-collectors, are meant. But 8(a) "Qpeyévovs in ]. 6 either refers to a tax-collector, like 8&4 with the other names in Il, 10-115, or indicates an agent of a tax-payer, so that a different preposition is in any case more suitable with persons who, as the mention of a woman shows, were evidently tax-payers. «An(povduor) in place of mapdé in |. 5 is unsatisfactory, for Claudia Isidora was apparently still living when 1659 was written. |. «ov is in our opinion a proper name, not oreda|mxod, which is the subject of the whole account. 7. The letter following .8 is not &(4), but might be ajapd: cf. the previous n. daA(Aas) is very doubtful; there may be an abbreviation of a proper name, as in]. 6. 8. Another proper name or 4A(Aas) followed by a sum probably occurred at the beginning. The total is obtained by subtraction ; cf. int. and 1]. 23, n g. pyt[por(drews?)| |... ..: : the word was perhaps written out, the faint vestiges being - compatible with -rjokews, The distinction between this entry and Il. 5—7 is probably due to the circumstance that the items in ]. 9 were collected not by the dypocia rpamefa, but by mpakropes Or their agents; but the entry may be supplementary to Il. 5-8 in the same kind of way as l. 120 vopod (8p.) m is to Il. 10-119. 10. After Ay[u(udrov) a village-name is lost; cf. 1. 15, n. 14. "AOvxlews: cf. 1285. 58, where 1. ’AGlu|xlews, the fourth letter being clear. The traces of the third letter here suit v very well, and not any other vowel. 15. ‘Evreliews?: a village “Evredev in an unspecified toparchy is known from 1510 ; but ’Evreis (1. 123) has to be introduced somewhere into the list of payments of pnrpomoderixa in 1659, presumably before Sevemra (1. 67); cf. 1. 123, n. Other suitable places would be ]. ro or 1. 24 or l. 44; but in 1285. 68 ’Evreicas can, be read in place of *Avreiews in the list of villages of the Upper toparchy, so that 1. 15 is much the most likely place for ’Evreits. In 1. 10 either "Emonyov (cf. 1. 31 and 1285. 55) or Baow( ) (cf. 1, 27) is more probable than one of the other villages in 1285. 51-68 which do not occur in 1659. 11-31. 22. Kle|p|xeu(ovvews): cf. 1285. 66. The vestiges suit « very well, but p is quite uncertain. 23. The reading *B is doubtful here, and in |. 32 the total of the swpyria is only obtained by subtraction from the total for the toparchy, in which *A, though not clear, is a much more suitable reading than any other figure ; cf. int, 27. Baow\( ) was previously unknown. 32. Cf. 1, 23, n., and int. 33. The village: was perhaps Ifavevei or Tereuov(mos) or 3|<pvdews, which were all in the Western toparchy ; cf. 1285. 70-83. 42. ’Avrin(épa) Heda: this village, facing MéAa (1. 40), is known only from the present passage and 1687. 33, where it seems to be called *Avrim(€pa) simply ; cf. n. 43. "E\pé: p could be read in place of ¢. ’E| depends on’E in 1. 45, where the reading is very uncertain. 46. The village lost may well be Saripov: cf. 1. 57. Zap jar dppovos) could be read here and in Il. 52 and 54 and identified with Sapamapp|o|vols| in 1. 57. 54. The toparchy to which Tuxuvex(ars) (cf. 280. 8 and 290. 6, where 1. Tux(w)ve- xa(rwos)) belonged was not known previously. 55- SpoweyoBews: this village is known only from this passage and 1747. 37. In 1285. 96 O[polwedyoBO(ews) is not very suitable. The first letter there may well be 0, 63. Ilak . . .[. seems to be different from Hov[y?|e in 1285. 105, where, though. 1659. ACCOUNT OF CROWN.-.TAX 113 a can be substituted for 0, v is clear, while here the third letter is much more probably x than v. Taxépen is unsuitable, being in the Eastern toparchy (1285. 89). 66. "Iorplolv ém(orxiov) : elsewhere, e. g. in 1285. 108, “Iorpov is treated as a xopy. 68. Nop(ov) ém(orxiov): cf. 1285. tor. Nopoypd(pov) éroixov (1747. 69) is probably different. 70. [Taalumires: cf. 1747. 40, where the reading is clear, and 1285. 117, where |. Taap- mire. for Tadonire. This village must be distinguished from Tayreri or Taymcrei, which was in the Eastern toparchy (612). 71. [.|..[.].@: the penultimate letter can be p, but the other vestiges do not well suit [N]ep[élpo(v) (cf. 1285. 112), and the final is not appreciably above the line. 72. leew: cf. 1. 82 and 1288. 6. 74. TéBa: cf. 1.79. This village is new. In both places the third letter seems to be B, not x, and we conjecture that Té8a, not Téxa, is also to be read in P.S. I. 2rg. 4. 87. "Amod(Admos): *Amod(wapis) (cf. 1. 118) is possible, but not very likely, since the toparchies are different. 86-98. The six villages in the Thmoisepho toparchy here mentioned are identical with those in 1285. 122-7. 103. This line, which is written somewhat smaller than usual, perhaps refers to the 80 dr. vopod in|]. 120. Like ll. 122~3, it is enclosed in brackets, and the 80 dr. are ignored in the total in 1. rrr. [8:|a r(dv) [ar]d Movy. is suggested by |. 128; but though 7(ay) is possible, the preceding letter is not [&|a or 4a], and in ll. 122-3 there is no 8a ray before aré with village-names. Villages in the Lower toparchy called Movywapve (1285. 137, n.) and Movxwrddn (1529. 10, 1747. 55) are known, and presumably one of these is meant. Movx(ews) is possible, but somewhat less appropriate; cf. 1674. 18, n. Ke|opovx(ews) could also be read here, but is in a different toparchy (]. 90). ¢m(o:xiov) is rendered probable by Il. 66 and 68; but émoikov Kadn(ovpviou?) was not known previously. With cod Aurdvz[os cf, Il. 123-4 dd Swa(pd) wod(irixdv) Ac(pOeioa ?), where too the sum seems to be 40 drachmae, though in both places the reading » depends mainly upon the arithmetic. god is likely to be the strategus ; cf. int. 104. [Zove|ws, which is just the right length, is restored from 1285. 140. 118. TajAjao: the vestiges are very slight and uncertain, but cf. |, ros and 1285. 131. 120. voyod: cf, ll. 9, 103, nn. 121. dva(Aoyov): cf. 870 1d avadoyor ris broo|xécews, P. Brit. Mus, 131 recto. 69 mpos avaX. tov pnvés, Amh. 85. 18, 86. 14, Flor. 383. 8, Ryl. 99. 7. For the omission of 4 obol in the second total cf. 1. 130, n. 122. |(8p.)] 05: the writer in subtracting 4 ob. 1 chal. from 3% ob. 3 chal. ignores strict arithmetic, and has 206 dr. instead of 205 dr. 54 ob. 2 chal.; cf. 1. 130, n. and int. mapadox(4) : ‘abatement’, not ‘receipt’; cf. mapadoxiy yevéerba rev Saravav in B.G. U, 136. Ig, and 571. 11 mapadox(js) aBpdxov. mpods mapadoyny in P. Brit. Mus. 1157 has the other sense. 123. 'Evreiews: Cf.1.15,n. moA(crex@v) = pntpowoA(irex@r) ; cf. 1419. 2, pn, For Sevén(ra) cf. 1. 67, and for Swa(pv) 1. 102. 124. A(POcioa?): cf 1. 103, n. 125. "I8t@(vos)..( ): in the second word the letter above the line has a loop at the top, suggesting A, so that: Xvo(ews) (cf. 1637. 27, n.), Pew(merd ...) (P. Flor. 344. 2), Ter(capdei) (Brit. Mus. 1880), Yeo(vpBabews) (Brit. Mus. 1765. 8), Mar(exripews) (Flor. 17. 8), Tav(ovmews) (Flor. 50. 55), Tar(kéApews) (Flor. 50. 30), Te@(ros) (Leipz. 9g. i. 28) are all unsuitable. This Ibion is likely to have been in the most northern toparchy of the I 114 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI Hermopolite nome, i.e. Uareuirns xétro or Tack (cf. int.), near the boundary of the Oxyrhynchite Upper toparchy, in which Sinkepha (I. 128 ; cf. 1. 13) was situated, Acov(doros) im(npérns) may have been mentioned in ll. 10-31, but is probably different from Acovicws in ll. 40 and 63; cf. 1. 87, n. 130. The total of the pymatoy in 1. 121 added to the sum in ]. 129 is 4 obol less than the total given here. Probably this 4 obol was written originally at the end of |. 121, but obliterated when the writer added x(aA.) a there; cf. 1. 121, crit. n. 1660. ACCOUNT OF TAXES IN KIND. 15 X 12-4 cm. Fourth century. This fragment of a fourth-century taxing-account, containing 12 nearly complete lines from the top of a column with the ends of 3 lines of the preceding column, gives totals of corn, wine, and meat supplied, probably by a village or district in the Oxyrhynchite nome, to Alexandria (which here has an unusual alternative name; cf. l. 2,n.) in accordance with the ‘second delegatio’. This technical term is well known in connexion with the schedules of taxation issued annually by the praefects (cf. Gelzer, Byz. Verwaltung 39-41): the ‘ second delegatio’, which is novel, was evidently an extraordinary levy, supplementary to the first, the corn being stated to be ‘on account of the surplus (exuberantia) of the land-owners’. The distinction between xaveéy and mpdc0(eua) (= superindictum) in P. Brit. Mus. 99 (i. 158), which is approximately con- temporary with 1660, is similar. Another example of a Latin technical term in Greek letters occurs in l. 8. The papyrus was subsequently used as material for various trials of penman- ship. In the margin of the two columns on the recto is in a large hand 1 —| kat EvAdytos cat Tlatdos *— tle ypdwavts cal t@ TlavAivw. On the verso, besides umartelas Tis mpox(eyevns), &c., in cursive, are scrawled a few letters from the ends of 10 lines of a Christian prayer of some kind, the contractions Ks and 6s occurring. Col. ii. dud te THs B’ Sndnyariovos ExedeboOnoav meupOjvat els thv AdeEdvdpeav row Aleovrdémodw gitov amd Adyou é£ovBep(avrias) Krnrop(wv) (4prdBat) |[...., ai dmooradeioat pn(vi) Oa. . dia AdvpnrAiov ? 5 ‘EHpakxdjov émipednrod. [ : oivou E(Eorat) [...., olTws* 1660. ACCOUNT OF TAXES IN KIND 115 kTnrop(wv) E(€orat) “Bpw8, 3 ovévd(urov ?) g(éorat) [... ., of dmooradévres pn(vi) Meofop?) .. did Aipndtov ? 10 ©‘Apmoxpariwvos émiped(nTOd). Kpéws [Adrpat)...., ai ajmlocradeioa pn(vi) Mecopr .. dia Avpnariou ? 2. fro Afeovrdrohkw: cf. Steph. Byz. s.v. "AdeEavdpeca, éKr7On 3€ “Paxaris Kal Papos Kai Acovrdmodts Sia 7d Thy ris "Ohvpmddos yaorépa eodpayicba déovros eixdu. ‘This alternative name of Alexandria does not seem to have occurred previously in papyri. 3. e€ovBep(avrias): the lexica give only Aulus Gellius as the authority for this word. 8. & obévd(crov?): how odevd( ) is to be resolved is not clear, but some form of the passive of vendo is meant. 6 is unsatisfactory: és or of would be expected. This wine seems to be parallel to ciros dyopaorés or cvvayopactids, i. e. corn bought by the government by forced sales; cf. frumentum venalicium in Cod. Theod. vi. 26. 14, Wilcken, Chr. 359 sqq.; Rostowzew in Pauly-Wissowa, Realenc. vii. 166-9. IV. OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE 1661. LETTER TO A DIOECETES. II-3 X96 cm. A.D. 746 A short letter to Heraclides, a dioecetes, stating that a certain Harpaésis was a tmoyéwpyos and appointed as such by the writer for the current year, the 7th of Vespasian. The term imoyéwpyos is new, and seems to have in regard to State land (which is probably meant) much the same sense as izopc bers ‘ sub-lessee’ (cf. e.g. B. G. U. 1047. iv. 5, 17), Themistocles (1. 5) being apparently the original lessee. Heraclides was evidently not the high finance-official at Alexandria, and that he was the administrator of a private estate is unlikely. Probably he was a subordinate local dioecetes similar to the dioecetae who are known in the reign of Augustus from 291 and P. Tebt. 408-9, and were no doubt a survival from Ptolemaic times (cf. Druffel, Archiv vi. 30). The continuance of these local dioecetae as late as the reign of Vespasian is interesting. The writer of the letter was probably a minor official, e.g. a comogrammateus (cf. |. 6, n.) or toparch, rather than a BaowArkds yewpyds. ApOoavis ‘Hpaxreldne 7 Sdtor- Kn[tH\e xalpewv. ‘Apmators (Ilam\ovr@ros 6 Kopifav vo 12 116 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI Tiv emioToAnyv éotly w1ro0- 5 yéwopyos Oepuicrokdéous, Kall) da omdpou ¢ (€rovs) mold avrov dmoyéwpyov. Eppwco. (€rouvs) ¢ Avroxpdéropos Kaicapos Ovecraciavod SeBacrod pnvos 10 Néov SeBacrod tc. On the verso ‘“Hpaxdcidne dtotxn(77). ‘Harthoénis to Heraclides the dioecetes, greeting. Harpaésis son of Papontos, the bearer of this letter, is the sub-lessee of Themistocles, and by the list of crops of the 7th year I make him a sub-lessee. Good-bye. The 7th year of the Emperor Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, 16th of the month Neus Sebastus. (Addressed) To Heraclides, dioecetes.’ 4-5. tmoyéwpyos SepiorokAcovs: Rostowzew suggests that «Anpou is to be supplied, the reign of Vespasian being a period of large confiscations by the government. But Ocpurokdjs was a fairly common name at this period at Oxyrhynchus (cf. 378, 375, 3'77), and the name of the yewpyds is rather expected to occur. That Harthodnis was himself the yeapyds is unlikely ; the general style of the letter suggests that he was the equal or superior of Heraclides (cf. int.), and if ll. 6-7 meant that Harthodnis appointed Harpaésis as his own imoyewpyos, eis omdpov, not dua ordpov, would be expected. 6. ondpov: for the meaning ‘report on crops’ cf. P. Tebt. 24. 42 rov émdedopevor tr’ aitav ondpov, 52 Tov emixeadaiov ondpov emiddvres. A document like P, Tebt. 61-72 (2nd cent. B.c.)or P. Brit. Mus. 604 (47), which were drawn up by comogrammateis, is probably meant; cf. int. 1662. APPOINTMENT OF A DEPUTY-PRYTANIS. 249 cm. A.D. 246. A letter from the prytanis of the senate at Oxyrhynchus to the strategus, requesting him to appoint officially a deputy for the writer during his absence on a deputation, which was proceeding (probably to Alexandria) in order to appeal to the praefect with regard to the taxation of the nome. The person proposed as deputy, who had no doubt been nominated by the writer or the senate, was an irenarch, i.e, the chief of the police of either Oxyrhynchus or the nome rather than of a village ; cf. 80. 7,118.14. Similar letters to a strategus concerning the appointment to liturgical offices are 59 (from the senate through the prytanis) and P. Ryl. 77. 47-52 (from dpxovres). Atpyrws Biwv 6 kai Apupéd- 15 €mloTEAAW Gol, PidrTare, vios yupvaciapxos BovdeuTijs brews pavepov mot7- evapxos mptravs ths ’O€upvy- ons Avpnr\im ‘Iodopw 1662. xitav médrews Adpnr.w 5 Aim 7@ kai Ileprivaxt orpa- THY® Tod adbTov vopmow 7® pirTdt@ yxaipewv. eEiay dua addAos emi Tov AapmpoTtarov uav 10 Hyenova Odadépiov Pippov Evexev mpeoBeil| s |} as mwepl THS émiBrANOeions APPOINTMENT OF A 20 ist h. DEPUTY-PRYTANIS 117 apxtepatevoavT. BovAev- Th «lpnvdpxo diadéga- cOat pe Ta TH mpuTavia dta- pépovra, €or av émavéd- Ow. (and h.) épp@cOai ce ebyopat, pir(rare). (erous) y Avroxpdropos Kalicapos Mépxov ’Iovdéiov Pidlarrofv EvceBois Edrvyois cai Mépxov éemiBoArrs TO tpetépw ‘Ioviiov Didimrov yevvaordziolv “~ ~ “~ ~ o a vou® Tov lepod. adrordkrov, kai éemipaveotdtov Kaioapos SeBacrav ’Ereif xy. 24. tovAtov: sO 3. o€upuy' xiTer. 8. «kia. 14. tepov. 17. ioBwepo. in ]. 26. ‘ Aurelius Bion also called Ammonius, gymnasiarch, senator, and prytanis in office of Oxyrhynchus, to his dearest Aurelius Dius also called Pertinax, strategus of the said nome, greeting. Since I am leaving with others to meet our most illustrious praefect, Valerius Firmus, on a deputation concerning the quota of the Imperial assessment imposed upon our nome, I beg you, dearest friend, to inform Aur. Isidorus, ex-chief-priest, senator, and irenarch, that he is to act as my deputy in the office of prytanis, until I return. I pray for your health, dearest friend.’ Date. ’ 4-5. Aur. Dius is known as strategus in the year preceding that of 1662 from 81. 2 and 1119. 25. 10. (Claudius) Valerius Firmus is known to have been praefect from May 21, 245, to August-September 247; cf. Lesquier, L’armée romaine 517. _ 14. lepod amorakrov : dmérakros Or To anérakrov is common in regard to rent (e. g. 1630. 17; cf. 1187. 13-15, n.), but here it seems to be a general expression for Imperial revenues. - 18-19. In C.P.R. 20. 4 (250) a deputy-prytanis is yupvaccapynoas Bovdeutijs. V. PRIVATE CORRESPONDENCE 1663. LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION. 14°5 X 12-4 cm. Second or third century. An incomplete letter from an assistant in the secretariate of the dioecetes (cf. n. on 1. 15) to a secretary of the strategus of the Oxyrhynchite nome, com- mending to his care one Soter, presumably akinsman. Other letters of this kind are e.g. 32 (Latin), 292, 746, 787, P. Giessen 71 ; cf. 1767. 118 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI TotpBov KrX\éov rar TLYLOTAT@L Yall peltv. nwédvy qoOnv aiKovjoy oe ev TO Oeuvirn lA ‘ 4 s “~. Oidyev Kai cvrvydopat ye [7]O pirw 5 Golv| Kndendvi aya Kai enrilet\ke- s ’ A , ¢€ se \ 4 my ~ OTaT@ Eis TH Tpayparia ealv|rov (a... peva. YwrH- pa dé, €& of z[hlv apopyyv Erxov éemioreiAal olol, maparibewai vor, aded- pe, va opas adbrév os epyvoy z[dlv IO = petKpov Hpa@v adeddov, ov povov dia 7d 700s 7d xpynordv a£tov Tob Tuxelvy GAAA Klal — On the verso Krovi ypapparet orpa(rnyod) ’O[gvpvyyxirov mapa) TotpBwvos BonGod) 3 15 Pdofe(vov) Kabod(tKod) ypa(uparéws) d.orK(nTOod). 6. aand vy ofa... pero corr. ? g. iva, ‘Turbo to the most esteemed Cleon, greeting. 1 was very glad to hear that you are staying in the Thinite nome, and I congratulate you on your dear protector who is good and capable in his affairs... Since I have an opportunity to send to you, I am putting Soter in your charge, brother, in order that you may regard him in the same way as our small brother Serenus, for he deserves to gain this not only on account of his excellent character but also... (Addressed) To Cleon, secretary of the strategus of the Oxyrhynchite nome, from Turbo, assistant of Philoxenus, secretary general of the dioecetes.’ 5. emler\xeorar: cf. e.g. 1218. 5, where there is a similar misspelling. 6. a... perp: the vestiges do not seem to accord with dveimev. -yevouevm, which would rather be expected, is also unsuitable. 15. kabod(txovd) ypa(pparéws): this title seems to be new, and the application of the term xaOoduxds to a subordinate official apparently lacks analogy, but it is in itself unobjectionable. 1664. LETTER TO A GYMNASIARCH. 247+4 X 20-8 cm. Third century, A friendly letter from Philosarapis, sacrificial magistrate (iepomoids) at Antaeopolis, to Apion, gymnasiarch and formerly strategus of the Antaeopolite nome, offering to execute any commissions. To judge from his correspondent’s 1664. LETTER TO A GYMNASIARCH 119 eulogy, Apion was a popular figure. The handwriting is a good specimen of the large upright cursive not seldom found in the official documents of the period. Xaipe, Kvpié pov Ariwv, Pirocdpanis oe mpocayopedw evydpevis oe chferOat mavoiknoia Kal eb didyeyv. drt ob} pobvot apeis peuvipeOd cov adda 5 kai avrot iuadv of mdrpiot Oeoi, Trodro djdov aracw, [[a||raca yap jpav th HrA- kia €év Tois oTépvois oe mepipepel, pe- pynpévn THs ayabhns cov mpoatpée- gews. Tepi Tov amd marpidos got xpEiw- 10 6©«.-d©@v,,._ KU pie prov, émioredd€ prow 70€- ws €xovTL, TaS yap évToAds ov Hdiora €xov os xdpiTtas AjpWopua. mpocayo- petm Tov agioroyétatov yupvaciap- xov ‘Qpiwva. (and h.) épp@cbai ce eyopat, 15 Kbpté frou xpnoTe Kal evyevéotare Ariwv, dia Biov eb Sidyovra ue? dv Hdéas Sidyes. _ On the verso (1st h.) Amiwv yupvacidpyo: orpatnyjoavtt AvratoroXetrov (and h.?) m(apa)| Dirocapdmidos évdépxov 20 ieplorotod ‘AvravovréX(ews). ‘Greeting, my lord Apion, I, Philosarapis, salute you, praying that you may be preserved and prosper with all your household. That not only we but also our ancestral gods themselves hold you in memory is clear to all; for our whole youth carries you in their hearts, remembering your goodwill. Send to me about anything that you need from home, my lord, and it will be a pleasure; for I shall be most pleased to accept your commands as favours. I salute the most estimable gymnasiarch Horion. I pray for your health, my kind and noblest lord Apion, and your lifelong prosperity with those with whom it pleases you to live. (Addressed) To Apion, gymnasiarch and ex-strategus of the Antaeopolite nome, from Philosarapis, sacrificial magistrate in office of Antaeopolis.’ 20. ieplomoov : cf, P. Giessen 66. 13 évapxos ieporows, Otto, Priester und Tempel i. 163, Plaumann, P/olemazs 96, Oertel, Lzturgie 3309. 120 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI 1665. LETTER OF A GYMNASIARCH. 28-6 x 9:2 cm, _ Third century. In this letter Aurelius Sarapion, a gymnasiarch, reminds his ‘ father’ Claudius of a promise to let him have 40 metretae of oil when his turn came to supply oil for the gymnasium (cf. 1. 5, n.), and asks that this promise should now be made good in order that oil borrowed for the occasion from friends might be repaid to them. | Aldphr(tos) lapamiov [Avpynr(ie) 15 ovv, édv ert mapa ceavTd Kar{[ Sie] rat mar[pi moda Xplfjov exns, djrAwoov 7 7O xalpetv. vid gov 7 @ éav ad Bod- KaOos kal mapor[r co Kar dy An tobrovs po év TdyeL 5 ntnodpunv eis as péddo xpl- mapala|xeiv, mpods 7d Kape lv npépas €Aatov peTpynTas 20 anlo|\katacThiaat Tois edypn- TeaoapaKovTa, ods Kai kad’ iy aTnocact po. didows, Ths TI Exes mpds eue ayabhv mpoai- pens e€avris peraBaddo- peow vmécy[o, viv ody Ths pévns bm éuod @ édv So- 10 xpelas pe KaterrerEdons kydons. GAlr’'] dpa pr apedr- got Oappav Ecyov mapa pitov — 25 ons, pr Odgw diaBddrAev €v xXphoe TodS peTpyTas Tods avOparovs. (2nd h.) éppacbai Tecoapdkovta émi TH avrovs ge eUxopat Kata vod{v) didyor'ra’. amokatacTnoca.. avaykaios On the verso (1st h.) Adpn|A(f@) KAavdior (apa) Avpnr(lov) Yapamiwvos yup(vacidpyxov). 4. l. mapévra oe, II. pada. 22. peraBad’dopevns. 25. @ Of pn corr.
| 7,165 |
https://github.com/mr-c/LightZone/blob/master/lightcrafts/src/com/lightcrafts/ui/operation/zone/ZoneModelEvent.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,022 |
LightZone
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mr-c
|
Java
|
Code
| 31 | 89 |
/* Copyright (C) 2005-2011 Fabio Riccardi */
package com.lightcrafts.ui.operation.zone;
public class ZoneModelEvent {
private ZoneModel source;
ZoneModelEvent(ZoneModel source) {
this.source = source;
}
public ZoneModel getSource() {
return source;
}
}
| 36,616 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5448208
|
Wikidata
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Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Fijit Friends
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None
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Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 84 | 382 |
Fijit Friends
toy line by Mattel
Fijit Friends official website https://corporate.mattel.com/brand-portfolio/fijit-friends, language of work or name English
Fijit Friends Freebase ID /m/0nfvy93
Fijit Friends instance of brand
Fijit Friends subclass of toy
Fijit Friends country United States of America
Fijit Friends owned by Mattel
Fijit Friends inception 2011
Fijit Friends logo image Fijit friends logo.png
おしゃべりトモダチ・フィジット
おしゃべりトモダチ・フィジット 公式ウェブサイト https://corporate.mattel.com/brand-portfolio/fijit-friends, 作品または名前の言語 英語
おしゃべりトモダチ・フィジット Freebase識別子 /m/0nfvy93
おしゃべりトモダチ・フィジット 分類 ブランド
おしゃべりトモダチ・フィジット 上位クラス 玩具
おしゃべりトモダチ・フィジット 国 アメリカ合衆国
おしゃべりトモダチ・フィジット 所有者 マテル
おしゃべりトモダチ・フィジット 成立日 2011
おしゃべりトモダチ・フィジット ロゴ画像 Fijit friends logo.png
| 14,851 |
US-201514861495-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,015 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 5,523 | 6,568 |
Manufacturing method of printing circuit board with micro-radiators
ABSTRACT
A method of manufacturing a printed circuit board includes providing a substrate having at least one resin plate and a semi-cured sheet. A through hole is formed in the substrate to accommodate a radiator having an electrically conductive layer and an electrically insulated layer. The substrate and radiator are heat pressed to fully cure the epoxy and couple the substrate and radiator together. The excess resin is removed and electrically conductive layers are plated on the board. Surface circuits and a heat dissipating pattern are then etched into the conductive layer. An LED is attached to the printed circuit board. In some embodiments, a flexible segment is formed by removing a portion of the substrate. The radiator can have an electrically insulated layer extending at least partially across a surface of an electrically insulated and thermally conductive core.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/514,999, filed on Sep. 14, 2012, which application is a national phase entry under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/CN11/70051 filed Jan. 6, 2011, which claims priority from CN 201010604353.4 filed Dec. 24, 2010, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are an important element in the electronics industry. PCBs are used as mechanical support elements for electronic components, and realize electrical connection among the electronic components. In addition, graphics and numbers of the components can be printed on the PCBs, it is convenient for furnishing, checking or maintaining the components. PCBs are used in almost every electronic device, such as an electronic watch, calculator, computer, communication electronics device, military weapon systems, etc.
LED devices are often attached to PCBs and typically release a large quantity of heat during their operation. It is necessary for a PCB coupled to an LED device to have good heat dissipation properties.
CN Application No. 201180037321.3, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0180062, and others disclose printed circuit boards having a ceramic radiator. The ceramic radiators described therein can export the heat produced by a heating element but heat expansion coefficient of the radiator is significantly different from that of the resin layer that functions as the insulating carrier of the printed circuit board. Therefore, a need exists for an improved PCB design.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A PCB according to one aspect of the disclosure includes a radiator, a substrate, a plurality of electrode bonding pads formed on the top surface of the PCB, a plurality of terminals on the bottom surface of the PCB and electrically connected to the electrode bonding pads, and a heat dissipater on the bottom surface coupled to the radiator and the substrate.
A flexible PCB can also include a second printed circuit board having a top surface and a bottom surface, a radiator, a substrate, a plurality of electrode bonding pads on the top surface, a plurality of terminals on the bottom surface each electrically connected to at least one of the plurality of electrode bonding pads, and a heat dissipater on the bottom surface coupled to the radiator and the substrate and the PCBs can be linked by a flexible member between the top and bottom surfaces of each of the PCBs. The PCBS may be separated by a distance but remain linked to one another by the flexible member. The substrate may include a semi-cured sheet between a plurality of resin plates.
A method of manufacturing a flexible PCB according to one aspect of the disclosure may include providing a plurality of radiators each having an electrically conductive layer and an electrically insulated core. The method may also include providing a substrate including a plurality of through holes and a flexible member, inserting the plurality of radiators in the plurality of through holes, and heat pressing the substrate and radiators to secure the substrate and radiators to each other. The method may further include depositing an electrically conductive layer on the substrate and radiators and removing a portion of the substrate between the radiators to create a flexible region.
The method could include coupling a resin plate having a plurality of through holes extending therethrough and a plurality of recesses extending partially through the resin plate to a semi-cured sheet having a plurality of through holes and a clearance hole, and to a flexible member together such that the plurality of through holes align and each of the plurality of recesses align with an edge of the clearance hole. Excess resin may be removed from a surface of the flexible PCB. An electrically conductive layer could be formed on a surface of the flexible PCB and etched to form a plurality of electrode bonding pads and a heat conducting pad according to one method of the disclosure. The method could also include forming a second electrically conductive layer on a second surface of the flexible PCB and etching the second electrically conductive layer to form a plurality of terminals and a heat dissipating pattern which covers at least a portion of one of the plurality of radiators and the substrate. An LED may be coupled to the flexible PCB.
One aspect of the disclosure describes a method of manufacturing a PCB including forming a first electrically conductive layer on a surface of an electrically insulated core and etching a region of the first conductive layer to expose the insulated core. The insulated core can then be cut along the etched region to create a radiator which may have a portion of the insulated core remaining exposed after cutting. The method of manufacture can also include providing a substrate having a through hole, inserting the radiator into the through hole, heat pressing the radiator and the substrate, forming a second electrically conductive layer on a surface of the radiator and substrate, and etching the second electrically conductive layer to create a plurality of electrode bonding pads and a heat conducting pad.
The method may also include forming a third electrically conductive layer on a second surface of the radiator and substrate and etching the third conductive layer to form a plurality of terminals and a heat dissipating pattern. The substrate may include a semi-cured sheet and a resin plate having a fourth conductive layer and a fifth conductive layer, the fourth conductive layer having a circuit pattern and providing the substrate may include coupling the fourth conductive layer to the semi-cured conductive sheet such that the circuit pattern is internally contained within the substrate. An LED may be coupled to the plurality of electrode bonding pads.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A more complete appreciation of the subject matter of the present invention and the various advantages thereof can be realized by reference to the following detailed description, in which reference is made to the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of a radiator in accordance with one embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of a resin plate in accordance with one embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view of a semi-cured sheet in accordance with one embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a PCB in accordance with one embodiment of the current invention including the radiator of FIG. 1A, the resin plate of FIG. 1B, and the semi-cured sheet of FIG. 1C.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of FIG. 2 with excess resin.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of FIG. 3 with the excess resin removed.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of FIG. 4 with through holes formed therein.
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of FIG. 5 with a conductive layer formed thereon.
FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of FIG. 6 with surface circuits formed on the conductive layers in accordance with one embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 7B is a top view of the PCB of FIG. 7A.
FIG. 7C is a bottom view of the PCB of FIG. 7A.
FIG. 7D is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of FIG. 7A with an LED attached thereto.
FIG. 7E is a top view of a through hole in the PCB of FIG. 7A.
FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of FIG. 6 with surface circuits formed on the conductive layers in accordance with another embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of FIG. 8A with LEDs attached thereto.
FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of FIG. 6 with surface circuits formed on the conductive layers in accordance with yet another embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of FIG. 9B with an LED attached thereto.
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a radiator in accordance with another embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a PCB in accordance with another embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a resin plate in accordance with yet another embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a PCB in accordance with another embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of FIG. 14 with portions of the resin plate removed.
FIG. 15 is flow chart illustrating one method of manufacturing a PCB in accordance with the current invention.
FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of FIG. 2 between a heat pressing plate in accordance with one embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of FIG. 2 between of a heat pressing plate in accordance with another embodiment of the current invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A method of manufacturing a PCB according to one embodiment of the invention includes preparing a thermally conductive and electrically insulative radiator as depicted in step 132 of FIG. 15. The preparation includes coating the radiator 10 with an electrically conductive layer 111 on one or both of the top and bottom surfaces as shown in FIG. 1A. An electrically conductive layer, as used throughout the specification, may be copper, gold, or any other electrically conductive material. The thermally conductive and electrically insulative radiator 10 may include a core 118 made from a ceramic, such as aluminum oxide ceramics, aluminum nitride ceramics, silicon carbide ceramics, etc. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1A, an aluminum oxide ceramic plate 112 coated with copper on both surfaces is cut by means of mechanical or laser cutting to obtain a thermally conductive and electrically insulative radiator 10 with an electrically conductive layer 111 coated on both the top and bottom surfaces. The conductive layer 111 extends completely across the top and bottom surfaces to the edges thereof which can help reduce thermal stress on the radiator and prevent separation between the radiator and the dielectric layer.
The method of manufacture described in FIG. 15 includes providing an organic resin plate having a first through hole 134. As shown in FIG. 1B, the organic resin plate 20 is coated with an electrically conductive layer 221, 222. The organic resin plate 20 has a first through hole 211 configured to receive the radiator 10. The resin plate 20 can be epoxy, fiber reinforced epoxy, FR4, etc. Although the organic resin plate shown in FIG. 1B is coated with an electrically conductive layer on both sides, it is also possible to have the coating on a single side as desired. In FIG. 1B, a double-sided FR4 copper coated plate 20 is provided, which comprises a dielectric layer 21 with electrically conductive layers 221 and 222. The first through hole 211 is prepared by means of mechanical or laser drilling. The electrically conductive layer 221 is an electrically conductive layer with no circuit pattern processed on its surface. In one embodiment, the electrically conductive layer 221 has a thickness equal to that of the electrically conductive layer 111 which may be about 10 Z. The other electrically conductive layer 222 is an electrically conductive layer with a circuit pattern (not shown) processed thereon according to methods known in the art (e.g. etching).
The method of FIG. 15 includes providing a semi-cured sheet having a second through hole in step 136. The PCB according to one embodiment of the invention includes the semi-cured sheet 30 (e.g. prepeg) having a second through hole 31 as best seen in FIG. 1C. The second through hole 31 desirably has dimensions similar to that of the first through hole 211 in the resin plate 20 to receive the radiator 10. In one embodiment, the second through hole 31 can prepared by means of mechanical or laser drilling on the semi-cured sheet 30. In other embodiments, the semi-cured sheet can be manufactured (in a mold, etc.) as already having the second through hole formed therein. The semi-cured sheet 30 can include epoxy which has not been fully cured. The relationship of the through holes and the radiator is depicted in FIG. 7E. The radiator 10 has a first length and width which may or may not be equal. The first through hole 211 is larger than the radiator by a first offset 55 to allow the radiator to be positioned within the dielectric layer 21. The second through hole 31 is shown as larger than the first through hole by a second offset 53. The first offset distance 55 is preferably between 0.1 and 0.2 mm and more preferably between 0.14 and 0.16 mm. The second offset 53 distance is preferably between 0.05 and 0.15 mm and more preferably between 0.09 and 0.11 mm.
FIG. 15 describes a method of manufacture which includes stacking the resin plate and the semi-cured sheet, making them relatively fixed, and placing the radiator in the corresponding through holes 138. FIG. 2 depicts a resin plate 20 on each side of the semi-cured sheet 30. The first and second through holes 211, 31 are aligned and the resin plates 20 and semi-cured sheet 30 are temporarily or permanently bonded together (via bonding, gluing, welding, clamping, using connectors, etc.). The method further includes placing the radiator 10 inside the through holes to create a laminated PCB 224. As shown in FIG. 2, the electrically conductive layer 222 having the circuit pattern is positioned adjacent the semi-cured sheet 30 and is thus disposed inside the printed circuit board. In other words, all internal circuits of the PCB have been prepared prior to this step.
The method of FIG. 15 includes performing heat pressing on the laminated PCB 224 in step 140. Heat pressing includes applying pressure on opposite surfaces of the laminated PCB 224 while simultaneously heating the laminated PCB 224. The thickness of the laminated PCB 224 decreases under the action of the pressure, such that the surfaces of the electrically conductive layers 111 and 221 are substantially flush or nearly so. It is believed that heating the laminated PCB 224 allows the uncured epoxy in the semi-cured sheet 30 to fill the gap 226 (shown in FIG. 2) between the radiator 10 and the resin plates 20 and flow to the surfaces of the electrically conductive layers 111 and 221. The flowability of prepeg is positively related to its epoxy content. In some embodiments, the epoxy content of the prepeg disposed adjacent the resin plates can be about 60-75 wt %, and more preferably, 65-70 wt %. The relatively high flowability can help the prepeg to substantially or completely fill the gap 226. The radiator 10 and the plates 20 are fixedly connected as shown in FIG. 3 as a result of the heat pressing.
FIG. 16 illustrates one embodiment of a device which can be used in the heat pressing step. The device includes release film 2 is coupled to a flexible firm layer 1 (e.g. metal, plastic, Copper, Aluminum) having a thickness of about 0.05-0.3 mm. The film 2 and flexible firm layer 1 are disposed on both sides of the laminated PCB 224 with the release film 2 adjacent the PCB. The flexible firm layer 1 can improve the flatness of the laminated PCB 224 during the heat pressing such that the first electrically conductive layer 221 is co-planar with the electrically conductive layer 111 on the surface of the radiator 10 after the heat pressing step as shown in FIG. 2.
Excess resin 38 may flow to the plate surface during the heating step as shown in FIG. 3. Therefore, the method includes removing the cured resin 38 that overflows to the plate surface as described in step 142 of FIG. 15. In one embodiment, this can be achieved by grinding the cured resin 38 which is typically performed on the electrically conductive layers 111 and 221 at the same time. The grinding process can also help ensure that the surfaces of the cured resin 38 and the electrically conductive layers 111 and 221 are substantially flush, or nearly so, as shown in FIG. 4. In other embodiments, the cured resin could be removed by other methods (e.g. chemically).
Through holes 51 are drilled through the laminated PCB 224 as part of the manufacturing process as described in step 144 of FIG. 15. The through holes 51 shown in FIG. 5 provide a path through which an electric connection can be established among all electrically conductive layers, as explained below.
FIG. 15 describes a method which includes plating the board with an electrically conductive layer as shown in FIG. 6. The electrically conductive layer 611 is formed on the surfaces of the cured resin 38 as well as the electrically conductive layers 111 and 221. An electrically conductive layer 612 is also formed on the internal wall of the through holes 51. In one embodiment, the electrically conductive layers 611, 612 can be initially formed by chemical disposition of a base layer of copper. Electroplating can then be used to deposit additional copper onto the base layer. Of course, other conductive materials can be used in place of copper as previously discussed. The present invention is not intended to be limited to this process for creating the electrically conductive layer and any method of creating an electrically conductive layer known in the art may be used.
Surface circuits are fabricated in step 148 of FIG. 15. The circuits are fabricated on the laminated PCB 224 as shown in FIGS. 7A-C. Typically, a pattern etching method (pattern processing) is used for fabricating surface circuits, which forms corresponding electrically conductive patterns on the top and bottom surfaces of the printed circuit board 224. As shown in FIGS. 7A-C, pattern processing is performed on the electrically conductive layers 111, 221 and 611 on the top surface of the PCB to obtain a positive electrode bonding pad 71, a negative electrode bonding pad 72, and a heat conducting bonding pad 73. The bonding pads 71, 72, 73 all extend through the electrically conductive layers 221 and 611 to the surfaces of the radiator 10 and the dielectric layer 21 of the resin plate 20. Pattern processing is also performed on the electrically conductive layers on the bottom surface of the PCB to obtain a first terminal 81, a second terminal 82 and a heat dissipating pattern 83. The etching separating the heat dissipating pattern 83 from the first and second terminals 81, 82 extends to the surfaces of the radiator 10 and the dielectric layer 21.
The method includes coupling an LED to the PCB in step 149 of FIG. 15. As shown in FIG. 7D, the LED device comprises a positive electrode 91, a negative electrode 92, and a heat sink 93. The positive electrode 91, negative electrode 92, and heat sink 93 are coupled (e.g. via welding, epoxy) to the positive electrode bonding pad 71, negative electrode bonding pad 72, and the heat conducting bonding pad 73, respectively, thereby creating the LED module. Heat generated by the LED device can be dissipated through the heat conducting bonding pad 73, the radiator 10 and the heat dissipating pattern 83.
The method may further include coupling an LED drive circuit or control circuit element (not shown) to the bottom surface or top surface of the PCB. Such circuits may include driver, dimmer, voltage control, current control, color control, temperature protection circuits, etc. The method may also include the corresponding steps of arranging or forming such circuits on the PCB.
FIG. 8A illustrates another embodiment of a PCB 801. Some aspects of PCB 801 and its methods of manufacture are similar to that depicted in FIGS. 1-7D, and only the differences between the this embodiment and that previously described are discussed. The PCB 801 of FIGS. 8A-8B is depicted having a different electrically conductive pattern on the top surface compared to PCB 224. The pattern processing can be performed as previously described but the heat conducting bonding pad is omitted. Instead, multiple positive electrode bonding pads 71 and negative electrode bonding pads 72 are created. At least one of the positive electrode bonding pads 71 and the negative electrode bonding pads 72 extends to the surfaces of the radiator 10 and the dielectric layer 21. The positive electrodes and the negative electrodes of the LED devices may be coupled to the positive electrode bonding pads 71 and the negative electrode bonding pads 72, respectively, thereby obtaining the LED module. having multiple LEDs.
In other words, PCB 224 (FIG. 7D) is applicable for a LED device having three pins/electrodes, and PCB 801 (FIG. 8B) is applicable for a LED device having two pins/electrodes (e.g. a flip-chip LED chip).
In addition, the PCB in some or all embodiments of the present application are particularly applicable for LED devices mounted or encapsulated with a silicon substrate/chip. This is because silicon and ceramics have relatively similar heat expansion coefficients, and therefore, can avoid or reduce various structural and heat dissipation drawbacks as a result of the mismatch in heat expansion coefficients between an LED device and a printed circuit board. Thus, the product created according to the methods described herein has increased stability compared to previously known methods.
Another embodiment of a PCB is shown in FIGS. 9A-9B. The electrically conductive pattern on the bottom surface of PCB 901 omits the heat dissipating pattern previously described. Instead, pattern processing is performed on the electrically conductive layers 111, 221 and 611 on the bottom surface of the PCB to obtain a first terminal 81 and a second terminal 82, wherein the first terminal 81 and the second terminal 82 extend to the surfaces of the radiator 10 and the dielectric layer 21.
The conductive layer 111 of the radiator 10 can be etched prior to cutting the plate 112 as shown in FIG. 10. The etching forms a clearance 126 between the edge of the radiator and the electrically conductive layer 111. Performing the etching step during preparation of the radiator also eliminates the formation of any burrs from the electrically conductive layer associated with a mechanical cutting process, thereby improving production efficiency.
FIG. 11 illustrates a PCB 1001 having a radiator 10 and resin plate which are each formed without the electrically conductive layers 111, 221, 222 as described in previous embodiments. Instead, the dielectric layer 21 of the resin plate is coupled directly to the semi-cured sheet 30. The electrically conductive layer 611 is formed on the outer surface of the dielectric layers in accordance with the method previously described.
Another embodiment of a PCB is shown in FIGS. 12-14 that combines both flexible and rigid parts. As shown in FIG. 13, the PCB 1020 includes a flexible circuit board 40 positioned between first and second semi-cured sheets 30. The flexible circuit board 40 has a third through hole which aligns with the first and second through holes in the resin plate and semi-cured sheet, respectively. The surface of the flexible circuit board 40 corresponding to the flexible portion 43 of the PCB 1020 is provided with a protective film (not shown).
Recesses 212 are formed in the resin plate 220 which form the boundaries of the flexible region of the PCB 1020 (e.g. by mechanical or laser cutting) as shown in FIG. 12. The recesses are typically formed during manufacture of the resin plate but could also be cut after the PCB is assembled. The resin plate 220 also includes a plurality of first through holes 211 to accommodate a plurality of radiators 10. A clearance hole in the semi-cured sheet 30 corresponding to the desired flexible portion 43 of the PCB 1020 is created prior to assembling the PCB.
The area corresponding to the desired flexible portion between the clearance holes in the semi cured sheet 30 is larger than the final flexible portion 43 to prevent or reduce epoxy flowing to the flexible portion 43. The prepeg adjacent the flexible circuit board can have less flowability than that of the prepeg adjacent the resin plates. For example, the epoxy content of the prepeg adjacent the flexible circuit board can be about 40-55 wt %, and more preferably, about 45-50 wt %. The relatively low flowability helps the prepeg to fill the gap 226 with reduced, or no prepeg flowing to the surface of the flexible portion 43.
As shown in FIG. 14, the part of the rigid PCB corresponding to the flexible portion 43 is removed by means of mechanical or laser cutting. The resulting PCB 1020 has a first rigid portion 1022 and a second rigid portion 1024 with a flexible portion 43 separating the two. The first and second rigid portions 1022, 1024 a connected to one another by the flexible circuit board 40. The flexible PCB 1020 can have surface circuits formed thereon as previously described and an LED attached thereto.
Another embodiment of a device which can be used in during the heat pressing step is illustrated in FIG. 17. In this embodiment, an elastomeric material layer 3 is further disposed at the outside of rigid layer 1. The elastomeric layer 3 may be a silicone rubber or similar material.
Another embodiment of the PCB may include one or more layers of flexible PCB and one or more layers of rigid PCB. Different prepegs can be used in such an embodiment. For example, prepeg adjacent the flexible PCB can have a lower flowability than that of the prepeg disposed adjacent the organic resin plates.
Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
The invention claimed is:
1. An object comprising a printed circuit board having a top surface and a bottom surface, the printed circuit board comprising: a radiator having an electrically insulated core and first electrically conductive layers formed on the top and bottom surfaces of the electrically insulated core; a substrate having second electrically conductive layers formed on the top and bottom surfaces thereof, the second electrically conductive layer being separated from the first electrically conductive layer, wherein the first electrically conductive layer formed on the top surface of the electrically insulated core includes at least two portions separated from one another, and wherein the second electrically conductive layer formed on the top surface of the substrate includes at least two portions separated from one another; a plurality of electrode bonding pads on the top surface of the printed circuit board; wherein the electrode bonding pads comprises: one third electrically conductive layer directly contacting a surface of one portion of the second electrically conductive layer on the top surface of the substrate and extending from the contacted surface of the one portion of the second electrically conductive layer to a surface of one portion of the first electrically conductive layer on the top surface of the electrically insulated core; and another separate third electrically conductive layer directly contacting a surface of another portion of the second electrically conductive layer on the top surface of the substrate and extending from the contacted surface of the other portion of the second electrically conductive layer to a surface of another portion of the first electrically conductive layer on the top surface of the electrically insulated core; and a fourth electrically conductive layer on the bottom surface of the printed circuit board, wherein the fourth electrically conductive layer extends from a surface of the second electrically conductive layer on the bottom surface of the substrate to a surface of the first electrically conductive layer on the bottom surface of the electrically insulated core.
2. The object of claim 1, further comprising: a second printed circuit board having a top surface and a bottom surface, a radiator, a substrate, a plurality of electrode bonding pads on the top surface, a plurality of terminals on the bottom surface each electrically connected to at least one of the plurality of electrode bonding pads, and a heat dissipater on the bottom surface coupled to the radiator and the substrate; and a flexible member between the top and bottom surfaces of each of the printed circuit boards, the flexible member linking the printed circuit boards.
3. The object of claim 2, wherein the printed circuit boards are separated from each other by a distance and linked by the flexible member.
4. The object of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a semi-cured sheet between a plurality of resin plates.
5. The object of claim 1, further comprising an LED coupled to the plurality of electrode bonding pads.
6. The object of claim 1, comprising a plurality of terminals on the bottom surface, each electrically connected to at least one of the plurality of electrode bonding pads.
7. The object of claim 1, comprising a heat dissipater on the bottom surface coupled to the radiator and the substrate.
8. A method of manufacturing a printed circuit board comprising: forming first electrically conductive layers on the top and bottom surfaces of an electrically insulated core; cutting the electrically insulated core, thereby creating a radiator; providing a substrate having a through hole and second electrically conductive layers formed on the top and bottom surfaces thereof; inserting the radiator into the through hole; heat pressing the radiator and substrate; forming a plurality of third electrically conductive layers on the top surface of the printed circuit board and a fourth electrically conductive layer on the bottom surface of the printed circuit board, wherein the plurality of third electrically conductive layers comprises: one third electrically conductive layer directly contacting a surface of one portion of the second electrically conductive layer on the top surface of the substrate and extending from the contacted surface of the one portion of the second electrically conductive layer to a surface of one portion of the first electrically conductive layer on the top surface of the electrically insulated core, and another separate third electrically conductive layer directly contacting a surface of another portion of the second electrically conductive layer on the top surface of the substrate and extending from the contacted surface of the other portion of the second electrically conductive layer to a surface of another portion of the first electrically conductive layer on the top surface of the electrically insulated core; and wherein the fourth electrically conductive layer extends from a surface of the second electrically conductive layer on the bottom surface of the substrate to a surface of the first electrically conductive layer on the bottom surface of the electrically insulated core; and creating a plurality of electrode bonding pads on the top surface of the printed circuit board.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein etching a region of the first electrically conductive layer and exposing the electrically insulated core before cutting the electrically insulated core along the etched portion, and a portion of the surface of the electrically insulated core remains exposed after cutting the core.
10. The method of claim 8, further comprising creating a heat conducting bonding pad on the top surface of the printed circuit board.
11. The method of claim 8, further comprising coupling an LED to the plurality of electrode bonding pads.
12. The method of claim 8, further comprising creating a plurality of terminals on the bottom surface of the printed circuit board.
13. The method of claim 8, further comprising forming a heat dissipating pattern on the bottom surface of the printed circuit board.
14. The method of claim 8, wherein the substrate comprises a semi-cured sheet and a resin plate having a fifth conductive layer, the fifth conductive layer having a circuit pattern and providing the substrate comprises: coupling the fifth conductive layer to the semi-cured sheet such that the circuit pattern is internally contained within the substrate..
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Lamar, J.
1. The negligence charged in the petition was the maintenance of a defective street. During the trial it developed that this defect had been suddenly caused by the bursting of a large water-main, which almost instantly washed a hole in the street. There were no allegations in the petition charging that the city was negligent in maintaining the water-pipe, and the judge therefore properly ruled that the counsel for the plaintiff could not argue that the city was liable because of its negligence in respect of the water-main.
2. To meet this ruling, made during the concluding argument, plaintiff offered an amendment charging that the city knew or ought to have known of the defect in the pipe. This the court disallowed. If this amendment had been offered as the basis for the introduction of testimony; or if there had been a request to allow the case to be reopened for introducing evidence in support of the new allegations, the question would have arisen as to whether the amendment was germane. But, in the then state of the record, whether or not it introduced a new cause of actioq was immaterial, and the ruling was harmless. There was no evidence to sustain the charge in the amendment that the city knew or by the exercise of ordinary care could have known of the defect. There was therefore nothing in the record to sustain the new *83averment. Had it been allowed it could not have helped the plaintiff. Its disallowance did not harm him.
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concur.
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The Republican. ELECTION INTELLIGENCE. Rev. Mr. Trask of West Cambridge has removed to New Salem.—Rev. C. L. Van Allen of Reading Center, N. Y., has accepted a call to the Baptist church at North Egremont.—The resignation of Rev. W. M. Parry of the Old South church at Worcester, who had some difference with his flock, a few of whom thought him not orthodox on the tobacco question, and were inclined to complain of his method of illustrating sermons, has not been accepted by the church.—The church at Harvard has accepted the resignation of Rev. C. E. Grinnell.—Rev Alfred Bay was ordained pastor of the Universalist church at Oldtown, Me., Thursday.—Rev N. L. Rowell has accepted a call from the Freewill Baptist society at Biddeford, Me.—Rev Thomas Crudginton of Stepney, Ct., accepts a call from the Baptist church at Davisville, R. I.—Rev A. J. Lyman of Milford, Ct., has engaged himself to the South Congregational church of Brooklyn for one year. Rev. R. Piper of Clinton has accepted a call from the Unitarian church at Newport, N.H., and Rev. G. R. W. Scott of the latter place is to become pastor of the Chambers street chapel, Boston.—Rev. G. H. Morse, late of Townsend, accepts a call from the Congregational church at Henniker, N.H.—The Eliot church at Newton have indefinitely postponed the giving women meetings of the church the right to vote in business meetings.—Rev. E. J. Moore of Edgarton accepts a call to the Pilgrim church, Harwich Port.—Rev. D. Chase of Dover, N.H., has accepted a call from the Baptist church in Lewis town, Me.—Rev. Robert A. Hume, a recent graduate of Yale, and Miss Abbie S. Burgess, have been appointed to the Mahratta mission by the American board.—Rev. G. J. Ganun, formerly pastor of the Baptist church at Old Lyme, Ct., becomes pastor of the First Baptist church at Perth Amboy, N.J.—Rev. J. J. Hough, lately of Franklin Falls, N.Y., has been installed over the First Congregational church at Danbury, Ct. The archbishop and bishops of the province of New York have issued a joint pastoral letter summoning the clergy and laity to unite with them on the approaching feast of the Immaculate Conception—December 8—in a solemn dedication of the churches, religious houses, schools, charitable institutions, etc., of their dioceses to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The faithful are exhorted to prepare themselves “by a good confession and by a devout reception of holy communion on the great festival day itself, if possible.” The ceremony will include a high mass, sermon, act of consecration and Te Deum. The most interesting passage of the letter—to Protestant readers, at any rate—is the following: "Suffer the little children to come to Me, and forbid them not." See, then, that you bring them to the loving and tender Father, who wishes to press them to His heart and have them walk the nearest to Him. But in what way can you bring them to Him and keep them by His side, where they will be secure from harm? You can only do so by giving or securing to them a sound Catholic education; by taking care that their faith and morals shall be guarded from the risks and perils to which they must be inevitably exposed wherever the first essential element of true education—that is to say, religion—is excluded or ignored. Remember that the interests of the soul are higher far than the interests of the body. “Seek first the kingdom of God and His justice, and all things else will be added unto you.” This diocese is one of those composing the province of New York, and tenth in the list of official signatures to the letter we find “Patrick T., bishop of Springfield.” The English Romanists, having tired of waiting for state assistance and authority in founding a university, have quietly devised the plan for a great central university to be erected at London, without the countenance of the government. The English Catholic bishops will, of course, constitute the controlling power of the institution, and the brilliant Monsignor Capel, whose efforts are the most conspicuous in this whole movement, is to be its rector, while the pope is to be over all. The curriculum will correspond closely with that of the university of London, and having colleges, seminaries and higher schools affiliated with it, the university will be prepared to confer degrees without any royal charter, by the authority of the pope. “After we have been doing this thing for eight of ten years,” says Monsignor Capel, “sending up our young men to pass these examinations, and fitting them for it so as to make them pass splendidly and with honors, then we can say to the government: ‘Behold our work! We have not asked you for a penny of endowment, nor the least support or encouragement.” We have given to our young men an education equal to that of Oxford or Cambridge at our own cost, and we have passed them triumphantly through the ordeal of your own examining university. Recognize now our labors and their value; give us a charter, and make our own degrees valid. Mohammedanism displays wonderful vitality, and instead of being a decaying religion it is rather on the increase in portions of the East. This is especially apparent in Bengal, where a Mohammedan revival is in progress, the magnitude of which must be discouraging to the faithful handful of Christian missionaries who aspire to evangelize India. A census of Bengal, lately taken, makes the population 67,000,000 instead of 40,000,000 as was estimated. In some districts there are 600 to the square mile. The number of Mohammedans is far in excess of popular estimate, which has counted them at about 15,000,000, while they are found to be 20,664,000. Of all who call themselves Hindoos in faith, there are 42,674,000. The Buddhists are 85,000 in number, and the Christians 93,000. Of the aborigines, included in neither of these classes, there are 2,851,000. It is stated that the Mohammedans, with their armies of missionaries, their theory that all faithful races are equal before God, and their practice of raising any convert at once to full social equality, are becoming so numerous, that by 1900 they will be half the population, and ultimately will control the religious destiny of Bengal. Throughout many of the richest districts they are already nearly or quite one-half of the population, and in some they exceed The Hindoos by 20 percent, the most astounding instance of wholesale conversion in modern history. The Liberal Christian says it has often remarked the fact that the names of Rev. O. B. Frothingham, Rev. John Weiss, and other apostles of religious radicalism, have been retained year after year in the Year Book of the Unitarian denomination; and has felt warranted in inferring therefrom the willingness of the body to have these gentlemen reckoned as “Unitarians.” Mr. Frothingham has at last been aroused to a sense of the extreme impropriety of the thing, and has written to request that his name be hereafter omitted from the roll of “Unitarian ministers.” He does not object to the company, but, like an honorable num, he does object to "sailing under false colors.” It is reported that at the express wish of Pope Pius IX, the cardinals have been in consultation and have elected Cardinal Pecci, archbishop of Prussia, for the next pope. He was born in 1810, became cardinal in 1853, and is called an ultra-monarch. THE LOW CHURCH REVIVAL—BISHOP CUMMINS'S NEW CHURCH. A meeting called by Bishop Cummins to organize an Episcopal church on the basis of the Prayer-Book of 1785 took place at New York, on Tuesday, among those present being Dr. Cheney of Chicago, Rev. B. B. Leacock, and Rev. Dr. Irena’us Prime of New York. Col. Benjamin A. Ingle of New Jersey was chosen chairman. The following declaration of principles was adopted First, The Reformed Episcopal church, holding the faith once delivered unto the saints, declares its belief in the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments as the Word of God and the sole rule of faith and practice; in the creed commonly called the “Apostle's Creed;” in the divine institutions of the sacraments of baptism and the Lord's supper; and in the doctrines of grace substantially as they are set forth in the Thirty-nine articles of religion. Second, The church recognizes and adheres to Episcopacy, not as of divine right, but as a very ancient and desirable form of church polity. Third, This church, retaining a liturgy which shall not be imperative or repressive of freedom in prayer, accepts the book of common prayer as it was revised, proposed and recommended for use by the general convention of the Protestant Episcopal church. A. D. 1785, reserving full liberty to alter, abridge, enlarge and amend the same as may seem most conducive to the education of the people, “provided that the substance of the faith be kept entire.” Fourth, This church condemns and rejects the following erroneous and strange doctrines as contrary to God’s word: — First, That the church of Christ exists only in one order or form of ecclesiastical policy. Second, That Christian ministers are priests in another sense than that in which all believers are a “royal priesthood.” Third, That the Lord’s table is an altar on which an oblation of the body and blood of Christ are offered anew to the Father. Fourth, That the presence of Christ in the Lord is an altar. This supper is a presence in the elements of bread and wine. Fifth, That regeneration is inseparably connected with baptism. The chairman then rose and formally declared that they had organized a church to be known as the Reformed Episcopal church, and with the Right Rev George David Cummins, D.D., as their presiding bishop. Devotional exercises followed. The Church and State, an Episcopal paper of New York, is much grieved at the resignation of Bishop Cummins, and while it mildly concerns the bishop for his course, it reads a lesson to the church for countenancing the spirit of intolerance that drove so good a man out of it. It says: “Such a fact as the secession of Bishop Cummins would be simply sad and disheartening were it not that we earnestly hope that it may be the beginning of a new order of things in the church. We wish to make it the occasion of a most affectionate but urgent expostulation with those who desire to mold the whole church after the type of a high and exclusive churchmanship. We have a right to utter this expostulation and to claim that it shall be listened to and regarded. With the strongest devotion to the church, and the deepest solicitude concerning it, we espouse the cause of some who may be averting in their attachment meet to it, and we pray that the significance of the present condition of things may be considered, and the perils which it threatens averted.” In order to avert the consequences arising from the ascendency of high-church principles, the paper appeals to the dominant majority to inaugurate a more considerate and conciliatory policy, asking for generous cooperation and aid in the effort to calm disquietude, and to make the Episcopal church the recognized home of various schools of opinion, where the privilege of free development, and living together "as much as Heth in them” in peace, may be enjoyed. Residing Bishop Smith of Kentucky has given formal notice to all concerned that his late coadjutor, Dr. Cummins, has been presented by the standing committee of the diocese for violation of the constitution and canons and of his vows. "Be it known, therefore," continues Dr. Smith, "that any episcopal act of his pending these proceedings will be null and void; and it is hoped that respect for law and order on the part of all members of this church will restrain them from giving any countenance whatever to the movement in which Dr. Cummins is engaged." The leading low-church, or "evangelical," recipients of Philadelphia have put out a card in which they disclaim any sympathy with the Cummins departure, and say they have heard of it with "profound sorrow." STORRS & BUDDINGTON VS. BEECHER. The Unparalleled Among the Brooklyn Congregationalists. MR. BEECHER MAKES A GREAT SPEECH, AND HE AND HIS DEOPLE SET UP THEIR INDEPENDENCE. Plymouth church had another field-night, last Friday evening, over the Storrs-Buddington letter, disciplining the Beecherites for not disciplining each other, which has at last got into print. The members turned out in force, filling the church to repletion. No interlopers were allowed on the premises. Mr. Beecher came in with his usual genial smile, and took a seat among his flock. Prof. Raymond, being voted into the chain called upon Mr. B. to pray. The clerk then read the now famous letter from the Clinton avenue, the church of the Pilgrims. It proved to be very long, very courteous in phrase, and very severe. Beginning with an allusion to the fraternal relations existing between their churches and Plymouth in the past, the signers recite the occurrences at the “trial” of Mr. Tilton, quoting the brief lecture on Congregationalism delivered on that occasion by Mr. Beecher. They then go on to express their conviction that the course then pursued and the doctrines then advanced involve "an error so vast and vital, and so threatening in its consequences,” that they cannot remain silent. It is a course, they say, “utterly subversive of all true Christian discipline,” unjust and injurious to all concerned, dishonoring to Christ, “especially dangerous when the sinful is against the good name of a minister,” “without warrant in the word, without support of Christian wisdom, and involving tendencies that can be only prolific of evil." Quoting from the Plymouth manual of ’54 a declaration that Congregational churches may “admonish each other in case of heresy, lax discipline, or any scandalous offense," they ask a conference; with a view to the calling, if thought necessary, of a “properly representative council of the Congregational churches of the country, to which your recent action, with the general policy of discipline involved in it, shall be submitted, and by which you shall be advised on your duty in the matter, and we on our further fellowship with you." They disclaim any assumption of authority, any appearance of dictation. tions, Plymouth church is at all times ready to be advised and admonished by sister churches, according to the ancient, approved, Congregational method, or by evangelical churches of any denomination, beginning with proper inquiry into facts, and proceeding through successive steps of mutual explanation and discussion to the final expression of opinion, including, if need be, admonition or censure. But Plymouth church is not ready to reverse this order, and submit first to censure, secondly to argument, and afterward to a request for facts. Brother Barker said the assertions of the letter were not true in fact, and Plymouth was quite capable of managing her own affairs. Brother Shearman (the “Erie lawyer") said the letter was “offensive," and that, if God ever made a good man, it was Henry Ward Beecher. “There is one subject,” said Brother Raymond, "which the members of this church will not discuss. That subject, which our love and our wrath compel us to ignore, is lugged into this document. Where is the authority which gives anybody the right to make such an infamous effort to compel us to take up this subject? We want no chance to arraign our pastor.” Dr Edward Beecher followed on the same side in an exhaustive discussion of Congregational practice. Brother McKay stoutly defended his motion, amid stridulent hissing, and was backed up by Brother Benedict. Then there was a great roar of applause, as the pastor mounted the platform and faced his flock. Mr Beecher began by saying this was the first serious difficulty Plymouth church had ever had. Their immunity in the past had been largely due to the fact that he was always for fair play, free speech, full discussion. He was for them at that time as much as at any previous one. He didn’t believe in Brother McKay’s motion, but he did in his principle. He believed in the fidelity of those who wanted this inquiry. “If anybody supposes,” he said, “that, by anything that has happened, or by anything that is likely to happen, I can be moved from the confidence that I have had for more than 25 years in Richard S. Storrs, in Dr. Buddington, and, to a certain extent, in those with whom I am less acquainted, and whose names are on these reports, he is utterly mistaken. He had not made many acquaintances or had very intimate relations with the other Brooklyn pastors; but Richard S. Storrs was the one exception. “We have been on terms of intimate friendship,” he said. “No man in the world laments so much as I do that man’s unrecoentized talent; no man so much as I feel that he has never attained half of the credit for scholarship, forthrightness, and for a masterly presentation of his thoughts as Richard S. Storrs, and I have been accustomed to say that if he had only been born in Indiana instead of Boston, and if he had been by that freer way of western life inspired with the habit of abandoning himself to the enthusiasm which lies in his nature, burning like a furnace there, he would have made a man more popular than any other man that has ever been in the American church. So far as his character is concerned, I have never seen in all these 25 years one single thing that looked to me dishonorable, or to be the slighiest variation from the truth. I lean my whole confidence upon him, and it is unshaken now; and if he should be called upon to follow me to the gallows, my last testimony would be that he was acting under what he considered to be his duty, and not from any mean motive, or any selfish influence whatever.” With less intimacy, he had the utmost affection and admiration for Dr. Buddington. “I am as sure,” he said, “that these men love me and do not mean to hurt me, as I am that I love them and do not mean to revile them or hear them reviled, or to lift up my voice against them.” But how did it happen that such men had fallen into such a mistake—for they were “utterly mistaken?” It was the fault of their New England education and training. The New England idea of church government was more rigid than he had ever believed in. There were different views of Congregational polity. Plymouth church stood for one. "It answers more nearly than anything else to our ideas of democratic township government, more nearly to good neighborhood among equal or like families. It is simply the association of men by covenant of some sort or other in worship and in Christian helpfulness, and Congregationalism does not give to the churches gathered together any ownership in or over its members. It does not give to the neighboring churches, certainly, any ownership or anything allied to it between one church and another. Congregational churches stand then, exactly, for principle, on the ground on which 20 families living in the same neighborhood stand who are respectable, who interchange visits with each other, who, when they are called upon, give each other counsel and advice, but never feel themselves at liberty by the tenure of friendship to intrude upon one another or to dictate to one another what shall be their domestic and internal policy." The New England type of Congregationalism showed the effect of its early twist toward Presbyterianism. The Plymouth type was more democratic and more scriptural. It was at once independent and neighborly. Quoting the manual, Mr. Beecher said its platform was one of the broadest and noblest that a church ever stood upon. They fellowshiped all evangelical churches; they tolerated interference from none. The Brooklyn Baptists or Presbyterians had exactly as much right to meddle with their internal affairs as the Brooklyn Congregationalists. Advice—Yes; dictation?—No. “When they come to us and say, The manner in which you are keeping house in your family is not agreeable to the people in our family, on that I feel disposed to say, Gentlemen, if you don’t like our housekeeping, don’t come here." After a very eloquent review of the history and work of Plymouth church, —during which he was moved to tears and his parishioners to frantic applause,—Mr. Beecher said his remarks at the recent “trial” had been misunderstood, and proceeded to explain and defend himself. He had discarded ecclesiastical machinery—trampled it underfoot. He had governed his church by love, sympathy, moral influence. “If you say that I have encouraged a loose and lax membership of the church, I appeal to the history of 26 years, and say it is not so; if you say my administration has corrupted the church, I appeal to as pure and noble a body of working Christians as ever the sun shone on, and say it is not so” His intercourse, Plymouth's intercourse, with the aggrieved pastors and churches had been very pleasant. But these churches and pastors I felt responsible for them. “Now, I say,” he continued, “and say it with all sincerity, if all these churches that feel so would withdraw fellowship from us, not as a punishment, and not in disgust, but simply to relieve themselves from any supposed responsibility that they have for ourducine, discipline, or way, I should be very glad to have them do it. I would not want any Church to feel that it is carrying a burden on our account, that it does not know how to bear, it would make no difference to me or you, for God has made our church so large that we need not take any of the rain that runs off from their mill roof. Mr. Beecher's peroration, which was delivered with great emotion, is worth quoting entirely: "I don't think it is fair to put it on my brethren, and let them bear all of the load; but still, if they love it, let them do it. I shall not live a thousand and longer; my work is not long; I feel, far from done; while I do live, I have that one desire that has kindled in my heart, ever since I was a boy— I have loved my kind. I have loved man more than anything—that is, except Him that redeemed men, and my whole nature goes out in that way. When I am under the inspirations of these sympathies, I care not what theology nor churches nor men think about it; while I love men and feel that I am beloved by them, I will not be turned aside from my work." I will go on preaching as I have preached before, fearlessly and freely, and if God gives me a church to take care of, I will attempt to govern that church by no management, no machinery of government except that implied in the absolute existence of the church itself. I will govern it by making government unnecessary. I will govern it by influencing men in such a way that they shall do the thing that is right. I give you fair notice of my intention. I will attempt to put down ecclesiasticism here and even where it is not in accordance with the highest plan of Christian experience, nor with the best interpretation of the New Testament, nor with the dictates of the Holy Ghost as poured out upon the hearts of God's people everywhere. And I now advocate the passage of these resolutions, but not in any taunting spirit. I would willingly take back some of the things said here, tonight, which were not agreeable to my ears or heart. If you think I am one that would be pleased by denunciation of the men that inveigh against me, you don’t understand me. If you don’t think I love those brothers after I have done so all my life long, because at present they happen to be divided in judgment against me and, with pain to themselves, are opposed to what they think wrong in the church, you don’t understand me. There is not a day nor an hour that I could not, go to any man who ever lived on God’s earth and take him before Christ with all sincerity, and say: ‘By the love which I bear for this man, be patient with him.’ I live to love men, and though naturally I am a good hater, a good fighter, yet I owe thanks to the blessed God that at last, while old age is beginning to whirl my hair (here Mr Beecher's voice sank to a tremulous whisper) I can turn to all my fellow-beings, shining with the undiminished, increasing disposition of sympathy, of helpfulness, of patience born of that love which is born of God, and say, —‘Dearly-beloved brethren of this church, keep the or let me go; let me live or let me die; living or dying, I am the Lord’s and desire to live in an atmosphere such as breathes from the very heart of God, not in contentions and not in slaughters.’ The meeting, which had alternately laughed, wept and shouted all through this speech, proceeded to adopt the Gilbert amendment advocated by their pastor—only 13 rising in the negative. The resolution as amended was then adopted by a vote of 504 to 25, amid deafening applause and more or less laughter at the expense of Brother McKay and party. But “laughing isn’t always winning," said Brother McKay. The two Brooklyn churches that undertook to reform Plymouth's style of housekeeping and got snubbed for their pains, decided, last Friday evening, very foolishly, as we cannot help thinking, to summon a council of Congregation a churches, for purposes of investigation and discipline, at as early a day as possible. Dr. Storrs, the author of the epistle to the Beecherites, tells a reporter that it was read three times to the joint committee before it was signed “It was conceived and written in all kindness,” he says, “but in pursuance of what we esteemed no ‘privilege but a duty.” Dr. Buddington told his flock, Friday evening, that, if Plymouth wanted to set up as an independent church, he wouldn’t put a straw in the way. But, as long as it used the title of “Congregational," it should be “held to the usages of the denomination.” MASSACHUSETTS' ELEPHANT. November 27, 1873. The word was passed, the mighty blast Of nitro-glycerine Exploded with terrific sound The Hoosac shafts between. Under the sun the deed was done At 2 p. m. exact. The rock was pierced, the Hoosac bore Became a mighty fact. All Massachusetts wept for joy. But likewise danced with glee, That she at last, by dint of blast, Had got her Mont Cenis. But here’s the rub, that of the Hub Uneasiness is the mind. Lest in this thirteen-million hole An elephant they’ll find. New York Graphic. Smith, the Colored Caterer and Politician of Boston, is a very fine specimen of the better type of his race, with Moorish rather than negro features—straight hair, which was blue-black until age whitened it. He is still really a handsome man, even in comparison with his Caucasian associates. His face and figure are among the most familiar in Boston, where he has catered for two generations of distinguished people in public and in private. He has never had his equal here for excellence in this line, and, in view of the very large business that he has done, he should be a rich man, and I presume it is very comfortably off in worldly runners. He has always been respected. I have seen him invited by a company of cultivated gentlemen to leave his kitchen, where he was cocking in person (as he is in the habit of doing on extraordinary occasions), to take a glass of wine and sit at the board with them. On an occasion of this character, I once heard him relate an incident of his early life. Some thirty years ago. When a spruce young fellow, he dressed himself in “immaculate white” from top to toe, on a Fourth of July morning, never feeling prouder in his life, as he said, and started to go toward the center of the city. On the way, he had occasion to pass a white man washing off the sidewalk with a long-handled brush. The fellow could not bear to see a “darky” so smartly attired, and, moved by the mean malevolence of race so common in those days among a certain clan, he took his brush, so as to thoroughly raise the dinky water, and then struck Mr. Smith square on the breast with his, bespattering him completely in every portion of his front. Mr. Smith said he thought he must whip him or die; but he was unexpectedly spared that hazardous gratification. Another whiteman, of a different type, had been passing and had seen the whole transaction. He stepped instantly between the parties. “Stop!” said he to Mr. Smith; “I want to fight that fellow. You can’t do it on fair terms. It’s a black man undertakes to whip a white one, there will be a crowd around in five minutes that will perhaps take his life. But they won’t interfere with me, and I want to lick that scamp down to the devil, too.” So Mr. Smith stood aside, and the stranger took off his coat and went in. He brushed the scoundrel till he ran for mercy, and nobody molested him in the act. Mr. Smith did not tell us who the man was, but he cowcluided his remarks by saying that he had never seen a day since that he would not have died for him, and few who realize the service rendered will be inclined to doubt. “Templum” Boston Letter to Hartford Courant. Hard Times Notions.—The black silks of last year can be cleansed, and their luster and dressing renewed, by sponging them on the wrong side with a glass of gelatine diluted with water; given rule will answer with various qualities of silk, but it is well to mix equal quantities of silk, and experiment on a sample of the silk, dealing more water if the silk is too stiff when dry. Black alpacas may also be restored almost to their first beauty by using a thimbleful of beeswax dissolved in a pint of warm water, and proceed on with a nail-brush. If the dress skirt is much worn and soiled around the bottom, add a thin facing, cut off the soiled parts of the dress material, and piece it out to the edge of the flouncing with one of the new superfluous flounces—then the upper part of the lower flounce, which is also worn on the edge—and cover the joining with a newer and simpler trimming made of the upper flounces. The reason for the favor of plainly trimmed skirts is making itself more readily made entirely plain, but, as an excellent French authority says, bordered skirts, not flounced ores, are the fashion. Instead of being covered with trimmings of one kind in another sort on the sides, and a third behind, there is now straight around the skirt a border, perhaps of flounces, or it may be of roses, but quite narrow. and giving a most artistic finish to the costume. For this border on silk dresses, use a single flounce fully gathered and edged with a narrow pleated ruffle, and a similar pleating for heading, or else have two pleating four or five inches wide, overlapping, and beaded by a Closter of very small folds. A single pleating is also considered sufficient bordered for cloth and heavy wool dresses. All this reduces greatly to economy, as three or four yards of silk now serve for trimming, instead of the ten or twelve formerly required. Business Notices. Free Sample Bottle of Adamaon’s Botanic Balsam : all Druggists. Pleasant and unfailing remedy for Artificial, Coughs, Colds, Lung Complaints, etc. Geo C. Goodwin & Co., Agents, Boston. Large Bottles, cents. $600 for a case it will not cure. Alachinern. SECOND-HAND Machinery, Engines, Boilers, Pulleys, shafting, Hauling, Hauling, Steam Pipe, etc. Fairbanks’ Scales, all sizes, both new and second-hand. A large lot of Window Weights. Cash paid for Scrap Iron and Metals. S. T. HAMMOND & CO., East Bridge street, a few doors from Main. f 7 dawly Wants. WANTED — STRAW SEWING MACHINE OPERATORS To run Bosworth’s Machine, latest improvements, 75 Girls. Steady work and prompt pay. Write, stating how long they have worked on above machine, and what kind of braid sewed. Address, immediately, H. O. BERNARD & CO., National Straw Works, Westboro. Mass. dlGdlw Agents Wanted. $40 A MONTH.—Horse furnished. Expenses paid. ILSHAW, Alfred, Me, «a3ui $10 TO $20 PER DAY - Agents wanted everywhere. Particulars free. A H. BLAIR & CO., St Louis, Mo. m2l lyw THE LATEST BIBLE PUBLISHED.— The cheapest and best-selling Agent’s Bibles in the market. For circulars address A. J. HOLMAN & CO., 930 Arch st., Philadelphia. Parlor Organs. O. E. WOODS & CO.'S ORGANS; The most remarkable instrument ever perfected; capable of the most beautiful musical effects, and in the most elegant cases. ALL LOVERS OF MUSIC should see them, and hear their COMBINATION SOLO STOPS. WILSON SPEAR & CO. of Springfield. Onionial. WILL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF VINION COLLEGE. SCHENECTADY, N. Y.— Thorough course of instruction and field practice. Unrivaled collection of apparatus. Tuition, $30 per term. Asst. attendance rendered deserving students. For special information, address Prof. C. STALEY. For information concerning the College courses, Classical, Scientific and Eclectic, address E. N. POTTER, President. Connecticut Literary Institution, Suffield, Conn. Winter Term Commences, Dec. 10. The new, large, elegant building for the Ladies’ department will be ready for occupancy. It is unsurpassed by any in the country. The Institution is well established. Prepares for the best colleges and scientific schools, for teaching and business. The best instruction in Music and the Fine Arts. For particulars, address J. A. SHORES, A. M. Principal. Almsical. JUSICAL PRESENTS! FINELY BOUND! USEFUL! ENTERTAINING! Rothoven’s Letters, $2.00 Life of Gottschalk, $1.50 Life of Peethover, $2.00 Life of Handel, $2.00 Life of Handel, $1.75 Life of Mendelssohn, $1.75 Life of Mozart, $1.75 Mozart’s Letters, $1.75 Mendelssohn's Letters, $1.75 Polko’s Sketches, $1.75 Ehlertärungen. L'États-Les lettres on Music. 1.50 Ritter's History of Music, 1.50 Moore's Encyclopedia of Music. 6.00 Gardner's Music of Nature, 5.00 Chopin's Mazurka and Waltzes. 5.00 Gems of Strauss. Cloth, $8.00; Gilt, $4.00 Organ at Home. 3.00: 4.00 Musical Treasure. 3.00: 4.00 Wroth of Beethoven, 3.00; 4.00 Moore's Irish Melodies, 3.00; 4.00 Gems of German Song, 3.00; 4.00 Operatic Pearls, 3.00; 4.00 Silver Chord, 3.00; 4.00 Shower of Pearls. Duets, 3.00; 4.00 Piano-Forte Gems. 3.00; 4.00 Home Circle. Vols. I, II and II, $1.00; 4.00 All books sent, post-paid, for retail price. OLIVER DITSON & CO. Boston. CHAS. H. DITSON & CO., 3 WSW 711 Broadway, New York. New Publications. An invaluable Companion. WEBSTER'S Pocket Dictionary OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Abridged from Webster's Quart, illustrated with nearly TWO HUNDRED Engravings on Wool. This volume embraces a careful selection of more than 18,000 of the most important words of the language. The introduction contains, besides the Pictorial Illustrations, Table of Money, Weight and Marking, Abbreviations, Words, Pamphlets, etc., from the Greek, the Latin, and the Modern Foreign Languages, Religions for Spelling. Etc., Etc.; making altogether the most complete in a useful jacket companion extant. It is beautifully printed on tinted paper, and bound in Morocco, lacks, gilt edges. For sale everywhere. Sent by mail on receipt of the price. IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR & CO., PUBLISHERS, 138 & 140 Grand St., New York. n2l*4w VICKS Floral Guide you 10’74. 200 Pages 500 Engravings, and Colored Plates. Published Quarterly, at 25 cents a year For sale by JAMES VICK Zincist. N Y. u2l3w Zincist. _ 44GECBET UF SUGGEST IN WALL ST ” 32 pages. Bulla, Bean. Profits on “puts and calls,” co-ting $10 to $100 Mailed for stamp by VALENTINE TUBBER RIDGE A CO., Bankers and Brokers. 20 Wall st, N. Y. 031 •dawSm Newspapers and Financial. THE YOUTH’S COMPANION. A WEEKLY PAPER FOR YOUNG PEOPLE AND FAMILY. THE COMPANION aims to be a favorite in every family—looked for eagerly by the young folks, and read with interest by the older. Its purpose is to interest while it amuses; to be Judicious, practical, renowned; and to have really permanent worth, while it attracts for the hour. It is handsomely illustrated, and has for contributors some of the most attractive writers in the country. Among these are:— Edwabd Egerton, Dr. I. I. Hayes, Prop James DeMille, Loomis Motley, Louisa M. Alcott, Sophie May. Rebecca H. Davis, C. A. Stephens, C. W. Flakirs, Ruth Cheatley, B.S. Robins, M. A. Desisox. Its reading is adapted to the old and young, is very varied in its character; sprightly and entertaining. It gives Stories of Adventure, Stories of Home, Letters of Travel, Letters of School Life. Ea ITOEIALS UPON CURRENT TOPICS, POETRY, rent Topics, Selections for Declamatory Articles, Historical Articles, Fiction, Biographical Sketches, Anecdotes, Puzzles, Religious Articles, Facts and Incidents. Subscription Price, $1.50. Specimen copies sent free. Address PERRY MASON & CO., 031n!4 28d12w 41 Temple Place Boston, Mass. • • OEBT PERIODICAL IN AMERICAN * [Rev Dr Cuyler. Prof Max Muller, Prof Tyndall, Prof Huxley, Lord Lytton, Fritz Reuter, Mrs Oliphant, Dr W. B. Carpenter, C. Kingley, Erckmann-Chatrian, Ivan Turguenieff, Maitrew Arnold, W. E. H. Lecky, Miss Thackeray, Miss Muloch, Prof Richard A. Proctor, Katharine C. Macdonald, Jean Ingelow, Ipo Macdonald, Fronde, and Gladstone, are some of the eminent members lately represented in the pages of LITTELL’S LIVING AGE. A weekly magazine of sixty-four pages, The Living Age gives more than THREE AND A QUARTER THOUSAND double-column octavo pages of reading matter yearly, forming four large volumes. It presents in an inexpensive form, considering its great amount of matter, with freshness, owing to its weekly issue, and with a satisfactory completeness attempted by no other publication, the best Essays, Reviews, Criticisms, Tales, Poetry, Scientific, Biographical, Historical, and Political Information, from the entire body of Foreign Periodical Literature. A NEW SERIES Was begun January 1, 1873, with entirely new Tales, already embracing Serial and Short Stories by distinguished English, French, German, and Russian authors; viz., Lord Lytton (Bulwer), Erckmann-Chatrian, Ivan Turgenieff, Miss Thackeray, Mrs Oliphant, Fritz Reuter, Mrs. Parr (author of “Dorothy Fox’), Julia Kavanagh, etc. During the coming year, as heretofore, the choicest serial and short stories by the Leading Foreign Authors will be given, together with an amount unsurpassed by any other periodical in the world, of the best literary and scientific matter of the day, towards the pens of the above-named and other foremost Essayists, Scientists, Critics, Discoverers, and Editors, representing every department of knowledge and progress. The importance of THE LIVING AGE to every American reader, as the only complete as well as fresh compilation of a generally inaccessible but indispensable current literature—indispensable because it embraces the production of THE ABLEST LIVING WATER in all branches of Literature, Science, Art, and Politics,—is so efficiently indicated by the following OPINIONS. "Reproduces the best thoughts of the best minds of the civilized world, upon all topics of living interest."—[Philadelphia Inquirer. "In no other single publication can there be found so much of sterling literary excellence."—[N. Y. Eveing Post. "The best of all our eclectic publications."—[C] The Nation, New York. And the cheapest. A monthly that comes every week.”—[The Advance. Chicago. “The ablest essays, the most entertaining stories, the finest poetry of the English language, are here gathered together.”—[Illinois State Journal. 54th it alone a reader tray fairly keep up with all that is important in the literature, history, politics, and science of the day.”—[The Methodist, New York. “A pure and perpetual reservoir and fountain of entertainment and instruction.”—[Hon Robert C. Winthrop. “In view of all the competitors in the deli, I should certainly choose ‘The Living Age.’—Rev Henry Ward Beecher. “Has no equal in any country.”—Philosophical Press. “Indispensable to every one who desires a thorough compendium of all that is admirable and noteworthy in the literary world.”—[Boston Post. The Living Age is sent a year 52 numbers, post paid, on receipt of $8; or, six copies for $5. EXTRA OFFERS FOR 1874. To new subscribers, now remitting $8 for the year 1874, the last six numbers of 1873 will be sent gratis; or to those wishing to begin with the NEWS, the numbers of 1873 and 1874 will be sent for $13; or, to those preferring, the publishers make the following Club Prices for the Best Home and Foreign Literature. [“Possessed of The Living Age and one or other of our vivacious American monthlys, a subscriber will find himself in command of the whole situation.”—[Philadelphia Bulletin. For $10, any one of the American $4 Monthlies (or Harper's Weekly or Bazar, or Appletons’ Journal, weekly), is sent with The Living Age for one year; or, for $9. The Living Age and Scribner’s St Nicholas; or, for $6. The Living Age and Our Young Folks. Address 1882 LITTELL & GAY, Boston. Hickory. TOBACCO BOXES made a specialty, by W. S. MAYO & CO., manufacturers of Packing Boxes of every description. Moldings, Pecan and Cloth Boards, Burlington, Vt. W. S. MAYO, FAROPE. $1.50.-THE NURSEBY.
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http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000051867784 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000051867784 http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/annoshow?call=vlz|18660130|1|10.0|0 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000051867784_1
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Europeana
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Open Culture
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Vorarlberger Landes-Zeitung
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«MX »skt «»jt»«! Disulta». «a»»ta». vileik »erde» ftaai» n»e»n>/ »eNa«atimn> «n»»»rt»ke». Ziseran' »kidni »t»>ß »er«ch»el. Vorarlbergek lährl. »altt- ! ll. kr.. »i«r- telj. i ß. U k^ . 'Äj Mekong bl» Ha,^: »nsnldiing: jährlich^ / »ök'r.halbl.Z »isnelt. t S. 7V kr.' M 13. Bregen^ Dienstag, den 30. Januar. Amtlicher Theil. Aüf'/Ällerhöchste',Anordnung wird für Wtclanh 'Bi. '-»«tgl. ^ Hoheit.^ 0 v'o /'.Herjog, vyy. MomfMtV khnialichek^PAnzw /vo^ Sardiniens die Hostrauer Freitag/ den 2V.' J'änn'er. .^'ätiLeMen 'und durch' zMf Tage' mit eiyer'Abwechslung, nämlich durch die ersten sechs Tage, d.i. vo»n 26. bis einschließ lich 31. Jänner, die tiefe und durch die letzten sechs Tage. d. i. vom I. bis einschließlich 6. Fqbruar, die mindere Trauer getragen werden. Nichtamtlicher Theil. Z nlN n ll. Dem Boten von und für Tirol und Vor arlberg" schreibt man aus Borarlbrrg, be züglich der Airesse des vorarlbergischen Landtages: Die Nichtannahme d,r vom Vor arlbergs Landtage aus Anlaß des das Gesetz über die Reichsvertretung sistirenden kaiser» lichen Patentes vom 20. September vJs. be-' schlossenen Adresse von Seite Sr. Majestät hat im Lande große Sensation erregt. Konnte auch jeder Unbefangene ein gleiches oder ähn liches Schicksal für dieselbe voraussehen, so wär doch die große Mehrzahl der Bevölkerung -- ZUin Theil durch einseitige Darstellung der landtäglich,>n Schritte in Wort und Schrift einer unbefangenen Anschauung der Dinge ent fremde». z»m größten Theil aber mit der Thätigkeit der Landesvertretung nur ober- stächlich oder nicht vertraut, — um so tiefer betroffen, als das durch jene Zurück weisung ausgedrückte Allerhöchste Mißfallen an der Aktion des Landtages von Niemanden ver kannt werddn konnte und der Tadel der Illoy alität in diesem Lande zum Erstenmale sich er- A dürfte daher nicht überflüssig sein die Gesichtspunkte hervorzuheben, welche, wäh« rend die Adressen anderer Landtage mit dem selben Grundgedanken eine solche Zurückwei sung nicht erfuhren, diese auffallende Verfü gung mit der Adresse des Borarlberger Land tages unausweichlich erscheinen lassen. Mangel an juridischer Auffassung und wün- schenSwerther Logik wurden dieser Adresse in Ihrem geehrten Blatte bereits zum Vorwürfe die Anschuldigung der ztückilchtiloslgkesd und Verletzung der dem Staatsoberhaupte schuldigen Ehrfurcht bei und werden uns m Folgendem der Aufgabe unter» ziehen, dlese Pchauptung durcl, eingehende Be leuchtung des SchnMckeS zu begründeu. Wir haben hiebet, kem, anderes Ziel in, Äuge, als den Unbefangenen emey Maßstab ,u schassen, an dem sie das Wesen und den Werth der Vorarlberger Landtagsadresse zu prüfen und sosyrt zu beurtheilen vermöge?,.- ob das ihr zugefallene, Loos ein verdientes war, Pie Frage, in lvie Borarlberger Landtag überhaupt besugt gewesen sei, da» kaiserliche Patent vom 20. September v. Js. nach Z. 19. LandeS-Ordnung sein« BeHand- luug M unterziehen, wurde ichou hinreichend erörtert.., ^ ^ ^ ,, Der. Vorarlberg«! Landtag erweiterte aber haS ,ihm - ngch K. jS ^aHes Ordnung zuste hende Aiecht^ üh«r die RllZiyirk^nq allgemeiner Gesetze auf daS Wohl des Landes z» berathen und Antxäge zu stellen, eben so unrichtig als unbefugt dahin, daß er sich dieselbe Befugniß auch bezüglich des ganzen Reiches vindi- zirte. Der Z. 19. der LandeS-Ordnung näm lich sagt: Der Landlag ist berufen, zu beratben und Anträge zu stellen über kundgemachte all gemeine Gesetze und Einrichtungen bezüglich ihrer besondern Rückwirkung auf das Wohl des Landes." Der Vorarlberger Landtag aber erachtet eS in der Einleitung zur Adresse für seine Pflicht, die Rückwirkung der von Sr. Majestät mit Allerhöchstem Patente vom 2l). September v. Js. angeordneteu Sistirung der Wirksamkeit des Gesetzes über die Reichs- Vertretung aus das Wohl des Landes und Reiches in Erwägung zu ziehen." Der Borarlberger Landtag ertheilt in sei ner Adresse eine Belehrung über den Zweck, welcher die Februar-Verfassung in's Leben rief, und nennt a!S solchen „eine d-n Bedürfmss-n der Gegenwart entsprechende und mit den In teressen der Geiammtmonarchie in Harmonie gehende Entwickelung und Erweiterung der Rechte und Freiheiten der einzelnen Länder und ein freies Znsammenwirken aller Völker zur Regelung und Befestigung der staatsrechtlich«".' Verhältnisse des Reiches." Daß dieser bei Schaffung der Februar Verfassung be sichtigt wurde, ist nichl zwmelha't; daß dl ^'r Ziveck durch die Februarverfassung in Uuer bisherigen Gestalt nicht erreicht wurde, ut aber ebensowenig zweifelhaft. Slalt na .»>.ch den Bedürfnissen der Gegenwart zu eiuipre.- chen. vermochte die Februarversassung daS größte Bedürfniß, die verfassungsmäßige Constituirung deS Gesamiutreiches, nicht zu befriedigen; statt die Interessen der Gesammtnionarchie zu wahren, brachte ne die zwei Hälften deS ^Reiches in unversöhn lichen Gegensatz; statt die staatsrechtlichen Verhältnisse zu regeln und zu befestige», war die Lockerung und Unsicherheit derselben ihre Folge. Hiedurch unbeirrt, erkennt die Adresse in der Sistirung des Gesetzes über die Reichs vertretung eine Beseitigung „des nothwendig erkannten Mittels" zur Erreichung jene« Zweckes. Die Entwickelung unseres VerfassungSle- bens ist nach der Adresse „grundsätzlich der freien Theilnahme aller Völker anheimgestellt und jede wünschenswerthe Aenderung des Grundgesetzes über die Reichsvertretung, somit auch die freie Vereinbarung mit Ungarn und Kroatien schon verfassungsmäßig uormirt und gewährleistet." Die Rechtskraft der Februar. Verfassung erwuchs in den Ländern diesseits der Leitha nach der Auffassung der Centrall sten in dem Augenblicke, als dies? Verfas sung von demselben angenommen wurde; an diesen Mdinent tvarö die ciSleft thanische 'Rechtstontinuitöt angekrtttpft? In den Ländern jenseits der-'Leilhä wär' Augenblick nrcht,'eingetreten, dörl erfolgte'die Annahme bei Februarversassung nicht, und ihr rechtlicher Bestand in jeiien Ländern känn daher konsequent 'selbst von dek Februarvert sassung?männern nicht angenommen tberdeck. Wie die Adresse vdii Deinem'gemeinsatnen'ver- fsssungsmäßigen Boden der Vereinbarung beide Reichshälsten sprechen'kann, bleibt daher unbegreiflich. AIS wäre das Reich seit seinem Bestände rechtslos gewesen, als hälte.man in einer zum grqßen Theile auf Fiktion beruhenden und niemals zu rechtlichem Bestände gelangten Reichsvertretung die einzige rechtliche Grunde läge des Staates zu such.n, erklärt die Adresse daß, so lange die Verfassung eines Landes außer Wirksamkeit gesetzt ist, dasselbe jedes NechtsbodenS entbehre", als wäre man von dein unredlichen Willen der Regierung von Vornherein überzeugt, droht nach der Adresse „die Gesetzgebung der Willkür" zu verfallen; als ob nicht in jedem verfassungsmäßigen Staate die Ausführung der Gesetze der Staalsreglerilng allein vorbehalten wäre^ fürchtet die Adresse, ..die Ausführung der Ge setze möchte der Macht des Stärkeren" anheim gegeben werden. Während Se. Majestät im Allerhöchsten Manifeste vom S0. September v. Js. die im Diplvm vom SO Oktober I L60 Ihren Völkern verliehenen Rechte und Freiheiten ausdrücklich gewährleistet, glaubt die Adresse in ersterem eine „stillschweigende Außerkraftsetzung der Ar» tikel I. und II. deS OkloberdiplomS" zu fin den, ohne diese Annahme zu begründen. Sollte sich diese Annahme auf die Thatsache stützen, daß daS Septemberpatent ohne die im Octo- berdiplom normirte Mitwirkung der Volksver tretung zu Stande kam, so hat sie ebensoviel Berechtigung, als die Behauptung, die Febru arversassung habe eine Verletzung deS Oktober- diploms herbeigeführt, denn auch dieFrbruar- versafsnng war ohne Mitwirkung der Volks vertretung geschaffen. Dies« Behauptung haben aber die Ver theidiger der Februarversassung noch niemals ausgestellt Nach den Artikeln III. und VI. des Fe' bruärpatentes Hilden die Landesordnuvgeu einen integrirenden Theil der ReichSversassung.. Nach der Vvrarlberger Landesordnung war der letzte Landtag einberufen, 'lach ihr ent' wickelte er feine Thätigkeit. Dessenungeachtet verwechselt die Adresse vierinalidH.^»!«' rung deS Gesetzes über die Reichsvertretung mit der Sistirung der Gesammtvexsassuyg. Der bei weitem größere .Tbeil-der Mynar- chie hat. die Sistirung des Oesetzes nper dic Reichsvertretung und die hiedurch «möglichte Anbahnung allseitig befriedigeyder^NechtSzu» stände mit Jubel begrüßt und M Dankesad ressen, an Ee. Majestät diesem Jubel. Ausdruck gegeben. Wie dagegen ^ie PdMe mein;' ,m«ß jeder patriotische Oesterreicher die «it vereinten Kräften angestrebte Einheit und Macht „seines" Reiches dem Principe der staatsrecht lichen Dezentralisation, also der Auslösung bloögcstt'lll sehen." Die große Mehrzahl der Länder und der Bevölkerung Oesterreichs be- steht also nach Ansicht der Adresse nicht auS ^patriotischen Oesterreichern", uns die von der selben gewünschte Aenderung meiner das Reich zerksüitenden Verfassung trägt den Keim der „Auslösung" in sich! Der erwähnte StaatSakt hat in Millionen die Hoffnung einer bessern Zukunft für Oesterreichs Völker angefacht, eine Hoffnung, .die während des vierjährigen Be standes der Februaroeriassung vergeblich aus Erfüllung harrte. Nichts destoweniger läßt hie Adresse mit der Sistirung „Treue und Hlanben, die nothwendigsten Bedingungen jedes Verkehrs und des Tedeih/nS jeder Einrich tung in allen Schichten der Bevölkerung wan kend werden, und da» Vertrauen auf die Ge setzt und Häher die Achtung vor denselben nothleidev." Mehr als die Ästir»»g des Ge setzes Hber die ReichS»ertretung wäre eine solch? Adresse geeignet, weyn sie der Ausdruck der öffentlichen Meinung wäre, Treue und Glauben wankend zu machen und daS Vertrauen auf die Gesetze zu erschüttern! Nach der Schilderung der Misera des In landes, die kein Lichtblick erhellt, gebraucht die Adresse ^rei Epitheta, Um das Ausland gegen das Inland genügend hervorzuheben, „das reiche, geordnete, blühende Ausland." Steht demselben ein armes, ungeordnetes, herab gekommenes Vorarlberg gegenüber? Und sol che Redensarten in einer Landtagsadresse dem Landesvater entgegen gehalten, sollen wirklich Eingebungen des Patriotismus sein ? Bei Ge währung der Febrnarverfassung war Se. Maje stät von der Absicht geleitet, den Interessen ^>es GesammtstaateS die sichere Gewähr in einer öl«ch<üg«stnl»»ng zu bieten, die ihre Kraft und Bedeutung in der freien Theilnahme aller Völker findet. Die Febrnar verfassung sollte ein Hort der Freiheit und des Rechtes für alle Völker deö Reiches sein; unter ihrem allumfassenden Schutze sollte» alle Nationen der groben Monarchie fnevlich ru hen. Nur iil der Voraussetzung, daß mit der Februarversassung die Bedingungen gege ben seien, welche die Erreichnng jener Absicht möglich machen, hatte das Versprechen der unverbrüchlichen Festhaltung an derselben Sinn, Berechtigung und bindende Gewalt. Die Fe brnarverfassung hätte, wie jedes Geschenk erst durch die Annahme rechtskräftig werden kön nen. Sie war dem Gesammtstaate gegeben, die Annahme konnte daher rechtskräftig nur von Seile des Gesainmtstaates erfolgen. Die Hälfte der Monarchie hat aber die Februarversassung abgelehnt; von ihrer An nahme durch den Gesamintstaat war keine Rede; es fehlte daher der Februarverfassung die erste und wichtigste Bedingung; welche die Erfüllung jener Absicht ermöglichen konnte, sie gelangte nie zur Nechtsbestäudiqkeit. In der Hoffnung, daß im Laüfe der Zeit dieser Mangel könnte behoben werden, wurde die Annahme der Februarversassung durch den 'Hcsammtstaat fingirt und aus diejer Fiktion .nng die Einsetzung des von den ungarischen Ländern und Lombards-'Venetien nicht be schickten Reichsrathes als weiterer NeichZ-. ?ath, als zweite Fiktion hervor. Die Berech nung einer Fiktion ist eine begränzte. Der Aktion mangelt die Berechtigung, wenn der Eintritt der Thatsache, welche von der Fiktion 'Me ersetzt »erden sollen, unmöglich ge^or- 5en.' Ei« vierjähriges Zuwarten hatte die Hoffnung aus die ersehnte Annahme der. Fe- tzinorverfoBUlg - von Seite der östlichen Rcichs- häNe nicht uur nicht vermehrt, sondern jede AuSstckt auf das Eintreten dieses Ereignisses vernichtet. Von dem Augenblicke an, als diese Wahrheit erkannt wurde, hatten jene Fiktiv neu wie keine Grundlage, so keine Berechtigung mehr, und die Septemberakte wurde zur poli tischen Nothwendigkeit. , In der Abstcht, unerschüttert durch verkäs- funqsmäßige Gestaltung des GesammtreicheS das Glück aller seiner Theile zu begründen, wendete sich der Kaiser offen und vertrauens voll an Seine Völker und eröffnete für eine Alle befriedigende Neugestaltung des Sesammt- reiches neue Bahnen. Die Adresse sber faßte die Sache anders auf. Sie sagt 7 »Der treugehorsamste Landtag vermag jene Sistirung mit dem feierlichst öer kündeten, zur unabbrüchlichen Befolgung und Haltung ourch daS kaiserliche Wort gewähr leisteten, von fast allen Ländern des Reiches angenommenen und seit einer Reihe von Jah ren befolgten obersten StaatSprincipe: daß das Recht, Gesetze zu geben, abzuändern und aufzuheben ni»r unter Mitwirkung der Land tage, beziehungsweise des ReichSratheS uud zwar nur in der am 26. Februar I8Kl ver fassungsmäßig (?) bestimmten Weise auszuüben sei — nicht in Einklang zu bringen, sondern mußte mit tieistem Bedauern der Ueberzeugung Raum geben, daß sie, jeder rechtlichen Grund lage entbehrend, nur aus zweifelhasten und irrigen Anschauungen beruhe und sür die Wohl fahrt des Reiches und somit auch des Landes mit den größten Gefahren verbunden fei." Die Adresse sagt ferner: „eS sei der Weg, den die Sistirung anbahnte, dem wohlerworbenen^ rechtlich unv faktisch ausgeübten und durch das kaiserliche Wort gewährleisteten und wie derholt sanctionirten Verfassungsrechte der ge treuen Völker des größer» Theiles des Rei ches entgegen." Die Adresse sagt endlich: „es dttrtte olr Sisttruug riucr tiem Landtage von Ungarn und' Croatien zur Annahme empfoh lenen Verfassung, statt ihrem Zwecke einen Vorschub zu leisten, demselben vielmehr hin derlich entgegi'tilretcii, wenn diese vorsichtigen Völker der östlichen Neichshalite wahrnehmen müssen, daß es sich uin eine Verfassung handle, die, obgleich durch das kaiserliche Wort und die That besiegelt, ihnen zu Lieb auS Nütz- lichkeitsl ücksichten, den in ihr selbst enthaltenen GrundsäM entgegen, in ihrem wichtigsten Theile, wenn auch nur zeitweilig, bei Seite geschoben werden Knute" — und schleudert hiemit den dreimaligen Vorwurf der Wort- brüchigkeit, den Vorwnrs der Ungerech tigkeit und den Lorwurf des Irrthums an die Stufen des Thrones und wagt es, die Absichteil Sr. Majestät sür die Länder jenseits der Leilha zu verdächtigen. Und nun, Volk von Vorarlberg,« mit dem reichen Ehrenkranze auf dem Haupto, den Dir fünf Jahrhunderte gewunden haben, ist eS Dir klar, weshalb Se. Majestät dieses Schriftstück, das doch Deine Gesinnung aus drücken soll, zurückgewiesen hat? Wien, 22. Jan. Um den enorm hohen Stand der pensiouirten österreichischen Osficiere nach Möglichkeit zu vermindern, soll das kk. Kriegsministerium beschlossen haben, hälbin- valide pensionirte Officiere auch zu Depot- diensten zu verwenden, und sei bereits die dies bezügliche Aufforderung ergangen. Die Mel dungen-hiezu liefen zahlreich ein und sprechen laut sür die Neactivirung vieler Pensionisten. Prsth, 25. Jänner. Dem „Hon" zufolge haben gestern 10V LandtagSmitglieder der Liilken in einer Konferenz ihr Programm im Allgemeinen dahin formulirt, daß sie die Grund sätze der iSKler Adresse als die ihrigen an erkennen und als dem natürlichsten Vertreter derselben dem Abg. Deak folgen. Zugleich haben sie eine Candidatenliste für die Avreß« Commission zusammengestellt und neun Stelle» sür Sandidaten der Deat-Partei offen gelassen- ' Benedig, !3. Jan. Die Reformen der politischen Verwaltung des KronlandeS stoßen auf lebhafte Opposition. Auslsnö. AuS Walli» wird geschrieben: „Aus der Spitze des St. Theodule zwischen dem berüch tigten Matterhorn und dem Monterosa in einer Höhe von 12,000 Fuß wurden drei Männer elablirt, die den ganzen Winter über daselbst meteorologische Beobachtungen zu machen habe». Natürlich sind sie jetzt tief eingeschneit und ist an keine Communication mehr zu denken. Die letzten Nachrichten, die man von ihnen erhielt, wareil vom 28. November." Der N'ga'schen Zeitung wird auö Mitau gemeldet, daß der turländische Landtag, der übriqens nicht geschlossen, sondern nur vertagt ist, in der That den Beschluß gefaßt hat, die Allerhöchste Genehmigung zu erbitte», „daß fortan in Kurland Personen aller Stäude christ licher Consession veräußerlichen Grundbesitz jeder Art zu volle», Eigenthums sollen erwerben dttrien". Auch hat der Landtag eine neue Landgemeinde Ordnung für Kurland entworfen. In diplomatischen Kreise» machen die so eben publicirten „Memoiren des Grafen Nessel rode" Aussehen, die derselbe im Jahre ?8ü8 vor seinem Ende niedergeschrieben, sväter von ihm seiner Nichte, Frau v. Muchanow, in die Feder victirt sind, die Jahre I7S0—lttlö umfassen und vieles Neue zu den großen Er» eignissen der Napoleynischen Zeit wie über seine Kollegen Metternich, CasUereagh, Talley- rand. Hardenberg, Humboldt, Gagern u. A., die er alle überlebte, bringen. Das französi sche Original dieser Memoiren ist sür die Oes- fentlichkeit bestimmt, zur Zeit aber noch nicht erschienen; Glaf Dimitry Nesselrode, der Sohn des berühmten Vicekanzlers, hat eS für ange messen gehalten, der Veröffentlichung d?L Ori> ginals die einer russischen Uebersetzung vor hergehen zu lassen und diese dem Westnik zu übergeben, der die Memoiren jetzt publicirt. Pari». 24. Jan. Die Opinion Rationale, das Organ des Prinzen Napoleon, erhebt sich heute mit großer Energie gegen das Begin nen, in Frankreich eine Legion für den Papst zu bilden, und sie erklärt die» für eine Ver letzung des September -Vertrages. Indeß sol len die Anwerbungen für den Dienst des Papstes bei den französischen Soldaten großen Anklang finden. In Algerien, wo bei allen Regimentern angefragt wurde , wer ln den Dienst der rSmischeu Regierung treten wolle, ? zeigte sich der größte Theil bereit, dem Auf rufe Folge zu leiste». Von dem Bataillon der Fremdenlegion, welches gegenwärtig in Blidah organisirt wird. erklärten stehen Neuntel, sie seien bereit, sofort in den Dienst des Papstes zu treten.—Das französische Corps, welches sich noch in Mexico befindet, besteht aus zwei Divisionen Infanterie, einer Brigade Kaval lerie und einer entsprechenden Artillerie. — Am l4. April begibt sich der frühere Arbeiter Albert (IL48 Mitglied der provisorischen Re» gierung), nach Nordamerica, um der Mine. Lincoln, die goldene Medaille zu überreichen, welche man in Frankreich bei Gelegenheit deS schrecklichen EnveS ihres Mannes hat schlage» lassen. , ^ 86. Januar. Der Constitutionnel be weist anläßlich der Veröffentlichung der Depe schen /des amerikanischen Gesandten Bigslow. daß Drouin de LhuyS keine Aufklärungen über innere AvministrationS Acte des mexicanischen Gouvernements geben konnte, für welche letz teres allein verantwortlich ist. Dasselbe Blatt sagt, die Vereinigten Staaten können den Widerstand, welchen einige zusammengelaufene Plünderer und Abenteurer leiste», nicht Krieg nennen, wenn sie selbst den consöderirten Südstaaten den Titel von Krieg ührenden ver» weigert haben. Der „Debatte" schreibt man von der italienischen Grenze, 23. Jänner: Lassen Sie sich durch daS Kriegsgeschrei und die Dekla mationen einiger italienischer Blätter ja nicht irre führen^und glauben Sie ja nicht, daß unsere Nachbarn jenseits des Ticino wirklich eiker Annäherung an Oesterreich fo abgeneigt sind, als man auS jenen Philippiken zu schlie ße» versucht wäre. Wir hier an der Grenze sind viel besser in der Lage, über die Stim mung in den italienischen Nachbarprovinzen zu urtheilen, da wir täglich ihre Schmerzens- ruke vernehmen. Ich kann Sie versichern, daß man sowohl in Mailand wie in Turin und Florenz nichts weniger wünscht, als — den Krieg; nichts mehr als eine Erleichterung der Lasteil, von denen man erdrückt wird. Nichts ist im Stande, Ihnen von den Zustän den in Italien ein treffenderes Bild zu geben, als eine Stelle aus dem Tunner Blatte «U <x>ntv e»vour«, welches den Gegnern der E»t- wafsuunz in der Presse Folgendes antwortet: „Wenn wir die Mehrzahl der Italiener ge stimmt sehen würden, nicht die äußersten Opser zn bringen, aber nur ihre Pflicht zu thun, so würden auch wir rufen: Krieg! Aber da wir im Allgemeinen wahrnehmen, daß die Italiener ihre Negierung ansehen, als ob sie aus der Türkei stammte, daß >e sich beeifern, die Ne- gistertaxen nicht zn zahlen, ihre beweglichen Güter zu verbergen u»d zu verheimlicheu, den Schmuggel in jeder Weise zn fördern, mit «mein Woüe, jede Last von sich abzuschütteln, so scheint es uns wabrlich uicht, dag der jetzige Moment einer Begeisterung günstig ist." — Hier haben Sie in einigen Zügen ein Bild ^ heutigen Italiens, und man versuchtes die Funken anzufachen, die unter stickt ^ vieler Enttäuschungen er- Tages-Neuigkeiten. W daS et»« Äoot. in welchem bekanntlich iS Menschen (von mehr a!S 2l)l) Paffagieren und See« leuten^ sich gerettet halten. inS Wasser gelassen wmde. forderte ein Herr Wilson feinen Freund, RanenS Hickinan, auf. mit ibm aus diesem Wege sein Heil zu suchen. Hickman weigerte sich, er wollte Weib und Linder nicht verlassen. Da» Boot war kaum ein'.ge Ellen vom Schiffe entfernt, alt auch schon 5>ie Leichen der Frau und der Kinder ein Spiel der Wogen waren. AIS daS Boot feilte Bemannung hatte, rief ein Matrose: SS ist noch für Einen Platz, holt eine Frq» herbei. Derselbe Wilson wollte nun eine ihm bekannte Dame holen, »and sie aber nicht und brachte nun ein junges Mädchen an die SäWwand. Die Un- glückliche wollte jedoch den gefährlichen Sprung Mt wagen, den Wilson, da keine Zeit mehr zu verlieren war, nun allein machte. AtS das Boot abstieß, bot cine todtenhlelche Dame, tausend Guineen. wenn mal? sie mitnehmen weide. ES irar jedoch zu spät. Unter den tragischen Scenen fehlte eS auch nicht an komischen Episoden. AIS den Re/^eiide« mitge- tbeilt wurde. daS Schiff sei rettungslos verloren, be eilte sich ein Passagier, mit leinen- Hachtsack aus» Verdeck zu kommen. Selbst der Capilän. der sich dein Tode geweiht hatte, konnte sich ei<«t» Lächeln» vicht enthalten. Unter den Ertrunkenen ist auch G. v. Brooke, einer der ersten Tragöden Englands, der feinen zer rütteten BermsgenSverhältnissen in Australien aufzu helfen gedachte. Man sah ihn ö<S zum letzten Momente ruhig und gefaßt ans dem Verdecke auf« nnd abgehen. Ein Passagier, RamenS Eastwood. bedauerte nur, daß er die SW Pfd. St.. die er bei der Bie- iorla-^auk zu beheben habe, nxn nicht mehr seinem alten Vater geben könne. Einer von oen geretteten Passagieren hat eS übernommen, den unter Thränen ausgesprochenen Wünsch in Erfüllung zu bringen. AIS das Schiff sank, sah man, wie alle auf dem Hinterdeck befindlichen Personen plötzlich massenhast nach vor» geschleudert wurden. Der ans dem Zn- nern des Schisse» dringende Luftstrom hatte sie er. faßt und »ach vorn gedrängt. Einen Steuermann Namens Angel, konnte man noch im letzten Moment au den Pumpeu sehen. Zivil Passagiere waren mit Schwimingürtklu versehen, waren aber wahrscheinlich schon todt als ste aus dem Abgrunde, den daS sinkende Sckisi in die Wogen bohrte, wieder empor tauchte». Andere Reisende hielten Pistolen in den Hände», mit denen ste im entscheidendeu Momente längeren Leiden vor bauen wollten. Es ist jedoch kein Schuß gehört worden. Ver »»tvortlicde, lleäaeteur: Dr. v. vructc «n<Z V«rl»x von Anzeige«. Amtliche Anzeigen. l:—62 Bekantmachung. Es kommen für das Stndienjabr 1865/6 auS der Vorenz Rdvmberq-schen Stiftung t. ein Sripendium per W fl. für einen Lehr« amtscandidate», oder in Srmanglung dessen für einen Schüler der Ttnerarzneikunde. 2. ein solches per ötl fl. für einen Handlungs» lehrjungen Z. zwei Stipendien a 40 fl, für weibliche Lehr linge auf die Dauer der Lehrzeit aber nicht über Z Jqbre, zu besetzen Zum Genusse eines solchen Stipendiums sind die Verwandten deS Herrn Stifters und Gemeinveangeborige von Dornbirn berufen, und zwar in folgender Reikenfolqe: 1. Vor Ällem die dürftigen Verwandten des Stifters 2. dürftige Angehörige der Gemeinde Dorn« dirn 3. auch minder dürftige Verwandten des Stif ters. 5 Diejenigen, die sich um eines dieser Sti« pendien bewerben wollen, baben ihre gehö« rig belebten Gesuche biö 20. Febr. d. IS. dabier einznieichen, und in selben a. Die Verwandschast zum Herrn Stifter l>. ikre Dürftigkeit c. die ilngkbörigkeit zur Gemeinde Dorubirn ä. die überstandene Blatterukrankheit, oder Kudpockenimpfung darzuthun. Die Bewerber um daS Sripendinm ack l haben die Änfnadme in einer öffentlichen Lehr» aiistalt, und den bisherigen guren Fortgang, nnd resp, die Lehramt«candidaten den stiftungs« mäßigen Revers vorzulegen. K. K. Bezirksamt Dornbirn am 25. Jänner t»66. Der kk. Bez.Vorstand Schandl. 3—1t Curatel-Edict. Das löbliche kk. Kreisgericht zu Feldkirch hat mit Beschluß vom 9. d. MtS. Z IlZt über Joseph Äuton MathiS, 'Sohn der ver storbenen Eheleute Allton MathiS und Fran- zisca Linder in Steckenwegen zu HohenemS wegen Blödsinn die Curatel verhängt uud wurde ihm in der Person des Martin Älbrich Lehrer in Steckenwegen zu HohenemS ein Curator bestellt. K. K. Bezirksamt Dornbirn als Gericht, am 22. December tSKü. Der k. k. Bezirksvorstand Schandl Z—W Sdicr. Das k. k. Kreieaericht Feldkirch bat mit Beschluß vom 23. d. MtS, Nr. 127«) über die ledige SInna Maria Schamwler in Höchst die Curaiel wegen Wabnstnn zu verhängen b>fun« den, >vaS uiit dem Beisatze biemit öffeiitlick» bekannt gemacht wird, daß für sie Baptist Grabber, KolumbanS in Höchst als Eurator bestellt ist. K. K- Bezirksamt Dornbirn als Gericht am 29. Dezember 1865. Der k. k. Bez. Vyrstand Schandl- 2:-45 Edict. ^ Von dem k. k. st. d. Bezirksgerichte Feld kirch wird bekannt gegeben, daß die zur Con- cursmasse der Fehrifchen.Geschmsterten zu TisiS unter Bes. Nr. 1008 im St.-D. Feld kirch gelegenen Realitäten, als: I. DaS Wohnhaus Nr. 73 zu Gallmist Ge meinde Tisis sammt dazu gehöriger halbe? Vahnholzäerechtigkeit in der Gemeindötval- dung zu Tisis, L. daS neben diesem Hause befindliche Webe rei-Gebäude 3 die Wagenremise, 4. das Farbgebäude mit Farbkessel, Wasser werk, Tröcknezimmer und Tröckneeinrichtung und 5. der bei diesem Gebäude liegenve ca. IS'/, Mitmel grobe 2m. WieSboden, im iluscusS- preise von 0000 fl. öW. am Donnerstag den 8. Februar d. Js Nach mittags 3 Uhr in der Krone zu heil. Kreuz im öffentlichen Versteigerungswege werden ver äußert werden. Die Bedingungen werden unmittelbar vor der Versteigerung bekannt gemacht und können vorläufig, auch bei diesem Bezirksgerichte ein- geseb -.l werden. Am daraussolgenden Tage Freitag den 9. Februar von 9 Uhr Vormittags angefangen, werden im Äohuhause Nr. 73 zu Gallniist die zu dieser ConcurSmasse gehörigen Fähr nisse, dann AS vollständig eing-richtete Web- Mhle, 2 Zettelmaschinen, 3 Zwirnmaschiuen, sernerS die sämmtlichen vorhandenen Wederei, Färberei- und Zwirneinrichtungsstücke und Gegenstände gegen sogleich baare Bezahlung versteigert werden- Feldkirch den 16. Jänner ISK6. Der k. k. Kreisgerichls-Rath Dr. Häns le. l:—6Z DersteigerungSedict. Die zur ConcurSmasse der Jakob Allgäuer- schen Lerlassenschaft in Altenstadt zur einen Hälfte gehörigen, und zur ander» Hälfte aber der Witwe Anna Maria ZUl^äuer geb. Bie. dermann eigenthümlichen nachbenannten Neali» täten werden össent ich versteiflert werden, alS: 1. DaS Wohnhaus Nr. öW. das der Schuldnerin laut Kauf vom Mai dI. Fol. 3tt7 gekörige Berggnt Bittisberg mit Zimmer und t Holzstuck am 2-t. »Februar und nöttiigenf. 47. März t^66 jedtöinal 9 Uhr Vormittuc, in der LöwenwirtkS- bebausung zu Egg nach vorläufiger Bekannt- mact'nng der Bedingnngen öffentlich feilgebolhen werden. A,isr»fl<prei6 fl öW. Die Hypothekargliubiger werden wegen Anmeldung ilirer Forderungen biS zum Ner» stkigeriiiigStage nach dem h. Gub-Sirc. vom 6. Siprti auf diesen gerichtlichen Vor gang aufmerksam gemacht. K- K- Bezirksamt Bezau als Gericht, am 30. November Müller. 1—Lö Eoncurs-Edict. Vom kk. Bezirksamte Montason als Gericht wird über das gesammte bewegliche und über das in jenen Kronländern, in welchen die Cioil-JuriSdictions-Norm vom S0. Nov. !8S» Giltigkeit hat, befindliche unbewegliche Vermögen des Joses Anton Stampfer, Bauers manns zu TschaggunS, der CoucurS eröffnet. Wer an diese ConcurSmasse eine Forderung stellen will, hat dieselbe mittelst eluer Klage wider diese ConcurSmasse bei diesem Gerichte bis Samstag den 24. Februar ISLK anzumelden, und in der Klage nicht nur die Nichtigkeit der Forderung, sondern auch das Rechtskraft dessen er in diese oder jene Klasse gesetzt zu werden verlanget, zn erweisen, widrigen» nach Verlauf deserst bestimmten Tages Niemand mehr gehört werden würde, und jene, die ihre Forderung bis dahin nicht angemeldet hätten, in Rücksicht des gesammten zur ConcurSmasse gehörigen Vermögens ohne alle Ausnahme auch dann abgewiesen sein sollen, wenn ihnen wirklich ein Compensationsrecht gebührte, wenn sie ein. eigenthümliches Gut aus der Masse zu fordern hätten, oder wenn ihre Forderung auf ein liegendes Gut sicher gestellt wäre, so zwar, daß solche Gläubiger vielmehr, wenn sie etwa in die Masse schuldig sein sollten/ die Schuld un-. gehind.ert des Compensations-, Eigenthums- oder Pfandrechtes, das ihnen sonst gebührt hätte' zu berichtigen verhalten werden würden. Zugleich wird zum Versuche einer gütlichen Ausgleichung dieser Concurssache, und im NichterzielungSsalle zur Wahl des Vermögens-VerwalterS und der Gläubiger-Ausschüsst sowie zur Festsetzung der weiteren Bestimmungen nach den ZZ. 92 und 93 der wg. G. O. Tag satzung auf den 28 Februar kJ. Vormittags 9 Uhr bei diesem Gerichte anberaumt. K. K. Bezirksamt als Gericht, Schrunö, am 24. Jänner IL66. Ratz. Nichtamtliche ^lytigen. Auswandernngslustigen diene, daß für Monat März sich eine ganze Gesellschaft zur Auswanderung nach Amerika vorbereitet und? grvßlentheilS schon accordirt hat, diejenigen die sich derselben noch anzuschließen wünschen, wollen sich gefälligst recht bald melden, bei der concemonirten Hauptagentur von l—.kk Caspar Pfeiffer in Norschach. Für Attswanderungslustige. Nächsten Freitag den S.Februar wird ein Angestellter von mir im Gasthos zur„Jlge" in Dorubirn sein, um Auswanderungslustigen Auskunft zu ertheilen. Tasxar ?ko!Lsr, 07 cvnceisionirter Hau?tagent. 64 , Kundmachung Die bisher bestandene sperre ge^en den Vieheintrieb aus den Kantone« Lt. Gallen und Sipptnzell nach Vorarlberg wurde, nach dem die Lungenseuche in den genannten Nach- barkantonen erloschen ist. mit hohem Statt- haltcrei Erlasse vom 20. d. Mt6. Nr. aufgehoben. Dieß wird zur allgemeinen Kenntnist ge» bracht. K- K. Bezirksamt Feldkirch ,am 2ö- Jänner »866. Der kk. BezirkS-Vvrstand Punsche r. Z—Z54 Feill>iethu»gedicr. Vom kk. Bezirksamts Be;au als Gericht, wird auf erecutives Ansuchen der Susanna Den; von Schwarzenberg wider Anna Feld- 5i cher von Eqg wegen einer Forderung von 400 fl. NW. deS 4'/.7« ZinD hievon sei Georgi dI. in den Kosten von fl. 97 kr. Regelmässige Neiiegelegcnheilen llurck Po)!-. Dumpf- um! ScglMujse Erster Masse nach allen Theilen AweeMaZS wwK NwAeakLsws. Wegen Preisen und Abfahrten wende man sich an die concessionirte General-Agentur Bion-Glück in Gallen. Anr allfälltgen Beaehtu»»g. Jeden Donnerstag von Morgens 8 Uhr bis Nachmittag 2 Uhr im Gasthaut zu« Schiff in der Au zu treffen. 2— SK Unterzeichneter verkaust das von Herrn Ferdinand Kiene sel Erben erkaufte HauS d. i. Thüren <3ü), Kreuzstoike l30) sammt Läden, FensterstockeVorfenster S: Verkleidung, Stiegen (l0) und Oesen tL), welche zu einem neuen Hausbaue sehr geeignet wären. Bregenz, im Jänner 1800. 08 F. Cyth. Brodtaxe. Schildmehl um l kr 3'/. ^th. Herrenlaibl« mehl um t kr. 4 Loth. Herrenlaiblmebl dat Pfund 7kr. Weißkernenmebl da« Pfund Skr. Kernen- und Roggenmehl das Pfund 5lr, Ganje Sioggenmebl 5 kr. Telegrafischer CurSberiiyt »» «iea. )änn«> 27. Effeoten. 5'/, ^ietalli^uv« ö'/, t Sevxvr I^oog« Litnllitctisn Lrochtaelien Ilkelhsec. I^zncloli 100 «. Vvic»ten ez. «z. 80. 6L ?S. »« 70. 8i. V5. SS ?Sö. 75V. — tSI. 7l», I?i. «S. S0- jv». Z?. 104. »v tv».. j0. t.. »8. " /. SS.
| 37,923 |
https://github.com/pablolopesk8/autocomplete-datamanipulation/blob/master/api/test/validators/event.validator.test.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
autocomplete-datamanipulation
|
pablolopesk8
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 167 | 399 |
const should = require('should'); // eslint-disable-line
const { eventValidator } = require('../../src/validators/event.validator');
describe('Event Validator Test', () => {
it(`Should be rejected if don't have event attribute`, async () => {
const event = {};
await eventValidator(event).should.be.rejectedWith('required-event');
});
it(`Should be rejected if event attribute is not string`, async () => {
const event = { event: 123 };
await eventValidator(event).should.be.rejectedWith('type-event');
});
it(`Should be rejected if don't have date attribute`, async () => {
const event = { event: "string" };
await eventValidator(event).should.be.rejectedWith('required-date');
});
it(`Should be rejected if date attribute is not string`, async () => {
const event = { event: "string", date: 123 };
await eventValidator(event).should.be.rejectedWith('type-date');
});
it(`Should be rejected if date attribute is not in date format`, async () => {
const event = { event: "string", date: "no data format" };
await eventValidator(event).should.be.rejectedWith('format-date');
});
it(`Should be accepted if has valids event and date attribues`, async () => {
const event = { event: "string", date: "2016-09-22T13:57:31.2311892-04:00" };
const result = await eventValidator(event);
result.should.be.true();
});
});
| 6,744 |
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicourt
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Chicourt
|
https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicourt&action=history
|
Uzbek
|
Spoken
| 44 | 134 |
Chicourt Fransiyaning Lotaringiya mintaqasida joylashgan kommunadir. Moselle departamenti Château-Salins tumani tarkibiga kiradi.
Aholisi
100 nafar aholi istiqomat qiladi (2005). Aholi zichligi — har kvadrat kilometrga 17,5 nafar kishi.
Geografiyasi
Maydoni — 5,7 km2. Dengiz sathidan 239 – 340 m balandlikda joylashgan.
Manbalar
Moselle shaharlari
| 1,007 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Mountjoy
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Dick Mountjoy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick Mountjoy&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 395 | 570 |
Richard L. Mountjoy (January 13, 1932 – May 18, 2015) was an American Republican politician from Monrovia, California.
Personal life
Mountjoy was born in Los Angeles, California and graduated from Monrovia-Arcadia-Duarte High School in 1950. He joined the US Navy and served oversea during the Korean War. After his navy service he worked briefly as an auto mechanic. Then did construction work with his brother Gordon, the two later started the Mountjoy Construction Company. He was married to Earline Winnett until her death in 2009. He has two sons, Michael and Dennis Lee, and one daughter, Judy. Dennis was a member of the California State Assembly, having represented his father's old district from 2000 to 2006. Dick is Life Member of the Veterans of Foreign Wars.
Political career
Mountjoy served as the mayor of Monrovia from 1968 to 1976. He served in the California State Assembly for the 61st, 42nd, and 59th district from 1978 to 1995. From 1982 to 1984 he served as the California Assembly Republican Caucus Chair. While there he introduced California Proposition 187, which denied government services to illegal immigrants. He served in the California State Senate from 1994 to 2000 in California's 29th State Senate district. His political platform fit with that of the conservative wing of the Republican Party: he was anti-abortion, opposed same-sex marriage, and supported both the war in Iraq and possible military intervention in Iran.
On September 22, 2006, the Los Angeles Times reported that a statement in his website's biography, that he served in the Korean War aboard the USS Missouri, was incorrect; ship records later confirmed that he actually served aboard the USS Bremerton. Mountjoy said, "I think it was just something that somebody picked up, it didn’t come from me." However, Feinstein's campaign opined that the error raised enough doubts about Mountjoy’s credibility that Mountjoy was "not qualified to serve the people of California."
Mountjoy was defeated by incumbent U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein by a wide margin (59-35 percent) in the general election held on November 7, 2006.
He died on May 18, 2015, aged 83.
References
External links
Dick Mountjoy on Joincalifornia.com
OnTheIssues
Mayors of places in California
Republican Party California state senators
Republican Party members of the California State Assembly
1932 births
2015 deaths
People from Monrovia, California
Politicians from Los Angeles
Activists from California
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
| 9,156 |
https://github.com/TheLonelyAdventurer/nebula8/blob/master/plugins/weather.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
nebula8
|
TheLonelyAdventurer
|
Python
|
Code
| 127 | 552 |
from pyowm import OWM
from pyowm.commons import exceptions
from config import Config
from core import decorators
from core.utilities.message import message
from languages.getLang import languages
def sendWeatherMessage(update,context,city,mintemp,maxtemp,humidity,icon):
languages(update,context)
stringMessage = languages.weather_message.format(city,mintemp,maxtemp,humidity,icon)
msg = message(update,context,stringMessage)
return msg
@decorators.delete.init
def init(update, context):
text = update.message.text[8:].strip().capitalize()
if text != "":
try:
owm = OWM(Config.OPENWEATHER_API)
mgr = owm.weather_manager()
observation = mgr.weather_at_place(text)
w = observation.weather
temp = w.temperature('celsius')
mintemp = temp['temp_min']
maxtemp = temp['temp_max']
humidity = w.humidity
status = w.status
if status == 'Clear':
sendWeatherMessage(update,context,text,mintemp,maxtemp,humidity,'☀️')
elif status == 'Clouds':
sendWeatherMessage(update,context,text,mintemp,maxtemp,humidity,'☁️')
elif status == 'Rain':
sendWeatherMessage(update,context,text,mintemp,maxtemp,humidity,'🌧')
elif status == 'Drizzle':
sendWeatherMessage(update,context,text,mintemp,maxtemp,humidity,'🌧')
elif status == 'Mist':
sendWeatherMessage(update,context,text,mintemp,maxtemp,humidity,'🌫')
else:
sendWeatherMessage(update,context,text,mintemp,maxtemp,humidity,status)
except exceptions.NotFoundError:
message(update,context, text="The city you searched for does not exist!")
else:
message(update,context, text="You need to type a search criteria!\nHow to use the command: <code>/weather text</code>")
| 29,396 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/55646096
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
Danish
|
Spoken
| 609 | 2,867 |
I cannot set value in a Holder<Integer> with Mockito
I am making unit tests for a service in my application. Inside this service there is a call to an external webservice (SOAP). The call to this webservice set values to different Holder<String> and Holder<Integer> I have send as parameter to this WS call.
This is my Service method:
CustomerServiceImpl
@Override
public Customer createCustomer(Customer dto) {
UserEkos userEkos = SecurityEkosUtils.getUserEkos();
if (dto.getOrigen() != null && dto.getOrigen().equalsIgnoreCase(DEL)) {
Optional<CustomerModel> result = customerRepository.findById(dto.getId());
if (!result.isPresent()) {
log.error("[createCustomer] The central does exist in SAP " + dto.getId());
throw new BusinessServiceException(Constants.FUNCTIONAL_ERROR, " The central does exist in SAP " + dto.getId());
}
} else if(dto.getOrigen() != null && !dto.getOrigen().equalsIgnoreCase(DEL)) {
log.error("[createCustomer] Do not introduce an ID");
throw new BusinessServiceException(Constants.FUNCTIONAL_ERROR, "Do not introduce an ID");
}
Zwcta293 zwcta293 = altaDeudoresMapper.dtoToZwcta293(dto);
Holder<String> eCodCreated = new Holder<>();
Holder<String> eMessage = new Holder<>();
Holder<Integer> eReturn = new Holder<>();
Holder<String> eSocCreated = new Holder<>();
Holder<String> eResidenceType = new Holder<>();
altaProxy.zwebserAltaDeudores(zwcta293, eCodCreated, eMessage, eReturn, eSocCreated, eResidenceType);
if (eReturn.value == 0) {
CustomerModel customerModel = CustomerMapper.dtoToDomain(dto);
customerModel.setId(eCodCreated.value);
if (dto.getSocieties() != null && !dto.getSocieties().isEmpty()) {
CustomerSocietyModel customerSociety = new CustomerSocietyModel();
customerSociety.setCustomer(customerModel.getId());
customerSociety.setSociety(userEkos.getSociety());
customerModel.addCustomerSociety(customerSociety);
}
customerRepository.save(customerModel);
} else {
log.error("[createCustomer] Error SAP " + eMessage.value);
throw new BusinessServiceException(Constants.FUNCTIONAL_ERROR, "Error SAP " + eMessage.value);
}
Customer customer = new Customer();
customer.setId(eCodCreated.value);
return customer;
}
This is my test method:
CustomerServiceTest
@Test
void createCustomerOKTest() throws Exception{
Holder<String> eCodCreated = new Holder<>();
Holder<String> eMessage = new Holder<>();
Holder<Integer> eReturn = new Holder<>();
Holder<String> eSocCreated = new Holder<>();
Holder<String> eResidenceType = new Holder<>();
Customer customer = (Customer) UtilsTest.getFileJsonToFile(CUSTOMER_JSON, Customer.class);
customer.setId("1239000");
Zwcta293 sapCustomer = (Zwcta293) UtilsTest.getFileJsonToFile(CUSTOMER_SAP_JSON, Zwcta293.class);
CustomerModel customerModel = (CustomerModel) UtilsTest.getFileJsonToFile(CUSTOMER_MODEL, CustomerModel.class);
when(altaDeudoresMapper.dtoToZwcta293(any(Customer.class))).thenReturn(sapCustomer);
doAnswer(invoication -> {
Holder<String> eCodCreated1 = (Holder<String>) invoication.getArgument(1);
Holder<String> eMessage1 = (Holder<String>) invoication.getArgument(2);
Holder<Integer> eReturn1 = (Holder<Integer>) invoication.getArgument(3);
Holder<String> eSocCreated1 = (Holder<String>) invoication.getArgument(4);
Holder<String> eResidenceType1 = (Holder<String>) invoication.getArgument(5);
eReturn1.value = 1239000;
return null;
}).when(altaProxy).zwebserAltaDeudores(sapCustomer, eCodCreated, eMessage, eReturn, eSocCreated, eResidenceType);
when(customerRepository.save(Mockito.any(CustomerModel.class))).thenReturn(customerModel);
Customer customerFinal = customerService.createCustomer(customer);
assertSame(Integer.toString(1239000), customerFinal.getId());
}
When it reaches the line in the service if(eRetorno.value == 0) I get a NullPointerException
java.lang.NullPointerException
at com.vocento.ekos.customer.service.CustomerServiceImpl.createCustomer(CustomerServiceImpl.java:83)
at com.vocento.ekos.customer.service.CustomerServiceTest.createCustomerOKTest(CustomerServiceTest.java:131)
at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566)
at org.junit.platform.commons.util.ReflectionUtils.invokeMethod(ReflectionUtils.java:532)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.ExecutableInvoker.invoke(ExecutableInvoker.java:115)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.lambda$invokeTestMethod$6(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:171)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:72)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.invokeTestMethod(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:167)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.execute(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:114)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.execute(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:59)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$4(NodeTestTask.java:108)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:72)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.executeRecursively(NodeTestTask.java:98)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.execute(NodeTestTask.java:74)
at java.base/java.util.ArrayList.forEach(ArrayList.java:1540)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.invokeAll(SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.java:38)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$4(NodeTestTask.java:112)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:72)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.executeRecursively(NodeTestTask.java:98)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.execute(NodeTestTask.java:74)
at java.base/java.util.ArrayList.forEach(ArrayList.java:1540)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.invokeAll(SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.java:38)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$4(NodeTestTask.java:112)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:72)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.executeRecursively(NodeTestTask.java:98)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.execute(NodeTestTask.java:74)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.submit(SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.java:32)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.HierarchicalTestExecutor.execute(HierarchicalTestExecutor.java:57)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.HierarchicalTestEngine.execute(HierarchicalTestEngine.java:51)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncher.java:220)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.lambda$execute$6(DefaultLauncher.java:188)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.withInterceptedStreams(DefaultLauncher.java:202)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncher.java:181)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncher.java:128)
at com.intellij.junit5.JUnit5IdeaTestRunner.startRunnerWithArgs(JUnit5IdeaTestRunner.java:69)
at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.IdeaTestRunner$Repeater.startRunnerWithArgs(IdeaTestRunner.java:47)
at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.JUnitStarter.prepareStreamsAndStart(JUnitStarter.java:242)
at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.JUnitStarter.main(JUnitStarter.java:70)
I know why it returns NullPointerException but my problem is that I do not really know how to make it work. My service uses the Holder values inside the method to proceed further or not but I do not know any way to get this Holder value in my test or any way to mock them.
I tried to set a value to the Holders I am passing as a parameter in the Unit Test but it did not work either. Also, I tried to mock the Holder to send them as parameters rather than passing a real object.
I finally fixed it by changing my doAnswer().when() code to this:
doAnswer((Answer<Void>) invocation -> {
Object[] arguments = invocation.getArguments();
if(arguments != null && arguments.length > 1 && arguments[0] != null && arguments[1] != null){
Holder<String> eCodCreated = (Holder<String>) arguments[1];
Holder<Integer> eReturn = (Holder<Integer>) arguments[3];
Holder<String> eSocCreated = (Holder<String>) arguments[4];
eReturn.value = 0;
eCodCreated.value = "1239000";
eSocCreated.value = "";
}
return null;
}
).when(altaProxy).zwebserAltaDeudores(Mockito.any(), Mockito.any(), Mockito.any(), Mockito.any(), Mockito.any(), Mockito.any());
I had to add another line of code after setting the ´Holder´ value I wanted so that it could set properly.
| 18,000 |
|
https://github.com/MiamiCenterPL/BeardLib-Editor/blob/master/Classes/Map/Elements/teamrelationelement.lua
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
BeardLib-Editor
|
MiamiCenterPL
|
Lua
|
Code
| 65 | 280 |
EditorTeamRelation = EditorTeamRelation or class(MissionScriptEditor)
function EditorTeamRelation:create_element()
self.super.create_element(self)
self._element.class = "ElementTeamRelation"
self._element.values.team1 = ""
self._element.values.team2 = ""
self._element.values.relation = "friend"
self._element.values.mutual = true
end
function EditorTeamRelation:_build_panel()
self:_create_panel()
self:BooleanCtrl("mutual")
self:ComboCtrl("team1", table.list_add({""}, tweak_data.levels:get_team_names_indexed()), {help = "Select the team that will change attitude."})
self:ComboCtrl("team2", table.list_add({""}, tweak_data.levels:get_team_names_indexed()), {help = "Select the team that will change attitude."})
self:ComboCtrl("relation", {
"friend",
"foe",
"neutral"
}, {help = "Select the new relation."})
end
| 3,031 |
https://github.com/Rudamentary99/OrderUp/blob/master/Application/Components/Management/Reports/Report.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
OrderUp
|
Rudamentary99
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 49 | 145 |
import React from "react";
import { createStackNavigator } from "@react-navigation/stack";
import { PurchaseHistory } from "./PurchaseHistory";
import { FoodDetails, FoodItem } from "../ManageMenu/FoodItem";
const Stack = createStackNavigator();
export function Reports(props) {
return (
<Stack.Navigator initialRouteName="Purchase History">
<Stack.Screen name="Purchase History" component={PurchaseHistory} />
<Stack.Screen name="Food Details" component={FoodDetails} />
</Stack.Navigator>
);
}
| 11,783 |
2005020500432
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,005 |
VIGNERONS DU MONDE (V.D.M.).
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 13 | 21 |
promouvoir et défendre les métiers et le savoir-faire des vignerons du monde entier.
| 5,173 |
https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8D
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Пэрэяслаўскэ
|
https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Пэрэяслаўскэ&action=history
|
Belarusian
|
Spoken
| 20 | 105 |
Пэрэяслаўскэ () — вёска ў Пэрэяслаў-Хмэльныцкім раёне Кіеўскай вобласці Украіны. Уваходзіць у склад Студэныкыўскай вясковай абшчыны.
Населеныя пункты Пэрэяслаў-Хмэльныцкага раёна
| 18,784 |
bpt6k6234034j_33
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Journal officiel de la République française. Lois et décrets
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,188 | 15,616 |
Condition accomplie. 152 fr. 16 43928. Robin (Françoise), veuve BERTHIER, ouvrière à la manufacture des tabacs, 31 décembre 1863, 62 ans, Paris. — 30 décembre 1864. Versement. 110 fr. 87 43975. Jambe (Camille), 11 janvier 1864, 16 ans, Paris. — 10 janvier 1869. Condition accomplie. 28 fr. 44204. Imbert (Henri-Alfred), 10 mars 1864, 15 ans, Paris. — 16 août 1869. Condition accomplie. 50 fr. 31 44336. Gunsenheiser (Ferdinand), 26 avril 1864, 15 ans. — 3 juin 1869. Condition accomplie. 23 fr. 08 44420. Lefevre (Amand), 25 mai 1864, 16 ans, Paris. — 6 février 1869. Condition accomplie. 16 fr. 93 44421. Bridel (Ernest-Auguste-Joseph), menuisier, 20 mai 1864, 16 ans, Paris. — 6 janvier 1869. Condition accomplie. 43 fr. 99 44473. Ladoux (Antoinette-Marguerite), 31 mai 1864, 15 ans, Paris. — 20 juillet 1869. Condition accomplie. 29 fr. 44539. Franc (Isidore), 2 juillet 1864, 16 ans. — 1er avril 1869. Condition accomplie. 103 fr. 93 44591. Poulain (Marie-Hélène-Louise), 18 juillet 1864, 16 ans, Paris. — 17 juin 1869. Condition accomplie. 88 fr. 78 45049. Ravoi (Jacques-Silvain), poseur au chemin de fer d'Orléans, 3 juillet 1864, 31 ans, Langeais (Indre-et-Loire). — 10 novembre 1869. Autorisation de retrait. 107 fr. 13 45315. Branger (Philippe), chef d'équipe, 28 juillet 1865, 37 ans, Saint-Sulpice-Laurière (Haute-Vienne). — 28 juillet 1865. Vers. 27 fr. 98 45330. Lucas (Constantin), facteur, 28 juillet 1865, 37 ans, Malansac (Morbihan). 18 juin 1869. Autorisation de retrait. 83 fr. 04 45335. Brision (Joseph), garde-frein, 28 juillet 1865, 27 ans, Poitiers (Vienne). — 28 juillet 1865. Versement. 7 fr. 59 45413. Cohu (François), facteur, 28 juillet 1865, 28 ans, Dissay-sur-Courcillon (Sarthe). — 28 juillet 1865. Versement. 36 fr. 67 45545. Dumas (Pierre), élève machiniste, 28 juillet 1865, 27 ans, Bordeaux (Gironde). — 14 avril 1869. Autorisation de retrait. 10 fr. 67 45550. Richard (Charles-Victorin), garde de nuit, 28 juillet 1865, 29 ans, Boisseaux (Loiret). 23 août 1869. Autorisation de retrait. 13 fr. 47 45570. Robin (Louis-Joseph), élève machiniste, 28 juillet 1866, 24 ans, Paris. — 30 juillet 1865. Versement. 7 fr. 59 45592. Rouillon (Jules-Désiré-Joseph), élève machiniste, 28 juillet 1865, 21 ans, Savenay (Loire-Inférieure). — 30 juillet 1869. Versement. 4 fr. 71 45726. Veyssière (Ernest-Alexandre), employé au chemin de fer d'Orléans, 28 juillet 1865, 33 ans, Paris. — 30 juillet 1865. Versement. 94 fr. 67 46195. Emmel (Jean), cantonnier, 12 juillet 1865, 32 ans, Paris. — 11 juillet 1868. Versement. 36 fr 41 46243. Martin (Guillaume), cantonnier, 18 juillet 1865, 23 ans, Paris. — 11 mai 1867. Versement. 32 fr. 04 46649. Guilbot (Mathurin-Jean-Etienne), cantonnier, 13 avril 1866, 31 ans, Paris. 3 juin 1869. Autorisation de retrait. 207 fr. 98 47023. BiJger (Marie), couturière, 15 mars 1865, 15 ans, Paris. — 4 février 1867. Versement. 784 fr. 21 47822. Duval (Louis-Charles), opticien, 2 mai 1867, 15 ans, Paris. — 20 mars 1869. Versement. 733 fr. 28 47903. Rousseau (Julie-Cécile), lingère, 23 novembre 1867, 14 ans, Paris. — 31 décembre 1869. Versement. 716 fr. 57 48364. Marguerie (Victorine-Désirée), 12 décembre 1864,16 ans, Paris. — 28 mai 1869. Condition accomplie. 13 fr. 60 48825. Balquet (Louis-Alexandre), 6 avril 1865, 17 ans, Paris. — 29 mai 1869. Condition accomplie. 44 fr. 69 48921. Loisèl (André-Albert), malletier, 10 mai 1865, 17 ans, Paris. — 13 mars 1869. Condition accomplie. 13 fr. 53 49010. Macaigne (Emile), émailleur, 20 juin 1865, 16 ans, Paris. — 6 octobre 1869. Condition accomplie. 115 fr. 31 49018. Pluss (Charles), sellier, 30 juin 1865, 17 ans, Paris. — 31 décembre 1869. Condition accomplie. 86 fr. 09 49776. Vincent (Jules Arthur), lampiste, 20 novembre 1865, 17 ans, Paris. — 4 novembre 1869. Condition accomplie. 34 fr. 11 50216. Robinet (Cydalisse), 6 mars 1866, 18 ans, Clichy-la-Garenne. — 31 décembre 1869. Condition accomplie. 116 fr. 65 50252. Leprince (Emile-Alfred), 7 mars 1866, 17 ans. — 9 décembre 1869. Condition accomplie. 30 fr. 25 50262. Michon (Albert-Charles), 7 mars 1866, 17 ans. — 25 décembre 1869. Condition accomplie. 35 fr. 58 50314. Renot (Joséphine-Clémentine), veuve DAUPHIN, ouvrière à la manufacture de tabacs, 11 avril 1866, 28 ans, Paris. 4 avril 1869. Versement. 337 fr. 98 50446. Duboulet (Charles-Alexandre), 11 mai 1866, 11 ans, Paris. 16 mai 1869. Condition accomplie. 10 fr. 38 50897. Bérault (Edouard), 9 août 1866, 18 ans, Paris. — 29 juillet 1869. Condition accomplie. 27 fr. 04 51480. Gouffé (Pierre), 29 novembre 1866, 18 ans, Gonesse (Seine-et-Oise). 29 juin 1869. Condition accomplie. 101 fr. 73 53017. Morel (Claude), cantonnier, 15 mai 1867, 35 ans, Paris. — 31 décembre 1867. Autorisation de retrait. 121 fr. 17 53630. Piqué (Sauveur), cantonnier, 21 novembre 1868, 46 ans, Paris. — 29 décembre 1869. Autorisation de retrait. 115 fr. 29 53718. Broxer (André), cantonnier, 31 décembre 1868, 38 ans, Boulogne. — 21 avril 1869. Autorisation de retrait. 51 fr. 02 53896. Adami (Pierre), cantonnier, 16 avril 1869, 26 ans, Paris. — 18 décembre 1869. Autorisation de retrait. 63 fr. 07 54024. Lalande (Marcelin), apprénder, 23 mai 1867, 19 ans, Puteaux (Seine). — 13 avril 1869. Condition accomplie. 67 fr. 35 54269. Eckhardt (Marie Caroline), 4 août 1867, 19 ans, Arcueil (Seine). — 27 mai 1869. Condition accomplie. 66 fr. 94 55519. Diserend ou Diserens (Augustine), 20 avril 1868, 20 ans, Savigny, canton de Vaud (Suisse). 31 décembre 1869. Condition accomplie. 15 fr. 16 & 6174. Van den Brande (Gustave-Constantine), ciseleur, 16 avril 1868, 13 ans, Paris. 11 novembre 1869. Versement. 56189. Lumet (Adrien-Jacques), lithographe, 16 avril 1868, 13 ans, Paris. 14 novembre 1869. Versement. 713 fr. 14 56191. Barraire (Guillaume), serrurier, 1868, 13 ans, Paris. — 14 novembre 713 Cr. 12 1869. Condition accomplie. 15 fr. 14 56213. Parard (George-Ernest-Gaston), cordonnier, 7 août 1868, 14 ans, Paris. 521 Cr. 18 1869. Versement. 522 fr. 11 56622. Drouhin (Louis-François), unit lithographe, 30 octobre 1869, 15 ans, 125 Cr. 63 30 octobre 1869. Versement. 11 fr. 58448. Soissons (Henri Emile), journalier, 30 octobre 1868, 22 ans, Villepinte (accord de l'Oise). 30 avril 1869. Condition accomplie. 30 octobre 1869, 59837. Blin (Alexandre), commis, 5 octobre 20, 20 ans, Paris. 1er novembre 1869. Condition accomplie. 15 fr. 7 SÉRIE 63369. Lacoudre (Pierre), brigadier de 1ère garde municipale, 31 janvier 1841, 28 ans, Paris. 7 novembre 1869. 1,743 fr, 95 1 inscription de rente 3 p. 100, 35 fr. 7e SÉRIE de juillet 11085. Leduc (Nicolas-René), gardien de ces tablets, 7 janvier 1814, 46 ans, Be 8851 Ct. 01 8 juillet 1869. Remboursement. 1 inscription de rente 3 p. 100, 8 fr, 98489. Chichard (Jean), 19 mai 1850, 59 ans, 12 Ct. 19 Paris. — 28 novembre 1869. Versement. 1, 19 1 inscription de rente 3 p. 100, 10 fr, 1 inscription de rente 3 1/2 p. 100, 7 fr. 8e SÉRIE 43777. Debrit (Désirée Catherine), blanchisseuse, 15 juillet 1849, 34 ans, 6e fr, 93 — 31 janvier 1869. Versement. 1,847 fr 1 inscription de rente 3 p. 100, 10 fr. 54342. Saussais (Alphonse-Nicolas), 23 décembre 1849, 46 ans, Paris. 28 février 1869. Versement. 1 inscription de rente 3 p. 100, 30 fr., 1 inscription de rente 3 1/2 p. 100, 7 fr. 10e SÉRIE et 4 février, 86501. Surnon (Jacques), serrurier, 1855, 56 ans, Paris. — 17 août 1865. Remboursement. 1142 1 fr. 4 inscriptions de rente 3 p. 100, 50 fr. 12e SÉRIE vivant 80358. Chalvet (Madeleine Louise), femme PIGEON, blanchisseuse, 5 août 1833 ans, Paris. 31 mars 1869. Malheureusement. 1 inscription de rente 3 p. 100, 8 fr. 13e SÉRIE vivant 185967. Castaing (Jean), cordonnier, 20 novembre 1860, 44 ans, Paris. — 12 juillet 1869. Versement. 2,146 1 11 10 inscriptions de rente 3 p. 100 158 fr. 1 inscription de rente 3 1/2 p. 100, 7 fr. 93752. Brou (Ernestine-Louise-garle), 21 mars 1854, 6 ans, Paris. 21 mars 1860. Remboursement. 1,824 fr. 1 inscription de rente 3 p. 100, 10 fr. 14e SÉRIE vivant 54664. Brunet (Henri), serrurier, 1865, 37 ans, Paris. — 13 novembre 1869. Remise. 1 inscription de rente 3 p. 100, 10 fr. 1 inscription de rente 3 1/2 p. 100, 1 fr. 55977. Pontet (Paul), journalier, 26 août 1865, 23 ans, Paris. 26 août 1869. Remboursement. 1 inscription de rente 3 p. 100, 8 fr. 15e SÉRIE vivant 18863. Henriot (Jeanne Marguerite), servante, 22 janvier 1868, 37 ans, Paris. — 11 mai 1886. Versement. 1,451 fr. 55 inscriptions de rente 3 p. 100, 30 fr. ; 1 inscription de rente 3 1/2 p. 100, 7 fr. 9 mapaji (Jean-Léger-Auguste), rentier, la Rue St 68, 58 ans, Paris. 14 mai 1869. Verni, 1,586 fr. 89 inscription de rente 3 p. 100, 10 fr. 20 vivian (Jean Ennemond), soldat, 18 octobre 1868, 30 ans, Paris. 30 décembre 1869. Remboursement. 2,039 fr. 39 3 inscriptions de rente 3 p. 100, 30 fr. 18 septembre (Joseph), soldat, 13 décembre 1868, 31 ans, Paris. — 8 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 1,585 fr. 65 1 inscription de rente 3 p. 100, 10 fr. SÉRIE A 8 année Cordelle (Jules-Etienne), 11 août 1851, Arcueil (Seine-et-Oise). 22 octobre 1869 Condition accomplie. 2,012 fr. 07 inscription de rente 3 p. 100, 10 fr. 27 Thivierge (Honoré-Emile), cantonnier, 10 octobre 1856, 58 ans, Batignolles. 23 septembre 1869. Autorisation de retrait. 1,665 fr. 61 inscriptions de rente 3 p. 100, 38 fr. ; 1 inscription de rente 4 1/2 p. 100, 7 fr. Chef de Gare (Pierre), chef de station au chemin de fer d'Orléans, 16 octobre 1853, 42 ans, la Reine d'Ambarès (Gironde). — 12 février 1860. Emission de rente. 1,891 fr. 60 inscriptions de rente 3 p. 100, 86 fr.; 2 inscriptions de rente 4 1/2 p. 100, 14 fr. Département DE LA SEINE-INFÉRIEURE Caisse d'épargne d'Aumale. Tourneur (Victor), 9 juin 1861, 14 ans, Boursamps-le-Vieux. 31 octobre 1869. Remuement. 4 fr. 90 15 chantelot (Auguste-Frédéric), ouvrier, 21 décembre 1861, 38 ans, Quincampoix. — 21 novembre 1889. Remboursement. 14 fr. 54 rien: Beaurain (Marie-Madeleine-Françoise), 60 ans, ménagère, 19 janvier 1862, 60 ans, Ronchois. 14 juillet 1869. Remboursement. 5 fr. 33 Vierzöri (Louis-Valéry), journalier, 19 janvier 1869, Ronchois. 11 juillet 1869. Bourse d'erncurence. 0 fr. 75 à l'ordre, Jaloux (Sylvain-Etienne), briquetier, 1869. Remboursement 1863, 20 ans, Richemont. — 27 mars 1869 emboursement. 9 fr. 41 Cière, épouse pemarquet (Félicité-Éléonore), épouse 19 septembre 15 novembre 1863, 50 ans, Caule. — 19 Octobre 1869. Versement. 66 fr. 16 2851 Romont (Augustine), veuve DESCROIX, ménagère, 31 juillet 1863, 62 ans, Romilly. 24 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 4 fr. 44 Chemin, épouse (Elise), 22 janvier 1865, 8 ans, 326 24 janvier 1869. Remb. 10 fr. 79 3262. Ipenot (Aimable), veuve FENOT, ménagère, 1er juillet 1865, 62 ans, Sainte-Marguerite. 32 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 6 fr. 46 Bellier Merlier (Elphège-Victoria), femme MAGIE, légère, 16 juillet 1865, 23 ans, Blaires. 12 décembre 1869. Rembours. 9 fr. 71 1865 Levelle (Gabrielle), servante, 30 juillet 1865, 64 ans, Ronchois. — 21 mars 1869. Remb. 20 fr. 94 17 dépôt de la Marcie (Toussaint-Benoni), berger, 5 février 1865, 64 ans, Fouilloy. 10 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 2 fr. 65 3472 Digeon (Madeleine-Désirée), femme Beaullier, ménagère, 17 décembre 1865, 51 ans, Montliat. — 12 décembre 1869. Remboursement. 0 fr. 51 (Alfred), cultivateur, 17 décembre 1868, 34 ans, Criquiers. 12 décembre 1869 emboursement. 0 fr. 48 Filleau Pinguet (Ludivine), femme DEMAY, ménagère, 17 décembre 1865, 28 ans, Criquiers. 12 décembre 1869. Remb. 0 fr. 48 Suppléments 3481. Fournier (Auguste-Eugène), cultivateur, 1er janvier 1866, 33 ans, Montmarquet. 15 mai 1869. Remboursement. 4 fr. 53 3482. Gamard (Clémentine), femme FOURNIER, ménagère, 1er janvier 1866, 29 ans, Montmarquet. — 15 mai 1869. Rembours. 2 fr. 99 3638. Vasseur (Irénée-Elysée), 11 février 1866, 12 ans, Saint-Martin-au-Bosc. — 7 février 1869. Remboursement. 2 fr. 38 3687. Cocu (Marguerite), veuve DARTOIS, journalière, 11 mars 1866, 40 ans, Beaucamps-le-Vieux. — 7 novembre 1869. Remb. 52 fr. 36 3688. Dartois (Jules), 11 mars 1866, 16 ans, Beaucamps-le-Vieux. — 7 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 25 fr. 96 3926. Mille (Marie-Rose), veuve LETELLIER, ménagère, 29 juillet 1866, 73 ans, Vieux-Rouen. — 31 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 2 fr. 65 3941. Soupasse (Marie-Jeanne), veuve TÊTU, rentière, 5 août 1866, 68 ans, Marquet. — 1869. Remboursement. 11 fr. 99 14 mars 4045. Garçon (Florent), cultivateur, 7 octobre 1866, 48 ans, Haudricourt. — 20 juin 1869. Remboursement. 23 fr. 33 4046. Allais (Rose-Marie), femme GARÇON, ménagère, 7 octobre 1866, 48 ans, Haudricourt. — 20 juin 1869. Remboursement. 11 fr. 57 4133. Beuvain (Albert-Benoni), garçon épicier, 25 novembre 1866, 19 ans, Gaillon. 27 mars 1869. Remboursement. 14 fr. 04 4291. Duval (Séraphin), cultivateur, 17 février 1867, 30 ans, Lannoy-Cuillère. — 28 février 1869. Remboursement. 25 fr. 86 4292. Duval (Hyacinthe), 17 février 1867, 9 ans, Lannoy-Cuillère. — 28 février 1869. Remboursement. 23 fr. 44 4293. Picard (Argentine), femme DUVAL, ménagère, 17 février 1857, 37 ans, Lannoy-Cuillère. — 28 février 1869. Rembours. 12 fr. 80 4294. Duval (Marie-Adeline), 17 février 1867, 7 ans, Lannoy-Cuillère. — 28 février 1869. Remboursement. 9 fr. 77 4302. Devaux (Nicolas-Vincent), cultivateur, 17 février 1867, 52 ans, Beaucamps-le-Jeune. — 2 mai 1869. Remboursement. 3 fr. 59 4303. Devaux (Bruno-Thomas), cultivateur, 17 février 1867, 50 ans, Beaucamps-le-Jeune. — 2 mai 1869. Remboursement. 3 fr. 49 4304. Grattenoix (Jean-Baptiste), journalier, 17 février 1867, 72 ans, le Quesne. — 31 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 14 fr. 47 4345. Manchelin (Arsène-Nicolas), charpentier, 17 mars 1867, 42 ans, Escles. — 29 août 1869. Remboursement. 32 fr. 10 4353. Darragon (Alexandrine Adélaïde), femme FRION, ménagère, 24 mars 1867, 33 ans, Romescamps. — 31 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 2 fr. 30 4377. Hatté (Aimée-Aimable-Rose), veuve GUERARD, couturière, 7 avril 1867,50 ans, Guibermesnil. — 10 janvier 1869; Remb. 4 fr. 89 4378. Guerard (Rosie), 7 avril 1867, 14 ans, Guibermesnil. — 10 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 2 fr. 32 4407. Thuillier (Maxime-Modeste), marchand de peaux, 20 avril 1867, 34 ans, Saint-Léger-aux-Bois. 12 septembre 1869. Remb. 27 fr. 45 4408. Thuillier (Hyacinthe-Bathilde), 20 avril 1867, 5 ans, Saint-Léger-aux-Bois. -28 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 22 fr. 20 4420. Delarche (Marie-Clotilde), veuve BOUCHER, épicière, 12 mai 1867, 60 ans, Fouilloy.15 mai 1869. Remboursement. 26 fr. 06 4506. Petit (Aurore-Emélie), blanchisseuse, 14 juillet 1867, 22 ans, Beaucamps-le-Jeune. — 7 février 1869. Remboursement. 2 fr. 66 4600. Boucher (Geneviève-Argentine), femme FONTAINE, ménagère, 22 septembre 1867, 28 ans, Marlers. — 24 janvier 1869. Rembours. 2 fr. 20 4622. Spiridion (Albert-Eugène), Journalier, 6 octobre 1867,19 ans, Nullemont. — 21 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 9 fr. 08 4646. Gougibus (Irma-Céleste), femme HAINAUT ménagère, 10 novembre 1867, 26 ans, Fouilloy. 3 janvier 1869. Rembours. 10 fr. 64 4737. Haudricourt (Sophie), veuve GY, ménagère, 12 janvier 1868, 61 ans, Criquiers. 17 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 2 fr. 14 4779. Vaquez (César), charpentier, 26 janvier 1868, 33 ans, Hescamps-Saint-Clair. — 25 juillet 1869. Remboursement. 13 fr. 20 4780. Tourneur (Clémence), servante, 26 janvier 1868, 21 ans, Beaucamps-le-Vieux. — 8 août 1869. Remboursement. 8 fr. 88 4791. Remboursement. 16 fr. 16 5544. Marlair (Paul-Jean), défricheur de bois, 18 avril 1862, 45 ans, Aumale, — 20 juin 1869. Remboursement. 12 fr. 5581. Godard (Marie-Adélaïde), femme LEQUEN, ménagère, 9 mai 1869, 52 ans, Criquiers. — 4 juillet 1869. Remboursement. 8 fr. 43 5641. Coguichard (Augustin), cultivateur, 13 juin 1869, 40 ans, Ronchois. — 13 juin 1869. Versement. 40 fr. 46 5688. Cottard (Augustine), 18 juillet 1869, 16 ans, Bois-Guillaume. — 5 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 5 fr. 88 5845. Gellée (Antoine-Benjamin), cultivateur, 10 octobre 1869, 42 ans, Nullemont. — 12 décembre 1869. Remboursement. 2 fr. 72 Caisse d'épargne de Blangy-sous-Bresle. 634. Dupont (Félicité), veuve DELATRE, rentière, 28 janvier 1866, 65 ans, Bouillancourt. — 6 juin 1869. Remboursement. 120 fr. 41 686. Maréchal (Isidore), tisseur, 29 avril 1866, 56 ans, Rambures. — 8 août 1869. Remboursement. 45 fr. 02 874. Crignon (Élise), cultivatrice, 1er septembre 1867, 25 ans, Saint-Riquier-en-Rivière. — 7 mars 1869. Remboursement 20 fr. 99 975. Leroy (Julien), 29 mars 1868, 8 ans. Translay. — 3 janvier 1869. Remb. 11 fr. 80 992. Dupuis (Raimond), bourrelier, 24 mai 1868, 64 ans, Sénarpont (Somme). — 26 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 80 fr. 44 1058. Paris (Léonie), femme DUCROCQ, cuisinière, 11 septembre 1868, 33 ans, Bouttencourt. — 6 février 1869. Rembours. 7 fr. 28 1085 Grandsire (Philogôme), cultivateur, 22 novembre 1868, 46 ans, Framicourt. — 28 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 26 fr. 71 1091. Loisellier (Alfred), tailleur sur verre, 29 novembre 1868, 21 ans, Nesle-Normandeuse. 7 novembre 1869. Versement. 1,648 fr. 45 1288. Cléret (Pierre-Gustave), fabricant de briques, 19 novembre 1869, 55 ans, Bouillancourt-en-Serrerie. — 19 décembre 1869. Versement. 25 fr. 93 Caisse d'épargne de Bolbec. 127. Etiemble (Appolinaire), tisserand, 10 juillet 1853, 43 ans, Mélamare. 9 mai 1869. Remboursement. 6 fr. 80 2592. Giroix (Jules-Henri), le 15 mars 1855, 15 ans, Bolbec. — Le 24 janvier 1869. Versement. 222 fr. 31 3379. Démeillers (Mardine), 21 décembre 1856, 1 an, Trouville. — Le 11 juillet 1869. Remboursement. 4 fr. 51 4125. Démeillers (Zélia), 27 Juin 1858, 9 mois, Trouville. — Le 11 juillet 1869. Remb. 0 tr. 11 4789. Fenêtre (Marie-Désirée), femme DÉMELLERS, cultivatrice, 15 mai 1859, 37 ans, Trouville. — Le 11 Juillet 1869. Remb. 4 fr. 68 4919. Fenêtre (Delphin), domestique, 21 août 1859, 17 ans, la Cerlangue. — Le 27 juin 1869. Remboursement. 22 fr. 14 5885. Campion (Honoré-Joseph), tisserand, 17 février 1800, 16 ans, Lillebonne. — Le 12 décembre 1869 Remboursement. 5 fr. 96 7736. Houlbrèque (Marie-Victoire-Léontine), couturière, 13 novembre 1864, 24 ans, Bolbec. — Le 31 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 14 fr. 26 8361. Baillard (félicité), femme GALLER, couturière, 4 février 1866, 36 ans, Bolbec. — Le 3 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 2 fr. 94 8599. Colboc (Laurence-Marie), couturière, 8 juillet 1866, 15 ans, la Cerlangue. Le 11 juillet 1869. Remboursement. 34 fr. 25 8750. Deschamps (Mélante-Marie), couturière, 28 octobre 1865, 23 ans, Parc-d'Anxtot. — Le 10 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 24 fr. 09 8974. Bazin (Narcisse-Edouard), cultivateur, 3 mars 1867, 27 ans, Bolbec. — Le 10 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 1 fr. 95 9034. Duclos (Louis-Séraphin), employé, 7 avril 1867, 25 ans, Euville-or-Bec. — Le 26 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 3 fr. 31 9175. Berne (Narcisse-Edmond), maçon, 11 août 1867, 19 ans, Bolbec. — Le 14 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 6 fr. 20 9418. Malot (Auguste), journalier, 26 janvier 1868, 40 ans, Nointot. — Le 19 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 13 fr. 67 9551. Bocquet (Charles), domestique, 3 mai 1868, 14 ans, Beuzeville. — Le 17 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 4 fr. 6^ 9570. Colboc (Albert-Alphonse), menuisier, 17 mai 1868, 24 ans, la Cerlangue. -11 juillet 1869. Remboursement. 4fr. 90 9603 Dubois (Léon-Alfred), cultivateur, 7 juin 1858, 23 ans, Notre-Dame-de-Gravenchon. — 17 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 9 fr. 59 9656. Avenel (Prosper-Jules), domestique 5 juillet 1868, 18 ans, la Cerlangue. — 26 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 9 fr. 15 9671. Rogeret (Jean-Arthur), domestique 12 juillet 1868, 25 ans, Vattetot. 26 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 2 fr. 35 9695. Nicolie (Florentine) femme BEUTRAND, marchande de parapluies, 2 août 1863, 28 ans, Bolbec. — 24 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 32 fr. 24 9771. Deschamps (Napoléon), maréchal, 13 septembre 1868, 64 ans, Parc-d'Anxtot. — 10 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 14 fr. 73 9923. Yelle (Alexandre-Anatole), peintre, 29 novembre 1868, 26 ans, Bolbec. — 5 décembre 1869. Remboursement. 2 fr. 12 9963. Lainé (Augustine-Céline), domestique, 3 janvier 1869, 33 ans, Bolbec. 20 juin 1869. Remboursement. 24 fr. 04 9981. Joutel (Albert-Edmond), instituteur, 10 janvier 1869, 22 ans, Gournay-en-Hevele. — 19 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 4 fr. 38 9983. Gaudu (Eugène), domestique, 10 janvier 1869, 32 ans, Augerville-l'Orche. — 14 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 2 fr. 8;-) 10081. Jouanne (Jacques-Augustin), berger, 7 février 1869, 29 ans, la Nenné. 31 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 13 fr. 03 10145. Bertrand (Eugène-Albanase), 7 mars 1869, 31 ans, Bolbec. — 8 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 0 fr. 76 10161. Hériot (Louis-Alexandre), 14 mars 1869, 21 ans, Grainville. — 11 avril 1869 Remboursement. 0 fr. 44 10163. Bellenger (Louis), marin, 14 mars 1869, 36 ans, Notre-Dame-de-Gravenchon. — 17 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 16 fr. 31 10174. Turquetil (Berthe-Aimée), 21 mars 1869, 5 ans, la Cerlangue. — 21 mars 1869. Remboursement. 64 fr. 89 10276. Bertrand (Eugénie), 30 mai 1869, 7 ans, Bolbec. — 24 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 10 fr. 46 10450. Lagrue (Auguste-Casimir), 24 octobre 1869, 16 ans, Bolbec. — 19 décembre 1869. Remboursement. 4 fr. 16 10451. Lagrue (Ernest-Jules), 24 octobre 1869, 15 ans, Bornay. — 19 décembre 1869. Remboursement. 4 fr. 16 10452. Lagrue (Célestine-Désirée), 24 octobre 1869, 11 ans, Bolbec. 19 décembre 1869. Remboursement. 4 fr. 16 10464. Vatenet (Noémie-Blanche), tisserande, 31 octobre 1869, 22 ans, Raffetot. — 28 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 0 fr. 51 Caisse d'épargne de Dieppe. 2ème SÉRIE 8188. Louis dit Ruault, horloger, 9 janvier 1853, 14 ans, Saint-Aubin-le-Cardinal. — 9 janvier 1853. Versement. 7 fr. 73 9026. Defrance (Marie-Victoire), servante, 6 novembre 1853, 25 ans, Dieppe. — 6 novembre 1853. Remboursement. 22 fr. 07 2ème SÉRIE 789. Levillain (Pierre-Louis), garçon d'hôtel, 2 octobre 1859, 58 ans, Dieppe. — 21 mars 1869. Remboursement. 46 fr. 74 3557. Grège (Augustine-Julienne), femme de chambre, 9 février 1862, 29 ans, Dieppe. — 17 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 9 fr. 05 5606. Delattre (Jean-Louis-Narcisse), greffier, 22 novembre 1863, 39 ans, Bacqueville. 8 août 1869. Remboursement. 15 fr. 77 6203. Leroux (Charles-Frédéric), briquetier, 30 avril 1864, 34 ans, Varangeville-sur-Mer. — 1er octobre 1869. Remboursement. 56 fr. 82 62 67. Marie (François-Désiré), boucher, 24 avril 1864, 25 ans, Saint-Ouen-du-Breuil. — 14 mars 1869 Remboursement. 5 fr. 61 8716. Masurier (Honoré), garde-moulin, 31 janvier 1860, 27 ans, Oissouville. — 7 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 30 fr. 13 9038. Pilon (Victoire), femme QUILAN, ouvrière, 22 avril 1866, 31 ans, Quievremont — 13 mai 1869. Remboursement. 21 fr. 50 9318. Lamy (Euphrasie-Augustine), repasseuse, 15 juillet 1866, 34 ans, Dieppe. — 20 juin 1869. Remboursement. 12 fr. 04 9749. Brunet (Maximilien-Etienne), charron, 4 novembre 1866, 49 ans, Grandes-Ventes. — 28 février 1869. Remboursement. 0 fr. 44 9750. Follain (Rose-Adèle), femme BRUNET, 1er novembre 1866, 48 ans, Grandes-Ventes. — 28 février 1869. Remboursement. 1 fr. 90 9839. Hautelot (Edmond), domestique, 2 décembre 1865, la Crique. 3 octobre 1869. Versement. 269 fr. 25 10838. Sérille (Marie-Anna), femme de chambre, 28 juillet 1867, 19 ans, Dieppe. 21 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 50 fr. 12 11594. Gée (Manuel-Victor), 5 janvier 1868, 24 ans, Saint-Martin-le-Gailard. — 10 janvier 1869. Versement. 41 fr. 60 11735. Capron (Eugène-Alexandre), berger, 1er février 1868, 27 ans, Ouville-la-Rivière. 5 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 24 fr. 55 11825. Pigné (Pierre-Louis), propriétaire, 16 février 1868, 32 ans, Saint-Vaast-du-Val. — 2 mai 1869. Remboursement. 10 fr. 30 11917. Hébert (Henri), tanneur, 8 mars 1868. Blangy. — 19 septembre 1869. Remb. 27 tr. 13 12106. Beauvisage (Pierre-François), cultivateur, 17 mai 1868, 37 ans, Saint-Quentin-la-Motte. — 9 mai 1869. Rembours. 18 fr. 09 12337. Grébauval (Jean Haptiste-Prosper), rentier, 2 août 1868, 63 ans, Grandes-Ventes. — 22 août 1869. Remboursement. 28 fr. 05 12338 Caron (Marie-Marguerite), femme GRÉBAUVAL, rentière, 2 août 1868, Grandes-Ventes. 9 mai 1869. Remboursement. 12 fr. 91 12351. Doussin (Mélania), 2 août 1868, 19 ans, Criel. — 2 août 1868. Vers. 279 fr. 27 12505. Sevelin (Adèle), domestique, 6 septembre 1868, 14 ans. — 21 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 12 fr. 50 12565. Lefebvre (Marie), femme DEVIS, 20 septembre 1868, 56 ans, Cayeux-sur-Mer. 29 septembre 1869. Achat de rente. 12848. Letellier (Henri-Sénateur), de notaire. 29 novembre 1868, 25 ans, Dieppe. 17 janvier 1869 Remboursement. 12913. Leclerc (Eugène), boulanger, 6 décembre 1868, 26 ans, Biville-la-Rounière. — 1869. Remboursement. 73 fr. 11 rentier, 13084. Vitecq (Armand-Nicolas), 3 janvier 1869, 78 ans, Dieppe. 7 février Remboursement. 1 fr. 31 13098. Lemaitre (Edouard), tanneur, 31 décembre 1868, 23 ans, Tréport. 11 juillet Remboursement. 13274. Lagnier (Marie-Fédora), femme DERNAT, 3 janvier 1869, Autray. 22 ans. 1869. Remboursement. (Eugène-Léopold), 21 juillet 1869, 19 ans, Dieppe. 0 fr. 32 1869. Remboursement. 13375. Valbé (Berthe). 24 janvier 1869. 12 ans, Grandes-Ventes. — 24 jalivies tr. Versement. 26 févr. 13377. Laeaille (Benoit-Hippolyte), 2e 1869, 8 ans, Saint-Vaast-du-Val. — 41 1869. Versement. 21 févr. élui vier 13444. Brossard (Azélie-Hortense), née le 31 janvier 1869, 16 ans, Heuleville 36 scie. — 31 janvier 1869. Versement. Off, 86 13696. Tocqueville (Ferdinand-Denis), névrier, 14 mars 1859, 40 ans, Biville-la-Bira fr. 6 23 mai 1869. Remboursement. 110 14011. Dubuc (Jean-Pierre), tisserand 201011, 1869, 46 ans, Le Tulle. 8 août 100 fr. 11 Remboursement. e 14012. Baland (Marie-Thérèse-Esther), née 20 juin 1819, 45 ans, Le Tulle. — 28 août 1869. Remboursement Dieppe, 14156. Sutton (Maria), 1er août 1869, 26 1er août 1869. Versement. 14187. Erard, 8 août 1869. 8 96fr. 20 Versement. 350 Caisse d'épargne d'Elbeuf. 2035. Durand (Eugène-Juste), ouvrier gravisseur, 13 décembre 1863, 36 ans, Callias fr. 23 les Elbeuf. -23 février 1868. Remb. 1er. 2694. Adam (Richard-Désiré), jardinier, 17 juin 1866, 34 ans, Caudebec-en-Caux. Cr. & 5 avril 1868. Versement. 3010. Gens (Théophile), terrassier, 4 1867, 44 ans, Berville. — 3 mai 1868. 30 sement. 3058 Vuy (Théodore), trieur de laine, 29 décembre 1867, 53 ans, Elbeuf. 16 décembre & 1 Remboursement. 3355. Loisel (Marie-Angélique), née 4 octobre 1838, 28 ans, Caudebec-en-Caux. 11 avril 1869. Remboursement. 3507. Bellée (Aimé-Abraham), logeur, 11 février 1819, 24 ans, Elbeuf. 19 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 3524. Cretot (Zoe-Auguste), veuve de LIN, journalière, 1 mars 1869, 36 ans, Eure. — 20 juin 1869. Remboursement. 3683 Moussard (François), domestique, 9 1869, 35 ans, Elbeuf. — 28 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 3736. Tassel (Eugénie), doubleuse, 7 févr. 1870, 9 ans, Elbeuf. — 19 novembre Remboursement. Caisse d'épargne de Fécamp) n° 1183196. Jonquey (Constantine-Prudence), BACHELEY, Cultivatrice, 24 janvier 1869. Bureau, Démolition. N° 3533. Viney (André-Jules), 20 janvier, Fécamp, 28 février 1869. Remboursement. N° 4531. Le Camu (Hortense-Pauline), tisserande, 27 septembre, Fécamp, 24 ans, Goderville, 31 octobre, 9 remboursement. N° 11438. Féras (Victor-Auguste), 62 ans, Fécamp, 4 avril 1869. Remboursement. N° 32 fr. 75 Constantin (Alexandre-Amand), employé de commerce, Fécamp, 29 juillet 1866, 19 ans, remboursement. 9 fr. 60 Crochemore (Paul-Auguste), 8 octobre, 15 ans, Gauzeville, 13 juin 1869. Remboursement. 59 fr. 17 Marscaillot (Henriette), cultivatrice, mars 1869, 31 ans, Angerville-Bailleul. Remboursement. 7 fr. 90 Thomas (Eugène), cordonnier, 22 juillet, 31 ans, Ville, 2 mai 1869. Versement, 790 fr. 63 N° 23041 Thibault (Anastase-Élisabeth), femme LUCAS, 14 octobre 1866, 44 ans, Gauzeville. Remboursement. 21 fr. 91 N° 238, 18 (Marie-Angélique), veuve JOLLY, 15 octobre, 48 ans, Fécamp. Remboursement. 21 fr. 08 N° 24660 21 fr. 08 Révérie Lemonnier (Théodore), cultivateur, 1869, 55 ans, Bretteville, 22 mars. Remboursement. 9 fr. 66 Leduc (Victoire-Constance-Elisa), née PAQUIN et couturière, 24 avril 1853, Fécamp, 9 mai 1869. Remboursement. 0 fr. 74 N° 1791, Brette (Tranquille-Jacques Barthélemy), négociant et président des douanes, 24 avril 1853, Fécamp, 9 mai 1869. Remboursement. 0 fr. 34 N° 514 dit Biot (Numa-Alcide), cultivateur, 1869, 44 ans, la Poterie. Remboursement. 18 fr. 87 N° 50 SYOgg fère (Marie-Victoire-Sophie), 24 avril, Fécamp. Remboursement. 27064 0 fr. 26 11619 ?enviePî'fcfrî16?1016 (Célestin), cultivateur, 34 ans, Gauzeville. 23 mai 1869. Remboursement. 7 fr. 52 2706-a Pauvel (Ernestine-Adéline), femme CHOREE' cultivatrice, 31 janvier 1869, elle-même Gauzeville. 23 mai 1869. Remboursement. 2 fr. 85 Caisse d'épargne de Gournay. 358 Ho ? le (Ismérie-Albertine), domestique, 17 (Ismérie-Albertine), domestique, 21 ans, Gournay-en-Bray. 78 J. Remboursement. 23 fr. 06 let Recher (Ambroisine), domestique, elle-même 20 ans, Ménerval. — 11 avril 1869. 86 remboursement. 30 fr. 93 anr' 5 OM10ix (Athanase-Dieudonné), charpentier 1862, 47 ans, Elbeuf-en-Bray. 9gg 1 ° rq Remboursement. 13 fr. 59 hartis. VZin6* (Anaïs-pulchérie). 1er février 1863, ours elle-même Villers-Vermont. 20 juin 1869. Remboursement. 20 fr. 60 ho • 20 Carpentier (Désiré), ménagère, 28 juin Semant' Bazancourt. — 25 avril 1869. Remboursement. 26 fr. 92 ^116* (Jean), propriétaire, 23 août ~68 ans, Gournay-en-Bray. 21 mars 1869. 112 remboursement 20 fr. 94 Ii26 Suiller (Marie), 30 août 1863, 13 ans, 8P«ment Belgent en-Bray. 27 juin 1869. Remboursement. 4 fr. 54 t.U06. 4 fr. 54 e^c (Auguste-Alexandre), domestique, 24 1i?/ ^inl0* 1864, 15 ans, Saint-Pierre-es^Ps. Juillet 1869. Remboursement. 9 fr. 96 1749 femme CHABERT. Orilesi. Angrand (Marie), femme CHABERT, !~y' 16 juillet 1865, 52 ans, Gournay-en-Bray. 10 janvier 1869. Remb. 9 fr. 61 1857eer (Sylvain), bûcheron, 10 septembre 1909, Remboursement. 47 ans, Bezancourt. 18 juillet Remboursement. 49 fr. 95 ^îer, i^^chet (Maximilien-Edouard), mécanicien, 21 mars 1868, 40 ans, Gournay-en-Bray. Oui, 1869. Remboursement. 21 fr. 75 2078. Le 8 juin 1869 (Géronime-Adèle), domestique, 1869. Remboursement 1866, 23 ans, Ferrières. 20 juin 1869. Remboursement. 13 fr. 80 (Marie-Aimee-Ernestine). 1867, 16 ans, Bezancourt. 1er juillet Remboursement. 13 fr. 34 2626. Coblent (Adolphe-Nicolas-Isidore), de Villequier. Janvier 1868, 23 ans, Ernemont-la-Villette. 24 avril 1869. Rembours. 21 fr. 50 2869. Crignon (Cidalise), femme CANETTE, cultivatrice, 26 janvier 1868, 36 ans, Villers-sur-Auchy. 12 septembre 1869. Versement. 684 fr. 37 2757. Breton (Ernestine), couturière, 17 mai 1868, 24 ans, Menerval. — 10 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 47 fr. 53 2936. Canu (François-Alphonse), domestique, 4 octobre 1868, 37 ans, Ferrières. — 23 mai 1869. Remboursement. 11 fr. 33 2959. Fontaine (Justine-Pélagie), couturière, 18 octobre 1868, 19 ans, Gournay-en-Bray. — 30 mai 1869, Remboursement. 51 fr. 10 2984. Lèvêque (Désiré), charpentier, 8 novembre 1868, 43 ans, Gournay-en-Bray. — 9 mai 1869. Remboursement. 5 fr. 26 3096. Dumort (Alfred), domestique, 24 janvier 1869, 19 ans, Bezancourt. — 17 décembre 1869. Remboursement. 6 fr. 99 3270. Granchette (Florida), domestique, 27 juin 1869, 16 ans, Elbeuf-en-Bray. — 19 décembre 1869. Remboursement. 2 fr. 92 3540. Vattelet (Marie-Henriette), couturière, 5 décembre 1869, 20 ans, Gournay-en-Bray. — 5 décembre 1869. Versement. 49 fr. 15 Caisse d'épargne du Havre. 16594. Hauvel (Emélie), ouvrière, 1er août 1854, 49 ans, le Havre. — 20 juin 1869. Remboursement. 49 fr. 92 20150. Grandpierre (Romain), coiffeur, 15 juillet 1855, 48 ans, le Havre. — 14 novembre 1869. Remboursement.. 76 fr. 67 21808. Cronier (Frédéric-François), jardinier, 23 novembre 1856, 22 ans, Hariele. — 7 mars 1869. Remboursement. 176 fr. 18 22719. Féré (Julie-Rose), femme GRANDPIERRE, couturière, 26 juillet 1857, 45 ans, le Havre. — 14 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 37 fr. 54 22852. Sains (Louis-Joseph), 30 août 1857, 16 ans, le Havre. — 17 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 5 fr. 44 23066. Jolly (Alexandre-Constant), commis, 8 novembre 1857, 28 ans, le Havre. — 17 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 101 fr. 37 25108. Lenoir (Charles-Louis), 20 mars 1859, 10 ans. — 16 août 1868. Versement. 1,854 fr. 09 25573. Rosier (Victor-Marie), menuisier, 4 septembre 1852, 27 ans, le Havre. — 4 avril 1869. Remboursement. 35 fr. 48 26228. Bourdon (Adolphe), 26 février 1860, 9 ans, le Havre. — 12 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 11 fr. 50 26229. Bourdon (Zoé), 26 février 1860, 6 ans, le Havre. — 12 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 11 fr. 50 26293. Courchay (Edouard-Edmond), domestique, 11 mars 1860, 27 ans, Criquetot-l'Esneval. — 21 mars 1869. Rembours. 170 fr. 92 26445. Gouriou (Guillaume), marin, 22 avril 1860, 36 ans, le Havre. — 15 juillet 1869. Remboursement. 84 fr. 64 28022. Thebault (Aimable), maçon, 7 juillet 1861, 30 ans, le Havre. — 21 février 1869. Remboursement. 35 fr. 17 28023. Belson (Marie), femme THÉBAULT, couturière, 7 juillet 1861, 23 ans, le Havre. — 21 février 1869. Remboursement. 35 fr. 17 31697. Foubert (Louise), domestique, 14 février 1854, 22 ans, le Havre. — 4 juillet 1869. Remboursement. 64 fr. 84 31726. Gohier (Jacques), maréchal, 21 février 1864, 60 ans, Epouville. — 27 juin 1869. Versement. 1,330 fr. 08 31940. Foubert ou Joubert (Françoise), domestique, 24 avril 1864, 43 ans, le Havre. — 12 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 65 fr. 92 32041. Lainé (Léon), domestique, 22 mai 1864, 15 ans, le Havre. — 14 mars 1869. Remboursement. 58 fr. 42 39944 Piroult (Clémence), domestique, 29 janvier 1865, 22 ans, le Havre. 27 juin 1869. Remboursement. 38 fr. 38 33296 Ricouard (Jules), peintre en bâtiments 23 avril 1865, 25 ans, le Havre. — 3 octobre 1869. Remboursement. (L'héritier, cuisinier à Philadelphie.) 90 fr. 71 34321. Cordier (Marie), femme BERTRAND, domestique, 11 février 1866, 20 ans, le Havre — 3 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 70 fr. 36 34496. Taris (Benjamin-Louis), officier, 8 avril 1866, 55 ans, le Havre. — 18 avril 1869. Remboursement. 48 fr. 61 34533. Lair (Prosper), domestique, 15 avril 1866, 17 ans, Odeville. — 7 novembre 1869. Versement. 167 fr. 21 34612. Panchou (Aimable), 3 mai 1866, 15 ans, Odeville. — 25 avril 1869. Remb. 50 fr. 58 35899. Dufner (Caroline), femme HOLLEY, 24 mars 1867, 29 ans, Sanvic. — 9 mai 1869. Remboursement. 48 fr. 03 36660. Lepaon (Auguste), garçon marchand de vins, 27 octobre 1867, 27 ans, le Havre. — 6 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 50 fr. 61 36692. Pierre (Léocadie), 3 novembre 1867. — 29 août 1869. Remboursement. 16 fr. 48 38460. Mary (Augustine), domestique, 17 janvier 1869, 21 ans, le Havre. — 21 mars 1869. Remboursement. 13 fr. 16 38480. Gilles (Auguste-Stanislas), frappeur, 17 janvier 1869, 26 ans, le Havre. — 17 janvier 1869. Versement. 39 fr. 72 38528. Enault (Honorine-Opportune), couturière, 24 janvier 1869, 30 ans, le Havre. — 18 avril 1869. Remboursement. 13 fr. 05 38770. Leconte (Arthur-Alexandre), commis, 14 mars 1869, 28 ans, le Havre. — 29 août 1869. Remboursement. 35 fr. 50 39085. Daniel (Marie-Alphonsine), 30 mai 1869, 24 ans, le Havre. — 22 août 1869. Remboursement. 15 fr. 96 39236. Clément (Louise-Sophie), femme RIARD, lingère, 18 juillet 1869, 24 ans, Sanvic. — 18 juillet 1869. Transfert recette. 18 fr. 14 39377. Beaubrun (Louis), marin, 8 août 1869, 30 ans, le Havre. 8 août 1869. Versement. 530 fr. 85 39677. Henry (Léon-Aimable-Auguste), forgeron, 10 octobre 1869, 27 ans, le Havre. — 10 octobre 1869. Versement. 131 fr. 32 39906. Le Maguer (Guillaume), marin, 2 décembre 1869, 19 ans, le Havre. — 5 décembre 1869. Versement. 261 fr. 88 Caisse d'épargne de Neufchâtel. 1010. Conseil (Joseph-Alphonse), journalier, 6 juin 1858, 51 ans, Essarts-Varimpré. — 4 avril 1869. Remboursement. 36 fr. 49 1462. Petit (Jean-Baptiste-Amour), terrassier, 17 avril 1859, 27 ans, Mesnil-Kollemprise. — 11 avril 1869. Remboursement. 0 fr. 63 1667. Gressent (Désirée), repasseuse, 23 octobre 1859, 43 ans, Nesle-Hodeng. — 20 juin 1869. Remboursement. 41 fr. 92 1708. Cambour (Éléonore-Athénaïs), 13 novembre 1859, 36 ans, Fresles. — 18 avril 1869. Remboursement. 8 fr. 43 1801. Quietteville (Jacques-Antoine), herbager; pour janvier 1860, 43 ans, Fesques. — 4 juillet, 1869. Remboursement. 15 fr. 58 let 1802. Parisy (Marguerite-Geneviève), femme QUIETTEVILLE, herbagère, 1er janvier 1860, 41 ans, Fesques. — 4 juillet 1869. Remboursement. 6 fr. 79 2033. Journel (Alphonse), agriculteur, 20 mai 1860, 22 ans, Saint-Saives. 21 mars 1869. Remboursement. 21 fr. 83 2134. Bonnaire (Florentin), domestique, 15 juillet 1860, 28 ans, Rouvray. — 10 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 61 fr. 46 2253. Bance (Antoine-Christophe), journalier, 30 septembre 1860, 30 ans, Neufchâtel. — 3 mai 1869. Remboursement. 73 fr. 2254. Cauchois (Marie), servante, 30 décembre 1860, 21 ans, Esclavelles. — 21 mars 1869. Remboursement. 4 fr. 57 2397. Crevel (Joséphine), couturière, 20 janvier 1861, 42 ans, Mortemer. 19 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 9 fr. 2836. Gressent (Pierre-Jacques), 22 décembre 1861, 16 ans, Quiévrecourt. — 21 mars 1869. Remboursement. n.. 30 fr. 69 3259. Régentel (Pascal-Athanase), herbager, 30 novembre 1862, 38 ans, Sainte-Geneviève — 25 avril 1869. Remboursement 18 fr. 22 3290. Thuillier (Célina), servante, 14 décembre 1862, 22 ans, Neuville. — 7 mars 1869. Remboursement. 10 fr. 03 3637. Picard (Émile-Auguste), instituteur, 9 août 1863, 50 ans, Mesnil-Magni. — 6 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 61 fr. 35 3841. Sageot (Eugène-Valentin), cultivateur, 24 janvier 1865, 26 ans, Caullery. — 24 Janvier 1889. Remboursement. 3 fr. 51 4044. Gosselin (Romain-Benjamin), domestique, 10 juillet 1864, 21 ans, Saint-Martin-l’Hortier. — 25 juillet 1869. Remb. 42 fr. 02 4091. Soulet (Onésime Romain), maçon, 7 août 1864, 31 ans. Pommereux. 21 mars 1869. Remboursement. 10 fr. 67 4230. Valtier (Ogéarine-Marie-Catherine), servante, 21 novembre 1864, 18 ans, Presles. — 21 mars 1869. Remboursement. 15 fr. 48 4244. Hermanville (Pierre Louis), cantonnier, 10 décembre 1864, 26 ans, Gournay. — 26 décembre 1869. Versement. 783 fr. 62 4463 Bellonnède (Zulmère-Elmire), servante, 14 mai 1868, 22 ans, Neuville. — 4 avril 1869 Remboursement. 4 fr. 82 4581. Barette (Marie-Emilie), servante, 16 juillet 1865, 19 ans, Massy. — 4 avril 1869. Remboursement. 6 fr. 64 5200. Bué (Narcisse), instituteur, 2 juin 1866, 49 ans, Fresles. — 19 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 12 fr. 42 5211. Dumouchel (Marie-Sophie), femme du Bué, 2 juin 1866, 55 ans, Fresles. — 19 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 0 fr. 91 5242. Legrand (Pierre-Sylvain), charron, 17 juin 1866, 18 ans, Sainte-Geneviève. — 7 février 1869. Remboursement. 6 fr. 62 5412. Soulet (François-Adolphe), journalier, 30 septembre 1866, 19 ans, Pommereux. — 30 mai 1869. Remboursement. 27 fr. 14 5520. Mity (Joseph), tailleur, 2 décembre 1866, 49 ans, Loudéac. — 17 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 0 fr. 89 5572. Gouin (François), domestique, 6 janvier 1867, 18 ans, Esclavelles. — 4 juillet 1869. Remboursement. 11 fr. 17 5575. Picot (Désirée-Pauline), servante, 6 Janvier 1867, 21 ans, Nouvelchatel. 22 décembre 869. Remboursement, 19 fr 70 5653. Pruvost (Etienne-Benjamin), journalier, 17 février 1861, 48 ans, Bures. — 9 mai 1869. Remboursement. 6 fr. 03 5665. Fournier Nicolas-Charles, cultivateur, 24 février 1867, 34 ans, Fallencourt. — 24 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 0 fr. 64 5682. Gautier (Virginie-Sophie), femme DUVIVIER, marchande, 10 mars 1861, 63 ans, Nesle-lodéon. 31 Janvier 1869. Remboursement. 4 fr. 84 5691. Lefebvre (Camille), 17 mars 1867, 17 ans, Beaubourg. 9 mai 1869. Remb. 28 fr. 24 5975. Cordier (Alphonse-Alexandre), journalier, 22 septembre 1867, 29 ans, Mesnil-Sur-l'Orne. — 24 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 0 fr. 54 6018. Dézieux (Gustave-Pierre), drapier, 13 octobre 1867, 22 ans, Lignerines. — 25 avril 1869. Remboursement. 31 fr. 37 6072. Tirard (Antoinette-Joséphine), femme MONNIER, couturière, 24 novembre 1867, 23 ans, Neufchâtel. — 5 septembre 1809. Remboursement. 7 fr. 76 6811. Daire (Jean Michel), rentier, 24 novembre 1867, 55 ans, Fère-Dolmen. — 2 mai 1869. Remboursement. 9 fr. 28 6208. Reuselet (Adeline), servante, 1er février 1858, 26 ans, Preuseville. 7 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 11 fr. 79 6266. Vaidin (Yventin), maçon, 29 mars 1868, 19 ans, Campagneville. — 3 mai 1869. Remboursement. 10 fr. 11 6279. Foulon (Philogène-Désiré), géomètre, 5 avril 1868, 33 ans, Gauville. — 31 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 6 fr. 20 6311. Beauval (Marguerite-Honorée), veuve OUCHER, rentière, 26 avril 1868, 78 ans, Cuidalle. — 7 février 1869. Remboursement. 0 fr. 95 6464. Ricard (Indépendant-Léopold), cultivateur, 16 août 1868, 30 ans, Esclavelles. — 24 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 42 fr. 10 6541. Lepage (Jean-Christophe), Journalier, 27 septembre 1868, 57 ans, Saint-Saëv. — 10 janvier 1869. Remboursement. 0 fr. 63 6544. Clément (Marie-Amélie), servante, 27 septembre 1868, 21 ans, Neufchâtel. — 20 décembre 1869. Remboursement. 0 fr. 34 6558. Denouette (Yrénée), domestique, 4 octobre 1868, 33 ans, Bailly-nouchet. — 2 mai 1869. Remboursement 9 fr. 19 6567. Noël (Emile-Auguste), propriétaire, 4 octobre 1868, 29 ans, Longvilliers. — 2 mai 1869. Remboursement. 14 fr. 25 6859. Trehet (Ludovic), homme de maison, 4 octobre 1868, 45 ans, Longueil. — 2 mai 1869. Remboursement. 14 fr. 25 6865. Taugan (Vital), domestique, 25 octobre 1868, 38 ans, Longueil. — 30 mai 1869 Remboursement. 3 fr. 78 6866. Renault (Emélie), femme LECONTE, cultivatrice, 22 novembre 1868, 23 ans, Longueil. — 11 avril 1869. Remboursement. 8 fr. 66 6853. Anneveu (Alphège-Honoré), domestique, 7 février 1869, 27 ans, Ardonval. — 23 mai 1869. Remboursement. 4 fr. 13 6921. Lepage (Julien-Amédée), propriétaire, 4 avril 1869, 24 ans, Foucarmont. 20 juin 1869. Remboursement. 4 fr. 26 6982. Cadot (Anastasie-Alexandre), cultivateur, 23 mai 1869, 54 ans, Neuville-Ferrières. 20 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 240 fr. 86 7106. Dunet (Adélie), femme BOUDIN, cultivatrice, 25 juillet 1869, 53 ans, Lucy. — 31 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 8 fr. 65 Caisse d'épargne de Rouen. 1615. Martel (Jean-Louis), jardinier, 27 Janvier 1850, Montsplium. — 14 février 1869. Remboursement. 16 fr. 62 4759. Dumesnil (Théodore), domestique, 26 août 1851, Rouen. 3 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 66 fr. 12 5252. Bunel (Pierre-Antonin), domestique, 11 Janvier 1852, Rouen. — 27 juin 1869. Remboursement. 35 fr. 13 6034. Contanson (Elisabeth), piqueuse de bottines, 14 mars 1852, Rouen. 1er août 1869. Remboursement. 61 fr. 91 7322. Leclerc (Victoire-Jean-Baptiste), employé au gaz, 5 septembre 1852, 25 ans, Rouen. 7 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 95 fr. 60 9154. Binet (Jean-Pierre), vannier, 20 février 1853, 51 ans, Rouen. — 31 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 68 fr. 35 11194. Lechevalier (Félix-Michel), 8 janvier 1854, 8 ans, Rouen. — 13 Juin 1869. Remboursement. 99 fr. 70 11239. Le Bertre (Emélie), femme DACHE, propriétaire, 15 janvier 1854, 50 ans, Rouen. — 11 juin 1869. Remboursement. 64 fr. 53 12487. Lefort (Pauline-Anastasie), femme HÉDIER, 29 octobre 1854, 26 ans, Petit-Quevilly. — 28 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 21 fr. 45 15082. Dumesnil (Jules-Melchior), contremaître de tissage, 1er Juin 1806, 27 ans, Sotteville-lès-Rouen. — 3 octobre 1809. Remboursement. 82 fr. 10 15746. Mouquet (François-Alphonse), charbonnier, 9 novembre 1856, 20 ans, Croisy. — 27 juin 1869. Remboursement. 31 fr. 03 21317. Richô (Frédéric-Pascal), garçon de magasin, 13 novembre 1859, 30 ans, Rouen. — 8 août 1869. Remboursement. 38 fr. 89 22031. Bazière (Rosalie-Catherine), demoiselle de magasin, 19 février 1860, 21 ans, Rouen. 12 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 33 fr. 92 22847. Duval (Louis-Aimé), journalier, 22 Juillet 1860, 31 ans, Canteleu. — 21 mars 1869. Remboursement. 71 fr. 43 23321. Goua (François-Edouard), syndic des gens de mer, 21 octobre 1860, 32 ans, Rouen. — 18 avril 1869. Remboursement. 15 fr. 94 23850. Lerat (Jacques-Isidore), baugeur, 20 janvier 1861, 43 ans, Mosnil-Esnard. — 8 août 1869. Remboursement. 20 fr. 67 23851. Gervais (Eugénie), femme LERAT, repasseuse, 20 janvier 1861, 38 ans, Mesnil-Esnard — 8 août 1869. Rembours. 20 fr. 15 26827. Cousin (Léon-Victor), 91 id magasin, 31 août 1862, 18 ans, Le Treport (Eure). — 27 juin 1869. Remboursement. 27173. Langlois (Henri-Jules), domestique, 16 novembre 1862, 19 ans, Berville. — 24 octobre 1869. Remboursement. 27877. Buron (Eugène), journalier, 1863, 45 ans, Saint-Léger-du-Bourg. — 11 juillet 1869 Remboursement. 27878. Lemoine (Marie-Agnès), femme Buron, journalière, 22 mars 1863, 35 ans, Saint-Léger-du-Bourg. — 11 juillet 1869. Remboursement. 28030. Oudaille (François-Augustin), journalier, 3 mai 1863, 33 ans, Boissay. 73 fr. 11 bre 1869. Remboursement. 28389. Pain (Alexandrine-Mélanie), 2 août 1863, 20 ans, Rouen. — 3 octobre Remboursement. 28703. Guibault (Scolastique-Sophie), 12 octobre 1863, 31 ans, Rouen. — 7 décembre 1869. Remboursement. 28850. Jacqueline (François-Hippolyte), soyeur, 15 novembre 1863, 37 ans, 49 fr 31 12 décembre 1869. Remboursement. 29333. Vallet (Henri-Désiré), peintre de bâtiments, 7 février 1864, 16 ans, Fieury. — 18 avril 1869. Remboursement. 29698. Tuvée (Jacques-Eloi), ouvrier, 1864, 16 ans, Saint-Jacques-sur-l'Ile. — 17 novembre 1869. Remboursement. 29719. Sarment (Edmond), 24 avril 1864, 19 ans, Saint-Pierre-Malo. — 23 mai 1869. Remboursement. 29966. Désanex (Achille-Marcel), 19 juin 1864, 22 ans, Saint-Jean. 68 fr. nay. — 26 septembre 1869. Remb. 29968. Lesas (Louise-Rose), femme de 29 ans. 90 LINES, repasseuse, 19 juin 1864, 42 ans au 12 décembre 1869. Remboursé. 30162. Lague (Edouard), conducteur de 80 voitures, lettres de 1864. 57 ans, Rouen. 14 ans, 20 fr. Remboursement. 301374. Cousin (Charles-Victor), Paysan à bois, 11 septembre 1864, 23 ans, vu 45 fr. 8 août 1869. Remboursement. 30831. Demayet (Gustave-Louis), Léger. 8 janvier 1860, 22 ans, Saint-Etienne. — 11 juillet 1869. Remb. 30936, ouvrière en indiennes, 15 janvier. Ouvrière en indiennes, 15 janvier, âgée de 23 ans, née Jeanne-du-Bois-d'Arc, naissance 1869. Remboursement. 31148. Mauger (François),ostel, ouvrier 1865, 25 ans, Rouen. — 23 mai 1865. 25 fr. Remboursement. 31260. Leseur (Léon-Théophile), agriculteur, 19 mars 1865, 24 ans, Rouen. — 11 juin 1869. Remboursement. 31519. Lesueur (Louis-Pierre), ferme, 21 mai 1865, 25 ans, Sotteville. — 29 août 1869. Remboursement. 32199. Bachelay (Benjamin-Emeri), charbonnier, 5 novembre 1866, 31 ans, Villefranche-sur-Seine. 31 août 1869. Remboursement. 32782. Caillou (Louis-Joseph), 4 février 1837, 13 ans, Rouen. — 11 avril 1869. Vers. pour. 33020. Das (Constance Emilie), sans emploi, journalière, 11 mars 1866, 31 ans, 14 mai 1869. Remboursement. 33733. Hanchenneau (Onésime-Thaís), propriétaire, 5 août 1866, Grand-Couronne. — 28 février 1869. Remboursement. 33881. Piquery (Charles-Désiré), 9 septembre 1866, 36 ans, loft, 0 12 septembre 1869. Remboursement. 34094. Testu (Louis-Amédée-Désiré), boulanger 1866, 2 ans, Neslette. — 24 octobre. Remboursement.
| 6,726 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34885793
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Njallavardo
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 62 | 183 |
Njallavardo
mountain in Norway
Njallavardo coordinate location
Njallavardo instance of mountain
Njallavardo GeoNames ID 2689643
Njallavardo country Norway
Njallavardo located in the administrative territorial entity Saltdal Municipality
Njallavardo GNS Unique Feature ID -2506940
Njallavardo
Njallavardo
berg in Noorwegen
Njallavardo geografische locatie
Njallavardo is een berg
Njallavardo GeoNames-identificatiecode 2689643
Njallavardo land Noorwegen
Njallavardo gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Saltdal
Njallavardo GNS Unique Feature-identificatiecode -2506940
| 40,376 |
cu31924050893571_79
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,882 |
Michigan in the war
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Michigan. Dept. of Military Affairs
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English
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Spoken
| 8,413 | 16,306 |
WILSON, JOSEPH, Hudson. First Lt. 11th Infy, Aug. 24, 1861. Capt, Aug. lt. 1862. Killed in action at Stone River, Tenn., Jan. 1, 1863. WILSON, LYMAN A., Green Oak. First Lt. 3d Inf'y, July 29, 1864. Capt., May 12, 1865. Mustered out May 25, 1866, and honorably discharged. WILSON, ROBERT, Grand Rapids. Entered service Julv 28, 1862. Serg't Maj., 21st Inf'y, . First Lt., Aug. 24, 1863. Wounded in action at Bentonville, N. C, Max. 19, 1865. Mustered out June 8, 1865, and honorably discharged. WILSON, SYLVESTER K., Dayton. Entered service Aug. 7, 1862, as Serg't Comp'y G, 26th Inf'y. Second Lt., Jan. 2, 1865. First Lt., June 9, 1865. Mustered out as Second Lt., to date June 4, 1865, and honorably discharged. WILSON, WINFIELD S., Dayton. Entered service Aug. 12, 1862. Serg't .Comp'y G, 26th Infy, . First Lt., June 9, 1865. Not mu'stered as an officer. Mustered out June 4, 1865, and honorably discharged. WILTSEE, WENDELL D., Ann Arbor. Capt. 20th Inf'y, July 29, 1862. Died Nov. 27, 1863, of wounds received in notion at Knoxville, Tenn., Nov. 25, 1863. "WINANS, GEORGE A., Middlebury. Entered service Aug. 28, 1861. Com. Serg't 5tU Inf'y, . First Lt., June 10, 1864. Capt., Oct. 12, 1864. Mustered out July 5, 1865, and honorably discharged. MICHIGAN IN THE WAR. 969 WIN^NiS0'J^ZET ML' M™™e- Cap*- 15th U- S. Infy, Ap'l 9, 1847. Bvt. Maj., Aug. li>, 184/, tor gallant and meritorious conduct in several affairs with guerillas at Paso Ovegas National Bridge, and Cerro Gordo, Mexico." Eesigned May 6, 1848, and ??Po0rabiyudlsella;?e^. Lt Co1- 7th Mi0«. Infy, June 19, 1861. Resigned May 21, 1862, and honorably discharged. WIN ANS, JAMES, Adrian. Entered service Aug. 13, 1862, as Q. M. Serg't 18th Infy. Second Lt., Jan 16 1863. First Lt. and Q. M., Mar. 30, 1863. Eesigned Sept. 28, 1863, and honorably discharged. WINEGAR, WILLIAM, Grass Lake. Second Lt. 17th Infy, June 17, 1862. First Lt, Dec. 28, 1862. Capt., Sept. 14, 1863. Eesigned Deo. 24, 1863, on account of disa- bility, and honorably discharged. WINEGAE, IEA, Saranac. Ass't Surg. 3d Infy, July 29, 1864. Eesigned Mar. 6, 1865, and honorably discharged. WING, LUCIUS M., Coldwater. Second Lt. 19th Infy, July 28, 1862. First Lt., May 1,1863. Q. M., May 25, 1864. Capt., June 15, 1865. Mustered out as First Lt. and Q. M., June 10, 1865, and honorably discharged. WINTERS, JAMES, Marshall. Capt. 6th Infy, Aug. 19, 1861. Eesigned Oct. 9, 1861, and honorably discharged. WIRTS, JOHN E., Hudson. Second Lt. Comp'y C, 1st U. S. S. S., Aug. 31, 1862. Eesigned Feb. 25, 1863, and honorably discharged. WIETS, JOHN M., Hudson. Entered service Oct. 3, 1861, as Serg't Maj. 3d Cav. Second Lt., Feb. 27, 1862. First Lt., Aug. 13, 1862. Capt., Sept. 22, 1864. Mus- tered out Feb. 12, 1866, and honorably discharged. WISE, DAVID A., Ypsilanti. First Lt. 1st (3 months) Infy, May 1, 1861. Mustered out Aug. 7, 1861. First Lt. and Q. M. 1st Infy, Aug. 17, 1861. Eesigned May 15, 1862, and honorably discharged. WISE, CASSIUS M., Caledonia. Entered service Sept. 15, 1862, as musician Comp'y H, 6th Cav. Second Lt. 11th Cav., Sept. 10, 1863. Mustered out Aug. 10, 1865, and honorably discharged. WISE, HENEYL., Caledonia. Capt. 6th Cav., Oct. 13, 1862. Maj. 11th Cav., Aug. 31, 1863. Mustered out Aug. 10, 1865, and honorably discharged. WISELOGEL, FEEDEEICK G., Albion. Entered service Dec. 24, 1861. Serg't Comp'y D, 12th Infy, . Second Lt., July 3, 1864. First Lt., Dec. 20, 1864. Capt., Ap'l 12, 1865. Mustered out Feb. 15, 1866, and honorably discharged. WISNEE, IEA G., Jonesville. Entered service Nov. 12, 1861, as Serg't Batt. G, 1st Light Art. Second Lt., Ap'l 18, 1864. First Lt., Ap'l 6, 1865. Mustered out Ap'l 6, 1865, and honorably discharged. WISNER, MOSES, Pontiac. Col. 22d Infy, Aug. 8, 1862. Died of disease at Lexington, Ky., Jan. 4, 1863. WISNER, EDWARD M., Pontiac. Entered service Aug. 28, 1861, as Serg't Comp'y D, 5th Infy. First Lt. 22d Infy, July 31, 1862. Resigned Jan. 31, 1863, and honorably discharged. WITHEEELL, JUSTUS, Hillsdale. First Lt. 11th Infy, Mar. 1, 1865. Capt., May 31, 1865. Mustered out Sept. 16, 1865, and honorably discharged. WITHEEELL, CHARLES A., Detroit. First Lt. 2d Cav., Nov. 5, 1862. Resigned May 29, 1863, and honorably discharged. WITHERSPOON, ALEX., Detroit. Entered service Oct. 25, 1861, as Serg't Comp'y H, 14th Infy. Second Lt., Nov. 21, 1862. First Lt., July 27, 1863. Wounded in action near Atlanta, Ga., Sept. 1, 1864. Honorably discharged for disability, May 10, 1865. WITHERSPOON, GEORGE, Detroit. Entered service Dec. 31, 1861, as Serg't Comp'y H, 14th Infy. First Lt., Feb. 13, 1865. Mustered out July 18, 1865, and honorably discharged. 122 970 MICHIGAN IN THE WAR. WITHERSPOON, JNO.. Detroit. Entered service May 1, 1861, as Pvt Comp'y A, 1st (3 months) Inf y. Wounded in action at Bull Run, Julv 21, 1861. Mustered out Aug. 7, 1861. Serg't Comp'y B, 24th Infy, July 24. 1862. Second Lt., Dec. 13, 1862. First lit., Sept. 1, 1863. Capt., Nov. 22, 1863. Wounded in action at the Wilderness, Va., May 5, 1864. Mustered out June 30, 1865, and honorably discharged. WITHINGTON, WILLIAM H., Jackson. Capt. 1st (3 months) Infy, May 1, 1861. Taken prisoner at Bull Run, Julv 21, 1861. Exchanged Jan. 3(1, 1862. Mustered out Jan. 31, 1862. Col. 17thln['y, A'ug. 11, 1862. Resigned Mar. 21, 1863, and honorably discharged. Bvt. Brig. Gen. TJ. S. Vol's, Mar. 13, 1865, "for conspicuous gallantry at the battle of South Mountain, Md., Sept. 14, 1862." WOLAVER, ALONZO M., Talmadge. Entered service Aug. 14, 1862, as Serg't Comp'y B, 5th Cav. Second Lt., Nov. 17, 1864. First Lt., Ap'l 14, 1865. Mustered out as Second Lt., June 22, 1865, and honorably discharged. WOLCOTT, JOEL, Lowell. Entered service Aug. 11, 1862. Serg't Comp'y I, 26th Iuf'y, . Second Lt., June 9, 1865. Not mustered as an officer, having died at Washington, D. C, May 24, 1864, of wounds received at Spottsylvania, Va., May 12, 1864. WOOD, ABRAM R., Sturgis. Capt. 4th Inry, May 16, 1861. Killed on picket near Yorktown, Va., Ap'l 18, 1862. WOOD, ABNER B., St. Johns. Capt. 27th Infy, Dec. 20, 1863. Resigned Nov. 12, 1864, and honorably discharged. WOOD, ADDISON J., St. Charles. Entered service Aug. 29, 1864, as Serg't Comp'y F, 29th Infy. Second Lt., July 7, 1865. Mustered out Sept. 6, 1865, "and honorably discharged. WOOD, ANDREW J., Dexter. Entered service Aug. 5, 1862. Serg't Comp'y E, 17th Infy, . Second Lt., May 26, 1865. Not mustered as an officer. Mustered out June 3, 1865, and honorably discharged. WOOD, ARTHUR, Grand Rapids. Second Lt. 4th Cav., Aug. 13, 1862. Resigned Dec. 24, 1863, and honorably discharged. WOOD, CHARLES, Niles. Entered service Aug. 20, 1861. Serg't Comp'y K, 6th Infy, . Second Lt., Nov. 25, 1864. Mustered out Aug. 20, 1865, and honorably dis- charged. WOOD, CHARLES B., Jackson. First Lt. and Q. M. 4th Infy, Mar. 6, 1865. Mustered out May 26, 1866, and honorably discharged. WOOD, DAVID H., Quincy. Second Lt. 4th Inf y, July 26,. 1864. First Lt, Oct. 24, 1865. Mustered out May 26, 1866, and honorably discharged. WOOD, DELOS R., Hudson. Entered service Nov. 30, 1861. Serg't Batt F, 1st Light Art., . Second Lt., Jan. 19, 1865. First Lt., Ap'l 6, 1865. Mustered out as Second Lt., July 1, 1865, and honorably discharged. WOOD, FRANK M., Adrian. First Lt. 2d Infy, Ap'l 23, 1861. Resigned Oct 28, 1861, and honorably discharged. WOOD, JAMES A., Adrian. Entered service Nov. 15, 1862, as Serg't Comp'y B, 9th Cav. Second Lt., Sept. 15, 1864. First Lt., June 9, 1865. Mustered out as Second Lt, July 21, 1865, and honorably discharged. WOOD, JOHN S., Dexter. Second Lt. Hall's S. S., Deo. 30, 1864. No further record. WOOD, JOSEPH, Coldwater. Chap. 19th Infy, Feb. 19, 1864. Not mustered. WOODARD, WILLIAM M., Cooper. Entered service Sept. 2, 1861, as Serg't Comp'y F, 3d Cav. Secoud Lt, Jan. 11, 1862. Resigned Sept 17, 1864, and honorably discharged. WOODBRIDGE, HORACE, Coldwater. Entered service Mar. 16, 1863, as Serg't Comp'y M, 8lh Cav. Second Lt., Jan. 8, 1865. Mustered out July 20, 1865, on consolidation with the 11th Cav., and honorably discharged. MICHIGAN IN THE WAR. ■ 971 T0?S?^Y,^W,IGHJnA- Adrian- Co1- 4th In*"y> M^y 16, 1861. Killed at Malvern Hill, Va., July 1, 1862. WOODIN, ORSON, Jackson. Entered service Aug. 11, 1862. Sprg't Oomp'y K 17th r y'o~7^r SeoJ0°c, Lt-> May 26. 1865. Not mustered as an officer. Mubtered out June d, 18b5, and honorably discharged. WOODING CHARLES T., Grand Rapids. Entered service Sept. 11, 1861, as Serg't Comp y C, 1st Eug sand Mech's. Second Lt., Aug. 27, 1864. First Lt,, Nov. 3, 1864. Mustered out Sept. 22, 1865, and honorably discharged. WOODMAN, HAMILTON J., Novi. Entered service Aug. 9, 1862, as Serg't Comp'v I, 22dlnf'y. First Lt., July 8, 1863. Capt., Dec. 5, 1863. Mustered out June 26, 1865, and honorably discharged. WOODMAN, LUCIUS C, Paw Paw. Ass't Surg. 3d Cav., Sept. 7, 1861. Surg. 11th Cav., Oct. 7, 1863. Taken prisuner at Saltvilie, Va., Oct. 2, 1864. Taken to Libby Prison. Exchanged Oct. 20, 1864. Mustered out Aug. 10, 1865, on consolidation with 8th Cav., and honorably discharged. WOODRUFF, CHARLES, Niles. Entered service Aug. 14, 1862. Serg't Maj. 25th Inf'y, . Second Lt., Ap'l 2, 1864. First Lt., Ap'l 7, 1864. Adj't, May 14, 1864. Mus- tered out June 24, 1865, and honorably discharged. WOODRUFF, HEBER H., East Saginaw. Entered service Aug. 1, 1861. Serg't Comp'y D, 16th Inf'y, . Second Lt., Aug. 23, 1862. First Lt., Ap'l 11, 1863. Mustered out Sept. 7, 1864, and honorably discharged. WOODRUFF, HENRY, East Saginaw. Capt. 23d Inf'y, Aug. 1, 1862. Resigned Aug. 24, 1864, and honorably discharged. WOODRUFF, HENRY, Fredonia. Entered service Sept. 3, 1861. Serg't Comp'y M, 2d Cav., — r-. First Lt., Oct. 7, 1864. Transferred to 136th U. S. Coi'd Troops, Juno 22,^1865. No further record. WOODRUFF, JNO. E., Jackson. Second Lt. 13th Inf'y, Oct. 3, 1861. Resigned Dec. 8, 1862, and honorably discharged. WOODRUFF, WILLIAM S., Marshall. Entered service July 16, 1861, as Serg't Comp'y E, 1st Inf'y. Second Lt., Dec. 17, 1862. Wounded in action at Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863. First Lt., Jan. 1, 1864. Died June 28, 1864, of wounds received in action in front of Petersburg June 25, 1864. WOODWARD, HORACE P., BlissHeld. Ass't Surg. 15th Inf'y, Feb. 4, 1862. Resigned May 1, 1862. Ass't Surg. 18th Inf'y, Aug. 9, 1862. Resigned May 9, 1863, and hon- orably discharged. WOODWARD, GEORGE W., Wright. Second Lt. 21st Inf'y, July 30, 1862. First T.t., Jan. 15, 1863. Capt., Dec. 2, 1863. Bvt. Maj. U. S. Vol's, Mar. 13, 1865, "for meri- torious service during the campaigns in Georgia and the Carolinas. " Mustered out June 8, 1865, and honorably discharged. WOODWARD, WILLIAM A., Lawrence. Entered service Sept. 10, 1861. Serg't Comp'y H, 3d Cav., . Second Lt., Oct. 20, 1865. Not mustered as an officer. Mustered out Feb. 12, 1866, and honorably discharged. WOODWORTH, BENJAMIN R., Detroit. Second Lt. 9th Cav., Nov. 3, 1862. Resigned Nov. 12, 1863, and honorably discharged. WOOSTER, SAMUEL R., Grand Rapids. Ass't Surg. 8th Inf'y, Aug. 19, 1861. Surg. 1st Cav., Feb. 26, 1863. Mustered out Oct. 18, 1864, and honorably discharged. WORDEN FREDERICK W., Grand Rapids. First Lt. 3d Inf'y, May 13, 1861. Capt., Au°- 11 1861. Resigned Nov. 28, 1861. Maj. 13th Inf'y, Dec. 26, 1861. Lt. Col., July 4, 1862. Resigned Feb. 26, 1863, and honorably discharged. WORMER GROVEll S., Detroit. Captain Stanton Guard, May 1, 1862. Mustered out Sent 25 1862. Lt. Col. 8th Cav., Oct. 3, 1862. Col.. Ap'l 16, 1864. Not mustered as Col ' Col. 30th Inf'v, Nov. 21, 1864. Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vol's, Mar, 13, 1865, "for gallant and meritorious service during the war. " Mustered out June 30, 1865, and honorably discharged. 973 MICHIGAN IN THE WAB WOBMEE, HENEY G., Detroit. First lit. 30th Infy, Nov. 28, 1864. Capt, June 5, 1865. Mustered out as First Lt. June 30, 1865, and honorably discharged. WOETLEY, CLABK. S., Ann Arbor. Entered service Aug. 4, 1862. Serg't Maj. 20th Infy, . Second Lt.. Mar. 5, 1863. First Lt., Nov. 29, 1863. Q. M., July 20, 1864. Mustered out May 30, 1865, and honorably discharged. WEIGHT, EOBEET 0., Detroit. Entered service Feb. 15, 1862. Serg't Maj. 7th Infy, . First Lt., Oct. 5, 1864. Capt., June 12, 1864. Mustered out July 5, 1865, and honorably discharged. WEIGHT, LEONABD J., Niles. Second Lt. 9th Infy, Oct. 12, 1861. First Lt, Dec. 13, 1861. Taken prisoner at Murfreesboro, Tenn., July 13, 1862. Paroled July 15, 1862. Capt., Feb. 27, 1863. Mustered out Nov. 23, 1864, and honorably discharged. WEIGHT, STEPHEN J., St. Johns. First Lt. 23d Infy, Aug. 1, 1862. Besigned Feb. 6, 1863, and honorably discharged. WEIGHT, WILLIAM B., Eagle Harbor. Maj. 27th Infy, Dec. 22, 1862. Lt Col.. Dec. 17, 1863. Wounded in action in front of Petersburg, Va., July 30, 1864. Col., Oct 3, 1864. Honorably discharged for disability as Lt. Col., Nov. 17, 1864. WEIGHT, EDWAED B., Detroit. Second Lt. Batt. B, 1st Light Art., Aug. 28, 1862. First Lt, Sept. 3, 1863. Wounded in action at Borne Cross Boads, Ga., May 16, 1864. Capt, Mar. 14, 1865. Mustered out as First Lt June 14, 1865, and honorably discharged. WYKEB, DAVID B., Owosso. Entered service Aug. 28, 1861, as Serg't Comp'y H, 5th Infy. Second Lt, June 1, 1862. First Lt., June 29, 1863. Killed in action near Germania Ford, Nov. 27, 1863. WYKEE, ALFBED, Niles. Ass't Surg. 14th Infy, Nov. 17, 1862. Besigned June 1, 1863, and honorably discharged. WYKOFF, THOMAS, Pontiac. Entered service Aug. 20, 1864. Serg't Comp'y G, 3d Infy, . Second Lt, Nov. 28, 1865. Not mustered as an officer. Mustered out May 25, 1866, and honorably discharged. WYMAN, MEEEIMAN S., Eaton Eapids. Entered service Sept 30, 1861, as Serg't Comp'y G, 13th Infy. Second Lt, July 5, 1865. Not mustered as an officer. Mus- tered out July 25, 1865, and honorably discharged. WYNN, WILLIAM H., Niles. Entered service Sept. 1, 1861. Serg't Comp'y L, 2d Cav., . Second Lt, July 31, 1865. Not mustered as an officer. Mustered out Aug. 17, 1865, and honorably discharged. YABNOLD, BENJAMIN E., Houghton. Entered service Sept. 11, 1862, as Hosp'l Stew"d 27th Infy. Ass't Surg., Sept. 13, 1864. Mustered out July 26, 1865, and honorably discharged. YATES, GEOBGE W., Detroit. Entered service June 20, 1861. Q. M. Serg't 4th Infy, . First Lt. and Adjt, Sept 26, 1862. Mustered out June 29, 1864, and honorably discharged. YATES, JOHN B., Ionia. Capt. 1st Eng's and Mech's, Sept. 12, 1861. Maj., May 28, 1863. Col., Nov. 3, 1864. Mustered out Sept. 22, 1865, and honorably discharged. YATES, ADEIAN, Grand Eapids. Entered service Aug. 28, 1861. Com. Serg't 3d Cav., . Second Lt, Feb. 16, 1863. First Lt. and Q. M., Sept 7, 1864. Mustered out Feb. 12, 1866, and honorably discharged. YEMANS, CHABLES C, Bedford. Second Lt. 24th Infy, July 26, 1862. Besigned Sept. 1, 1863, and honorably discharged. YEOMANS, EEASTDS T., Ionia. Entered service Aug. 4, 1864. Serg't Maj. 3d Infy. . Second Lt, Nov. 16, 1864. Besigned Mar. 19, 1865, and honorably discharged, YEEKES, SILAS E., Lowell. Second Lt. 13th Infy, Oct. 3, 1861. First Lt., May 15, 1862. Capt., Feb. 26, 1863. Wounded in action at Chickaniauga, Ga., Sept. 19, 1863. Bvt. Maj. V. S- Vol's, Mar. 13, 1865, "for meritorious service during the campaign in Georgia and the Carollnas." Maj., May 12, 1805. Honorably iischarged as Capt. May 15, 1865, tor disability. MICHIGAN IN THE WAR. 973 YEERINGTON, WILLIAM, Muir. Second Lt. 10th Cav., July 25, 1863. Resigned Oct. 6, 1865, aod honorably discharged. YOKK, ELIAS A., Ionia. Second Lt. 1st Eng's and Mech's, Jan. 1, 1861. First Lt., Aug. 27, 1864. Mustered out Sept. 22, 1865, and honorably discharged. YOUNG, JOHN L., Plymouth. Entered service Mav 25, 1861, as Serg't Comp'y H, 2d Inf'y. Second Lt., Mar. 6, 1862. Pirst Lt., Aug. 1, 1862. Capt., Dec. 1, 1862. Killed in action in front of Petersburg, Ya., July 30, 1864. YOUNG, GUART V. S., Perry, N. Y. First Lt. 29th Inf'y, July 29, 1864. Wounded in action at Murfreesboro, Tenn., Dec. 26, 1864. Resigned May 31, 1865, and honorably discharged. YOUNG, CHARLES J., St. Johns. Entered service Aug. 15, 1862, as Serg't Comp'y G, 5th Cav. Second Lt., July 3, 1865. Not mustered as an officer. Mustered out June 22, 1865, and honorably discharged. YOUNG, WILLIAM H., Ann Arbor. Ass't Surg. 9th Cav., Nov. 3, 1862. Surg., Dec. 12, 1864. Mustered out July 21, 1865, and honorably discharged. ZACHARIAS, ALLEN H., Monroe. First Lt. 7th Inf'y, June 19, 1861. Capt., Mar. 10, 1862. Died, Jan. 1, 1863, of -wounds received in action at Anti6tam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. ZANIER, AUGUSTUS, Port Huron. First Lt. 5th Inf'y, June 19, 1861. Resigned Oct. 28, 1861, and honorably discharged. ZEIGLER, AUGUSTUS F., Detroit. Entered service Aug. 4, 1862. Serg't Maj. 24th lnf7) . pirst Lt., Oct. 14, 1864. Mustered out June 30, 1865, and honorably discharged. ZOELLNER, FRANK, Detroit. Entered service May 25, 1861. Serg't Maj. 2d Inf'y,. Second Lt., Feb. 24, 1863, Wounded in action at Knoxville, Tenn., Nov. 24, 1883. Died Dec. 2, 1863, of wounds received Nov. 24, 1863. ZOLLY, FELIX, Grand Rapids. Second Lt. 3d Inf'y, May 13, 1861. First Lt., Aug. 1, 1861. Resigned Jan. 8, 1862. and honorably discharged. IN THE ARMY. REGULAR AND VOLUNTEER. . Appointments from Michigan as General Officers, and in the General Staff U. S. Volunteers and regular army from 1779 up to and during the war, and including officers born in Michigan, although appointed from other States, together with a record of their service, except those who were commissioned by the State, whose service will be found included in the register of Mich- igan officers. ADAMS, OSCAB, Flint. Maj. and Paymaster Vol's, Mar. 18, 1864. Mustered out Nov. 15, 1865, and honorably discharged. AIKIN, DWIGHT A. See Michigan officers. ANDERSON, JOSEPH. See Michigan officers. ARMSTRONG, GEORGE A. See Michigan officers. ARTHUR, WALTER C. See Michigan officers. AUGUR, CHRISTOPHER C, . Cadet M. A., July 1, 1839. Bvt. Second Lt, 2d U. S. Inf'y, July 1, 1843. Second Lt. 4th Inf'y, Sept. 12, 1845. First Lt., Feb. 16, 1847. Oapt., Aupt. 1, 1852. Maj. 13th Infy, May 14, 1861. Brig. Gen. Vol's, Nov. 12, 1861. Maj. Gen. Vol's, Aug. 9, 1862, "for distinguished and meritori- ous service in the battle of Cedar Mountain, Va." Bvt. Col. U. S. A., Aug. 9, 1862, "for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Cedar Mountain, Va." Lt. Col. 12lh Iuf'y, July 1, 1863. Bvt, Brig. Gen. U. S. A., Mar. 13, 1865, "for gallant and meritorious service at the capture of Port Hudson, La." Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A., Mar. 13, 1865, " for gallant and meritorious service in the field during the war." Col. 12Lh Inf'y, Mar. 15, 1866. Mustered out of Vol. service Sept. 1, 1866. Brig. Gen. U. S. A., Mar. 4, 1869. Now in service. BABCOCK, CHARLES P. See Michigan officers. BACON, CYRUS. See Michigan officers. BAINBRIDGE, "WILLIAM P., . Second Lt. 3d U. S. Cav., Nov. 29, 1865. First Lt, July 28, 1866. Mustered out Dec. 28, 1870, and honorably discharged. BAKER, STEPHEN, . Pvt. Comp'y E., 6th U. S. Inf'v, Aug. 20, 1860. Corp'l, Mar. 7, 1862. Serg't Maj., Ap'l 1, 1863. Pvt. Comp'y F, 6th Infy, Aug. 24, 1863. Serg't, Sept. 1, 1863. Serg't Comp'y D, 6th Inf'y, Mar. 18, 1864. First Serg't, Mar. 20, 1864. Discharged, July 10, 1864. First Serg't, Comp'y D, 6lh Inf'y, July 11, 1864. Q. M. Serg't, Oct. 6, 1864. Second Lt. and First Lt., May 3, 1865. Cupt., June 8, 1874. Now in service. BAKER, WILLIAM H., . Cadet, M. A., , 1823. Bvt. Second Lt., 4th U. S. Iuf'y, July 1, 1828. Second Lt., July 1, 1828. Resigned May 20, 1831, and honorably discharged. (974) MICHIGAN IN THE -WAR. 975 BALCH, FRANK S., . Capt. and A. Q. M. U. S. Vols, Feb. 13, 1865. Mustered out July 31, 1865, and honorably discharged. BALDWIN, FRANK D. See Michigan officers. BARNARD, PHINEAS P., . Capt. and Ass't Q. M. Vol's, May 13, 1863. Bvt. Maj. Vol's, Mar. 13, 1865, "for faithful and meritorious service." Mustered out Dec. 6, 1865. Second Lt. 4th U. S. Inf'y, Mar. 7, 1867. Bvt. 1st Lt. and Capt. U. S. Armv, War. 7, 18G7, "for faithful and meritorious service during the war." Unassigned, Mar. 23, 1869. Assigned to 5th Cav., July 14, 1869. First Lt., June 4, 1875. Now in service. BAENES, DARWIN H., . Capt. and A. Q. M. Vol's, Jan. 31, 1865. Mastered out July 28, 1865, and honorably discharged. BAEEETT, WALLACE W., Coldwater. Capt. 44th III. Vol's— a Michigan Comp'y — Sept. 13, 1861. Col., Jan. 1, 1863. Bvt. Brig. Gen. Vol's, Mar. 13., 1865, "for gallant and meritorious service during the war." Mustered out Dec. 14, 1865. First Lt. 34th U. S. Inf'y, July 28, 1866. Bvt. Capt., Mar. 2, 1867, "for gailant and meritorious service in the battle of Stone River, Tenn." Bvt. Maj., Mar. 2, 1867, " for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Chickamauga, Ga." Bvt. Lt. Col., Mar. 2, 1867, "for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Peach Tree Creek, Ga." Transferred to 16th Inf'y Ap'l 14, 1869. Died July 1, 1879, at Fort Riley, Kan. BAETH, CHARLES G., . Capt. and Com. Sub. Vol's, May 18, 1864. Bvt. Maj. Vol's, Aug. 8, 1866, "for efficient and meritorious service." Mustered out Aug. 10, 1865, and honorably discharged. BATES, KINZIE, Detroit. Pvt. Conip'v A. 1st (3 months) Inf'y, May 1, 1861. Second Lt. 1st U. S. Inf'y, Aug. 5, 1861. First Lt., Nov. 23, 1861. Bvt. Capt., Oct. 4, 1862, "for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Corinth, Miss." Bvt. Maj., July 4, 1863, "for gallant and meritorious service during the siege of Vicksburg, Miss." Capt., Mar. 15, 1866. Now in service. BATES, EDWARD F., . Ass't Surg. Vol's, Jan. 7, 1863. Major and Surg., Oct. 8, 1863. Died Mar. 6, 1864. BAXTER, HENRY. See Michigan officers. BEACH, SAMUEL E. See Michigan officers. BIDDLE, JAMES, Detroit. Capt. 16th U. S. Inf'y, Aug. 5, 1861. Bvt. Major, Sept. 1, 1864, " for gallant and meritorious service during the Atlanta campaign." Resigned Sept. 30, 1864, and honorably discharged. BINGHAM, JAMES W., Kensington. First Lt. 16th U. S. Inf'y, May 14, 1861. Died at Bardstown, Ky., Nov. 9, 1862. BIENEY, FITZHUGH, Bay City. Capt. and Ass't Adj't Gen. Vol's, Aug. 1, 1862. Maj., Sept.' 15, 1863. Died at Washington, D. C, June 17, 1864, of wounds received at the battle of Cold Harbor, Va. BIENEY, JAMES G. See Michigan officers. BISSELL, CHARLES T. See Michigan officers. BLACKMAN, HUDSON B. See Michigan officers. BLISS, D. WILLARD. See Michigan officers. BLISS, ZENAS E. See Michigan officers. BEEVOOET HENEY B., Detroit. Ensign 2d U. S. Inf'y, May 7, 1802. Second Lt., ; !805. First Lt., Nov. 30, 1805. Capt., May 1, 1811. Maj. 45th Inf'y, Ap'l 15, 1814! BEISTOL HENEY B., Detroit. Second Lt. 5th U. S. Inf'y, May 15, 1857. First Lt., Mav 13 1861 Capt., June 1, 1862. Bvt. Maj., Mar. 13, 1865, " for faithful and mer- itorious service in New Mexico." Bvt. Lt. Col., Mar. 13, 1865, "for faithful and mer- itorious service in New Mexico, and particularly for his untiring zeal and energy in 976 MICHIGAN IN THE WAR controlling the Navajoe tribe of Indians at the Bosque Redondo, and for his praise- worthy efforts in advancing their condition from that of savages to that of civilized men." * Ketired May 20, 1879, for disability resulting from disease contracted in line of duty. BRODHEAD, THORNTON F. See Michigan officers. BROOKS, EDWARD J., Detroit. Second Lt 7th U. S. Infy, June 30, 1855. First Lt, Feb. 26, 1861. Resigned May 16, 1861, and honorably discharged. BROWN, JOSEPH B., Detroit. First Lt. and Ass't Surg. U. S. A., June 29, 1849. Capt. and Ass't Surg., June 29, 1854. Maj. and Surg., July 4, 1861. Bvt. Lt. Col. and Col., Mar. 13, 1865, " for faithful and meritorious service during the war." Bvt. Brig. Gen., Sept. 28, 1866, "for meritorious and distinguished service at Fort Columbus, N. Y. harbor, where cholera prevailed." Now in service. BROWN, JOHN T., Tecumseh. First Lt. 3d U. S. Dragoons, Ap'l 9, 1847. Disbanded July 20, 1848, and honorably discharged. BROWN, WILLIAM S., Ann Arbor. Capt. and Ass't Com. of Subs. U. S. Army, Feb. 14, 1848. Disbanded July 29, 1848, and honorably discharged. BROWNELL, SEYMOUR. See Michigan officers. BRUSH, ALFRED, Detroit. Cadet M. A., , 1828. Bvt. 2d Lt 4th U. S. Art, July 1, 1832. Second Lt, Sept. 14, 1834. Resigned July 28, 1836, and honorably dis- charged. BURNETT, WELLINGTON C, . Second Lt 15th U. S. Infy, June 17, 1848. Dis- banded Aug. 30, 1848, and honorably discharged. CANTINE, WILLIAM W. See Michigan officers. CARLAND, JOHN. See Michigan officers. CASE, DANIEL L., Lansing. Maj. and Paymaster Vols, Mar. 18, 1864. Resigned Deo. 7, 1864, and honorably discharged. CASS, LEWIS, . Col. 3d Reg't Ohio Vol's, 1812. Brig. Gen. U. S. Army, 1813. Governor of Michigan Territory, 1813. CASS, LEWIS, Jb., Detroit Maj. 3d U. S. Dragoons, Ap'l 9, 1847. Disbanded July 20, 1848, and honorably discharged. CHAMPLIN, EDWARD P. See Michigan officers. CHAMPLIN, STEVEN G. See Michigan officers. CHANDLER, GEORGE W. See Michigan officers. CHAPIN, ANDREW B., . Ass't Surg. Vol's, Sept 12, 1862. Resigned Aug. 20, 1864, and honorably discharged. CHESTER, GEORGE M., Detroit Capt. and A. Q. M. Vol's, Oct 12, 1863. Resigned Nov. 7, 1864, and honorably discharged. CHILSON, GEORGE W. See Michigan officers. CHIPMAN, HENRY L. See Michigan officers. CHRISTIANCY, HENRY O. See Michigan officers. CLARK, CHARLES E. See Michigan officers. CLEM, JOHN L., . Musician Comp'y C, 22d Mich. Infy, May 1, 1863. Lanoe Serg't, Sept 20, 1863. Discharged Sept 19, 1864. Second Lt, 24th U. S. Infy, Deo. 18, 1871. First Lt., Oct. 6, 1874. Now in service. CLIFT, EMORY W., Detroit First Lt. 13th U. S. Infy, May 14, 1861. Regimental Q. M., Sept. 1, 1861, to Nov. 1, 1862. Capt., Sept. 20, 1864. Now in service. • The only brevet of this character found in the published " Army Kegistors " of the War Department. MICHIGAN IN THE WAR, 977 GLITZ, HENRY B., . Cadet M. A., July 1, 1841. Bvt. Second Lt., 7th Inf'y, July 1, 1845. Second Lt., 3d Inf'y, Sept. 21, 1846. Bvt. First Lt., April 18, 1847, "for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Cerro Gordo." First Lt., 3d Inf'y, Mar. 5, 1851. Capt., Dec. 6, 1858. Maj., 12th Inf'y, May 14, 1861. Bvt. Lt. Col., June 27, 1862, "for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Gaines's Mill, Va." Lt. Col., 6th Inf'y, Nov. 4, 1863. Bvt. Col., Mar. 13, 1865, " for gallant and meritorious service during the war." Bvt. Brig. Gen., Mar. 13, 1865, "for gallant and distinguished service in the field." Col.,- 10th Inf'y, Feb. 22, 1869. Now in service. OLUBB, HENRY S., Grand Haven. Capt. and A. Q. M. Vol's, June 11, 1862. Wounded in action at Corinth, Miss., Oct. 3, 1862. Mustered out Ap'l 7, 1866, and honorably discharged. COLLINS, ROBERT M. See Michigan officers. COPELAND, FREDERICK A. See Michigan officers. COPELAND, JOSEPH T. See Michigan officers. CRANE, WALTER, Detroit. Maj. and Paymaster Vol's, Mar. 11, 1863. Bvt. Lt. Col. Vols., Nov. 15, 1865, "for faithful service in his department." Mustered out Dec. 1, 1865, and honorably discharged. CREARY, WILLIAM E., Ludington. Pvt. Comp'y F, 3d Mich. Inf'y, May 13, 1861. Transferred to 2d Batt. Vet. Reserve Corps, Oct. 19, 1863. Discharged June 10, 1864. Pvt., 2d Batt., Vet. Reserve Corps, June 13, 1864. Discharged Aug. 23, 1866. Maj. and Paymaster, June 23, 1879. Now in service. CUMING, THOMAS B., Jr., . Second Lt. 15th U. S. Inf'y, Mar. 3, 1848. Dis- banded Aug. 4, 1848, and honorably discharged. CURTENITJS, EDWARD A., Kalamazoo. First Lt. 15th TJ. S. Inf'y, May 14, 1861. Bvt. Capt., Ap'17, 1862, " for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Shiloh, Tenn." Died at Buffalo, N. Y., Nov. 9, 1862. CUSTER, GEORGE A., Monroe. Cadet M. A., , 1857. Second Lt. 2d U. S. Cav., June 24, 1861. Second Lt. 5th U. S. Cav., Aug. 3, 1861. Capt. and Add'l A. D. C, June 5, 1862. First Lt., July 17, 1862. Brig. Gen. Vol's, June 29, 1863. As- sumed command of Michigan Cav. Brigade at Hanover, Penn., June 30, 1863. Bvt. Maj. U. S. Army, July 3, 1863, " for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa." Capt. 5th U. S. Cav., May 8, 1864. Bvt. Lt. Col. U. S. Army, May 11, 1864, "for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Yellow Tavern, Va." Bvt. Col. TJ. S. Army, Sept. 19, 1864, "for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Winchester, Va." Bvt. Maj. Gen. Vol's, Oct. 19, 1864. Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Army, Mar. 13, 1865, "for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Five Forks, Va." Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Army, Mar. 13, 1865, "for gallant and meri- torious service during the campaign ending with the surrender of the insurgent army of Northern Virginia." Maj. Gen. Vol's, Ap'l 15, 1865. Mustered out of Volunteer service Feb. 1, 1866. Lt. Col. 7th U. S. Cav., July 28, 1866. Killed with his whole command June 25, 1876, in action with Sioux Indians on Little Big Horn river, Mon- tana Territory. CUSTER, THOMAS W. See Michigan officers. DAVID, JAMES I. See Michigan officers. DENTON, ANSEL B., . First Lt. 18th U. S. Inf'y, May 14, 1861. Capt., July 22, 1862. Resigned Sept. 9, 1864, and honorably discharged. DIETRICH, CHARLES J., . Capt. and Com. of Subs. Vol's, Feb. 19, 1863. Re- signed July 14, 1865, and honorably discharged. DODDS, JOSEPH L., . Capt. and Ass't Q. M. Vol's, Aug. 3, 1861. Died at St. Louis, Mo., Aug. 18, 1862. DOOLITTLE, CHARLES C. See Michigan officers. DOYLE, MICHAEL, Detroit. Second Lt. 15th V. S. Inf'y, Ap'l 9, 1847. Died Oct. 23, 1847. 123 978 MICHIGAN IN THE WAR. SHEW, GEORGE A. See Michigan officers. DUNBAR;, GILBERT E. See Michigan officers. DRIGGS, WILLIAM J. See Michigan officers. EARLE, JAMES D., Grand Rapids. Capt. and Com. Subs. Vol's, Sept. 10, 1862. Bvt Ma]., Vol's, Mar. 13, 1865, "for meritorious service in his department during the -war." Mustered out Jan. 10, 1866, and honorably discharged. EARLE, EDWARD S. See Michigan officers. EARLE, FRANCIS S. See Michigan officers. EASTMAN, AHIRA G., Adrian. Second Lt. 15th U. S. Infy, Ap'l 9, 1847. Resigned May 31, 1847, and honorably discharged. EASTMAN, JAMES E., . Cadet M. A., , 1862. Second Lt. 2d U. S. Art., June 18, 1866. First Lt, May 6, 1869. Now in service. EDWARDS, ARTHUR. See Michigan officers. ELDER, MATHEW. See Michigan officers. ELLSWORTH, CHARLES C, Greenville. Maj. and Paymaster Vol's, Mar. 10, 1863. Resigned May 8, 1865, and honorably discharged. FARLEY, JOHN, . Cadet M. A., , 1819. Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d U. S. Art, July 1, 1823. Second Lt. 1st Art., July 1, 1823. First Lt, Aug. 1, 1832. Resigned Feb. 29, 1836, and honorably discharged. FARRAND, DAVID O., Detroit. Ass't Surg. U. S. A., Feb. 15, 1865. Bvt Capt, Mar. 13, 1865, "for faithful and meritorious servico during the •war." Resigned July 1, 1866, and honorably discharged. FECHET, EDMOND G. See Michigan officers. FERRY, WILLIAM M. See Michigan offioere. FIFIELD, BENJAMIN F., Monroe. Capt. and Com. Subs., Vol's, Ap'l 14, 1862. Hon- orably discharged Nov. 20, 1863. FINLEY, HENRY H. See Michigan officers. FITZSIMMONS, WILLIAM C. See Michigan officers. FORD, CHARLES. See Michigan officers. FORSYTH, LEWIS 0., Detroit Capt and Ass't Q. M. Vol's, June 11, 1862. Mus- tered out Nov. 3, 1866. Capt. and Ass't Q. M. U. S. A., Mar. 11, 1867. Bvt. Maj. Mar. 11, 1867, "for faithful and meritorious service during the war." Now In service. FORSYTH, GEORGE, . Second Lt. 2d U. S. Dragoons, June 8, 1836. First Lt, Sept. 26, 1837. Resigned Deo. 31, 1837, and honorably discharged. FORSYTH, ROBERT A., Detroit. Maj. and Paymaster U. S. A., Sept. 10, 1831. Maj. and Paymaster, Aug. 8, 1846. Died Oct. 21, 1849. FRASER, CORWIN B., . Ass't Surg. Vol's, July 5, 1864. Bvt. Capt. Vol's, Oct 6, 1865, "for faithful and meritorious service." Mustered out Oct 9, 1865, and honor- ably discharged. FREELEN, THOMAS H., Kalamazoo. First Lt 15th U. S. Infy, Ap'l 9, 1847. Bvt Capt., Sept. 13, 1847, "for gallant and meritorious conduct at Chapultepeo." Dis- banded Aug. 6, 1848, and honorably discharged. GARLAND, JOHN S., . Second Lt. 4th U. S. Art, Mar. 8, 1847. First Lt, May 20, 1849. Capt, Dec. 29, 1857. Retired Nov. 29, 1861. GOODMAN, JOHN B., Niles. Second Lt. 15th U. S. Infy, Ap'l 9, 1847. First Lt., May 31, 1847. Killed Aug. 20, 1847, in battle at Cherubusco, Mexico. MICHIGAN IN THE WAE. 979 GOODBIDGE, MOSES H., . Capt. and Ass't Q. M. Vol's, Nov. 26, 1862. Mus- tered out Sept. 22, 1866, and honorably discharged. GEANGEE, GOEDON. See Michigan officers. GEEENE, JACOB L. See Michigan officers. GKEGOEY, ASA. See Michigan officers. GEISSON, SAMUEL. Ann Arbor. Maj. and Paymaster Vol's, Ap'l 20, 1864. Mustered out Nov. 1, 1865. > f • GEOUT, HENEY C, Grand Eapids. Maj. and Paymaster Vols, July 22, 1863. Bvt. lit. Col. Vol's, Oct. 6, 1865, "for faithful and meritorious service." Mustered out Nov. 1, 1865, and honorably discharged. GEUMMOND GEOEGE W. See Michigan officers. HALE, HIEAM F. See Michigan officers. HALL, LOWELL, . Capt. and Com. Subs. Vol's, Jan. 19, 1865. ' Mustered out July 31, 1865, and honorably discharged. HALL, JOSEPH, . Pvt. Comp'y A, 22d Mich. Infy, Oct. 22, 1862. Transferred to Comp'y A, 29th Mich. Infy, June 30, 1865. Discharged Sept. 6, 1865. Cadet M. A., , 1868. Second Lt. 14th U. S. Inf'y, June 14, 1872. Eesigned May 26, 1879, and honorably discharged. HALL, EOBEET H., Detroit. Cadet M. A., , 1855. Bvt. Second Lt. 5th U. S. Inf'y, July 1, 1860. Second Lt. 10th Inf'y, Jan. 23, 1861. Eirst Lt., June 1, 1861. Capt., Aug. 31, 1863. Bvt. Maj., Nov. 24, 1863, "for gallant and meritorious service in the batttle of Lookout mountain, Tenn." Bvt. Lt. Col., Aug. 19, 1864, "for gal- lant and meritorious service on the Weldon Eailroad, Va." Now in service. HALL, NOEMAN J. See Michigan officers. HALLECK, WALTEE F., Monroe. Pvt. Comp'y I, 11th Mich. Inf'y, July 25, 1862. Discharged Aug. 13, 1863. Second Lt. Vet. Eeserve Corps, Ap'l 14, 1864. Mustered out Sept. 6, 1865. Second Lt., 18th U. S. Inf'y, May 30, 1866. Transferred to 27th Inf'y, Sept. 21, 1866. First Lt., Jan. 31, 1867. Ee tired Sept. 29, 1868. HAMTEAMCK, JOHN FEANCIS, . Capt. 5th N. Y. Eeg't, Nov. 20, 1776. Capt. 1st U. S. Inf'y, Ap'l 12, 1785. Maj., Oct. 20, 1786. Lt. Col., Feb. 18, 1793. Col., Ap'l 1, 1802. HAETSUFF, ALBEET, Port Huron. First Lt. and Ass't Surg. U. S. Army, Aug. 5, 1861. Bvt. Capt. and Maj., War. 13, 1865, "for faithful and meritorious service dur- ing the war." Capt. and Ass't Surg., July 28, 1866. Bvt. Lt. Col., Nov. 26, 1866, "for meritorious and distinguished service during the outbreak and continuance of cholera in New Orleans, La." Maj. and Surg., June 26, 1876. Now in service. HAETSUFF, GEOEGE L., Port Huron. Cadet M. A., , 1848. Bvt. Second Lt. 4th U. S. Art., July 1, 1852. Second Lt. 2d Art., June 12, 1853. First Lt., Mar. 8, 1855. Bvt. Capt. and A. A. G., Mar. 22, 1861. Capt. and A. A. G., Aug. 3, 1861. Brig. Gen. Vol's, Ap'l 15, 1862. Maj. and A. A. G. U. S. Army, July 17, 1862. Bvt. Col. U. S. Army, Sept. 17, 1862, " for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Antietam, Md." Maj. Gen. Vol's, Nov. 29, 1862. Capt. 2d U. S. Art., May 23, 1863. Lt. Col. and A. A. G. U. S. Army, June 1, 1864. Eesigned as Capt. 2d Art. June 15, 1864. Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Army, Mar. 13, 1865, " for gallant and meri- torious service in the campaign, terminating in the surrender of Lee's army." Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Army, Mar. 13, 1865, "for gallant and meritorious service in the field during the war." Mustered out as Maj. Gen. Vol's, Aug. 24, 1865. Maj. Gen. U. S. Army, June 29, 1871. Eetired June 29, 1871. Died at New York City, May 16, 1874. HAETSUFF, WILLIAM. See Michigan officers. HATTON, EZEA. See Michigan officers. HENDEESON, JAMES D., . Capt. and Ass't Q. M. Vol's, Jan. 19, 1865. Mustered out July 28, 1865, and honorably discharged. 980 MICHIGAN IN THE WAR. HERRICK, S. L., Three Kivers. Maj. and Brigade Surg. Vol's, Sept. 4, 1861. Eesigned Aug. 17, 1862, and honorably discharged. HILL, GEORGE D. See Michigan officers. HINSDILL, CHARLES B., . Capt and Com. Subs. Vol's, Aug. 16, 1861. Mustered out July 7, 1865, and honorably discharged. HOFFMAN, SATTERLEE, . Second Lt. 1st U. S. Art., Mar. 8, 1847. Killed Aug. 20, 1847, in the battle of Churubusco, Mexico. HORTON, DEXTER, Groveland. Capt. and Com. Subs. Vol's, May 18, 1864. Bvt Maj. Vol's, July 12, 1865, "for efficient and meritorious service." Mustered out July 14, 1865, and honorably discharged. HOUGHTON, CHESTER W. See Michigan officers. HOWARD, JOSHUA, Detroit. Third Lt. 19th U. S. Inf'y, Mar. 17, 1813. Second Lt., Aug. 31, 1813. Resigned Ap'l 5, 1814. Third Lt. Ordnance, Dec. 2, 1815. Second Lt., Sept. 1, 1818. Transferred to 1st Art. June 1, 1821. First Lt, Nov. 1, 1823. Bvt. Capt., Nov. 1, 1833, "for ten years' faithful service in one grade." Capt., Mar. 6, 1834. Resigned Dec. 31, 1835. Lt. Col. 15th Infy, Ap'l 9, 1847. Bvt. Col., Sept 13,1847, " for gaUant and meritorious conduct at Chapultepee." Disbanded Aug. 7, 1848. Maj. and Paymaster Vol's, June 1, 1861. Mustered out July 31, 1865, and honorably discharged. HOWARD, SUMNER, Flint. Entered service May 25, 1861, as Serg"t Comp'y F, 2d Mich. Inf'y. First Lt. 17th U. S. Infy, to rank from May 14, 1861. Resigned Sept 25, 1863, and honorably discharged. HOWARD, JACOB 11., Jb. See Michigan officers. HOWE, CHARLES E. See Michigan officers. HOWGATE, HENRY W. See Michigan officers. HUGO, WILLIAM H., Paw Paw. Capt. 70th N. V. Vol's, June 21, 1861. Mustered out July 1, 1864. Second Lt. 16th U. S. Inry, May 11, 1866. Transferred to 25th Inf'y, Sept. 21, 1866. First Lt, Nov. 21, 1868. .Unassigned Ap'l 26, 1869. Assigned to 9th Cav., Jan. 1, 1871. Now in service. HUNT, HENRY J., Detroit Cadet M. A., ,1835. Second Lt 2d U. S. Art., July 1, 1839. First Lt, June 18, 1846. Bvt Capt, Aug. 20, 1847, "for gallant and meritori- ous conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco." Bvt. Maj., Sept 13, 1847, "for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Chapultepee." Capt. 2d Art., Sept 28, 1852. Maj. 5th Art, May 14, 1861. Col. and Add'l Aid-de-Camp, Sept 28, 1861. Brig. Gen. Vol's, Sept 15, 1862, "for meritorious service." Bvt Col., July 3, 1863, "for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa." Lt. Col. 3d Art., Aug. 1, 1863. Bvt. Maj. Gen. Vol's, July 6, 1864, "for gallant and distinguished conduct in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa., and for faithful and highly meritorious service in the campaign from the Rapidan to Petersburg, Va." Bvt. Brig. Gen., Mar. 13, 1865, " for gallant and meritorious service during the siege of Peters- burg, Va., and in the campaign terminating with the surrender of the insurgent army under Gen. R. E. Lee." Bvt Maj. Gen., Mar. 13, 1865, " for gallant and meritorious service in the field during the war." Mustered out of Vol. service Ap'l 30, 1866. Col. 5th Art., Ap'l 4, 1869. Now in service. IRWIN, CHARLES H. See Michigan officers. JACKSON, WILLIAM W., . Capt and Com. Subs. Vol's, Mar. 24, 1862. Bvt Maj., . Resigned July 14, 1865, and honorably discharged. JOHNSON, WILLIAM H., . Capt. and Ass't Q. M. Vol's, Nov. 18, 1862. Bvt Maj., . Resigned Mar. 6, 1865, and honorably discharged. JOHNSON, JAMES H., . Capt. and Com. Subs. Vol's, Feb. 19, 1863. Bvt Maj., Maj., . Mustered out Deo. 8, 1865, and honorably discharged. JOHNSON, GEORGE K. See Michigan officers. MICHIGAN IN THE WAR. 981 JOHNSON WILLIAM S., . Pvt. Comp'y A, 4th Batt. D. C. Vol's, Ap'l 17, 1861. Honorably discharged July 10, 1861. First Lt. 1st Ark. Cav„ Oct. 1, 1862. Capt., n «; '■. r, M"sterfd out July 21, 1864. First Lt. Vet. Reserve Corps, Sept. 15, 1864. Bvt. Capt. and Maj. Vol's, Mar. 13, 1865, "for gallant and meritorious service during the war." Mustered out Aug. 20, 1866. First Lt. 43d U. S. Inf'y, June 12 1867 TJnassigned, Ap'l 4, 1869. First Lt. of Inf'y, Jan. 24, 1870. Mus- tered out Jan. 1 1871 Second Lt. 24th TJ. S. Inf'y, Mar. 9, 1871. Retired with rank of Capt., mounted, May 20, 1871. JTJDD, GEORGE E. See Michigan officers. ^EEo^E^?H^KLES C" Detroit- Ass't Surg. U. S. A., Julv 12, 1842. Disbanded Sept. 23,1842. Re-appointed Mar. 19, 1845. Capt. and Ass't 'Surg., Mar. 19, 1850. Maj. and burg., June 23, 1860. Lt. Col. and Medical Inspector, June 11, 1862. Bvt. Lt. Col., Mar. 13, 1865, "for faithful and meritorious service during the war." Mustered outasLt. Col. and Medical Inspector, Oct. 31, 1865. Lt. Col. and Surg., June 26, 1876. Now in service. KELLOGG, CHARLES C, . Capt. and Com. Subs. Vol's, Feb. 19, 1863. Mus- tered out Aug. 10, 1865, and honorably discharged. KING, NATHAN G., . Capt. and Com. Subs. Vol's, Ap'l 14, 1862. Mai. and Pay- master Vol's, Feb. 23, 1864. Mustered out Nov. 15, 1865, and honorably discharged. KING, JOHN H., Detroit. Second Lt. 1st TJ. S. Inf'y, Dec. 2, 1837. First Lt. Mar. 2, 1839. Capt., Oct. 31, 1846. Maj. 15th Inf'y, May 14, 1861. Brig. Gen. Vol's, Nov. 29, 1862. Lt. Col. 14th Inf'y, June 1, 1863. Bvt. Col., Sept. 20, 1863, "for gal- lant and meritorious service in the battle of Chickamauga, Ga." Bvt. Brig. Gen., Mar. 13, 1865, " for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Ruff's Station, Ga." Bvt. Maj. Gen., Mar. 13, 1865, "for gallant and meritorious service in the field during the war." Bvt. Maj. Gen. Vol's, May 31, 1865, "for gallant and meritori- ous service during the war." Col. 9th Inf'y, July 30, 1865. Mustered out of Vol. service Jan. 15, 1866. Now in service. LACY, HEMAN A., Detroit. Capt. and Ass't Q. M, Vol's, Ap'l 14, 1862. Mustered out Mar. 13, 1866, and honorably discharged. LANE, JOHN, . Second Lt. 18th U. S. Inf'y, June 1, 1863. Bvt. First Lt., Sept. 19, 1863, " for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Chickamauga, Ga." Died Oct. 15, 1863, of wounds received in the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. LARNED, CHARLES T., . Additional Paymaster, June 1, 1861. Maj. and Paymas- ter, Aug. 30, 1861. Bvt. Lt. Col., Mar. 13, 1865, " for faithful and meritorious service during the war." Lt. Col. and Deputy Paymaster Gen., June 8, 1880. Now in service. LARNED, FRANK H., Detroit. Second Lt. TJ. S. Inf'y, Mar. 8, 1847. Second Lt. Vol- tiguers, Ap'l 9, 1847. Transferred to Second TJ. S. Art., June 27, 1848. First Lt., July 1, 1852. Capt., Ap'l 28, 1861. Maj., 1st U. S. Art., Jan. 3, 1867. Retired Feb. 5, 1867, for disability resulting from sickness and exposure in line of duty. LEE, GEORGE. See Michigan officers. LEE, GEORGE W., Detroit. Capt. and Ass't Q. M. Vol's, Oct. 31, 1861. Bvt. Maj., Lt. Col. and Col., Mar. 13, 1865, "for faithful and meritorious service during the war." Mustered out May 31, 1866, and honorably discharged. LEFFINGWELL, CHRISTOPHER W., Grand Rapids. Capt. and Ass't Q. M. Vol's, Sept. 10, 1861. Mustered out Dec. 6, 1865, and honorably discharged. LEMEKE, HENRY, Detroit. Ass't Surg. Mich. Vol's, Mexican war, Oct. 30, 1847. Mus- tered out July 23, 1848, and honorably discharged. LYNDE, RICHARD D., . Capt. and Ass't Surg. TJ. S. Army, Aug. 29, 1856. Re- signed Aug. 31, 1862, and honorably discharged. LYON, FARNHAM, See Michigan officers. LYSTER, WILLIAM J. See Michigan officers. 982 MICHIGAN IN THE WAR. MACOMB, ALEXANDER, Michigan Territory. Cornet U. S. Cav., Jan. 10, 1799. Sec- ond Lt., Feb. 16, 1801. Transferred to 2d Inf'y, Apl — , 1802. First Lt. Eng's, Oct. 12, 1802. Capt., June 11, 1805. Maj., Feb. 23, 1808. Lt. Col., July 23, 1810. Col. 3d Art., July 6, 1812. Brig. Gen., Jan. 24, 1814. Bvt. Maj. Gen., Sept. 11, 1814, "for distinguished and gallant conduct in defeating the enemy at Plattsburg." Re- tained as Col. and Chief Eng. in the reorganization of the army June 1, 1821. Maj. Gen. and Gen. in Chief of the Army, May 24, 1828. Died June 25, 1841. MATHEWS, ALMERON S. See Michigan officers. McALESTER, MILES D., Flint, Cadet 31. A., , 1852. Bvt. 2d Lt". U. S. Eng's, July 1, 1856. Second Lt., Dec. 1, 1856. First Lt., Way 2, 1861. Bvt. Maj. and Lt. Col., July 1, 1862, "for gallant and meritorious service in the Peninsular campaign of 1862." Capt., Mar. 3, 1863. Bvt. Col., Aug. 23, 1864, "for highly meritorious service as Chief Eng. of Military Division of West Mississippi, etc." Bvt. Brig. Gen., Ap'l 9, 1865, "for gallant and meritorious service at the siege of Mobile, Ala." Maj., Mar. 7, 1867. Died at Buffalo, N. Y., Ap'l 23, 1869. McCOMAS, D. HENRY, Baltimore, Md. Pvt. Comp'y E. 8th Mich: Inf'y, Sept. 30, 1861. Appointed Second Lt. 10th Maryland Inf'y, Jan. — , 1864. Declined. Discharged June 15, 1865, for wounds received at the battle of Peeble's Farm, Va., with loss of leg. SecondLt. 45th V. S. Inf'y, Mar. 7, 1867. Bvt. Capt. Vol's, Mar3, 1869, "forgal- lant and meritorious service during the war." XJnassigned, July 22, 1869. Resigned July 26, 1870, and honorably discharged. McCONNELL, JOSEPH, Pontiac. Second Lt. 18th U. S. Inf'y, Oct. 30, 1861. First Lt., Aug. 11, 1862. Bvt. Capt., Dec. 31, 1862, "for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn." Died Jan. 14, 1863, of wounds received at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. McDONALD, CHARLES, . Capt. and Ass't Adjt. Gen. Vol's, Dec. 23, 1862. Re- signed Aug. 18, 1863, and honorably discharged. McGRAW, THEODORE A., Detroit. Ass't Surg. Vols, Mar. 30, 1864. Bvt. Capt., June 1, 1865, "for faithful and meritorious service." Resigned June 12, 1865, and honorably discharged. McNEILL, JOHN W. S., . Second Lt. 2d U. S. Dragoons, June 8, 1836. Killed by Indians in Florida, Sept. 11, 1837. McBEYNOLDS, ANDREW T., Detroit. Capt. 3d U. S. Dragoons, Ap'l 9, 1847. Bvt. Maj., Aug. 20, 1847, " for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contreras and Churu- busco." Disbanded July 31, 1848. Col. 1st N. Y. (Lincoln) Cav., June 15, 1861. Mustered out Aug. 22, 1864, and honorably discharged. MERRIFIELD, EDWIN R., Lansing. Second Lt. 15th U. S. Inf'y, Ap'l 9, 1847. Ke- signed Feb. 17, 1848, and honorably discharged. MILES, JOHN C, . Ass't Surg. Vol's, Oct. 11, 1864. Bvt, Capt., Oct. 12, 1865, "for faithful and meritorious service." Mustered out Oct. 19, 1865, and honorably discharged. MILLS, WILLIAM, . Pvt. Comp'y C, 5th TJ. S. Inf'y, Oct. 28th, 1858. Corp'l, Mar. 1, 1860. ■ Serg't, July 1, 1861. First Serg't, July 21, 1861. Second Lt. and First Lt. 16th Inf'y, Feb. 19, 1863. Bvt. Capt., Sept. 1, 1864, "for gallant and meritorious service during the Atlanta campaign and in the battle of Jonesboro, Ga." Capt., Feb. 13, 1866. Transferred to 2d Inf'y, Ap'l 17, 1869. Now in service. MIZNER, JOHN K. See Michigan officers. MIZNER, HENRY R. See Michigan officers. MONTEITH, GEORGE. See Michigan officers. MOORE, ORLANDO H. See Michigan officers. MORROW, HENRY A. See Michigan officers. NELSON, JAMES H., Pontiac. Additional Paymaster U. S. Army, Feb. 23, 1864. Maj. and Paymaster, Jan. 17, 1867. Now in service. MICHIGAN IN THE WAE 983 ^SS'fw^^Y-ZTi C,aptMd Com- Subs" ™'s> Oct. 8,1862. Bvttfaj., honorably discharged WUI ^ meritorious se™<*-" Mustered out Oct. 9, 1865, aid NE™YBvtA M^LAS,;^11r°1^/^tLt- 12th U" S- Infy> MaV ^ "61. Capt., July 21, NEWN^Li, IKa^S *£&,$ Ass,t Q- M' Vors' A- G' 1861" *™d NOBVELL, FEEEMAN. See Michigan officers. NOBVELL, JOHN M. See Michigan officers. NOBVELL STEVENS T Detroit. Pvt. Comp'y A, 5th U. S. Infy, Jan. 23, 1858. T.Tm ««!' « ■ /^St **&*• May1' 1881- Serg,t> ^b. 1, ma. Discharged Hi: , q ibcq ^rgA ?omTP y A> 5th Inf'y, Jan. 23, 1863. Second Lt., 13th Infy, Feb. 19 1863 First Lt., July 12, 1863. Transferred to 31st Inf'y, Sept. 21, 1866! ,<SE ' ^Une- ' 868' Unassigned May 15, 1869. Assigned to 10th Cav., Jan. 1, 1871. Noyt in service. NOBVELL, SPENCEE, Detroit. Second Lt. 5th U. S. Infy, Oct. 20, 1839. First Lt., May 18, 1846. Capt., Ap'l 30, 1849. Died Aug. 12, 1850. O'BEIENE, BICHAED F.( Detroit. First Lt. 14th U. S. Inf'y, May 14, 1861. Q. M 2d Batt., Sept. 10, 1861, to Oct. 31, 1861. Capt., Oct. 25, 1861. Bvt. Maj., Aug. 1 1864 " for gallant service in the battle of North Anna, Va." Bvt. Lt. Col., Aug. 18 1864 "for gallant service in battle on the Weldon B. B., Va." Transferred to 32d' Inf'y' Sept. 21, 1866. Transferred to 21st Inf'y, Ap'l 19, 1869. Mai., 24th Inf'y, Mar. 20' 1879. Now in service. O'BEIEN, LYSTEE M. See Michigan officers. O'DONNELL, WILLIAM. See Michigan officers. OLMSTEAD, FEEEMAN E., Adrian. Corp'l Comp'y C, 18th Mich. Inf'y, Aug. 7, 1862. Discharged, Mar. 22, 1864. Second Lt., 12th Tenn. Cav., Mar. 23, 1864. Eesigned May 12, 1865. Second Lt., 10th U. S. Inf'y, Feb. 23, 1866. First Lt., July 28, 1866. Eetired June 28, 1878. OLIVEE, JOHN M. See Michigan officers. OWEN, E. GEIFFITH, Detroit. Capt. and Ass't Q. M. Vol's, Aug. 5, 1861. Honorably discharged, May 3, 1862. PAEKINSON DAVID, . Second Lt. 16th V. S. Inf'y, Ap'l 13, 1865. First Lt. , Ap'l 13, 1865. Transferred to 25th Inf'y, Sept. 21, 1866. Capt., June 22, 1868. Unassigned, Ap'l 26, 1869. Honorably discharged Aug. 13, 1870.
| 20,981 |
https://github.com/felixzh2020/felixzh-learning-java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/felixzh/ReentrantLock_FairLock/ReentrantLockFairLock.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
felixzh-learning-java
|
felixzh2020
|
Java
|
Code
| 90 | 324 |
package com.felixzh.ReentrantLock_FairLock;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
/**
*
* new ReentrantLock(true) 实现公平锁
* */
public class ReentrantLockFairLock {
private ReentrantLock reentrantLock = new ReentrantLock(true);
private void testFairLock() {
try {
reentrantLock.lock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": get lock");
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
}catch (Exception ex){
ex.printStackTrace();
}finally {
reentrantLock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ReentrantLockFairLock myFairLock = new ReentrantLockFairLock();
Runnable runnable = () -> {
//@Override
//public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": start");
myFairLock.testFairLock();
//}
};
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
new Thread(runnable).start();
}
}
}
| 19,359 |
https://github.com/xstefank/eap-microprofile-test-suite/blob/master/microprofile-fault-tolerance/src/test/java/org/jboss/eap/qe/microprofile/fault/tolerance/MultipleFaultToleranceModuleEarTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
eap-microprofile-test-suite
|
xstefank
|
Java
|
Code
| 458 | 2,121 |
package org.jboss.eap.qe.microprofile.fault.tolerance;
import static io.restassured.RestAssured.get;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsString;
import java.net.URL;
import org.jboss.arquillian.container.test.api.Deployment;
import org.jboss.arquillian.container.test.api.OperateOnDeployment;
import org.jboss.arquillian.container.test.api.RunAsClient;
import org.jboss.arquillian.junit.Arquillian;
import org.jboss.arquillian.test.api.ArquillianResource;
import org.jboss.eap.qe.microprofile.fault.tolerance.deployments.v10.HelloFallback;
import org.jboss.eap.qe.microprofile.fault.tolerance.deployments.v10.HelloService;
import org.jboss.eap.qe.microprofile.fault.tolerance.deployments.v10.HelloServlet;
import org.jboss.eap.qe.microprofile.fault.tolerance.deployments.v10.MyContext;
import org.jboss.eap.qe.microprofile.fault.tolerance.util.MicroProfileFaultToleranceServerConfiguration;
import org.jboss.eap.qe.microprofile.tooling.server.configuration.ConfigurationException;
import org.jboss.eap.qe.microprofile.tooling.server.configuration.arquillian.ArquillianContainerProperties;
import org.jboss.eap.qe.microprofile.tooling.server.configuration.arquillian.ArquillianDescriptorWrapper;
import org.jboss.shrinkwrap.api.Archive;
import org.jboss.shrinkwrap.api.ShrinkWrap;
import org.jboss.shrinkwrap.api.asset.EmptyAsset;
import org.jboss.shrinkwrap.api.asset.StringAsset;
import org.jboss.shrinkwrap.api.spec.EnterpriseArchive;
import org.jboss.shrinkwrap.api.spec.WebArchive;
import org.junit.AfterClass;
import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.junit.Ignore;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
/**
* Tests deploy/undeploy of MP FT applications in EAR archive
* Note that this is test for multiple deployments which is currently unsupported feature in Wildfly/EAP.
*/
@RunWith(Arquillian.class)
@RunAsClient
public class MultipleFaultToleranceModuleEarTest {
private static final String DEPLOYMENT_EAR = "MultipleFaultToleranceModuleEarTest";
private static final String FIRST_MODULE_NAME = "first-module";
private static final String SECOND_MODULE_NAME = "second-module";
@Deployment(name = DEPLOYMENT_EAR, testable = false)
public static Archive<?> createDeploymentPackage() {
final WebArchive firstModule = createModule(FIRST_MODULE_NAME, true);
final WebArchive secondModule = createModule(SECOND_MODULE_NAME, false);
String applicationXml = "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n" +
"<application xmlns=\"http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee\"\n" +
" xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\"\n" +
" xsi:schemaLocation=\"http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/application_6.xsd\"\n"
+
" version=\"6\">\n" +
" <initialize-in-order>true</initialize-in-order>\n" +
" <module>\n" +
" <web>\n" +
" <web-uri>" + FIRST_MODULE_NAME + ".war</web-uri>\n" +
" <context-root>" + FIRST_MODULE_NAME + "</context-root>\n" +
" </web>\n" +
" </module>\n" +
" <module>\n" +
" <web>\n" +
" <web-uri>" + SECOND_MODULE_NAME + ".war</web-uri>\n" +
" <context-root>" + SECOND_MODULE_NAME + "</context-root>\n" +
" </web>\n" +
" </module>\n" +
"</application>";
return ShrinkWrap.create(EnterpriseArchive.class)
.addAsApplicationResource(new StringAsset(applicationXml), "application.xml")
.addAsModule(firstModule)
.addAsModule(secondModule);
}
public static WebArchive createModule(String moduleName, boolean faultToleranceTimeoutEnabled) {
String mpConfig = "Timeout/enabled=" + faultToleranceTimeoutEnabled;
return ShrinkWrap.create(WebArchive.class, moduleName + ".war")
.addClasses(HelloService.class, HelloServlet.class, HelloFallback.class, MyContext.class)
.addAsManifestResource(EmptyAsset.INSTANCE, "beans.xml")
.addAsManifestResource(new StringAsset(mpConfig), "microprofile-config.properties");
}
@BeforeClass
public static void setup() throws Exception {
MicroProfileFaultToleranceServerConfiguration.enableFaultTolerance();
}
/**
* @tpTestDetails Deploy EAR with two MP FT modules. Both of them are the same (same classes/methods)
* @tpPassCrit Verify that MP FT Metrics are the same for both (as there are same classes/methods)
* and that they are summed.
* @tpSince EAP 7.4.0.CD19
*/
@Ignore("https://issues.redhat.com/browse/WFWIP-287")
@Test
public void testFaultToleranceMetricsAreSummedWithSameDeployments(
@ArquillianResource @OperateOnDeployment(DEPLOYMENT_EAR) URL baseUrl) throws ConfigurationException {
get(baseUrl + "/" + FIRST_MODULE_NAME + "/?operation=timeout&context=foobar&fail=true").then()
.assertThat()
.body(containsString("Fallback Hello, context = foobar"));
get(baseUrl + "/" + SECOND_MODULE_NAME + "/?operation=timeout&context=foobar&fail=true").then()
.assertThat()
.body(containsString("Fallback Hello, context = foobar"));
ArquillianContainerProperties arqProperties = new ArquillianContainerProperties(
ArquillianDescriptorWrapper.getArquillianDescriptor());
get("http://" + arqProperties.getDefaultManagementAddress() + ":" + arqProperties.getDefaultManagementPort()
+ "/metrics").then()
.assertThat()
.body(containsString(
"application_ft_org_jboss_eap_qe_microprofile_fault_tolerance_deployments_v10_HelloService_timeout_invocations_total 2.0"));
}
/**
* @tpTestDetails Deploy EAR with two MP FT modules. Both of them are the same (same classes/methods) however the second
* module configures Hystrix to disable @Timeout
* @tpPassCrit Verify that Hystrix is configured by first module and that @Timeout is enabled
* @tpSince EAP 7.4.0.CD19
*/
@Ignore("https://issues.redhat.com/browse/WFWIP-287")
@Test
public void testFirstModuleConfiguresHystrix(@ArquillianResource @OperateOnDeployment(DEPLOYMENT_EAR) URL baseUrl) {
get(baseUrl + "/" + FIRST_MODULE_NAME + "/?operation=timeout&context=foobar&fail=true").then()
.assertThat()
.body(containsString("Fallback Hello, context = foobar"));
get(baseUrl + "/" + SECOND_MODULE_NAME + "/?operation=timeout&context=foobar&fail=true").then()
.assertThat()
.body(containsString("Fallback Hello, context = foobar"));
}
@AfterClass
public static void tearDown() throws Exception {
MicroProfileFaultToleranceServerConfiguration.disableFaultTolerance();
}
}
| 17,225 |
https://github.com/SocialGouv/dsfr/blob/master/src/table/scripts/table/build.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
dsfr
|
SocialGouv
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 64 | 153 |
import { TABLE_SELECTOR } from './constants';
import { Table } from './table';
const tables = [];
const change = () => {
for (let i = 0; i < tables.length; i++) tables[i].change();
};
const build = () => {
const tableNodes = document.querySelectorAll(TABLE_SELECTOR);
for (let i = 0; i < tableNodes.length; i++) tables.push(new Table(tableNodes[i]));
window.addEventListener('resize', change);
window.addEventListener('orientationchange', change);
change();
};
export { build };
| 33,397 |
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llindagwr%20penblodiog
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Llindagwr penblodiog
|
https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Llindagwr penblodiog&action=history
|
Welsh
|
Spoken
| 200 | 539 |
Math a rhywogaeth o ffwng yn nheulu'r Tricholomataceae yw'r Llindagwr penblodiog (Lladin: Squamanita paradoxa; Saesneg: Powdercap Strangler). 'Y Llindagwyr' yw'r enw ar lafar ar y grwp mae'r ffwng yma'n perthyn iddo, ond nid yw'n derm gwyddonol. Gair cyfansawdd yw 'llindagu', o 'llin; ( fel a geir yn 'llinyn') a 'thagu'. Mae'r teulu Tricholomataceae yn gorwedd o fewn urdd yr Agaricales.
Mae'r rhywogaeth hon o ffwng i'w chael yn Ewrop a Gogledd America.
Ffyngau
Credir fod rhwng 2.2 a 3.8 miliwn o wahanol rywogaethau o ffwng, a'u bod yn perthyn yn nes at grwp yr anifeiliaid nag at blanhigion. Gelwir yr astudiaeth o ffwng yn "feicoleg", sy'n dod o'r Groeg μύκης (mykes) sef 'madarchen'. Mae tua 120,000 o'r rhain wedi'u disgrifio gan naturiaethwyr megis Carolus Linnaeus, Christiaan Hendrik Persoon ac Elias Magnus Fries. Oherwydd mai prin iawn yw gwybodaeth gwyddonwyr am y pwnc hwn, mae tacson y ffyngau'n newid o ddydd i ddydd. Credir bod oddeutu 20,000 o rywogaethau o ffyngau yng ngwledydd Prydain.
Aelodau eraill o deulu'r Tricholomataceae
Mae gan Llindagwr penblodiog ambell aelod arall yn y teulu hwn, gan gynnwys y canlynol:
Gweler hefyd
Rhestr Goch yr IUCN
Llên Natur
Cyfeiriadau
Agaricales
Y Llindagwyr
Ffyngau Ewrop
Ffyngau Gogledd America
| 24,302 |
https://github.com/henhen87/Code-Flo/blob/master/public/assets/style/core/src/components/collapsible-list/collapsibleList.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Code-Flo
|
henhen87
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 475 | 1,316 |
/*
* Copyright 2015 Palantir Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
* Licensed under the BSD-3 License as modified (the “License”); you may obtain a copy
* of the license at https://github.com/palantir/blueprint/blob/master/LICENSE
* and https://github.com/palantir/blueprint/blob/master/PATENTS
*/
import * as classNames from "classnames";
import * as React from "react";
import * as Classes from "../../common/classes";
import * as Errors from "../../common/errors";
import { Position } from "../../common/position";
import { IProps } from "../../common/props";
import { Menu } from "../menu/menu";
import { IMenuItemProps, MenuItem } from "../menu/menuItem";
import { IPopoverProps, Popover } from "../popover/popover";
type CollapsibleItem = React.ReactElement<IMenuItemProps>;
export enum CollapseFrom {
START,
END,
}
export interface ICollapsibleListProps extends IProps {
/**
* Element to render as dropdown target with `CLICK` interaction to show collapsed menu.
*/
dropdownTarget: JSX.Element;
/**
* Props to pass to the dropdown.
*/
dropdownProps?: IPopoverProps;
/**
* Callback invoked to render each visible item. The item will be wrapped in an `li` with
* the optional `visibleItemClassName` prop.
*/
renderVisibleItem: (props: IMenuItemProps, index: number) => JSX.Element;
/**
* Which direction the items should collapse from: start or end of the children.
* @default CollapseFrom.START
*/
collapseFrom?: CollapseFrom;
/**
* CSS class names to add to `<li>` tags containing each visible item and the dropdown.
*/
visibleItemClassName?: string;
/**
* Exact number of visible items.
* @default 3
*/
visibleItemCount?: number;
}
export class CollapsibleList extends React.Component<ICollapsibleListProps, {}> {
public static displayName = "Blueprint.CollapsibleList";
public static defaultProps: ICollapsibleListProps = {
collapseFrom: CollapseFrom.START,
dropdownTarget: null,
renderVisibleItem: null,
visibleItemCount: 3,
};
public render() {
const { collapseFrom } = this.props;
const childrenLength = React.Children.count(this.props.children);
const [visibleChildren, collapsedChildren] = this.partitionChildren();
const visibleItems = visibleChildren.map((child: CollapsibleItem, index: number) => {
const absoluteIndex = (collapseFrom === CollapseFrom.START ? childrenLength - 1 - index : index);
return (
<li className={this.props.visibleItemClassName} key={absoluteIndex}>
{this.props.renderVisibleItem(child.props, absoluteIndex)}
</li>
);
});
if (collapseFrom === CollapseFrom.START) {
// reverse START list so separators appear before items
visibleItems.reverse();
}
// construct dropdown menu for collapsed items
let collapsedPopover: JSX.Element;
if (collapsedChildren.length > 0) {
const position = (collapseFrom === CollapseFrom.END ? Position.BOTTOM_RIGHT : Position.BOTTOM_LEFT);
collapsedPopover = (
<li className={this.props.visibleItemClassName}>
<Popover
content={<Menu>{collapsedChildren}</Menu>}
position={position}
{...this.props.dropdownProps}
>
{this.props.dropdownTarget}
</Popover>
</li>
);
}
return (
<ul className={classNames(Classes.COLLAPSIBLE_LIST, this.props.className)}>
{collapseFrom === CollapseFrom.START ? collapsedPopover : null}
{visibleItems}
{collapseFrom === CollapseFrom.END ? collapsedPopover : null}
</ul>
);
}
// splits the list of children into two arrays: visible and collapsed
private partitionChildren(): [CollapsibleItem[], CollapsibleItem[]] {
if (this.props.children == null) {
return [[], []];
}
const childrenArray = React.Children.map(this.props.children, (child: JSX.Element, index: number) => {
if (child.type !== MenuItem) {
throw new Error(Errors.COLLAPSIBLE_LIST_INVALID_CHILD);
}
return React.cloneElement(child, { key: `visible-${index}` });
});
if (this.props.collapseFrom === CollapseFrom.START) {
// reverse START list so we can always slice visible items from the front of the list
childrenArray.reverse();
}
const { visibleItemCount } = this.props;
return [
childrenArray.slice(0, visibleItemCount),
childrenArray.slice(visibleItemCount),
];
}
}
export const CollapsibleListFactory = React.createFactory(CollapsibleList);
| 1,507 |
https://github.com/unsupo/sfdx-core/blob/master/src/status/pollingClient.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
sfdx-core
|
unsupo
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 632 | 1,538 |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2020, salesforce.com, inc.
* All rights reserved.
* Licensed under the BSD 3-Clause license.
* For full license text, see LICENSE.txt file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
*/
import { setInterval } from 'timers';
import { AsyncOptionalCreatable, Duration } from '@salesforce/kit';
import { AnyFunction, AnyJson, ensure, Optional } from '@salesforce/ts-types';
import { Logger } from '../logger';
import { SfdxError } from '../sfdxError';
import { StatusResult } from './client';
/**
* This is a polling client that can be used to poll the status of long running tasks. It can be used as a replacement
* for Streaming when streaming topics are not available or when streaming handshakes are failing. Why wouldn't you
* want to use this? It can impact Salesforce API usage.
*
* ```
* const options: PollingClient.Options = {
* async poll(): Promise<StatusResult> {
* return Promise.resolve({ completed: true, payload: 'Hello World' });
* },
* frequency: Duration.milliseconds(10),
* timeout: Duration.minutes(1)
* };
* const client = await PollingClient.create(options);
* const pollResult = await client.subscribe();
* console.log(`pollResult: ${pollResult}`);
* ```
*/
export class PollingClient extends AsyncOptionalCreatable<PollingClient.Options> {
protected logger!: Logger;
private options: PollingClient.Options;
private timeout?: NodeJS.Timer;
private interval?: NodeJS.Timer;
/**
* Constructor
*
* @param options Polling client options
* @ignore
*/
public constructor(options?: PollingClient.Options) {
super(options);
this.options = ensure(options);
}
/**
* Asynchronous initializer.
*/
public async init(): Promise<void> {
this.logger = await Logger.child(this.constructor.name);
}
/**
* Returns a promise to call the specified polling function using the interval and timeout specified
* in the polling options.
*/
public subscribe(): Promise<AnyJson> {
// This promise is held open while setInterval tries to resolve or reject.
// If set interval can't do it then the timeout will reject.
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
// Use set interval to periodically call the polling function
// This try catch enables support for time{0} since setInterval only supports
// time {1}. In other words, we should call first then wait for the first interval.
this.doPoll()
.then((result: Optional<StatusResult>) => {
if (result && result.completed) {
resolve(result.payload);
} else {
this.interval = setInterval(
// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-misused-promises
PollingClient.prototype.doPoll.bind(this, resolve, reject),
this.options.frequency.milliseconds
);
}
})
.catch(() => {
this.interval = setInterval(
// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-misused-promises
PollingClient.prototype.doPoll.bind(this, resolve, reject),
this.options.frequency.milliseconds
);
});
// hard polling timeout.
this.timeout = setTimeout(() => {
this.logger.debug('Polling timed out');
this.clearAll();
// @todo should go in messages.
reject(new SfdxError('The client has timed out.', this.options.timeoutErrorName || 'PollingClientTimeout'));
}, this.options.timeout.milliseconds);
});
}
private async doPoll(resolve?: AnyFunction, reject?: AnyFunction): Promise<StatusResult | undefined> {
try {
// Poll can be an async function.
const sample: StatusResult = await this.options.poll();
if (sample.completed) {
this.clearAll();
if (resolve) {
resolve(sample.payload);
} else {
return sample;
}
}
} catch (e) {
this.clearAll();
if (reject) {
reject(e);
} else {
throw e;
}
}
}
private clearAll(): void {
if (this.interval) {
this.logger.debug('Clearing the polling interval');
clearInterval(this.interval);
}
if (this.timeout) {
this.logger.debug('Clearing the timeout interval');
clearTimeout(this.timeout);
}
}
}
export namespace PollingClient {
/**
* Options for the polling client.
*/
export interface Options {
/**
* Polling function.
*/
poll: () => Promise<StatusResult>;
/**
* How frequent should the polling function be called.
*/
frequency: Duration;
/**
* Hard timeout for polling.
*/
timeout: Duration;
/**
* Change the name of the timeout error.
*
* ```
* if (err.name === 'MyChangedName) ...
* ```
*/
timeoutErrorName?: string;
}
/**
* Default options set for polling. The default options specify a timeout of 3 minutes and polling frequency of 15
* seconds;
*/
export class DefaultPollingOptions implements PollingClient.Options {
public frequency: Duration;
public poll: () => Promise<StatusResult>;
public timeout: Duration;
/**
* constructor
*
* @param poll The function used for polling status.
* {@link StatusResult}
*/
public constructor(poll: () => Promise<StatusResult>) {
this.poll = poll;
this.timeout = Duration.minutes(3);
this.frequency = Duration.seconds(15);
}
}
}
| 47,886 |
https://github.com/DBJDBJ/valstat_cpp_code/blob/master/deprecated/valstat_research/valstat_dbj_async.h
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Unlicense
| null |
valstat_cpp_code
|
DBJDBJ
|
C
|
Code
| 172 | 589 |
#pragma once
#include "../common.h"
#include "valstat_dbj_status.h"
namespace valstat_testing_space
{
using dbj::valstat;
using int_vt = valstat<int>;
inline auto & make_status = dbj::make_status;
inline auto vt_7 = valstat<int>{ { 7 } , { make_status( __FILE__, __LINE__, __TIMESTAMP__, "sampling future<valstat<T>>" ) } };
inline auto vt_8 = valstat<int>{ { } , { make_status( __FILE__, __LINE__, __TIMESTAMP__, "error state" ) } };
inline auto vt_9 = valstat<int>{ { 9 } , { } }; // OK
TU_REGISTER([]
{ DBJ_PRINT(DBJ_FG_CYAN_BOLD DBJ_FILE_LINE); DBJ_PRINT(" " DBJ_RESET);
// from a packaged_task
std::packaged_task<int_vt()> task([] { return vt_7; }); // wrap the function
std::future<int_vt> f1 = task.get_future(); // get a future
std::thread t(move(task)); // launch on a thread
// from an async()
std::future<int_vt> f2 = async(launch::async, [] { return vt_8; });
// from a promise
std::promise<int_vt> p;
std::future<int_vt> f3 = p.get_future();
std::thread([&p] { p.set_value_at_thread_exit(vt_9); }).detach();
DBJ_PRINT("Waiting...");
f1.wait();
f2.wait();
f3.wait();
using namespace dbj; // for ADL to work
using ::dbj::nanolib::ostrmng::prinf;
prinf( "All done!\nResults are: \n\n"
, to_string( f1.get() ), "\n\n"
, to_string( f2.get() ), "\n\n"
, to_string( f3.get() ), '\n');
t.join();
});
}
| 10,886 |
01014222_24
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LoC-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,875 |
History of the county, of Orange: with a history of the town and city of Newburgh:
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,703 | 11,373 |
gage foreclosiu-e, in 187(!. The society maintains its organization, but its permanency is probleniatii'iil. ST. patiuc^k's catholic church. Tradition and written testimony give the date of tlie first service held by C'atholic priests in Newburgh as 1817, when the Rev. Dr. Ffrench said mass at the house of INIr. (lilmore on Western Avenue. The attendants upon his ministrations, which were only occasiomvl, were as follows, viz: Mai'k Mclntyre, John t'itzpatrick, Henry Gil- more, Daniel Devlin, Dennis McCool, Enos McAllister, Michael Bird, George McC'ahill, C'harles Mackin, Owen McGahey, Patrick McGahey, and Thomas and Hugh Iviley, and thch- families. Missionary labors were continued here mitil i82G, when the present church was formed. The number of Catholics did not then exceed tliirty, and mass was said every six nu>nths. Soon after this time the Hev. Philip O'Reilly was stationed on the Newburgh district and said nuiss here once every month. In 188(), the Rev. Patrick Duti'y was appointed to the station, and for seventeen yeai's remained Catholic pastor of Jsewburgh. He died in 1858. After an interval of one year, dming which time the chmx'h was ministercti to by the Rev. Mr. Giillagher, the Rev. E. J. O'Reilly was appointed pastor, and served until June 1st, 1867, when he was succeeded by Rev. E. S. Briady. The service of mass was first siiid in j\lr. Gilmore's house, as already stated. Afterw!U"ds, luid for a number of yeai's, the Mcintosh house was used by the congregation. In 1838, the preliminary steps were talveii for the erection of a church edifice, and the site now oci'upied was puri'hased by sxibscriptions from resident CathoHcs, Jiided by out- side collections and contributions from members of other denomina- tions. The building was completed tmd opened for service in Decem- ber, 18-42. Its value was then estimated at about $12,000. It was a stone strui-ture, about 100 by GO feet, witli no ju'chitectural features. It was neatly fitted up with pews and a small gallery, had an orgjui, and two fine oil paintings about 14 by 9 feet, representing the bii'th !Uid the entombment of the Sa\ iour, painted by Rembrandt Lockwood. In 1852, a field was purt-hased, at the c-orner of First and Stone streets, jxud a Cemetery opened. In 1854, a lot was purchased ad- joining tlie cluu-ch and a pastoral residence erected thereon — the house and lot costing about $10,000. The year 1858 was signalized by the erection of a conunodious schot)l-house, situated immediately west of the i-hurch, whic-h was completed and opened on the 2i)th of No- vember of that year. The school was instituted in 1850. In 1855, a Library Association was organized, smd some 000 volumes collected. For foiu- years, ending with Augiist, 1800, tliis association pubhshed a veiy spirited monthly magixzine, edited by the late John Ashliui-st. (jinmaiiEs, schools, etc. 333 A Sabbath-8(^ho()l and other orpfanizationH peculiar to the Catholic faith, are also connected with the church. In 1H()(), th(^ cliurch made extensive alterations and additions to its house of worship, renderinj,' it one of the finest ectdesiastical struc- tiires on the Hudson. Its plan is in the style known as the decorated Gothic of the 1 3th century. The buildinj^ is c^rutdform, the front or- namented with pinnacles and parapets of rich crochet and quatrefoil work. A tower, surmounted by a spire of open tracery work, adorns the front. The windows are of heavy ctarved work and filled with richly stained f^dass. The ceilinj^ is arched and ril)bed, and tlie finish throup;'hout of the hifi;'hest order. The plans were furnished by lieni- Vjrandt Ijockwood, and the work executed under his direction by J. Gill, mason, and Little & KeUy, carpenters. The following are the dimensions of the building, viz: lenjifth, 150 feet; len^h of transept, 75 feet; front, 55 feet 3 inches; heif^ht of ceilin<y, 29 feet; spire 135 feet. Durinpc Father Briady's administration the <rhurch edifice and the school-liouse have been thoroughly repaired and refurnished, and the parsonage rebuilt — the latter in 18f59, at a cost of $13,000. In 1871, the property on (^rand street, near Wasliington, was purchased and improved at a cost of about $15,000, and opened (1872) as St. Pat- rick's Orphan Asylum, under the management of Sisters of Charity. It is now occupied in part for that purpose and in part by a select school for young ladies. In the spring of 1875, a plot of fifteen acres, near Muchattoes hiU, was purchased for cemetery purposes, at a cost of $7,200. ST. MARV'S CATHOLIC CHUIMIH. In March, 1875, (m the application of a number of members of St. Patrick's, Archbishop McCloskey granted an order dividing the origi- nal parish and constituting, from the northern part of its territory, St. Mary's parish. Rev. M. J. Phelan, formerly of Port Ewen, was appointed pastor, and said his first mass in the parish on Easter- Sunday, 1875, in the opera house. Property was soon after purc^has- ed on Gidney Avenue and South street, for $20,000, and mass cele- brated in the mansion on the premises. In May following, a tempo- rary frame building for church purposes was erected, costing $3,500. Embraced in St. Mary's parish is the Academy of Our Lady of Mercy (a branch convent of the Sisters of Mercy of New York), which was opened at Balmville in the summer of 1875. FIRST IJNIVERSALIST CONGRFXiATIONAL CHURCH. The facts relative to the early efforts for the introduction of IJniver- salism in Newburgh, are almost wholly traditional. It is said that thirty or forty years ago, the Rev. Mr. Mitchell, of New York city, preached here a few times. He occupied the ball-room of the old Man- 334 HISTORY OF NEWS URGE. sion House, and it is remembered that he always had a medallion hung on the wall behind his pulpit, on which was inscribed, in letters of gold, "God is Love." His meetings were well attended, but no soci- ety was formed, and the effect of his labors was only transient. Sub- sequently the Eev. Mr. Parker, of Troy, as well as the Kev. Mr. Lyon, of New York, are said to have preached to small audiences here. In 1858, a few friends of Universalism resolved to make an attempt to establish the ministry of that faith in Newburgh, and for that pur- pose they invited the Rev. T. Borden, then of Hudson, to hold service here. He accepted the invitation, and preached his first discourse in Newburgh on the 21st November, at the Court-house. The services were well attended; and on the 22d, a meeting of those friendly to the movement was held and a committee appointed to secure a regular supply of ministerial labor. The informal organization continued to gain strength, and, on the 21st of Februar}', 1859, the society was regularly organized, in accordance vdth the statute, under the title of the " First Universalist Congregational Church of the Village of New- burgh." In October, the Rev. W. B. Cook was chosen pastor. The services of the socie- ty were held in the Court- house until July, 1860. In July, 1859, a lot was pur- chased on Liberty street, north of Farrington, and the erection of a chiu'ch edifice was commenced. It was comjileted in 1860, and dedicated on Wednesday, Aug. 1st, of that year. It was in the Italian style of architecture, and was con- structed from plans drawn by John D. KeUy, of New- burgh. It was neatly fin- ished and furnished accom- modations for about three hundred persons. The society failed financially in 1862. In 1863, the church edifice was purchased by the German Catholics, who conducted service and held a school in it, but failed in effecting a permanent organization. In the fall of 1864, the Board of Education purchased it, with a view to convert it to school purposes; but, after temporary occupation, sold it (1865) to private parties, by whom it was removed. CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, ETC 335 CHUKCH OF OUR FATHER. The Church of Our Father may be denominated the successor of the UniversaHst society, formed Feb. 21st, 1859. On the last Sunday of July, 1867, Rev. Wm. R. G. Mellen commenced Unitarian worship at the Court-house with an audience of twenty-five in the morning and thirty in the afternoon. Subsequent services were held hj Mr. MeUen and other preachers, until Feb. 15th, 1868, when the Rev. C. B. Webster was elected pastor. On the 7th of Jtdy following a Unita- rian society was organized. A building lot was soon after purchased, at the corner of South and Johnston streets, at a cost of $3,000, and in the summer of 1869, a church edifice was erected at a cost of $12,300. This building is in the early Gothic style — of brick with blue-stone borders and granite caps; the roof is supported by iron pillars resting on brick piers. It is 40 feet by 60, and provides seats for four hundred persons. A small pastor's room and a choir gallery are furnished in the rear. The dedication took place July 17th, 1870. Mr. Webster resigned the pastorate in 1871, and Rev. F. W. Holland became his successor in June of that year. The principal patrons and founders of the society were the late Josiah S. Young, and the late John P. DeWint, the latter a resident of Fishkill. — In addition to the societies already enumerated, the First Pres- byterian church maintains the Bethel Mission on Noi-th- Water street, and the American Reformed church the Gleason Mission on Western Avenue. There are also two societies of colored people — the Shiloh Baptist church and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion church. The latter has a neat edifice on Washington street. COMPARATIVE STATISTICS. Value of Seating Average Commu- Salaries Church. Year. No. Property* Capacity Attend. nicants. Ministers Baptist,. 1855. . . .1. . . ..17,000 450 250 167 ... $700 1875. . . .2. . . .35,000 1300 GOO 402 3,300 Methodist Episcopal,. . . 1855. . . .6. . . .22,400 3200 1900 833 3,750 1875. . . .8. . .115,000 4000 3000 15.31t. . . . 7,600 Presbyterian, 1855 1 8,000 600 400 247 1,000 1875. . . .4. . .110,000 3500 2000 1215 9,000 Assoc. Refd. Presb 1855 2. . . . 15,000 900 600 431 ... . 2,000 1875. . . .1. . . .10,000 600 300 150 1,500 Reformed Presbyterian,. . 1855. . . .2. . . .14,000 1200 480 250 1,100 1875. . . .2. . . .20,000 1200 600 416 3,300 United Presbyterian, .... 1875 . . . 1 8,000 475 300 218 1,.500 Protestant Episcopal, . . . 1855. . .1. . . .15,000 750 600 180 1,200 1875. . . .2. . . .60,000 1500. . . . 800 547 7,000 Refd. Prot. Episcopal,. . . 1875 1. . . . 7,000 300 3.000 Roman Catholic, 1855. . . .1. . . .15,000 800 700 (iOO 1,000 1875. . . .2. . . .70,000 1500 2500 4000 2,8001 Unitarian, 1875. . . .1. . . .12,000 400 200 100§ 1,200 RECAPITULATION. Property. Capacity. Attend. Commun. Salaries. 1855 $111,400 8,900 5,180 2,888 $11,500 1875 507,000 15,775 11,000 9,113 41,700 * Estimated. t 891 Probationers in addition. | Additional from fees. § New. 336 HISTORY OF NEWBURGH. THEOLOGICAL SEMINAEY. The Theological Seminary of the Associate Keformed chm*ch Avas the first institution of the kind in the United States. There were indeed Professors of Divinity (most of whom were connected -with coUef^es) who were accustomed to give lectures on the science of Theology to such students as pleased to attend; but there was no institution expressly designed for the training of candidates for the ministry, and formally organized on an academic basis, in existence in this country previous to the erection of this Seminary. The first steps towards its establishment were taken by the Asso- ciate Reformed Synod, in 1796, on the suggestion of one of its young- est members, Mr. afterwards Dr. John M. Mason, of New York, then in the early dawn of his brilliant career. At the meeting of Synod, in 1796, an act was adopted " concerning a Sy nodical Fimd," the main object of which fund was to aid poor and pious youth in their studies for the ministry, and to maintain a Professorship of Theology. The church ^^as small, the country was very poor in those days, and the growth of tlie fund was necessarily slow; but the ideas thrown out by Dr. Mason had taken root in the minds of his brethren, and at the meeting of Synod in 1801, it was resolved, after much discus- sion, to erect a Theological Seminary on a peciiliar plan, and of a higher order than any " school of the prophets " then in being. Dr. Mason was sent to Great Britain to ask help from the churches of the father land, and he obtained the handsome sum of $5,500, which was chiefly expended in the purchase of a noble library. Dr. Mason re- tiu'ned in 1802, and was unanimously chosen to preside over the in- fant institution, which Avas at first located in New York, where it was opened in 1805. The number of students rapidly increased, and con- sidering the size of the denomination, it continued to be comparative- ly large, until the suspension of the Seminary in 1821. This result was mainly OAving to the failing health of Dr. Mason, Avhich had com- pelled him to retire from a sphere in which he had spent the best years of his life, and to which he Avas enthusiastically devoted. By a vote of the Greneral Synod of the church in 1822 (Avhich was judicially declared a few years afterwai-ds to have been illegal), the library Avas transferred to the Seminary at Princeton. The operations of the Seminary were suspended until the summer of 1829, when the A. R. Synod of New York determined to resusci- tate the institution and to locate it at Newburgh. The Rev. Joseph McCarrell, D. D., of Newburgh, Avas elected Professor of Theology, and the Rev. Drs. John McJimpsey, Alex. Proudfit, Robert Forrest, and D. C. McLaren, were chosen Superintendents. During the fol- lowing year, the necessary steps were taken (after sundry fruitless CHURCHES, SCHOOLS. ETC. 337 appeals to the Gfeneral Assembly of the Presbyterian church) for the recovery of the library and funds removed to Prin('etf>ii in 1822, and after a protracted lawsuit, they were restored to their old owners. Another important movement was made in 1835, viz: for the erec- tion of a suitable edifice for the accommodation of the students and professors. For so small a body as the Synod of New York, the un- dertakin}^ was an almost herculean one. Money was collected from various sources, an admirable site covering thirteen acres of land was purchased, and a charter of incorporation was granted by the lef^isla- ture of this state on the 25th May, I83(j. The trustees named in the act were Hon. John Willard of Salem, Hon. Wm. M. Oliver of Penn Yan, Hon. Archibald C. Niven and Alpheus Dimmick of Monticello, Hon. Robert Denniston of Salisbury, Hon. John W. Brown, and D. W. Bate, and Daniel Farrin<^on of Newburf^h, James Wau,ifh and WiUiam Wear of Little Britain, James D. Bull of Hamptonburgh, and Benjamin Parker of Kortrip^lit. The foundation of the Seminarv was laid in 1837,''' and the building" was completed in 1839, at a cost (including land) of about $25,()()(). In 1858, an orfjcanic union was effected between the Associate Pi'es- byterian cluirch of Nortli America and the Associate Reformed church, under the title of the United Presbyterian church. A few conj^rega- tions of the Associate Reformed Synod of New York refused to enter into this union. These laid claim to the Seminary; but by a suit at law it was decided that the proj^erty rightfully belonged to that por- tion of the Synod, the great majority, which had assented to the union. In 1865, the Associate Reformed Synod of New York, the legally re- cognized owners of the property, took measures, in cotij^cration with the United Presbyterian Synod of New York, for recipening the insti- tution, and elected as professors therein Rev. J. B. Dales, D. D., of Philadelphia, and James Harper of New York. On the 2d October, 1867, accordingly, the building was opened again for the training of young men for the ministry, and now has students from nine or ten states. The number of bound volumes in the library is nearly 3600. The professors have been as follows: Systematic Theolo(/y — Kev. John M. Mason, D. D., 1805—1821. Rev. Alex. Proiulfit, D. D., '1820— 1821. Rev. Joseph McCarrell, D. D., 1829— 18G0. Rev. James Harper, D. D., 1867— now Professor. Bihticnt Literature Rev. James M. Matthews, 1809-1816. Rev. James Arbiickle, As- sistant, 1820— 21. Rev. John Forsyth, Jr., 1837-1845. Rev. David L. Proiulfit, 1810-42. Rev. Robert Stewart, D. D., 1872— now Professor. Church History, <fcc.— Rev. John Forsyth, D. D., 1852-1859. Rev. J. B. Dales, D. D., 1867— now Professor. * The Theological Seminary, under the auspices of the Associate Reformed church, is now permanently located in Newburgh, and a splendid buildinp for its accommodation is about to be erected here. The plan of the building — which is to be 104 feet front by 40 deep — is by Mr. T. M. Niven, and the site selected is an eminence on the farm lately owned by Henry Walsh, west of the viMge.— Telegraph, Feb. 23, 1837. 022 338 triS TOB Y OF NEWB UJi OH. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Glebe School — The first public school in Newbiirgh was that contem- plated in the charter to the Glebe, and was known for many years as the Glebe school. The time at which it was first opened can not now be ascertained, but it was probably soon after the settlement of the Rev. Hezekiah Watkins. Nor is it possible to determine who was the first school-master. The offices of minister and school-master, how- ever, were not combined in one person, as has been generally supposed. This is evident from the setting apai-t, of a lot for the minister and another for the school-master, and the erection of dwellings* thereon respectively, as well as from the books of the trustees of the Glebe. During a portion of the time that Mr. Watkins held the office of min- ister, a Mr. Palmer performed the duties of school-master. f In 1768, Lewis Donveur conducted the school;]; in 1769, Joseph Penny; and in 1773, Thomas Gregory. § In 1774, John Nathan Hutchins was em- ployed, and continued in the school until a short time prior to his death, which occurred in 1782. His successor was Richard King, who served from September 18, 1782, until the settlement of the Rev. Mr. Spierin, in 1790. Mr. Spierin's engagement contemplated the combining of the two offices of minister and school-master, and gave rise to the difficulties which eventually terminated the jurisdiction of the Episcopal church over the Glebe. || He resigned in 1793. The records of the trustees fail to show the name of Mr. Si:)ierin's succes- sor, or indeed that of any teacher for several years. It is probable, however, that the school was conducted in the Academy from 1796 to 1804, dui'ing which time the latter school was under the charge of the trustees of the Glebe. The "act to amend the charter of the Glebe," passed by the legislature in 1803, directed that "the sum of $200, of the revenues arising from the Glebe," should be "paid an- * Engravings of the buildings referred to, will be found on page 128. In 1778, " the house and barn, and that part of the school lot next to the road," were rented to Richard Albertson. At the commencement of the present centui-}% the old parsonage was rented to the town, and was occupied as the poor-house.— .4ccoM?t^. Book of the Glebe. + " Sept. ye 18, 1765. Then settled the above account with the Executor of Hezekiah Watkins, deceased, and with the school-master, Palmci-, in full," &c. (£19. 8. 0.) t "Sept. 16, 1768. Tlien paid Lewis Donveur, school-master, ye sum of £17 178 lOd." § " Paid the above half sum to Mr. John Sayres, and the other half to the school- master, Thomas Gregory, for me," .^;c — Accoimt Book of the Glebe. II "Agreed, that the Rev. Geo. H. Spierin shall be entitled to receive the whole of the rents and benefits arising from the Glebe Lands, while he continues to officiate as minis- ter, and teach the children of the inhabitants of the German patent on the following terms, ^^z: Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Geography, History, and English Grammar, at 12s per quarter; Readmg, Writing, Arithmetic, at 8s per quarter. Provided always, that no chil- dren incapable of studying the above branches shall be admitted or received into the school. And, that should a poor child come properlv recommended as such, he shall be received mto the Enghsh school gratis. And if a youth of stron? natural abihties of the like description ofTer, he shall be received into the Classical school also gratis. Provided also, that should the rents and privileges of the Glebe hereafter become more valuable, that then, in such case, the terms of teaching the children living on the patent shall be re- duced in such manner as to be equivalent to said advantages, so far as may relate to- wards the supporting of a school, and as the trustees shall deem proper."— il/m. Tt-uatees. CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, ETC. 339 nually to the trustees of the Academy;" and that "the remainder of the money arising' from such annual income," should be "paid to the trustees of the other schools which are, or may hereafter be, estab- lished on the Glebe,"' as the inhabitants should direct. The jurisdic- tion of the trustees of the Glebe being thus terminated, the old Glebe school ceased to exist. No division of the revenues from the Glebe, as required by the act of 1803, appears to have been made until 1809, when what was called "the juvenile school in old town," was established. This school was subsequently known as the Glebe school, from the fact that the trus- tees of the Glebe Avere directed by the inhabitants of the patent to pay to it that poi-tion of revenues not appropriated to the Academy. It also received one half of the public money after the creation of the common school fund. It was conducted for several years by Ebenezer Adams;* and for a few years prior to 1830, by John P. Tar- beU. Mr. John Goodsell succeeded Mr. Tarbell and continued the school until 1840 or '47. The tirst building occupied by the school was that previously spoken of as the "school-master's house." All the teachers appear to have occupied this building prior to 1774. Mr. Ilutchins and Mr. King (the latter at least part of tJie time) held the school in the "parsonage house." In 1789, the trustees rented a house for the school from James Van Orsdall;f and Mi\ Spierin held it in a house which now forms part of the late residence of Charles F. V. Reeve. The school (under the title of "the juvenile school of old town"), subsequently occupied tlie old Lutheran church, where it was continued down to 1846 or '47, when it was removed to the Academy. On the 6th of Ai^ril, 1848, the legislature passed an act to divide school district No. 13, and to erect No. 15. The law also directed the levying of a tax of $5,000 upon district No. 13, as it existed prior to the passage of the act; and that $3,000 of the money so raised should be applied to the extinguishment of a debt on that district, and that the remainder should be expended in the erection of a school building in district No. 15. The trustees of the new district were also em- powered to receive such portion of the Glebe moneys as the inhabi- tants should direct and appl}^ the same to the reduction of rate bills. * Ebenezer Adams came to Newburgh in 1807. He taught at the Glebe school-house, partly on the Lancaster system, where he continued for ten years, giving general satisfac- tion. After leaving the school he opened a grocery store in Water street, between John Brown's and John McAuley's store, where he continued until his death in 1824. He was married twice and had six children, three sons and three daughters. t The trustees purchased new furniture for the school at this time. The account of the treasurer contains the following items, viz: "To cash paid D. Howell for boards, &c., for a writing table for the school, £0 .5s Od " " Geo. Gardner for 1 lb. nails for the school, Is Od " " David Howell for 1 lb. nails for the school, Q Os lid " " William Nicols for 5 slabs for seats for the school, 7s 6d" 340 HISTOnr OF MiWBURGH. The new district was immediately organized under this law; and a site was selected and the erection of a school Inxildinpf commenced. Before the building- was completed, the inhalntants were called to de- termine what disposition should be made of the Glebe revenues be- yond the amount directed by law to be paid to the trustees of the Academy. The trustees of the G-lebe at that time, viz: John Bev- ridge, Samuel J. Farnum, and T. M. Niven, proposed that the unap- propriated balance should be devoted to the payment of scholarships in the Academy; but the suggestion was not favorably received, and, at a public meeting held on the 13th of April, 1849, it was rejected. At the same meeting a resolution was adopted directing the trustees of the Glebe to pay to the trustees of school district No. 15, whatever revenue might be derived from the Glebe, "over and above the sum required by law to be paid to the Academy." The resolution also declared, that "the said district school, No. 15, shall hereafter be known as the Glebe school;'' and tliis designation continued until the adoption of the present free school system. - Newhurgh Academy. — The Newburgh Academy was erected in 175)5- '6. On the settlement of the Rev. Mr. Spierin, in 171)0, he announced his intention to open " an Academy for the instruction of youth in the Greek and Latin languages, and the different other branches of liter- ature;" and with a view to encourage the establishment of a school of the character proposed, the trustees of the Glebe stated that "a sub- scription would be set on foot for the building of a convenient house for a Seminary."* In 1791, an effort was made to carry this 2:)romise into effect, and to that end an apj^lication was made to the legisla- ture for permission to establish a lottery; but for reasons already stated, the application failed. The trustees again took up the matter in 1795; and succeeded in completing the building in 1796.f The institution continued under the charge of the trustees of the Glebe until 1804, when a meeting of the inhabitants of the patent * To the Public — The Ecv. George H. Spierin liaving lately settled at Newburgh, in the county of Ulster and state of New York, on the lands formerly granted by the govern- ment for the support of a Minister and School— this- is therefore to inform the public that he proposes opening an Academy for Ihe instruction of youth in the Greek and Latin lan- guages, and the difterent other branches of Uterature, so soon as a sufficient nunibcr of pupils shall offer themselves. Proper accommodations for their reception will be i)repared. BoardiTig, washing, and lodging, at £20 per year, (or $1 i)er week), and £5 for tuition. A suliscriution will be set on foot for the building of a convenient house for a S(^iui!iary, and in the meanwhile convenicmt rooms for tlu^ juirposc will l)e provided. The agreealile and heidthy situation of the town of Newburgh, its easy communication with every state in the Union, witb various other concurring circumstances, render it a most desirable s])ot for such an institution. (Ventlemcu inclining to encourage this undertaking, will be kind enough to siguilv the same l)y sending their names to the Rev. Mr. Spierin, or to Isaac Eclknap and Cadwallader Golden, Trustees of G\Ghe.— Adv. Goshen A't^w.s., July 13, 1790. t It has been generally supposed that the Academy was erected by individual subscrip- tions, but the records of the trustees of the Glebe do not confirm this tradition. If sub- scriptions were made, they w^ere very Umited in amount. The account of Andrew Lyons, the builder, only reached £350, and of this sum Hugh Walsh advanced £215, and was not fully paid in several years, as appears by his ledger account. CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, ETC 341 was held (June 2d), at wliicli the followinp^ persons were elected "trustees to take oharo'e of the school in the Academy," viz: James Bate, Antliony Davis, William W. Sackett, Daniel Birdsall, James Coulter, William Ross, Ilichard Hvidson, Charles Clinton, and Edward Howell. In 1S()(!, it was incoi'2:)orated under the general statute of the state. The trustees named in the charter were Daniel Niven, Jas. Hcrimgeour, Danl. Birdsall, Jonas Storey, Abm. Schultz, David Fowler, John Johnston, John McAuley, John Brown, Hugh Spier, Derick Amerman, Wm. Ross, and Daniel C. Verplanck. The names of the first and of several of the suc<tecding teachers of the Academy, cannot now he ascertained. In 1799, Sanil. Nicholson was principal, and John (Hllespie was assistant; 1802, James Lawre- niore, principal; 1808-4, Nathan H. White; 1805, Joel Cooper; 180G, Mr. Brackett; 1807, R. W. Thompson; 1809, Jabez Munsel.* The more recent principals were Luther Halsey, Rev. J. T. Halsey, E. C. Benedict,f E. Burt, J. Stark, Edgar Perkins, Rev. Dr. Prime, and Rev. R. B. Hall. The school was especially successfvilly conducted during the administrations of Mr. Halsey, Mr. Perkins, and Mr. Prime. The Academy building is located on the west side of Montgomery street, a short distance north from South street. When it was erected only the principal floor Avas finished for school purposes. In 1798, the courts of the county were directed by law to be held at Newburgh and at Go- shen alternately, and for their accommodation the uiJi^er floor was finished. A stairway was placed on the north side, and two jury rooms, a hall, and NKWBuu.m academy-1857. court-room occupied the floor. Coiirts were held here from 1798 until 1843, or about forty-tive years. The court-room was also used for j)ub- lic meetings; the general and town elections were held there, and, as has been ^^Iready shown, it was the cradle of several of the churches of the city. A few changes have since been made in the external ap- pearance of the building, as weU as in its internal arrangement. It is now held by the Board of Education, and is occupied l)y the senior or academic department of the public schools. * Mr. Munsel removed to Kingston, in 1812, and was principal of tlie Academy there. t E. C. Benedict studied law with Betts & Bellinaii. He removed to New Yorlv; was one of the members of Assembly in 18C4, and was a leading member of the Board of Educa- tion of that city. 342 Jlf!^ TOR V OF NE WB UJi H. High School. — This institution was incorporated April 23d, 1829, and was constituted the common school for district No. 13, which then embraced the whole village of Newburgh. For the erection of a school building, $1,400 was raised by a tax on the inliabitants of the district, and $3,(500 by a loan which was divided into shares of $25 each. The building was completed and opened for scholars in February, 1830, at which time John P. Tarbell and Miss Mary Ross were employed as teachers. The following persons composed the first boai-d of ti-ustees, viz: Wm. M. Wiley, Edmiand Sanxay, and James Belknap; Thos. C. Ring, clerk, and David M. DuBois, collector. OrviUe M. Smith succeeded Mr. Tarbell in 1834, and held the position of principal with great cretlit until the close of the December term in 1848, when he resigned. His successor, James P. Brown, served until March, 1852, when S. G. McLaughlin was appointed jDrincipal and held that position until the system of free schools was established and the old organization dissolved. The building was removed in 1872. Free Schoolft. — The movement which resulted in the adoption of the present free school system, was commenced in the spring of 1851, when, by the passage of the general free school law, the necessity of furnishing increased school accommodations was thi'own upon the trustees of the several school districts. Witli a view to meet the re- quu'ements of the new system, and to extend the jjrinciple upon which it was founded beyond the provisions of the state law, so far as the viUage of Newburgh was concerned, Moses H. Belknap, Nelson Haight, and Robt. Sterhng, trustees of district No. 13, and John Bev- ridge, A. Gerald Hull, and Nathan Reeve, trustees of district No. 15, held a joint meeting in May and passed the following resolution, viz: " Resolved, That the inhabitants of the viUage of Newburgh be invited to attend a meeting, to be lield at Washington Hall on Monday evening, the 12th inat., to consider the propriety of applyiuy to the next Legislature for a law to unite the whole village in one district — to make all schools in the district free schools— the same to be under the charge of a Board of Education to be elected by the people, in manner similar to other cities and villages in the state." At the meeting held pursuant to this resolution, Mr. Haight and Mr. Reeve united in a report shoAving the necessity for increased school accommodations, and proposing a system of free schools and the establishment of a fi-ee academy. The report was accepted, but definite action was postponed until the 23d, for the pm-pos^ of ascer- taining the probability of securing the cooperation of the trustees of the Academy, with a view to make that institution the free academy suggested. Mr. Reeve then submitted the di-aft of a law for the pui'- poses embraced in the report, wliich was referred to a committee for examination. The meeting held on the 23d adopted the plan proposed, and the trustees of the Academy signified theii* willingness to unite in the nnUECHES, SCHOOLS, ETC. 343 movement. In this shape the subject remained until February 27, 1852, when it was a{>ain considered at a pubHc meetinf^- and the law prepared in 1851 approved. On the Gth of April, the " Act to provide for the establishment of Free Sc^hools in the villapfe of Newburj^h," passed the legislature; and the Academy, the High school, and the Glebe school, ceased their separate organizations. The first election under the law of April 6th, was held on the 3d of May, when John Bevridge, John J. Monell, Nathl. Jones, Chas. F. V. Eeeve, Geo. W. Kerr, D. G. Leonard, L. B. Gregory, Eev. John Brown, and Thos. C. Ring, were chosen "trustees of common schools," and constituted " The Board of Education of the Village of New- burgh." The first meeting of the board was held May 12th, when its organization was completed by the election of John Bevridge pre- sident, and Nathaniel Jones clerk. The schools were soon after rei Organized under what is known as the graded system. The Academy was made the senior or highest department, and intermediate and primary schools were opened in the High scthool and in the Glebe school. The accommodations for the attendance of pujDils were soon after materially increased by the erection of a commodious building on Washington street; the Glebe school building was enlarged, and a building for a primary school fitted up adjoining the Academy; a school for colored children, and a system of evening schools, were also estabHshed. Several changes have since been made. The senior department is now substantially academic, the intermediates are grammar schools, the grade of the primaries has been raised, and the colored school abolislied. Three modem buddings have been erected, and two enlarged. Six build- ings are now in occupation, with accommodations for 3000 pupUs.* The value of school property in 18(50 was $40,000; in 1875, $185,000. — In addition to the free schools of the city, there are in the town fourieen school districts under the general school law of the state. A free school is also maintained by St. Patrick's church, to which moi"e extended reference has already been made. PRIVATE SCHOOLS. Very creditable private schools have been conducted at different periods. The first of this class, with the exception of that opened by Mr. Spierin, was established by Rev. Jonathan Freeman and SHvanus Haight, April 17, 1802, under the title of Cliosophic Hall. It was a boarding and day school, and was held in the building now No. 169 * The South street building was erected in 1866, dnd cost (including furni'ure) $35,830. The West Newburgh building was erected in 1867, at a cost of $16,795.60. The Washing- ton street building was enlarged in 1869 and again in 1873, and (with original expenditure) cost $25,639.36. The Grand street building was erected in 1872, at a cost of $37,072.91. The Clinton street school was enlarged in 1870, at a cost of $6,738.92. The Library build- ing (now erecting) has an estimate cost of $25,000. Total, $147,076.35. 3,j.4 iriSTOh' V OF ,\E\VBUn(lll. Montgomery street. Miss Heffernan succeeded Mr. Freeman in 1804, and established the tirst pm-ely female school. A private school con- ducted by Eobert Gardiner, about the same time, attracted a fair l>!itronag-e. Mrs. DeVendel followed Miss Heffernan in 1S'20, and subsc'qu(nitly shuilar schools by the Misses Phillips, the Kev. Mr. Ilay- uiond, Mr. A. Barker, and others; one of some note is now con- ducted by INIiss Mackie. Joel Turrill, subsequently distinguished in politics in western New York, had a select school for yoim^- men in ISKi. llcv. Sand. Phinney, IMr. Alzamora, and M. L. Domanski, had similar schools subsequently ; the latter was succeeded by H. S. Banks. A mixed school on Smith street, known as the Newburgh Institute was condiicted for several years l)y John J. Brown. In 1858, Mr. W. N. lieid purchasinl the building erected in 1887, fin* a boardinj^' house in connection with the Academy, and established a boardinj^ and day school, which he continued a few years. The most prominent of the private schools at the present time (187(5) is that established by Prof. H. AV. Siglar in 18(k}, and known as the "Newburgh Institute." It occupies the stone school-buildin<>" erected some yeju's since on the Theologicid Seminai-y property, and lirst occupied by Mr. Saunders. PUBI-IO I.IBKAUIES. Ncwbioyh Libranj Axaociatmi. — The Newburj^h Library Association was organized Decend)er, 1885, by stock subscriptions. A. J. Down- ing, Abm. M. Smith, John \V. Knevels, J. J. MoneU, M. V. B. Fowler, D. G. Leonard, and Alfred Post were the first trustees. A. J. Down- ing, president; Alfi-ed Post, treasurer; Chas. U. Cushman, librarian. The tirst books held by the association were donated to it by indi- viduids. Subsequently funds were raised by fairs. In 1838, a regatta for the benefit of the library yielded $300 ; and during the same yeai', Abm. M. Smitli, by will, gave $5UU to the association. It continued in existence until 184:7, when it was united with the Mechanics' Li- brary Association. Newburgh Mevhanicf!' Libranj Association. — This association was or- ganized Nov. 27, 1838, by the joint exertions of a few individuals who felt deeply the necessity for an institution which shoidd combine the advantages of a well-selected libriu-y with that of a debating society. A plan of organization lla^ ing been agreed iipon, a meeting of the mechanics of the village was cidled at Nicholson's hotel, on Wednes- day evening, Dec. 5th. At tliis meeting, which was well attended, a constitution was adopted and officers for the association elected. The minutes of the association date from Dec. 4, 1839; hence the names of its tirst officers do not appear. The officers elected in 1839 Avere as foUoAvs: President, Miles Warren; vice presidents, Charles U. Cushman, D. H. Barclay; recortling secretary, John R. Wiltsie; cor- CHURCHES. SCHOOLS, ETC. 345 responding secretary, John Caughey; librarians, Eobt. Sterling, John Little, Jr.; treasurer, John B. Jamison; executive committee, Robert Sterling, John Filkins, E. G. Woolsey, C. S. Russell, Jas. S. Young. On the 29th March, 1842, the association was incorporated, by an act of the legislature, under the name of the " Newburgh Mechanics' Library Association," for the "purpose of establisliing and main- taining a library, reading room, literary and scientific lectures, and other means of promoting the moral, intellectual and mechanical im- provement" of its members. The association established its first course of public lectures Janvi- ary 5th, 1840, and continued them annually until 1858. The library of the association was collected by the contribvition of books, and by purchases made from the proceeds of several fairs. On the 28d Sep- tember, 1847, an arrangement was effected with the stock-holders of the Newl)urgh Lil)rary, by which the books and proi)erty of the asso- ciation were transferred to the Mechanics. This arrangement estab- lished a library of upwards of IJOOO volumes, which was continued until 1861, when, public attention having been called to the subject in a series of articles in the N(nv.<!,^- it was, by the unanimous concur- rence of the members, united with the school library and the founda- tion of the present free library established. Newburgh Free Library. — By the act establishing the present system of free schools, the several school district libraries of the village were consolidated, and a single library established. The collection embra- ced some 20UU volumes, principally standard works. By subsequent purchases the number was increased to about 5000. In 1861, a union was ett'ected with the Mechanics' Library Association, by which a ma- tei'ial addition was secured; and in 1865, by an amedment to the fi-ee school law, the library thus formed became the Newburgh Free Li- brary, with power in the Board of Education to provide for its main- tenance by tax. During the year 1860, a very neat library building was erected, on Grand street, by the Board of Education, and was occupied until its removal in 1874. A more costly and commodious building is now (1876) in process of erection. — In addition to the public libraries named, there are in the town fourteen school district libraries; and the Sunday-school libraries of the several churches probably embrace not less than 6000 volumes. The library of the Theological Seminary, embracing some 3600 vol- umes, is also located here. A small library in connection with St. Patrick's church has been referred to elsewhere. NEWSPAPERS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS. The first paper published in Newburgh was the Newburgh Packet; * I'iles of Daily News ; also report of Board of Education for 1865. 346 HISTORY OF NEWBUnOIL it was printed by Lucius Carey in 1795.* It is said to have been pur- chased by David Denniston in 1797, who changed its name to The Mirror, of which Philip Van Home (1797) and Jos. W. Barber (1799) were the printers. In 1799, Jacob Schultz removed to Newburgh the New Windsor Gazette, the name of which he changed to the Orange Countii Gazette.-\ This paper was purchased by David Denniston, and its name changed to The C'itizen.X In 1799, the Rights of Man was estabhshed by EHas Wintield,§ for whom it was printed by Benoni H. HoweU. II This paper was also purchased by David Denniston and The Citizen incorporated with it. The Recorder of the Times was commenced by Dennis Coles, in 1803. The Mirror was absorbed by the Right!< of Man in 1804; and the latter by the Recorder in 1805. On the 10th of April, 180(), the Recorder was pvu-chased by Ward M. Gazlay and the name changed to the Political Index, under which it was continued until 1829. The Mirror and the Citizen were the advocates of Paine's infidel teachings. The Gazette was anti-infidel. The Righti< of Man was more especially devoted to the interests of that branch of the republican party of which Jefferson was the representative. The Recorder of Die Times claimed to be republican, but was generally regarded as rep- resenting "the Federalists and Burrites." ^ The Political Index appa- * It has hitherto been supposed that the Mirror-wsiB the first paper printed in Newburgh. Tlie publication of the Packet was revealed accidentally. In 1850, a family of strangers, while moving through the village, dropped a bundle from their loaded wagon. The pack- age was not observed until after the family had crossed the river on the ferry. On exami- nation it proved to be a tile of the J'achft'. The thoughtless hands into which it had fallen soon divided it up among friends, and scattered it beyond the possibility of recovery. The copy which was preserved was dated Tuesday, Feb. 20, 1795. It contained an ac- count of a fire which " broke out in the store of Mr. John McAuley, but by the exertioas of the citizens the flames were happily extinguished without any material damage to the building;" and forcibly urged the necessity of having an "Engine in town." Among the advertisers were the names of John Harris — then but a short time in business — Robert E. Burnet, Levi Dodge, Wm. MilUr, Gen. James Clinton, Isaac Hasbrouck, and Hugh Walsh. t The publication of this paper was commenced Nov. 10, 1797, in the village of New Windsor. Abraham Lott was the printer for Mr. Schultz. The title of the paper was re- vived and its publication re-commenced by Gabriel Denton, at Goshen, in 1805. i This statement is on the authority of the late Jacob Schultz. It is possible that his recollection was confused with the title of Mr. Denniston's New York paper.
| 40,066 |
https://github.com/vini2003/Tasker/blob/master/src/main/java/dev/vini2003/tasker/registry/common/TaskerCommands.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Tasker
|
vini2003
|
Java
|
Code
| 395 | 2,038 |
package dev.vini2003.tasker.registry.common;
import com.mojang.brigadier.context.CommandContext;
import com.mojang.brigadier.exceptions.CommandSyntaxException;
import com.mojang.brigadier.suggestion.SuggestionProvider;
import com.mojang.brigadier.suggestion.Suggestions;
import com.mojang.brigadier.suggestion.SuggestionsBuilder;
import com.mojang.brigadier.tree.LiteralCommandNode;
import dev.vini2003.tasker.Tasker;
import dev.vini2003.tasker.common.task.Task;
import net.fabricmc.fabric.api.command.v1.CommandRegistrationCallback;
import net.minecraft.command.CommandException;
import net.minecraft.server.command.ServerCommandSource;
import net.minecraft.server.network.ServerPlayerEntity;
import net.minecraft.text.TranslatableText;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import static com.mojang.brigadier.arguments.IntegerArgumentType.getInteger;
import static com.mojang.brigadier.arguments.IntegerArgumentType.integer;
import static com.mojang.brigadier.arguments.StringArgumentType.*;
import static net.minecraft.server.command.CommandManager.argument;
import static net.minecraft.server.command.CommandManager.literal;
public class TaskerCommands {
private static int select(CommandContext<ServerCommandSource> context) throws CommandSyntaxException {
String id = getString(context, "id");
ServerPlayerEntity player = context.getSource().getPlayer();
Tasker.TASKS.putIfAbsent(player.getUuid(), new HashMap<>());
Task task = Tasker.TASKS.get(player.getUuid()).get(id);
if (task != null) {
Tasker.SELECTED.put(player.getUuid(), task);
return 1;
} else {
throw new CommandException(new TranslatableText("text.tasker.invalid_id"));
}
}
private static int deselect(CommandContext<ServerCommandSource> context) throws CommandSyntaxException {
ServerPlayerEntity player = context.getSource().getPlayer();
Tasker.TASKS.putIfAbsent(player.getUuid(), new HashMap<>());
Tasker.SELECTED.put(player.getUuid(), null);
return 1;
}
private static int manipulate(CommandContext<ServerCommandSource> context, boolean add) throws CommandSyntaxException {
String id = getString(context, "id");
String command = "";
try {
command = getString(context, "command");
} catch (Exception ignored) {}
ServerPlayerEntity player = context.getSource().getPlayer();
Tasker.TASKS.putIfAbsent(player.getUuid(), new HashMap<>());
if (add) {
Tasker.TASKS.get(player.getUuid()).put(id, new Task(id, command));
} else {
Tasker.TASKS.get(player.getUuid()).remove(id);
}
if (Tasker.SELECTED.get(player.getUuid()) != null && Tasker.SELECTED.get(player.getUuid()).getId().equals(id)) {
Tasker.SELECTED.put(player.getUuid(), null);
}
return 1;
}
private static int add(CommandContext<ServerCommandSource> context) throws CommandSyntaxException {
return manipulate(context, true);
}
private static int remove(CommandContext<ServerCommandSource> context) throws CommandSyntaxException {
return manipulate(context, false);
}
private static int schedule(CommandContext<ServerCommandSource> context) throws CommandSyntaxException {
String id = getString(context, "id");
int interval = getInteger(context, "interval");
ServerPlayerEntity player = context.getSource().getPlayer();
Tasker.TASKS.putIfAbsent(player.getUuid(), new HashMap<>());
Task task = Tasker.TASKS.get(player.getUuid()).get(id);
if (task != null) {
task.setShouldExecute(true);
task.setExecutionInterval(interval);
return 1;
} else {
throw new CommandException(new TranslatableText("text.tasker.invalid_id"));
}
}
private static int unschedule(CommandContext<ServerCommandSource> context) throws CommandSyntaxException {
String id = getString(context, "id");
ServerPlayerEntity player = context.getSource().getPlayer();
Tasker.TASKS.putIfAbsent(player.getUuid(), new HashMap<>());
Task task = Tasker.TASKS.get(player.getUuid()).get(id);
if (task != null) {
task.setShouldExecute(false);
task.setExecutionInterval(0);
}
return 1;
}
public static final SuggestionProvider<ServerCommandSource> ID_SUGGESTIONS = (context, builder) -> {
Tasker.TASKS.get(context.getSource().getPlayer().getUuid()).forEach((id, task) -> {
builder.suggest(id);
});
return builder.buildFuture();
};
public static void init() {
CommandRegistrationCallback.EVENT.register(((dispatcher, dedicated) -> {
LiteralCommandNode<ServerCommandSource> root = literal("tasker").build();
LiteralCommandNode<ServerCommandSource> select =
literal("select")
.requires(source -> source.hasPermissionLevel(2))
.then(argument("id", string()).suggests(ID_SUGGESTIONS)
.executes(TaskerCommands::select)
).build();
LiteralCommandNode<ServerCommandSource> deselect =
literal("deselect")
.requires(source -> source.hasPermissionLevel(2))
.executes(TaskerCommands::deselect)
.build();
LiteralCommandNode<ServerCommandSource> add =
literal("add")
.requires(source -> source.hasPermissionLevel(2)).then(
argument("id", string()).then(
argument("command", greedyString())
.executes(TaskerCommands::add)
)
)
.build();
LiteralCommandNode<ServerCommandSource> remove =
literal("remove")
.requires(source -> source.hasPermissionLevel(2)).then(
argument("id", string()).suggests(ID_SUGGESTIONS)
.executes(TaskerCommands::remove)
)
.build();
LiteralCommandNode<ServerCommandSource> schedule =
literal("schedule")
.requires((source) -> source.hasPermissionLevel(2)).then(
argument("id", string()).suggests(ID_SUGGESTIONS).then(
argument("interval", integer())
.executes(TaskerCommands::schedule)
)
).build();
LiteralCommandNode<ServerCommandSource> unschedule =
literal("unschedule")
.requires((source) -> source.hasPermissionLevel(2)).then(
argument("id", string()).suggests(ID_SUGGESTIONS)
.executes(TaskerCommands::unschedule)
).build();
root.addChild(select);
root.addChild(deselect);
root.addChild(add);
root.addChild(remove);
root.addChild(schedule);
root.addChild(unschedule);
dispatcher.getRoot().addChild(root);
}));
}
}
| 21,247 |
bsb00085577_213
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,895 |
Allgemeine Zeitung. 1895 = Jg. 97, 7 - 9
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,727 | 20,445 |
- 635,000 Doll.) und die Netto-Einkünste 1,943,000 Dollars (-s- 94,000 Doll.). Dies beziehungsweise gute Resultat ist indeß lediglich daraus zurückzuführen, Laß die Gesellschaft ihre Ausgaben auf daS Unvermeidlichste beschränkte und den Bahnkörper, wie die Gebäude u. s. w. vernachlässigte, um den Cursstand der Actien aufrecht zu erhalten. Die Brulto-Einnahins für Juni zeigt eine Besserung von nur 58,000 Dollar- an, so daß das Vrutto-Miims für da« erste Halbjahr 1895 noch immer 577,000 Dollars beträgt. - schließen die Möglichkeit aus, sär das erste Semester ds. Js. eine Dividende zu erklären, und da im weiteren nach dem urtyeüe der Personen, die der Verwaltung der Canada Pacific- Bahn nahe stehen, aus lange Zeit hinaus keine Gewinnvertheilung zu erwarten steht, so liegt es aus der Hand, daß der gegenwärtige EurZ von 58 Proc. den thatsächlichen Verhältnissen der Gesell schaft ebenso wenig Rechnung trägt, als ihrer mutmaßlichen Zu kunft, jedenfalls insofern die nächsten Jahre in Betracht kommen. Vom Schienenmarkt. Die Lieferung von 12,000t Schienen sür die Transvaal-Eisenbahn ist dem Bochum» Verein für Bergbau und Gußstahlsabrication übertragen worden. Der englische und belgische Mitb-werb war sehr stark. Hiezu bemerkt die „Köln. Ztg.": So erfreulich es ist, daß dieser Auftrag seitens der großenteils mit deulschem Capital gebauten südafrikanische» Eisenbahn einem inländischen Werk ertheilt worden ist, so darf ma» doch den damit sür das genannte großgewerbliche Unternehmen verbundenen wirth- schriftlichen Nutzen keineswegs hoch anschlagen. Die ausländischen Schienenausträge müssen seit längerer Zeit schon unter dem Selbst kostenpreis ausgeführt werden und werden lediglich zur Beschäftigung der Betriebsanlage» und Arbeiter übernommen. So wird cs an gesichts des regen ausländischen Mitbcwerbs zweifellos anch hier der Fall sein. Einnahmen von TranSportanstalten. * Hessische Ludwigs-Eisen bahn gesell schuft. Juni-Ein nahme: 1,899,790 M.(-i-2566), seit 1.Januar 9,818.495M.(—3186). Anatolische Eisenbalinen. Die Betriebseinnahmen bclrugen im Mai (Länge 658 Irm) 372,808 Fr., gegen (578 km) 302,061 Ir. Leite 4. München, Dienstag Allgemeine Demmg 17. September 1895. Ur.258. Zahlen beziehen und also verhältnißmäßig sehr viel ausmachen. So fliegen argenlinische CetulaS ^ gestern um '/; auf 32'/» (oder in Procenlen des CurseS um l^/gO/o), Cedulas L um 1 auf 30'/; (3'/;), und Cedulas! Buenos Aires um '/» auf 9 (2'/a), Cedulas Iv um '/; auf 7'/» CH), Cedulas k um auf (70/g). Die Hausse in den Goldbonds ist übrigens soliderer Natur, als die Poussirung der Papier-Ccdulas, doch dürsten die letzteren (aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach) trotzdem mehr von der vorherrschenden Tendenz profitiren als die ersteren, weil eben gering bewcrtbete Effecten von fast allen Personen bevorzugt werden, die sich daran gewöiü ten, große Risiken einzugehen, wie es tagtäglich im Minen- markle vorkommt. Arodtttttiiöörsen und Märkte. k. Nürnberg. 17. S-pt. (Privattelegramm.) Hopfen markt. 1600 Ballen Zufuhr, ruhig. Prima fest. 'Leipzig, lU.Sepl. Kaminzug.Terminhandel. La Plata GrmiLmuster L. per September M. 3.55, per October M. 3.57 Hz, per November M. 3.60, per December M. 3.62'/., per Januar M. 3.65, per Februar M. 3.65, per März M.3.67'/;, per April M.3.67'/;, per Mai M. 3.70, per Juni M. 3.72 Hz, per Juli M. 3.72 V-, per August M. 3.72'/.. Umsatz 55,009 l>u. (B Wien, 17. Sept. (W. T.-B.) Getreidemarkt. Weizen per Herbst 6 57—6.59, per Frühjahr 1896 7.06 — 7.08. Mais per Sep- tember-October 5.85-5.90, per Mai-Juui 18S6 4.87-4.89. Hafer per Herbst 5.95—5.97, per Frühjahr 1896 —. (H Budapest, 17. Sept. <W. T.-B.) Getreidemarkt. Weizen per Herbst 6.26—6.27, per Frühjahr 6.76—6.78. Mais per September- October 5.35 — 5.40, per Mai-Juni 1896 4.54—4.55. Hafer per Herbst 5.89—5.90. Tendenz: fest, behauptet. Weiler: schön. SS. Vkew-Bork, 16. Sept. (Privattelegramm.) (Schluß- notirungen.) Kaffee: Lieferung per Seplcmbcr 14.85, per November 14.50, per Januar 14.30, per März 14.00. — Baumwolle New- Jork per September 7.81, per November 7.90, per Januar 8.03, per März 8.13.^— Weizen Ncw-Iork per September 61"/z, per Oclober "" — Mais in New-Iork per December —, per s") Frankfurt a. M., 2 Uhr — Min. Nachm. (W. T.'B.) Schlußcurse. 16-Sept. 17.Sept. 61"/», per December 63°/z, per Mai 67-/». per September S7'/z, per Lcwber 37'/g, Mai 35' 'Skew-Bärk, 18.Sept. (W.T.-B.) Baumwolle in New-Iorl 8'/z, in New-Orlcaus 7 >"/»,-. — Petroleum. Standard white iu New-Aork 7.10, iu Philadelphia 7.05. — Pipeline Certificate! per September 125.00. — Schmalz loco 6.17 (Durchschnittspreis der Haupt- marken). — Mehl 2.55. — Weizen loco —, per September 61"/y, per October 613/», per November LZS/y. — Mais in New-Iort per October 37>/z, do. in Chicago 31'/:- Getreidesracht 2'/». Aoildsöörsen vsm 17. SepLcmver. .. Wiiinchcn. Börse und Nachbörse, Die festere Tendenz der Abendbörse» führte heule zu einem elwas höheren Einsetzen in Ultimowerihen; selbst das in den letzten Tagen am schärfsten an gegriffene Effect, die Stacitsbahn-Actie. konnte eine Erholung auf weisen. Im allgemeinen war die Stimmung zurückhaltend, da vielfach der Ausfall der Wiener Wahlen, die dortige Ministerin,ns- bilduug und bei uns die Gestaltung des Geldmarktes abgewartet wird. Bei stillem Geschäft uolirteii: Ocsterreichische Creditactien 25!'/»—251'/g. Disconlo - Commandit - Antheile 228—227^8, Ungarische Goldrente 103'/;, Ungarische Kronenrenle 99'/;, Jlaliener 90'/», 3proc. Neichsanleihe 99"/8, Staalsbahn 163—167"/», Lom barden 47'/», Dresdner 180'/;—180'/^ Laura 148'/». CO Berlin, 12 Uhr— Min. Nachm. (W.T.-B.) AnfangScurse. Oesterreich. Creditactien 251.00, Lombardeu 47.25, Disconto-Cömmandit 227.80, Staalsbahn 167.L0. Siiuimiing: getheilt. eie Berlin, 12 Uhr 25 Min. (Privattelcgramm.) Ocstrrr. Credüactien 251.00. Discontv-Couiuiaudit-Autheile L277/g, Berliner Handelsgesellschaft 166'/g, Deutsche Ban! 211ö/g, Dresdener Bankactlen 1797/s, Darmstädtcr Baiikactie» 1637/-, Franzosen I67?/g, Lombarden 47'/», Elbethal-Bahn 139'/;, Lloyd 119'/;, Packetfahrt-Actien 115"/g, Eotthard-Acticn 184"/», Mitteliueer-Bahn 95.00, Meridionaux 129'/;, Schweiz. Union 110"/s, Schweiz. Nordost 144"/g, Marienbnrger 87'/», Ostpreußen S5'/8, 4->.« Ungarn 103.00, 4 °z> Krouenreute 99'/;, 5 °/o Ita liener 90'/g, Neue Mexikaner 95'/;, Nubelnoten 219"/», Laura 148"/», Dortmunder 77.00, Bochumer 174V», Gelseukirchencr 181.00, Harpener 168'/,, Hibernia 171'/», Danuenbauin 111.00, 3°/o Neichsanleihe 99"/», Türkenloose 137"/», Lübeck-Buchener Bahn 156.00, unificirie Nullen L7'/g, Canada 54"/», Werra-Bahn—, Mainzer —. Tendenz: —. " Berlin, 2 Uhr — Min. (W. T.-B.) (Schlußcurse.) Creditaclien p. ult. 251.40, Ungar. Goldrente p. u!t. 102.80, DiSconto-Tommaiidil P. ult. 227.20, 3'/;°/„ Neichsanleihe 103.50, 3°,» Neichsanleihe 99.80, 4°,» Preuß. Marlanleihe 103.90 . 3'/;°,° Pr. Markanleih« 103.50, 3°/, Preußen 99.90, Oesterreich. Staatsbahn 118.00. Berlmcr Plahdisconto 2"/» Rubelnoicitall. 219.70, Ungarische Kronei'.rcnte 99.70. Ten- denz: schwankend. (°) Frankfurt a. M., 12 Uhr 30 Min. Nachm. (W. T.-B.) AnfangScurse. Oestcrr. Creditaclien 339'/z, Staatsbahn 334.00, Lombarden 96"/--, Portugiese» 27.70, Legypter 105.40, Ungarische Gold rente 103.30, Disconto-Loinmandit 227.90, Gotthard 184.20, Mcxi- kann —. Tendenz: getheilt. ^Frankfurta.M., 2Uhr 19Min.(Privattelegramm.) Die heutige Börse beobachte!« eine nservirte Haltung. Kohlen- werlhe schwach. Eiscnwerths ziemlich fest. 16.Sept.17.Sept. Dresdner Bank. .: 179.50^180.50 Milteld. Creditbank 116.50/117.10 Slldd.Bodencrcditb. — f - Württ. BereiiiSbank 150.0(6149.90 Bankactien . . ./900.00 Ocsterr. Länderbank.^ 238 >/; Treditactien Staatsbahn .. Lombarden .. Gotthardbahn. Schweizer Nordost Schweizer Union Mittelmeerbahn. Brauerei Binding 1860er Loose. 838'/. 332'/; 96'/» 185.10 145.10 100.30 95.25 219.50 133.20 903.00 210'/; 8397/g 334'/» 96 V» 184.20 144.60 100.70 95.20 218.40 133.20 Paris. Wien Italien Napoleons .. 1"/oige Bayer». 3'/;proc. Bayern 3>/;°/°ige Neichsanl. 3'/r°/o preuß. Lous. Silberrente .. Papicrrente .. . Krouenreute .. Meichrbank .. Darmstädter Bank Dirconlo-Comnt. Türkenloose 43.00. (*) Wien, 10 Uhr 15 Min. Vorm. (W.T.-B.) Borbörfe. Credit- acticn 403.78, Marlnoten pr. ult. 59.20, Ungar. Creditactien —, Staatsbahn 396.00. Tendenz: fest. (*) Wien, 11 Uhr 10 Min. Mittags. (W. T.-B.) Creditactien 403.65, Lombarden 111.15, Auglo Austria» —, Napoleons 9.57, Marlnoten per Cassa 59.09, do. per Ultimo 59.19, Ungarische Gold- reute 121.75. Ländcrbaiik 285.25. Ungarische Credit —. StaatSbabn 396.50. Tendenz: fest. <*) Wien, I Uhr 30 Min. Nachm. (W. T.-B.) Schlußcurse 16.Sept. 17.Sept. 16.Scpt.17.Sept 101.20.101.10 Donau-Dampfschifff. 551.00,553.00 Ungar. Lreditbank . 485.50 487.20 Biljchiiehrader . . . 545 00 545.50 DcutscheReichsSankn. 59.00 59.00 Oesterr. Goldrente . 121.90 122.00 Ungar. Kroiienrente 99.70 99.70 Neue Ocst. Kronenr. 101.20 IOl.10 Ung. Goldrente . . . 121.80 121.70 Alpine.101.M^1V1.30 Länderbauk. 284.20,284.80 Tabak. — ,245.50 Slapoleons. 9.57 9.56'/; Wechsel: Frankf.a.M. 59.00 59.00 „ London . . 120.50 120.45 » Paris .. . 47.65/ 47.65 Silberrente. Papierrente. 1860er Loose . .. Bankactien .... Creditactien.... Lombarden .... Staatsbahn.... Anglo-Aiistriaii .. Unionbank..... Galizier. FerdinandS-Nordb. Böhmische Westb. .!416.00 Nordwestbahn-Act./272.25! 271,50 Elbthalbahn. . . .'278,50 279.20 Wiener Bankverein! 165.69,168,30 Tendenz: ruhig, V London, 2 Uhr 20 Min. Aeghptcr .! 100.80 100,80 .! 154.50 153.50 ->1062 1062 ./402.40 403.29 111,00 111,20 394.00 396.70 174,20 175.00 350.00 352.00 223.00 3540 3545 417.00 (Privattel egramm.) 6°/. do. 94"/», Neichsanleihe 99'/;. Tendenz: Spanier Rüsten. .. Italiener .. Türken I .. do. II.. do. IV .. Griech.MonoP. Ungarn .. Portugiese». 3"Io Mexikaner behauptet. * Madrid, lS.Sept. Wechsel auf Paris 17.30, Goldagio 16.65. "Lissabon, 14.Sept. Goldagio 24'/;, Wechsel auf London 42'/». * New-Ofork, 16. Sept. (W. T.-B.) Wechsel auf deutsche Plätze S57/»g, Wechsel in Gold 4.88',;, 4°/o fuiidirlc Anleihe —, Eric-Bahn 8"/g, Silberbullion 67.00. (*) Berlin, 17.Scpt. (W.T.-B.) BankanSwe'- vom 14. Scpt. Activa: Mclallb-stand. 978,155.0^0 - Bestand an Reichscassenscheinen .. Bestand an Noten anderer Banken . , Bestand an Wechseln.. Bestand an Lombardforderungen .. Bestand an Effecten. Bestand an sonstigen Activen .... Passiva: Gntndcapital.. . 120,000,000 unverändert Neservesonds. 30,000,000 unverändert Betrag der umlaufenden Noten . . .1,059,992,000 — 1,544,000 Sonstige täglich fällige Verbindlichkeiten 499,405,000 11,819,000 Sonstige Passiven. 11,020,000 -j- 396,000 Procenlverhältniß des Notenumlaufs zu den Reserven 95.3°/» (gegen 95.6 "/« in der Borwoche), Procentverhältniß aller Verbind lichkeiten zu den Reserven 64'/; »/» (gegen 65.07 °/o in der Vorwoche). (*) Luzern, 47. Sept. (W. T.-B.) (Officiell.) Die Betriebs einnahmen der Gotthard-Bahn betrugen im August 1895 für den Personenverkehr 575,500 Fr. (im Juli 462,500 Fr.), für den Güter verkehr 790,000 Fr. (im Juli 802,500 Fr.) und für Verschiedenes 45,000 Fr. (im Juli 60,000 Fr.), mithin zusammen 1,410,000 Fr. (im Juli 1,325,000 Fr.). Die Betriebsausgaben betrugen im August 680,000 Fr. (im Juli 727,000 Fr.). Demnach Ueberschuß im August 730,000 Fr. (im Juli 598,000 Fr.). Der BetriebSüberschuß betrug im August 1894 845,000 Fr. 23,833,000 -tz- 246,000 7.970,000 — 1,997,000 588.349,OM -s- 18.502,000 71,522,OM — 3,923,000 5,092,000 — 163,OM 45,196,OM -j- 696,MO ^Vr. Berlin, 17. Sept. (Privattelegramm.) Zu« ständigerseits erfährt das „Berliner Tageblatt", daß die Ver waltung der Re ichs bank die Mittel des Instituts als stark genug ansehe, so daß einstweilen eine Erhöhung des Dis- contos nicht für erforderlich gelte. Sollte allerdings der Privatdisconlo an der Börse weiter anziehen, so wurde die Bank Discontirungen an dem freien Markt einstellen muffen und könnte dann auch eine Erhöhung des ofsiciellen Dis- cvntos erforderlich werden. Den neueren Goldsendungen von hier nach Rußland schreibt die Verwaltung der Reichsbank keine größere Bedeutung für das Institut zu, da bei de:» gegenwär« t/gen für Deutschland günstigen Stande der Wechselcrns- Gold ziemlich täglich in der Bank eingeht, so daß, wie der jüngste Wochenansweis zeigt, die Gcldeutnahme jene Beträge nur wenig übersteige. * Berlin, 17. Sept. (W. T.-V.) Der Jahresabschluß der Bismarckhütte wei-t einen Gewinn vo» 793.171 M. auf, wovon zu Abschreibungen 320,000 M. verwendet uns als Divi dende 9 Proc. vertheilt werden. t. Frankfurt a. M„ 17. Sept. Die Brauerei Stern veilheilt 10'.; Vorjahr 9'/; Proc.). * New-York. 16. Sept. (W. T.-B.) I» der letzten Woche betrug die Goldausfuhr eine Million Mcuk. (Privattelegramm.) Proc. Dividende (im Lehte Kandelsttirchrichte». München. Vo» Localiverthcn sind bester: Süddeutsch« Vodencredilbank-, Eberl-, Lowenbrüu-, Panorama- (10 Proc.) und Localbahn-Actien; niedriger: Handelsbank-, Schmederer-, Bunt« Weberei-, Kolbermoor-, Trambahn- und Süuckert-Actien. — 1 bi« 2"/» Uhr: Schwächer. Ocsterreichische Eredilaclien 25l'/x-—250^», Disconlo-Commandii-Antheile 227V/z-226"/», Dresdner 180 bis 179'/». Hs Berlin, 2 Uhr 5 Min. (Privattelegramm.) Ohne Rücksicht auf die bessere Haltung der auswärtigen Börsen und auf die heutige Festigkeit Wiens eröffnete die Börse den ofsiciellen Verkehr in schwacher Tendenz, obwohl vorbörslich Banken sich fest aussprachcn. Auf den Rückgang in Localwerlhen scheinen bis Ultimo-Positionen einzuwirken, zumal ziemlich viel Haufse- material angehäuft ist, und der Schiebnngssatz sich wahrscheinlich bis zum Ultimo weiter vertheilen, wird. Es blieben auch ange» sichts der vorherrschende» NealisiruugSlust die vorliegenden slimn« irrenden Berichte über die rheinisch-westfälischen Eisen- und Stahl« werke wirkungslos, auch hat dis Meldung aus Mexico über die dortige günstige wirthschastliche Lage angesichts der schwachen Tendenz i»r allgemeinen keinen nachhaltigen Eindruck hervor gebracht. In Bahnen waren österreichische gebessert, Schweizer Bahnen behauptet, beimische sehr still, italienische gedrückt, Prinz Heinrich-Bahn schwächer, weil alle Meldungen, daß zwischen der Prinz Heinrich-Bahn und de» Reich-eisenbahnlinien eine Verständigung stattgefunden habe, unrichtig sein sollen. Der Fonds- markt lag durchweg schwächer, doch heimische Werthe gut preis« haltend. Schisiahrtsactien still. Türkenloose schwächer. In der weiten Vörsenstnnde war der Bankcnniarkt etwas anziehend, der Localmarkt behauptet. Im weiteren Verlaus war die Haltung unregelmäßig, nach Erholung wieder schwankend bei trägem Fonds« D.l-»Glsconlo 2"/» Proc. — Die NöderShofsr Kloster« brauerei soll 15 Proc. Dividende vertheilen. 1' Berlin, 3 Uhr 20 Min. Nachm. (Privaltelegramin.) N^-hbörf».Schlußcurse. 16.Sept.17.Sept. 16.Sept.17.Sept. Creditactien .. DiSconlo-Tmnni.. Handclsgesellschast Dresdener. .. Darinstädler .. Rubelnoten .. Franzosen. .. Lombarden .. Harpener 251 j250"/» 22N/8'226"/8 I67"/g 180'/» 163"/» 219"/» 167'/» 47'/g 169'/» 166«/» 1787/j, 163 219"/» 167"/» 47'/« 167'/s Hibernia .. Äelsenkirchuer.. ConsoliLation.. Bochumer. .. Laurahütle. .. Dortmunder .. Italienische Rente Neichsanleihe.. Ungar. Kroneurente 171 182 173'/; 147"/» S0"/8 99"/ij 99'/; 169"/» 180V, 209'/, 173 1477/z 76'/z 90'/» 99"/» 99'/, Prinz Heinrich-Bahn 81"/», Nordd. Lloyd 116'/», Packetsahrt 114'/». Tendenz: schwach. _ * Berlin, 17. Sept., 2 Uhr 30 Min. Nachm. (W. T.-B.) Pr«« dirctenmarlt. Roggen per September 115.75, per October 116.75, per December 119.75. Weizen per September 135.70, per October 136.70. Rübol per October 43.90, per December 43.50. Kündi» gungspreise für Weizen —, für Roggen —. Niedrigste Prüfe für Weizenmehl 0 loco 16.50, für Noggenmehl 0/1 loco 15.50. Spiritus 70er loco 34.50, per September 37.80, per October 37.70, 50er loco 54.20. Hafer per September 115.50, per October 115.70. Wetter: trübe. ZiiMtz aiis dm Wetterbericht der Ir. b. luetesrolog. Trutralstatioil. Voraussichtliche Witterung für Mittwoch, den 18. September: Vorerst noch ohne wesentliche Aenderung. ÖÜ'SILL!L«IL«8 vom 17. LsMmKsr 189ö. (Verkässt littest ^.nZttbs äsr LZI. Ssusttls.) -1.11s Ouroo vorstellen stell, soweit niollt desoncksrs (labst anderes ercvällnt, als Sslckourss. 8taats- nnck Lanimuiialpapioro. ve «., 1 § ol» e; L. ?. Liu« I. " 0vutLe!ro »eiLksLntotko uv. rlo. üo. üo. Ss>ekisLl,e Ztsatssnleik« «jo. rlo. «Io, 1.2Nli6Leu1t.-fron1en8e!,. «jo. Lrunrjsonton.Oblig Lisenb.-Oiil. lj. lc. Lsj/er. ök. «Io. do. «jo. brouss. cons. 8tssts3.n!slkv «Io. 6o. do. «jo. «Io. «jo. Odllg. 6. ttssiegem. Okerd. Mnokonor Obligationen «Io. äo. von 1364 «Io. «!o. von 1820 «jo. üo. v«)N 1634 IMrnborger /Inlsbon .. paLLLUvr knlöksn. .. KegenLburgei' Antoben. Au »!ün«ir«eko: Nalienisobo Konto .. Osrtol''oieb1rcko Oolljfgnto <!o. Ll'.vorkvnto üo. «jo. <!o. baplorrsnls. «jo. «jo. Ongsr. 6o!«1rentv. . .. «Io. §t.-L.-3..A.13S9(Lolcj) üo. Xronon-Konto . .. 33.60 vsrsetl. 103.^5 1/4.10 ,11.41:0 1,2. 6 124.83 vorrob.! 104.93 1/6. 12 125.19 vors 185.39 15,3.S IL4 30 V0s86!i.'l26 69 1'4.10 1/4. 10 V67L6b. 1/2. 8 vorsob. 1/1. 7 1,5.11 1 2. 6 1/3. 9 1/5.11 1/4. 10 1/1. 7 1/4.10 1/1. 7 1/4.10 1/2. 6 1/S. 11 1/1. 7 1/2. 6 1/S. 12 85 63 103.33 IL.3.3Ü 100.89 101.70 102 49 Iüü.59 icS.Lüdr IM W 100.80 loi.ia S03S IVSLV lanbll «sl.qa iv'tta loi.ia ias.ro 105 70 SS.M Verein,vanil veutsoiis Uanli. dNinci!«:»!- Sank .. kttalrisolis gsn!« .. saa-i. Sos.-er.-gani!. Vc-LlnrdI,. liUrndecg verlor. llr.-kn»i. ult. Laukaetivii. .0.1,o. I.I.k.N, 2. s. r. r. Seot-C... Urulroiio Nololirdunil, i" «Lnsolid. ».MI «». o«. «a.iaoa so. "»p.-u.Wo!i.-8. «o. lioiend.(S0°,ok.> lmmoll. n. Vsrslollsrunsss.^elien. o?.—t> eaa.— iscii.- ? v luckustriv-Tatlen. Sr. rum vr>sr. 1.ö«sn 8c. Sinljing pranl«turt Lrrrs SrünnerAot.-ök. ÜÜrg. Lrauk. kÄbnob. Lbsrl-5ador?ri0kität. Vorrugsaotion. 8tammsetien. OavslLdorgor Sr.-6. 1. 6rsror A.-ör. 500 il. ttaekokbkLu Aot.-6gL. OkLuersi ingsistailt. t<!ls Oolosroum A.-O. Vr.iiitringsn, v.Lbom. l.ö*(0nvkLu ...» KWnonsnor tOnäl.. Sr. Lobs. Sokmsllsksr 6r.-Ls3. r. Ltorobon Onion8.Sk-. ^ünobvn krau bau s VVür7.durg. krausroi 2lirn6ort. IViaeob.-ö.-O. blünob. MaximilianskiMo.. Oderb. «(oklondsi-g«. SuntpsfliorAooballbg. Axokksk. btLSLb.-?ap. käbnob.-O. ?ap!sr»vr. lolLnsübor?apisrkvr. Spinn. u.Wod.Lrlang. ÜLUMTvoll-Sp. kok tioidermoor Augsd. vvv. Siocllngor KIsLk. ^Vevoro! In ttok Aet.-riogoiol Mnok. L.Oranit-A.-O.kogdg. Lekucirert L« Oo. .. zzilnob. Lasdsi.-Oos. Öksm. k^adrilt koufoid do. fr.-A. 70.- 164.- 2^8 — 129.59 34.50? 64.- 50?-? 240.- 99.- ? 3.- 47.50 237.- 172.-? Sütol Vlsr labrssrsit. t-vdorksdrik 1. klarer l-oealdabn-O. ^bnob. t-voalb.-L. lntor. 5ü '/o V.-A. ktianr ttegonsb. l..-A.Anst.(OdpL0kor) Münob. banorams-8. parkst-u.ttoirvoarb.- I^abr. Korlin-Parssu ?.-6omontw. ttoillsw. Lolonbofor Aot.-Vor. kunstmüblo livoU. lt/Iünekonsr Iramdabn ttuttabrioat. (Lsbms) roii8to»-Vor.(0ros«j.) Srauoroi 2irn4ort . , Klasokinond.-Oos. Uli Odordaj/or. KobisndsrgwsrlLl "Ä.So" 86.- I» 101.93 104.75 8edu1«1voi8l:llrvil>unx<;» von lnSustrig-oszeUgeliaktoll. Llsoubastn-Letlöll. 2a.— 56a.- 2A.sa iss.so 14;.— zsv- ILZ1S --7.5V , 34S.— I» "8./S Ion;» 220.- 37,.- ? i los - p! 221.°0 »I0.— 55 50 NS.- > MMr. I.ua«.lS«b.>g. llli. ^Isx-öa!>i> .. so. Hors-Srim.. ! viirvsrg-grim .. 0°: io : 4 si° t't, s 4 0 4 1/1.7 243 80 1/1.7.155.W I/I.7 125.- 1/1 20.85 Llsöllballll-lkiioiitätvn. 5U«st>-«i-Wo,td»i,n rUe. . 4 1/4.10 153.45 lio-U«e-1dsi>n Nt. ö,5N>N>.> S 1/S. 11 «l>.»0 Osrtorr. Soairskn (vomir.). 5 1/1.7 111.85 So. ü». . » 1/1.7 ,3.45dr Nellen. klrenv.-vdl. s 1/1, 7 55.35 vennu-vAmpIseti.-L- *. 1835 4 1/4.10 151,15 Tulvkeus-Looso. 8»,«1.M!1n»0N-1in>.7KN.I0!> 4 1/S oer'.errrwklreiio 1850 1.550 4 l/5. II anrdnol-KunionkLurer1.7 liugrvuigsr . . , . 1.7 8ieun,0>«elaoi. ritt- 2V ?amioni>e1m«r . - .1-7 153.W 1S7.M 47^a 25.7» I0S.- W.- ^VövtlSbl. U.rr,8!.I>l. N.,.. .... 1. 155 153.35 2M« 55.85 25,°/, Lmrlera,», Srüttsl.ssros. 155 N->1j,nl,ok, U-nIinlitrs. Nie 155 l-onUon ..... ?14. Si. 15 ....... ssrer. 105 SelEliei eoneorsnirnl. I-icr. 155 Wien.1. 155 77.15 rc>4.2o 85.85 88.55 153.45 b°/» 2°z> 2»!. 5°/, I?rioritüts- null Hxpotllklcar Obligatlvllsu. rrslrlngor gisveisl . .. Sinusrsl IngolrtnSI . .. »etten-Sranorel »Nrlneon. Lodr. SoNmsUeisk »ot.-öi. kN,I«8,d,n1i 5!,,:. l.WsoUrsl l Saiee. ltotondli. an. so. > l.loma. a». °g.- W.45 152.25 (lelcksorton. m " / 25 krinor-Siaoks.-1 '5 117—21 1 Lovsiolgn,.. . s 25 I 35—45 I vortsrr. vrnltnolsn S. W. , . 8.155 ILZäNln Bankgeschäft, München, Promenadeplatz 2, Trambahnhaltstelle. An- und Verkauf von in- und ausländischen Staatspapieren, Pfandbriefen, Obligationen, Acticn, Loosen und Serienloose». Ausführung von Bbrsen-Anftriigeu. (6735) Leite 8. München, Mittwoch Allgemeine Zeitung 18. September 1895. Nr-258. D'L-NNZLLni.'tSr VnrsKsi'LeLt VOM 17. LgMmbör 1893. 4lls Ourss vsrstglisii siaii als Ssläoursg. veutseks §vnäs. r.-e.L. r »„ Lnsläuüisviis !>'o!räs. ksllr. pivplnsl. rtlr. vorroli. 4 Kriv-i.. ^n!oi!is van 1337 ult. 4 üo. von 1830 Ltkr. 5 ltollllnitlsel'T OKIigsiionon . L«/, ttslien.ksntv 8t. L1000-4009 b ult. Ü0. .e s Oorterre!e1,Ire8s 6o!rl,ents . 4 Oester. L.-lr.-St.-Laii.-Verssk, i.8i!dLrLtfr.(L9Nv.ffr.-1o8.) 5'/. Oestsr. L.-L.-3t.-82k.-Vsi'SLii. rttr. Lilti. (sbIvst. t.lnr-6.) s'/, Oester. L.-Ü.-Lt.-ZLl'.-VsrLok. stlr. Lilbsr (slrgest. Llsels) 6 OeLtorr. Filberrsnis . . . 4^. Oöstsirüier.LsLliv ^opierrents 4>si üo. L.-ö.-Lt.-Seti.-Verset,. 8tk.?p.(3dg.kli83d. l.Lm.j 5*/. bortugiesisoks StsntLanleilig 4^ No. IsdLksnI. van 1391 4'/» No. llussers 8e!n!lN 1853,84 3 ltumSn. smort. ktents 1341,83 3 No. llussers van 1380 . 4 Nu8Li8c>'s LtsatLrents 1831 . 4 No. Vons. von 1888 u«t. 4 No. LolNsnIeiiio von 1LL9 4 No. eon2.k.-8.8r.!.u.11.89 4 No. OolNanIoilio8r. 111 V.90 4 sc1i«,sN!8ct,o Odligstionen. . 3»,', No. No. . 8»,', No. No. . 3 8etn»oir. LiNgen. v. 1837 . . 8«/, Lerlüseks smart. LoINrents . 5 No. von 1SL5 (IstiLkrente) 5 No. 8t..k.-8.-11>p.-0dligst. 5 No. M. 0. (f4i8o!i-?irot) . 5 Lpsnireiio 2url. »snts v. ILL2 4 uit. r2ili.-/>ögxpt. Irldut lg?, u,t. s>/, <il>. roil-ovl.». IL3S 5 60. LlMillrts von 1238 1U. 422 s 60. 2«n«. voo ISA! ... 4 llo. priv. LteMrooi. ». ILS2 4 33.22 1/4.10 no.sa 1/1. 7 83.82 > 83 32 83.32 102.40 Lzxpürs!-.« ou!8olrt« . .. oll. 6«. valrel, Lsalsli , <tl>. prlvlloolrls .. tlloxlesnlroks eonr. Sorrois. üo. v.-L-Ovl-ilolmsotspso) üo. csnr. lnnsro (IW2L) re. r,»- r, o—> o 1/s. 11 128.42 I2L.42 124.82 122.42 33.72 83.13 22— I'rvvineial» v. llvmmsLal-vbÜAaL. 3ill6! LuilSisLt von 1WZ. , Slum t-lrrsdon von IWS .. <!o. Koni ln 8ol6. rtl. xai. Seils I. (Lvupoo /» 1881) üo. Kvini. L. rtl. oae. L. !I-7l 60. IVlen kom.L«. u.2. l.K. 6s. ür>. üo. i. i-Lst. SIsüi Liisasr-Llisr v. 23!. L. 72— 33.82 33.22 73.23 Volldexalilts Lauk-^otiöu. 1/4.1« I/I. 7 >/zS9.1S I/S.II Äio.M.so 1/6.12 j 100.62 iir. s So. eoov. 111.8. 31.1222 320 I l!o. ceov. lll. 2. üo. oll. vngrrlectio volaeeiNo llo. k.-ö.-Lnl.,. 83 «il.koiü öo. llo. -ili. S!,bs, ilo. Xrononl-onto... üo. !nre«t.-Lnl.I8L8l.volk lio. krwiüoal!. von I2W. Ligsnt. lnn. Lolllonlolks 1387 »igon». SUi«.S..Anl.W vorooX. eklig kolrlsniolkv von 1383 2klnok!«o!>o Linntsanlslk». I 4 1',, 1'/, 4 t'/. 4 5 ">7 "l, >51/, 1/4.10 1/4.10 1/1. 7 I/t 7 1,1.7 venli. rooicli. 1/17 1l4.I0 IW.73 22— 85.43 42 53 35.12 27.72 122.12 83— 67.L2 102.-- ssiLn!i!lli!er üsnk. Amrloillsmsr Ssnll Sslllsens vLNl! Sorlor Lnnlivefoln So>sr. Hsn2o!oi!nnl< ünxsi. Hxp. u. K.-1 8orl. IlsnÄslrZss. ul 2oimr!Ll!lsv Sil. ult. 2outsoks 8on!< ult. 2. KonoZsonrokrftrd. Losigol.3oiiir.Sl2o. irolio 2sui! Unlondonll 1,7. 0S 1/S. II 17. SS 1/7 SS IS/4.10 1/1.7 IIS. II 1/S. S i r.» 1/s. g i/s. g I/i^ 1/2.S 1,'I. 7 1/6.12 1/1.7 1/S. N 1,1.7 1/S. II 127.52 89.72 83.72 23.22 83.52 18 12 83— 131.53 89.22 34.33 L.92 ^ 123.25/ 10r.12 I2S.3) 87.72 39.71 124.72 82.82 83.52 53.93 37.21 125.72 Virv.-Oomm.-Kntk. ult. OrssNnor Ssnli ult. l^rsullk. ttvpotksksnd. käittolNtsek.CreNitdk. »Urnbergsr Vsrsinrb. ?tLlr!Lcllo Lsnic .. kkeiniLLkeOreN.ösnk LüNNeutselre Vsnl«. VVUrtt. OsnlLLnstslt. Ns. I^otondsnk No. Vsrvlnsdsnk. Oortsi'r.-Ung.Sri. ult. Osrtosr.t.LnNer!rk.ult. No. VreNirsnstslr uit. Ong. Lre.u.tiVsokrsld. UngLr. LreNltdk. ult. OnionbLNie Wien u!t. Wien. öLnkvoroin ult. Niekt ^o!!d62L!tILe Lrrak-^eiiou. v. kk?se1,ll.Wsoi,8Sld. I ! OoutLQirv ttxpotti.-Lk.j 6',, 4 ü j4 11.195 ,2l.70 j 1.1 S5j 130.20 Osutrcks Verlsgr-A. 10 LierLt.-Oes.Loliuckert ^Lrbwsktis ttöekrt. int. Lloktf.-Oos. Msn ^orNNsuieeksr t.ls^N t-aVelcos. ltsI.Osmpk. VorslnNoulseli.Ülwe. WsstNtsoti.tutöLpinn. Looliumer VuLLLtLi,! Oelsenk. Lsrgvv. ult. diugo-Lsrgwoi-k .. »VoLlsrsgvln Llksklw. Osst.^lplnsiÄont. ult. k?!okoelc ^oniLnwsrics V.kön.-u.t.surLt,. ult. 23 6 L 8 6'/, 0 L'/, 6 V 10 23 7 0 0 4 4',, 6 7 10 0 10 1.7 S5 1.4 1.1 es 1.0 95 1.195 1.185 1.7 85 1.195 1.794 1.195 1/1 1.1S5 1.1 S5 1.4 95 1.7 04 163.05 22 i.— 432.20 142.40 117. - 6?.— 104.90 133.95 173.90 181.- 169 50 84.80 133.50 143.70 InlIn8tit6popisr6. LUZ. ^1ol<trleitllt8gor. gsN.Lnilin- u. LoNstlr. LsN. LuciLbrtirr.WLgll. LfLUsesissL. ^rsnlif. 8r.?rsnlck. Pelor.-Aot, üra-tsrei LlnNing.. Ns. Storot, (8psvor) 8.6o!N- u. 8.-8vüslNo 439.- L6- 131.50 142- 213.40 140.50 luüinäisvtis volllieLakItö Lissu- Iialiu-Lotieu. ttssr. 1.uN.vkgLd» u!t. 4^ t.uNtv!ll5kLton (öoxd.) sr,'z t-tidellk-LüLiisn ult. o K'Lriond.-UlAnks ult. t 6'/. 4-/, ^sLIrlseks IVisxdLkn ^iLlriseks ttsrNdvlln 5 10 6 2 6'/, 5 1.195 Ijl. 7 t.1S5 1.1 95 t/1. 7 1/1. 7 129.70 244.50 I5S.30 67.40 1^6.20 125.60 ^iLtzllliilNseko volldorrililts L!sen- dtilru-^etieii. 8 OS'nmlreks ^orN ult. KSr,misodH West ult. öu-Lktlstn-. l!t.8 ult. Orällt!,.-.<1gr2m Krar-KöNsLkof ult. t.omdrg.» Lrorn.-lLLS. Vs8t.Llläd.(l.omv.)uit Na. ^srNMvrt ult. Na. Nt. 6. No. Ltsntsdakn .. ult. SvttksrNdskn .. ult. jura-Llmpl. ult. Lekwölrsresntrslult. No. ttorNostult. Ns. Ilnlondskn ult. lts!. Nittslk-rsor ult. No. 5^srjN.tL.^.)ult. prineo Nsnr!-82!m u. Lrrgrudsn.2se.ulr. 7 8 io'/» 5 6 7 5 b-Vi 5-/s 10'/. Ü 5 7-/. » 5'/z 6'/« 6'.5 72/- 4 5t/r 6 4 5 L'/s 1.195 1/1. 7 1.185 1/1.7 1.165 1/6.11 1.5 05 1/1.7 1/7 1/1 1.195 1.196 1.195 1.1 SS 1.1 S 5 1/7 1/1. 7 357 >/i 455.- 277- M >/. 232 241 334-/. 184.22 I2L-S2 145.93 144 82 122.72 35.22 131.32 » 1.1 »S 82.22 Vriviit!it8-<)!)Ii§2ti»non. Lo-n, »orr.-l-ll«, IWS/oZ tgsr.) Lonv. 4o, von 1374 .. So. v.I87L,1S I.II.Ln,. <lo. llo. ?!»IiI.o>>, Lllil«!,,' <Ssxda-8, «r», lliorl» .. . .. üo. üa. ülvrssxi risusrlro! In Sol-I.. giik-n. 1tsi2 rtlr. ln Kolli.. 6o, vlorl otvuorli. In Slldoi Sursktlot>i»ilor «touevli. I.LlMoi Sn, ^in, von 1812 1.1,1.1. 8. k». ... In «olil llonnn'OLinol. W «ilr. ln Kolli üo. 88 rill, ln SoI8 lSur-8o4l-. II. 8-n. 71 rtir. l. 8. >lo. kni. 74 slouoili. I. S. 4v. 8m. 83. .. LNrndorl, rtousvoS. ln Kolli ,. llo, »trkr, 1. 0. , . , X. 1-,iM-niI-5loi4l>. 72 rtki. 1.8. llo. 1887 «ili. l. 8. ^ <l«. >387 «ili. gri. 8iun--1oocp!> In 8lli>«i SÄ. X-il.l.8!j«,Ig 1SM rili. ,.8. Snu-liLKsokov 72 -!tr. In Sllb-i „ äo. 83 otki. InLIlbsr X-rodnl1-0-loi2-io 83 rtli. I. 8. , ^ li-. bS rilv. 1.6. Lombcig-llroin, loo» rtpN.1.8. „ . 6s. rtti. 1.8. Vs-I«. 8l?6».-0!>1. 74 «ili. I. 8. <lo, llt. L. rtk.l.Z. 6o. >ll.S.r!!i.I,8, ll«r«,ri2lokl°-k, 886. llo. ilo. «o. oo. .. kort. 8L6. (I.omd.18m. v. 711. k. Lost. LtLstrlilikn 1233 rtkv. I. s. «o, j-Vill. km. rttr. I. S 4v, IX. 8m. i. 8. uo. von 1835 rttr. I. K. rlo. (8igLnrgs.-/7.> rikr. I. g. ^r-g-v!» rlousilioll.S. 8iso-llu». -isnd-gsüonliurg-Ltz'onIuit' Kuno!,. z,j>,gk »uüvll (8-!ri-gi>-.> rtousik.-. I. g. Unznrlrok-Knllilroii, »ilr. >. Voisildsig. Ilnllsn. rtl. gni.L.-S. 8er. k-8. llnllsn. lMiolmsoi-kbl. «Ilr.. l-Ivorns«. Ili. K-. o. u. 0/2.. 8rr6ln. Soo. ritr. o«r. l. li. II. 8. 8i-IIlsn. 8.-2. «>Ir. L. v. 1831 886lt.k.-8. (vk. m5r.> §-r.»-«. wsrtrlol!. 8lrsnd. von IMS rtlr. iSllslllllLwXsr Ln-Iüll-oko 8.-2.-KbI. l. Kolli. 25sio 6o mlnn« 8.-8. -ilr. .. I>»riull>„lro>>, 8l«on2»nn .. 60. «. 1838 KU - 1/6.11 1/1.IV I, 1. 7 II. 7 1.7 1.7 I. 7 5.11 5.11 5.12 ». » LS. 12 85.23 84.52 W.32 122.52 1S.11 1/1. 7 1/S.11 r.-^.K» ?. «.»l i: 6 1 1 1 t 6 t'/r t 1 1 4 k 5 6 6 1 » 6 1 6 » z o 6 1 5 4 4 6 1 ü 1 6 « 1 5 s 1 6 6 t'/, 4k/, 1. 7 1.IS S.II s. 9 -. r s. s g. s I. 7 I. 7 1.1« 1/1.1« I/1.1S 1/g. s 1,6. « 1/1. 7 1/1. 7 1/1. 7 1/1. 7 1/1.10 1/1.1« 1/S.IS 1. 7 1.1« 1/1.1« 115.82 34.52 84.— III.33 122.23 73 22 124.72 34.42 22.82 LI.42 33.12 114.52 121.53 82.42 85.22 124.22 32.42 85— 55.32 35.32 SS42 82.32 83.12 57.82 123— 35.12 88.62 88.52 33— V8Io»go,Ull«i,u>-.»8t.p-uIr.I3rl . 6o. 6o. r.1383 lllnoln.rn68k>r!ng8o!6I.«. r.ISOI vsnvorLirloS.sn6oI.oEr.l338 Illinois Lentrsl rüoXisXlb. 1352 t-oulrvllls L«-rkvilIo I.«. r.132I «sbllo -n6 28!v I. »orin. r. 1227 5!.-VorI< 1-8l lo LV7s«t r. 1913 »orlkorn?so!8o!.». rliclr. 1321 Srogon sn6 kslliornls I.«. r. IS27 boeMo «k Uir-ourl I.14orto.r. 1833 S.^rsnclru.LSiortke-o.l.fZ.r.ISIg 8sli!8ornl-,o.o«LslIt.I.«.r.I8SS8 8-uIkgsor,lsL8Iorl6s l.tl!.r.l8W Siv-Ilt. »0op->or-p.,6.-6.> r.1S25 LI.8oul-L8.8rsno.i611V!).>r.iSiz .. 4o. üo. 7ru-1L6-.r.I32S 81. Loulr V7lok!Is tVsot r. 1313 vnl0n8ao.o.Sr.vorI.S>IISdIrI838 112.72 85.20 112.32 83.42 125.32 124.82 122.32 114.52 83.22 122.72 33.32 lll 52 I23.M HZ— 113.52 I3S.— 112- Tsotiilsiüsiiltü Lomlz» Lllsnllo L 8scl8l! 7ruri r. igz? Xsnsss escltio I. lÄorig. r. 1333 «!ortl>orn?sol8o Ill.l/Iorig. r.I3Z7 6o. oons. r. 1W3. Union l-solNo i8.0.> «orig, r.1835 54.22 ISS— 71 — 33.52 107.- ^iilellvii8-ll008e. Lnlinol:« ?rSm!on Ssvorlrolio 8rLmlen Xliln-14In6onor IKIr. IW . Ililr. 122 7lilr. 122 8!-6rI6orl»vj,.c°ml>öS8) 8r. 122 »slnlngor?rüm.-816!>. 7>ilr.122 korlorrsioklrolls v. 1854 «. 1382 etaliSIirivro. 8s»or. Vorolnrdsnl! »Sncdsn 6o. ^ so. 8»7S', L.-L.-Vsr-b. klürnvorg 6». 6o. 6o. 6o. 6o. «ipotkoll-li.vVook-old. üo. lio. 8r»nilI.tt»l>.-S. S.X1V unll.1322 plLlilreUo «»poinsilsnlirnll , i>rou-s. Vors. 4 -8.. 6o. 8i3n65r.-8I<. E. XVII. 8266. Vo6»n-ro6lt1>. «Unonon Üo. 6o. VIllr»«m>>°',.NsI>oiksi<on2,nIl 6o. 60, 4o. vroü!iv.-v!ü. . .. 6». Vsrelnsb. Serie IV—X Ilel. tl-ilonslkenli rtsuorlrsl Üosierr. öo6sncrs6!tsnrirli. llurrirolio Lo6onors6lt riir.. 8orv. 8iertr-8o6.-Lro6.-ünri. 121.42 101.428 124.35 121.32 121.42 121.52 121.75 124.82 122.52 121 6, 122.32 122.- 121.42 121.82 122.22 121.72 121.82 122.82 34.32 132.22 24.32 LS.- KsISsoitsil ullil kapieiFell!. «Lgoloon-.. ,s.,7 kl-sriX-!n.3rnXnolen(XI.aroend.> psrvsll.i 4.15 8riinr6il«ot>s Senlinotsa . por k-r, 122 , 82 80 vortorroiokIroXs kanlinoton „ S, 122 182 W kusriseko SnnXaotsn. 8.8. I — LmürikLiiisoiro ^srtns. tiS«°VorXLollnyüllIi7 V.IS21/22 KÄU. 1. Ä. rSoi-r. ISI2 Krill. I-no. Ili. <0001.8.8., r.I22S kellkornls L ürsgon >.«. r.13IS OillLLgoLarlmIt!,« Ouinsv r.t4I9 6k!L3goLur!inLtanYuinv/«',l32/ N.2S0 Ü.5Ü0 uit. LtuNIlvolr-.-No-ü-Kr«! 7lllr. 12k 7ür!<l--3, .... nil. Lnrv-->>-8unron3ru,onor «.7 Lugrliurgoi.. SrsonroNnisIgor . , , IKIr.22 «ellSnOer.ssr.45 lls-tsrrs!«51rct-o ». 1884 8. IW 6«, Krs6lI v.1SSS 8,122 Ungrrlrok» Siroirlooro 8.120 147.50 153.32 142.42 44.72 142.87 143.82 133.22 I332S 97.12 43.- 47.22 2S.82 123.42 33— 24S-- 341. - 283.22 ^Veelisel. z a>n,Isr6,m .... n. 122 Lnlvrorpsn Kr2--°l 8r. >22 ItLlisn : . I!5.42 123.89 125.- 127.32 133.22 32.82 St. potsrsdurg. Irisrt . .. zWisn .... No.. s.-k. ioa . «.roo 2'ü^l. 8"/, -°l. b'i. L°/o S'I« 4'-/, irsl-6,6rnx.lll«c.z>m. Lrsnlll, LluiX-lliro. 3«/-» ^snclsll?,: ^ii clsr üörss Iisrrsolits ^üiistiAS LtiinnmoA. GksrWasi fir GnsnMßrie in Angsbnrg. Die Herren Aktionäre werden Pemit zur diesjährigen ordentlichen Gcncralvcrsnininluug auf Dienstag, dm 15. Oktober l. Bormitiags 9 Uhr, in das Börseirgcbäude eingeladen. Tagesordnung; Bchufi Borzeil 1) Berichterstattung der Gescllschastsorgans. L) RcchnunaSablagc, Genehmigung derselben und Dechargc-Erthcilmig. S) Beschlußfassung über Aerwendung des Reingewinns. s Legitiination zur Theilnahme an der Generalversammlung wird bekannt gegeben, daß Ausweise pioir (Bahnhofstraße 21- am II.. 12. und 14. Oktober I. I. Während der üblichen Geschäfisstuiideii verabsolgt werden. ^ Die Bilanz, sowie der Geschäftsbericht liegen zwei Wochen vor der Generalversammlung im Gesellschafts- Comptoir zur Einsicht der Aktionäre auf. Augsburg, den 6. September 1835. (8427) Der Vorsitzende des Aufsichtsrathes: Gustav Riedinger. IisbeusversielierMM-Kksellseliast rii IikipriZ (alte Leipziger) auf Gegenseitigkeit gegründet (820. Versichern ilgöbcstand: 63,100 Personen und 442 Millionen Mark Versicherungssulttiue. Vermögen: 128 Millionen Mark. Gezahlte Versicherungssummen: 88 Millionen Mark. Dividende a» die Versicherten für 1895 42Io der ordentlichen Jahresbeiträge. Die Lcvcnsvcrsicheriings-Gescllschast zu Leipzig ist bei günstigsten Bcrsichcrnngsbedingungen (Unanfechtbarkeit fünfjähriger Policen) eine der größten Mid billigsten LebensversicherungS-Eesell- schasten. — Alle Ucberschusse fallen bei ihr de» Versicherten zn. Nähere Auskunft ertheilen gern die Gesellschaft, sowie deren Vertreter (2220) in München: Subdircctor Knrl Bocks, Karlsplal; 22. "Ätz.-: .L., » « ZLWW M t ZW LN GI» IIW K'° Der ^«8l8«drrMlL NN861'68 btzKinnt NI11 NvrLsrDL'8LKA') rlGLL IN. AeMVLLLAsSL' «NLL. KöniAl. Hofbl-auaml lVMneksn. (8435) Hrunl)ur^-8üämn6i'1!ktMi86li6 ll3Mpf86>li1ff2llt't8-k686l!86!lAf1. Direkte Post-Dampfschifffahrten Hamburg Brasilien vin Lissabon .... , i jeden zweiten nach Pernambneo und Bahra ^ Mittwoch, „ Victoria (Staat Espirito Santo) alle 4 Wochen, „ Nio de Janeiro und Santos jeden Mittwoch. Hamburg La Plata via Madeira nach Montevideo, Buenos Aires, - au, 1., 10. n. 20. Nosario und San Nicolas s jeden Monats. Nähere Auskunft ertheilt der Schiffsmakler (887) WONGMz ^Vin. MH61''8 ^aolik., KnnibniF. Wegen Passage im Bureau der Klm>i.-Amcri>!.W>l!ctsthü-Actic»-GkftIlslhast, Samvnrg, sowie bei M. Eichborn, München, Perusastraße, Wagnerhans. 6vüA7'ri!»4(e/ i/KÄb. Oiw» LZZZiZr LZbmst fEinsisr 8set. 6. Ivessksn cO O'o., 7P. 177 77o/7ll-/7>»-a-»ten, MÜ»S«s hsMkkio krsMzchliis, LIrv1.'v!°7Len?ir-Z;Sd ^ (sriilisr Il63S8trn.3S6), Irambabnlinio: 8enä!!iiA-Ms.Nii'N». ^.eltesteg krival-Institut LllM'iiz. — 1809 xexrüuäet. kralitiscder unä ttieorelisclier Onterriokt. — Ileainn lies VVinler- äiirsus 1835/00 am 4. r4ov«mN«i-. 84->tuleii vcrsancllN (8177) äie virelrtion: liiril AlivNvI. Billiger als hölzerne und schmiedeeiserne Fenster /§^>g„ßciscr»kil Kiijlkr^^ der l886lbM'§6t' Hütte Isselburg «m Nicderrhein. Vorzüge Garantirte Haltbarkeit, welche die Uebernahme fracht- und bruchfreier Lieferung, resp. Vergütung jeder auf dem Bahn-TrauSporte eut» stehenden Beschädigung ermöglicht (auch nach dem Anstande hin). Reichhaltigste Auswahl durch ein über 10,000 FeniNrsortm chhlcndeS Modell-Inventar, wodurch jeder Auflrag ohue Verccyuung von Modellkosten in außergewöhnlich niedrigen lstnckpreisen IN lürzestcr Zeit ausgeführt werden kann. _ etol) Kolbst boMZ6N6 föMM-lWktV! , in äor grössten ^.usrvabl einxlieblt »ir vrlÜKSt. - Z.'«8t«?1tvn Z^L'6!8SN. (632) OLK!. 6087. kwöi.0, ! Unklivkorrrnt 8r. Zluj. Ü68 Lrrisvrs 77. L»777 g8, Lignrren-küntuli!'- Tinä Versnnä-O-osolinIt. Zgslin 64. Ulltsl Ü8N Uillisn 24.' ZZL'. LLLLS8' GSLMNtOL'LMSrr i kür IVerven-, Nerr- u. lVsIbmateiltenlte. 6ie,Ii1, Nlieninolismus u.. z I^rauenliesnliticiten, Lletrti'otlini'irpie, 02!)>iiiiiiir1»iir>iiLir, s g üxLrotliei-rixls lelelilrisctie, kotilensanee 800I- und Vlooevixler). i z 4c>isliunk1 unlt I'rospecte llurcti llr. mell. 2 i I tes, ltieia- -Verl. > H-rilOii ü-iNeri (8222, V117-. Soriwn. Winter: lelonte-Oni-la-IVloiineo VN1» üvlvsti». 3 lebhaftes Lombardgeschäft mit Paris. Den soeben gemeldeten Goldexport aus Nekv-Uork betrachiete unser Eelbiuarkt als nichts mehr und nichts weniger, als was er wirklich werth war, zumal daS Vondssyrrdikat soeben erklärte, jeder größeren GoldauLsuhr sofort begegnen zu können. Der Sterlingcnrs in New-Aork ge staltet sich allerdings für derartige Transactione» immer günstiger, aber schon berichtet man, daß Verhandlungen wegen weiterer ameri kanischer Bahnanlciben im Gauge sind, die das Syndikat bis auf weiteres der Nothwendigkeit einer Intervention überheben dürsten. Einiges Befremden erregt das Verhalten mehrerer der größten hie sigen Banken, die Darlehen zn dem allgemeinen geltenden Satze zu gewähren verweigern. Dabei besitzen diese wrsenilich größere Baarbestände als voriges Jahr um dieselbe Zeit, indeß das Ceniralinstitut gegenwärtig in seinen Kellern ungefähr eine Million Pfund Sterling weniger beherbergt als damals. Gold im Werthe von 1,173,000 Pfd. Steck, ist augenblicklich nach hier aus Australien und Südafrika unterwegs. Irr Silber fanden keine nennenswcrthen Bewegungen statt. New-Ucrk erwies sich aber mehrfach als williger Verkäufer. Von Indien erging nur eins schwache Nachfrage, doch veranlaßte die Erwartung, daß das weiße Metall in Bälde für Japan benöthigt werden wird, einige speculative Transaktionen. Die gegen Ende des Verkehrs be willigten Raten stellten sich, wie folgt: Tägliches Geld >/z, Proc., achttägiges Proc., feinste Zwei- und Treimonatswechsel 6/z Proc., viermonatliche 5/8—"/>« Proc. und sechsmonat liche "/,6 Proc. 0. Paris, 18. Juli. In der abgelaufenen Belichteperiode entwickelte sich, von den letzten Tagen abgesehen, so gut wie gar kein Verkehr, und da vielfach Abgaben stattfanden, bewegten sich die Kurse Schritt für Schritt nach unten. Erst nach beendigter Liquidation, die sich diesmal sehr in die Länge zog, lebte die alte Grundtendenz wieder aus und alle Anzeichen deuten daraus hin, daß die 2. Hälfte des.Juli der Hausse gewidmet sein dürste. Die Börse steht eben seit Wochen unter dem Zeichen rer russisch-chinesi schen Anleihe. Tie Spekulation, bezw. gerade der schmälste Theil derselben, hatte sich, aus die jeder Emission vorangehende größere Festigkeit des Marktes bauend, der von der Irauls iiirknaos ein» geleiteten AufwärtSbewegung blindlings angeschlossen, und war dabei weiter vorgegangen, als es unter gewöhnlichen Verhältnissen der Fall gewesen wäre. Je näher der Tag der Abrechnung heran rückte, desto unruhiger zeigte sich die Börse, zumal auch aus Capita- lisienkreisen täglich Abgaben gemacht wurden. Man fürchtete, nicht mit Unrecht, die leitenden Häuser würden sich bei der Medio- liquidation der unbequemen Elemente entledigen. Das war denn auch der Fall. Geld für Prolongationszwecke war nur unter großen Schwierigkeiten zu bekommen, man zahlte 10, 12 und für manche Effecten sogar 16 Proc. Report. So bedangen Italiener 25 und 40 e, 3proc. Russen 22 und 25 er, it^proc. 25 und 35 o, consolidirte 30 o, Exterieurs 30 und 35 o, Ungarn 20 o, Türken 10 e, Portugiesen 15 e, Oltomanbank Fr. 15.50, Antrichiens Fr. 3.50, Lombarden Fr. 1.50 u. s. w. Da die Zeichnung auf die neue Anleihe unmittelbar bevorsteht, concentrirt sich natürlich das ganze Interesse auf dieselbe, die Irauls iluauos läßt.eS sich angelegen sein, die Speculativn in guter Stimmung zu erhalten, und die Rotirungen sind in Folge dessen seit Mittwoch wieder im Steigen begriffen. Daß die Emission thatsächlich mehrfach überzeichnet werde» wird, wie man es gern glauben machen möchte, wird selbst in Börsenkreisen ernstlich bezweifelt ; denn die Veithenerung des Gelees bei der letzten Liquidation war doch viel zu künstlicher Natur, als daß man, wie es seitens der hiesigen Presse geschieht, daraus zu schließen berechtigt wäre, die Capitalien seien lediglich sürdie Subscriptron zurückgehalten worden. In Nentnerkreisen hat sich die Ansicht nur wenig zu Gunsten der Anleihe geändert, und cs ist fast nur die Specnlaiion, auf die alle Hoffnung gesetzt wird. Das Gros der selben läßt sich ja leicht beeinflussen und so kann es kommen, daß die Operation schließlich doch einen Erfolg haben wird. Türken verloren in Folge der Ereignisse in Bulgarien circa ^ Proc., Ottomanbank ans demselben Grunde circa 10 Fr. Russen gewannen im Durchschnitt circa >/§ Proc. mit Ausnahme der 4proc. Stücke, und denen der letzten Anleihe, die nun ebensoviel sich abschwächten. Nicht behaupten konnten sich Portugiesen und Brasilianer. Be zeichnend ist übrigens die Haltung von Banque de Paris, die zwar etwas über den: Stande von vor 8 Tagen notirt, zur Zeit aber schwach liegt. Man zweifelt eben daran, ob die früher bereits cscomplirten Gewinne aus der russisch-chinesischen Anleihe wirliich außer Frage stehen. Der Goldminenmarkt ist unausgesetzt belebt und selbst die zahlreichen Realisationen, welche i» der letzte» Zeit slatisande», beeinflußten die Eurse nicht. Neueinsührungen finde» fast täglich statt, jo am Dienstag Western Kleinfonslein, die sofort von 75 aus 80 stiege». A View Hook, 18. Juli. (Per Kabel.) Die Stimmung der hiesige» Essecicnböise besaß während der letzten acht Tage wieder einmal Las sprichwörtliche Eharakieristicum des Apülwetlers, was aber an der Thatsache nichts änderte, daß die Grundtendenz des Marktes nach wie vor eine feste ist. Wie ungemein wechselnd der Ton war, beweist vielleicht der Umstand am testen, daß, während z. B. in der Woche, die am vorigen Sonnabend endete, die Zahl der umgesetzten Actien 1,350,000 betrug, sich der Verkehr an jenem Tage selbst in den engsten, seit Mai dagewesenen Grenzen bewegte, und sich auf nur 64,000 Aciien beschränkte. Europa kaufte äußerst uriregclmüßig, und schenkte fast ausschließlich Milwaukee, Louisville, Nsading, St. Paul und einigen anderen Grangers Beachtung. Das Interesse für erstere wurde durch weitere ü ln Irsusss gefärbte, von maßgebender Seile ansgehcnde Berichte wachgerufen. Louisvilie und Naitville erwarb man vornehmlich in der Erwartung eines günstige» Jahresberichtes der Bahn, denn als derselbe schließlich bekannt wurde, und Liese nicht erfüllte, liesen europäische Verkauf- ordres einigen Umfanges ein. Die Nelto-Einnahmen rer Gesell schaft beliefen sich in den zwölf Monaten, die am 30. Juni endeten, auf Doll. 7,024,158, gegen Doll. 7,110,552 in dem vorher gegangenen Jahre, während die laufenden Ausgaben Doll. 5,588,381, gegen Doll. 5,665,638 ausmachten. Nach gebührender Berück sichtigung der ans Eapitalanlage» stammenden Einkünfte und aller Unkosten stellte sich danach das Sürplns ans Doll. 783,494, gegen Toll. 1,552,491 in 1893/94. Erneute Gerüchte, die Erledigung der Kohiensrage betreffend, verschaffte» Neading Beachtung, während Et. Paul, wie Grangers überhaupt, Dank dem jüngsten Berichte des landwirthschaftlichen Bureaus in Washington zu einer Zeit zahlreiche Liebhaber fanden. Jener Bericht bildete temporär ein wesentliches Haussemoment, denn nach demselben sollten sich die Ernteaussichten seit dem 1. Juni nicht unwesentlich gebessert haben. Inzwischen wurde man freilich in Folge von weniger günstigen Privatmeldnngen etwas herabgestimmt, die aber jedensatls mehr sür die Produkten- als die Efsectenbörse bercchnct und „erfunden" wurden. Tie Getrcidelransporte auf den westlichen Linien erfuhren während der letzten acht Tage eine kleine Zunahme, bleibe» indeß noch immer wesentlich hinter den vorjährigen zurück. Der Passagier- verkehr wächst jedoch in bcmcrkenswerlhcm Maße au, und ist nun bedeutender denn je seit den» Schluffe der Ehicagoer Welianssiellung. Die Wochenberichte der „Mercantfts Agencics" über dis allgemeine Lage des gcsammten Geschäftes sprechen von geringer Veränderung der Situation während der vorliegenden Vericbtspeiiode. Sie sage» aber, der Verkehr sei ein sür den Moiiat Juli so ungewöhnlich starker, daß die Gefahr einer Reaction nahe zu liege» scheine. Vice-Präsidcnt Thompson kehrte soeben vom internationalen Eisi-n- hahncongreß in London zurück, und erklärte, daß Amerika in Be zug ans Bahnbetrieb in Europa kaum etwas lernen könne. Baissiers versuchten, aus dem Goldexport von 250,000 Doll., den eine kleine hiesige seirsationslnstige Firma in Scene setzte, Capital zu schlagen, aber das Anleihe-syndikat versicherte auf Befragen, jedem ernstliche» Ausfuhrgclüsts sofort Zügel anlegen zu können. Jndnstriewcrthe zeichnete» sich durch sortgesitzte große Schwäche aus, und sür Bahn- aciien dürste aus dem Mißcredit jener Nutzen erwachsen. Geld t leibt billig und flüssig. Die Strohmänner in den Generalversammlungen. -* Die Ausübung des Stimmrechls der Mitglieder eines Actien- vereins in der Generalversammlung durch Vertreter, abgesehen von einer gesetzlich vorgesehenen Vertretung, ist eine Frage, die wieder holt zu Elvrtungen Anlaß gegeben hat und geben wird. DaS letzte Heft der Monatsschrift sür „Actienrecht und Bankwesen" (herausgegeben von Dr. Paul Hvldheim) bringt nun einen Aufsatz von Justizralh vr. Herz in Wiesbaden über das Stimmrecht der sog. Strohmänner in Generalversammlungen, dem wir folgende Stellen von allgemeinem Interesse entnehmen: So alt wie die Gesetzgebung bezüglich ter Actiengeseüschaften, ist auch die Frage der Regelung des Stimmrechts in den Generalversammlungen und die Be stimmungen gegen wirkliche und vermeintliche Mißbräuche desselben. Dis Versuche in dieser Richtung habe» sich seit langer Zeit sowohl bei dem Concessionssysleni, als in der Gesetzgebung in der Weise bewegt, Garantien dadurch zu schasse», daß bald nur ein größerer Actienbesitz die Stiminbcrechtigung gab, der Einzelne aber nur eine bestimmte Slinunenzahl in sich vereinigen konnte, oder aber daß jeder Actie Stimmrecht eingeräumt wurde, sodann auch, daß das Stimmrecht auf Namenactieu beschränkt oder von einem längeren Actienbesitz abhängig gemacht wurde; Andere dagegen haben gerade in der Beseitigung solcher nur Einzelnen zugute kommenden Restriktionen die Hülfe gesehen. Endlich wurde sür gewisse Fälle eine größere Sliminen- zahl gefordert, in andere» Fällen wurden gewisse Personen vom Milslimmen ausgeschlossen und ihnen das Stimmrecht entzogen. Durch alle diese Nüttel wurde nicht verhindert, daß Strohmänner vorgeschoben, Actien zu Recht oder Unrecht von Nichteigenlhümern benutzt, die gesetzlichen und statutarischen Bestimmungen umgangen wurden. Nach dem bestehenden Rechte, der Actien-Novelle vom 18. Juli 1884, steht so viel fest, laß nicht nur die Uebergabe von Actien an einen Dritten, damit er in eigenem Namen stimme, voll ständig erlaubt ist, sondern daß auch eine Bestrafung selbst Van» nicht Platz greisen kann, wenn zur Umgehung der statutarischen Beschränkungen bezüglich des Stimmrechls Actien an Andere ver theilt Leiden und wenn durch Acliemibcriragung die Vorschriften des Artikels 221 (190) wirkungslos gemacht werden. Daß der zweite der letztgenannten Fälle nicht strafbar ist, dies ist in der Reichstag-commission ausdrücklich anerkannt, und auch im übrigen herrscht kaum mehr Streit. Anders sieht es mit der Frage der civilrechtlichen Folgen. Hier kan» cS keinem Zweifel unterliegen, daß die Uebergabe von Actien an einen Dritten, damit er in eigener» Namen stimme, an und sür sich civilrechtlich nicht anfechtbar ist; denn es liegt in dem Wesen des Jnhaberpapicrs, daß der Besitz eines solchen zur Ausübung der Nechic aus demselben legitimier und das Rechts verhältnis; zwischen dem Eigenthümer und dem Besitzer einen Dritten an und für sich nichts angeht. Eine solche Uebertragung kann aber aus den erlaubtesten, nnansechlbarsie» Motiven geschehen, z. B. wenn mehrere Erden bei noch »»getheilter Erbschaft vor handen sind und nur einer derselben anstrelen kann ocer will, wenn Jemand nicht kundgebe» mag — und dies kann durch sehr berechtigte Interessen veranlaßt sei» — daß oder in welchen Be trägen er Aktionär einer Gesellschaft ist, oder wenn man gerade im Interesse der Gesellschaft in der Generalversammlung den Nalh eines sür Cpecialfragen besonders Sachkundigen oder eines Nechts- vcrständigen bedarf, der aber nicht Eigenthümer von Aclien ist, oder wenn die Vollmacht nicht zu beschaffen, oder in Verlust ge rathen oder nicht ordnungsgemäß angelangt ist, oder selbst auch der Vollmachtsstempel gespart werden soll n. s. w. Dies sind Gründe, denen das Recht die Wirkung nicht versagt und nicht ver sagen kann. Hier aber sollte man richtiger überhaupt von einem Strohmanne nicht reden. Hiervon ganz verschieden liegt tie Sache in derr beiden an deren oben erörterten Fälle», irr welchen die Uebertragung zur Um gehung des Gesetzes, bezw. Statuts (des EeseÜichaflS- vertrages), siatlsindet. Zwar hätt Ring in seinem Commcntar zum Actiengesetz auch hier die Ucbcitragung für statthaft und die Be schlüsse einer solchen Generalversammlung für nicht anfechtbar; allein seine Mctive sind nicht überzeugend. Es ist allerdings richtig, laß der Inhaber der Actie der Gewlischast gegenüber sormell legi- timirt erscheint; aber darum handelt es sich gar nicht. Vielmehr steht zur Frage, ob die An-: Übung eines Rechts — Uebertragung der Actie — zu dem Zwecke, zwingende gesetzliche oder veitrags- niäßige Bestimmungen zu beseitigen, sür zulässig erachtet werden kann. Auch ein Beschluß, der dadurch herbeigeführt wird, daß die Directoren, welche die nöthige Anzahl Actien besitzen, zu Unrecht stimmen und sich Entlastung ertheilen, ist sormell ordnungsmäßig gefaßt, aber er ist wegen Verstoßes gegen materielles Recht ungültig, und ganz so ist es auch, wenn dasselbe Resultat mit denselben Mitteln nur auf einem Umwege erreicht wird. Es wäre auch ein durchaus schlechtes Gesetz, welches ei» derartiges Manöver ge staltete, cs zn einem erlaubten Nüttel stempeklc. Auch liegt kein Widerspruch hiergegen dann, wenn die Strafbarkeit ver neint, die civilrechtliche Anfechtbarkeit aber bejaht wird; denn Artikel 249 1. bestraft eben nur denjenigen, welcher unbefugt ohne Einwilligung des Aclieneigenthümers in der Generalversamm lung das Stimmrecht ausübt, sowie das Leihen und Verleihen von Aclien gegen Entgelt, und Art. 219« bezieht sich aus den Slirnmen- kauf, unter welchen das Clrohmänncrlhum nicht sällt, während die hier anwendbaren Gcsetzesslellcn Strasoorschristen überhaupt nicht enthalten und die civilrcchtliche Anfechtbarkeit aus allgemeinen ge setzlichen Bestimmungen hergeleitet wird. Es kommt ja auch in anderen Materie» nicht selten vor, daß die eine Handlung stras- rechtlich zn ahnden ist, die andere aber nur civilrechtliche Nichtigkeit oder Anfechtbarkeit nach sich zieht. Ist nach dem Erörterten sür die Zulässigkeit der Anfechtbar keit einzutreten, so ist doch durchaus nicht zu rerkenne», daß die fraglichen Bestimmungen, insbesondere diejenige des Artikels 22l (190), namentlich bei kleinere» Actiengesellschafte» die größten Un bequemlichkeiten bereite» können, zu einer derartigen ungesetzlichen Manipulation leicht versühren und mitunter geradezu nöthigen. Wenn die Aclien, lvie dies vorkommt —- sei es, weil man sie, wie bei Len sogenannten Fam.lie igründungen, überhaupt oder vorerst nicht an den Markt bringen will, sei es, daß dies nicht geschieht, weil man den Moment hiesür vorläufig nicht für geeignet hält —, sich noch sämmtlich in de , .H änden ter Mitglieder des Aussichtsraths oder der Tireelion b,finden, so ist in Folge jener gesetzlichen Vorschriften cine Dechargirnng der Mitglieder des ersteren oder der letzteren absolut unmö stich. Gleiches tritt für beide ein, wenn Directoren uns Mitglieder des Aussichtsreiches keine Actien besitzen und sonst lein Aktionär sich einfindet. Dies kann sich wiederholen und cs ist alsvann die Dechargirnng jahrelang ausge- schlvste», ja es können in solchen Fällen auch die Bilanz nicht ge nehmigt und Dividenden nicht rerths lt werden. Um dem zn ent gehen, werden, nenn man sieht, daß keine Aktionäre, welche für jene Punkte der Tagesordnung stimmberechligt sind, erscheinen werden, die Anmeldungen von Actien seitens des eine» oder anderen Anssichtsrathsmitgliedes zurückgezogen und die Aktien wenigstens zu»> Theil von einem Verwandten, Freunde oder Bedienstete» an gemeldet, oder ei» Dircctor, der zugleich Großaclionar ist, läßt eine Anzahl bisher nicht angemcloeler Actien für einen Strohmann anmelde». Nach den vorstehenden Darlegungen ist dies zwar »n- stalthast, allein man kann sich nicht anders helfen und riskirt die Anfechtung. Um nun die geschilderten Unzuträglichkeiten zn vermeiden, bedarf Art. 221 (190) der Abänderung dahin, baß entweder zugesetzt wird, die fragliche Bestimmung finde soweit keine Anwendung, als kein sonstiger stimmberechtigter Actionär in der General, verscimmlung erscheint, oder daß die fraglichen Acte (Uebertragung der Actien) auch dann genehmigt seien, wenn kein Widerspruch in der Generalversammlung erfolgt. Glaubt man, daß dies nicht genüge, so mag man jene Vorschriften sür die erste zur Beschluß fassung über den Gegenstand berufene Generalveisainmlnng be stehen kaffen : für eins folgende, deren Anberaumung mit abgekürzter Frist zulässig sein müßte, aber eine der vorgeschlagenen Be stimmungen treffe». Andererseits wäre aber eine Ausdehnung des V-rbvts der Theilnahme an der Abstimmung für die Fälle zu befürworten, daß der Actionär Gesellschafter des Betreffenden in offener Handelsgesellschaft oder Valer oder Bruder desselben ist; denn will inan jenes Verbot ernstlich, so soll me,» auch hierfür diejenigen Grundsätze anwenden, welche sich bei anderen Gelegen heiten bewährt haben. Zum Schluffe seiner Ausführungen erörtert der Verfasser noch die Frage, inwieweit ei» durch solche Strohmänner zn Stande gekommener Beschluß anfechtbar ist. Cs ist nun im Falle des Artikels 220 (190) klar, daß der Beschluß dann rechtsgültig bleibt, wenn jene zn Unrecht abgegebenen Summen auf das Ergebniß ohne Einfluß waren, denn das Gesetz untersagt nur das Mit« stimmen, nicht das Mitberalhen, nicht die Theilnahme des be treffenden ActionärS an der Generaloeisammlung. In Unrecht ist also in Folge der Uebertragung der Actie nur das Stimm recht ausgeübt, und cS bleibt also alles Andere, was der vor geschobene Mann gethan, in dem Rahmen des Gesetzes, wie bei jeder sonstigen nach diesseitiger Auffassung völlig erlaubten Ueber- lragung des. Aclienbesitzes. Nicht ganz so zweifellos ist die Frage bei der zur Umgehung der statutarischen Bestim mungen über das Maximalst,,nmrech« cifolgteu v!rUcu»°itd.il,„,g- denn hier hätten die vertheilten Actien ohne die Vertheil luiig nicht nur lein Stimmrecht, sondern dem Vorgeschobenen überhaupt keinen Zuüitt zu der Generalversammlung gewährt, da sic der Eigenthümer überall nur für sich anmelden durfte. Es ist aber nicht zu leugnen, daß der Vorgeschobene, der also zn Un recht in der Generalversammlung erscheint, durch seine bloße An wesenheit, in Folge seiner Stellung, durch seine Redegewandtheit n. s. w. auf die Beschlußfassung einwirke» kann. Dennoch dürste auch hier derselbe Grün satz wie bei dem Falle des Artikels 220 zur Geltung zn kemmen haben und lediglich dis Stimmen, welche unbefugt abgegeben wurden, gekürzt werden; den» der Actisn- eigcnihümer hüte, nenn es ihm ans die Theilnahme des Be treffende» an der Generalversammlung ankam, wen» er also nicht ans das Mehr an Stimme», sondern auf die Person des Vor geschobenen Werth legte, dies unter Beachtung der statutarischen Verschilften in durchaus legaler Weise, ohne einen Stimmen zuwachs zn rrxe'e», Lurch Uebertragung eines Theils seiner Actien innerhalb der zulässigen Slinunenzahl vornehmen können; das Unrecht liegt also hier nicht in der Uebertragung der Actien an und für sich, sondern in dem statutemvidrig erzielten Mehr an Stimmen. Es ist dnh r folgerichtig, wenn nur dieses beseitigt wird.
| 49,733 |
https://github.com/SheikhAizaz/air_message_web/blob/master/native/airmessage-winrt/main.cc
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
air_message_web
|
SheikhAizaz
|
C++
|
Code
| 319 | 1,315 |
#pragma comment(lib, "windowsapp")
#include <napi.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.ApplicationModel.Contacts.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Foundation.Collections.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Storage.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Storage.Streams.h>
#include <winrt/base.h>
using namespace winrt::Windows::ApplicationModel::Contacts;
using namespace winrt::Windows::Foundation::Collections;
Napi::Object mapContact(Napi::Env env, Contact contact) {
auto emails = contact.Emails();
auto phones = contact.Phones();
Napi::Object jsContact = Napi::Object::New(env);
jsContact.Set("name", winrt::to_string(contact.FullName()));
Napi::Array addressArray = Napi::Array::New(env, emails.Size() + phones.Size());
for(int j = 0; j < emails.Size(); j++) {
ContactEmail email = emails.GetAt(j);
Napi::Object jsAddress = Napi::Object::New(env);
jsAddress.Set("value", winrt::to_string(email.Address()));
jsAddress.Set("displayValue", winrt::to_string(email.Address()));
jsAddress.Set("type", "email");
addressArray[j] = jsAddress;
}
for(int j = 0; j < phones.Size(); j++) {
ContactPhone phone = phones.GetAt(j);
Napi::Object jsAddress = Napi::Object::New(env);
jsAddress.Set("value", winrt::to_string(phone.Number()));
jsAddress.Set("displayValue", winrt::to_string(phone.Number()));
jsAddress.Set("type", "phone");
addressArray[emails.Size() + j] = jsAddress;
}
jsContact.Set("addresses", addressArray);
return jsContact;
}
class GetContactsWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
public:
GetContactsWorker(Napi::Function& callback) : AsyncWorker(callback) {}
~GetContactsWorker() {}
// This code will be executed on the worker thread
void Execute() override {
//Fetch the user's contacts
ContactStore store = ContactManager::RequestStoreAsync().get();
allContacts = store.FindContactsAsync().get();
}
void OnOK() override {
Napi::HandleScope scope(Env());
//Map to JS-compatible values
Napi::Array resultArray = Napi::Array::New(Env(), allContacts.Size());
for(int i = 0; i < allContacts.Size(); i++) {
resultArray[i] = mapContact(Env(), allContacts.GetAt(i));
}
Callback().Call({resultArray});
}
private:
IVectorView<Contact> allContacts;
};
class FindContactWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
public:
FindContactWorker(Napi::Function& callback, std::string& query) : AsyncWorker(callback), query(query) {}
~FindContactWorker() {}
// This code will be executed on the worker thread
void Execute() override {
//Fetch the user's contacts
ContactStore store = ContactManager::RequestStoreAsync().get();
allContacts = store.FindContactsAsync(winrt::to_hstring(query)).get();
}
void OnOK() override {
Napi::HandleScope scope(Env());
if(allContacts.Size() >= 1) {
Callback().Call({mapContact(Env(), allContacts.GetAt(0))});
} else {
Callback().Call({Env().Undefined()});
}
}
private:
std::string query;
IVectorView<Contact> allContacts;
};
Napi::Value GetContacts(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
Napi::Env env = info.Env();
Napi::Function callback = info[0].As<Napi::Function>();
GetContactsWorker* wk = new GetContactsWorker(callback);
wk->Queue();
return info.Env().Undefined();
}
Napi::Value FindContact(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
Napi::Env env = info.Env();
std::string address = info[0].As<Napi::String>();
Napi::Function callback = info[1].As<Napi::Function>();
FindContactWorker* wk = new FindContactWorker(callback, address);
wk->Queue();
return info.Env().Undefined();
}
Napi::Object Init(Napi::Env env, Napi::Object exports) {
exports.Set(Napi::String::New(env, "getContacts"), Napi::Function::New(env, GetContacts));
exports.Set(Napi::String::New(env, "findContact"), Napi::Function::New(env, FindContact));
return exports;
}
NODE_API_MODULE(hello, Init)
| 19,382 |
https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/159085
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Andy Macaulay-Brook, Nik, Simon, Tim Malone, aifrim, gmazzap, https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/users/104225, https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/users/35541, https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/users/46066, https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/users/58040, https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/users/94267, https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/users/9458
|
English
|
Spoken
| 830 | 1,338 |
Deactivate plugin for a specific user group
I would like to deactivate a plugin for a specific user. I'm using the following code inside a the wp-content/plugin-mu plugin file:
add_filter( 'option_active_plugins', 'bo_disable_apm_plugin' );
function bo_disable_apm_plugin( $plugins ) {
global $current_user;
// Not use advanced page manager for media manager
if ( is_admin() && in_array( 'media_manager', $current_user->roles ) ) {
$key = array_search( 'advanced-page-manager/advanced_page_manager.php' , $plugins );
if ( false !== $key ) {
unset( $plugins[$key] );
}
}
return $plugins;
}
Of course, it's not working. I don't understand the way option_active_plugins. By dumping data, I find out the code is executed 7 times.
On the first loop, the user is not know, so the condition is not met. The plugin is still activated.
I have added a more complicated code with three conditionnal : unset the plugin if the user is not set, so the plugin is inactivated each time on the first loop. IF the user is set (next loops), check him to set/unset the plugin accordingly. Wasn't working either.
I didn't manage to find the right formula, so maybe I'm wrong somewhere and it can't be done. Each time, the plugin is either activated or deactivated for all users. It looks like the first iteration is the one that counts.
Is there a way to inactivate a plugin for specific user/group ?
First time the option is called active plugins are loaded (just a require_once) so even if in later calls the plugin is filtered out from options, plugin file is already required, and doesn't exist a way to remove it. So yes, first time is the only that count. The problem is that in WordPress user login is handled quite after plugins are loaded and this is the reason why your code fails. You have 2 options: force user login earlier; or remove the features plugin adds, i.e. I guess plugin adds some hooks, wait until wp_loaded and then remove all of them. Plugin will be active but "muted".
Thank you for your response. I was hoping to avoid 'unhooking' all features from the plugin (in case they add more in a update), but... You suggest a way to "force login earlier" ? Is that even possible ?
Maybe you should place your comment as an answer, you answered it (negatively, but yet).
If I have time today I'll answer properly, showing a way to solve the problem.
Would love to have your insights.
I think the answer to this Disable plugin / plugin action via theme is good for base knowledge on how to disable plugins from code.
Adapting that knowledge to your needs will leave us with this:
add_action('admin_init', 'my_filter_the_plugins');
function my_filter_the_plugins()
{
global $current_user;
if (in_array('media_manager', $current_user->roles)) {
deactivate_plugins( // deactivate for media_manager
array(
'/advanced-page-manager/advanced_page_manager.php'
),
true, // silent mode (no deactivation hooks fired)
false // network wide
);
} else { // activate for those than can use it
activate_plugins(
array(
'/advanced-page-manager/advanced_page_manager.php'
),
'', // redirect url, does not matter (default is '')
false, // network wise
true // silent mode (no activation hooks fired)
);
}
}
Basically this happens:
For the media_manager user group the my_filter_the_plugins disables(silently) the advanced-page-manager plugin. We then need to reactivate the plugin(silently, again) for those that aren't in the media_manager user group.
Thank you very much. I did not know about the function to deactivate a plugin. Let me test that soon and come back here to answer the question and report results.
@Simon I've tested the code on a website that I am working on. Worked for me.
How did you go with this @Simon? Don't forget to come back and let us know how you went - and accept this answer (using the check mark on the left) if it helped you. At the moment, it is coming up in our 'unanswered questions' list :)
@AndyMacaulay-Brook did you read the comments? It activates & deactivates them silently and does not fire activation & deactivation hooks.
Doh - my bad - deleted comment in the interests of not misleading people
@TimMalone Actually, I solved the problem a different way and did not tried this solution - that's why I did not mark the question as answered - because I can't tell if this is a solution for this problem for sure. Let me know if I should - aifrim says it works.
@Simon In the end it's up to you, but it does help 'resolve' the issue to mark it as answered. You can read more about how this works here: http://wordpress.stackexchange.com/help/someone-answers
I can confirm the code works as expected on my test.
You can basically deactivate whole plugin only based on the information you have at wordpress "boot" time, which is basically the URL and cookies. Any check more complex then that will probably have to wait until boot is completed to be able to be executed, at which time the plugin is already loaded and it is too late to "deactivate" it.
| 23,050 |
https://github.com/prince-09/giraffe/blob/master/app/src/main/java/org/splitbrain/giraffe/DBAdapter.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
giraffe
|
prince-09
|
Java
|
Code
| 916 | 2,442 |
package org.splitbrain.giraffe;
import android.content.ContentValues;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.SharedPreferences;
import android.content.res.AssetManager;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.database.SQLException;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper;
import android.widget.Toast;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
public class DBAdapter {
private static final String DATABASE_NAME = "EventPlanner";
private static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1;
private final DatabaseHelper DBHelper;
private SQLiteDatabase db = null;
public final static String EVENT_ID = "events._id";
public final static String FAVORITE_ID = "favorites._id";
public final static String STARTS = "starts";
public final static String ENDS = "ends";
public final static String TITLE = "title";
public final static String DESCRIPTION = "description";
public final static String LOCATION = "location";
public final static String SPEAKER = "speaker";
public final static String URL = "url";
public final static String FAVORITE = "favorite";
SharedPreferences prefs;
private String type;
/**
* Database filed names as read in getEvent(s)
*/
private final String[] FIELDS = {
EVENT_ID,
STARTS,
ENDS,
TITLE,
DESCRIPTION,
LOCATION,
SPEAKER,
URL,
FAVORITE
};
public DBAdapter(Context context) {
DBHelper = new DatabaseHelper(context);
}
/**
* Open the Database
*
* @return this
* @throws SQLException
*/
public DBAdapter open() throws SQLException {
db = DBHelper.getWritableDatabase();
return this;
}
/**
* Open the Database
*
* @return this
* @throws SQLException
*/
public DBAdapter openReadOnly() throws SQLException {
db = DBHelper.getReadableDatabase();
return this;
}
/**
* Close the database
*/
public void close() {
if (db != null) DBHelper.close();
db = null;
}
/**
* Begin a transaction
*/
public void begin() {
if (db == null) open();
db.beginTransaction();
}
/**
* Commit all changes made during the current transaction and end it
*/
public void commit() {
db.setTransactionSuccessful();
db.endTransaction();
}
/**
* Revert all changes made during the current transaction and end it
*/
public void rollback() {
db.endTransaction();
}
/**
* Sets/unsets the favorite state of the given event
*
* @param id ID of the entry to favorite
* @return the new state
*/
public boolean toggleFavorite(String id) {
if (db == null) open();
// read current state
boolean fav = false;
Cursor result = db.query("favorites", new String[]{"favorite"}, "_id=?", new String[]{id}, null, null, null);
if (result.moveToFirst()) {
if (result.getInt(0) > 0) fav = true;
}
result.close();
// flip
fav = !fav;
// save
ContentValues row = new ContentValues();
row.put("_id", id);
row.put("favorite", fav);
db.replace("favorites", null, row);
return fav;
}
/**
* Fetch a single event identified by its id from the database
*
* @param id ID of the record to return
* @return the record
*/
public EventRecord getEvent(String id) {
EventRecord record = new EventRecord();
if (db == null) open();
Cursor result = db.query("events LEFT OUTER JOIN favorites ON (events._id = favorites._id)",
FIELDS, "events._id=?", new String[]{id}, null, null, null);
if (result.moveToFirst()) {
record = getEventFromCursor(result);
}
result.close();
return record;
}
/**
* Creates an Event record from the given Cursor
* <p/>
* Results need to be in order of FIELDS
*
* @param row The row cursor
* @return The record the cursor is pointing to
*/
public static EventRecord getEventFromCursor(Cursor row) {
EventRecord record = new EventRecord();
record.id = row.getString(row.getColumnIndex("_id")); //getColumnIndex doesn't work with table names WTF!?
record.starts = row.getLong(row.getColumnIndex(STARTS));
record.ends = row.getLong(row.getColumnIndex(ENDS));
record.title = row.getString(row.getColumnIndex(TITLE));
record.description = row.getString(row.getColumnIndex(DESCRIPTION));
record.location = row.getString(row.getColumnIndex(LOCATION));
record.speaker = row.getString(row.getColumnIndex(SPEAKER));
record.url = row.getString(row.getColumnIndex(URL));
if (row.getInt(row.getColumnIndex(FAVORITE)) > 0) {
record.favorite = true;
}
return record;
}
public Cursor getEventsCursor(String where) {
if (db == null) open();
return db.query("events LEFT OUTER JOIN favorites ON (" + EVENT_ID + " = " + FAVORITE_ID + ")",
FIELDS, where, null, null, null, STARTS);
}
//FIXME add event name later
public void deleteEvents() {
if (db == null) open();
db.delete("events", "1", null);
}
public void addEventRecord(EventRecord record) {
if (db == null) open();
ContentValues row = new ContentValues();
row.put("_id", record.id);
row.put("starts", record.starts);
row.put("ends", record.ends);
row.put("title", record.title);
row.put("description", record.description);
row.put("location", record.location);
row.put("speaker", record.speaker);
row.put("url", record.url);
db.insert("events", null, row);
}
private static class DatabaseHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
private final Context context;
DatabaseHelper(Context context) {
super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);
this.context = context;
}
/**
*
*/
@Override
public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
if (executeQueryFile(db, "db/1.sql")) {
Toast toast = Toast.makeText(context, "Database created", Toast.LENGTH_LONG);
toast.show();
}
}
/**
*
*/
@Override
public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {
for (int version = oldVersion + 1; version <= newVersion; version++) {
if (executeQueryFile(db, "db/" + version + ".sql")) {
Toast toast = Toast.makeText(context, "Database updated from " + oldVersion + " to " + newVersion, Toast.LENGTH_LONG);
toast.show();
}
}
}
/**
* Execute the given file as a series of SQL queries within a transaction
*
* @param db - the SQLite database reference
* @param filename - the path of the file to load from assets
* @return true if the execution was successful
*/
private boolean executeQueryFile(SQLiteDatabase db, String filename) {
boolean ok = false;
String[] queries = loadQueryFile(filename);
if (queries == null) return false;
db.beginTransaction();
String sql;
try {
for (String querie : queries) {
sql = querie.trim();
if (sql.length() == 0) continue;
db.execSQL(sql);
}
db.setTransactionSuccessful();
ok = true;
} catch (Exception ignored) {
} finally {
db.endTransaction();
}
return ok;
}
/**
* Load SQL queries from the given Assetfile
*
* @return separate queries
*/
private String[] loadQueryFile(String filename) {
AssetManager assetManager = context.getAssets();
InputStream inputStream;
try {
inputStream = assetManager.open(filename);
} catch (IOException e) {
return null;
}
ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte buf[] = new byte[1024];
int len;
try {
while ((len = inputStream.read(buf)) != -1) {
outputStream.write(buf, 0, len);
}
outputStream.close();
inputStream.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
return null;
}
return outputStream.toString().split(";[\r\n]+");
}
}
}
| 1,513 |
revuedelartchr56lilluoft_2
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,857 |
Revue de l'art chrétien
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,527 | 12,717 |
La nef. Pour nous diriger dans l'église, les deux manuscrits déjà mentionnés au début de ce travail serviront de guide, principalement la «; Description » de S. Le Boucq. L'itinéraire de l'historien valenciennois allant méthodique ment de chapelle en chapelle, est d'un grand secours pour fixer le vocable des unes et l'em placement des autres, chose qui n'est pas tou jours facile, car la mode a son influence, même dans les dévotions et plus d'une fois un saint délaissé se vit dépossédé de son autel au profit d'un bienheureux plus en vogue (i). De simples bénéfices, des fondations de messes à desservir sur n'importe quel autel portent aussi le nom de chapelles et augmentent la confusion (2). Souvent 1. Les deux autels primitifs de sainte Foy et saint Michel* avaient complètement disparu. 2. Telles étaient les chapelles de .Saint-Nicaise, du Heaulnie, fon dée par Elisabeth de Herslal, veuve d'Henri de Louvain, en 1293 — l'une des plus anciennes de l'église. (Arch. du Nord. Fds Hasnon. 1293, 20 octobre). M. Dewez mentionne cette même année la fon dation par <( Ysabeau du Harfcar », d'une chapelle dans laquelle 3L'égli0e il5otrc20ame la Grande à WiàimtitnmQ, 15 des corporations transportaient d'une église dans une autre le culte de leur saint protecteur dont la chapelle, il est vrai, ne se composait la plupart du temps que d'un autel adossé à un pilier ('). De ces aménagements factices, il serait mal aisé et au surplus peu intéressant, de marquer la situation exacte. Il en est autrement des cha pelles que le plan de l'édifice accuse ou laisse deviner. Sous la conduite de S. Le Boucq, on peut, après avoir parcouru la nef, étudier chacune d'elles, au transept, au déambulatoire, et enfin, « parfaisant le tour de l'église », terminer par le chœur plus riche encore en monuments pré cieux (=). Une statue de saint Christophe était placée dans la nef, près de la porte, selon riisage('^). Dans cette même région, sous le « grand vitre », de vaient se trouver les orgues dont mention est faite depuis le XVI" siècle: en 1553, « a M« Philippe de Laudrecyes, pour l'entretènement des orgues, comme il est de coutume » , on donne 20 livres (■*). En 1610, Pierre Morel ('), d'une famille de hérauts cette dame aurait été enterrée et où fut placée son épitaphe. Cette inscription ne se retrouve pas et il parait bien qu'Ysabeau du Harf car n'est autre que la veuve d'Henri de Louvain, d'une famille qui participe aussi à la fondation des dominicaines de Beaumont. dans la maison natale de l'empereur Henri VH. L'église de ce monastère, bâti en t3io par la comtesse de Luxembourg, mère de l'empereur, était un charmant édifice à une nef. Il renfermait la tombe* fort magni fiquement relevée»de la fondatrice et quantité d'autres monuments: la statue de Félicitas de Luxembourg, sœur de l'empereur, veuve de Jean de Louvain, puis prieure, les tombes de Béatrix de Luxem bourg, de Simon de Lalaing, de Jeanne d'Escaussines, etc. Il ne reste plus de ce couvent que la rue du même nom et une grange. 1. Parmi les « stils » ou « métiers » établis à Notre-Dame, on comptait les ciriers, les taillandiers, les <K tondeurs de grande force :&, les « saieteurs )>,les mesureurs de grains et surtout les peintres dont nous aurons à reparler. 2. Le généalogiste, premier auteur de t'épitaphier recopié et augmenté par .S. Le Boucq avait parcouru les églises antérieurement aux pillages de 1566, et c'est un des mérites de son recueil. Le continuateur a indiqué quels sont les monuments qui avaient pu échapper au saccagejuent. Pour le XVI 11° siècle, il existe une deuxième continuation due à Tordreau de Belleverge : malheureu sement elle fait défaut pour la seule église de Notre-Dame. D'ail leurs à cette époque les sépultures, formées le plus souvent d'une dalle avec inscription gravée, sont dépourvues du caractère artis tique ordinaire aux plus anciennes. .Aussi a-lon cru inutile de les mentionner ici. 3. Ne serait-ce pas la belle statue en marbre, œuvre deDupréau.que possède aujourd'hui l'église Saint-Nicolas, se demande Cellier (A'cv. agricole, rSog, p. 305). Il paraît cependant impossible d'attri buer cette œuvre au sculpteur du Préau ou du Praiel dont les douze apôtres, actuellement à l'église Saint-Géry, si défigurés qu'ils soient par des restaurations, dénotent une autre main et surtout un autre âge. Du Praiel vivait à la fin du XV= s ; les apôtres appartien nent encore à l'art gothique. 4. Compte de la petite recette, 1553. 5. D'après l'épitaphe de Morel, à Saint-Jean. Au XVI1'= siècle il y eut aussi un <( Maître des instruments », Cornil Bertau. d'armes, cumule ces fonctions avec celles d'or ganiste de Notre-Dame. Au cours du XVIII« siècle le buffet d'orgues fut renouvelé, œuvre superbe, au dire des contemporains, de Pater, sculpteur valenciennois. La chaire, dont aucun souvenir ne reste, était dressée « près de la place des orphelins, au troisième pillier. » Aux colonnes étaient attachées de nombreuses statues : Notre-Dame d'Amour, le Bon Dieu flagellé, saint Roch, Notre-Dame de Paix, saint Benoît, mais ce qui abondait dans l'église et en constituait la plus belle décoration, c'étaient, accumulées sur le pavé ou le long des murailles, toutes les tombas « plates » ou « relevées » de marbre ou de cuivre.U est instructif de voir quelle quantité d'œuvres d'art, peintes, gravées ou sculp tées pouvait renfermer un édifice de dimensions, somme toute, assez peu considérables ('). Dans la nef « entre deux pilliers a gauche en entrant par le grand portail, deux personnages, l'homme armé », représentaient Gilles de Qua rouble (1564) et sa femme Guillemette de Cour teville (2). Non loin de là, à l'entrée de la cha pelle de Hal, un marbre de trois personnages portait les armes des Lenoir et deux autres blasons. « A senestre de l'entrée de cette chapelle, contre le mur, en pierre, » se voyait le mémorial de Pierre li Jovenes (1430), enterré dans le sol voisin avec sa femme et sa fille, comme l'indi quait la légende apposée au bas de ce « tauliet ». Les quatre gros piliers de la lanterne, par leur surface et leur position plus en vue, avaient attire quantité de sculptures et d'épitaphes. Simon Le Boucq en donne une nomenclature si complète qu'il ne reste plus, pour l'achever, qu'à y ajouter sou propre monument. « Contre le premier soustèiiement de l'église, a main droite de l'entrée du chœur, » il y a un petit tableau posé en 1570, par Jacques de Saint Vaast. Un autre religieux, Marc d'Ablain, avait érigé le sien ■.< au mesme soustènement du costé I. A l'aide des épitaphiers, on pourrait continuer le même travail pour toutes les églises de la ville et l'on serait également surpris de voir combien grand était le nombre de ces monuments et combien aussi leur disparition a été absolue. z. Les notes relatives aux tombeaux ayant été le plus souvent prises dans les deux ouvrages de Le Boucq et quelquefois — très rarement — dans les recueils de Uoethalsà Bruxelles et de Pitpan de Montauban à Cambrai — dérivés d'ailleurs d'une même source originaire, on a cru pouvoir omettre l'indication des références afin de ne pas augmenter démesurément le nombre des notes. i6 î^ebuc tie V^xt cbrctieu. de la chapelle Sainct-Eloi, où est l'autel de Sainct-Maur »; il figurait la Résurrection (1578). « Au second soustènemeut à main gauche du chœur, » au « pilier de la lanterne », du costé de la chapelle des miracles, y at un tableau avec la figure de saint Jérôme, posé en souvenir de Jean deRoncq « thrésorier céans ^(1580) (').C'est sans doute à cette même pile, « en haut contre la voûte pour aller aux carolles derrière le chœur > qu'était accroché un grand tableau de pierre, souvenir de Philippe Hardy <;avec la représenta tion du martyre de saint Philippe, apostre » (1637). Ce monument sujet à quelques vicissi tudes (-)se trouvait « à l'opposite *de deux autres sépultu:es de la même famille « posées au pilier de devant le précédent », c'est-à-dire « à l'oppo site du seconii soustènement > dont il vient d'être parlé. Ainsi donc, à ce « troisième soustènement de la croisure, contre la chapelle des teinturiers, en bois Nostre Seigneur en croix », marquait la tombe de Nicolas Hardy (15S0). Bientôt Pierre Hardy (1630) y ajouta une composition « d'al lebastre, rance, pierre de touche ». Pour achever d'habiller ce pilier, « du costé et vis du dernier », un autre tableau « où qu'on despent N.-S. de la croix » rappelait le souvenir de Jacques de Fauche ( i 567). Les héritiers de Simon Le Boucq cependant y trouvèrent encore une place suffi sante pour ériger au prévôt un somptueux cénotaphe surmonté d'un buste. Les deux statues de saint Simon et de sainte Catherine accos taient l'épitaphe. Au-dessous deux boucs man geaient des raisins à une vigne et on lisait cette légende « Roisin conforte Le Boucq (3). ;> Ce monument avait donné un pendant à celui du doyen Eustache Muissart dont une question de mots avait empêché l'érection dans son église collégiale de Saint-Géry (4) : « Au pilier droit ou 1. « Qui de Jérusalem avoit fait le voyage », « fut prins deux lieues d'ici d'ennemis huguenois » et mourut à Audenarde. 2. « Honorable liomme Philippe Hardy en son temps bourgeois, marchand et maître de la bonne maison des orphelins — ». Tels étaient les qualificatifs du défunt. Tordreau ajoute que l'on avait posé «une trace » sur le mot marchand. Puis, en 1718, le chapiteau ou lympan de cette épitaplie étant tombé, vers 4 h. 1/2 du matin, les héritiers ne manifestèrent pas le désir de faire des réparations et permirent au curé d'enlever le tout. No/e ajoutée par Tordreau à la description de Xotre-Dame. 3. Le Boucq était réellement enterré avec sa famille dans la cha pelle de Saint-Luc. Son buste, œuvre de Pierre Scheift, est l'un des très rares objets qui proviennent de Notre-Dame.On le conserve au musée de Valenciennes. 4. Eustache Muissart était doyen de la collégiale de Saint-Géry. soustènement de la lanterne — le quatrième — du costé de la nefve, se voit une magnifique épi taplie y ayant à costé la figure de saint Eus tache et de saint François. » On imagine quels pouvaient être ces riches décors où luttaient à l'envi le sculpteur et le marbrier. L'art devait être meilleur, car la date est plus ancienne dans un petit tableau à la mémoire de Cornil Harou (1591); un carreau de marbre marquait la fosse. Sur le pavé « entre le quatrième et le troisième soustènement » était encastrée égale ment la dalle de Nicolas de Potelles, doyen de chrétienté l'an 1500, tandis que « devant le troi sième soustèneinent un marbre à deux person nages longs vestus » représentait Jean Cares maux, maire d'Anzin et laboureur de l'abbaye d'Hasnon (1562). D'autres « laboureurs » et leurs femmes avaient été ensevelis devant les marches du chœur sous trois petits carreaux. Enfin < au troisième pillier de la nef à main gauche en en trant, Nicolas Dubucquoy (1632) avait employé à son usage « un tableau de la Conception » ayant autrefois servi de retable à la chapelle de ce nom par où l'on peut commencer à visiter le pourtour de l'église. Chapelle de la Conception. « A costé de la nef sous la caroUe et à costé gauche en sortant », elle avait été aménagée en faveur d'une confrérie sous le même vocable, par D. Etienne du Ploich, dans l'angle formé par le mur de la façade et celui du bas-côté sud ; rien donc ne la décelait extérieurement. Elle possédait un autel consacré en 1491 par Henri de Berghes, évêqiie de Cambrai, et renfermait la tombe de l'abbé Du Chesne enterré d'abord au milieu du chœur : « sous la carolle, proche du grand por tail, se voit sur un marbre la représentation d'un abbé » (1410). « Tenant à ce marbre », maiî dans la nef, « y at un autre marbre d'ouvrage relevé en bosse où y at un grand escu tenu par deux lyons »; il est timbré de deux ailes et autour « en escripture » on lit que c'e.st la sépul ture de Jean Villon (1433). Chapelle de Saint-Ghislain. Dans le bas côté dont la chapelle précédente formait le fond, Comme l'épitaphe le qualifiait pasteur « propriétaire » de cette église, les chanoines ne voulurent pas l'y admettre. Ses héritiers, plutôt que de supprimer ce litre, préférèrent la porter à NotreUame. îL'ésltse #otre 2Dame4a d^ranîie à WLàltntimms, 17 non plus que dans la partie adjacente du tran sept, aucune chapelle n'avait été pratiquée entre les contreforts, le plan du XVIII'^^iècle le prou ve. Néanmoins une chapelle existait dans cette région. L'épitaphier la place vis-à vis de celle de Saint-Eloi, et de cette dernière la position est bien connue — c'est la grande absidiole du croi sillon sud. Y avait-il donc un sanctuaire dans le bas de ces deux appendices carrés que l'on re marque à chaque bras du transept, à peu près en face, précisément, des deux chapelles profondes, de celle de Saint-Eloi, par conséquent. Mais si l'on en croit le plan, aucune baie n'établissait de communication entre le collatéral et cet espace rectangulaire dont la paroi longeant l'église cor respond mal d'ailleurs, à l'entrecolonnement d un des pans du transept. Cependant il y avait mieux qu'un simple autel adossé au mur. Les te.xtes, et surtout les monuments qu'elle renferjnait prouvent bien que la chapelle formait une en ceinte séparée (i). Saint Ghislain était honoré dans Notre-Dame dès une époque reculée : devant son image brû lèrent jusqu'en 1566 les « chirons ardents » fon dés en réparation du meurtre de l'homme préci pité sur le pavé du haut du « trou d'or » (-). En 1404, 1410, Jean li Cangières et sa femme furent enterrés sous une dalle portant i ung homme et une femme long vestus ». (( Devant iceluy y at encoires ung semblable, l'escripture est en lettres gothiques et sont les dates semblables l'un à l'autre. Jean H Cangières et Santé de le Halle sa femme étaient morts tous les deux « l'an mil CCC et XI V, au mois de mai. » Coïncidence singulière qui ne provient pas d'une mauvaise lecture,puis que Simon Le Boucq atteste qu'il l'a vérifiée: «j'ai vu le lieu et sont les dattes semblables.» Un autre passage de ses adjonctions à l'épitaphier vient à son tour montrer que Saint-Ghislain était bien une chapelle. Un « tableau de N.-S. en croix», avait servi à la table d'autel jusqu'en 1622; «à pré sent il est à droite en entrant et marque la tombe de Pierre Vairon {1587). Contre la muraille en pierre blanche sculptée avec « postures » une 1. Au XVIIIe siècle plusieurs épitaphes furent placées « dans la chapelle Saint-Ghislain ». 2. Bti/. de Douai, ms. 1342. Cartulaire d'Hasnon, f° 106. Attes tation que Thierry Brochons a présenté cinq cierges, huit torches et un bassin d'argent en réparation de ses torts, 1378, i" fév. (v. s.). .Assomption avait été posée pour P. Marissal (1658), maître de la bonne maison des orphelins. Guillaume Desmaisières y était représenté armé, mains jointes « un chien à chacun pied et la femme priant aussi un chien aux pieds. » La clôture surmontée d'un Christ en croix avec « saint Jean et la Vierge en pierre blanche le reste en marbre noir, blanc et jaspé >> était un présent de D. Benoit Desfossez, prévôt en 165 i, « au de hors de la dite chapelle, contre la muraille il y a un petit et long marbre endossé dans la muraille » où se voyait « en pierre une histoire brisée en 1566 et portant la figure de la Résurrection. Il était au nom de Philippe le Loherain et de Jeanne de Sommaing (1418-1425). Sur le sol, une lame de marbre « à deux personnages long vestus » couvrait les deux corps. Cette sépulture « tirait vers le fort huis » ; elle se trouvait dans la direction de la grande nef, à droite de la chapelle Saint-Ghislain dont l'emplacement exact peut encore se déduire de la description d'autres monuments : vis-à-vis d'elle, mais du côté de la chapelle Saint-Eloi, on lisait l'épitaphe de Jean Lesprohon à un tableau de bois « où y at l'histoire de Saint-Jean baptisant N.-S. » Le sujet était de circonstance, car les fonts étaient proches. FoNT.s DE BAPTÊME. Notre-Dame étant une paroisse, de fort petite étendue, il est vrai, pos sédait une cuve baptismale établie « dans la croisée de l'église dans le bout ». Il semble peu liturgique de les rencontrer loin de toute porte à l'abside du croisillon sud, mais la même anomalie existait à l'ancienne cathédrale d'Ar ras ('). « Guère loin des dicts fonts, desoubz la voûte et contre la muraille », ung petit tableau de la Résurrection avait été posé par François Machu et « dessus la muraille devant le font, une armoirie cordonnée et liée en une colonne entre saint André et saint Pierre mis en croix » rappelait le décès d'une Hardy (2), Ce coin de l'église était encore meublé du <i banc des chari tables » vis-à-vis la chapelle de Saint-Eloi. 1. C'était un baptistère surmonté d'un dôme, porté par des co lonnes, construit en 1617. Un portail, il est vrai, donnait accès à ce croisillon. A Notre-Dame de Valenciennes, la « clef des fonts fut refaite en 1553 (Compte de la petite recette) ; il y avait probablement tout autour une clôture fermée. 2. Certificat d'armes des « jurés de cattels » de Valenciennes 1683. ( Bibl, de fauteur.) RKVUE UK LAKT CHRETIKN IQO6. — I^® LIVRAISON. i8 WitWt ÏJC rairt cbrétien» Chapelle Saint-Élol Le Boucq, nous l'a vons vu, la prend coinme point de repère, au Sud de la lanterne (i). Il agira de même dans la description du do.va/et ses indications concordent avec celles de Brasseur. Tous deux la placent secus sacristiam a dextris ; ils l'opposent symé triquement à la chapelle des Miracles, a sinis tris if). C'est, à n'en pas douter, l'une de ces cha pelles profondes et bien en vue, ouvertes parallè lement à l'axe de la nef sur les bras du transept) à deux étages comme à Cambrai, au croisillon sud de Soissons et comme la Normandie en eut aussi quelques-unes, à Saint-Etienne de Caen, à Saint-Vigor de Bayeux (3). Des étages supérieurs, délaissés et de peu d'utilité, il est impossible de rien dire. Le rez-de-chaussée était de longue date consacré au saint évêque de Noyon, puis qu'on 1404 déjà, Nicolas Vigreux affecte à l'en tretien de l'église une partie des revenus des « reliques M. Saint-Éloi. » Le vocable subsista jusqu'à la révolution ainsi que la confrérie, « la quelle estoit remplie des plus notables de la ville, comme font foi les tiltres d'icelle ». Un règle ment de 142 1 contient des allusions à un état plus ancien. A partir de cette époque les confrères se limitent au nombre de trente. Depuis lors, ils modifient encore leurs statuts, notamment en 1591 oii l'un des signataires était Valentin Lau mosnier enterré « à main droite de l'autel Saint Éloi, sous un petit tableau de Notre-Seigneur en croix. » On ne signale pas à l'intérieur d'autres sépultures ; aux abords, « au pilier dextre 1> contre la chapelle Saint-Eloi était accrochée l'épitaphe démesurément longue, d'André Du crocquet, prédicateur fameux (■♦). « Au même pillier, vis-à-vis de la chapelle Saint-Ghislain, y at une histoire en pierre mais est effacée » ; seuls « les mots sont encore entiers » pour permettre de lire les noms de Jean de le RouUie et de ses deux femmes, Jakemarde dou Sart et Jeanne Pérutte (1435). Puis, toujours <.( devant la chapelle Saint-Éloi, en marbre, y at la représentation 1. Hiit. ecclés., p. 13. 2. Brasseur, Par Sanclonim Marlyrum, p. 91. M. Dewez, par l'effet de plusieurs confusions, pense que saint Éloi se trouvait vis-à vis de N.-D. des Miracles, à gauche en entrant. 3. Ruprich Robert, Larchitecture normande, t. I, p. 78. 4. Ducrocquet, prieur d'Hasnon, controversiste. a laissé un re cueil de sermons où il fit un des premiers essais d'une réforme de l'orthographe. d'un prestre. » Robert Lebourgeois, prévôt de l'église à laquelle il avait donné un tableau de saint Benoît (1628). Les confrères possédaient plusieurs objets d'art (') :« trois beaux reliquaires d'argent qu'ils portent ordinairement es processions, mis dans une fierté de bois doré et enrichie d'aulcunes mol lures d'argent ». Le premier est « un saint Éloi, leur patron « à eulx, donné par feu Jakemart Le Vairrier (-_) dict de l'arbre d'or»; les deux autres estant des anges supportant des reliques en l'une des quelles y at > de la vraie croix et dans l'autre i, l'une des espines de la couronne d'épines ». L'an 1491, l'évêque de Cambrai i. ayant visité la fierté des dits confrères laquelle n'estoit que de bois doré et mal mise en ordre et y ayant ren contré dedans les deux susdites belles reliques, il requist les confrères de les vouloir mettre en quelques beaux reliquaires d'argent « ce qui eut lieu effectivement le 7 septembre 1503. Les deux anges <i de bonne fortune furent préservés de la rage des hérétiques l'an 1566 » (3). On aimerait à trouver des renseignements aussi précis sur ce que pouvait renfermer la salle suivante. La Trésorerie. La chapelle de Saint-Éloi confinait à la sacristie secus sacristiam. Le Boucq signale cette dernière entre la chapelle de Saint-Éloi et celle de Saint-Nicolas, la plus 1. M. de Mély dans son étude sur les reliques provenant de la Sainte Couronne ne mentionne pas celle-ci mais seulement une autre épine conservée dans l'église tles Frères mineurs : « .Si l'on croit pou voir admettre l'épine de Valenciennes au nombre de celles données par saint Louis et le ms. G. 394, des archives de Valenciennes me semble assez catégorique pour être accepté, on ne saurait la cata loguer après 1244. » ^ Revue de l' Art chrétien, 1899, p. loi). Simon Le Boucq dit positivement que « l'an 1239, à l'arrivée des reliques de la Sainte Chapelle, la comtesse Jeanne se trouvant à Paris. « obtint du roy une espine de la couronne de nostre Rédempteur, longue d'un doigt {Hisi. ecclfs, p. 112. ) » Cette épine fut brûlée par les hé rétiques en 1566. L'église actuelle de Notre-Dame en possède une autre, mais venue de l'ancienne église Saint-Nicolas à laquelle un prêtre l'avait donnée en 1787. Elle avait été donnée par l'arche vêque de Sahbourg à Constantin de Barbançon comme le cons tatait une attestation de l'archevêque de Cambrai, Fr. Vanderburch. L'épine de Notre-Dame-la grande a disparu. Les Religieuses de l'abbaye de Foiitenelles conservaient « trois ou quatre autres espines qu'elles croyent estre de la couronne de nostre Sauveur » « laquelle créance, je n'oserais point avouer », ajoute le P. d'Oultreman [Coxtr sainte, 683). 2. J.ikemars Le Vairrier était aussi l'auteur d'une curieuse fon dation ; il avait légué à la ville 67 mencaudces de terre pour entre tenir quatre joueurs de hautbois qui tous les jours devaient se faire entendre au balcon du beffroi : on les appelait les Mmciix. Ce con cert populaire disparut à la révolution, les 67 mencaudées de terre ayant été confisquées au profit de la nation, malgré des récKimations de la ville. 3. Le Boucq, Niil. ecclés., 'ç:. 18. ïL'tQlist J15otre'2E)ame4a'(^ranDe à îllaletic(enne0. 19 méridionale du déambulatoire. Il faut donc la loger dans la base du clocher sud, resté toujours inachevé comme l'on sait. Pratiquée au milieu des massifs de maçonnerie qui auraient porté cette tour, elle était fermée de murs sans doute, ou tout au moins de grilles. Une porte ouvrant sur le collatéral du chœur y donnait accès : « devant l'entrée de la thrésorerie contre un pilier servant au chœur, un petit tableau représentait un prêtre, Martin de Bouchain. » L'argenterie de Notre-Dame ne nous est con nue que par de courts inventaires de l'époque révolutionnaire dressés quand déjà une partie des principales pièces avait disparu. A cette époque la trésorerie avait changé de local ; elle occupait une vaste salle dans les bâtiments neufs de la prévôté.On y accédait par un passage percé dans l'une des trois chapelles absidales. Chapelle Saint-Nicolas. Elle abrita la confrérie de la Sainte Trinité, venue de la paroisse SaintVaast, ruinée par les troubles du XVI'^ siècle. Avant 1566, au pied de la table d'autel on lisait l'épitaphe et à gauche on voyait la statue « un priant présenté par saint Jacques » de Jacques de Lille « réparateur de ce lieu » (1400) Abandonnée par la confrérie, elle devint le << re vestuaire du prélat »; plus tard on y perça une porte et elle devint l'entrée de la sacristie nou velle. Son histoire est donc moins longue et moins intéressante que celle de sa voisine. Chapelle Saint-Luc. Dans l'axe de l'abside, a tergo principis arae, elle forme le rez-de chaussée de ces deux chapelles superposées dont la voûte inférieure était portée sur deux colonnes, comme Brasseur le marque à son tour geininis suffulta coluinnis ('). Ce détail renforce l'hypo thèse déjà émise sur l'interprétation à donner aux descriptions de cette chapelle ; le parti adopté devait être analogue sans doute aux exemples des chevets de Reims et de Saint-Quentin. La chapelle « qu'on dit de Saint-Honnouret, — c'était alors son vocable, — derrière le maître autel, délaissée par les boulangers, fut en 1462, du consentement de l'abbé d'Hasnon, reprise par les « peintres, broudeurs, tailleurs d'images (2) » 1. Brasseur, Par Sanctorum Martyrum, p. 88. 2. L'acte de concession a été publié par Mgr Dehaisnes. Re cherches sur le retable de Saint-Bertin et sur Simon Marmion, P 133 qui la consacrent à leur patron. « Le mouvement artistique qui s'était produit à Valenciennes au XIV« siècle, continua au XV« siècle ('). La peinture, la sculpture, l'orfèvrerie, la haute-lisse y furent brillamment cultivées. L'un des carac tères particuliers de cette période remarquable est le grand nombre d'artistes étrangers qui vinrent au XV<= siècle s'établir dans la ville ». Plusieurs étaient originaires des bords du Rhin ; l'un des plus célèbres arriva de Picardie, Simon Marmion, dont les œuvres ont, pour la plupart, disparu mais dont le renom a subsisté et s'est même accru en ces dernières années (2). C'est ce peintre, « le prince d'enluminure (3) », protégé par l'abbé d'Hasnon Laurent d'Yvoire, grand amateur de livres qui « impetra et obtint du prélat l'érection de la confrérie et y fit du bien de diverses manières ; en premier lieu il peignit la table d'autel. « Elle est de cet excellent ouvrier, Marmion, digne de très grande admiration, sin gulier en la draperie, relèvement de plate pein ture que l'on jugeroit que c'est pierre blanche qui n'y prendroit garde de bien près et surtout.... la chandelle qui semble vraiment ardre (4). » Si la scène représentée ne nous est pas décrite, nous voyons qu'une partie du retable était traitée peut-être en camaieu. L'on sait aussi qu'une image de saint Luc, due également à Marmion, faisait partie de l'ensemble. Des raisons personnelles avaient guidé le peintre dans le choix de cette chapelle oïl lui même devait recevoir la sépulture. Dès 1420, du temps où elle était encore consacrée à saint Honoré, datait « un marbre élevé à demie bosse » avec <( ung homme et une femme en suaire, deux 1. Dehaisnes, loc. cit., p. 86. 2. Postérieurement à l'importante étude que lui a consacrée Mgr Dehaisnes à propos du retable de Saint-Bertin, les expositions de Primitifs et la découverte à .Saint-Pétersbourg d'un ms. peint par lui l'ont mis en lumière davantage encore. 3. Simon Marmion, rapporte l'annaliste valenciennois Louis de la Fontaine dit Wicart « en la noble science de poincture avoit un don très magnifique tellement qu'il excédoit tous autres peintres résidans non seulement en la dite ville, mais aux villes et cités circonvoisines, car ilbesognoit etestolïoit tant vivement tousses ouvraiges, tant par ses traits subtilz et expers, tant en machonnerie et paysages, dra peries et autres parties prolixes à déclarer qu'il n'en avoit chose vicieuse ne imparfaicte ; de même les personnages qu'il tiroit estoient tant bien ouvrez et faictz d'après le vif qu'il n'y restoit que l'âme et l'esprit et davantage estoient ses couleurs tant parfaitement com posées et mixtionnées ». Bibl. de Valenciennes, ms. 529, p. 288. 4. Texte cité par Le Giay, Bull, de la Comm. historique du Nord, t. , p. 61. 20 Bcliur tic r?lrt cbvctten. petits enfants à leurs pieds ; il couvrait le corps de Jean de Quarouble, prévôt de Valenciennes, mais « le nom de la femme et ses armes sont effacez et rostés (i) ». Quarouble était le nom de la femme de Marmion, d'une ancienne et riche famille de Valenciennes. Jean son père, époux de Jeanne du Gardin, était fils d'un autre Jean de Quarouble qui pourrait fort bien être celui dont Marmion vint partager la tombe: « sous ce même cercueil fui ensépulturé ce tant renommé peintre. » Sa longue et fastidieuse épitaphe attribuée à Jean Molinet était pendue « à un tableau escript en lettres d'or ». Un « peintre ingénieux », donateur dans la chapelle « de bien peintes images » Michel Le Prévost, y était aussi enterré « en dessoubz de la table d'autel » (1587). Un autre peintre, Otelin, avait fait le portrait de Cornil Morel revêtu des insignes de sa profession : il était héraut d'armes. Souvent le héraut était un généalogiste et le généalogiste se doublait d'un peintre: tel était Jacques Le Boucq, enseveli non loin du sanctuaire de Saint-Luc. « A main droite de la dite chapelle contre un pilier, Jean d'Am brines avait fait posera Saint Jean au désert » ; puis au suivant « tenant à la chapelle Saint Nicolas « at un tableau où il y a la pourtraicture du défunt revestu de sa cotte d'armes, Jacques Le Boucq (1573) qui : « De peindre eut tel art que mil et mil traictz Faict les hommes revivre en ses divins pourtraictz Et fut tant bien appris au faict des armoiries ()u'il savoit les quartiers de toutes seigneuries (=). > Il était fils de Noël Le Boucq, le courageux défenseur de Notre-Dame en 1566, et de Made leine Vivien, enterrés dans le chœur, mais tout près de la chapelle Saint-Luc. L'historien Simon Le Boucq, fit « rilluminer » l'épitaphe de Jacques qui était « gattée et effacée par son antiquité ». Il désigna pour lieu de sa sépulture cette chapelle 1. Le Boucq a remarqué que « le nom de la femme a esté rostez, partant il semble qu'il y ayt de l'infamie apparent que c'était la sœur de M^ Simon Marmion. » La conclusion n'est pas juste. Il faut plutôt croire que cette lacune provient de ce que Jean de Quarouble n'était pas légitimement marié. 2. Héraut d'armes de Charles-Quint et de Philippe U, Jacques Le Boucq a laissé plusieurs volumes de généalogies dont beaucoup furent briilés .^ Bruxelles en 17.^1 11 était lieutenant d'.-nloine de Baulaincourt. roi d'armes de la Toison d'or. Plusieurs des portraits qu'il dessinait existent encore à la bibliothèque d'Arias. Il y eut alors à 'Valenciennes toute une école de généalogistes. que les membres de sa famille considéraient un peu comme leur étant personnelle. En 1630, la confrérie des peintres ayant subi une éclipse — momentanée, car les arts devaient encore fleurir à Valenciennes, — Philippe Le Boucq obtint du prélat d'Hasnon la permission de décorer à sa guise cette absidiole qu'il destinait à des reliques de saint Philippe de Néri échues à l'église depuis quelque temps ('). Le retable de Simon Mar mion, si d'aventure il avait survécu aux troubles religieux, ne put échapper aux marbriers de 1647. L'autel neuf, surmonté du buste du nouveau saint, devait à son tour faire place à d'autres ar rangements ainsi qu'on le verra plus loin (-). Chapelle Saint-Georges « Alias de Sainte Barbe» ajoute dans l'épitaphier de Le Boucq une note de son continuateurTordreau qui prend soin de spécifier qu'elle se trouve derrière le chœur : c'estla troisième dudéambulatoire,la plus rappro chée du croisillon nord. Les sépultures y étaient nombreuses:« en marbre eslevé a demie boche at homme et femme en suaire, Jehans li Boins et Piéronne d'Angriel (1461 1480). — Tenant ces tuy at ung marbre à deux personnages long ves tus en suaire, Willame d'Angriel et Agnès dou Martroit » (1428-1427), Ces monuments subsis taient au XVI [•= siècle. Avant 1566 « contre la muraille on voyait un homme et une femme priant la Trinité, Jacques de Faloise et Anne Brunielle(i502 1490). Chapelle du Sépulcre. La description de Leboucq la range entre la chapelle Saint-Geor ges et celle qui va suivre. Il y a donc lieu de penser qu'elle occupait, symétriquement à la tré sorerie, l'étage inférieur du clocher nord (3). Ce carré, que des murs plus épais et des fenêtres plus 1. Just Ryckius, chanoine de Gand, « les avait impétrées » des Pères de l'Oratoire de Rome« pour les présenter à la Sérénissime Infante Isabelle, mais Iceluy chanoine venant à mourir, ses parents les ont données à celte église. » Le Bmic<i. p. 19. 2. Plusieurs Le Boucq au XV'II" et au XVIIIe si'ècle y furent en terrés. Cf. Le Boucq de Ternas, Notice historique sur la famille Le Boucq de Valenciennes, Douai, 1857. 3. En 1789, dix-neuf cloches étaient suspendues dans ce clocher. {Archiv.de Krt/t'«£:/tv/«t"^,D.4,65.)L'une d'elles se trouve aujourd'hui au clocher del'église de Notre-Dame. Elle porte les armes de l'ab baye d'Hasnon et de l'abbé Jean Thierry « Jehenne suis nommée..- m:i bénédiction, ce nom me fut donné en l'an M.CCCCC.XXX. III. (ii;33> Notre-Dame la Grande avait un carillon que dirigeait un carillonneur attitré. Les cadrans d'hotloge.i la naissancede la flèche furent posés en 1623. Une horloge existait aussi à l'intérieur de l'égli se, non loin de la dalle de Jean Castelois près du chœur par consé quent. 3L'ésH0e #otre 2Danie4a d^ranUe à ^alenctennes. 21 étroites devaient rendre plus sombre, convien drait assez bien à une représentation de la scène traditionnelle.Ces sculptures, très vraisemblable ment, avaient été brisées par les Gueux, car dans la suite, cette chapelle devînt celle des ciriers, mais, des époques plus lointaines, subsistait ce pendant un vestige. Sous l'autel «,( at une pierre en forme de luiseau (') où est dessus deux armoi ries », Jean Polie et Jeanne du Gardin dont une lame de cuivre donnait les noms et l'épitaplie (1390-1410), Dans le cas où le réduit ci-dessus n'aurait pas abrité le sépulcre, un autre peut-être aurait pu le I Cercueil. renfermer, s'il en existait un dans l'espace vacant entre le chevet de la chapelle de Hal et le colla téral du transept nord. Au surplus l'existence dans cet angle d'une chapelle ('), quel qu'en soit le vocable, contribuerait peut-être à éclairer cer tains points obscurs dans l'histoire de la chapelle, plus importante, dont il va être question. , A ■ , L. Serbat. (A suivre.) I. Cf. d'après le plan des toitures, l'espace que pouvait occuper cette chapelle. D'après la vue extérieure, elle aurait été surmontée i l'une sorte de clocheton, d'une lanterne peut-être, analogue à celle que l'on voyait sur une des chapelles latérales de l'église de l'abbaye de Saint-Jean, construite en 1612 seulement mais d'aspect encore i;othique. .-V A^V^ A^VU A^ A X^^ A^^ X^^ A^^ A^^ A^^ K^^ a'^»^ A^^^ ^^^ A^^ A^tC [Hjmimii-i-ii-iiiiiinirTinniiiiiiiiixiiii I irxTT I imTxnTXTxrrmrxmi iiiiinciTiiiiiTiTiiiiixxiJiiiiJLiixiiirtrixiTiXKiiiiTTirTiiiiiiJixrixi e^a^.^ Ii*Htt Chrétien monumental ' <^^^ ïTiinxnzxii TT-iT-rïTYrXIIIIX]aiITITIXIIILITT-|(TT-T-iTTT1'I uinxiiroxii E ïTnii] ; ''iô^^ *i^-^ *^^^ *iéi-^ ^A^'^ ^^iî^ ^^^"^ "^"'^ "^^ "^"^ ''^^ "^ ^-^ ^^ '^ "itî^ Y. — ÉPOQUE CARLOVINGIENNE. Charlemagne et ses successeurs s'appli quèrent à relever les ruines dont les Sarra sins avaient couvert le sol de l'Occident. Un essor considérable fut donné à l'organisation publique. On lit dans les Capitulaires de nombreuses ordonnances relatives à la re construction des édifices religieux. L'entou rage de l'empereur, ses agents (les Missi doviinici), prirent une grande part aux constructions nouvelles. Alcuin s'était oc cupé de la construction de Saint-Pierre d'York, consacrée en 780 ; Angesis dirigea les travaux du premier monastère d'Aix-la Chapelle, et nommé plus tard abbé de Saint-Wandrille (823-833), il érigea d'im portantes bâtisses dans cette maison reli gieuse; enfin Eginhard, l'un des plus jeunes dans l'entourage de Charlemagne, fut sou vent employé dans la haute direction des édifices que faisait élever l'empereur (") Des parties des cathédrales d'Avignon, de Sisteron, d'Arles, d'Aix, de Carpentras, d'Apt, des églises de Saint Quentin de Vai son, de Pernes (3), de Fours près d'Avi gnon (*), remontent à l'époque qui s'étend de Charlemagne à Hugues Capet. A celte époque, à côté de monuments inspirés de l'art byzantin, qui sont dus à Charlemagne et dont nous parlerons plus loin dans le chapitre consacré de Art by zantin, il s'était formé un art d'architecture néo-latin, né des procédés de la maçonnerie gallo-romaine et de l'imitation des bâtisses romaines, n'innovant qu'au sujet de l'arcade, 1. Voir Revue de l'Art chrétien, 1905, pp. 174, 223. 311 et 378. 2. J. Helbig dans E. Reusens, Elém. (Tarchéol. chrét. t. I, p. 567. 3. Revoil, Architecture romane du Midi de la France. 4. Revue de l'Art chrétiett, 18S4, p. 44i dont on outrepassa la formule normale en lui donnant le tracé en fer à cheval. Ce style nous est transmis dans la Basse Œuvre de Beauvais, dans la nef de Saint Philibert de Grandlieu ('), dans celles de Vertou ( Loire inférieure) et de Germiny-les Prés, peut-être dans celle de Saint-Pierre Église de Germiny-les-Prés. — Coupe. en Isère, etc. C'étaient des basiliques sans colonnes, ayant pour supports des piliers carrés, aux bas-côtés voûtés d'arêtes, à la grande nef couverte en charpente. Les piliers Plan de l'église de Germiny-Ies-Prés. n'ont ordinairement pour couronnement qu'une imposte faisant saillie seulement de deux côtés, les côtés des retombées des arcades. I. Revue de l'Art chrétien, 1896, p. 316. M^*Zvt t)vttim monumental. 23 Sans doute les édifices dus à l'initiative directe de Charlemagne furent élevés sous l'inspiration d'artistes Grecs. Mais la rotonde mise en honneur par eux ne pouvait servir convenablement aux églises. On s'en tint généralement à la forme basilicale. Ce ne fut désormais plus celle de la basilique latine sur colonnes ; on reprit les formes plus massives des constructions romaines, où l'on pressent déjà l'intention de voûter la nef centrale. Ainsi aux basiliques mérovingiennes des VI lie et IX^ siècles, relativement légères, dont les Normands n'avaient fait qu'un feu de joie et dont les vestiges nous sont con servés dans les ruines de l'abbaye de Lorsch (776), peut-être à SaintMartin d'Angers (') ainsi que dans les dessins, datant du X« siècle, de l'abbaye de Saint-Riquier {'), à ces basiliques encore latines, succédèrent des constructions plus lourdes et plus solides, d'allure moins ecclésiastique et plutôt gallo romaine, mais qui ne firent pas école (^). L'abbaye de Saint-Gall en Suisse, dont le plan à terre, dessiné vers 830 peut-être par Éginhard lui-même, est conservé dans les archives de l'abbaye (''), peut être regardé, selon Ouicherat, comme le prototype de la construction carlovingienne. Cette espèce de construction comportait plusieurs élé ments empruntés aux procédés romains (*). Du reste Éginhard, surintendant des cons tructions de Charlemagne, avait étudié 1. Saint-Martin fut fondé en 8i8, mais peut avoir été reconstruit en grande partie au commencemert du XI" siècle. 2. Voir le plan dans la Revue générale de l'arcki/ecture, t. IX (1856), et de F.nlart, Traité d'archéologie française, t. I. 3. Dans les premières années du X"' siècle on construi sait dans le même style la basilique de Lobbes, une des plus importantes de la Gaule 4. V. J. Ouicherat, Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire, t. II, p. iiô! 5. L. Courajod, Leçon du Louvre, du 14 déc. 1892. Vitruve, comme le prouvent ses lettres ('). Cette époque, toute de transition, n'a guère laissé d'œuvre architecturale considé rable, à part la chapelle palatine d'Aix et ses dérivées, que nous étudierons dans le cha pitre de Art byzantin. Les édifices en bois abondaient alors, et l'architecture maçonnée subissait l'influence de la charpenterie. Des influences nombreuses, orientales, lom bardes, franques, préparaient la formation prochaine de l'architecture romane. : .K*-:;iii Nef de l'église de Vignory (Haute-Marne). Le plan tricJiore se maintient à l'église de Gourgé, à celle de Saint-Honorat, à la cha pelle de Saint-Étienne de Werden, trifoliée, bâtie vers l'an 800 par saint Ludger. Nous reviendrons plus loin sur le plan en rotonde d'influence purement byzantine. Le plan basilical subsiste, mais les dispo sitions ramassées et arrondies sont fréquen tes sous l'action de cette influence : témoin I. Le procédé dont nous parlons apparaît même dans la chapelle palatine d'Aix ; déjà le roman s'y annonce par l'emploi des arcs doubleaux dans la rotonde inférieure tandis que l'absence des contreforts, le remplage des arcades de l'étage et la coupole appartiennent au style byzantin. 24 ÎRebuc tJC ra.it c!)rctieu. l'église de Germiny-les-Prés en Loiret, avec ses trois absides rangées à l'Est, ses deux absides greffées dans l'axe transversal avec des embryons de transept, auxquelles s'ajou tait autrefois une abside occidentale. Le tout, greffé sur un carré autour d'une tour lanterne Lyon. — Eglise d'Aiiiay, chapelle Sainte-Blaiidine. — Entrée île la crypte. couverte en coupole et posée sur quatre piles, est comme un compromis entre le plan grec et le plan latin, C'était, peut-être en France, avec le baptistère de Saint-Jean de Poitiers, l'édifice le plus remarquable de la période carlovingienne avant sa fâcheuse restauration. Elle est entièrement voûtée, et son abside principale est ornée de mo saïques. D'autres églises restent fidèles au plan It'^rt cl)vétten uionumeutal. 25 latin. On n'en peut guère montrer d'entières, mais l'église de Vignory (Haute-Marne), dont nous donnons la vue intérieure, repro duit assez bien l'église carolingienne dans ses formes très frustes persistant à travers la période romane. « Rien de plus simple, dit M. A, de Montaiglon, on pourrait dire de plus grossier, que celte bâtisse. Une série d'arcades en plein-cintre, sans la moindre mou lure, portée sur de lourds piliers carrés construits en moyen appareil, sépare la grande nef du collatéral voisin. Le mur qui surmonte ces arcades est bâti en moellons, il est percé de fenêtres, en nombre égal aux travées. Le seul motif d'ornement que l'on puisse re lever dans tout cet ensemble, c'est un maigre bandeau mouluré aux impostes des arcades.Le profil n'en est pas très caractéristique, du moins à la [ilupart des travées, car il n'est pas partout semblable. Mais ce bandeau présente une particularité très commune dans les mo numents carolingiens, et qui devient rare après le milieu du XI^ siècle. l ne règne pas sur tout le pour tour des piliers, il en décore seulement les faces latéra les, celles qui correspondent à l'intérieur de chaque arcade. Ce détail suffit à justifier ce que je disais plus haut de l'église de Château-Landon, et autorise à pen ser qu'elle n'est pas postérieure au temps du roi Robert. » Cette église du X." siècle donne bien une idée de l'architecture à la fin de l'ère qui nous occupe. Un bas-côté avec trois cha pelles absidales entoure le chœur ; ces par ties sont voûtées, le reste est couvert en charpente apparente. Un faux triforium rap pelle encore la tribune des basiliques romai nes. La nef centrale n'a que cinq mètres de largeur. Celle de Château-Landon est plus primi tive encore d'allure. Son chœur est voûté ; ses nefs sont couvertes de charpente ; ses fenêtres sont très étroites. Celle de Bourbon Lancy est entièrement semblable. Nous avons dit que l'église de Charroux, fondée par Charlemagne et le comte de Roger d'Aquitaine, consacrée en 799, avait le chœur seul en pierre (il est conservé) et les nefs avaient été construites provisoi rement en bois coinme dans beaucoup d'autres églises de l'époque. Nous avons parlé du plan que l'on a conservé, de la célèbre abbaye de Saint Gall. Grâce aux légendes qui l'accompa gnent, c'est le document le plus complet que nous possédions sur l'architecture ca rolingienne ('). Enfin nous donnons la vue intérieure du vénérable petit oratoire de SainteBlandine à l'abbaye d'Ainay à Lyon, attribuée au Xe siècle il donne une juste idée d'une petite église de l'époque latine. Cryptes. — Les cryptes carolingiennes sont encore très nombreuses, souvent ac compagnées d'une confession ; elles sont couvertes de voûtes en berceaux ou d'arê tes. Celle de Saint-Quentin date du com mencement du IXe siècle. La partie souter raine de la cathédrale de Chartres contient deux cryptes carolingiennes. Orléans en Crypte de Saint-Avit à Orléans. possède deux, celle de Saint-Avit, et celle de Saint-Aignan plus ancienne, mais rema niée après l'incendie de 999. La crypte de SaintPaul de Jouarre, que nous avons citée com.me un reste mérovin gien, fut augmentée d'une seconde plus ré cente.dédiée à saint Ébrégisile. Un morceau d'architecture carolingienne complet et bien daté est la crypte de Saint-Germain d'Au xerre, élevée entre 843 et 850. Celle de I. V. Alb. Lenoir, L' architecture tnonasttqtie dans la Revue de l'architecture et des travaux publics, I-IX. 26 3Re)uc tje T^vt cbvétten. Saint-Remi à Flavigny (Côle-d'Or) est le seul édifice de l'époque encore presque intact (').
| 31,282 |
https://github.com/github-allen/davinci/blob/master/webapp/app/utils/request.js
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
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davinci
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github-allen
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JavaScript
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Code
| 215 | 509 |
/*-
* <<
* Davinci
* ==
* Copyright (C) 2016 - 2017 EDP
* ==
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
* >>
*/
import axios from 'axios'
import message from 'antd/lib/message'
// import { notifyError } from './util'
axios.defaults.validateStatus = function (status) {
return status < 500
}
function parseJSON (response) {
return response.data
}
function refreshToken (response) {
const token = response.data.header.token
if (token) {
setToken(token)
localStorage.setItem('TOKEN', token)
localStorage.setItem('TOKEN_EXPIRE', new Date().getTime() + 3600000)
}
return response
}
function checkStatus (response) {
switch (response.status) {
case 401:
message.error('未登录或会话过期，请重新登录', 5)
removeToken()
localStorage.removeItem('token')
break
default:
break
}
return response
}
export default function request (url, options) {
return axios(url, options)
.then(checkStatus)
.then(refreshToken)
.then(parseJSON)
}
export function setToken (token) {
axios.defaults.headers.common['Authorization'] = `Bearer ${token}`
}
export function removeToken () {
delete axios.defaults.headers.common['Authorization']
}
| 47,281 |
amateurorchidcul00burbrich_7
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US-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,900 |
The amateur orchid cultivators' guide book
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 8,062 | 11,558 |
nobile, both in the growing and resting seasons. But with this species it is necessary to give definite treatment, for, unlike the last named, it is most detrimental to the plant when it starts into growth a second time in the same year, and any such attempts should be frustrated at the outset. In order to prevent this it should be removed to a cooler temperature immediately the pseudobulbs are completed, gradually lessening the supply of water. It is quite natural, however, for such growth to make its appearance some time during the winter, and at the same time to push its flower buds from the last formed pseudobulbs ; but the appearance of either growth or flower bud should not tempt the cultivator to straightway place his plants in greater heat, but to continue a cool treatment so as to ensure slow and sturdy growth, and when placed in more warmth, about February, it will make rapid progress and speedily bloom, and every encouragement should then be given the plant to make healthy growth, by giving it abundance of light, heat, and moisture. The sepals and petals are pure white, handsomely margined with bright pink, and in the centre of the flower are orange and chocolate blotches. PHAL^NOPSIS SCHILLERIANA. Prom the Philippines. This Orchid is one that has baffled many good growers, even those who have everything that is necessary to successful cultivation within their reach, yet from some unexplainable reason they fail to make much headway with this plant. This is somewhat difficult to understand, as others who only give ordinary care and attention obtain excellent results, much seeming to depend upon the house in which it is grown. I, however, advise everyone to give it a trial, for, if the place suits it, the plant is of great interest, even when not in bloom, on account of its handsome foliage. Its handsome flowers are produced on long branching spikes, from December to February, and are of a soft pale mauve tint, and it should be grown in baskets suspended near the glass on the shady side of the house, too much bright light being injurious, and it should be placed ORCHIDS : HOW TO GROW THEM SUCCESSFULLY. 127 into the basket in much the same way as recommended for Aerides odoratum, simply fixing in the sphagnum over a good drainage of crocks and charcoal, and the foliage will then droop over the sides of the basket. Give a liberal supply of water during the summer, but less, with great discretion, during the winter, never allowing the sphagnum to get quite dry, or the plant, having no pseudobulbs, will lose its foliage, which is prejudicial to future growth. It should be grown at the warmest part of the house and its leaves occasionally sponged to keep down insects, using tobacco powder if thrip appears. Phalsenopsis are at times injuriously affected by a watery spot forming on the leaves, and this should at once be cut away with a sharp knife or it will soon spread and eat away the leaf, and generally speaking, when this disease occurs, the idea of successfully growing the plant may be abandoned. The spot is often produced from some fault in management, such as from a very cold temperature, keeping the plants saturated in winter, or some other cause. The common ant will sometimes kill the Phalsenopsis if allowed unimpeded sway. Good plants, suitable for growing on and established, should be purchased at from 10s. 6d. each. ONCIDIUM PAPILIO. From Caracas. This Orchid is known principally on account of its remarkable resemblance to the butterfly, hence its name Butterfly Orchid, and can be grown either on a block or in a small pan or basket, in which it should be securely fixed. It is a compact growing plant and the flower spikes, which are long and slender, are produced from the base of the last pseudobulb and the flower at its apex, one following the other in succession for several years, so that the old spikes should never be cut away unless the plant gets into a weak condition. Plants may be purchased for about 4s. to os. per leading bulb, and newly imported plants may be purchased with highly satisfactory results. PHAIUS GRANDIFOLIUS/ From the East Indies. This is an excellent old Warm-house terrestrial Orchid and is to be found in most gardens of note. The compost most suitable being fibrous loam and lumpy peat in equal parts, adding a little coarse sand and broken charcoal, and when repotting is necessary it should be done immediately after flowering in February or March, following the directions given for Cymbidium eburneum (see page 103), and watering only when dry. It should be grown in pots placed on the stage on the shady side of the house, and as this species is subject to attacks from yellow thrip, tobacco powder should be dusted well into the axils of the new growth in order to dislodge or destroy the insects. Good plants should be bought at from 5s. to 7s. 6d. per strong leading growth. 128 ORCHIDS: now TO GROW THEM SUCCESSFULLY. STANHOPEA TIGRINA. From Mexico. This is one of an extremely interesting family of Orchids and of considerable beauty and richness of colour, which counterbalances the short life of the flowers. This species must be grown in baskets having no crocks at the bottom, and only sphagnum and fibrous peat. It flowers during the summer months, and these are produced on spikes which have pushed their way downwards through the soil and basket, so that crocks would greatly intercept and damage the flowers. The ground colour of the flower is either pale or orange yellow, spotted and barred with dark chocolate-red, and the flowers give out a very powerful perfume which pervades the whole house, and from its habit of pushing its flower spikes through the roots must be grown in baskets suspended from the roof at the coolest part of the house, giving water in moderation all the year. The leaves should be sponged occasionally to keep down red spider, and if attacked by thrip use tobacco powder. Insecticides are very dangerous to the young growths, frequently causing them to rot, even when applied in a weak form. Good plants from 5s. to 7s. 6d. per strong leading growth. CHYSIS BRACTESCENS. From Mexico. This is a handsome species, bearing large trusses of wax-like white and yellow flowers during March or April, and, although very beautiful, the flowers are rather short-lived ; it may be grown with the Dendrobiums, as it requires exactly the same treatment as regards heat and moisture during summer and a cool rest during winter. It should be grown in a basket suspended in a light position, and being subject to yellow thrip, tobacco powder should be used in preference to insecticide, as the young growth is very tender and liable to rot. The flowers push forth simultaneously with the new growth. Newly imported or established, 3s. 6d. to 5s. per strong lead. The inexperienced cultivator, -in following the instructions laid down in the selection of twenty-four Orchids for Cool house culture and the same number each for the Intermediate and the Warm house, will begin to understand how to ensure good results and obtain a thorough knowledge of their requirements, and knowing the extent of his resources will be able to realise what reasonable chance he has of success with his plants, and have a fair idea also of the probable cost of good plants to start with. OBCHIDS: HOW TO GROW THEM SUCCESSFULLY. 129 SUPPLEMENTARY VARIETIES. IT has occurred to me that some who may have the means at command for still further extending their collections may be glad to have reliable information as to other sorts they may desire to grow ; therefore, I propose to give a supplementary list of another twenty-four Orchids suitable for Cool house culture, also twenty-four more for the Intermediate house, and the same number for the Warm house. TWENTY-FOUR ORCHIDS FOR COOL HOUSE. ODONTOGLOSSUM HALLII. From Ecuador. This Orchid requires the same treatment as O. crispum, the sepals and petals of the flower being of a yellowish tint, blotched with bright brown, the lip white and yellow, flushed with purple. Flowers during the spring months. Price 5s. to 10s. 6d. per strong lead, purchased as newly imported or as established plants. ODONTOGLOSSUM LUTEO-PURPUREUM. From Colombia. This requires the same treatment as O. Hallii, and there is also great variation in this species. The flowers of the typical form, are of a yellowish ground colour, with large blotches of bright brown, whilst the lip is also yellowish, with brown spots, and it flowers during the winter and spring months. Good strong leading bulbs should be bought at from 4s. to 7s. 6d. each, and may be had newly imported or established. ODONTOGLOSSUM EDWARDII. From Ecuador. This should have the same treatment as recommended for Oncidium macranthuin (see page 80). The flowers are pretty, of a violet-purple colour, and are freely produced on long erect branching spikes during the spring. Plants, either established or newly imported, from 5s. to 10s. 6d. each strong lead. ODONTOGLOSSUM BIOTONIENSE. From Guatemala. This requires the same treatment as the last named, and it flowers during the autumn and winter months; tlje sepals and petals are 130 ORCHIDS: HOW TO GROW THEM SUCCESSFULLY. greenish, with brown spots, and the lip of a pinkish colour. There is also a white variety of this species. Newly imported or established plants from 3s. 6d. to 5s. each. ODONTOGLOSSUM BLANDUM. From Ocana. This requires the same treatment as O. crispum. The flowers are delicate and neat, and borne on slender, short spikes, the ground colour white, densely spotted with reddish brown, and emitting a pleasant perfume. Newly imported or established plants from os. to 10s. each. ODONTOGLOSSUM MACULATUM. From Mexico. This requires the same treatment as Oncidium inacranthum (see page 80). It produces its flowers during the winter months, and in colour is a combination of green, chocolate, and purple. Newly imported or established plants 3s. 6d. to 5s. each. ODONTOGLOSSUM CORD AT UM. From Colombia. This requires the same treatment as the last named, and it blooms during the winter and spring months, the sepals and petals being of a yellowish tint, covered with broad marks of chestnut-brown, and the lip white, with brown spots. Newly imported or established plants 3s. 6d. to 5s. each. ODONTOGLOSSUM PULCHELLUM MAJUS. From Mexico. Eequires the same treatment as the last named species, and blooms during the winter and spring months, sending up neat spikes which carry a number of pretty white flowers. Newly imported or established plants, having not less than three or four leads, should be bought for 5s. and 7s. 6d. per plant. ODONTOGLOSSUM NEBULOSUM. From Mexico. Eequires the same treatment as the last named, and the flowers of this species are white, more or less spotted with reddish brown, and are produced during the winter and spring. Newly imported or established plants 3s. 6d. to 5s. each. ONCIDIUM MARSHALLIANUM. From Brazil. Should be grown in pans or baskets and suspended, and the flowers are produced on long branching spikes, which make their appearance from the. base of the new bulbs in autumn, and grow all the winter. The chief beauty in this flower is the large and bright yellow lip. This Oncidium has also the reputation of deteriorating, which it does if allowed to flower from weakly plants. It is therefore advisable to pinch off the spikes of such every alternate year. It is best to purchase newly imported or semi -established pieces at from 5s. to 7s. 6d, ORCHIDS : SOW TO GROW THEM St/CCESSFtfLtY. 131 ONCIDIUM FORBESII. From Brazil. This species must be grown exactly tlie same as the last named, and also deteriorates if allowed to flower each year, so that it is advisable to pinch off the spikes from all weak or undersized bulbs. Its flowering time is in the autumn, and the flowers are of a rich orange- brown, edged with gold. It is an exquisite Orchid when well grown. Newly imported or semi-established plants 3s. 61. to 5s. each. ONCIDIUM ORNlTHORHYNCHUM. From Guatemala. This requires the same treatment as O. macranthum, and is a free growing and floriferous species, producing delicate branching spikes with a number of small strongly perfumed flowers of a rosy purple colour ; blooming during the winter and spring months. Newly imported or established plants from 3s. 6d. to os. each. MASDEVALLIA HARRY ANA CCERULESCENS. From Colombia. This should have the same treatment as recommended for M. Harryana (see page 16), as this is only one of its many varieties, but the flowers are of a larger size and the colours more rich and brilliant ; it flowers in the spring. Established plants can be purchased of the true variety at 5s. per two leading growths. MASDEVALLIA x CHELSONI. Garden Hybrid. This is a hybrid between M. Veitchiana and M. amabilis, and is a free grower and bloomer. It should have the same treatment as M. Harryana, and this variety also flowers during the winter. Good plants, with three or four leads, about 5s. each. MASDEVALLIA SHUTTLEWOHTHII. From Colombia. This is a pretty little species and should be grown in small baskets or pans suspended, and with the same treatment as M. Harryana ; it flowers during the spring months. The flowers are rose and yellowish green, more or less spotted with dark red. Established plants, with about three or four leads, 7s. 6d. PLEIO^STE LAGENARIA. From Khasia Hills. (The Indian Crocus.) In this very beautiful little Orchid we have one differing in so many respects from the majority, for there are no old pseudobulbs, as these become exhausted by the time the new pseudobulbs are matured about September, at which period the latter lose their leaves, and from the base commence pushing up their flowers, which expand in October and November, and immediately they have flowered the plants can be shifted into a fresh compost of fibrous loam, peat, sphagnum, and sand. 132 ORCHIDS : HOW TO GROW THEM SUCCESSFULLY. The pans should be three parts filled with drainage and the compost left level with the rim, and on this the bulbs should be placed, from 10 to 12 in a 6-inch pan or basket, at equal distances apart. These should be secured in their positions by means of small pegs, and the surface between the bulbs carefully covered with sphagnum, so that about half of the bulb is beneath. Very little water will now be required— simply enough to keep the sphagnum moist until the foliage is well up, when a liberal supply may be given until the growth is completed. This species is very partial to much light and should therefore be suspended near to the glass, and if possible, without injury to the other plants, let this have direct sunlight upon it, seeing at the same time that the plant does not suffer from drought. Watering must be less frequent when the bulbs are matured and begin to lose their foliage. The sepals and petals are of a mauve -rose tint, and the lip white, yellow, and dark crimson, and the flowers open near to the surface of the pan and are singularly beautiful. Unless a suitable position can be found for this species it will probably fail, and in such a case a light place in a little warmer house should be given it. Newly imported or established plants Is. to Is. 6d. per strong bulb. PLEIOXE MACULATA. From Assam. This is a lovely companion to the preceding, and should have similar treatment, but cannot withstand quite so much strong sun- light; it also blooms during the autumn, and the sepals and petals are pure white. Remove to a warmer and lighter house if unsuccessful. Newly imported or established plants, Is. to Is. 6d. per strong bulb. AXGULOA RUCKERI. From Colombia. This is a noble growing Orchid, and should be treated exactly the same as advised for A. Clowesii. The flowers, which appear in summer from the base of the pseudobulbs, are of a yellowish ground colour, tinted with orange-red. Newly imported or established plants vary from 7s. 6d. to 10s. 6cl. and 15s. per strong leading bulb. MAXILLABIA VEXUSTA. From South America. A very pretty sweet-scented Orchid with white and yellow flowers, much in the way of M. grandiflora and require the same treatment. It flowers in the autumn months. Give it the warmest part of this house or in the Intermediate house during winter. Newly imported or established plants 3s. 6d. to os. per strong leading bulb. LJELIA HARPOPHYLLA. From Brazil. This is a very pretty Orchid, and the uncommon colour of the flower makes it a very conspicuous object when in bloom. It flowers OUCSIDS : SOW tO GROW THEM St/CCESSFttLLY. 133 in February and March, and is of a bright orange- vermilion colour; should occupy the warmest part of the house, especially during winter. Newly imported or established plants at 3s. 6d. to 5s. for two strong leading bulbs. DEXDROBITJM FALCONERI. From Northern India. This is a very beautiful Dendrobe and amply repays any trouble expended on it, and does best grown on a block of wood, a portion of a tree fern stem, or on a teak-wood raft, and may also be grown in pans or baskets. Its natural habit is to send out new growths in great profusion anywhere on the old bulbs, and in time forming a thick mass of short knotty pseudobulbs, which are connected with the stem or portion of the tree from whence it first started by means of a few slender stems only. This fact should be clearly noted by the cultivator when fixing his plants, and it will be seen that there is little use iu trying to keep the plant too much confined to the block, but plenty of water should be given to the aerial growths during the summer and up to September, by the free use of the syringe, but after this date the supply of water must be gradually reduced to about once a week or longer. Under this treatment the plant may be expected to flower satisfactorily, but without this long and perfect rest, from November until the nodes are seen to be sending forth tiny shoots, it will not. When these tiny shoots appear from either side of the bulb, about March, more water may be given, but only sparingly, otherwise they will turn to growths instead of flowers. After the shape of the flower bud can be detected, it is quite safe to apply water without stint. This species flowers in May, the colours of the flowers being dark crimson, white, and yellow. The plant should be suspended. Buy newly imported clumps in spring at from 3s. 6d. to 7s. 6d. CcELOGYNE CRISTATA LEMOXIANA. From Nepaul. This lovely species must be treated in the same way as advised for C. cristata (page 89), it being a variety differing only by the colour on the lip being pale lemon instead of orange, and it blooms in February or March. Established plants, with from four to five leads, at from 7s. 6d. to 10s. 6d. LJELIA DAYANA. From Brazil. This should be treated in the same manner as advised for Lselia preestans (page 90), the chief difference in the flowers being in the lip, and it blooms in the autumn. Newly imported plants are best, but good established plants can also be purchased, with two or three leads, at from 5s. to 7s. 6d. each. 134 ORCHIDS : HOW TO GROW THEM SUCCESSFULLY. CYPRIPEDIUM BOXALLII. From Moulmein. This very pretty species is grown in exactly the same way as advised for C. villosum (page 89), and the flowers have a glazed appearance like that species, but in this plant the dorsal sepal is heavily spotted with dark purple, and it flowers during the winter and spring months. Established plants, 3s. 6d. to 5s. per strong flowering growth. TWENTY-FOUR ADDITIONAL ORCHIDS FOR THE INTERMEDIATE HOUSE. AERIDES FIELDIJTOI. From the East Indies. (The Fox's Brush Orchid.) This species should be potted and watered as recommended for A. odoratum (page 113), but it should be grown on the shady side of this house, and it flowers in spring. Good plants should be obtained with six or eight leaves, suitable for growing on, at about 7s. 6d. to 10s. 6d., established. CYMBIDIUM LOWIANUM. From Burmah. This is a handsome free growing species, producing long spikes of flowers during the summer, the colour is of a greenish yellow with a blotch of deep red on the lip, and should have the same treatment as C. eburneum (see page 103). Newly imported or established plants from 5s. to 10s. 6d. per strong lead. EPIDENDRUM WALLISII. From New Granada. This is a free growing species with pretty yellow and spotted flowers, and when the plant has grown to a good size it remains a long period in bloom ; it should be grown in peat, sphagnum and charcoal, and it can be treated as recommended for Sobralia macrantha. Established, from 10s. to 15s. per strong leading growth, though at present it is not very common, and a little difficulty may be experienced in obtaining small plants. L.ELIA CINNABARINA. From Brazil. This species blooms in the spring months; the flowers are of a rich, deep, reddish orange colour, and the flower spikes appear from the top of the bulbs, and, as with all Cattleyas and Lselias, in some cases the sheaths from which the spikes come appear to be dead, but this makes no difference to the plant blooming. This species will not ORCHIDS : HOW TO GROW THEM SUCCESSFULLY. 135 bear so much sun as L. anceps, and requires the same treatment as Cattleya Trianae and others. Newly imported or established, from 3s. 6d. to os. per strong leading bulb. L^ELIA ANCEPS SANDERIANA. From Mexico. This is a beautiful white variety of L. anceps, and like that species should be grown in a basket, and fully exposed to sunlight ; it flowers. during the winter months. The true " alba," which is without any dark markings in the throat, is very rare. Newly imported or established, about 10s. 6d. per strong leading growth. LuELiA ALBLDA. From Mexico. This pretty little species, which flowers during November and December, has flowers which are mostly white, and will not bear quite so much sunshine as L. anceps, but in other respects should have the same treatment. Nice clumps, newly imported in spring, with four or five leads, for about 5s. x ELEGANS. From Santa Catherina. This is supposed to be a natural hybrid between Lselia purpurata and Cattleya Leopoldii, and it may be grown in pots or baskets, but should be placed in the warmest position during the winter. Nice plants, newly imported or established, should be obtained for about 7s. 6d. to 10s. 6d. per leading bulb. CATTLEYA SKINNERI. From Costa Eica. This handsome and useful species blooms in April or May, and is of easy culture, requiring exactly the same treatment as that advised for Cattleyas generally. Newly imported or established plants, at 3s. 6d. to 5s. per strong leading bulb. CATTLEYA BOWRINGIANA. From Honduras. This should have the same treatment as the last named, being somewhat similar, and I have sometimes thought that this species produces a greater number of flowers when grown in baskets and suspended. Newly imported or established, at 3s. 6d. to 5s. per strong leading bulb. CATTLEYA AMETHYSTOGLOSSA. From Brazil. A tall growing species, and therefore must be in pots, requiring the same treatment as Cattleyas in general. The flowers are of a rosy purple colour, more or less spotted with deep magenta. 136 ORCHIDS : HOW TO GROW THEM SUCCESSFULLY. Good strong leads, newly imported or established, at from 5s. to 10s. 6d. CATTLEYA INTERMEDIA. From Brazil. This is a very pretty summer-flowering species, much like C. Harrisoniana in habit of growth, and should be treated like that species, with the exception of the winter time when it is in active growth, during which time it should, if possible, be at the warmest end of the house, or taken to a Warm house. Newly imported or established, 5s. to 7s. 6d. per leading grov/th. CATTLEYA HARRISONIANA. From Brazil. A very useful and pretty species, in appearance very much like C. Loddigesii, but the colour of the flower is much darker and with an orange blotch in the lip instead of lemon— the same treatment is required for both. Newly imported or established for about os. per strong growth. CATTLEYA MAXIMA. From Ecuador. This is a charming autumn-flowering species and must be treated like Cattleyas generally, but does best in baskets suspended in a shady part of the house. The sepals and petals are of a bright deep rose colour, and the lip is prettily lined or veined with dark red. Newly imported plants in spring, or semi-established plants, for about 5s. per strong leading bulb. CATTLEYA PERCIVALIANA. From Venezuela. This is the earliest of all the C. labiata section, coming into flower in January and February; the colours of the flowers vary and are very much like C. Mossiae, the chief characteristic difference being in the smaller size and the exceptionally rich colour of the lip. This species should be grown in company with C. Warscewiczii, where it can get plenty of sun, otherwise it fails to bloom freely. During autumn and winter it should be placed at the warmest end of the house, otherwise the flowers may not come to perfection. Newly imported or established, about 5s. per strong leading bulb. MASDEVALLIA TOVARENSIS. From Venezuela. This is a small growing, lovely, pure white species, and produces an abundance of flowers in November or December ; must be grown in the Intermediate house, for if kept too cold during the winter the plant loses its leaves and dies. The culture, otherwise, is the same as recommended for M. Harryana, but the old flower stems should not be cut off, as these produce flowers again the following season. Good established plants, with from four or five leads, should l?e purchased at from 4s. to 5s. per plantt ORCHIDS : iiow TO GROW rfetEAt SUCCESSFULLY. 13* PILTTMNA FRAGRANS. From New Granada. This species sends up its spikes from the base of the pseudobulbs during autumn or winter, and its flowers are very pretty, mostly pure white with a little blotch of yellow in the throat, and are deliciously fragrant and useful for bouquet work, and its general treatment should be the same as Cattleyas. Newly imported or established pieces, for about 5s. per strong lead. TRICFOPILIA SUAVIS. From Costa Rica. This is a lovely species and flowers in March or April, producing flower spikes from the base of the last made pseudobulbs, and the flowers are nearly white with a number of pretty pink spots on the labellum. This species is best grown in a basket suspended in a light part of the house. Newly imported or established, for about os. per strong lead. VANDA CCERULEA. From Khasia Hills, This is undoubtedly the best of all the Vandas, and produces its beautiful sky-blue flowers during the early autumn, which last a long time in perfection, but should be cut two or three weeks after they open or the plant will probably become exhausted and fail to give good results the following year. It can be grown in a pot or basket, and up near the roof glass so as to have an abundance of light and air. After passing through a period of dull weather, bright sunlight is very injurious to Vandas, and this should be avoided, especially in spring, or a loss of leaves will result. For instructions as to potting, watering, &c., see Aerides odoratum, page 113. Unless the culture of this species is very carefully attended to it is apt to get spotted 011 the foliage, and these spots appear on the tips of the leaves and should at once be cut away to save the leaves. Newly imported or established plants, with one lead, 7s. to 10s. 6d. each. VAXDA SUAVIS. From Java. This is another beautiful Vanda, and more robust in constitution than V. ccerulea. It should be grown in a pot occupying a position on the stage with the Cattleyas, and in potting, watering, &c., have the same general treatment as Aerides odoratum. It blooms during the spring months, a strong stem sometimes pushing out three or four spikes, and this species grows to a great height. Established plants, suitable for growing on, should be purchased for 7s. 6d. to 10s. 138 O&CHIDS : fiOW TO GROW THEM SUCCESSFULLY. CYPRIPEDIUM ARGUS. From the East Indies. This pretty little species may be grown in a damp and shady part of the house, and treated the same as advised for C. Lawrenceaiium, and it produces its flowers in March or April, the petals being heavily spotted. Established plants, 3s. 6d. aud os. per leading growth. LYCASTE DEPPEI. From Mexico. This species must be treated in the same way as L. Skinneri, but as it does not bloom until spring a good rest should be given to it through the winter in a light and airy position, which will induce the plant to flower with greater freedom. The sepals are greenish yellow, the petals white, and the lip yellow. Newly imported plants if possible, or established, 3s. 6d. to os. per strong leading growth. LYCASTE AROMATICA. From Mexico. This species, if well grown and with a good rest as recommended for L. Deppei, will produce a large quantity of golden yellow flowers from the last formed bulbs in spring, the flowers appearing simul- taneously with the new growths, and when the latter is seen to be starting into growth and repotting is necessary, it should then be done, otherwise if the plant is left until it has finished blooming, the new growths will be too far advanced and the plant receive a great check. Newly imported if possible, or established, at from 3s. 6d. to os. per strong leading bulbs. SOBRALIA XANTHOLEUCA. From Guatemala. This is a handsome yellow flowered variety which blooms in May or June, and must be treated as advised for S. macrantha; but is by no means so plentiful as that species, and is, therefore, more expensive. Small plants, suitable for growing on, however, should be bought for from 21s. upwards, established if possible, or newly imported. ODONTOGLOSSUM INSLEAYI. From Mexico. This is a pretty winter-flowering species, and in growth bears a great resemblance to O. grande, in company with which no better place can be found to grow it than the Intermediate house, treating it just the same as the last named variety, except that a little more water must be given in winter until it has flowered. The sepals and petals are pale brown, densely spotted with rich reddish brown, and the lip is yellowish in colour and slightly spotted. Newly imported plants if possible, or established, at from os. to 7s. 6d. per strong leading growth. ORCHIDS : HOW TO GllOW THEM SUCCESSFULLY. 139 THE FOLLOWING ARE TWENTY-FOUR ADDITIONAL KINDS FOR THE WARM HOUSE. SACCOLABIUM BLUMEI. From the East Indies. This very pretty Orchid, which flowers in July or August, must be grown in exactly the same way as recommended for Aerides and Angrsecums ; the flowers, which are produced on long pendulous racemes, are white flushed with rose and splashed with dark rose. Good plants, newly imported or established, 5s. to 10s. 6d. CATTLEYA ACLANDI^E. From Brazil. This pretty interesting little Cattleya does best grown in a basket suspended on the lightest side of the house. It is a quick grower, and usually makes two or more growths during the summer, flowering from each. The sepals and petals are heavily marked with dark blotches, and the lip is of a pretty rosy purple colour. Newly imported or semi-established plants, os. to 7s. 6d. per two strong growths. CYPRIPEDIUM CHAMBERLAINIANUM. This is a new and very pretty species, and, owing to its very recent introduction, has not, in my opinion, yet been seen in perfection. It bears a number of flowers in succession on one spike, the predominating colour being a pleasing shade of purple, and should have the same treatment as warm Cypripediums in general. Established plants, 5s. to 7s. 6d. per strong leading growth. CYPRIPEDIUM CTJBTISII. From Sumatra. This species has prettily marked leaves, and the dorsal sepal is white and green with slight purple veins, the petals beiDg very similar in colour but with darker spots, and the pouch is of a purplish colour, and it should have the same treatment as the last named. Established plants, about 5s. per strong lead. CYPRIPEDIUM VENTTSTUM. From Sylhet. The foliage of this species is decidedly ornamental and the flowers are also very pretty, the dorsal sepal of a greenish colour, tinted with yellow and veined with purple, and the sepals are similarly coloured, whilst the lip is of a purplish tint veined with green. It should have the same treatment as C. Lawrenceanum. Established plants, 3s. 6d. to 5s. per strong flowering- sized lead. 140 ORCHIDS : HOW TO GROW THEM SUCCESSFULLY. CYPRIPEDIUM HOOKERJE. From Borneo. This species also has strongly marked foliage, and its flowers are exceedingly interesting ; the prevailing colours are green and purple, the petals being spotted, and it should have the same treatment as Cattleya Aclandise. Established plants, 3s. 6d. to 5s. per strong leading growth. CYPRIPEDIUM NIVEUM. From the East Indies. This is a chaste and lovely little species, with pure white flowers, with the exception of a few very small dust-like purple spots. It flowers in the summer, and must be grown in the same way as C. bellatulum. Newly imported or established plants can be bought for about 5s. per small clump. CATASETUM BUNGEROTHII. From Venezuela. This is a beautiful Orchid, the flowers of which are large and of a wax-like, ivory white colour, requiring the same treatment as recom- mended for Chysis bractescens. The flower spikes push up from the base of the new pseudobulb immediately its growth is completed, which is generally about July, and after flowering it should have a rest, as with Dendrobiums, letting 50 degrees be the lowest winter temperature. Newly imported or established, 7s. 6d. to 10s. 6d. per leading bulb. MILTONIA EOEZLII. From Colombia. (Syn. Odontoglossum Koezlii.) Truly a lovely Orchid, the flowers of which are produced at nearly all seasons of the year and are pure white, sometimes with a yellow or red eye in the centre. It is, however, rather difficult to cultivate unless in the position adapted to it, then it will grow freely, and the coolest and dampest end of the house, where the foliage gets damp nightly, suits it admirably. Established, 3s. 6d. to 5s. per strong leading growth. DENDROBIUM CRASSINODE. From the Arracan Hills. A beautiful species, requiring exactly the same treatment as recommended for D. Wardianum (see page 126), with this exception that it will not stand so much cold during winter. The flowers rival that lovely variety in point of beauty, but are smaller. Newly imported or semi-established, 2s. 6d. to 5s. per strong lead. DENDROBIUM DENSIFLORUM. From the Khasia Hills. This is another lovely golden-yellow flowered species, growing and flowering in the same manner as D. thyrsiflorum (see page 105), and should be placed with that plant during the winter months when in a dormant state, and always treated in a similar way. Newly imported or established, 2s. 6d. or 5s. per leading growth. ORCHIDS : HOW TO GROW THEM SUCCESSFULLY. 14 1 DENDROBIUM CHRYSANTHUM. From Upper Bunnah. This species flowers in the autumn from the pseudobulbs just formed, and whilst many of the leaves are still quite green, it should therefore not be dried before flowering. During the winter growth re-commences, and the plant placed in an intermediate temperature and moderately watered, when it will grow gently on until spring and can then be placed in the Warm house. It should be grown in a basket, suspended, and the long bulbs allowed to droop downwards, often attaining a great length. The flowers are of a deep golden yellow, marked in the centre with almost blackish chocolate. Pot when the growth is two or three inches long, and pushing new roots. Newly imported or established, 2s. 6d. to os. per strong lead. DENDROBIUM PIERARDI. From the East Indies. This very pretty species should be grown in pans or baskets, as the growth has always a downward tendency, but in all other respects it should have the same treatment as advised for D. Wardianum, which suits it admirably. The flowers are of a creamy white colour and produced in spring. Newly imported plants are best, or established, from Is. 6d. to 3s. 6d. per strong lead. DEXDROBIUM LUTEOLUM. From Moulmein. The flowers of this species are of a lovely primrose-yellow, and it should be grown in baskets suspended in a light position, and when its growth is completed may be rested in an intermediate temperature, but being an evergreen species it should not be dried off too much. The flower buds soon push forth and expand if the plant is left in this house; remove into more warmth, after it has ceased flowering. Do not allow the flowers to stay on too long. This species is in the habit of making a great number of aerial growths, and these, as with D. Falconeri, should be allowed to remain, bringing them down to the compost only when re-basketing. Newly imported or established, 2s. 6d. to os. for good plants. ONCIDIUM KRAMERIANUM. From Colombia. This is another species of Butterfly Orchid, at first sight very closely resembling O. Papilio, but on examination there is much difference between the two ; both, however, require the same treatment. Newly imported or established, 3s. 6d. to os. per strong lead. ONCLDIUM CAVENDISHIANUM. From Guatemala. A very pretty species, and the flowers are produced during the winter months on spikes from the base of the last formed growth, and are yellow with brown spots. The pseudobulbs are very minute in comparison with its large fleshy leathery leaves, and it should be grown in pots on the light side of the house. imported or established, 3s. 6d. to os. per strong lead. 142 ORCHIDS : HOW TO GROW THEM SUCCESSFULLY. PEBISTERIA ELATA. From Panama. (The Dove Orchid; also the Holy Ghost plant of the natives.) It produces its flower spikes in the summer months from the base of the pseudobulbs, some of which I have seen as large as a cocoanut. The spike bears a number of flowers which are white, and in the centre of each a portion of the flower bears a close resemblance to a small dove, and it is altogether a most interesting plant. It should be potted and treated in the same manner as advised for Phaius grandifolius. Newly imported or established, 5s. to 7s. 6d. per lead. STANHOPEA OCULATA. From Mexico. This is another showy species, and should be cultivated exactly as advised for S. tigrina (see page 128). The ground colour of this species is light yellow, thickly marked with bright chocolate spots, and it flowers in the autumn. Newly imported or established plants are from 5s. to 7s. 6d. per strong leading bulb. STANHOPEA INSIGNIS. From Brazil. This species is also very showy and blooms during the summer months, and must be treated in the same way as the foregoing. Newly imported or established plants are worth from 5s. to 7s. 6d. per strong lead. MORMODES PARDINUM. From Mexico. This is a handsome and curious Orchid, which flowers in the same manner as Catasetum Bungerothii and must have the same treatment in every respect. The ground colour of the flower is yellow, densely spotted with chocolate. Newly imported or established plants 5s. to 10s. 6d. per strong lead. CATTLEYA LUEDDEMANNIANA. From Venezuela. (Syn. speciosissima.) A lovely species of the labiata section, the flowers very much resembling those of C. Mossiae, and it flowers during the autumn months. This species, like C. Aclandise, is rather difficult to grow and flower successfully unless given a warm temperature, and it should be grown in a pan or basket suspended in a very light position. Newly imported or established, 5s. to 7s. 6d. per strong leading bulb. ONCIDIUM FLEXUOSUM. From Brazil. This is a small-flowered species, but generally admired on account of its freedom of growth and its light and graceful many-flowered spikes, the colour of the flowers being yellow and brown. It has a somewhat rambling habit of growth, and does best when grown in a pot in the usual compost of sphagnum and peat, and placed in the shady side of 0&CH1DS I HOW TO G&OW THEM StfCCESSFtrLLY. 143 the house, the plant always thriving well in a moist atmosphere, as the roots feed on the air. When it is found necessary to repot it, the leading growth should be kept well down into the compost, so that a fresh start in growth is made from the latter. This species requires a good supply of water at the root and should not be allowed to get too dry even in the winter, and it flowers during the summer months. Good plants should be purchased for about 5s. per strong leading growth. CYPKIPEDIUM BAE.BATTJM. From Mount Ophir. This is another species with pretty marked foliage, and produces its flowers during the summer months, the dorsal sepal being white, green, and of a dark purplish colour, and the pouch tawny brown, while in some of its varieties the colour is much darker than in others. The pouch of the true C. barbatum nigrum is almost black. Established plants 3s. 6d. to os. per two leading growths. CYPRIPEDIUM STONEI. From Borneo. This very pretty species should be in every collection. The dorsal sepal is china white, pencilled with red and purple, and shaded with ochreous yellow ; petals long and narrow, same colour as the sepals ; and the lip or pouch dull purple, with reddish veins. There is a variety, C. Stonei platytaenium, which is very handsome, unique in its beauty, and is also expensive, and is likely to remain so, as C. Stonei does not increase so rapidly as most of the other Cypripediums. It should have the same treatment as C. Lawrenceanum. Established plants, 7s. 6d. per strong leading growth. There are of course many other beautiful kinds which could be enumerated, indeed, the supply of species together with their separate varieties is almost inexhaustible, but I feel that quite sufficient have been named to answer the purpose for which this book is compiled, i.e., that of placing the new beginner upon a solid foundation from which to work. In addition to the many gardening periodicals which treat more or less on Orchids, there are also many books which have been published from time to time, some of which could be taken up with advantage, after this little book has been thoroughly digested, but until the rudiments of Orchid culture are understood, such books may perplex rather than assist. Acting on this principle I have omitted long botanical descriptions of stem, foliage, date of introduction, or their early history, neither have I endeavoured to correctly describe the colours and shape of the flowers, only sufficiently to enable the beginner to form an idea as to whether he possesses the correct species or not, and I have enlarged somewhat fully, but in simple terms, on the cultural treatment required by the various genera of Orchids. 144 ORCHIDS : HOW tO GROW THEM SUCCESSFULLY. ORCHIDS WHICH MAY BE GROWN IN VINERIES OR PEACH HOUSES. In an early chapter it was stated that I could not advise the culture of Orchids in fruit growing houses, and I intended these words to apply to Orchids generally, but when a vinery or peach house has been started in February or March, then the warmth such a house would afford would exactly suit the requirements of a few species of Orchids. By the time the fruit had ripened, and it became necessary to give the vines or fruit trees plenty of air in order to thoroughly ripen the wood, the new growth of the Orchids would be in an advanced condition and able to withstand, and indeed, would be benefited by large quantities of air and cool treatment, provided it be not too cold, remaining here until it became necessary to start the houses in the following year. The following list indicates such Orchids as would be likely to succeed, and generally do well under such treatment, although I by no means assert that they are sure to do so, and it would be necessary to start with good plants and pay strict attention to cleanliness : — DENDROBIUMS (excepting those requir- ing more warmth during winter) L.ELIA ALBIDA it ANCEPS (IN VARIETY) ti AUTUMN ALIS it MAJALIS SOBRALIAS, ALL THE SPECIES THUNIAS, ALL THE SPECIES VANDA SUAVIS n TRICOLOR it C(ERULEA ii INSIGNIS ii KlMBALLIANA BARKERIAS, ALL THE SPECIES CATASETUMS, ALL THE SPECIES CATTLEYA MOSSIAE n GASKELLIANA M WARSCEWICZII (syn. GIGAS) n HARRISONIANA n TRIANAK .1 LABI ATA CCELOGYNE CRISTATA, AND ITS VARS. M MASSANGEANA n SANDERIANA n CORRUGATA Ii OCELLATA CVMBIDIUM EBURNEUM n LOWIANUM CYRTOPODIUMS, ALL THE SPECIES CYPRIPEDIUM x AMANDUM M ARGUS .1 x ARTHURIANUM .1 X ASHBURTONLE ii BARBATUM 'n BOXALLII n x CROSSIANUM n x HARRISONIANUM n HIRSUTISSIMUM ii INSIGNE, AND ITS VARIETIES n x LATHAMIANUM n x LKEANUM n X KITENS n X (ENANTHUM it PURPURATUM n x SALLIKRI n SPICERIANUM ii VENUSTUM ii VILI.O.SUM SELENIPEDIUM (CYPR.) x CARDINAL K n M SCHLIMII n n x SEDEN : HOW TO GROW THEM StTCCESSPULtY. ORCHIDS IN SMOKY TOWiNS. Although many kinds can be grown in town gardens there are some, the delicate flowers of which open in the winter and are not suitable for cultivation where a smoky, foggy atmosphere prevails, such for instance, as the genus Phalsenopsis, and this is much to be regretted as the plants are often so much at home in town gardens, and are frequently met with in a flourishing state under such circumstances, but as they generally bloom in the winter the flowers are much too delicate to withstand dense fogs and the flowers therefore rarely open, the buds turning yellow and dropping off. The spring-flowering Dendrobiums also give trouble in this respect, <mch species as D. nobile and the numerous hybrids produced from it, notably D. x Ainsworthii, D. x Leechianum, and such species as D. Wardianum, D. crassinode, and a few others, for heavy fogs are almost certain to destroy the flower buds of these varieties which flower early in the season if placed in too much warmth. It is, therefore, better to retard their blooming by keeping them cool and not allow the flowers to expand until April, then the flowering state may be expected to be more satisfactory as the fogs then are fewer and less dense. Some of the Cattleyas also give trouble, especially C. Percivaliana, and C. Trianae, both being early-blooming species, and invariably lose their flower buds under the influence of dense fogs. There are several other kinds which also suffer, but not so severely as those already mentioned, such as Laelia anceps and other winter- flowering Laelias, the Calanthes, Cattleya labiata, and all of these suffer in a more or less degree, sometimes managing to unfold their sepals and petals but perhaps only for a short time. Gypripediums and Odontoglossums are to be recommended as probably the best kinds of Orchids for the greenhouses of large towns, for although a large number of these flower in the winter, the flowers are better able to resist, without injury, the action of thick smoky fogs, but which would be fatal to the bloom of others. They are also most interesting and easily grown, many of the former having handsomely marked foliage, the flowers varying so much in form and colours, and a moderate -sized collection of them ensures an interesting display of flowers throughout the year. 14t> oiicUiDs: MoW tfo Giiow THEM SUCCESSFULLY. RESULTS OF FURTHER EXPERIENCE OR THE AMATEUR'S ORCHID HOUSE.
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Die geehrten Vereinsmitglieder werden gebeten, Beränderungen des Wohnortes ꝛc. jowie Verichtigungen der den einzelnen Namen beigefügten, das Jahr des Eintrittes in den Verein bezeichnenden Jahreszahlen dem Gejchäftsführer mitzuteilen. Gedruckte Berichte, welche noch von der 7., 10., 11, 12., 14., 16., 18., 21.—49. Verſammlung vorrätig find, können nur im ° Wege des Buchhandels zum Preiſe von 1,50 Marf bezogen werden. Der Jahresbeitrag von 5 Mark ift an die Akademiſche Buchhandlung in Tharandt einzuzahlen. Diejelbe ift ermächtigt, bei Verſendung des Berichtes, welche etwa gegen Weihnachten erfolgt, an jene Mitglieder, die mit ihren Beiträgen im Nüdjtande find, nach Maßgabe der Bereinsbeftimmungen den Betrag dur Poft- nachnahme zu erheben. Das Eintritfsgeld in Höhe von 5 Marf, jowie die 1 Mark betragenden Koſten für die Ernenerung verloren gegangener - Mitgliedskarfen bittet man an den Gejchäftsführer oder an die. Akademiſche Buchhandlung in Tharandt zu entrichten. | x Oberwielenthal, im Dezember 1905. Oberförjter Sedig 3. 5. Gejchäftsführ Bericht über die 49. Verfammlung des Sächſiſchen Soritvereines gehalten zu Marienberg vom 25. bis 28. Juni 1905. Tharandt 1905. Akademifbe Buchhandlung Oob. & Ric. Stettner). To IH Inhalts-Berzeirhmis. _— 440 — Vorbericht Bi a rn et Ve Bericht über Die ate Sing . 1 Eröffnung durch den Borjigenden, Geh. Forſtrat Täger . 1 Begrüßungen . 1 Mitteilungen aus der Regiftrande — aber ſonftiges &- Ihäftihs . - > 2 > 2 nn nenn. 4 Berhandlungen im Walde . . . . 20. 4 Berichterjtatter: Prof. Groß, Tharandi Bericht über die zweite Sitzuug. 69 Rechenichaftsbericht über die Raffenverhältniffe u Mit- teilungen Fragen der forjtlichen Produktionslehre 73 Berihterftatter: Prof. Bed, Tharandt. da. Mitteilung, einen Grenzitein aus Zement betr. . . . 104 vom Mitteilungen über Yementbau . . . .. 182 vom Staatsforſtrevieer .. . - . 141 Bericht über deu Ausflug auf Die Stantöforfreviere Marien berg, Rüderswalde und Reitzenhain145 Anhang . . . TE: u ı; ; Mitglicher-Berzeicjwis ee ee er Vorbericht. Die 49. Verſammlung des Sächſiſchen Forſtvereines wurde in der Zeit vom 25. bis 28. Juni 1905 in Marienberg abgehalten. Die Vorbereitungen dazu hatte der Herr K. ©. Oberförfter Scheibe in Marienberg übernommen, während für die forftlichen Ausflüge ſich die Herren K. S. Oberförfter Naufft in Zöblig, Scheibe in Marienberg, Reinel in Rückerswalde und Kempe in Reitenhain verdient machten. Der Schlefiiche Forjtverein war durch Herrn Stäbtifchen Oberförſter Maerker, Kohlfurt, der Böhmische Forftverein durch den Herrn Gräfl. Herberjtein’schen Domänentat Bernas, Libocho- wis (Böhmen) und der Verein beutfcher Forjtleute in Böhmen durch den Herrn Yoritinipeftor Klindert, Brür in Böhmen vertreten. Die Zeiteinteilung war folgende: Sonntag, den 25. Juni, gegenseitige Begrüßung im Hotel zum Weißen Roß von abends 7 Uhr an. Montag, den 26. Juni, Sitzung von früh 8 Uhr an bis 1 Uhr mittags im Hotel zum Weißen Rof. Nachmittags Ausflug auf die Parzelle „Burgberg“ des Zöblitzer Staatsforjtrevierd mit darauf folgendem gejelligen Zuſammenſein im Zöbliger Ratskeller. Lv Dienstag, den 27. Juni, Sitzung von früh 8 Uhr an; nachmittag gemeinfchaftliches Mittag- ejjen im Hotel zum Weißen Roß und abends Konzert mit Tanz dajelbft. Mittwoch, den 28. Juni, Beſuch der Staatsforjtreviere Marienberg, Rüderswalde und Reitzenhain. In den Sitzungen gelangten folgende Gegenſtände zur Ver— Handlung: 1. Wafjerabgabe aus dem Walde. 2. Heimatſchutz im Walde. 3. Beiprechung neuerer Fragen der forjtlicden Produftionglehre. 4. Anbau von Ankaufgflächen.. 48. Mitteilungen über Yementbau. Erſter Eng. Erfte Sitzung der neunundpierzigften Derfammlung des Sächfiichen Sorftvereines zu Marienberg am Montag, den 26. Juni 1905. In Anweſenheit von 87 Mitgliedern des „Sächfiſchen Forſtvereines“ wird die Sitzung vom Vorſitzenden Geheimen Jorſtrat Täger-Shwarzenderg im Saale des Hotels „sum weißen Roß“ vormittags 8 Uhr eröffnet. Borfigender: Meine hochgeehrten Herren! Ich eröffne Hier- mit die 49. Verfammlung des Sächlischen Forſtvereines und heiße Sie Hier in Marienberg herzlich willfonımen. Zugleich danfe id) der Stadt Marienberg im Namen de3 Vereines für die gaftliche Aufnahme, die fie ung gewährt, und fage ihr namentlich auch für den Schmudl, den fie zu Ehren des Forſttags angelegt hat, unferen beiten Dank. Ebenfo danfe ich im Namen bes Forſtvereines dem Herrn Landforftmeifter Winter für fein Erfcheinen unter ung, das ein Intereſſe für den Sorftverein befundet und vom Verein mit freude und Genugtuung begrüßt wird. Zunächſt bat das Wort der Herr Bürgermeilter von Marienberg. Bürgermeifter Carl-Marienberg: Meine jehr geehrten Herren! Nicht zum erften Male hat die Stabt Marienberg die Ehre, die Mitglieder des Sächſiſchen SForftvereines in ihren Mauern zu jehen. Bor länger ala 40 Jahren, im Jahre 1863 hat ſich der Verein bereits Bier einmal verfammelt. Einer bei den hierzu an- gelegten Ratsakten befindlichen Zufchrift des damaligen Oberforft- meilter von Cotta Habe ich mit Intereffe entnommen, daß in Marienberg eigentlich die Wiege des Sächfiichen Forftvereines ge- 1 —— ſtanden hat. Das iſt nun, wie ich feſtſtellen mußte, nicht dahin zu verſtehen, daß der Verein hier gegründet worden iſt, wohl aber hat in Marienberg und zwar im Jahre 1847 die erſte Ver— ſammlung des Vereines ſtattgefunden. Unſerer örtlichen Lage nach iſt es uns ſeltener vergönnt, Gäſte bei uns zu begrüßen. Setzt ſich eine Vereinigung aber über die Umſtändlichkeit der Reiſe hinweg und eilt zu uns ins Gebirge, fo wiſſen wir die uns hierdurch zu Teil werdende Ehre ganz be— ſonders zu fchäten, wie Ihnen die zahlreichen von den Häufjern wehenden ahnen befunden ſollen. Die Stadt Marienberg nennt einen nicht unbedeutenden Waldbeſitz ihr eigen und fie ift dank der vernändnisvollen Mitarbeit ihrer ftädtifchen Körperjchaften bemüht, diefen Beſitz fortgejegt nach Kräften zu erweitern. Neben den zahlreichen anderen Vorteilen, die ein ausgedehnter Waldbeſitz jedem Gemeinweſen bringen wird und bringen muß, fällt die naturgemäß hinter derjenigen anderer Gemeindeunternehmungen zurüditehende Waldrente im ftädtifchen Haushaltplane ihrer relativen Sicherheit und Stetigfeit wegen ausjchlaggebend ind Gewicht. Ein Bid in den Etat unfere® Landes aber lehrt, welche große und die Förderung anderer Kulturaufgaben ermöglichende Bedeutung der ſtaatlichen Forftwirtfchaft beizumefjen ift. Der auf Ihrer Tagesordnung ftehende Vortrag „Die Wafler- abgabe aus dem Walde” wird neben feiner allgemeinen Wichtigfeit zumal für uns, die wir vor der Herjtellung einer neuen größeren Wafferleitungsanlage für einen unferer Ortsteile jtehen, noch von bejonderem Intereſſe fein. Es gereicht mir zur Ehre, Sie, meine hochgeehrten Herren, in Marienberg auf das berzlichjte willlommen zu beißen. Mögen die hier verlebten Stunden jederzeit Ihnen eine angenehme Er- innerung bilden! (Zebhafter Beifall.) Borfitender: Meine Herren, wir jagen dem Herrn Bürger- meilter für dieje freundlichen Begrüßungsworte unjeren herzlichſten Dank und befennen mit aufrichtiger Freude, daß die Aufnahme, die wir bier in Marienberg gefunden haben, voll und ganz die Erwartungen bejtätigt, die wir auf die Waldfreundlichkeit der —— Stadt geſetzt hatten. Der Herr Bürgermeiſter hat ſoeben das große Intereſſe bekundet, das er an forſtlichen Angelegenheiten nimmt, und wir ſelbſt werden Gelegenheit finden, Teile des ſchönen und umfangreichen Waldbeſitzes der Stadt Marienberg kennen zu lernen. Im übrigen übt die Stadt Marienberg bejondere An⸗ ziehungsfraft auf und Torftleute aus, da viele von uns einmal hier tätig geweien find und ſich manche Erinnerung an die hiefigen großen und intereflanten Staatsforften bewahrt haben. Die Herren Delegierten der Nachbarvereine erhalten das Wort. Oberförfter Maerker⸗Kohlfurt: Meine ehr geehrten Herren! - Ich komme ala Bertreter des Schlefifchen Forftvereines zu Ihnen, um im Auftrage desjelben das lebhafte Interefje zu befunden, das wir an Ihrem Wirken und Schaffen nehmen. Ich komme nicht zum erjten Male zu Ihnen und das mag ein Beweis fein, wie wohl wir und in Ihren Sreifen fühlen und welchen Wert die Herren, die hier gewejen find, darauf legen, daß fie wiederfommen dürfen. Unfer aller Beitrebungen gelten der Pflege des Waldes und jo möchte ich wünfchen, daß Ihre Verhandlungen diefes Ziel weiter fördern. (Bravo !) Gräflich Herberfteinfher Domänenrat Beruas⸗Libochowitz (Böhmen): Hochgeehrte Herren! Gejtatten Sie mir, daß ich mich Ihnen bereit3 als ein alter Belannter vom vorigen Jahre vorjtelle und Jynen vom Böhmifchen Forjtverein follegiale Grüße und zu Ihren Verhandlungen ein herzliches „Forſtmannsheil“ überbringe. Wie ich voriges Jahr die Ehre Hatte mitzuteilen, verfammelt fich der Böhmische Forſtverein nach feinem abjolvierten Trauerjahre um den hochverdienten PBräfidenten heuer in der hiſtoriſch denkwürdigen Stadt Kolin a. d. Elbe und unternimmt eine Erfurfion in die Fürftlich Liechtenfteinichen Forſte der Domäne Rattay bei Prag. Zu diefer Erfurfion und zu unjeren Verhandlungen feien Sie, bochverehrte Herren, namens unjeres hohen Vereins - Präfidiums herzlich eingeladen ! (Bravo !) 1* — Forſtinſpektor Klindert- Brür i. Böhmen: Auch ich bin ge⸗ fommen, meine verehrten Herren, um Sie zu begrüßen namens bes Vereines deutjcher Forjtleute in Böhmen. Sch bin das erite Mal in Ihrer Mitte; aber e8 war bereit früher ein Vertreter unferes Vereines bei Ihnen und ich weiß von ihm, welch freund! che Aufnahme er gefunden hat. Sch komme mit denjelben Gefühlen, mit denen er hergelommen war. Es iſt nicht allein der Drang ber Wiljenfchaft, der uns Herführt, und die Bewunderung der hohen Entwidelung der Forſtkultur im ſächſiſchen Staate, ſondern es ift auch der brüderliche Drang und die alljeit3 hochgeſchätzte Dffenheit und Biederfeit im Sachjenlande. Ron diefem Stand- punfte aus bitte ich die befonderen Grüße meiner Kollegen entgegen- zunehmen. Zugleich erlaube ich mir mitzuteilen, daß heuer unjer Derein feine Verfammlung in Tetichen vom 16. big 18. Juli abhält, womit eine Erfurfion in das Sandjteingebirge bis an die ſächſiſche Grenze verbunden iſt. Zu diefer Exkurſion gejtatte ich mir die geehrten Herren freundlichit einzuladen. Nochmald meine herzlichiten Grüße und ein „Forſt⸗ und Weidmanngheil” im Namen des Vereines! (Bravo !) Borfigender: Wir danken den Herren Vertretern der benach- barten Forftvereine für ihre liebenswürdigen Begrüßungsworte und fönnen nur unferer Genugtuung und Freude darüber Ausdrud geben, daß fie ung auch diejes Jahr ihre Anweſenheit ſchenken. Wie die geehrten Vereinsmitglieder von früher her fchon willen, legen wir auf die Pflege guter Beziehungen zu den Nachbar- vereinen großen Wert und wir können nur hoffen und wünfchen, daß dieſe Beziehungen immer von derjelben Freundfchaft und demjelben gegenfeitigen Intereſſe getragen bleiben mögen wie biöher. Der Herr Geſchäftsführer wird ung jest Mitteilungen aus der Regiftrande bringen. Geſchäftsführer Forſtrat Klemming- Dresden: Meine Herren, ich werde nur ganz kurze Zeit Ihre Aufmerkſamkeit in Anſpruch nehmen. Aus der Regijtrande ift folgendes mitzuteilen. Wie Sie * der Ihnen zugegangenen Einladung und Tagedordnung er- a rhen haben, hat das Köonigl. Finanzminifterium, wie alljährlich, jo auch diesmal den Beſuchern der Verfammlung eine Fahrpreis- ermäßigung dadurch gewährt, daß die einfache Fahrkarte zur freien Rũckfahrt berechtigt. Ferner Hat das Königl. Finanzminifterium dem Bereine wiederum einen Beitrag zur Beitreitung der Koften der gegen- wärtigen Berfammlung in Höhe von 300 ME bewilligt. Für diefe erhebliche Unterftügung ift der Verein dem hohen Finanz- miniſterium felbjtverftändlich außerordentlich dankbar. Ich habe m Namen des Vereines dem Königl. Zinanzminifterium den Dant dafür auch Hier nochmal auszufprechen. Was die Vertretung unferes Bereines bei den Berfammlungen der Nachbarvereine anlangt, fo find im vorigen Jahre abgeordnet worden: zu der Verfammlung des Schlefiichen Sorjtvereines in Militſch Herr Oberförfter Krubih in Hohnitein; zu der Ber- ſammlung des Vereines deutjcher Forftleute in Böhmen zu Komotau Herr Oberförfter Bührdel in Grillenburg; zur Verfammlung des Mährifch - Schlefifchen yorjtvereines in Brünn Herr Forftmeifter Korfelt aus Zittau. Der böhmische Forftverein hat wegen Ab- lebens feines langjährigen Vorfigenden, des Fürften Schwarzenberg, eme Berfammlung nicht abgehalten. Ich ſelbſt hatte die Ehre, den Sächſiſchen Forſtverein im Deutfchen Forftwirtichaftsrate und beim Deutjchen orftvereine zu vertreten. Die Situng des Forft- wirtichaftsrates fand im Anſchluß an die Verfammlung des Deutichen Forſtvereines in Eiſenach ftatt. Eine außerordentliche Tagung des Forftwirtfchaftsrates wurde noch im Februar d. 3. in Berlin abgehalten. Dann bat wie bisher die Biologische Abteilung des Kaifer- lichen Gefundheitsamtes in Berlin dem Verein zwei BVeröffent- fihungen zugehen laſſen und zwar ein Pilgmerfhlatt und ein neues Flugblatt Nr. 32. Im Pilgmerkblatte werben die wichtigiten eßbaren und die am leichteften damit zu verwechfelnden giftigen Pilze beichrieben. Auf einer farbigen Tafel ift eine größere Anzahl folcher Pilze bildlich dargeſtellt. Das Pilzmerkblatt enthäft außerdem einen Überblid über bie Verwertung ber Pilze ala Rabrungsmittel und über die Erkrankung und erfte Hilfe bei BEN BE Pilzvergiftungen. Das Flugblatt Nr. 32 behandelt die Biologie, die praftifche Bedeutung und die Belämpfung der Miltel. Das wäre das, was ich Ihnen aus der Regiltrande mit- zuteilen hätte. Borfitender: Ich bitte nunmehr Herrn Prof. Dr. Vater, die Einleitung zu der Frage: Waſſerabgabe ans dem Walde zu bringen. Berichterftatter Brof. Dr. Vater⸗Tharaudt: Meine hochgeehrten Herren! Die Wälder und die mancherort3 in ihnen liegenden Moore gelten gewohnheitägemäß als die natürlichen Spender von Waffer für das gefamte Land. Kerner ift die Überzeugung all- gemein verbreitet, daß die Forjtwirtichaft den Wafjerreichtum des Waldes und jomit des ganzen Landes im hohen Grade zu beein- fluffen vermöge. Daher verlangen jene Klein» und Großgewerbe⸗ treibenden, welche Waſſer zum Antrieb ihrer SKraftmafchinen benugen, ſchon ſeit langer Zeit, daß von den Forjiwirten auf einen möglichit hohen und möglichit gleichmäßigen Stand der zum Antrieb benugten Waſſermaſſen hingewirkt werde. Zu dieſer einen SIntereffentengruppe ift im Laufe der Zeit eine zweite getreten, welche ebenfallg, wenn auch zu anderen Zweden, da8 Waſſer im Walde verwendet oder verwenden möchte. Die Ständig wachjende Bevölferungsdichte und der ftändig vermehrte Verbrauch von Waffer zu gewerblichen Zweden erfordert immer größere Waffermengen. Hierzu fommt noch, daß die Anforderungen an die Beichaffenheit des Waſſers in erfreulicher Weiſe immer ftrenger werden. Daher wächſt die Schwierigkeit, den Wafjer- bedarf zu beden, von Jahr zu Jahr, und immer häufiger entjteht der Wunfch, das Trink⸗ und Gebrauchswaſſer den Wäldern zu entnehmen. Die von Gemeinden und Einzelnen in leterer Zeit befonders häufig an die Forjtverwaltung gerichteten Wünfche und Anjuchen in beiden erwähnten Richtungen find die Urfache, eine Beiprechung der Abgabe von Waſſer aus dem Walde auf die Tagesordnung unferer diesjährigen Verſammlung zu fegen. Da jedoch Diele Abgabe nur im Rahmen des gefamten Waflerhaushaltes gewürdigt werden kann, jo bitte ich, meinen Bericht in folgende 4 Abfchnitte gliedern zu dürfen: zur en 1. Der Wafferhaushalt eines Geländes. 2. Der Einfluß des Waldes auf den Waſſerhaushalt. 3. Der Einfluß der forftlichen Entwäfferunge- und Be- wäfjerungsanlagen. 4. Der Einfluß einer forjtlich nicht wünfjchenswerten Waſſer⸗ abgabe auf die Wachstumsverhältniffe im Walde. Auch diesmal bin ich wegen des großen Umfanges des Gegen- ftande3 nur in der Lage, verfuchen zu können, das weientlichite herauszugreifen. Unter der Bezeichnung „Waſſerhaushalt eines Geländes“ faffen wir alle jene Erfcheinungen zufammen, welche darin be- ftehen, daß Wafler in irgend einem Aggregatzuftand in jenes Selände eintritt, fich in ihm bewegt oder es verläßt. Wenn wir im Hinblid auf den Vortragägegenftand und die zur Verfügung ftehende Beit von der höchſt verwidelten Erfcheinung des Taues und ähnlichem abjehen, jo haben wir es beim Wafjerhaushalt mit Regen und Schnee, aljo den Niederjchlägen fchlechthin, forwie mit dem offenen Waſſer und dem Bodenwafjer zu tun. Hierbei wird jedoch das Wort „Boden“ in einem weiteren Sinne als jonft in der Bodenkunde angewendet, indem in der Lehre vom Waſſerhaushalt unter „Boden“ alle jene Maffen unjerer Erdkruſte verjtanden werden, welche in ihren mehr oder minder Heinen Toren Waſſer zu führen vermögen. Abdgejehen vom Waffer einiger befonderer natürlicher und durch Bohrungen entitandener Quellen*) kann angenommen werden, daß die auf dem und im Boden vorhandenen Wafjermengen irgendwo in der Form von Niederjchlägen auf den Boden gelangt find. Ein Teil der Niederfchläge verdunftet nach feinem Auftreffen auf dem Erdboden jehr rasch wieder in die Qufthülle unferer *) Die alte Anſicht, daß das Wafjer einiger natürlicher und einiger durch Bohrungen entftandener Duellen von befonderen Eigenfchaften den Tiefen unferer Erde entjiamme und zum erjten Dale an deren Oberfläche trete, bat auch in ber Gegenwart angefehene Vertreter, 3. B. Eduard Sueß. Das dum erften Male an die Erdoberfläche tretende Wafjer wird von lepterem mit „juvenil”, alle übrige, bereit3 im andauernden Kreislauf befindliche Wailer mit „vados“ bezeichnet: Vergl. Eduard Sueß, Über heiße Quellen, Verhand- kıngen der Geſellſchaft Deutſcher Naturforfher und Ärzte zu Karlsbad 1902. — Erde zurück, ein Teil bildet offene Waſſeranſammlungen, und ein Teil dringt in den Boden ein. Von unmittelbarem Einfluß auf das Wachstum im Walde iſt faſt nur das in den Boden einge- drungene, aljo das Bodenwafjer. Mit letterem haben wir uns daber vorwiegend zu bejchäftigen. Die Niederjchläge und das offene Wafjer ſollen nur injofern berührt werden, als dieſe Wafjer- maſſen mit dem Bodenwaſſer in Wechſelwirkung treten. In einem völlig gleichmäßig poröfen Boden Tann fich das Waſſer nur in Ddreierlet Zuſtand befinden. Wird es von den Bodenteilen durch Adhäfiongerfcheinungen der Schwerkraft ent- gegen feitgehalten, dann iſt es aufgefpeichertes Waſſer. Dringt e3 in ſolchen Mengen in den Boden ein, daß es nicht vollftändig aufgefpeichert werden kann, dann fidfert der Überfchuß, der Schwer- fraft folgend, als Sickerwaſſer tiefer Hinab. Ruht das Waffer ſchließlich auf undurchläſſiger oder wenigftend nicht zum voll- Händigen Abjidern genügend durchläſſiger Grundlage auf, dann iſt es Grundwaſſer. infolge der Ungleichmäßigfeit vieler Böden und Gejteine gibt e3 jedoch außer dem aufgefpeicherten, dem herab- fidernden und dem Grundwaſſer noch Wafler, welches ſich nur jehr gezwungen einer dieſer drei Gruppen zuteilen läßt, nämlich fi) frei bewegendes Waſſer. Für an fich fompafte, aber von Klüften durchjegte Gefteine ift das Dafein von frei zirfulierendem Walter in dieſen Klüften leicht verjtändlih. Aber auch in Huft- Iojen Mafjen, wie Lehm und Ron, ja felbft in Sanden finden fi) aderförmige Hohlräume oder doch derartige Wege poröferer Beichaffenheit, in welchen unterirdifche Gewäſſer von meift nur feinem Umfang rinnen. Das jenem undurchläjjigen Gefteinzförper, welcher der Erd— oberfläche zunächſt Liegt, aufruhende Grundwaffer ift an jehr vielen Orten. nicht Die einzige unterirdiiche Wafjeranfammlung 3 folgen Häufig unter einem oberjten wafjerundurchläffigen Gefteing- förper noch in einer oder auch mehreren Tiefenlagen mit Wafjer reich durchtränkte Geſteine. Die artefiihen Brunnen und viele andere Wafjergewinnungsanlagen beuten dergleichen in der Tiefe befindlichen Wafjermafjfen aus. Wenn eine Unterfcheidung ver- ichieden tief liegender Grundwaſſer notwendig ift, jo bezeichnet man das dem oberjten undurchläffigen Geftein aufruhende mit — 9 — bberes Grundwaſſer“, alle tiefer gelegenen Waſſeranſammlungen mt „Ziefgrundwafler“. Das obere Grundwaſſer, welches für bie pritwirtichaft allein unmittelbar in Frage fommt, hat in unferem Lande in der Regel einen foldden Stand im Boden, daß es ſich der Erdoberfläche auf ein paar oder doch einige Meter nähert. deder gewöhnliche Pumpbrunnen ift ein Beweis hierfür. In Mooren fteigt das Grundwaſſer bis an die Erdoberflähe. Nur ausnahmsweiſe liegt das Grundwafler bei uns fo tief, daß es durch gewöhnliche PBumpbrunnen nicht mehr gehoben werben kann, alio tiefer ala etwa 8 Meter. Das Grundwafler fteht im allgemeinen nicht unbeweglich im Boden, fondern fließt der Schwerkraft folgend auf feiner Unter- lage tiefer gelegenen Orten zu. Während Höhenverfchiedenheiten an der Oberfläche von offenem Waſſer fich fo raſch ausgleichen, daß man für die meiften Verhältniife die Oberfläche des offenen Waſſers als völlig horizontal betrachten kann, ift dies beim Grundwaſſer nicht der Fall. Indem fließendes Grundwaſſer bie große Reibung an den in ihrer Gefamtheit höchft ausgedehnten Oberflächen der oft nur winzigen Bodenteile überwinden muß, wird die Ausgleichung von Abweichungen des fogen. Grund- waſſerſpiegels von einer horizontalen Ebene derartig verzögert, dab, gleichmäßigen Wafferzufluß vorausgeſetzt, fich Oberflächen des Grundwaſſers herausbilden, welche etliche Bogenminuten, ja ſogar Bogengrade gegen den Horizont geneigt find. Die äußerfte mir befannte Angabe beträgt 6°, — 31/,%.*) Innig verknüpft mit den leßterwähnten PVerhältniffen ift die Gefchwindigfeit, mit welcher das Grundwaſſer fließt. Häufig beträgt diefe Geichwindig- kit täglich Taum 1 Meter. 24 Meter tägliches Fortfchreiten ift ſchon beträchtlich, doch fommen wahrfcheinlich Gefchwindigfeiten big zu 180 Meter täglich vor.) Die größeren Gefchwindigfeiten Önnen fich nur in Böden mit größeren Poren entiwideln, aljo *) Diefen Wert hat das Grundwaſſer in jenem Gneife, aus welchem bie diliner Dineralwafferquellen entipringen. Bergl. Gintl, Laube, Steiner, Vie Mineralwafferquellen von Bilin in Böhmen und die an denfelben in den Jahren 1888/90 durchgeführten Santerungsarbeiten. Bilin 1898. ©. 125. *) Berge. Sonne und ÜEffelborn, Elemente des Waflerbaues. Leipzig 1904. ©. 9. — 10 — z. B. in Kies⸗ und Schotterſchichten. In ſehr feinkörnigen Böden vermag das Grundwaſſer unter allen Umſtänden nur ſehr lang- fam zu fließen. Somit ift das Grundwaſſer jtellenweife nur äußerft wenig bewegt, tellenweife bildet e3 einen merflichen „Srund- waſſerſtrom“. Im erfteren Falle hängt der Grundwafferitand hauptſächlich von örtlichen Berhältniffen ab. Im zweiten Fall treten die örtlichen Verhältniſſe mehr oder minder zurüd, da Der Stand eines rafch fließenden Grundwaſſerſtroms von den Er- ſcheinungen oberhalb des Beobacdjtungsortes weſentlich mit- bedingt wird. Bei feinem Vorrücken nach tiefer gelegenen Orten verläßt das obere Grundwaſſer fehließlich als Duelle oder vielmehr meilt als eine Reihe von Quellen den Boden. Ein kleiner Teil der Grundwafferquellen tritt hierbei zu Tage; die meilten Grund- wafferquellen werden von offenem Waffer bededt, fie befinden fich alfo in den Betten der Gerinne und auf den Böden der Seen und Teiche. Aber der eben angenommene Fall, daß das Grundwafler in das offene Wafjer einmündet, ftellt nicht die einzige vorklommende Beziehung zwiſchen Grundwaffer und offenem Waſſer dar. Wenn nämlich das Grundwafjer eine Geländes niedriger teht, als der Spiegel eines offenen Gewäfjers, defjen Stand durch Zufluß von außerhalb des Geländes bedingt wird, fo fidert ftändig von dem offenen Gewäfjer jo viel Wajjer in den Boden, daß fich in einem von der Bodenbeichaffenheit bedingten Neigungswinfel der Grund- waſſerſpiegel längs der Ufer des offenen Wafjerd zur Höhe von deſſen Spiegel hebt. Auf diefe Weiſe von offenem Waffer in den Boden eingejidertes Waſſer wird „Seihwafjer“ *) genannt. Se nach den wechjelnden Wafjerftandsverhältniffen kann zwiſchen offenem und Grundwaſſer bald das eine, bald das andere Ver— bältnis eintreten. Das Grundwaffer von Dresden und Umgebung pflegt 3. B. im allgemeinen in die Elbe abzufließen. Bei höheren Waſſerſtänden der Elbe, und zwar bereit bei folchen, wie fie die *) Bergl. 3. B. Lorenz von Liburnau, Die geologischen Verhältnifie von Grund und Boden. Wien. 1883. ©. 248, = 4, gewöhnlichen Frühjahrhochwaſſer zu erreichen pflegen, dringt das Waſſer der Elbe in den Boden ihrer Ufer ein.*) Der Einfluß des Grundwaſſers erjtredt fich jedoch nicht nur über jene Bodenregionen, welche es erfüllt, Sondern diefer Einfluß reicht jogar unmittelbar und dann noch mittelbar darüber hinaus. Infolge der Kapillarität vermögen die Bodenarten Wafler, und jomit in der Natur das Grundwaffer, emporzubheben. Die Hubhöhe iſt um jo beträchtlicher, je feinporiger die Böden find. Die Ungleichmäßigkeit der Bodenporen bedingt, daß im Boden die Menge des emporgehobenen Waſſers mit der Entfernung vom Grundwaſſerſpiegel abnimmt. Die Gefchwindigkeit, mit welcher das Waſſer gehoben wird, ift dem Durchmefjer der Bodenporen in fomplizierter Weife umgekehrt proportional. Sandböden find weit- porig; ihre Hubhöhe beträgt ein paar Dezimeter bi8 ausnahms- weiſe ein halbes Meter. Die Gefchwindigfeit des Hubes ijt Hierbei jo groß, daß dieſe geringen möglichen Hubhöhen fo rafch erreicht werden, daß fie voll in Wirkſamkeit treten. Für feinporige Böden, wie Lehm, ergeben fich rechnerifch ganz unglaublich beträchtliche Hubhöhen, aber die Hubgejchwindigfeit ift jo klein, daß bei unſerem Wechſel von Niederichlag und Berdunftung ſich der unmittelbare Einfluß des Grundwaflers nur auf höchſtens ein und ein halb Meter Höhe geltend macht. Jene Mengen Wafjer, welche ein Boden unmittelbar über dem Grundwaſſer in fich aufjpeichert, bilden das Maß jeined größten Wafjerauffpeicherungsvermögens. Jene Waffermengen, welche er außerhalb des unmittelbaren Ein- wirtungSbereiches des Grundwaſſers zurüdbehält, ftellen das Maß feines Hleinften oder abfoluten Wafjerauffpeicherungsvermögens dar. Das größte Waflerauffpeicherungsvermögen iſt für die einzelnen Bodenarten nicht wefentlich verjchieden, wohl aber dag Heinjte. Tür jenen Zoderheit3zuftand, wie ihn die Böden in der Nähe der Erb- oberfläche meiſt befigen, reicht das größte Aufjpeicherungsvermögen in der Regel an 50 VBolumprozent heran. Als Beifpiele für das *) Bergl. 3. B. Wolf, Die Einwirkung verunreinigter Flüſſe auf das im Ufergebiet derfelben fich bewegende Grundwaſſer, veröffentliht in Rent, Arbeiten aus den Königl. hygienischen Inftituten in Dresden. Bd. I. 1908, zitiert nach dem Referat in der Beitichrift für Gewäſſerkunde, Bb. VI. 1904. S. 318. ger tleinfte Auffpeicherungsvermögen feien etwa 5 Volumprozent für typifchen Sandboden und etwa 30 VBolumprozent für typiſchen Zehmboden genannt. Den Niederfchlägen und dem Zufluß von offenem und unterirdiihem Waffer Stehen im Waflerhaushalt eines Ge» ländes die Verdunſtung und der Abfluß von offenem und unterirdifchem Waffer gegenüber. Wir haben an diejer Stelle der PVerdunftung des Bodenwaſſers und deren Folgen einige wenige Worte zu widmen. Die Berdunftung von Bodenwafler gejchieht teils auf rein anorganifchem Wege und dann ganz vorwiegend an der Erdober⸗ fläche, teil3 durch die Pflanzenwelt, welche hauptfächlich vermitteljt Wurzeln dem Boden Waffer entzieht. Liegt nun bei nadtem Boden defien Oberfläche, bei bedeckten Boden der Wurzelraum innerhalb des unmittelbaren Einwirfungsgebietes des Grundwafjerg, jo werden Teile desjelben nach Maßgabe der Verdunftung gehoben, fo daß die Bodenfeuchtigfeit, fo lange dag Grundwaffer etwa infolge Zu- flufjes fich nicht fenkt, fich gleich bleibt. In ähnlicher Weife wird der Boden außerhalb des Bereiches der unmittelbaren Beeinfluſſung durch das Grundwaſſer an jenen Stellen, welche durch Berdunftung oder durch den Wafjerentzug vermittels Wurzeln Waſſer verlieren, nicht völlig ausgetrodnet, während das Wafler benachbarter Stellen unberührt bleibt, jondern infolge von Adhäfiongerfcheinungen wird der Waſſerverluſt mehr oder minder gleichmäßig verteilt, denn innerhalb beftimmter Grenzen iſt infolge der Adhäſion das auf- gefpeicherte Wafjer im Boden in einer folchen Bewegung begriffen, daß e3 außerhalb des unmittelbaren Einflußgebietes des Grund- waſſers den Boden überall gleichmäßig zu durchdringen fucht. Diefe ausgleichende Wafjerbewegung Hört auf einerfeits, wenn der wafjerärmere Boden infolge Überwiegens der Verlufte über Die Zufuhr unter eine bejtimmte Grenze ausgetrodnet ift, da ein ſolcher Boden fein aufgefpeichertesg Waffer mehr durch Adhäſion zu fich hinzieht, andererjeit3, wenn der wafferreichere Boden nur nod) etwa 50 °/, feines Eleinjten Auffpeicherungsvermögens Waffer befitt, Da bei diefem und noch geringerem Gehalt der Boden fein Wafjer mehr an trodneren Boden abgibt. Durch dieſe ausgleichende Bewegung des Waſſers im Boden erlangt das Grundwaffer noch Einfluß — |, AREER über fein unmittelbareg Wirfungsgebiet hinaus, indem die burch Kopillarität geſpeiſten Bodenregionen die nächſt höheren im Bedarfs⸗ falle noch durch fernere Adhäfionserjcheinungen mit Waſſer ver- ſehen köͤnnen. Der Ausgleich der Feuchtigkeit durch Adhäfions- eriheinungen geht jedoch langjam vor fih. E8 fehlt bisher fichere Senntni3 darüber, wie mächtig die noch auf diefe Weile von Grund- waſſer beeinflußte Bodenregion if. Vermutlich überfteigt fie ein paar Dezimeter nicht. Nach diefem gedrängten Überblick über die uns bier inter- eilierenden Einzelheiten des Wafferhaushaltes eines Geländes wollen wir den Einfluß des Waldes auf den Wafferhaushalt betrachten. Dabei haben wir feinen Einfluß im allgemeinen und die Befonder- beiten feines Einfluffes im Gebirge auseinander zu halten. Zange Zeit hat die Anficht geherricht, daß der Wald die Bildung von Niederfchlägen auf dem von ihm bededten Gelände beträchtlich vermehre. Die befonder® im legten Sahrzehnt durch⸗ geführten genauen Unterfuchungen haben jedoch übereinftimmend gezeigt, daß es ſich Hierbei nur um Sehr Eleine Beträge handelt. Nach Schubert*), welcher die leßterfchienene bedeutende Arbeit über dieſen Gegenstand geliefert hat, ift die erhöhende Wirkung des Waldes auf die Niederjchläge etwa von der gleichen Größe wie die Wirkung einer um die Doppelte Höhe der Bäume höheren Lage des Geländes. Für unſer Land**) bedeutet dies, daß der Wald die Niederichläge auf feinem Gebiete um etwa ebenfoviele Millimeter Niederichlagshöhe vermehrt ala feine Bäume Meter Hoch find. Hierbei wird jedoch vorausgefegt, daß die Wälder die zurüd- tretende Bededung des Bodens bilden und ſomit den umgebenden anderweitigen Geländen die Niederjchläge entziehen können. *), Schubert, Einfluß ber Bewaldung auf die Niederfchläge in Schlefien. Vortrag, gehalten auf der Verſammlung der Deutſchen Naturforfcher und Ärzte zu Breslau 1904. Bitiert nach einem vorläufigen Bericht in „Deutiche dorftzeitung“ 1904. ©. 1156. Der Vortrag wird in den Berichten über bie Lerſammlung uſw. veröffentlicht werden. “) Im Königreich Sachſen vermehrt ſich der Betrag der Niederfchläge für je 100 Meter größerer Erhebung über N. N. um 55 Millimeter. Vergl. Schreiber, Paul, Das Klima des Königreichs Sachen. Heft VII. Klima- tijſche Grundwerte (1864—1900). Chemnitz. 1908. ©. 9. RE Der erite Einfluß, welchen der Wald wie jede Beitodung, auf die fallenden Niederichläge ausübt, beiteht darin, daß ein Zeil der legteren von den oberirdifchen Organen der Bäume aufgefangen wird und von diefen Organen wieder in die Luft zurüdverdunitet, ohne jemal® den Boden erreicht zu haben. Die auf diefe Weile zu Stande fommende Verringerung der den Boden erreichenden Nieder- fchläge ift höchſt beträchtlich. Nach Ney*) kann für unjer Klima angenommen werden, daß folgende Mengen der Niederjchläge durch- Ichnittlich im Walde an den Baumzweigen verdunften, ohne an den Boden gelangt zu fein: im Yichtenwald 331/, 9%, im Siefernwald 20 9, im Buchenwald 15 %/. Dieſem die Feuchtigkeit verringernden Einfluß der Baumfronen ftehen zwei die Feuchtigkeit begünftigende Erjcheinungen gegenüber. Durch die Beichattung und durch die Windeshemmung im Walde wird die VBerdunftung an der Bodenoberfläche herabgejegt. Es ift hierbei zu bemerfen, daß der die Teuchtigfeit hervorragend ab- baltenden Wirkung der Fichte eine die Bodenflora unterdrüdende Wirkung ausgleichend parallel geht. Im Gegenfat zum Aderland bildet jih auf dem Waldboden allermeift eine Bodendede von Pflanzenabfällen, die fog. Streu. Diefe Bodendede bildet für die Niederjchläge unter Umſtänden ein Hemmnis beim Eindringen in den Boden. Andererſeits erhält jedoch die Streu die Bodenfeuchtigfeit, indem fie deren Verdunftung an der Bodenoberfläche entgegenwirft. E3 ist zur Zeit noch nicht möglich genau zu entjcheiden, ob von den bisher erwähnten Einwirkungen des Waldes jene über» wiegen, welche die Feuchtigkeit im Boden erhöhen, oder jene, welche fie herabfegen. Es dürfte die Geſamtwirkung diefer Einflüffe von Fall zu Fall verfchieden und im allgemeinen nur unbedeutend fein. Anders ift Died mit dem Wafjerverbrauch des Waldes zu feinem Leben, zur Bildung feiner organifchen Subſtanz. Das ift * Ney, Der Wald und die Duellbildbung. Forſtl. Zentralblatt. 1901. ©. 440. Obige Prozente finden fih auf ©. 448 verzeichnet. me ein fehr bedeutender Wafjerentzug, dem keine entiprechenden Er- Kheinungen mehr oder minder audgleichend gegenüber ftehen. Die beiten bisher angejtellten Verſuche, dag Waſſerbedürfnis der Waldbäume unmittelbar zu bejtimmen, hat von Höhnel*) unter- nommen, indem er an Heinen in Topfen befindlichen Bäumen in umfichtiger Weiſe jene Menge Waſſer feititellte, welche von fo vielen Blättern, als 100 Gramm Lufttrodengewicht entjprechen, durch- ſchnittlich jährlich verdunftet wird. Der Übergang von dieſen Srmittelungen zur Verdunſtung der Waldbeitände hat durch Er- mittlung des Qufttrodengewichtes der Blätter von Probebäumen zu geichehen. Bon Höhnel hat dies hauptjächlich für die Buche durchgeführt. Es ergab fich, bezogen auf die Zeit vom Juni big November, für Buchenftangenholz ein Waſſerverbrauch, welcher 68 mm Niederſchlagshöhe entſprach, für 50—60 jähriges Yuchen- Holz wurde jener Wert zu 233 mm und für Buchenaltholz von 115 Jahren zu 272 mm gefunden.**) Für Nadelhölzer hat von Höhnel die Übertragung feiner Be- obachtungen auf die Beitände nicht durchgeführt. Wir müffen jedoch eine die Nadelhölger betreffende Folgerung erwähnen, welche er aus den Ergebnifjen feiner Unterfuchung gezogen hat. Aus der Tatjache, daB während der Vegetationzzeit die immergrünen Nadeln nur etwa ein zehntel bis ein achtel foviel Waller verbunften wie das gleiche Gewicht von lufttrodenen Qaubblättern oder von Nadeln der Lärche, bat von Höhnel gejchloffen, daß die immergrünen *) v. Höhnel, Über die Waſſerverbrauchsmengen unferer Forftbäume mit Beziehung auf die forftl.zmeteorolog. Verhältniſſe. Wollnys Forſchungen a. d. &. d. Agrikulturpäufil. Bd. IL. 1879. ©. 398. — Über die Trane- pirationdgrößen der forfilihen Holzgewächſe mit Beziehung auf die forftl.- meteorolog. Berhältniffe. Mitteilungen aus dem forftl. Verſuchsweſen Öfter: eig I. Bd. 188. ©. 47%. — Weitere Unterfuhungen über die Tranfpirationsgrößen ber forftlihen Holzgewächſe. Mitteilungen wie vorhin, &. 275. — Über den Waſſerverbrauch der Holzgewächſe mit Beziehung auf bie meteorolog. Faktoren. Wollnys Forſchungen a. d. G. d. Agrikulturphyſik. Band IV. 1881. ©. 485. — Über den Waſſerverbrauch der Holzgewächſe mit Beziehung auf die meteorolog. Yaltoren. Mitteilungen uſw. Neue Folge. 1. Heft. 1883. ©. 15. — Über das Wafjerbedürfnis der Wälder. Zentral- blatt f. d. gef. Forſtweſen. 1884. ©. 387. ““) Dieſe Herleitungen finden ſich mit den obigen Ergebniffen im Zentralblatt f. d. geſ. Forſtweſen, 1884, ©. 407. — 6 2 Nadelhölzer überhaupt entfprechend weniger verdunften als Die Zaubhölzer und die Lärche. Meines Erachtens darf jeboch von den Verdunftungsverhältniffen der durch ihr Zrodengewicht be- jtimmten Blätter bezw. Nadeln feineswegg ohne weiteres auf die Verdunftungsverhältniffe der betreffenden Bäume ge— ſchloſſen werden. Um zu einer Vorſtellung über den Wafjerverbrauch der Wald- bäume einfchließlich der Nadelhölzer zu gelangen, kann nach dem Vorgange von Ebermayer*) auch ein mittelbare Verfahren an— gewendet werden. Daß dies möglich ift, verdanken wir den Unter- ſuchungen von SHellriegel, dezjelben Hellriegel, von welchem im Berein mit Wilfarth die Entdedung der Knöllchenbafterien der Leguminofen herrührt. Hellriegel hat fich in den fiebziger Jahren des vorigen Jahrhundert? die Frage vorgelegt: Wieviel Waſſer verbraucht eine Pflanze während der Erzeugung von einem Gramm Trockenſubſtanz durchſchnittlich? Diefe Frage hat er für Gerite, Sommerweizen, Sommerroggen, Hafer, Pferdebohnen, Erbjen, Rot- fee, Buchweizen und Sommerrüben durch Verfuche beantwortet.**) Es ergab fich für diefe 9 zum Zeil jehr verjchiedenen Pflanzen ein Berbraudh von 273—376 Gramm Waffer zur Erzeugung von 1 Gramm organische Trockenſubſtanz. Da nun der Vorgang der Photoſyntheſe bei allen chlorophyllgrünen Pflanzen derjelbe it, jo ift anzunehmen, daß das Mittel aus diefen Werten, alſo 330, einen guten Annäherungswert für fämtliche Chorophylipflanzen dDarftellt. Nehmen wir daher an, daß diejer Wert auch für Die Waldbäume zutrifft, dann ift e8 möglich, den Wafferverbrauch des Waldes annähernd zu ermitteln, wenn feine Erzeugung an or» ganischer Subſtanz dem Trodengewichte nach befannt ift. Die erjte vollftändige Unterfuchung in dieſer Richtung rührt wohl ) Ebermayer, Einfiuß der Wälder auf bie Bodenfeuchtigleit uſw. Stuttgart 1900. Smbeaur bat vorgefchlagen, den Wafferverbraudh der Bäume auf Grund ihres Ufchengebaltes abzufhägen. Vergl. in deſſen Abhandlung: Essai-programme d’Hydrologie III. Beitfchr. f. Gewäſſerkunde, Bd. II.1899, ©. 220 u. Seite 232. *) Hellriegel, Beiträge zu den naturwiſſenſchaftlichen Grundlagen des Uderbaues. Braunschweig. 1883. ©. 622, — 177 == von Ebermayer ber.) Die organiſche Subſtanz des Waldes wird von oberirdifchem Holz, von Stod- und Wurzelbolz, jowie von Zaub gebildet. Ueber das oberirdilche Holz geben zahl- reihe Ertragstafeln Auskunft. Wie Ebermayer bereit3 erfannt und Weber**) umfaſſend nachgeprüft bat, iſt die Zuwachs⸗ fiftung dem Zrodengewicht nad) auf Böden gleicher Standortsgüte bei unferen Hauptwaldbäumen überrafchend gleichmäßig, nur die Kiefer fteht etwas zurüd. Lebtere Ausnahme ift jedoch, wie Weber mit Recht betont, nur fcheinbar, indem die Kiefernböden in der Regel Ichlechtere Standorte jind als die gleichbenannten Standort3- Hafjfen für Eichen, Buchen, Tannen und Fichten. Die großen Berjchiedenheiten der Holzarten im Ertrage nad) Kubilmetern rühren bauptfächlich von den Unterjchieden in den fpezififchen Gewichten ber. So beträgt das jpezifiiche Gewicht de3 völlig trodenen Holzes der dem Raummaße nach ſo ertragsreichen Fichte nur 0,38, Hin- gegen jenes der Kiefer 0,45 und das der Buche 0,60. Über das Stodholz geben auch manche Ertragstafeln Auskunft. Das Troden- gewicht der jährlich produzierten Blätter iſt gelegentlich der Unter- ſuchung über den Ertrag der Streunugung mittelbar genau feft- gelegt worden.***) Auch bier zeigt fich bei den eingehend unter» juchten Baumarten, Buche, Fichte und Kiefer auffällige Überein- ftimmung. Diefe Übereinftimmung in der Produktion von organischer Subjtanz und in deren Verteilung zwijchen Blättern und Holz bei unferen Waldbäumen, insbejondere bei Buche und Fichte, ift meine3 Erachtens ein jchwerwiegender Grund für die Annahme, daß auch die zur Produktion gleicher Gewichte organijcher Subftanz erforderlichen Mengen Wafjer bei allen Baumarten ebenfallg3 im wejentlichen gleich find. Die Befunde von Höhnels ſchließen dies auch feineswegd aus: Von den jo viel weniger verdunftenden immergrünen Nadeln findet jich nicht, wie bei den Laubhölzern *, Ebermadyer, Phyſiologiſche Chemie der Pflanzen. Berlin. 1882.©.39 ff. +) Weber, Rudolf, Die Aufgaben der Forſtwirtſchaft, in Loreys Handbuch der Forſtwiſſenſchaft. Auflage II von Stoeger. I. Band. Tübingen. 193. ©. 77. *) Bergl. befonder8 Ebermayer, Die gefamte Lehre der Waldſtreu. Berlin. 1876. ©. 34 fi. — Die fädhjifchen, von Hermann Krutzſch aug- geführten Ermittelimgen der alljährlich fallenden Streumengen werden in diefem Werke mit aufgeführt. Sie fügen fich in bie allgemeinen Ergebnifje ein. 2 zir, WO: zum und der Lärche, nur ein Jahreswuchs an den Bäumen, jondern eine Reihe von Jahreswüchfen, jo daß ihre geringere Verdunftung durch ihre größere Zahl mehr oder minder ausgeglichen wird. Außerdem verdunften die immergrünen Nadelhölzer merkliche Wafler- mengen während jener Zeit, während welcher die nur jommer- grünen Bäume im entlaubten Zuftande nur ſehr wenig verdunften Im Einzelnen gejtalten jich nun die Werte für die verjchiedenen Standortsflaffen verfchieden. Die Beitände der IL. und der IH. Klafie, und zwar von ihrem 40. Jahre an, hat Ebermayer befonders unterfuht. Wir wollen die II. Klafje als Beifpiel nehmen, da ja für Abgabe von Waſſer aus dem Walde Hauptjächlich beffere Standorte in Frage kommen. Die Produftiongwerte ſchwanken vom 40. Jahre an bis zu dem höchſten unterjuchten Alter von 120 Jahren nicht mehr bedeutend. Am meiſten macht jich bei der Kiefer eine Änderung, nämlich eine Abnahme geltend. Die von Ebermayer ermittelte laufendjährlich hervorgebrachte Menge orga- nifcher Subjtanz beträgt unter den angegebenen Verhältniffen für Buche 7057, für Fichte 6896 und für Kiefer 6109 kg Troden- gewicht. Wir wollen für den Wald rund 7000 kg annehmen, was für Buche und Fichte fait genau zutrifft, für die Kiefer aller- dings feine zweite Standort3-Bonität, fondern einen Kiefernboden eriter Klafje vorausjegt. ine Jahrederzeugung von 7000 kg organiicher Subjtanz erfordert unter Anwendung der aus den Hellriegelichen Verſuchen Hergeleiteten Zahl die 330fache Menge Waffer, alfo 2310000 kg auf 1 ha, was einer NRegenhöhe von 231 mm entipridt. Diejer Wert fonımt den v. Höhnelſchen Werten für Buche recht nahe, welche, wie bereit3 oben mitgeteilt, für einen 50- bis 60jährigen Beſtand 233 mm und für einen 115 jährigen Beſtand 272 mm betragen. Zur ferneren Charalterifierung des Einfluffes des Waldes auf den Waflerhaushalt feines Gebietes wollen wir diefen Einfluß mit jenem anderen Pflanzengenofjenjchaften und mit der Verdunftung des nackten Bodens vergleichen. Durch die geringe Vermehrung der Niederjchläge ift der Wald in dieſer Hinficht den anderen Geländen ein wenig überlegen. In der Eigenfchaft, die Niederjchläge zum Teil davon abzuhalten auf den Boden zu gelangen, übertrifft der Wald die andern Pflanzen- — 19 — genofſenſchaften. Der zurückgehaltene Zeil der Niederſchläge er- reiht bei vielen Ackergewächſen und dergl. überhaupt nicht jene Höhe wie bei Waldbäumen, und jene Adergewächfe und bergl., weiche während ihrer üppigiten Entfaltung in diefer Hinficht den Baldbäumen gleichlommen, verweilen in diefem Zuſtande nur furze Beit, während der Wald monatelang bezw. dauernd den gleichen Einfluß ausübt. In der Beichattung und der Beruhigung der Luft übertrifft der Wald alle anderen Pflanzengenoffenfchaften, weshalb auch die TFeuchtigkeit der Bodenoberfläche im Walde am größten iſt. Die Feuchtigkeit an der Bodenoberfläche ift am kleinſten beim nadten Boden. Im Verbrauch von Waſſer zur Bildung von organischer Subftanz jteht der Wald an erfter Stelle. Er bringt auf gleichem Boden etwa 50 °/, mehr organifche Subitanz hervor, als die andern Pflanzengenofjenjchaften, während dem nadten Boden fein Wafjer Hierzu entzogen wird. Da nun der Verbrauch des Wafjers zum Leben der Pflanzen bei jonjt gleichen Verhält- niſſen im Wafjerhaushalt eines Geländes den Ausſchlag gibt, fo müſſen wir fchließen, daß der Wald als die am meilten Waſſer verbrauchende Pflanzengenofjenjchaft auch den Boden am meilten austrodnet. Hiermit jtimmen ſowohl Meſſungen an Berjuchsflächen al3 auch die Erjcheinung im großen überein. Mefjungen an Ber- fuchsjlächen haben bejonderg Ebermayer und Wollny ausgeführt. Im großen iſt diefer Einfluß des Waldes durch den zuerſt von Ototzkij*) gebrachten Nachweis Tlargejtellt worden, daß im Gebiete der ruſſiſchen Steppe das Grundwaſſer im Walde wejentlich tiefer jteht als auberhalb desjelben, und daß bereitö Kleine waldfreie Stellen im Walde ein Anfteigen des Grundwafjers bedingen. Die ruſſiſche Steppe ijt wegen ihres auf große Streden ebenen Bodens bei vollfommen gleichartiger Bodenbejchaffenheit für dergleichen Unterjuchungen bejonders geeignet. Es kann daher nunmehr als erwiejen angejehen werden, daß der Boden unter dem Walde, ab- gejehen von der Oberfläche, am meilten austrocdnet. Dann kommt der Boden unter Rafen, dann der unter Adergewächlen, während *) Dtotzkij, Der Einfluß der Wälder auf das Grundwaſſer. Zeitſchr. für Gewäſſerkunde. 3b. I. 1898. ©. 214 u. ©. 278. Bd. II. 1899. ©. 160. Bd. III. 190. ©. 158. — Vergl. auch) Guſe, Aus dem „Lesnoj Journal“, Zeitfchr. |. Yorft: und Jagdweſen. 1904. ©. 768. 2% — 0 — der nadt gehaltene Boden unter feiner trodnen Oberfläche die meilte Feuchtigkeit enthält. Bei geneigtem Gelände finden fich im Vergleich zur horizontalen Ebene zwei wejentliche, nur dem geneigten Gelände eigene Er- Icheinungen im Wafjerhaushalt vor. Ein geneigtes Gelände zwingt die Luft bei einem Teil ihrer Bewegungen in die Höhe zu fteigen. Hierbei dehnt fich die Luft aus, was jie zugleich abfühlt. Dieſe Kühle unterjchreitet in vielen Fällen den Taupunkt und führt dann ehr Häufig zur Bildung von Niederichlägen. Anfteigendes Ge- fände empfängt daher im allgemeinen mehr Niederjchläge als horizontales. Da der Wald im Gebirge verbreiteter iſt al3 in der Ebene, fo bat ganz vorwiegend die Übertragung der Wirfung der Bodenneigung auf die Beitodung die irrtümliche Anficht erzeugt, daß der Wald die Niederfchläge beträchtlich vermehre, während dag, wie bereit3 befprochen, ja nur in jehr geringem Maße geſchieht. Sn anderer Hinficht ift jedoch der Wald im Gebirge fehr wirkungsvoll. Bei geneigtem Gelände find nämlich die Nieder- ſchläge befähigt den Boden mehr oder minder vom unterlagernden Fels abzutragen, während dies in der horizontalen Ebene nicht der Fall iſt. Von der Menge des Bodens hängt aber feine Fähigkeit, das Wafjer beim Hindurchfidern lange aufzuhalten, wefentlich ab, jodaß eine Fläche bei gleichem Grundgeftein und gleicher Neigung um jo mehr die Ergiebigkeit der Quellen gleichmäßig geftaltet, ein je mächtigerer Boden fi) auf ihr vorfindet. Daher fommt bei geneigtem Gelände der Schuß des Bodens gegen Abſchwemmung ſehr wefentlich in Betracht. In dieſem Schute hat fi) der Wald allen anderen Pflanzengenofjenjchaften überlegen gezeigt. Hierzu kommt noch die bejondere, auch bei geneigter Qage des Bodens das Einfidern größerer Niederfchlagsmengen ermöglichende Wirfung der Streu*). E83 liegt jomit der hohe Wert des Waldes für den Wafjerhaushalt im Gebirge darin, daß er durch Erhaltung des Bodens den Waſſerabfluß ausgleicht, d. h. das Hochwaſſer mäßigt und das Niedrigwafier hebt. Es liegt in den Vorgängen bei der Bildung der Hochwafjer und der Quellen begründet, daß der Einfluß *) Auf diefe Wirkung bat z. B. Ney in feinem oben ©. 14 zitierten Bortrag über Wald und Duellbildung eindringlich aufmerkfam gemadit. =, 91 = des Boden? und fomit des Waldes auf das Niedrigwafjer bei weitem fühlbarer ift, al3 auf das Hochwaſſer. — In der horizontalen Ebene, in welcher die Niederfchläge den Boden überhaupt nicht weg- zuſchwemmen vermögen, ift der fchügende Einfluß des Waldes belanglo2. Betrachten wir nunmehr, inwieweit Die Forftwirtichaft durch Entwäflerungs» und Bewäfjerungsanlagen in den Wafferhaushalt eingreift.
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How to use OR operator in dialogflow fulfillment
I have a list of 4 phone's and I am using OR operator but it is not working properly
this is my code
app.intent(SHOW_PHONE_INTENT, (conv) => {
conv.contexts.set(AppContexts.AWAITING_PHONE, 1);
conv.ask("Here's the list of phone's.");
conv.ask(new List(PhoneList));
});
app.intent(SELECTED_PHONE_INTENT, (conv, input, option) => {
const context = conv.contexts.get(AppContexts.AWAITING_PHONE);
conv.contexts.set(AppContexts1.AWAITING_REPLY, 1, {phone: option});
if (option === 'Phone1' || 'Phone2'){
conv.ask(`${option} is in stock. Do you want to add it to your cart.`);
} else if (option === 'Phone3'){
conv.ask(`${option} is out of stock. Would you like to order other products`);
} else if (option === 'Phone4'){
conv.ask(`${option} will be launched 1 week later. Would you like to register for this`);
}
});
but when I select Phone4 or Phone3 then also it is returning response of option1
conv.ask(`${option} is in stock. Do you want to add it to your cart.`);
Am I doing something wrong
please change the conditional statement to this .
if (option === 'Phone1' || option === 'Phone2')
| 39,315 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.