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Open Culture
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SHBTHIM FIVE TIMES TRAGEDY IN 'THE BEAR" ST. PETERSBURG RESTAURANT. The Great Crowd Was Celebrating New Year's Coming—Student Davi doff Refused to Rise When National Anthem was Played by Band and Count Sherometieff Killed Him. St. Petersburg, Jan. 15.—A tragedy in which a student paid with his life the penalty of refusing to do honor to the old regime took place in the famous restaurant "The Bear," shortly after midnight. The annual ceremony of watching the old year out was be ing observed with something like the old time festivities. The great hall was crowded, and the orchestra of Mile. Rigo, a sister of the paramour of (he Princess Chimay, upon the stroke of midnight, hurst forth with "God Save the Emperor." The guests, with the exception of a student named Davidoff, a member of an aristocratic family, rose to their feet and demanded an encore, deter mined to turn the celebration into a loyalist demonstration. Count Sherometieff, a relative of the notorious Moscow reactionary, applied an epithet to Davidoff for refusing to encore the national anthem, and pull ed his chair from under him. Hot words followed, when suddenly in I he midst of the joyous acclamation of new year, the guests were startled by five shots in rapid succession and the corpse of the student lay on the floor. Indescribable confusion follow ed. Count Sherometieff, in addition to killing Davidoff. wounded two women. Three companions of Davidoff, arm ed with ehampagns bottles, attacked the murderer, who, with blood stream ing down his face, managed to fight, his way to the door. Women shriek ed and fainted. The confusion culminated in a won derful dramatic controversy across the body of the dead student.. The impas sioned spectators of the tragedy hav ing ranged themselves according to their political opinions on eitlu of to the a 8 Dr. and At del the and . j" ) of it, crimination and récriminât urn fol lowed each other hotly. A well known courtesan, her head proudly in the air, stamped her foot as from the side of ! the loyalists she declared the student | had met his due. The climax came j when an aunt of Davidoff. who had t fainted when the boy was shot, half regained consciousness, rushed for -1 ward and threw herself between tin di sionately kissing the cold, bloodstain ed face. A regular panic followed, j The guests at "The Bear," many of I whom were the most prominent soei ety of St. Petersburg, including a nun her of diplomats, hastened away in or-j der to avoid being summoned as wit-1 nesses. Meantime Davidoff'» body was covered by tlie waiters in order to conceal tin 1 ghastly sight, but il lay for more than two hours and until the police arrived to draw up a formal complaint. A representative of the As sociated Press, who was present, was informed that Sherometieff is a retired officer of the guards. Davidoff. when he was attacked ai-. tempted to draw a light rapier which man! and threw herself between the ; disputants and upon the body pas-. 1 1 I i is students carry fore the blade but he was dead left its scabbard be __ nister Kokovsoff Secures 1 FIFTY MILLIONS FOR CZAR. Finance Mi French Loan. Confirmation has been received of the report that former Finance Min ister Kokovsoff has been partially suc cessful in his mission to Paris. A credit of $50.000.000 has been obtained from the French bankers, with the as surance of an increased amount should it prove necessary to maintain the sta bility of the rouble. It is explained, however, that the credit is not in the nature of a loan to the Russian government, but is strictly an operation between the state bank of Russia and the French banks whereby the sum stated is placed to the credit of the state bank as an ad vance pending the time when the gov ernment can contract a regular loan LARGE 'FRISCO FAILURE. Wilson-Lyon Construction Company Is Short $150,000. A failure involving outstanding lia bilities of over $300.000 and a net loss to creditors of at least $150,000 is the latest shock in San Francisco business circles. The Wilson-Lyon Construc tion company will close its affairs, but whether it will be allowed to settle on a pro rata basis or will be forced In to bankruptcy remains to be deter mined. Our Navy Is Criticised. In an address before the Patriotic Club society recently Rear Admiral Coghlan, commandant of the New York navy yard, delivered an address on "The Navy," in which he said that while on paper the United States, in 1908, would be in second place as a naval power, yet, if there were strick en from the lists such vessels as the "sainted Oregon," now a second class battleship instead of in the first line, the United States would not rank bet ter than fifth or sixth among the sea powers of the world. Mrs. Nellie Grant-Sartoris, daughter of General U. S. Grant, spent the sum mer at Poland Springs, Me., and got | up many progressive euchre parties that were successful. 1 FUNERAL OF DR. HARPER. Simple Services Over Body of Chicago 'Varsity President—Addressed by Noted Educators. Chicago, Jan. 15.—The body of Dr. William Rainey Harper, late president of the University of Chicago, was laid to rest Sunday in a vault in Oakwood cemetery. The final resting place of the body of the distinguished educator will, however, be on the university campus, where it is planned to build a memorial chapel and crypt. The body lay in state in Haskell hall from 8 o'clock until noon, in the room where Dr. Harper had led the faculty meet ings in administering the educational affairs of the university. This was according to his wish and the funeral plans which he himself had drawn up and signed on the day before his death. At noon the casket was taken to Man del hall, where the funeral services were held. Owing to the small seating capacity of the hall, admission was by card, and only a portion of the students mid attend the exercises. Addresses were delivered by Presi dent William H. P. Faunce of Brown university, Chancellor E. Benjamin Andrews of the University of Ne braska, Dean Harry Pratt Jndson of the University of Chicago and Dr. Ly man Abbott of New York. The floral tributes were numerous and included wreaths from President Roosevelt, Emperor William of Ger many and many other distinguished persons. The funeral cortege from Mandel hall to the cemetery consisted only of the family J. of was a son I era! and feet for a few personal friends and ] the trustees of the university. CHINESE ARE AWAKENING. wrongs and exaggerated descriptions of indignities heaped upon Chinese in this country, as sent home by the Chi nese in the United States. But Chi na, as a whole, lias come to the belief that il js easier and eheaper to carry on a negative war against the United States than to attack missions and kill missionaries. The country lias learned that where there is no violence there Feeling Against American Exclusion Is Very Bitter. Oakland, Cal.—The Rev. Arthur Smith, a missionary in China, who has just returned on the Siberia, is visit ing friends in tlis city. The mission ary says: "The strong antiforeign feeling in China is due in large part to the de feat of Russia by Japan. The Chinese are awakening to the fact that they are not a subject people. The feeling against the United States is very lut ter because of the exclusion act. This] ) feeling is heightened by imaginary ! | j t -1 j I . (y ^ econi , in f anll . y , numl ,ering 560 men tlui . r T , will be Ea of the of 6; j ; is no punishment to follow. This feel . (lu , ( . n!1 st cities, bow er, and 1 add be saf 1 1 tire into t lit I "What the that do not believe that it > for an American to ven intcrior provinces, more intelligent want is the exclusion treaty shall be mtly amended, and shall be t i forced only against those classes is meant to affect." HOME FROM FOREIGN STRAND. Twenty-Second Infantry Back From Philippine Islands. The army transport Sherman has arrived in San Francisco from Manila, bringing the enlisted men of the Twon tioned about this bay. A passenger is General \V. H. Carter, who lias been for the past three years in command of the department of the Visays. in 1 lhe ts,ands of Mindanao and Is on Samar, llt> is t'ti route •ominand of the akes. to Chicago to take department of the FOR CHILDREN OF A DRUNKARD. Damages of $17,500 Given Against Chi cago Saloonkeepers. Chicago.—Damages in $17.500 were awarded by a jury to the children of drunken father far redress against tlie saloonkeepers alleged to have made a drunkard of him. The verdict establishing a precedent which will result in the institution of many sim ilar suits was rendered in Judge Tut hill's court. The plaintiffs were the five children of John Hedlund; the defendants, Os car Geyer, Louis Lundqnist and Ernest Thoren, saloonkeepers. The verdict is against them separately and jointly. in a j H. Orchard Examined. The preliminary examination of Har ry Orchard, charged with the assassi nation of ex-Governor Steunenberg, December 30, was held Saturday be fore Probate Judge Church at Cald well. Attorney Miller, for the uefense, in sisted that the rule be enforced pro hibiting the public and witnesses from being present, but finally consented to newspaper correspondents reporting the trial. The state introduced 17 witnesses connecting Orchard with the crime, -ah the evidence was circumstantial. Orchard was committed to jail with out bail. Officers believe that Orchard is not the name of the defendant. Governor Gooding arranged with the Pinkerton detective agency to proceed with the investigation but not to in terfere with the work of the Thiels represented by Captain Swain. T understand that he g strug 'giing young author.' | "Yes; it took the editor and tw office boys to throw him out» of the 1 sanctum." i .'Oi ie ENGLAND'S LUC1I0N J. ARTHUR BALFOUR, FORMER PREMIER DEFEATED. First Day's Contest in Great Britain Is Overwhelmingly in Favor of the Present Government—More Labor ites—Balfour Will Find Another Safe Seat by Some One Retiring. London, Jan. 14.—The political map of England Saturday underwent a striking change as the result of par- j lest liamentary elections held in 39 constit-jihe uencies in widely scattered but im-iin portant centers, and in which the HD- j kee, erals gained 18 seats. The laborites, York, who are counted among all liberal ' gains, secured four new seats against. unionist candidates. tain In the east division of Manchester, j ship's Arthur J. Balfour, the former premier, ! was defeated by T. G. Horridge, liberal, J who was conceded even by the liberals and a weak candidate against such a per- j son as Mr. Balfour. Mr. Horridge se- j most cured the remarkable majority of 1980. jed I his victory, notwithstanding the lib -1 era! predictions, was a decidedly sen-1 as sational outcome of the day's polling: the and will, it is believed, enormously af- j feet the elections which will continue into The ly for a fortnight. Winston Churchill, liberal and free' trader, won the seat for the northwest division of Manchester from W. John ston Hix, conservative, by a majority of 1241. Everywhere the liberal majorities were increased, and the net result of the first day's contest between the great political parties was overwhelm ingly in favor of the present govern ment. Although only 66 seats are now filled out of the 670 required for the new parliament, which will meet at West fear those the light blast. in deck. day. minster February 15, the composition j s i of the house as shown by the results the received up to midnight, is as follows: Liberals, 39; unionists, 14; laborites, 6; nationalists, 7. This includes 24 kee. j candidates who were unopposed and i i e f the two candidates elected at Ipswich Friday. Of course, Mr. Balfour will find an other safe seat before the elections are over, by one of the unionist can didates retiring in his favor. Up to the present, however, there is no in dication where the former premier will find the place where he can secure a majority which will enable him to take his seat as a leader on the front op position bench. •PROTECTION IS KILLED." Winston Churchill's Comment on Bal four's Defeat. London, Jan. 16.—"We have killed protection. This is the beginning of such a political upheaval as has not been seen in England since the days of the great reform bill. Manchester has saved herself by her exertions; she will save England by her examples." Thus spoke Winston Churchill Saturday night, and his opinion that > trade has gained a victory is the «pinion of the more responsible of the mionist and newspapers, though many f them attempt to explain the result f the election on Saturday as due more to questions like Chinese labor n South Africa, war taxation, etc. LETTERS BEAR 1905 STAMP. Oversight of Spokane Postal Employe May Have Legal Bearing. Through an oversight on the part of some employe of the Spokane postof flee the date on the machine stamping be receipt of letters has not yet been ■hanged, and letters received up to Saturday were marked just one year ate. The mistake is causing some talk in local legal circles owing to the fact that the postoffice stamp is supposed to lie accurate, and import ant litigation may at times hinge on this point. ing and that to to to the kept of that was take to ABE HUMMEL GIVEN APPEAL. Noted New York Lawyer Is Out on Bail. Justice Woodward of the appellate iivision of the supreme court in Brook yn has granted a certificate of rea sonable doubt in the case of Abraham Hummel, the lawyer convicted of con spiracy in the Dodge-Morse case. This means that the case will go to the appellate division on appeal. Mr. Hummel is now at liberty un der $20,000 bail. Tenth Victim of West Hotel Fire. Minneapolis.—W. S. Amsden. super intendent of the Pillslmry-Washburn company's system of elevators, who was so badly injured in the West ho tel fire recently, died Saturday after noon. His death is the tenth as a re sult of the fire. Within a few hours of the time Mr. Amsden received his injuries in the fire his mother, Mrs. S. S. Amsden, died in Ixis Angeles. The news was kept from him, how ever. Cleveland's Brother Is III. His of in is he for Columbus, Ohio, Jan. t5.—Rev. W. N. Cleveland, a Presbyterian minister and brother of former President Grov er Cleveland, is seriously ill of paraly sis at the home of his son. W. N Cleveland, in Columbus. Rev. Mr. Cleveland is S3 years old. i 000. A dog show which opened at the j .'Oi Crystal palace. London, recently, con-j ie tained 3503 eutries, valued at $1,250,- of 0VEK60 LIVES SAVED PASSENGERS AND CRLW ON AT LANTIC STEAMER. Atlantic City, N. J., Jan. 15.—After spending 24 hours in terrible anxiety j lest they be wrecked and swept into sea, the passengers and crew, 60 all, of the Clyde line steamer Chero j kee, bound from San Domingo for New York, which went aground on the Bri ' gautine shoals Friday, have been rescued and landed at the inlet. Cap tain Archibald, two mates and the j ship's carpenter elected to remain ! aboard the steamer. The rescue was J accomplished by Captain Mark Caste and a picked crew in the sloop yacht j Alberta, and their experience was al j most as thrilling as that of the strand jed passengers. More than a thousand -1 persons greeted the storm.tossed party as the sloop sailed into the inlet with the report that all hands were safe, j When the Cherokee ran its nose into the sand on Friday there was no The Cherokee Went Aground on Jer sey Coast and Severe Storm Near ly Sending All to Watery Grave Picked Crew From Sloop Yacht A |- ' berta Rescued Entire Number. in ed izen fear for the safety of the vessel and those on board. During the night a moderate northeaster set in. sending the vessel deeper into the sand. Day light Saturday found the storm in full blast. A heavy rain set in, and later in the day a fog settled down and the vessel was -lost to view. The wind rose until it reached a velocity of 33 miles an hour, and the passengers and crew had to leave the deck. A signal from the steamer re ported all hands on board at dawn to day. Then it was decided that the stanch j s i oop Alberta, with Captain Caste at the helm and a picked crew, should make an attempt to reach the Chero kee. and. if possible, take off those on board. The Alberta got over the in i i e f bar in safety, and then went pitch is had in a ed. 54 and one the ing up the coast toward the stranded steamer. They found the passengers and most of the crew in a terrible state of anxiety. The women were weeping and the men were pleading that something be done. Captain Archibald and Captain Caste decided to make the attempt to transfer the passengers. Though terribly anxious to be released from their perilous po sition. some of the passengers feared to make the trip in the small boat. At the time the sea was rough, with a fairly stiff wind blowing. From the shore of Brigantine beach hundreds watched the rescue, while away off at the Atlantic City inlet a number of men with strong glasses kept the anxious crowd there informed of the progress of the rescue. A great cheer went up when it was announced that the Alberta, loaded with people, was leaving the steamer. It did not take the sloop long to make the run to the inlet, where the passengers and crew were congratulated on their safe landing. Most of them were in an ex hausted condition, not having had any sleep for 48 hours. HARRY ORCHARD'S DEFENSE. re His Attorney Sets Up Novel Defense —Has Alibi Ready. Boise.—Fred Miller of Spokane, at torney for Harry Orchard, charged with the murder of ex-Governor Frank Steunenberg at Caldwell, has made an interesting statement respecting the instrument found in his client's trunk, which had been pronounced a contri vance for determining the combination of safes—a tool used by bank burglars in their occupation. According to Miller, the instrument is used in making loaded dice of the kind used by gamblers. He said fur ther that the plaster of paris found was used in connection with the same industry. Another statement made by Miller was to the effect that Orchard could prove an alun in the Independence case. He could clear him of that charge in that manner, he said, should he be taken to Colorado to stand trial for the crime. Orchard, he declared, was in Salt Lake at the time of the explosion, being in attendance at a miners' meeting. Miller said he thought he could prove some of the exhibits in the case had been manufactured. It is reported that the Jap, Charlie, knew of the presence of explosives in Orchard's room days before the ex plosion. It is rumored he actually saw the completed infernal machine. It is now reported as improbable that the deductions made by Chemist Jones in the analysis of various pow ders, liqun.s and sticks of sup posed explosives will be offered as evi dence in the preliminary examination. The prosecution seems to think enough evidence to hold the prisoner for trial will be at hand without that. Attorney Miller tells of receiving a warning letter, but would not show it. He says the letter has been sent to Spokane to find out. if possible, the identity of the writer. W. N Friends of C. S. Hart have been ad vised that he and the two other de fendants will not be executed in ac cordance with the court's decree by being stood against an adobe wall and shot by a squad of soldiers, but will be jsent to the convict stockade on the j island in the tropics on the coast of con-j the southern republic to serve terms. of 20 years each at hard labor, pre- j jsumably in the salt mines. RECLAMATION IN THE WEST. representing an. ou ^ a f u öf ^°' 000 ^00 Irrigation Canals Are Long Enough to Span the Earth. In an address on reclamation work in the west before the national Geo graphical society recently, C. J. Blan chard of the geological survey declar ed that 77 miles of main canals of river size have been built during tne three years in which the United States reclamation service has been organ izen and that irrigation canals long enough to span the earth twice and had been built during the past quarter century. "Every year," he said, "this area turns a harvest valued at more than $150,000,000 and 2,000,000 people dwell in harmony and content, where only a short time ago the wilderness reign ed. "The reclamation service has built 54 miles of irrigation canals and 186 miles of ditches. It has construced and has in operation 150 miles of tele phone, 125 miles of road in canons, involving deep cuts; it has excavated 10,000,000 cubic yards of material and one half mile of tunnels. Work is now actually going on in 11 different pro jects. The reclamation service has laid 70,000 cubic yards of concrete, 12.000 cubic yards of riprap, 19,000 square feet of paving, 150,000 linear feet of sheet piling and has driven 10.000 feet of bearing piles. It has purchased 130,000 pounds of railroad iron. 250.000 pounds of structural steel. 600.000 pounds of cast iron, 75,000 bar rels of cement and 1,750,000 feet of lumber. The sawmills operated by the reclamation service cut 2,800,000 feet of lumber." a SPOKANE— Wholesale Produce Prices. Vegetables—Potatoes, 75c cwt beets, $1.25 cwt; turnips, $1.10@1.25 cwt; rutabagas, $1.10@1.25 cwt; sweet potatoes , $2.75@2.90 cwt; cabbage, $1.25(5)1.50 cwt; carrots, $1 cwt. Apples— Spitzenburg, $2.50 box; Winesaps, $2.50@3.50 box; Romb Beauties. $2.25 box; yellow Newtowns, $2.50@3.50 box; Baldwins, $2 box; Black Twig, $2.25 box; cooking ap ples, 5 tier. $1.25@1.50 box; 4 tier, $1.75@2 box; Ben Davis. $1.50 box; Wallbridge, $2.25 box; Wagoners, $2.50 box. Oranges—$2.25@3.25 box; lemons, fancy. $5.25@5.50 case; choice, $5 case. Flour—Local, $4@4.25 bbl; Minne sota, '$5.75 bbl. Butter and eggs—Standard eastern eggs, $7.50 case; extra select east ern eggs. $8.75 case; best ranch eggs, $10 case; best creamery butter, 32c lb; cheese, 16Vè@18c 11). Celery. 70@75c doz; honey. $3.25@ 3.50; strained honey. 8c lb; rice, $6@ 7.50 cwt. Sugar—Granulated cane sugar, $6.20 per 100 lbs; beet sugar, $6 per 100 lbs. Wholesale Feed Prices. Bran, $16 ton; bran and shorts, $17 ton; white shorts, $19 ton; corn, $1.35 cwt; cracked corn, $1.55 cwt; timothy hay, $16 ton; alfalfa, $12@13 ton; roll ed barley, $1.30 cwt; whole oats, $1.45 cwt; chopped oats, $1.50 cwt; wheat, $1.15 cwt. Wholesale Meat Prices. Beef—Steers, dressed, 6@6V^c lb; cows, dressed, 5%@6c; mutton, dress d. 10c lb; pork, 9c lb; hams, 13c lb; bacon, 13^c lb. Prices Paid to Producers, five Stock—Steers. $2.75@3 cwt; cows, $2.25 cwt; sheep, $5 cwt; hogs, )5.25&5.50 cwt. Poultry and Eggs—Live hens, 12c; ive spring chickens. 12c; live roost ers, 9c; live ducks, 12c; live geese, 12c; live turkeys, 18c; dressed hens, 13c; dressed ducks, 14c; dressed geese, 14c; dressed turkeys, 20@22c; fresh ranch eggs, 35c doz; $9 case. Creamery products, f. o. b. Spokane First grade creamery butter fat, 30>,fcc lb. Feed—Timothy hay, $13@14 ton; al falfa hay. $10.50 ton; oats, $1.35 cwt. Vegetables—Potatoes, 60c cwt; tur nips, 65c cwt; beets, 75c cwt; onions, $1 cwt; cabbage, 80c@$l cwt; apples, $1@2 box; carrots, 60c cwt. Northwestern Wheat. Lewiston, Idaho.—Club, 56@57c; bluestem, 59@>60c. No sales. Walla Walla. Wash.—Club, 63c; bluestem, 63c; f. o. b. No sales. Ritzville. Wash.—Bluestem, 63c; club, 60c. Portland. Ore.—Club, 72c; bluestem 74(575c; valley, 73c; red, 69c. Tacoma, Wash.—Unchanged. Ex port: Bluestem, 73c; club, 71c; red, 68c. The Men Who Give us Wheat. After listening to the grain growers, the warehousemen, the millers, the railroad men, as well as the experi ment station experts at the Pullman wheat convention, the deepest impres sion left on the mind is that the first and most important step in the pro motion of the industry is in the hands of the producer himself. If the farmer will deliver to the warehouse or ele vator the best quality of a standard breed of wheat, the largest part of his troubles are over. A prominent miller declared that bluestem and the Big Bend variety of club wheat made the flour in greatest demand. pion Los an fought cently hood gave tion, was In circles ities Co. may by Judge or of at A pect been that burn of ental to pleas was ry the the the ers, kind had ion be been a ish his was nia, in ly for ly, the 1, has U. Mail Service Extensive. The annual report of the general superintendent of railway mail service for the fiscal year 1905 shows that the total number of miles of service by railroad, electric, cable and steamboat lines to have been 376,584.03. An urgent plea is made for the re . tirement and superannuation of clerks j disabled in line of duty or worn out (through long and faithful service. the of the NEWS Of THE WORLD SHORT TELEGRAPH ITEMS FROM ALL PARTS OF THE GLOBE. Review of Happenings in Both Eastern and Western Hemispheres During the Past Week—National, Historical, Political and Personal Events. al Ex the first pro ele his that of Aurelio Herrera of Bakersfield, Cal., knocked out Young Corbett, ex-cham pion lightweight, in the fifth round at Los Angeles. Herrera's victory was an easy one; Corbett's exhibition was disappointing. Willie Fitzgerald and Willie Lewis fought a 25 round draw at Colma, Cal. Headed by Delegate Mark Smith of Arizona a committee of citizens of that territory called on the president re cently to protest against joint state hood with New Mexico. The president gave the delegation a cordial recep tion, but told its members that he was in favor of joint statehood. In well informed Cleveland financial circles it was believed that the liabil ities of the firm of Denison, Prior & Co. will aggregate not less than $1, 200,000 and that possibly the sum may may be as high as $1,500,000. Jens C. Jensen, who was compelled by conscience to accuse himself of fraudulent naturalization, has been sentenced by United States District Judge DeHaven to pay a fine of $3 ^,j or in default to be imprisoned in the Alameda (Cal.), county jail. Captain Benjamin F. Montgomery of the signal corps has been ordered to appear before the army retiring board at San Francisco for examination. He formerly had charge of the telegraph service at the White House. A man who the Chicago police sus pect to be Frank J. Constantine, the murderer of Mrs. A. W. Gentry, has been arrested. President Roosevelt has indicated that he is in accord with the house committee on foreign and interstate commerce in its support of the Hep burn hill for the regulation of railroad freight rates. Henry Wulff, former state treasurer of Illinois, and J. W. Tx>eb. who was associated with Wulff in the Contin ental Finance company, which was de clared by officials of the government to be a swindling scheme, entered pleas of guilty at Chicago before Judge Bethea in the federal court. Sentence was deferred. Statues of William Goebel and Hen ry Clay are proposed for Kentucky's representation in the hall of fame at the capital in Washington in a bill introduced in the state legislature. An appropriation of $10,000 is provided. Mrs. Bessie Hollister. 30 years old, the wife of Franklin C. Hollister of the printing firm of Hollister Broth ers, one of the largest concerns of its kind in Chicago, was murdered by Richard Ivins, 24 years of age, who had attempted to assault her. The International Cigarmakers un ion has declared the strike of the Key West cigarmakers off and work will be resumed at once. The strike has been on nearly two months. The Korean war minister, who is staying at the Hotel de France in St. Petersburg, had a narrow escape from assassination recently at the hands of a Korean, said to be the minister's interpreter. The would be assassin stabbed the minister 11 times with a knife. Poultney Bigelow has notified the committee on interoceanic canals that will appear before the committee Thursday morning next to testify re garding canal conditions. Louis Hecht, Sr., a well known Jew ish banker and philanthropist, died at his home in Brooklyn recently. He was born in Hernstadt, Prussia, in 1827, and while a boy came to this country. In 1849 he went to Califor nia, where he organized the firm of Hecht Brothers, wholesale shoe job bers, with branches in Boston and Bal timore. The supreme court of Mtexieo has declined to grant a stay of execution in the case of the three Americans, Maston, Richardson and Harle, recent ly sentenced at Chihuahua to be shot for murdering people in order to se cure the insurance on their lives. At a meeting of the cabinet recent ly, President Roosevelt asked Secre tary Shaw to remain at the head of the treasury department until March 1, 1907, and Mr. Shaw agreed to do so. A section of the Windsor hotel, Mon treal, was destroyed by fire recently, causing a loss estimated at $150,000. The state department has been in formed that former President Morales has left San Domingo on board the U. S. S. Dubuque for San Juan, Porto Rico. the by re out Bomb at Chernigov's Chief. The governor of Chernigov and his wife are the two latest victims of at tempted assassination. Both were driving in a carriage when an an archist threw a bomb. His aim was bad and the explosion only injured the two occupants of the carriage severely. The assassin has been ar rested. Marshall Field Worse. New York, Jan. 16.—The condition of Marshall Field, the Chicago mer chant, who is ill with pneumonia at the Holland house in this city, is not so well. Wrinkles are poetically termed by the Japanese "waves of old age.".
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Open Culture
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Idealism as a practical creed
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Jones, Henry, Sir, 1852-1922
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Least of all could it exhibit the full implications FREEDOM: THEN THE EAR 75 of freedom. It was like a paradise to which man will always look back with longing, but which he must leave as soon as the quarrel between nature and spirit breaks out, and right is distinguished from wrong. And herein lies the second supremely inter esting aspect of the Greek State, namely, that it did lose the paradisaical form which it possessed as a product of imagination and as the expression of the innocence of natural impulse. The Greek spirit, as I have already hinted in a previous lecture, looking at all things with frank and fearless eyes, became in due course aware of its own activity. It found itself to be supreme. Mind was the ordering power in the world ; and in man himself was hidden the solution of the enigma of being. To ' know himself,' therefore, was his first duty. Thought turned inwards upon itself, became reflective ; con sciousness emerged as self-consciousness, impulse and instinct as deliberate purpose and will. Now, reflective or self-conscious thought is at first inimical to the imagination. It hobbles its spontaneity with criticism and brings hesita- 76 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED tion in place of confidence ; it substitutes analy sis for synthetic construction, and abstractions for sensible concrete products. Above all it introduces for the first time a contrast between the true and false, the right and the wrong, the permanent reality and the passing show : contrasts with which the imagination has nothing to do. Who cares whether Cordelia or Imogen ever lived, or whether a painting is or is not a portrait? A work of art has its own truth, but it has nothing to do with the context of the wider world : it is enough if it be fair, standing out justified by its own beauty.1 You cannot universalize a work of art ; the sensuous element, which is always particular, is as essen tial to it as the idea which lives and breathes, half-revealed and half-concealed, within it. When reflexion was set loose upon the political state of Greece, and the rectitude of its claims and foundations of its authority over its mem bers came to be investigated, it was doomed. Founded on impulse, it could not stand the 14 The artistically true and the naturally true are entirely distinct,' says Goethe. FREEDOM: THEN THE EAR 77 strain of thought. Hence the ethical enquiries of Socrates were fatal to the Greek State, more fatal even than those of the Sophists. It is true that the Sophists had found ' Man to be the measure of all things,' and his rights to be unlimited. But though the will that would destroy the outer order was in their teaching, the power was not. For the individual whom they set against the State had no better content than caprice. He might think what he pleased and will what he pleased, and anything he pleased would be true and right for him. But for the same reason they might be false and wrong to his neighbour. Each man's domain terminated within himself, and there was nothing at his back to sustain him. But it was other wise with Socrates. He had the same conviction as the Sophists of the primacy of individuality, but he had a far deeper intuition of its signifi cance. For him the rights of individuality lay, not in its singularity or caprice, but in its uni versal nature. Mind, or Spirit, had the intrinsic capacity for deciding questions of right and wrong, truth and falsehood, in a way that was 78 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED final, because it was valid for all. Socrates strove to bring his fellow- citizens to recognize, not only that Virtue is knowledge, and that every man must know the right in order to do it ; but also that Virtue has a universal character. It implies knowledge of a Good which was good in itself, supreme, lifted above the power of the individual to challenge or change. Here then there is brought to light, for the first time, the sovereign nature of conscience. It was not only an authority which claimed, but it had the right to claim, precedence over every other authority — be it use and wont, or a political law and institution. Socrates was condemned to death as the enemy of the State, and the sentence, says Hegel, ' bears the aspect of unimpeachable rectitude.' The Greek State was 'not put together on principles that could sustain the stress, or give room for the play of individualities which were so ample and so fortified in their claims of freedom. Its loyalties were too narrow, its duties too confined, and its privileges too exclusive. The State could pre- FREEDOM: THEN THE EAR 79 scribe loyalty only to Athens, or only to Sparta, or, at the widest, only to the Greeks — never to the barbarian, or to man as man. There were also slaves within it, and slavery was essential to it. Hence, the teachings of Socrates were fatal to the Greek State. The spirit of freedom, growing apace, shattered the political form in which it was confined ; ' as an oak-plant shatters a flower pot.' It had, thereafter, to find, or rather to form, an outward political order more adequate to itself; and mankind is launched on a new and vast enterprise, namely, that of reconciling absolute inner freedom with the absolute rule of objective law. This transition from sense to thought, and from impulse to conscious will, or rather this sublimation by internal evolution of the former into the latter, is the most momentous step in the history of man's spirit. It is not abrupt : it is prepared for. It is the result of a slow ripening, that is of constant decay and re-birth, in which something is always passing away and something new, rooted in the old, is always appearing. Its stages are so gradual that they 80 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED can hardly be discerned. And yet there takes place a momentous revolution, or a series of revolutions. One day there is the blind bud, the next the open blossom, the next the fruit —each a surprise. When sensuous knowledge and impulse blossom into self-conscious thought and purpose, man comes of age, and is ruler in his own house. He is manifestly endowed with a new privilege, and the privilege is the first thing of which he is conscious. But he is also laden with a new responsibility. He has the duty, as well as the right of private judgment ; the peril as well as the privilege of being free. And in the last resort, the privilege and the right will be maintained only if he can rise to the height of the duty. The right of private judgment is after all only the right of passing a judgment which is just ; and the right to be free is not the right to be capricious. It is the right to will in accord with the will of the whole, and therefore to find the nature of things to be, not an obstruction, but a power on its side. For this alone is freedom. FREEDOM: THEN THE EAR 81 Freedom has thus two aspects, both of them of infinite value and, in the last resort, incapable of any limitation or compromise. Both the inner and the outer law must be supreme. The voice of conscience and the voice of God are both authoritative, and they must be in agreement. The law of rational life must be self-imposed, and yet its imperatives must be categorical. Human history is the arena wherein these two powers come together, now in conflict, now in agreement, now in new conflict, and in new agreement. The peace of the natural life having been broken, and the political unions in which it first manifested itself having been destroyed— the civic States of Greece and the sublime theocracy of Israel having proved incapable of standing the strain of the universal truth that was working within them, a truth which con cerned the destiny of all mankind — we find the Imperialism of Rome erected on their ruins. This was a monster State which had no bowels of compassion for the minor loyalties of national life, but with a proud indifference it destroyed 82 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED all which it did not ignore. It was just, but not merciful, extending its power above the nations like a steel sky. It was an abstraction in which the heart of man could not delight, and which was deaf to his prayers. Moreover it became corrupt, and faith in the objective order died within man. He must seek refuge elsewhere : in himself, said Stoicism ; in a city beyond the skies, said Christianity. Both of them, each in its own way, sought to wean man from the world, for it was an empty appearance to the indifference of the one, and to the other a place all alien, in which men with an eternal mission in their hearts were pilgrims and sojourn ers. Christianity joined its unresisting meekness and the virtues of resignation to the enduring pride of Stoicism, and, with nothing revolutionary in its aims, it sapped the strength of the imperial institutions. Only at such a cost could ' the Kingdom of Heaven' be built within, and the spirit of man be set free to walk in the rays of its own light. But it is an error to regard this movement as purely negative. Man cannot live amongst FREEDOM: THEN THE EAR 83 negations. Every new step which was gained in freedom, every new truth which came to be recognized, could be made valid only if it embodied itself in an external form. The ideals of man must have habitations in which to dwell, else they lapse back into empty aspirations and disappear like smoke in air. ' The word must be made flesh.' Ideas must become practice, use and wont, stable laws and institu tions. A visible Church had to grow, and it had to build its own institutions in the world and hold some commerce with it. Ultimately it had to conquer the Empire, and to risk its own spiritual life in the process, becoming itself a secular power, wielding secular weapons, and oppressing the Spirit of man once more. Nega tive forces had to come into play again : for Protestantism was at first a ' protest,' however we may regard its later history and its future. Thus do we find two laws always operative. In the first place, inner and outer freedom grow together ; for the former must always express itself in the latter. In the second place, the spirit of freedom as it grows must 84 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED set up new obstructions to its own progress. The spirit is living, an activity that does not rest, a process which does not stop ; but it must take forms that are fixed. It must express itself in habits, in laws and institu tions, — vestments which must grow old and be cast off again ; for * good customs corrupt the world ' in becoming customs. It is no marvel, therefore, that the march towards freedom has been slow, or that the footprints of man's history are stained with blood. Nothing else can be expected from his intrinsic nature. ' The first man is of the earth, earthy/ steeped in sense, and impulse is his only law. But he is meant to wear on his brow the crown of spirit ; to reign as king over his own impulses and to subject the world to obedience. To the natural man, the crown of spirit is, indeed, a crown of thorns, worn on the way to death. If he has not to destroy his natural impulses by ascetic ways of life, he has to convert them into vehicles and instruments of purposes which are spiritual — which is still more difficult. If he FREEDOM: THEN THE EAR 85 has not to abandon the beneficent usages of a life within society, he has to transmute their meaning by referring them to an inner law, and to lift them into duties. If he still follows paths worn easy for his feet by the multitudes which have gone before, remaining a loyal citizen amongst his people, he must also venture the untried. For the moral life is all a lonely enterprise, and there is no light upon the way, except that which shines from the inner law of dutifulness and reverence for the right. When we turn from the individual to the State we see the same spectacle of a freedom which comes tardily and with infinite toil. It is demanded within the State at first only by the few, in regard to a few matters, and in a small degree ; and these few find all their world ranged against them. If the consciousness of the Might of Spirit and of the inevitableness of its victory leads the hero, in an inspired moment, to proclaim that ' he bar overcome the world,' he is aware at the same time that his victory is gained only in principle. The 86 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED ' whole mass ' has yet to be leavened. The new principle has to become first the aspiration and then the habit of the many ; and men are sluggish, and the sleep of sense is deep. Further, freedom has in the long run to take many forms, and to master many kinds of resistance. It must be religious freedom, as well as moral freedom. And to this end, knowledge must oust superstition, love must cast out fear, the bondsman must become a Son, and God a Father. Man must claim to hold immediate converse with his God, the finite with the infinite : his God shall grant it ; and man, seeing God face to face, shall find, not death, but life. It must also be social and political freedom : a form of government and a mode of life in which a whole people seeks a common good, which is alone a true Democracy. For Demo cracy is much more than a claim to rule on the part of all the people. It is the consciousness of the obligation and the privilege of service. It is 'a Kingdom of ends,' to use the great phrase of Kant, ' in which all are sovereigns FREEDOM: THEN THE EAR 87 and all are subjects' — a form of public life not clearly conceived as yet, far less attained by any community. Such freedom as this — the freedom of perfect service — has hardly become the conscious purpose of any modern State so far. Our most generous political impulses, so far, have too often as their aim the freedom which is Emancipation, and which is only the alphabet of true liberty. The spirit of our most revolutionary socialism is, as a matter of fact, deeply tainted with the selfishness of Individualism. The aspiration is still to endow individuals with the right and the power to hold their own. Nor is this wrong. Has not the lowest life the task of maintaining itself against the whole environing world, and of preventing forces which are foreign from invading the sanctuary of its inner being ? Negation, resistance against, and the exclusion of, all that is alien, is a necessary condition of the humblest individuality. Without this self-assertion and repulsion, nothing could live its own life. But these forces reach their crisis in the life of Spirit. Mind ruthlessly excludes, 88 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED nay reduces into meaninglessness and nonentity, all that refuses to bend to its yoke. What Spirit does not know or purpose is as good as nothing for it: things come to be for it in acquiring meaning. But the freedom , which is merely freedom from the world is, we say, only a preliminary stage of true liberty. The man who makes most of his detached and irresponsible personality is not free, but capricious. He is unjust to himself, for the capricious spirit is the least rational ; his pure independence is utter weak ness, and he is ungrateful to the world. The objective order, physical and social, against whose necessities he is in revolt, and from which he desires to be free, is the world which has nourished him. The laws and institutions he would overthrow, the State which he would overturn, — or, what is worse and more common amongst both classes and masses, ruthlessly use as mere means of private ends, — have been to him a shelter and a refuge. But in their ardour for emancipation and the energy of the assertion of their Individuality men do FREEDOM: THEN THE EAR 89 not remember this. The Church may have fostered learning, cherished the virtues, shed the light of eternity on the things of time ; the State may have founded freedom, instituted and protected every right of person and property that the individual can claim or seek to enhance — all this is forgotten. When the Spirit of Individualism is abroad the stable strength and the unobtrusive benevolence of the ancient authorities seem to be in the way, a standing obstacle to the one thing which is now desired, namely freedom. The cry at such periods is for Emancipation. The motto is ' Let me be,' ' Laissez faire ; laissez oiler! The old ties and loyalties have become irksome bonds. The demos wishes to have its limbs free, to walk if it can, unfettered by conventions. It will have its own way, and follow its own thoughts, at any cost and in any manner it pleases. It will express its new-born liberty in literature and all the arts in a romantic exuberance of forms. It will make its own experiments in politics and even in religion : resolved to march, though it knows not whither. It prizes doubt above 90 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED the creeds outworn, and will prefer Scepticism to the ancient faith, and Nihilism to the ancient regime. It will live 'according to nature,' which always means living according to the impulse which happens to be most in evidence at the moment. It prefers to go naked rather than to wear the decent habiliments of custom, and the only vice it recognizes is ' respectability.' It is usual, and I think right, to say that this kind of freedom obtained its boldest and most unrestrained expression in the French Eevolution. The Gospel of Jean Jacques Rousseau was then fairly taken to heart. This people would dissolve the old conventions, and, if they could not do without any at all, if they could not ' go back to nature ' without ' going on all fours,' they would at least submit to no conventions except those which were forged by themselves by universal consent, and these should be as few and as light to bear as possible. If the State must ' interfere ' it shall not interfere much. Negation could hardly go further than it went in those days. ' Old garnitures and social FREEDOM: THEN THE EAR 91 vestures drop off. being quite decayed, and are trodden under the National dance. . . . The Nation is for the present, figuratively speaking, naked : it has no rule or vesture ; but is naked — a Sanscullotic Nation.' l Tradition, secular and sacred, was set aside; history was repudi ated, for it was 'The Year One.' There was social anarchy and religious scepticism : anarchy not merely as revolt against the evils of the government which had just perished, but as a spirit of individualism which regards any government as a restraint ; and atheism, not merely in the sense of denying the deistic deity of that time which was only an idol, a God remote and without ears to hear or hands to help, but in the far deeper and more disastrous sense of secularizing the spirit of man and reducing it into a thing with senses, plus unlimited greed. And yet there was more at work than nihilism and atheism. Negation is never mere negation. Men deny one thing because they believe something else with which it is inconsistent. 1 Fr. Rev. in. ii. 92 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED Negation is the collision of two positives : it is one segment of experience saying ' No ' to another segment : it is often the faith of the present generation at war with the faith of its predecessor. In this case it was the faith of man in himself set against the authorities, human and divine, which had been ruling him without consulting him. It is because negation is the collision of two positives, an experience divided against itself, that no rest can be found in it. The situation is intolerable. No house can stand if it be divided against itself ; that of spirit least of all. Experience has a varied content, and it often entertains contradictions, but not willingly, if they are awake and vocal. Hence scepticism, whether religious, moral or social, is always in unstable equilibrium. If the old faith has become impossible a new one must be found. At the very heart of the wild anarchy of the French Revolution there was a striving for some opinion that men might hold by, for some way of life that might be worth following, for some social order within which FREEDOM: THEN THE EAR 93 they could find refuge. There was a hurried obedience to the inner imperative which com pels the spirit that negates to escape from its own achievement. It is no marvel, therefore, that this people should at first build its new social and religious edifices with slack mortar : that their * consti tutions would not march.' Is it not a rule of old that when men put aside the sober raiment of the ancient morals, they will clothe themselves in the tinselled tags of caprice ? I have never known a sceptic who had not his superstitions. People who reject both Christianity and Science adopt Christian-Science ; and if they do not trust in God, it is as likely as not that they will believe in ghosts. When the Israelites lost sight of Moses they gathered themselves unto Aaron ; and he took their offerings and * with a graving tool fashioned them unto a molten calf; and they said, These be thy gods, 0 Israel.'1 And there was a day in the history of the French .Revolution ' when Procure ur Chaumette and Municipals and Departmentals 1 Ex. xxxii. 4. 94 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED arrive, and with them the strangest freightage: a new Religion. Demoiselle Candeille, of the opera ; a woman fair to look on when well rouged ; she, borne on palanquin shoulder-high ; with red woollen nightcap ; in azure mantle ; garlanded with oak ; holding in her hand the Pike of the Jupiter-peuple, sails in ; heralded by white young women girt in tricolor. This is our new Divinity : Goddess of Reason, and alone worthy of revering. Her henceforth we adore.' 1 This adoration of Reason went all over the Republic, and we may well ask, with Carlyle, what ' Reason herself thought of it all the while ? ' What can reason think of it, except that man * is a born -worshipper.' if not of the God of all the earth, then of some foolish ' Mumbo- jumbo ' made with his own hands. It was the beginning of religious reconstruction, and, in truth, religion could hardly begin again in a more pathetic way. It is not very respectful to Napoleon the Great to make him take his place at the side of 1 Fr. Rw. in. iv. FREEDOM: THEN THE EAR 95 Demoiselle Candeille. But lie too represents the first crude attempt at restoration ; and political liberty was not less caricatured in his tyranny than was religion in the worship of reason. ' The whiff of grape-shot ' announced with suffi cient emphasis for even that mad time to com prehend that the rights of insurrection were exhausted and that henceforth there must be peace on any footing, and order at any cost. The first foundations of the new world were laid, and laid, as needs must be, on the most rudimentary basis : namely, that of despotism. For it seems to be a universal law that any new principle, whether it be moral and concern merely the life of the individual, or social and concern the life of a nation, must first express itself in an elementary form, and operate crudely amongst the crudest energies. Thence it must travel upwards, evolving its content as it goes, and leavening, one by one, the elements of life within which it works. The content of a practical principle, like the meaning of a scientific hypothesis, comes out only in the process of its application. At first its signi- 96 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED ficance is small, as it maintains itself with difficulty amidst the old propensities. The most momentous moral principle ever introduced into this world of ours was likened, by Him who announced it, to 'a grain of mustard seed, which a man took and cast into his garden/ l But it gathers strength as it works amongst the elements of the old life. It breaks old habits, nay, by its new dedication of them it inspires them with the breath of a nobler meaning and transmutes them utterly : so that ' He that eateth, eateth to the Lord : and he that eateth not, to the Lord he eateth not.' ' For none of us liveth to himself, and no man dieth to himself.'2 This process is very slow, and its difficulty is proportionate to the worth of the new prin ciple. There are no leaps in morals and politics, any more than in mathematics. It is as vain to try to superimpose an enlightened social polity on a savage people as to expect a beginner in mathematics to solve problems in the Differential Calculus. Man, in his pro- :Luke xiii. 19. 2 Romans xiv. 6, 7. FREEDOM: THEN THE EAR 97 gress, must run up the whole scale, chromatic notes and all, in learning moral and political wisdom. Nothing can be omitted. When history seems to have forgotten an aspect of the good it turns back for it. The religious enthusiasm and moral rigour of the age of Cromwell forgot the arts, and for the sake of the arts England had to rejoice for a time in Charles the Second. It is the wliole of human nature which is to be saved, and the social edifice in which it is ultimately to express itself is to be a palace of many wings. From this point of view even Demoiselle Candeille ceases to be merely pitiful or ridiculous. At the worst she stood for the better cause ; for any poorest worship that is free is better than superstition, which always carries fear at the heart of it and abases the worshipper : and even if Reason be not God, Unreason is not amongst His attributes. And, as to Napoleon, if he did introduce a more master ful tyranny which drained the forces of the people still nearer the lees, he was, after all, a tyrant of the people's choice, and they gave 98 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED to him the lives which he took. He exercised his authority in their name ; and, as events ultimately showed, it was the hand of freedom which held the hilt of the sword. It was freedom that the French people would enforce on other nations, when they tyrannously de manded the death of tyrants. Nor do I believe that, in either aspect of it, their work has proved vain. The word which has gone forth will not return empty. The ideal of social liberty, though it flickered faint for a time like a little candle in a high wind, never went out ; and its light is destined yet to broaden downwards so that all men shall rejoice in it. Democracy was born at that time, a Hercules amongst the snakes, and it is devoting a growing strength to its more than twelve labours. In like manner the Ideal of all Ideals, namely, that of Religion, which is the dedication of the whole life to what is deemed highest, and without which, as I believe, no nation can live, shall yet be free,— a religion which in every fibre of its credo shall commend itself to the reason of man, and FREEDOM: THEN THE EAR 99 satisfy his whole heart because it satisfies his mind. "What we have to observe in these events, then, is a new phenomenon : that of a new principle setting out to master the world. Man, now completely conscious of his right to freedom, proceeds to make that freedom good, to establish it amidst the extant powers of the world, an equal, and more, * amongst their mightiest energies.' For he has to subordinate them to his spirit, and make the social, political, and religious order the exponents of his freedom. Hence we see old ways of life restored one by one. Truths were discovered in the repudiated creeds, institutions that were useful and ways of life which were honourable and of good report were found amongst the debris of the old social and political world. These were worked, little by little, into the new edifice. But not in the old way. History did not turn back quite along the old track. The French Revolution did not stultify itself. The old material was put to new uses, in obedience to the plans of the new architectonic conception 100 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED of a Freedom which was to find no limits any more, except within itself. But Freedom itself has changed its meaning in the meantime. It is no longer merely negative. It no longer sets the individual conscience against the universal order of the Church and the State. It is now divined that the State itself may be free, and the means of the freedom of its members. Men now regarded it with a new reverence. History was prized once more and the hoary experience of the world. The ' Year One ' disappeared from the French Calendar, and men began to count once more from the opening of the Christian Era — pending the time when they shall date the dawn of man's hope still further back, even ' when the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy.' They discovered that wisdom had dwelt long in the world, and that, up to the measure of their capacity, it had been guiding from of old the blind and stumbling footsteps of men. Religion was brought back. The hard secular spirit which had cast its dusky shadow over FREEDOM: THEN THE EAR 101 the world, and darkened the ways of mankind, is being put to flight. The literature and the philosophy of the New Age — for by no other name can we call it — is instinct with the sense of a divinity within the world. And there is the promise that all history shall be deemed sacred, and not merely some nineteen centuries of it. Nature is also seen in a larger light, and the life of man is freighted with a new significance, even ' as they load a star with light.' Hegel and Goethe, Carlyle and Wordsworth — the poetic imagination in them catching first the rosy light of the new dawn and their philosophy following and broadening the light into the clearness and calm of the common day — these poet-philosophers, I say, are unique amongst their peers ; and they are unique precisely in this — that they teach the world as it never was taught before, in any age, how sacred it all is and how interfused with the light divine. And shall I err much, think you, if I say that the practical business upon which the world is now engaged, whether in its commerce and its 102 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED industries, or in its science and philosophy, or in the battles of the sects and the war of the politicians, is that of making real the ideals of these its prophets, giving them an actual footing and the right to rule amongst the com mon affairs of the common world ? It is a great enterprise and meant to engage the best might of men for a long time to come. IV. FREEDOM: AFTEK THAT THE FULL CORN. THE process which began with the Athens of Socrates and culminated in the French Revolution : The conception which underlies the process : The conception illustrated in the interaction of the Citizen and the State : The good state and citizen distinguished from the bad : A ' trade ' and a ' profession ' ; the worker and his work : In what sense modern society is a Moloch : Positive freedom arrives when morality is socialized and society is moralized: The Morality, Philosophy, Art and Religion of the Modern Age are in concord : Their mission is only to illuminate : Its inevitablene.ss illustrated in Words worth ; but his spirit was prepared for it : Moral. IV. FREEDOM: AFTER THAT THE FULL CORN. HUMAN history will not fit very accurately into any formula that the philosopher can devise ; there are too many concurrent ages moving side by side — not without collision. Nevertheless, even without an excessive use of the imagin ation, we can see in the Athens of Socrates the beginning of a process which gathered strength for many centuries and culminated in the French Revolution. It was the process whereby man was learning the intrinsic great ness of his own nature as a spiritual being ; and how it has the right, and must acquire the power, of determining its own faith and guiding its own behaviour. This process implied the gradual subjection to criticism of all the institutions founded upon the might 106 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED of the stronger, and, in so far as they rested on that basis, their final overthrow. But, in asmuch as man must have an objective order in which to live, these same institutions, secular and sacred, were restored again, though not upon the old basis. Henceforth they must express man's own convictions, and be the objective counterpart of his inner life. It is this process of restoration which we have now to consider, with a view to comprehending some thing of the conditions under which it can take place. And, first of all, we must observe the presupposition that underlies the process — the idea that was operating within the stubborn and yet plastic material of the practical life of the age and gradually changing its whole character. That idea found its prophetic expression in the imagination of the great poets and the reflective thought of the philosophers who appeared at the dawn of the New Epoch. It is, that Spirit is more and higher than any material or natural force, and has superior rights ; and further, that the natural world is itself the symbol or FREEDOM: THE FULL CORN 107 phenomenal manifestation of Spirit. When man's mind gets entry into the arcana of nature, and finds what is working at its heart, it will see something akin to itself there. His true thoughts will express its meaning ; its reality manifests itself in his valid ideas. There is here neither chasm nor rift ; but easy and constant intercourse. Nature is not a crass, material lump, 'or brass clockwork.' A mechani cal explanation of it does not suffice ; it is too obviously and intimately related to Spirit. Nay, it is itself spiritual, shot through and through with the rays of reason, and freighted with significance. As to the Social order — the State and its secular institutions and the Church with its rites and dogmas — it is not a restraint upon the liberty of Spirit, through which it must break in order to be free. Nor are passive and unquestionable obedience to them, on the one hand, or an antagonism that shall annul them, on the other, the only alternatives. The victory of Spirit over them can be much more complete. It may convert them. * The Demi- God who had destroyed ' the beautiful world, 108 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED can build it again within, 'with greater majesty/ The Spirit of man may find itself in the social order, and much more fully than in the order of nature. The law within and the law with out may coincide. Man may be obedient and yet free, and the more obedient because he is free. The social authority may be still stead fast, and the more steadfast and imperative because it is rooted in the heart of its subjects. This, 1 believe, is clearly the essential message of the prophets of the Modern Age; and the carrying out of this message in practice is the work on which it is engaged. We are gradually reconciling ourselves to the conditions under which we necessarily must live without com promising either their authority or our own freedom ; for we are discovering that their authority is rational and benevolent, and that submission to it is the pursuit of our own best good. We are re-instituting that authority, converting the law without into a law within ; and thereby realizing the completest liberty. Will you permit me to turn aside for a moment in order to illustrate and bring this FREEDOM: THE FULL CORN 109 truth more intimately home to our minds ? We find that the modern State protects life and property, constrains equal justice between man and man, restrains the violence of the strong, fosters the weak by educating the young and providing for the needs of the aged poor. It does these things by authoritative enactments, and its decrees carry throughout the whole land much more thoroughly than in any rudimentary State. Now, are these regulations irksome ? ' Certainly not,' we reply, ' not to the good citizen.' On the contrary they are what he himself desires, and up to the measure of his influence, he has helped to enact them. The taxation they imply is no doubt a burden, if it be regarded by itself; but the intelligent citizen does not regard taxation by itself, but in relation to the good it brings, which is the good of the whole State and comprises his own. It is thus not only possible, but it is a fact, that the will of the State and the will of the citizens can be, not two wills but one. And when such is the case liberty and law are reconciled. We do not see two powers confronting and confining 110 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED each other ; but one ethical spirit expressing itself at once in two directions, manifesting itself both in the free will of the citizen and in the authoritative imperatives of the State. And each sustains the other, as two wills always do when they are in agreement. The State finds its enactments ratified by the consent of the citizens, and the citizens find their desires realized in the legislation of the State. In order to find the conditions which make this possible, let us consider for a moment an opposite instance. Let us observe, not the idea] State with ideal citizens, but an imperfect State with imperfect citizens. Nor need we travel far for our examples. When either the State or the citizen (or both, as is always the case) is morally crude and undeveloped there are constant collisions. The regulations of the State are irksome to the one, and the liberty of the citizens constitutes a danger to the other. The criminal, to the measure of his capacity, is an enemy of the social order and would destroy it ; the autocratic State is an enemy to the freedom of its members and would repress it. FREEDOM: THE FULL CORN 111 Even when the citizen is not a criminal and the State is not a tyranny we have collision : whenever, in fact, the will of the individual is not socialized, or that of the State is not moralized ; whenever, in other words, the citizen does not care much or wisely for the State, or the State for its citizens. In such circumstances, the sense of responsibility is weak on both sides; and each endeavours to use the other as means, instead of respecting it as itself an end. The citizen makes as much out of the State as he can, and the State consults the citizen no more than it can avoid. It will hoodwink him when it cannot flout his opinions, and enact his will only when it can delay no longer. How far this description answers to any State that you know I cannot say. But this I can say : — that so far as such a condition prevails the State is weak and unstable. A political society which cares for only some of its members, while the others are denied the rights and obligations of citizenship, and are as aliens and foster-children on its hearth ; or a State which hearkens only to the voice of a 'class' and is 112 IDEALISM AS A PRACTICAL CREED deaf to wider interests ; or a State which protects and furthers only some of the conditions of a developed manhood while it neglects or re pudiates others, can command only a limited loyalty. It is the scene of dissension, and the victim of factions, and it is too weak to move steadily towards ends whose worth is universal. On the other hand, there is no more certain symbol of a limited and crude personality than heedlessness of the common good — of which the political State, with its institutions, is the representative. The aTroXt?, the man who does not carry his city within his heart, is a spiritual starveling. The measure of manhood is the fulness and generosity of its interests. The diviner the man the wider the world for which he lives and dies. It does not matter what a man does or has, if the current of his life sets inwards he is but a greedy animal with an unusually voracious appetite. Of Spiritual dignity he has none. If he cares for the State only as means of securing his private ends, and uses its waters to grind his own corn, or that of the class with whose interests he is FREEDOM: THE FULL CORN 113 immediately bound, he has but aggrandised his selfishness, and he is as great an enemy to his people as he is to himself.
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US-13443105-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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English
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Spoken
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Rolling member and producing method thereof
ABSTRACT
A rolling member excellent in pitting strength, spalling strength and bending strength of dedendum has a first quench hardened layer 1 which is formed on a surface layer of the rolling member and has a parent phase taking the form of martensite phase which forms a solid solution with carbon of 0.35 to 0.8 wt %, and a second quench hardened layer 2 which is formed at a deeper layer under the first quench hardened layer and has a parent phase containing at least either one of martensite phase or bainite phase which forms a solid solution with carbon of 0.07 to 0.3 wt % and contains cementite dispersed therein in a content of 2 to 20% by volume.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a rolling member usable for a gear, a bearing, and a cam shaft which requires abrasion resistance, high bearing stress and high fatigue strength, and a producing method thereof.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
An induction hardening method applied to a steel is commonly carried out in such a manner that a surface layer of the steel is heated by using an induction current having a frequency of 1 to 400 kHz and then cooled so as to form a hard martensite phase on the surface layer. Such a method is a very general-purposive surface quenching technology and therefore applied to produce a member such as a gear, a spindle, a crankshaft and a camshaft, which requires abrasion resistance, high bearing stress and high fatigue strength.
FIG. 25 is a drawing showing typical induction hardening methods for a gear (as described in Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, “Heat Treatment of Steel”, MARUZEN Co. Ltd, (1985.3.1), p 258). From a productive viewpoint, a method (a) for quenching all of the teeth of the gear at once is widely employed. And, as an induction hardening method in which a quench hardened layer is formed by heat inputting along the teeth profile as shown in FIG. 26A and FIG. 26B, a double induction hardening method (as described in the aforesaid reference, P258) and a rapidly heating method by applying a large power in a moment have been studied and utilized.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In a gear made such that all of the teeth are induction hardened at once as shown FIG. 25A, since the teeth are almost completely quench hardened (through-hardened), tensile residual stress is produced at the teeth flank remarkably, resulting in causing quenching crack and breakage of the teeth. Such a method cannot be applied to a gear to which a high load is applied.
A conventional induction hardened member is made by quenching a carbon steel containing carbon of 0.32 to 0.55 wt %. A low metal alloy steel containing further an alloy element such as Ni, Cr and Mo is likely to cause quenching crack at induction hardening. So, the gear made of the steel containing a carbon in a lower amount has insufficient surface hardness compared with a carburized gear, and therefore cannot meet a need for high bearing stress, abrasion resistance, seizing resistance and high strength (as described in the aforesaid reference, P110, table 2.38 and table 2.39).
Furthermore, when a quench hardened layer is formed along the teeth profile as shown in FIG. 26, a deep portion (for example, heat-affected portion) under the quench hardened layer is not quenched. The unquenched portion has a soft structure comprising ferrite and cementite so as to suit for machining, whereby the portion has insufficient hardness (Vickers hardness of Hv160 to 260) smaller than hardness (Hv260 to 500) of a deep portion under a quench hardened layer of a carburized gear. As a result the gear has insufficient pitting strength (bearing stress) and spalling resistance. And, since the soft raw steel is exposed from the end surface of the teeth, sufficient strength cannot be obtained.
Furthermore, remarkable tensile residual stress is produced at boundaries between the induction hardened layer and the raw material, causing insufficient spalling resistance at the teeth flank.
In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, an object of the present invention is to provide a rolling member excellent in pitting resistance, spalling resistance and bending strength of the dedendum and a producing method thereof.
A rolling member according to the present invention is made such that a steel containing at least carbon of 0.4 to 1.5 wt % is quenched at a surface layer of the steel through a deeper portion under the surface layer to form two or more kinds of quench hardened layers, in which one of said two quench hardened layers has a structure in which cementite is dispersed in 2% or more by volume.
A rolling member in the present invention comprises a first quench hardened layer at a surface layer thereof and a second quench hardened layer at a deeper portion under the first quench hardened layer. The first quench hardened layer has a parent phase taking the form of martensite phase, which is formed by quenching austenite phase forming a solid solution with carbon of 0.35 to 0.8 wt %. And, the second quench hardened layer has a parent phase containing at least either one of martensite phase or bainite phase, which is formed by quenching austenite phase which forms a solid solution with carbon of an amount (for example, 0.07 to 0.5 wt %) lower than that of the austenite phase of the first quenching layer, in which the parent phase contains cementite dispersed therein in 2 to 20% by volume.
A producing method of a rolling member in the present invention comprises a preparing step for preparing a steel, which contains carbon of 0.4 to 1.5 wt % and Cr of 2 wt % or less and has cementite and austenite, in which alloy composition of the cementite is regulated so that the alloy composition is equal to concentrations of the alloy elements in the cementite in said steel at a heating temperature of the succeeding step and activity of carbon in a carbon concentration on a solid soluble line of the cementite to the austenite is lower than activity of carbon contained in the austenite contained in said steel, and a quenching step for induction heating the steel from a surface layer thereof up to two or more temperatures within a range of Ac1 temperature to 1150° C. or Ac3 temperature to 1150° C. and then quenching.
In a producing method of a rolling member according to the present invention, it is possible that the preparing step has a heat treating step for heat treating a steel containing carbon of 0.4 to 1.5 wt % and Cr of 0.3 to 2 wt % so that cementite contained in the steel contains Cr of 3.5 to 12 wt %, and the quenching step is a step for induction heating the steel by two kinds of processes in which a surface layer of the steel is heated up to a high temperature within a range of 900 to 1150° C. and a deep portion under the surface layer is heated up to a low temperature within a range of Ac1 temperature to 950° C. or Ac3 temperature to 950° C. and then quenched.
In a producing method of a rolling member according to the present invention, it is possible that the quenching step is such that a surface layer of the steel is heated up to a temperature within a range of 900 to 1150° C. and then cooled down to a temperature within a range of Ac1 temperature to 950° C. or Ac3 temperature to 950° C., which is lower than the former temperature range, and after being maintained at the temperature so as to heat through a deeper portion under the surface layer, it is quenched. Alternatively, it is also possible that the steel is heated to up to a temperature within a range of Ac1 temperature to 950° C. or Ac3 temperature to 950° C. and maintained at the heating temperature so as to heat through a deeper portion under a surface layer of the steel, then after heating the surface layer up to a temperature within a range of 900 to 1150° C., which is higher than the former temperature, it is quenched.
And, in a producing method of a rolling member according to the present invention, it is possible that the preparing step has a heat treating step for heat treating the steel so that cementite contained in the steel contains Cr of 4 to 11 wt %, and the quenching step is such that the steel is induction heated up to a temperature within a range of Ac1 temperature to 950° C. for 2 to 1000 seconds and further heated up to a temperature within a range of 900 to 1150° C. for 0.1 to 5 seconds and then quenched.
As described above, the present invention can provide a rolling member excellent in abrasion resistance, high bearing stress and high bending strength of the dedendum, and a producing method thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a drawing schematically showing a phase diagram of a Fe—C—M ternary alloy and carbon activity lines.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a relation between a concentration c of an alloy element and a distance r in the radius direction.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing a relation between a heating period and a heating temperature when spherical cementite which forms a solid solution is homogenized.
FIG. 4 is a drawing showing carbon activity lines of a Fe—C—M ternary alloy.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing a relation between a concentration of Cr in cementite and a concentration of carbon which forms a solid solution with martensite phase at various heating temperatures within a range of 750 to 1150° C.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing a relation between the heating period and the heating temperature of the steels in the cases of a solid solution formation mechanism of cementite according to the case (2).
FIG. 7 is a graph showing a relation between the heating period and the heating temperature of the steels in the cases of a solid solution formation mechanism of cementite according to the case (3).
FIGS. 8A and 8B are drawings schematically showing structures of induction hardened gears according to the present invention, and FIG. 8C is a drawing schematically showing a structure of an induction hardened gear according to a conventional hardening method (quenching along the teeth profile).
FIG. 9 is a drawing showing representative induction quenching patterns according to the first embodiment.
FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B are drawing each showing a structure of a gear with an axis portion.
FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B are drawings each showing a structure of a rolling member other than a gear.
FIG. 12A is a drawing showing a structure of a small roller specimen and FIG. 12B is a drawing showing a structure of a large roller specimen.
FIG. 13A is a graph showing a relation between the heating temperature and the hardness, FIG. 13B is a graph showing a relation between the heating temperature and the carbon concentration (6° C./sec) in martensite and FIG. 13C is a graph showing a relation between the heating temperature and the volume of θ phase.
FIG. 14 is a graph showing the number of revolutions of the small roller specimen until one pitting occurs in the small roller specimen under various surface pressures.
FIG. 15 is a photograph showing a structure of the induction heated No. 4 test steel.
FIG. 16A is a graph showing a relation between a heating temperature and a hardness and FIG. 16B is a graph showing a relation between a heating temperature and an amount of retained austenite.
FIG. 17 is a photograph showing a structure of a rolling surface of No. 4 steel containing pearlitely cementite and granulated cementite dispersed therein.
FIG. 18 is a graph showing a distribution of hardness of each of the No. 3 steels in the depth direction.
FIG. 19 is a graph showing a relation between tempering hardness obtained by the analysis and measured tempering hardness.
FIG. 20 is a graph showing a relation between a DI value 1 and a DI value 2, and the depth of the quench hardened layer.
FIG. 21 is a graph showing a relation between a depth of a quench hardened layer and a DI value.
FIG. 22 is a graph showing a distribution of the Vickers hardness in the depth direction.
FIG. 23 is a graph showing a distribution of the Vickers hardness in the depth direction.
FIG. 24 is a drawing showing a hardening pattern of an induction quenched gear.
FIG. 25 is a drawing showing typical induction hardening methods for a gear (as described in Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, “Heat Treatment of Steel”, MARUZEN Co.Ltd, (1985.3.1), p 258).
FIG. 26A and FIG. 26B are drawings showing an effect of a double induction heating.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is for forming two or more kinds of quench hardened layers, which have a parent phase taking the form of at least either one of martensite phase or bainite phase and varying in a solid soluble concentration of carbon from a surface layer to a deeper portion under the surface layer. This can provide a rolling member excellent in abrasion resistance, high bearing stress and high bending strength of dedendum, and a producing method thereof.
A rolling member, according to the present invention, is made such that a steel containing at least carbon of 0.4 to 1.5 wt % and one or more elements of Cr, Mn, V, Mo and W each of 2 wt % or less is induction quenched by two or more kinds of processes so as to form a quench hardened layer. That is, the rolling member comprises a first quench hardened surface layer formed at a surface layer thereof, a second quench hardened layer formed at a deeper portion under the first quench hardened layer and an intermediate layer between the first and second quench hardened layers, in which the second quench hardened layer has a core structure or an unquenched portion remains at a deeper portion under the second quench hardened layer. The first quench hardened layer has a parent phase which takes the form of martensite forming a solid solution with carbon of 0.35 to 0.8 wt %. The second quench hardened layer has a parent phase which contains carbon of a lower amount than that of the parent phase of the first quench hardened layer. Specifically, the second quench hardened layer has a parent phase, which contains at least either one of martensite phase or bainite phase forming a solid solution with carbon of 0.07 to 0.3 wt %, and contains cementite dispersed therein in a content of 2 to 20% by volume without forming a solid solution. And, it is preferable that the upper limit of an amount of carbon is set at 0.3 wt % so that the parent phase is formed by the martensite phase mainly. The intermediate layer has hardness of middle of hardness of the first quench hardened layer and hardness of the second quench hardened layer. And, the unquenched portion has a structure in which cementite is dispersed in ferrite.
In the present invention, it is preferable that the steel contains Cr of 0.3 to 2 wt % so that cementite in the steel contains Cr of at least 3 to 12 wt % concentrated therein. In addition, it is preferable that the steel contains one or more elements of Mn of 0.1 to 2 wt %, Si+Al of 0.05 to 1.5 wt %, Mo of 0.7 wt % or less, W of 1.4 wt % or less, V of 2 wt % or less, Al of 1 wt % or less, Ni of 3 wt % or less, B of 0.01 wt % or less, Ti+Nb+Zr of 1 wt % or less and S of 1.0 wt % or less.
And, in a rolling member according to the present invention, it is preferable that a steel containing at least carbon of 0.5 to 1.5 wt % and Cr of 0.5 to 2 wt % is used so that the first quench hardened layer contains cementite dispersed therein in a content of 2 to 17% by volume and the second quench hardened layer contains cementite dispersed therein in a content of 4 to 20% by volume. In order to improve abrasion resistance, it is preferable that a steel containing carbon of 0.7 to 1.5 wt % and Cr of 0.7 to 2 wt % is used so that the first quench hardened layer contains cementite dispersed therein in 5 to 17% by volume.
And, it is also preferable that the first quench hardened layer contains retained austenite dispersed therein in 10 to 50% by volume.
And, it is preferable that the first quench hardened layer contains one or more compounds of V₄C₃, TiC, NbC and ZrC dispersed therein.
And, it is preferable that the steel contains Si+Al of 0.5 to 1.5 wt % and further one or more elements of Mn of 1 to 2 wt %, Mo of 0.05 to 0.7 wt %, V of 0.2 to 1 wt % and Ni+Nb+Zr of 0.1 to 0.5 wt %.
When a rolling member according to the present invention is a gear, the gear has the first quench hardened layer with a thickness of 0.15 to 0.6 times the gear module (m(mm), a diameter of the gear at the circular pitch/number of the teeth) and a hardened layer which is quenched by the second quenching process so as to have Vickers hardness of Hv260 to 500 higher than hardness of a unquenched portion, the hardened layer being formed at a deeper layer under the first quench hardened layer or a central internal portion of the teeth.
And, when a rolling member according to the present invention is a bearing or a cam shaft, it is preferable that the first quench hardened layer is formed on a surface layer of the member and the second quench hardened layer is formed at a deeper portion under the first quench hardened layer.
In the rolling member, it is preferable that the first quench hardened layer, or both of the first and the second quench hardened layers are tempered at 100 to 350° C.
And, in a rolling member according to the present invention, it is preferable that the first quench hardened layer is treated at a surface layer thereof by a shot peening treatment and the like so as to provide compressive residual stress of 50 kgf/mm² or more thereto.
Next, a producing method of a rolling member according to the present invention will be explained.
First a steel containing at least carbon of 0.4 to 1.5 wt % and one or more elements of Cr, Mn, V, Mo and W each of 2 wt % or less and having cementite and ferrite, in which alloy composition of the cementite is regulated so that concentrations of the alloy elements in austenite formed at a heating temperature of the succeeding step is equal to concentrations of the alloy elements in the cementite of the steel and activity of carbon in a carbon concentration on a solid soluble line of cementite to the formed austenite is lower than activity of carbon contained in the austenite of the steel is prepared. Then, the steel is induction heated from a surface layer thereof up to two or more temperatures within a range of Ac1 temperature (eutectoid transformation temperature) to 1150° C. or Ac3 temperature to 1150° C., and then quenched. This forms a first quench hardened layer, which has a martensite parent phase forming a solid solution with carbon of 0.35 to 0.8 wt % at a surface layer of the steel, and a second quench hardened layer, which has a parent phase containing at least either one of martensite phase or bainite phase forming a solid solution with carbon of 0.07 to 0.5 wt %, in which the parent phase contains cementite dispersed therein in a content of 2 to 20% by volume without forming a solid solution, at a deeper portion under the first quench hardened layer.
The producing method of a rolling member may further comprise a heat treating step for heat treating a steel containing carbon of 0.4 to 1.5 wt % and Cr of 0.3 to 2 wt % so that cementite contained in the steel contains Cr in at least an amount of 3.5 to 12 wt %. And, it is also preferable that the quenching step has two or more kinds of induction heating processes comprising a step for heating a surface layer of a rolling member made of the steel up to a high temperature within a range of 900 to 1150° C. and a step for heating a deeper portion under the surface layer to a low temperature within a range of Ac1 temperature (eutectoid transformation temperature) to 950° C. or Ac3 temperature to 950° C., and then quenching. This enables to adjust a concentration of carbon which forms a solid solution with each parent phase of the first and the second quench hardened layers.
In addition, it is preferable that the steel contains one or more elements selected from Mn of 0.1 to 2 wt %, Si+Al of 0.05 to 1.5 wt %, Mo of 0.7 wt % or less, W of 1.4 wt % or less, V of 2 wt % or less, Al of 1 wt % or less, Ni of 3 wt % or less, B of 0.01 wt % or less, Ti+Nb+Zr of 1 wt % or less and S of 1.0 wt % or less.
Here, the quenching step for induction heating the steel up to two or more temperatures will be explained in detail. It is also preferable that the steel is rapidly heated up at a surface layer thereof to a temperature within a range of 900 to 1150° C. so as to form the first quench hardened layer and then cooled down to a temperature within a range of Ac1 temperature (eutectoid transformation temperature) to 950° C. or Ac3 temperature to 950° C., which is lower than the former heating temperature, and after being maintained at the temperature so as to heat through a deeper portion under the surface layer and therefore form the second quench hardened layer, then the steel is quenched. Alternatively, it is also preferable that the steel is heated up to a temperature within a range of Ac1 temperature to 950° C. or Ac3 temperature to 950° C. and maintained at the heating temperature so as to heat through a deeper portion under a surface layer and therefore form the second quench hardened layer, and then the surface layer is heated up to a temperature within a range of 900 to 1150° C., which is higher than the former heating temperature, so as to form the first quench hardened layer, and the steel is quenched.
In the present invention, it is preferable that the steel contains at least carbon of 0.5 to 1.5 wt % and Cr of 0.5 to 2 wt %, and the first quench hardened layer contains cementite dispersed therein in a content of 2 to 17% by volume and the second quench hardened layer contains cementite dispersed therein in a content of 4 to 20% by volume. In order to provide abrasion resistance, it is more preferable that a steel contains carbon of 0.7 to 1.5 wt % and Cr of 0.7 to 2 wt % and the first quench hardened layer contains cementite dispersed therein in 5 to 15% by volume.
And, in the present invention, it is preferable that at the induction heating, a period t (sec) for raising a temperature from Ac1 temperature or Ac3 temperature to a quenching temperature T (° C.) is regulated to satisfy the following equation (1), t≦(1350/(T+273))²⁸ (1)
In the present invention, it is also possible that a steel, which is heat-treated so that cementite in the steel contains Cr in an amount of 4 to 11 wt %, is rapidly induction heated at a temperature within a range of Ac1 temperature to 950° C. for 2 to 1000 seconds and further heated to a temperature within a range of 900 to 1150° C. for 0.1 to 5 seconds, and then quenched so as to form the first quench hardened layer and the second quench hardened layer.
And, it is preferable that the first and second quench hardened layers are tempered at 100 to 350° C.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the first quench hardened layer is treated at a surface layer thereof by a shot peening treatment and the like so as to provide compressive retained stress thereto.
According to the present invention, a rolling member has a quench hardened layer of which a parent phase takes the form of two or more types of martensite phases varied in carbon concentration in a depth direction from a surface layer to a deep portion thereof. Specifically, a first quench hardened layer formed at the surface layer of the member is made to be a hardest quenched layer which has a parent phase taking the form of martensite which forms a solid solution with carbon of 0.35 to 0.8 wt % and has Vickers hardness of Hv550 or more. This allows improving bearing stress (pitting resistance and spalling resistance), bending fatigue strength and abrasion resistance.
And, at a deeper portion under the first quench hardened layer, a second quench hardened layer is formed, which has a parent phase containing at least either one of martensite phase or bainite phase which forms a solid solution with carbon of 0.07 to 0.3 wt %, in which the parent phase contains cementite dispersed therein in a content of 2 to 20% by volume without forming a solid solution. This leads to decrease tensile residual stress which is likely to be produced at boundaries between the first and second quench hardened layers, and therefore increase strength of the base material, whereby fatigue resistant strength such as spalling resistance and torsional stress resistance can be improved. In addition, base strength enough to demonstrate a performance of the first quench hardened layer sufficiently can be obtained. And, dispersing hard cementite in the first quench hardened layer in a content of 2 to 17% by volume can improve abrasion resistance and seizing resistance.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to accompanying drawings.
In a rolling member according to the present invention, a steel which contains at least carbon of 0.4 to 1.5 wt % and has cementite containing an alloy element such as Cr, Mn, Mo and V quantitatively concentrated therein before quenching is prepared. And, the steel is heated by an induction heating process available for rapid heating up to two or more austenitizing heating temperatures within a range of Ac1 temperature (a eutectoid temperature) to 1150° C. or Ac3 temperature to 1150° C. from a surface layer of the steel through a deep portion under the surface layer, and then quenched. This leads in a formation of a quench hardened layer which has a parent phase taking the form of two or more martensite phases varied in a carbon concentration in the depth direction from the surface layer to the deeper portion. This allows providing excellent bearing stress (pitting resistance and spalling resistance), abrasion resistance and seizing resistance to a gear made of a soft steel (having hardness of Hv160 to 260) excellent in machining.
More especially, the first quench hardened layer formed at the surface layer of the steel is made to be a hardest quenched layer which has a parent phase taking the form of martensite which forms a solid solution with carbon of 0.35 to 0.8 wt % and has Vickers hardness of Hv550 or more. This causes the first quench hardened layer to serves as improving bearing stress, bending fatigue strength and abrasion resistance. And, at a deeper portion under the first quench hardened layer, a second quench hardened layer is formed, which has a parent phase taking the form of at least either one of martensite phase or bainite phase, which forms a solid solution with carbon of 0.07 to 0.3 wt %, and contains cementite dispersed therein in a content of 2 to 20% by volume without forming a solid solution. This improves strength of the base metal for overcoming decreasing of tensile residual stress, which is likely to be produced at boundaries between the first and second quench hardened layers. As a result, fatigue resistance strength such as spalling resistance and torsional stress can be enhanced. In addition, base strength enough to demonstrate a performance of the first quench hardened layer sufficiently can be obtained.
And, hardness of the first quench hardened layer is determined on the fact that a rolling surface of a conventional gear has hardness of Hv550 or more. Accordingly, in the present invention, it is preferable that a concentration of carbon which forms a solid solution with martensite in the first quench hardened layer is set at 0.35 wt % or more, more preferably 0.4 wt % or more.
And, it is preferable that the upper limit of a concentration of carbon which forms a solid solution with martensite in the first quench hardened layer is set at 0.9 wt % in order to prevent quenching crack at quenching and in terms of a concentration of carbon in a carburized gear, more preferably 0.8 wt % for toughness.
Between the first and second quench hardened layers, an intermediate layer is formed. In addition, a deeper portion under the second quench hardened layer may be not quenched and therefore have a structure in which cementite is dispersed in ferrite, because such the deeper portion is not applied with a load.
It is preferable that the steel contains one or more elements such as Cr, Mn, Mo, V and W, having an intensive behavior to be concentrated in cementite and therefore decrease activity of carbon in austenitized austenite (a behavior in which carbon is attracted to the element in austenite). Especially, when a steel necessarily contains Cr which has the more intensive behavior and more excellent economical efficiency, it is preferable that the steel contains at least carbon of 0.4 to 1.5 wt % and Cr of 0.3 to 2 wt % and further one or more elements of Mn of 0.1 to 2 wt %, Si+Al of 0.05 to 1.5 wt %, Mo of 0.7 wt % or less, V of 2 wt % or less, Al of 1 wt % or less, Ni of 3 wt % or less, B of 0.01 wt % or less and Ti+Nb+Zr of 1 wt % or less, and cementite in the steel contains Cr concentrated therein in an amount of 3 to 12 wt %. And, using such the steel enables to regulate a concentration of carbon which forms a solid solution with martensite which is formed by adjusting an induction heating temperature at induction quenching.
And, in a rolling member accompanied with sliding, such as a gear, dispersing hard carbide such as cementite in a small amount in a rolling surface thereof improves seizing resistance and abrasion resistance so as to prevent a local seizing at sliding. Accordingly, in the present invention, the first quench hardened layer contains cementite dispersed therein in a content of 2 to 17% by volume so as to improve abrasion resistance and seizing resistance of a rolling surface accompanied with sliding. In such a case, it is preferable that the steel contains carbon of 0.5 to 1.5 wt % and Cr of 0.4 to 2 wt %, in which each amount is converted from an amount of dispersed cementite and a concentration of carbon in the martensite phase. Hard special carbide as well as cementite includes V₄C₃, TiC, NbC and ZrC. Accordingly, in the present invention, it is preferable that the steel contains V less than 2 wt % and Ti+Nb+Zr less than 0.5 wt % or less, more preferably V of 0.2 to 1 wt % and Ti+Nb+Zr of 0.1 to 0.5 wt % from an economical viewpoint.
In addition, remaining the cementite particles and the special carbide is effective for making austenite crystal grain austenitized by induction heating and martensite blade formed by quenching to be a fine-grained particles. In a carbon steel for induction quenching, such austenite crystal grain is likely to coarse to have ASTM No. 7 or less at 875° C. or more. On the contrary, in the present invention, such austenite crystal grain is formed to be a fine-grained particles of ASTM No. 9 or more.
When an induction quenched member is a gear, it is required that the teeth of the gear have hardness with a distribution corresponded to a distribution of stress applied to the teeth flank and the dedendum. Accordingly, in view of a carburized quenched gear, in the present invention, the first quench hardened layer having a depth of 0.15 to 0.6 times the gear module is formed at the teeth flank on the circular pitch and the second quench hardened layer having Vickers hardness of Hv260 to 500 is formed at a deeper portion under the first quench hardened layer or a center internal portion of the teeth. And, the second quench hardened layer has a parent phase containing either one of martensite or bainite, in which a concentration of carbon in the parent phase is adjusted to 0.07 to 0.5 wt %. More preferably, the second quench hardened layer has a parent phase formed by martensite in which a carbon concentration is adjusted to 0.07 to 0.3 wt %.
In a rolling member used under a high pressure, a pitting strength becomes higher as the hardness of the rolling surface thereof is harder. Such a case, however, raises a problem in which pitting occurs owing to contamination entered in the rolling surface and insufficient conformability between the rolling members. To solve the problem, it is effective to disperse retained austenite in a suitable amount. Accordingly, in the present invention, it is preferable that the first quench hardened layer contains retained austenite dispersed therein in a content of 10 to 50% by volume. The upper limit of a content of retained austenite is set at 50% by volume, because when a content of the retained austenite exceeds 50% by volume, the hardness of the rolling surface decreases and therefore abrasion resistance decreases.
And, in a gear used under a high pressure and a high stress, in order to improve bending strength of the dedendum, bearing stress and torsional stress of the axial portion, it is preferable that a surface of the quench hardened layer is applied with a shot peening treatment and the like so as to provide compressive residual stress thereto. Accordingly, in the present invention, a rolling member is preferably applied to a shot peening treatment.
In this case, it is presumed that the bending fatigue strength of the dedendum can be improved to such a degree of ½ times the compressive residual stress to be applied. Accordingly, in a rolling member according to the present invention, it is preferable to apply compressive residual stress of 50 kgf/mm² or more.
The present invention is for forming the first quench hardened layer and the second quench hardened layer in such a manner that a rapidly induction heating up to two or more temperatures produces austenite phase and then an amount of a cementite dispersed before quenching previously is regulated such that an adequate amount of the cementite forms a solid solution with the austenite phase and also an adequate amount of the cementite remains (without forming a solid solution). A method for regulating each amount of the cementite is studied by the following mechanism. A solid solution formation of cementite delays remarkably from a point, at which activity of carbon (activity of carbon on a solid solubility line of cementite with austenite, a point K in FIG. 1) in austenite phase having the same alloy composition as that of cementite in a steel at a predetermined austenitizing heating temperature is lower than activity of carbon (a point H in FIG. 1) in austenite phase having the alloy composition. An austenitizing condition in a short period forms a solid solution of cementite in an amount of cementite containing alloy element which forms a solid solution with austenite. And, the same amount of carbon rapidly diffuses in austenite along a carbon activity line (a carbon activity line passing a point K and a point L in FIG. 1) of austenite having the same solid solubility. This enables to regulate a concentration of carbon in martensite parent phase of a quench hardened layer by using an austenitizing temperature and concentrations of alloy elements in cementite.
Accordingly, in the present invention, it is preferable that a steel having a previously regulated alloy element composition is austenitized by heating up to two or more temperatures within a range of Ac1 temperature (eutectoid transformation temperature of the steel) to 1150° C. or a range of Ac3 temperature to 1150° C., for example, a rolling surface of the steel is heated at 1000° C. and then a deeper portion under the rolling surface is induction heated at 800° C. while being cooled. As a result, a concentration of carbon which forms a solid solution with martensite of the first quench hardened layer is higher than that of the second quench hardened layer. This enables to form a first quench hardened layer having improved in hardness and a second quench hardened layer with a low carbon concentration and having toughness at a deeper portion under the first quench hardened layer. Accordingly, a gear having the same hardness distribution of a carburized gear can be produced by an induction quenching method.
Hereinafter, a mechanism (rate) in which cementite forms a solid solution with austenite will be described in detail. In order to regulate a concentration of carbon which forms a solid solution with martensite (i.e., in order to regulate an amount of remaining cementite) by delaying forming a solid solution of cementite, it is necessary to add one or more elements of Cr, Mn, V, Mo and W, which are concentrated in cementite remarkably by heating up to at least either one of a ferrite+cementite two phase region or a austenite+cementite two phase region and decrease activity of carbon in austenite. Especially, Cr is more preferred in these elements. Thereinafter, a regulating method by the addition of Cr or an element showing the same performance as Cr will be explained.
For example, in a ferrite+cementite two phase region sufficiently heated at 700° C., a concentration of Cr in the cementite is 28 times that in the ferrite (when heated at 600° C., about 52 times). A solid solution formation mechanism (a solid soluble rate), in which cementite concentrated with Cr or an element showing the same performance as Cr forms a solid solution with austenite during heating by a quenching process accompanied with rapidly heating, is explained by a relation between a phase diagram of a Fe—C—M (M: an alloy element) ternary alloy at a heating temperature shown in FIG. 1 and constant carbon activity lines shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 1 is a drawing schematically showing a phase diagram of a Fe—C—M ternary alloy at the induction heating temperature, to which Cr or an element showing the same performance as Cr (such as Cr, Mn, Mo, V and W), each of the element having high affinity with carbon, is added. Carbon activity lines are represented by tine lines in FIG. 1. Carbon activity equal to activity of carbon in austenite phase (γ phase) of a steel having a alloy composition represented by a point A in FIG. 1 changes upward, represented by a thin line in FIG. 1, because carbon activity decreases as an addition amount of the alloy element M increases. Then, the carbon activity line crosses with a line showing solid solubility of cementite at a point B, and then linearly connected at a point C showing a composition of cementite containing an alloy element M at equilibrium with the crossing point (the point B).
Another carbon activity lines (as represented in thin lines) in FIG. 1 are determined according to each carbon activity. Carbon activity becomes higher as its carbon concentration increases. Here, carbon activity Ac is defined as 1 at a point D showing solid solubility of graphite along a Fe—C axis (a phase diagram of a Fe—C binary alloy).
Compositions of ferrite and cementite in the steel before quenching, having the alloy composition shown at the point A in FIG. 1, are shown in a point E and a point F, respectively. Carbon activity at the point G, showing a composition of an austenite boundary at local equilibrium with a cementite boundary when the cementite having the composition of the point F rapidly heated to a quenching heating temperature is transformed such that the alloy element M remains while carbon having significant high diffusion ability forms a solid solution with austenite rapidly, is larger than the carbon activity of the alloy composition of the point A. Thus, carbon diffuses rapidly due to a gradient of chemical potential of carbon. Then, at a region where cementite has formed a solid solution and regions where were being originally ferrite, carbon is first homogenized along an activity line passing the point A and the point B, as shown in arrows in the figure, and then the alloy element is second homogenized.
A diffusion process of carbon and an alloy element at which cementite containing an alloy element rapidly forms a solid solution will be explained by using a diffusion process of spheres of which the composition differs, because the diffusion process of spheres closely resembles the diffusion process of carbon and an alloy element.
In a process in which a sphere having an alloy element concentration cp and a radius R0 is homogenized in an infinite solid parent phase containing no alloy elements, a concentration c of the alloy element for a distance r in the radius direction is obtained by calculation. FIG. 2 is a graph showing a relation between a concentration c of an alloy element and a distance r in the radius direction. When such the result is applied to a homogenizing process of carbon and an alloy element when cementite forms a solid solution with austenite, heating periods t_(C) and t_(M) in which carbon and an alloy element are homogenized perfectly, respectively, are approximately calculated using a period in which diffusion lengths ((D^(γ) _(C)×t_(C))^(1/2), (D^(γ) _(M)×t_(M))^(1/2)), obtained by calculation using diffusion coefficients D^(γ) _(C), and D^(γ) _(M) of carbon and an alloy element in austenite phase at the heating temperature, respectively, become equal to a particle radius R of granulated cementite (as shown in Δ of FIG. 2). For example, at 900° C., carbon is mostly homogenized while cementite having a radius of 0.2 μm forms a solid solution within 0.1 second, on the contrary, homogenizing an alloy element requires about 50 minutes (2835 seconds). And, in a case of the alloy element with a diffusion length ¼ times a radius (under a heating condition of a heating temperature of 900° C. and a heating period of 177 seconds), as shown in ♦ of FIG. 2, the alloy element diffuses only within an area where cementite had formed a solid solution, because of small diffusability of the alloy element.
In addition, heating periods at various heating temperatures under a heating condition (as shown in ♦ of FIG. 2), in which a diffusion area of the alloy element is limited to an area where cementite had existed, are obtained and represented by heavy lines in FIG. 3. When quenched after heating at temperatures under the heavy line in FIG. 3, even after cementite forms a solid solution rapidly, the alloy element concentrated in the cementite is not homogenized rapidly but localized at the periphery of the cementite. For example, when Mn, Cr and Mo, are localized at an area where cementite had formed a solid solution, hardenability of a steel decreases remarkably. And, as a radius of cementite becomes small as 0.1 μm, a heating condition range becomes narrower, as shown in FIG. 3, resulting in a need for rapidly heating to a quenching temperature.
In the figure, a solid line showing a radius 0.1 μm and heterogeneous 1 is approximately shown by an equation t_(M)=(1350/(273+T))²⁸,and a solid heavy line showing a radius 0.2 μm and heterogeneous 2 is approximately shown by an equation t_(M)=(1415/(273+T))²⁸. And, the heterogeneous period t_(M) (sec) is approximately shown by the following equation using a heating temperature T(° C.) and a radium R(μm) as variables, t _(M)=((98.794×Ln(R)+1576.6)/(273+T))²⁸.
| 41,704 |
https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%20%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
जॉर्ज इव्होनोविच गुर्जेफ
|
https://mr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=जॉर्ज इव्होनोविच गुर्जेफ&action=history
|
Marathi
|
Spoken
| 119 | 628 |
जॉर्ज इवानोविच गुर्जेफ (रोमन : George Ivanovich Gurdjieff, आर्मिनिअन : Գեորգի Իվանովիչ Գյուրջիև, जॉर्जिअन : გიორგი გურჯიევი, ग्रीक : Γεώργιος Γεωργιάδης, रशियन : Гео́ргий Ива́нович Гюрджи́ев, जानेवारी १३, इ.स. १८६६ – ऑक्टोबर २९, इ.स. १९४९) हा विसाव्या शतकाच्या मध्यात होऊन गेलेला प्रभावी आध्यात्मिक गुरू होता. बरीचशी मानवजात ही संमोहित "जागत्या निद्रेत" आहे; चेतनेचे उच्चतर स्तर गाठणे आणि संपूर्ण मानवी क्षमता प्राप्त करणे शक्य आहे अशी त्याची शिकवण होती. असे करण्यासाठी गुर्जेफने एक पद्धत विकसित केली आणि तिला 'द वर्क' किंवा 'द मेथड' असे नाव दिले. या पद्धतीच्या तत्त्वांनुसार आणि सूचनांनुसार ती फकिर, योगी किंवा साधू यांच्या चेतनाजागृतीच्या पद्धतीपेक्षा वेगळी आहे; म्हणून (मुळात) तिला "चौथा मार्ग" असे म्हटले जाते.
संदर्भ व नोंदी
इ.स. १८६६ मधील जन्म
इ.स. १९४९ मधील मृत्यू
| 28,055 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52224313
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:UEFA Women's Euro 1989
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 507 | 1,516 |
Категорія:Європейський конкурс з футболу серед жінок 1989
категорія проєкту Вікімедіа
Категорія:Європейський конкурс з футболу серед жінок 1989 є одним із категорія проєкту Вікімедіа
Категорія:Європейський конкурс з футболу серед жінок 1989 основна стаття категорії Європейський конкурс з футболу серед жінок 1989
Категорія:Європейський конкурс з футболу серед жінок 1989 попередник Категорія:Європейський конкурс з футболу серед жінок 1987
Категорія:Європейський конкурс з футболу серед жінок 1989 наступник Категорія:Чемпіонат Європи з футболу серед жінок 1991
Категорія:Європейський конкурс з футболу серед жінок 1989 пов'язані з категорією теми 1989
Categoria:Campionato europeo di calcio femminile 1989
categoria di un progetto Wikimedia
Categoria:Campionato europeo di calcio femminile 1989 istanza di categoria di un progetto Wikimedia
Categoria:Campionato europeo di calcio femminile 1989 soggetto principale della categoria Campionato europeo di calcio femminile 1989
Categoria:Campionato europeo di calcio femminile 1989 preceduto da Categoria:Campionato europeo di calcio femminile 1987
Categoria:Campionato europeo di calcio femminile 1989 seguito da Categoria:Campionato europeo di calcio femminile 1991
Categoria:Campionato europeo di calcio femminile 1989 argomenti della categoria 1989
Kategori:Europamästerskapet i fotboll för damer 1989
Wikimedia-kategori
Kategori:Europamästerskapet i fotboll för damer 1989 instans av Wikimedia-kategori
Kategori:Europamästerskapet i fotboll för damer 1989 huvudämne i denna kategori Europamästerskapet i fotboll för damer 1989
Kategori:Europamästerskapet i fotboll för damer 1989 föregås av Kategori:Europamästerskapet i fotboll för damer 1987
Kategori:Europamästerskapet i fotboll för damer 1989 följs av Kategori:Europamästerskapet i fotboll för damer 1991
Kategori:Europamästerskapet i fotboll för damer 1989 kategorin kombinerar ämnen 1989
Category:UEFA Women's Euro 1989
Wikimedia category
Category:UEFA Women's Euro 1989 instance of Wikimedia category
Category:UEFA Women's Euro 1989 category's main topic 1989 European Competition for Women's Football
Category:UEFA Women's Euro 1989 follows Category:UEFA Women's Euro 1987
Category:UEFA Women's Euro 1989 followed by Category:UEFA Women's Euro 1991
Category:UEFA Women's Euro 1989 category combines topics 1989
Kategorie:Fußball-Europameisterschaft der Frauen 1989
Wikimedia-Kategorie
Kategorie:Fußball-Europameisterschaft der Frauen 1989 ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Kategorie
Kategorie:Fußball-Europameisterschaft der Frauen 1989 Thema der Kategorie Fußball-Europameisterschaft der Frauen 1989
Kategorie:Fußball-Europameisterschaft der Frauen 1989 Vorgänger Kategorie:Fußball-Europameisterschaft der Frauen 1987
Kategorie:Fußball-Europameisterschaft der Frauen 1989 Nachfolger Kategorie:Fußball-Europameisterschaft der Frauen 1991
Kategorie:Fußball-Europameisterschaft der Frauen 1989 Kategorie kombiniert die Themen 1989
Luokka:Jalkapallon naisten Euroopan-mestaruuskilpailut 1989
Wikimedia-luokka
Luokka:Jalkapallon naisten Euroopan-mestaruuskilpailut 1989 esiintymä kohteesta Wikimedia-luokka
Luokka:Jalkapallon naisten Euroopan-mestaruuskilpailut 1989 luokan pääaihe Jalkapallon naisten Euroopan-mestaruuskilpailut 1989
Luokka:Jalkapallon naisten Euroopan-mestaruuskilpailut 1989 edeltäjä Luokka:Jalkapallon naisten Euroopan-mestaruuskilpailut 1987
Luokka:Jalkapallon naisten Euroopan-mestaruuskilpailut 1989 seuraaja Luokka:Jalkapallon naisten Euroopan-mestaruuskilpailut 1991
Luokka:Jalkapallon naisten Euroopan-mestaruuskilpailut 1989 luokka yhdistää aiheet 1989
Categoría:Competición Europea de Fútbol Femenino 1989
categoría de Wikimedia
Categoría:Competición Europea de Fútbol Femenino 1989 instancia de categoría de Wikimedia
Categoría:Competición Europea de Fútbol Femenino 1989 tema principal de la categoría Competición Europea de Fútbol Femenino 1989
Categoría:Competición Europea de Fútbol Femenino 1989 precedido por Categoría:Competición Europea de Fútbol Femenino 1987
Categoría:Competición Europea de Fútbol Femenino 1989 temas asociados por la categoría 1989
تصنيف:بطولة أمم أوروبا للسيدات 1989
تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:بطولة أمم أوروبا للسيدات 1989 نموذج من تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:بطولة أمم أوروبا للسيدات 1989 الموضوع الرئيس للتصنيف بطولة أمم أوروبا للسيدات 1989
تصنيف:بطولة أمم أوروبا للسيدات 1989 سبقه تصنيف:بطولة أمم أوروبا للسيدات 1987
تصنيف:بطولة أمم أوروبا للسيدات 1989 تبعه تصنيف:بطولة أمم أوروبا لكرة القدم للسيدات 1991
تصنيف:بطولة أمم أوروبا للسيدات 1989 التصنيف يجمع المواضيع 1989
| 7,795 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/66513954
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 65 | 162 |
module 'trax.supervised' has no attribute 'inputs'
I am working on a project involving Google's TRAX package. I encountered the following error message while running a snippet of code on Jupyter notebook.
module 'trax.supervised' has no attribute 'inputs'
Is there a way around this issue? I have trax version 1.2.3.
Thanks!
As per trax documentation
The call must be trax.data rather than trax.Supervised
trax.data.inputs.add_loss_weights(generator, id_to_mask=None)
https://trax-ml.readthedocs.io/en/latest/trax.data.html
| 3,239 |
|
https://github.com/ugurcan-sonmez-95/HackerRank/blob/master/Data_Structures/Linked_Lists/Get_Node_Value/main.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
HackerRank
|
ugurcan-sonmez-95
|
C++
|
Code
| 227 | 660 |
// Get Node Value - Solution
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
class SinglyLinkedListNode {
public:
int data;
SinglyLinkedListNode *next;
SinglyLinkedListNode(int node_data) {
this->data = node_data;
this->next = nullptr;
}
};
class SinglyLinkedList {
public:
SinglyLinkedListNode *head;
SinglyLinkedListNode *tail;
SinglyLinkedList() {
this->head = nullptr;
this->tail = nullptr;
}
void insert_node(int node_data) {
SinglyLinkedListNode* node = new SinglyLinkedListNode(node_data);
if (!this->head)
this->head = node;
else
this->tail->next = node;
this->tail = node;
}
};
void print_singly_linked_list(SinglyLinkedListNode* node) {
while (node) {
std::cout << node->data << '\n';
node = node->next;
}
}
// Gets the node value at a specific position
int getNode(SinglyLinkedListNode* head, const int positionFromTail) {
SinglyLinkedListNode *main_ptr = head;
SinglyLinkedListNode *ref_ptr = head;
// Move ref_ptr to the next node until the count equals to positionFromTail
for (int i{}; i < positionFromTail; i++)
ref_ptr = ref_ptr->next;
// Move both pointers to next nodes until next node of ref_ptr is at the end
while (ref_ptr->next != nullptr) {
main_ptr = main_ptr->next;
ref_ptr = ref_ptr->next;
}
return main_ptr->data;
}
int main() {
int testCount;
std::cin >> testCount;
for (int i = 0; i < testCount; i++) {
std::unique_ptr<SinglyLinkedList> llist = std::make_unique<SinglyLinkedList>();
int llist_size;
std::cin >> llist_size;
for (int i = 0; i < llist_size; i++) {
int llist_item;
std::cin >> llist_item;
llist->insert_node(llist_item);
}
int position;
std::cin >> position;
int result = getNode(llist->head, position);
std::cout << result << '\n';
}
return 0;
}
| 16,249 |
lescoloniesfrana00ramb_15
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,868 |
Les colonies françaises: géographie, histoire, productions, administration et commerce
|
Rambosson, J. (Jean), 1827-1886
|
French
|
Spoken
| 8,121 | 13,405 |
La dépense devait être couverte, partie par la colonie, partie parles engagistes. Une caisse dite d'immigration fut instituée à cet effet et formée, dès le principe, par les fonds provenant de l'indemnité accordée à la colonie pour les noirs émancipés du domaine. L'État contribua de son côté et a continué de partici per à l'introduction des travailleurs étrangers par une subven tion annuelle versée à la caisse d'immigration et qui a varié de 400,000 à 150,000 francs. M. Blanc introduisit à la Martinique 1,191 Indiens, puis il renonça à la concession que le décret du 27 mars 1852 lui avait faite. Le département de la marine traita alors avec la Compagnie générale maritime pour le transport de tous les coulis indiens qui pourraient être recrutés, pour le compte des Antilles, par la Société d'immigration de Pondichéry. La prime à l'introduction fut fixée à la somme nette de 415 fr. 55, ainsi répartie : la Caisse d'immigration payait à la Compagnie maritime 318 fr. 05 par émigrant adulte, et directement à chaque engagé intro duit 12 fr. 50. L'engagiste payait de son côté un supplément de 85 fr., à la Compagnie maritime, et il remboursait, en outre, à peu près intégralement, la Caisse d'immigration de ses avances au moyen de trois ou quatre annuités, d'un droit d'enregistre ment et d'un autre droit proportionnel aux salaires de ses travail leurs. Dans ces conditions, la Compagnie maritime introduisit à la Martinique, dans l'espace de huit années (de 1855 à la fin de 1862), 9,158 Indiens. La plupart de ces travailleurs se rengagent dans la colonie à l'expiration de leur premier contrat de travail dont la durée est de cinq ans. Ils touchent alors une prime fixée par le conseil général, et qui est de 40 fr. pour un rengagement d'un an, de 90 fr. pour un rengagement de deux ans, et de '350 fr. pour un engagement de sept ans. Ceux qui préfèrent retourner dans leur pays sont rapatriés gratuitement. La Compagnie maritime est tenue, par son traité, de disposer à cet effet un de ses navires qui rapatrie, chaque année, les engagés indiens des colonies de la Martinique, de la Guadeloupe et de la Guyane. Le prix de ces rapatriements, payé par la Caisse d'immigration de chaque colo nie, est de 291 fr., si le nombre des rapatriés est inférieur à 50; de 242 fr. 50, s'il est inférieur à 100, et de 194 fr. seulement si le nombre est de 100 et au-dessus. Jusqu'à présent, le nombre des rapatriés s'est élevé, pour la Martinique, à environ 200 par an. MARTINIQUE. 371 La Martinique ne recevait chaque année qu'un faible contingent de 1,200 à 1,500 Indiens; il ne pouvait suffire aux besoins des colons. Un traité qui fut passé au mois de septembre 1856 avec la maison Arnaud et Touache, de Marseille, pour l'introduction de 600 Chinois à la Martinique, et 600 à la Guadeloupe, n'ayant pas donné de résultats (l'opération avorta et ne recru la pas un seul individu), on se tourna vers la race africaine. Un capitaine au long cours de Nantes, M. Chevalier, avait déjà commencé à introduire à la Guyane quelques centaines de noirs recrutés dans les parties de la côte occidentale où l'esclavage n'existe plus (côte de Krou, Libéria, etc). L'administration de la Martinique conclut à son tour un traité avec le capitaine pour diriger sur la colonie quelques convois d'Africains. M. Chevalier introduisit, au mois de juillet 1857, un contin gent de 283 individus ; mais les difficultés de recrutement de vinrent telles qu'il dut renoncer à poursuivre l'opération. Le département de la marine prit alors une mesure décisive. Le recrutement n'avait été jusqu'à cette époque autorisé que parmi les populations africaines originairement libres ; on dé cida de recruter parmi les populations à esclaves. L'esclave de vait être racheté à son maître et transporté comme travailleur libre dans nos colonies à des conditions à peu près analogues à celles accordées aux Indiens, et avec la promesse d'être rapatrié gratuitement, à l'expiration de son engagement. M. Régis, négociant à Marseille, se chargea par un traité du 27 mars 1857, d'effectuer les recrutements moyennant une prime de 485 francs net, pour chaque immigrant adulte introduit. Le noir racheté contractait un engagement de 10 ans et rembour sait ultérieurement sur ses salaires, au colon qui en avait fait l'a vance, une somme de 200 francs pour son rachat. De 1857 en août 1862, date de l'arrivée du dernier convoi, M. Régis introduisit à la Martinique 9,090 Africains, exclusive ment recrutés au Congo et à Loango. Pendant ce temps, quel ques habitants de la colonie faisaient venir directement pour leur compte par l'intermédiaire de la maison Vidal, de Nantes, deux convois recrutés dans notre établissement du Gabon, et comprenant 342 noirs. Les colons de la Martinique, qui avaient vu d'abord avec une certaine appréhension l'introduction des Africains, s'en sont montrés depuis entièrement satisfaits. On est généralement d'ac 372 LES COLONIES FRANÇAISES. cord que l'emploi simultané des deux races, asiatique et afri caine, produit sur les ateliers d'excellents résultats. A l'Africain sont dévolus les ouvrages les plus rudes, ceux où une plus grande dépense de force physique est nécessaire ; à l'Indien, les travaux qui exigent plus d'intelligence et d'industrie. Mais comme le prix de l'introduction de l'Africain est, en somme, moins élevé que celui de l'Indien, que le noir est plus facile à nourrir, qu'il s'acclimate plus vite, on peut dire qu'il est aujourd'hui préféré à tout autre. On a calculé que le prix de revient de la journée de travail d'un Africain ressort pour le propriétaire à 1 fr. 60, le prix de la journée de l'Indien à près de 2 fr. 60, enfin le prix de la journée d'un Chinois à 4 francs. Le haut prix de ce dernier travailleur, on le conçoit, le met peu en faveur dans nos colonies. Trois essais seulement ont été faits à cet égard à la Martini que. On y a reçu 754 Chinois apportés par les navires Amiral, Baudin et Galilée, et recrutés à Canton par les soins de la maison Malavois et Cie. La colonie avait précédemment partagé avec la Guadeloupe un autre convoi apporté par le navire l'Indien, ap partenant à la Compagnie maritime, et reçu pour sa part 223 Chi nois. La prime d'introduction était de 809 fr. 60, indépendam ment de 61 fr. 80, payés à l'engagé à son départ de Chine et remboursables ultérieurement sur ses salaires. La caisse d'immi gration a dû faire l'avance de la totalité de la prime, l'engagé s'obligeant à en rembourser la plus grande partie au moyen d'annuités, dont l'Administration a été obligée de porter le nom bre jusqu'à onze. Une pareille mesure indique assez que le Chi nois est loin, en général, d'être recherché. Disons cependant que quelques propriétaires ont déclaré être très-satisfaits des travailleurs de cette origine et que des démarches ont été ré cemment faites par eux pour s'en procurer de nouveaux. Un nouveau traité récemment conclu avec la compagnie trans atlantique fixe la prime d'introduction pour chaque immigrant, adulte ou non adulte, à 415 fr. 55, sur lesquels l'engagiste rem bourse 150 francs au moment où il reçoit l'immigrant ; la caisse d'immigration prend à sa charge 265 fr. 55. Au 1er janvier 1864, la colonie possédait 15,576 immigrants, savoir : MARTINIQUE. 373 Indiens , 7 ,G76 Africains 7,225 Chinois G75 On doit ajouter à ce chiffre de travailleurs, 41,000 noirs indi gènes, employés sur les exploitations agricoles, savoir : Engagés à l'année ■ 6,000 — à la journée 35,000 CHAPITRE IV Gouvernement. — Administration. — Services de l'ordonnateur. — Services des ports. — Service de santé. — Trésor. — Direction de l'intérieur. — Enregis trement. — Hypothèques. — Service des douanes. — Contributions. — Poste aux lettres. — Police, etc. — Organisation municipale. — Effectif militaire. — Station locale, etc. — Justice. — Tribunaux, etc. — Statistique judiciaire. L'ordonnance royale du 9 février 1827, modifiée 1° par l'or donnance royale du 22 août 1833 ; 2° par le sénatus-consulte du 3 mai 1854 ; 3° par le décret du 26 juillet 1854 ; 4° par le dé cret du 29 août 1855, a réglé l'organisation du gouvernement de la Martinique. Un gouverneur, un conseil privé, chargé d'éclairer les déci sions du gouverneur, un conseil général, trois chefs d'adminis tration et un contrôleur colonial, telle est la composition du gouvernement local. Un délégué, élu par le conseil général, et faisant partie du comité consultatif des colonies siégeant à Paris,' représente la colonie près du gouvernement métropolitain. Gouverneur. Le gouverneur a le commandement général et la haute ad ministration, sous l'autorité directe du ministre de la marine et des colonies. Il représente l'Empereur, est dépositaire de son autorité, rend des arrêtés et prend des décisions pour régler les matières d'ad ministration et de police, et pour l'exécution des lois, règle ments et décrets promulgués dans la colonie. Les pouvoirs du gouverneur, déterminés par l'ordonnance du 9 février 1827, se divisent en ordinaires et en extraordinaires. Les pouvoirs ordinaires embrassent toutes les parties du ser 374 LES COLONIES FRANÇAISES. vice ; le gouverneur les exerce par l'intermédiaire des chefs d'ad ministration, et après avoir consulté le conseil privé, facultative ment ou obligatoirement, suivant les cas, mais sans jamais être tenu de se conformer à son avis. Les pouvoirs extraordinaires sont exercés par le gouverneur, avec obligation de consulter le conseil privé, mais avec toute la titude de statuer ensuite selon son opinion personnelle et sous sa seule responsabilité. Ces pouvoirs extraordinaires comprennent notamment : Le droit d'exclure de la colonie, ou d'y mettre en surveillance dans un canton déterminé, les individus qui troublent ou com promettent la tranquillité publique ; D'interdire l'entrée de la colonie aux individus dont la pré sence serait reconnue dangereuse ; De suspendre et de renvoyer en France les fonctionnaires de l'ordre judiciaire qui auraient tenu une conduite tellement ré préhensible qu'ils ne puissent être maintenus en place. Le gouverneur peut être poursuivi pour trahison, concussion, abus d'autorité ou désobéissance aux ordres de l'Empereur. Toutefois, en ce qui concerne l'administration de la colonie, il ne peut être recherché, lorsqu'il a agi conformément aux re présentations et aux propositions des chefs d'administration. Le gouverneur ne peut être, sous quelque cause que ce soit, ni actionné ni poursuivi dans la colonie pendant l'exercice de ses fonctions. En cas de mort, d'absence ou d'empêchement, et lorsqu'il n'y a pas été pourvu d'avance, le gouverneur est remplacé provisoi rement par l'ordonnateur et, à défaut de ce fonctionnaire, par le directeur de l'intérieur. Services de l'ordonnateur. Ce personnel comprend : 1 commissaire de la marine, ordonnateur ; 2 commissaires-adjoints ; 10 sous-commissaires ; 7 aides-commissaires ; 13 commis de marine. Ce personnel est reparti en un secrétariat et six bureaux, le tout centralisé au siège du gouvernement, à Fort-de-France. Le service administratif de Saint-Pierre (revues, armements, MARTINIQUE. 375 inscription maritime, hôpitaux, travaux d'approvisionnement, fonds) est fait par un sous-commissaire de la marine, qui a sous ses ordres un aide-commissaire et un commis de marine. Chacun des cantons de la Trinité et du Marin possède un com mis de marine pour diriger le même service. Service des ports. Il comprend à Fort-de-France : capitaine de port ; i lieutenant de port ; 1 maître de port ; 2 pilotes ; 1 maître charpentier ; " » 1 maître forgeron. A Saint-Pierre, il comprend : 1 capitaine de port ; 2 pilotes. A la Trinité, il y a un pilote ; Au Marin, un pilote ; Au François, un pilote. Ce personnel est complété par 9 canotiers et 6 gardiens de place. ♦ Service de santé. Outre les sœurs hospitalières, ce service comprend à Fort-de France : 1 médecin en chef ; 9 chirurgiens ; 3 pharmaciens. A Saint-Pierre, il comprend : 1 médecin en chef; 4 chirurgiens ; 1 pharmacien. Trésor. Ce service comprend : 1 trésorier-payeur qui, en même temps, est trésorier des invalides de la marine, caissier des gens de mer et des prises, receveur général des contributions ; A Fort-de-France, il a sous ses ordres : chef de comptabilité ; 376 LES COLONIES FRANÇAISES. 1 sous-chef ; 1 caissier. A Saint-Pierre se trouve un trésorier particulier, en même temps receveur particulier des contributions dans l'arrondis sement. Direction de l'intérieur. Le personnel comprend : 1 directeur de l'intérieur ; 1 secrétaire général ; 5 chefs de bureau ; 4 sous-chefs ; dO commis ; 9 écrivains. Ce personnel est réparti en un secrétariat général et quatre bureaux. Enregistrement, hypothèques, successions vacantes. Cet important service comprend vingt personnes : 1 inspecteur de 2e classe, chef du service ; 2 vérificateurs de 2e et de 3e classe ; 11 receveurs ; 1 garde-magasin, premier-commis de direction ; 5 commis-receveurs. ' Douanes, Ce service comprend : 1 directeur; 2 sous-directeurs ; 1 contrôleur; 10 vérifica teurs ; 8 commis ; 1 lieutenant ; 85 brigadiers, préposés et agents divers. Contributions. Outre le trésorier-payeur et le trésorier particulier, ce service comprend : 1 inspecteur de 2e classe, chef du service; 1 inspecteur de 3e classe ; 8 contrôleurs; 12 percepteurs des contributions ; 2 vérificateurs des poids et mesures ; 2 commis. La vente des spiritueux est affermée à des particuliers dans chaque commune. MARTINIQUE. 377 Poste aux lettres. Le personnel est ainsi composé : 1 receveur-comptable chef, 1 receveur, 3 commis, 5 fac teurs (villes de Saint-Pierre et Fortde-France) ; 3 préposés bu ralistes-receveurs (communes). Police. Saint-Pierre : 2 commissaires de police. Fort-de-France : 1 id. Communes rurales : 7 id. Prisons. Fort-de-France : 1 prison centrale ; 1 atelier de discipline. Saint-Pierre : une maison d'arrêt. Saint-Jacques : 2 ateliers d'éducation professionnelle (un pour garçons, un pour filles). Le personnel comprend : 4 régisseurs, 3 commis comptables, 8 guichetiers. L'inspection des prisons est attribuée à un chef de bureau de la direction de l'intérieur. Ponts et chaussées. 1 ingénieur, chef du service ; 2 ingénieurs coloniaux; 6 conducteurs principaux ; 6 conducteurs de lre et de 2e classe. Service de l'immigration. Fort-de-France : 1 commissaire, 1 sous-commissaire, 1 régis seur du dépôt, 4 médecin, 1 syndicat de l'immigration. Saint-Pierre : 1 sous-commissaire, 3 écrivains, 1 syndicat de l'immigration. Contrôle colonial. 1 commissaire de lre classe de la marine, contrôleur; 2 sous-commissaires (l'un à Saint-Pierre, l'autre à Fort-de France) ; i commis de marine* 378 LES COLONIES FRANÇAISES. Organisation municipale. Les 25 communes de la colonie ont, chacune, un maire, un ou deux adjoints nommés par le gouverneur, de S à 13 conseillers municipaux aussi nommés par le gouverneur. Un décret colonial (12 juin 1837), modifié par le sénatus-con sulte du 5 mai 1854, a réglé l'organisation municipale à la Marti nique. L'effectif militaire de la Martinique comprend les éléments sui vants. Etats-majors. Deux états-majors : État-major général, état-major des places. — Ils se décomposent ainsi : 1 lieutenant de vaisseau et 1 capitaine d'infanterie de marine, attachés à l'état-major particulier du gouverneur; 2 chefs de bataillon, commandant, l'un la place de Saint Pierre, l'autre à celle de Fort-de-France ; 1 adjudant de place à Saint-Pierre. Artillerie. 1 chef d'escadron directeur; 1 capitaine en 1er, adjoint; 1chef ouvrier d'État; 2 maîtres armuriers; 6 gardiens de batterie ; 1 portier-consigne; 2 batteries (9 officiers, 202 sous-officiers et canonniers); 1 détachement de 50 ouvriers. Génie. 1 chef de bataillon, sous-directeur; 1 capitaine de lre classe; 1 compagnie indigène d'ouvriers (3 officiers, 156 sous-officiers et soldats). Le génie, outre son service ordinaire, est employé aussi au ca dastre. Infanterie de marine. 1 lieutenant-colonel, commandant. 2 chefs de bataillon ; 1 capitaine-major; 2 capitaines adjudants-majors ; MARTINIQUE. 379 1 lieutenant, officier payeur ; 1 lieutenant, officier d'habillement ; 2 chirurgiens aides-majors; 8 compagnies (de 114 hommes et 3 officiers). Gendarmerie coloniale. 1 chef d'escadron, commandant; 1 capitaine; 2 lieutenants ; 138 sous-officiers et gendarmes à cheval ; 24 gendarmes à pied. Sapeurs-pompiers porte-hache. Fortde-France : 1 compagnie (60 hommes, dont 3 officiers.); Saint-Pierre : 1 compagnie (110 hommes, dont 4 officiers). Station locale. 1 aviso à vapeur (4 canons, 160 chevaux) ; 1 goélette à voiles (6 canons) ; 9 officiers ; 163 matelots. La Martinique est le centre de la division navale des Antilles et de l'Amérique du Nord. Arsenal maritime. Une circonstance récente peut donner une idée de l'importance de cet établissement, fondé en 1828, à Fort-de-France. Au mo ment de l'expédition du Mexique, il a pu ravitailler 30 bâtiments de guerre. Bassin de radoub. En construction. « Il complétera, disent les Notices de la ma rine, l'arsenal maritime et en fera le premier établissement de ce genre dans les Petites Antilles. » Les codes métropolitains sont en pleine vigueur à la Mar tinique. (V. Ordonnance du 24 septembre 1828, décret du 16 août 1854, etc.) Justices de paix. — Dans l'arrondissement de Fort-de-France, on compte cinq tribunaux de paix : à Fort-de-France, à Saint Esprit, aux Anses d'Arlet, au Marin et au Lamentin. 380 LES COLONIES FRANÇAISES. Dans l'arrondissement de Saint-Pierre, il y en a quatre : au Mouillage, au Fort, à la BassePointe, à la Trinité. La loi du 25 mai 1838 règle la compétence des juges de paix en matière civile. En matière commerciale, ils connaissent, en dernier ressort, jusqu'à la valeur de 450 francs en principal, et, en premier res sort, quand la valeur de la demande principale n'excède pas 300 francs. Ils connaissent aussi des contraventions de police. Tribunaux de lre instance. — Il y en a deux : l'un à Fort-de France, l'autre à Saint-Pierre. A Fort-de-France, le tribunal se compose d'un président, de trois juges, d'un procureur impérial, d'un substitut et d'un gref fier. A Saint-Pierre, même composition du tribunal ; deux subs tituts. Leur compétence est à peu près la même que celle des tribu naux de première instance de la métropole. — Ils exercent les attributions conférées en France aux chambres du conseil. Cour impériale. — Elle siège à Fort-de-France et se compose d'un président, de sept conseillers, d'un conseiller auditeur, d'un procureur général, de deux substituts et d'un greffier en chef. — Le procureur général est chef du service judiciaire dans la co lonie. Conseil privé. — En matière de commerce étranger, douanes, contributions indirectes, c'est devant ce conseil que les appels sont portés, sauf recours en cassation. (Ordonnance du 9 février 1827.) Cours d'assises. — Elles sont au nombre de deux et siègent, l'une à Fort-de-France, l'autre à Saint-Pierre. Elles se composent de trois conseillers et de quatre membres du collège des asses seurs, lequel collège est formé de C0 membres choisis parmi les habitants de la colonie. (Ord. 24 septembre 1828.) Officiers ministériels. — 20 notaires; 17 avoués; 16 huissiers. Statistique judiciaire de 1859 à 1861 : 1° Justices de paix. Jugements en matière civile et commerciale 2,471 Jugements en simple police.... « 7,085 MARTINIQUE. 381 2° Tribunaux de première instance. A. Tribunal de Fort-de-France. Jugements en matière civile et commerciale 585 — — correctionnelle 446 B. Tribunal de Saint-Pierre. Jugements en matière civile et commerciale 9 i 7 — — correctionnelle 519 3° Cour impériale. Moyenne annuelle des affaires 143 4° Cours d'assises. Moyenne annuelle des affaires 97 — des prévenus 129 CHAPITRE V Finances. — Budget de l'Etat. — Budget local. — Banque de la Martinique. — Crédit foncier colonial. En 1864, le budget de l'État a contribué aux charges de la colo nie comme il suit. I. BUDGET DE i/ÉTAT. Total du personnel 2,540,908 fr. Total du matériel. ; 593,000 Total général 3,l33,9i0 fr. Les dépenses effectuées au compte du service marine ne sont pas comprises dans le chiffre ci-dessus. Ces dépenses, en 1862, se sont élevées à 2,075,603 francs ; la guerre du Mexique les avait rendues nécessaires. IT. BUDGET LOCAL. Total des recettes 3,335,307 fr. De'penses : Dépenses obligatoires . 2,1 30,703 fr. Dépenses facultatives 1,082,597 Dépenses extraordinaires 1 22,066 Total général des dépenses 3,335,307 fr. En octobre 1863, la caisse de réserve de la colonie présentait un disponible de 832,488 francs. Deux établissements financiers fonctionnent à la Martinique ce sont la Banque de la Martinique et le Crédit foncier colo nial. 382 LES COLONIES FRANÇAISES. La Banque a été constituée au capital de trois millions. (Loi du 14 juillet 1851.) Ses opérations d'escompte, en 1862-1863, se décomposent ainsi : Effets sur place .. , 23,183,518 fr. 54 c. Obligations sur actions 1,609,514 04 — sur dépôts de rentes 94,G31 50 — garanties par nantissement de marchandises 5G,929 34 — garanties par cession de ré coltes 314,140 90 Total 25,318,840 fr. 32 c. Ses opérations de change ont donné les résultats suivants : Mandat sur le Comptoir d'escompte de Paris 11,104,637 fr. 35 c. Traites négociées par la banque et en voyées en remise au Comptoir 10,245,097 31 Mandats sur les banques de la Guade loupe et de la Guyane, 52,774 85 Total 21,402,509 fr. 51 c. Sommes versées au dépôt 640,401 69 Comptes-courants 33,098,688 40 Billets entrés en caisse 54,136,675 » Numéraire entré en caisse 2,471,531 95 Le dividende de la Banque, pour 1862-63, s'est élevé à 7 fr. 39 pour 100; soit 36 fr. 95 par action. Le Crédit foncier colonial a été autorisé par décret du 31 août 4863. Pendant le premier trimestre de 1864, on a adressé à la So* ciété : 23 demandes de prêts sur immeubles ruraux.. . 1,599,629 fr. 12 -— . — — urbains..' 107,200 CHAPITRE VI quIq. — Grand séminaire, etc. — Clergé. — Communautés religieuses. — Bu reaux de charité. -— Ouvroir. — Hôpitaux militaires. — Hospices civils. — Maison coloniale de santé. — Instruction publique. — Petit séminaire. — Ins titutiun de Sainte-Marie. — Institut des sœurs de Saint-Joseph de Cluny. — Écoles primaires. — Écoles particulières et laïques. — Cours public. — Presse périodique. La religion de la grande majorité des habitants de la Marti MARTINIQUE. 383 nique est le catholicisme. Par décret impérial du 8 décembre 1850, la colonie a été érigée en évêché. A Saint-Pierre, siège du diocèse, il y a un séminaire où la co lonie entretient 16 boursiers. On y reçoit les jeunes gens qui se destinent à la carrière ecclésiastique. Le clergé comprend : 1 évoque, deux vicaires généraux et 80 prêtres. On compte 28 paroisses, plus une mission diocésaine. Chaque paroisse a un conseil de fabrique, ainsi composé : Pour les paroisses de 5,000 âmes et au-dessus, le conseil est formé de 9 membres, en dehors du maire et du curé, membres de droit; Pour les paroisses de moins de 5,000 âmes, le conseil est formé de 5 membres seulement. Les communautés religieuses sont au nombre de quatre : 1° Les Pères du Saint-Esprit, qui dirigent le grand et le petit séminaire; 2° Les Frères de l'institut de Ploermel, au nombre de 50, voués à l'instruction. 3° Les sœurs de Saint-Joseph de Gluny, au nombre de 88, vouées à l'instruction; 4° Les sœurs de Saint-Paul de Chartres, au nombre de 37, vouées au service des hôpitaux. La colonie possède 27 bureaux de charité, surveillés par un conseil de surveillance. Ce conseil se compose du président de la cour impériale, pré sident, d'un vicaire général, du trésorier de la colonie, du pre mier médecin en chef de la marine, du chef du bureau des cuites, inspecteur de l'assistance publique, de deux membres du conseil général, de deux habitants notables. Une dame charitable, madame Vaillant, a fondé à Port-de France un ouvroir pour les jeunes filles. Il est dirigé par trois sœurs de Saint-Paul. Les orphelines y sont élevées et instruites gratuitement ; à leur sortie, elles reçoivent un trousseau et une somme d'argent. — L'ouvroir est placé sous le contrôle d'un comité de 30 dames. La Martinique a deux hôpitaux militaires, une succursale, deux hospices civils, des établissements pour les convales cents, etc. L'hôpital militaire de Fort-de-France contient 335 lits ; celui 384 LES COLONIES FRANÇAISES. de Saint-Pierre en renferme 223. La succursale de l'hôpital de Fort-de-France est située de l'autre côté de la rade, à la pointe du Bout. Les hospices civils sont établis à la Trinité et au Marin ; 34 lits y sont à la disposition de l'Administration pour les salariés de l'État. Les malades ou les convalescents dont la santé réclame l'usage des eaux thermales sont dirigés par le gouvernement sur les établissements hospitaliers des Pitons. Aux hôpitaux sont attachées dix-neuf sœurs de la congrégation de Saint-Paul de Chartres. Fort-de-France est le siège d'un conseil de santé ; Saint Pierre, d'une commission de santé, et chaque hôpital a une com mission sanitaire. Le service de santé comprend : 1 premier médecin en chef, second médecin en chef, 3 chirurgiens de lro classe, 5 de 2e classe, 5 de 3e classe, 1 pharmacien de lre classe, 1 de 2e classe, 2 de 3e classe. Les hospices civils reçoivent : l°Les indigents, malades, les infirmes, les vieillards indigents, les enfants trouvés et abandonnés; 2° Les prisonniers malades et les aliénés dont l'état est encore indécis; 3° Les individus qui demandent à y être traités à leurs frais ; 4° Les salariés de l'État (officiers, soldats ou assimilés), dans les localités où il n'y a point d'hôpital militaire. On compte six de ces hospices : à Fort-de-France, à Saint Pierre, à la Trinité, au Saint-Esprit, au Marin, à la Grande Anse. L'administration en est confiée à un conseil composé des maires, du curé de la paroisse, de trois habitants notables. Il est présidé par le maire de la commune où est établi l'hospice. Ces divers établissements sont desservis par un chirurgien de la marine, 3 médecins civils, 2 aumôniers, et 13 sœurs de Saint Paul de Chartres. Les établissements thermaux situés aux Pitons du Carbet et au Prêcheur sont, en outre, très-fréquentés. Les aliénés reçoivent des soins spéciaux dans la maison coloniale de santé, fondée en 1837 par M. Lemaire. On y compte une soixantaine d'incurables. MARTINIQUE. 385 Les établissements d'instruction publique sont au nombre de 78. Sur ce chiffre, 38 sont consacrés aux garçons et 40 aux filles. En outre, il existe 8 salles d'asile pour les garçons et 7 pour les filles. Une commission, chargée de délivrer un certificat d'aptitude aux aspirants au baccalauréat es lettres ou es sciences, a été instituée en 1857. Les élèves, porteurs du brevet que la commis sion délivre gratuitement, peuvent prendre les quatre premières inscriptions près des Facultés de droit ou de médecine, avant d'avoir définitivement obtenu le diplôme de bachelier. Quelques détails sur les divers établissements d'instruction de la colonie. Le petit séminaire, fondé à Saint-Pierre, en 1831, par Mgr Le Herpeur, comptait, en 1862, 273 élèves, dont 116 pensionnaires, 109 demi-pensionnaires et 48 externes; on y suit exactement le programme de l'Université. Des cours d'instruction profession nelle y sont faits. L'Institution de Sainte-Marie, à Fort-de-France, succursale du petit séminaire de Saint-Pierre, avait, en 1862, 179 élèves. L'en seignement littéraire ne va que jusqu'à la cinquième. L'enseigne ment commercial qu'on y donne en outre embrasse, avec la langue française, les éléments des mathématiques, de la physique, du droit commercial, de la tenue des livres, de l'histoire et delà géographie. Vingt et une écoles primaires, dirigées par les frères de Ploërmel, sont entretenues aux frais du gouvernement dans les différentes communes; 2,092 garçons ont fréquenté ces écoles, pendant le premier semestre de 1863 ; 2,341 adultes ont assisté aux instructions du soir et du dimanche; 18,708 ont reçu l'ins truction des frères catéchistes. La rétribution scolaire est de 1 fr. à 10 fr. par mois. Les sœurs de l'institut de Saint-Joseph de Cluny dirigent 22 établissements. Leur pensionnat de Saint-Pierre est très-renommé. Les jeunes filles des meilleures familles de la Martinique y sont élevées pour la plupart. Le gouvernement y entretient des élèves bour sières; 103 élèves y recevaient l'instruction au commencement de 1863. Ce pensionnat a deux annexes: un externat et un orphelinat; 25 386 LES COLONIES FRANÇAISES. plus au centre de la ville, pour les enfants des parents peu aisés, une succursale-externat. Les mêmes sœurs dirigent aussi, à Fort-de-France, un externat qui compte une centaine d'élèves; deux écoles primaires à Saint Pierre, une à Fort-de-France, et 15 autres dans les diverses com munes ; 1 ,456jeunes filles de race noire ou d e couleur ont fréquenté ces 18 écoles en 1863. La colonie compte encore 14 écoles particulières et laïques pour les garçons, et 17 pour les filles : le collège Saint-Louis, une école des arts et métiers, etc., à Fort-de-France. En 1864, un cours public sur les sciences et leurs applications a été ouvert à Fort-de-France. Trois journaux : le Messager, journal officiel, le Propagateur et les Antilles, paraissent deux fois la semaine. Le premier se publie à Fort-de-France, les autres à Saint-Pierre. J Annuaire de la colonie, le Bulletin officiel des actes du gouver nement, complètent la publicité coloniale. CHAPITRE VII Agriculture. — Situation agricole. — Genres de culture. — Valeur des produits. — Habitations rurales. — Statistique des travailleurs. — Bétail et animaux de trait. —Canne à sucre. — Production annuelle. — Café. — Cacao. — Coton — Tabac. — Épices. — Casse. — Vivres. — Bois. — Jardin botanique. — Chambre d'agriculture. L'industrie agricole de la Martinique est envoie de progrès. La culture de la canne est toujours la principale des cultures de la colonie. « Les terres destinées à la production de lacanne ne reçoivent jamais plus d'un ou deux labours en plein, et après qu'elles ont été sillonnées à la charrue; les autres travaux dont elles sont l'ob jet s'accomplissent au moyen des bras. Sarclage, fumage, entre tien des terres et des plantes, tout se fait par des travailleurs qui reçoivent un salaire quotidien élevé, indépendamment d'une case et d'un jardin. Les cannes sont ordinairement plantées à une distance de 3 pieds 1/2 en moyenne. Sur certaines habitations, cependant, nous devons dire qu'on s'efforce de remplacer autant que possible le travail des bras par celui des instruments aratoires de toute sorte. MARTINIQUE. 387 « On cherche aussi à substituer le travail à la tâche au salaire journalier. Depuis 1857, des essais de drainage, encouragés par des primes, ont eu lieu dans la colonie, et ont donné de beaux résultats. » (Notices.) La surface totale de la Martinique embrasse 98,782 hectares. Voici le nombre d'hectares affecté à chaque genre de culture. Canne à sucre 19,565 hect. Café 515 Coton 24 Cacao 330 Tabac 6 Vivres du pays 12,051 Total des cultures 32,491 hect. Le reste du sol est occupé p ar : Savanes 22,532 hect. Bois et forêts 19,733 Terrains non cultivés 24,026 Voici la quantité des produits et leur valeur (1862): Canne à sucre. Sucrebrut 27,079,300 kil 11,644,099 fr. — terré 550 — 275 Sirops et mélasses.. 6,119,876 — 1,162,776 Rhumettafia 4,371,143 — 1,333,199 Café. 130,630 kil 300,449 fr. Coton. 6,650 kil ... , 9,975 Cacao. 127,500 kil 121,125 Tabac. 6,000 kil 14,100 En résumé : La valeur brute des produits de culture atteint le chiffre de 14,585,998 fr. Et comme les frais d'exploitation sont évalués à 7,292,999 fr., le produit net serait 7,292,999 fr. La colonie comptait, à la fin de 1862, 5,612 habitations rurales, savoir : Sucreries 559 Caféières 120 388 LES COLONIES FRANÇAISES. Cotonnières 12 Vivrières 4,G88 Cacaoyères 85 Poteries 11 Chaufourneries , . 78 Moulins à vapeur 59 Soit : 5,612 habitations, ou plutôt exploitations, car souvent dans la même habitation plusieurs exploitations sont réunies. Nombre des travailleurs : 69,100. Nombre des animaux de trait et du bétail, savoir : Chevaux 5,067 Anes 462 Mulets 4,531 Taureaux et bœufs 14,573 Béliers et moutons 9,509 Boucs et chèvres 3,232 Cochons 12,145 Valeur des terres employées aux cultures: à raison de 1,000 fr. {terres à canne et à tabac), de 1,100 fr. (terres à cacao), de 1,200 fr. (terres à coton), de 1,500 fr. (terres à café et à vivres), de 500 fr. à600fr. (savanes, bois et friche) 38,811,800 fr. Valeur des bâtiments et du matériel d'exploitation. 32,102,700 — animaux de trait et du bétail... .» 7,227,360 Total du capital engagé dans les cultures.. 78,141,860 fr. Voici maintenant, d'après les Notices de la marine, quelques détails sur l'origine des principaux produits cultivés à la Marti nique. 1 ° Canne à sucre. Les premiers Français, qui se sont établis aux Antilles, y trou vèrent la canne à sucre ; mais on ne commença à la cultiver spécialement pour en faire du sucre qu'en 1644 à la Guadeloupe, et un peu plus tard, en 1650, à la Martinique; cette dernière colonie dut à Benjamin Dacosta l'introduction de la culture de la canne. La canne créole fut remplacée plus tard par la canne jaune de Batavia, qui y fut apportée en 1787 par Guyot Duclos, et parla canne de Taïti, qui fut introduite en 1789 par l'intendant Foullon d'Écotier. En 1720, on comptait déjà 238 habitants sucriers à la Martini que. — En 1789, il y avait 19,000 hectares plantés en cannes, qui rapportaient 18,500,000 kil. de sucre brut. La proiuction annuelle, jusqu'en 1832, a varié de 15 à 29 mil lions de kil. MARTINIQUE. 389 De 1832 à 1862, elle a été, au plus bas, de 15,842,500 kil. (sucre), de 4,737,028 litres (sirops et mélasses), de 1,316, 800 litres (rhum et tafia), et, au plus haut, de 30,988,250 kil. (sucre), de 6,630,000 litres (sirops et mélasses), et de 4,739,210 litres (rhum et tafia). 2° Caféier. Introduit en 1720 par le capitaine Declieux. En 1789, époque de la plus grande prospérité des caféières, 6,123 hectares étaient plantés en cafés. Mais, à partir de cette époque, cette culture commença à décroître, sous les ravages d'un petit ver blanc, Y Elachista coffeola, des convulsions terrestres et atmosphériques, et surtout de l'appauvrissement des terres. En 1835, on ne comptait plus que 3,082 hectares plantés en café, que 769 en 1855, et 515 en 1862. Le gouvernement, pour relever cette cul ture, a accordé des primes d'encouragement, et, depuis lors on compte dans la colonie 109,142 pieds de caféiers nouvellement plantés. 3° Cacao. Introduit par Benjamin Dacosta. Sa culture date de 1664. — Depuis 1859, elle se relève de la décadence où elle en était venue à partir du tremblement de terre de 1727. 4° Coton. Indigène à la Martinique. Depuis 1779, époque de sa plus grande faveur (2,726 hectares étaient alors cultivés), la culture du coton a toujours été en diminuant. 5° Tabac. Originaire de l'Amérique. Petun était le nom que lui don naient les Caraïbes. Cette culture, longtemps négligée à partir de 1789, reprend faveur. En 1862, elle a donné 6,000 kilog., tan disque, en 1835, elle n'en avait fourni que 427 kilog. 6° Épices. Cette culture est peu étendue. La plus grande partie des pro duits est consommée sur place. 7° Casse. La culture du cassier (canéficier dans le pays) est fort ancienne 390 LES COLONIES FRANÇAISES. aux Antilles ; mais elle n'y a jamais été trôs-développée. En 1861, pourtant, la casse officinale a produit 445,403 kilog. 8° Vivres du pays. Les plantations de vivres se composent principalement : de manioc, dont la racine fournit une farine substantielle qui forme la base de la nourriture des noirs ; de bananiers, végétal dont l'excellent fruit peut se consommer avec ou sans, préparation; d'ignames, dont la racine est très-nourrissante et qui, parfois pèse jusqu'à 15 kilog. ; de patates, de choux caraïbes, des fruits de Y arbre à pain, de maïs, etc. 9° Bois. Très-difficilement exploitables à cause des escarpements et du manque de routes, mais ils sont fort riches : bois de campêche, de construction, de charronnage, etc. En 1863, il a été exporté 731,556 kilog. de bois de campêche. On remarque à Saint-Pierre un jardin botanique, fondé en 1803 ; on y naturalise les plantes des Indes orientales et surtout les épices; on y collectionne les plantes indigènes, etc. Un arrêté du 1er juillet 1859 a réorganisé la chambre d'agri culture. Elle siège à Saint-Pierre et se compose de 12 membres. CHAPITRE VIII Industrie : sucre ;— rhums ; — tafias ; — poteries ; — chaufourneries ; — pêche. — Commerce. — Exportation. — Importation — Marchandises importées. — Marchandises exportées. — Entrepôts. — Navigation. — Douanes. — Commu nications. Les industries sont peu nombreuses à la Martinique. On s'y livre particulièrement à la fabrication du sucre. Les lois de 1860 et de 1861, l'une sur le régime des sucres, l'autre sur l'exportation des produits coloniaux à l'étranger, ont imprimé à l'industrie sucrière de l'île une impulsion remarqua ble. Pour rivaliser avec l'étranger, on a dû abandonner les vieux errements et adopter les nouveaux systèmes. Après la fabrication du sucre, vient celle des rhums et tafias qui s'y rattache. La qualité de ces spiritueux, qui laissait à dé MARTINIQUE. 391 sirer, a, depuis quelques années, atteint un haut degré de per fection. En 1861, la fabrication de ces produits a été mise en ferme et a rapporté en 1862, dans les diverses communes de l'île, une somme de 602,560 fr. La Martinique possède 11 poteries et 78 chaufourneries. Les madrépores et les coquillages servent à la fabrication de la chaux. La pêche a lieu au moyen de canots ou de pirogues non pontées. La marine locale présentait, en 1858, l'état suivant : Bateaux à vapeur 4 Goélettes 8 Bateaux à voiles.... 32 Gros bois, pirogues et autres embarcations 1,421 Antérieurement à la loi de 1861, le commerce de la Martini que était régi par la loi du 29 avril 1845. On peut ainsi résumer ce régime antérieur. Fermeture des marchés étrangers aux produits coloniaux, les sirops et tafias exceptés ; traitement de faveur accordé aux pro duits coloniaux sur les marchés français ; réserve du marché colonial aux produits français, sauf quelques exceptions ; pri vilège du pavillon national pour les transports entre la France et les colonies, et réciproquement de colonie à colonie. Depuis la loi du 3 juillet 1861, promulguée à la Martinique le 6 août de la même année, la colonie est libre d'exporter ses produits à l'étranger et de recevoir les marchandises étrangères sous tout pavillon. La franchise douanière a été, par le décret du 6 octobre 1862, accordée aux produits exportés de France aux colonies, fabriqués avec les marchandises étrangères admises temporairement en France. La Martinique a cinq ports ouverts au commerce : Saint-Pierre, Fort-de-France, la Trinité, le Marin, et le port du François (celui-ci à titre provisoire). Le mouvement du commerce de la colonie, soit avec la France, soit avec l'étranger et les autres colonies, depuis le dix-huitième siècle jusqu'à nos jours, est intéressant à observer. Voici le relevé de ce mouvement depuis 1736 (avec la France, et depuis 1790 avec l'étranger). 392 LES COLONIES FRANÇAISES. Commerce de la colonie avec la France. 1736 Importations (marchandises françaises) » fr. Exportations J 6,000,000 1765 Importations 14,707,035 fr. Exportations 21,683,741 1770 importations 19,690,530 fr. Exportations 23,229,339 1790 Importations 10,442,137 fr. Exportations 30,246,286 1818 Importations 9,186,808 fr. Exportations , 15,4 1 2,567 1825 Importations 19,573,626 fr. Exportations 1 7,157,827 1830 Importations 12,450,825 fr. Exportations 19,833,27 7 1835 Importations 16,658,898 fr. Exportations 16,244,450 ISIO Importations 20,869,159 fr. Exportations 15,390,374 1815 Importations 19,791,920 fr. Exportations 21 ,7 29,591 1850 Importations 18,644,189 fr. Exportations 10,01 8,952 1855 Importations 18,720,054 fr. Exportations 14,262,768 1860 Importations 21,108,444 fr. Exportations 21,322,225 MARTINIQUE. 393 1861 Importations „ 22,343,8G1 fr. Exportations 19,400,937 1862 Importations 20,074,822 fr. Exportations 19,983,953 Commerce de la Martinique avec V étranger et les autres colonies françaises. 1?90 Importations (1) 2,090,359 fr. Exportations 1 ,218,757 J835 Importations 3,756,744 fr. Exportations 1 ,990,399 184LO Importations 5,500,367 fr. Exportations 3,462,214 1815 Importations 6,109,425 fr. Exportations 2,711,974 1850 Importations 3,783,685 fr. Exportations 1,742,652 1855 Importations 7,116,570 fr. Exportations 2,136,67 1 1860 Importations 7,191,331 fr. Exportations 1,754,501 1861 Importations 8,632,639 fr. Exportations 2,4 1 1 ,628 1862 Importations 9,685,447 fr. Exportations 2,458,906 (1) Sous cette dénomination on comprend ici les marchandises venant directe ment de l'étranger ou des autres colonies, ainsi que les marchandises étrangères venant des entrepôts de France. 394 LES COLONIES FRANÇAISES. La valeur des divers commerces a été en 1861 et 1862, ainsi qu'il suit : Importations. 1861 Marchandises françaises venant de France.... 16,640,392 fr. — des colonies françaises 1,500,216 — étrangères par navires français. . 2,304,347 — — par navires étrangers. 4,768,076 25,273,031 fr. 1862 Marchandises françaises venant de France 16,130,849 fr. — des colonies françaises 2,371,490 — étrangères par navires français.. 2,791,837 — — par navires étrangers. 4,42 1,120 25,815,296 fr. Exportations. 1861 Denrées du cru delà colo f l^cSVfranç. "''l^oS *" nie expédiées pour ( rétra„ger 722,223 Marchandises provenant j françaises 1,543,627 des importations ( étrangères 489,351 20,418,534 fr. 1862 ~ . , , , , ( la France 16,515,717 fr. Denrées du cru de la colc J , , . , ,, „f„ ~~ colonies franc. 14,364 ,ur.... ) m nie expédiées pour... 1 * ! 1 étranger 38,556 Marchandises provenant { françaises....... 1,921,192 des importations I étrangères 484,794 18,974,623 fr. L'augmentation dans les importations de 1862 a été de 1,443,911 fr. La diminution dans les exportations de cette même année a été de 542,265 fr. Et la diminution réelle dans le commerce général a été de 901,646 fr. Les Notices du Ministère de la marine et des colonies font suivre ces chiffres de l'aperçu que nous résumons ci-après : L'accroissement de 542,265 fr. dans les importations est attri buable au commerce français dans la proportion de 56 pour 100, et dans celle de 44 pour 100 au commerce étranger. L'importation des colonies françaises est la seule branche du commerce français qui ait progressé, car les tableaux qui précc MARTINIQUE. 395 dent montrent que les expéditions des marchandises métropoli taines ont décru de 509,543 fr. C'est en partie le fait de la concur rence étrangère admise en 1861. Les marchandises françaises qui ont lutté avec désavantage contre les similaires étrangers, sont : Les viandes salées, la graisse de porc, la farine de froment, les huiles d'éclairage, les chandelles et les bougies. Autre cause de décroissance des produits français. Elle est dans la réserve que le commerce local a dû prendre pour règle de ses opérations, en présence de la baisse du prix des sucres et du resserrement que la diminution des ressources publiques a dé terminé dans la consommation de la colonie. Ainsi se trouve ex pliquée la diminution dans l'importation des engrais, de l'huile d'olive, des savons, des peaux, des mules et mulets. Toutefois, quel ques articles ont tendu à faire contre-poids, houille, vins, tabacs. Les importations des colonies, au contraire du commerce de la métropole, se sont accrues extraordinairement. Elles excèdent de 811,274 fr. les importations de 1861. Les principaux articles auxquels est due cette augmentation, sont : la morue de Terre Neuve, la farine de froment, le riz. L'augmentation du commerce étranger a été de 240,531 fr. Elle a porté sur la houille, la farine, les chapeaux de Panama, les mouchoirs des Indes et le tabac en feuilles. — Cette augmenta tion eût été plus considérable encore sans la guerre d'Amérique. Elle a été restreinte, d'un autre côté, par les réductions sur les produits de la pêche que l'abondance de la morue française a écartée des marchés; sur les riz en grains, dont le déficit coïn cide avec l'interruption momentanée de l'immigration indienne; sur les cacaos ou fèves de la Trinidad ; enfin, sur les bois de construction que les Antilles tiraient autrefois d'Amérique. Parmi les marchandises et denrées importées en 1862, on re marque : Valeur. Animaux vivants 832,488 fr. Viandes salées de bœuf et de porc (608,930 kil.). 581 ,381 Graisses (89.630 kil.) 145,813 Fromages (83,030 kil.) 123,171 Beurre salé (399,155 kil.) 918,352 Engrais divers (l,08G,097 kil.) 212,048 Poissons secs, salés ou fumés, morue* etc. (5,391 ,948 kil.) 2,184,457 Farine de froment (5,052,45S kil.) 3,015,473 Maïs en grains (12,851,300 litres) 195,452 39ô LES COLONIES FRANÇAISES. Valeur. Riz en grains (2,007,02G kil.) 641,013 fr. Légumes secs (820,193 kil.) 334,104 Autres farineux 297,651 Fruits et graines 105,437 Café (38,994 kil.) 111,385 Tabac en feuilles (283,616 kil.) 549,540 Autres denrées coloniales 124,001 Huiles diverses (719,816 kil.) 885,548 Bois communs 601,806 Tourteaux de graines oléagineuses (2,054,205 k.). 309,803 Houille crue et carbonisée (34,896,513 kil.).... 1,476,928 Matériaux de construction 88,421 Fonte, fer et acier (046,539 kil.) 248,474 Cuivre pur (322,048 kil.) , 92,466 Autres métaux (77,513 kil.) 59,467 Produits chimiques (691 ,898 kil.) 93,322 Parfumeries 61 ,293 Médicaments composés 157,944 Savons ordinaires (322,041 kil.) 313,612 Acide stéarique ouvré (84,899 kil.) 246,813 Chandelles (273,281 kil.) 380,441 Cigares et autres tabacs fabriqués (4,91 1 ,254 k.). 42,082 Sucre raffiné (275,251 kil.) 336,296 Conserves alimentaires (45,859 kil.) 119,799 Vins ordinaires (2,656,290 hect.) 1 ,100,555 Vins de liqueur (153,694 hect.) 225,661 Bières (118,310 hect.) 77,635 Eaux-de-vie et liqueurs (175,498 hect.) 229,228 Autres boissons 31 ,569 Eau congelée [glace] (526,000 kil.) 101 ,000 Poteries (559,940 kil.) 219,824 Verres et cristaux 69,407 Fils de lin, de coton et de laine 51,901 Mouchoirs des Indes 370,082 Tissus de coton (262,596 kil.) 1,179,357 — de laine 202,827 — de lin et de chanvre 883,818 — de soie 277,147 Papier et ses applications 156,670 Peaux préparées et ouvrages en peau (1 14,488 k.) 608,895 Chapeaux de paille 229,01 1 Cordages de chanvre (96,981 kil.) 118,314 Orfèvrerie et bijouterie 175,042 Machines et mécaniques 591 ,523 Instruments aratoires et outils 84,761 Armes de guerre et de commerce 141,402 Ouvrages en divers métaux (836,076 kil.) 600,491 Merceries (126,228 kil.) 362,221 Modes et fleurs artificielles 138,472 Parapluies de soie 83,795 Ouvrages en bois et meubles 651 ,823 Habillements neufs 420,398 Objets divers 717,224 Valeur totale 25,976,296 fr. MARTINIQUE. 397 En 1862, les exportations, on l'a vu, ont été inférieures à celles de 1861. Il y a eu une différence de 1,443,911 fr. Les Notices publiées par ordre du ministre de la marine nous en apprennent les motifs : c'est la baisse sur les cours des den rées du cru. La différence eût été plus considérable encore sans les réex portations qui ont augmenté de 373,000 fr., somme qui s'est ainsi répartie : Réexportation pour la France 132,215 fr. — pour les colonies françaises. . .. 154,49$ — pour l'étranger 90,852 Les principales denrées et marchandises exportées, ont été, en 1862 : Sucre brut (32,101,447 kil.) 14,312,052 fr. Sirops (348 lit.) 1,254 Mélasse (62,065 lit.) 10,805 Confiture (10,602 kil.) 25,548 Cacao et fèves (284,345 kil.) 271,937 Café (13,928 kil.) 37,321 Casse (161,617 kil.) 30,320 Fruits et graines (18,097 kil.) 9,823 Fruits médicinaux (28,579 kil.) 11,159 Bois de campêche (550,752 kil.) 49,399 Eau-de-vie de mélasse (5,864,635 lit.) 1,787,457 Liqueurs (1,480 lit.) 4,379 Autres denrées 17,183 Total 16,568,637 fr. Les denrées et marchandises réexportées en 1862, ont été : Viandes salées de bœuf et de porc (63,91 3 k.). .. 62,334 Peaux brutes (12,206 kiL) 103,658 Graisse de porc (11,639 kil.) . 16,379 Beurre salé (121,742 kil.) 279,807 Engrais (155,181 kil.) 30,833 Poissons salés et autres (670,561 kil.) 293,606 Graines et farineux alimentaires (817,417 kil.).. 342,481 Sucre brut (118,064 kil.) 51,466 Tabac en feuilles (37,263 kil.) 65,796 Huile d'olives (138,436 kil.) 168,854 Métaux divers 90,682 Chandelles (28,639 kil.) 41,545 Vins ordinaires (509,250 lit.) 509,250 Vins de liqueur 29,808 Tissus de coton 137,231 Tissus de laine, de lin et de soie (8,879 kil.)... 77,321 Peaux préparées et ouvrages en peau 36,746 enrées et marchandises diverses 391,430 Total (exportation et réexportation).. 18,974,623 fr. 398 LES COLONIES FRANÇAISES. La Martinique possède deux entrepôts. L'un esta Saint-Pierre, l'autre à Fort-de-France. Les marchandises françaises et étrangères de toute nature , même celles prohibées en France, peuvent y être reçues. Le droit de magasinage est de 1 pour 100 de la valeur, par an. Le mouvement des entrepôts en 1861 et en 1862, a été comme il suit : Entrées. 1861 Marchandises françaises ( de France provenant i des colonies françaises.. des entrepôts de France, des entrepôts et des colo 781,323 fr. 15,222 214,927 Marchandises étrangè res provenant. nies françaises. 13,558 613,031 Marchandises françaises provenant Total l,C38,06i fr. 1862 ( de France Marchandises étrange res provenant , 644,452 fr. 17,569 182,756 des colonies françaises. , des entrepôts de France des entrepôts et des colo nies françaises , de l'étranger , Total 1,064,073 fr, Sorties. 43.235 776,061 Marchandises françaises sorties pour Marchandises étrangè res sorties pour 1861 la France , les colonies françaises. l'étranger , la France les colonies françaises, l'étranger Marchandises sorties pour la consomma tion locale. françaises, étrangères. Total. Marchandises françaises sorties pour Marchandises étrangè res sorties pour Marchandises sorties pour la consommation locale ! étran8ères 1862 la France les colonies françaises.. l'étranger la France les colonies françaises., l'étranger françaises 7,755 fr. 191,213 447,696 261,141 74,757 152,446 80,864 388,517 ,604,189 fr. 9,616 fr. 105,170 614,199 106,181 234,676 133,247 90,691 404,236 Total 1,598,016 fr. MARTINIQUE. 399 Depuis la loi du 3 juillet 1861, l'emploi du pavillon étranger n'est plus interdit dans la colonie que pour la navigation au ca botage, de colonie française à colonie française, et dans la limite assignée à ce genre de navigation. Les transports de la colonie en France, et de France dans la colonie, peuvent s'effectuer par pavillon étranger, en payant toutefois une surtaxe de 20 fr. par tonneau d'affrètement.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/48233309
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
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Frank, Gregor Thomas, Martin Modrák, Matt Summersgill, eddi, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1191259, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3521006, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7421656, https://stackoverflow.com/users/802009, https://stackoverflow.com/users/817778, https://stackoverflow.com/users/903061, talat
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Fast concatenation of data.table columns into one string column
Given an arbitrary list of column names in a data.table, I want to concatenate the contents of those columns into a single string stored in a new column. The columns I need to concatenate are not always the same, so I need to generate the expression to do so on the fly.
I have a sneaking suspicion that way I'm using the eval(parse(...)) call could be replaced with something a bit more elegant, but the method below is the fastest I've been able to get it so far.
With 10 million rows, this takes about 21.7 seconds on this sample data (base R paste0 takes slightly longer -- 23.6 seconds). My actual data has 18-20 columns being concatenated and up to 100 million rows, so the slowdown becomes a little more impractical.
Any ideas to get this sped up?
Current methods
library(data.table)
library(stringi)
RowCount <- 1e7
DT <- data.table(x = "foo",
y = "bar",
a = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE),
b = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE),
c = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE),
d = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE),
e = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE),
f = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE))
## Generate an expression to paste an arbitrary list of columns together
ConcatCols <- c("x","a","b","c","d","e","f","y")
PasteStatement <- stri_c('stri_c(',stri_c(ConcatCols,collapse = ","),')')
print(PasteStatement)
gives
[1] "stri_c(x,a,b,c,d,e,f,y)"
which is then used to concatenate the columns with the following expression:
DT[,State := eval(parse(text = PasteStatement))]
Sample of output:
x y a b c d e f State
1: foo bar 4 8 3 6 9 2 foo483692bar
2: foo bar 8 4 8 7 8 4 foo848784bar
3: foo bar 2 6 2 4 3 5 foo262435bar
4: foo bar 2 4 2 4 9 9 foo242499bar
5: foo bar 5 9 8 7 2 7 foo598727bar
Profiling Results
Update 1: fread, fwrite, and sed
Following @Gregor 's suggestion, tried using sed to do the concatenation on disk. Thanks to data.table's blazing fast fread and fwrite functions, I was able to write out the columns to disk, eliminate comma delimiters using sed ,and then read back in the post-processed output in about 18.3 seconds -- not quite fast enough to make the switch, but an interesting tangent nonetheless!
ConcatCols <- c("x","a","b","c","d","e","f","y")
fwrite(DT[,..ConcatCols],"/home/xxx/DT.csv")
system("sed 's/,//g' /home/xxx/DT.csv > /home/xxx/DT_Post.csv ")
Post <- fread("/home/xxx/DT_Post.csv")
DT[,State := Post[[1]]]
Breakdown of the 18.3 overall seconds (unable to use profvis since sed is invisible to the R profiler)
data.table::fwrite() - 0.5 seconds
sed- 14.8 seconds
data.table::fread() - 3.0 seconds
:= - 0.0 seconds
If nothing else, this is a testament to the extensive work of the data.table authors on performance optimizations for disk IO. (I'm using the 1.10.5 development version that adds multi-threading to fread, fwrite has been multithreaded for some time).
One caveat: if there is a workaround to write the file using fwrite and a blank separator as suggested by @Gregor in another comment below, then this method could plausibly be cut down to ~3.5 seconds!
Update on this tangent: forked data.table and commented out the line requiring a separator greater than length 0, mysteriously got some spaces instead? After causing a handful of segfaults trying to mess around with the C internals I put this one on ice for the time being. Ideal solution would not require writing to disk and would keep everything in memory.
Update 2: sprintf for Integer Specific Cases
A second update here: While I included strings in my original usage example, my actual use case exclusively concatenates integer values (which can always be assumed non-null based on upstream cleaning steps).
Since the usage case is highly specific and differs from the original question I won't directly compare timings to those previously posted. However, one takeaway is that while stringi nicely handles many character encoding formats, mixed vector types without needing to specify them, and does a bunch of error handling out of the box, this does add some time (which is probably worth it for most cases).
By using base R's sprintf function and letting it know up front that all of the inputs will be integers, we can shave off about 30% of the run-time for 5 million rows with 18 integer columns to be calculated. (20.3 seconds instead of 28.9)
library(data.table)
library(stringi)
RowCount <- 5e6
DT <- data.table(x = "foo",
y = "bar",
a = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE),
b = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE),
c = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE),
d = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE),
e = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE),
f = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE))
## Generate an expression to paste an arbitrary list of columns together
ConcatCols <- list("a","b","c","d","e","f")
## Do it 3x as many times
ConcatCols <- c(ConcatCols,ConcatCols,ConcatCols)
## Using stringi::stri_c ---------------------------------------------------
stri_joinStatement <- stri_c('stri_join(',stri_c(ConcatCols,collapse = ","),', sep="", collapse=NULL, ignore_null=TRUE)')
DT[, State := eval(parse(text = stri_joinStatement))]
## Using sprintf -----------------------------------------------------------
sprintfStatement <- stri_c("sprintf('",stri_flatten(rep("%i",length(ConcatCols))),"', ",stri_c(ConcatCols,collapse = ","),")")
DT[,State_sprintf_i := eval(parse(text = sprintfStatement))]
The generated statements are as follows:
> cat(stri_joinStatement)
stri_join(a,b,c,d,e,f,a,b,c,d,e,f,a,b,c,d,e,f, sep="", collapse=NULL, ignore_null=TRUE)
> cat(sprintfStatement)
sprintf('%i%i%i%i%i%i%i%i%i%i%i%i%i%i%i%i%i%i', a,b,c,d,e,f,a,b,c,d,e,f,a,b,c,d,e,f)
Update 3: R does not have to be slow.
Based off the answer by @Martin Modrák, I put together a one-trick pony package based on some data.table internals specialized for the specialized "single digit integer" case: fastConcat. (Don't look for it on CRAN any time soon, but you can use it at your own risk by installing from github repo, msummersgill/fastConcat.)
This could probably be improved much further by someone who understands c better, but for now, it's running the same case as in Update 2 in 2.5 seconds -- around 8x faster than sprintf() and 11.5x faster than the stringi::stri_c()method I was using originally.
To me, this highlights the huge opportunity for performance improvements on some of the simplest operations in R like rudimentary string-vector concatenation with better tuned c. I guess people like @Matt Dowle have seen this for years-- if only he had the time to re-write all of R, not just the data.frame.
All stri_c does is immediately all a C++ function to concatenate the strings. I don't think you'll be able to beat its performance in R. Even paste goes very quickly to compiled code, hence its performance being almost as good.
Maybe it would work for you to pre- or post-process your data using command line tools? Or concat the data in SQL or Hadoop or however you're loading it?
The source data is being queried from a hadoop cluster, so using the command line tools will require writing to disk. However, using data.table's fwrite and fread on the appropriate columns only takes 4.5 seconds, so there is a window of opportunity here if a non-R tool can do it in less than 10 seconds. Calling system("sed -i 's/,//g' DT.csv") to eliminate commas is taking several minutes, would you have any other recommendations for the for processing on disk?
@Gregor (In regard to your second suggestion) Performing the concatenation on cluster is likely the most viable solution, still clinging to a thread of hope that I can avoid doing a bunch of translation to scala but it may be inevitable.
Several thoughts: (a) combine the columns as you pull from Hadoop. Hive, Pig, and Spark all support column concatenation (to the best of my knowledge). (b) unfortunately fread won't allow a blank separator, but readr::write_delim will. It's probably too slow, but worth a try. (c) sed is probably the fastest you can do from the command line, but the answers to this question suggest that you can get some speed-up with different syntax and especially if you copy the file instead of editing it in place.
(d) Don't know if this would work, but it looks like a single line of input checking in fwrite keeps you from specifying "" as the separator. You could try using fixInNamespace to remove that line and see if it will then allow you to fwrite with sep = "". I've never used fixInNamespace before but that should be do-able. The open question is whether there are deeper reasons for sep to not be an empty string.
@Gregor (a) I think your assessment here is correct, and I will have to move the pre-processing steps in addition to the concatenation will ultimately be necessary. (b) readr::write_delim() takes 16.7 seconds, so your assessment here was correct (c) Piping to a new file did make a big difference. (d) This is very interesting-- it also make me wonder if some of the data.table internals could be re-purposed into a package dedicated to super fast string concatenation? Seems like all the pieces are there, just need some Frankensteining. (e) Thank you so much for all of your help and ideas!
Quite welcome! Piping to a new file makes sense because, since you're deleting things, it's easier to not have to shift everything that follows.
Submit an FR to support sep = "" imo.
@eddi Do you think that feature request would be of use for other people and uses? (I guess it could maybe act as a faster writeLines()?) As interesting of a workaround as this is, I don't plan on putting any code in production that relies on writing to disk like this just for a slight speedup. I don't want to bother Matt/Arun/other contributors with a feature request that doesn't have some general utility.
@MattSummersgill write.table supports sep="", and I don't see why fwrite shouldn't
C to the rescue!
Stealing some code from data.table we can write a C function that works way faster (and could be parallelized to be even faster).
First make sure you have a working C++ toolchain with:
library(inline)
fx <- inline::cfunction( signature(x = "integer", y = "numeric" ) , '
return ScalarReal( INTEGER(x)[0] * REAL(y)[0] ) ;
' )
fx( 2L, 5 ) #Should return 10
Then this should work (assuming integer-only data, but the code can be extended to other types):
library(inline)
library(data.table)
library(stringi)
header <- "
//Taken from https://github.com/Rdatatable/data.table/blob/master/src/fwrite.c
static inline void reverse(char *upp, char *low)
{
upp--;
while (upp>low) {
char tmp = *upp;
*upp = *low;
*low = tmp;
upp--;
low++;
}
}
void writeInt32(int *col, size_t row, char **pch)
{
char *ch = *pch;
int x = col[row];
if (x == INT_MIN) {
*ch++ = 'N';
*ch++ = 'A';
} else {
if (x<0) { *ch++ = '-'; x=-x; }
// Avoid log() for speed. Write backwards then reverse when we know how long.
char *low = ch;
do { *ch++ = '0'+x%10; x/=10; } while (x>0);
reverse(ch, low);
}
*pch = ch;
}
//end of copied code
"
worker_fun <- inline::cfunction( signature(x = "list", preallocated_target = "character", columns = "integer", start_row = "integer", end_row = "integer"), includes = header , "
const size_t _start_row = INTEGER(start_row)[0] - 1;
const size_t _end_row = INTEGER(end_row)[0];
const int max_out_len = 256 * 256; //max length of the final string
char buffer[max_out_len];
const size_t num_elements = _end_row - _start_row;
const size_t num_columns = LENGTH(columns);
const int * _columns = INTEGER(columns);
for(size_t i = _start_row; i < _end_row; ++i) {
char *buf_pos = buffer;
for(size_t c = 0; c < num_columns; ++c) {
if(c > 0) {
buf_pos[0] = ',';
++buf_pos;
}
writeInt32(INTEGER(VECTOR_ELT(x, _columns[c] - 1)), i, &buf_pos);
}
SET_STRING_ELT(preallocated_target,i, mkCharLen(buffer, buf_pos - buffer));
}
return preallocated_target;
" )
#Test with the same data
RowCount <- 5e6
DT <- data.table(x = "foo",
y = "bar",
a = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE),
b = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE),
c = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE),
d = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE),
e = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE),
f = sample.int(9, RowCount, TRUE))
## Generate an expression to paste an arbitrary list of columns together
ConcatCols <- list("a","b","c","d","e","f")
## Do it 3x as many times
ConcatCols <- c(ConcatCols,ConcatCols,ConcatCols)
ptm <- proc.time()
preallocated_target <- character(RowCount)
column_indices <- sapply(ConcatCols, FUN = function(x) { which(colnames(DT) == x )})
x <- worker_fun(DT, preallocated_target, column_indices, as.integer(1), as.integer(RowCount))
DT[, State := preallocated_target]
proc.time() - ptm
While your (integer only) example runs in about 20s on my PC, this runs in ~5s and can be easily parallelized.
Some things to note:
The code is not production ready - a lot of sanity checks should be made on the function inputs (especially checking if all columns are the same length, checking column types, preallocated_target size etc.)
The function puts its output into a preallocated character vector, this is non-standard and ugly (R usually does not have pass-by-reference semantics) but allows for parallelization (see below).
The last two parameters are start and end rows to be processed, once again, this is for paralellization
The function accepts column indices not column names. All columns have to be of type integer.
Except for the input data.table and preallocated_target the inputs have to be integers
Compilation time for the function is not included (as you should compile it beforehand - maybe even make a package)
Parallelization
EDIT: The approach below would actually fail due to the way clusterExport and R string storage work. Paralellization thus probably needs to be done in C as well, similarly to the way it is achieved in data.table.
Since you cannot pass inline-compiled functions across R processes, paralellization requires some more work. To be able to use the above function in parallel, you either need to compile it separately with R compiler and use dyn.load OR wrap it in a package OR use a forking backend for parallel (I don't have one, forking works only on UNIX).
Running in parallel would then look something like (not tested):
no_cores <- detectCores()
# Initiate cluster
cl <- makeCluster(no_cores)
#Preallocated target and prepare params
num_elements <- length(DT[[1]])
preallocated_target <- character(num_elements)
block_size <- 4096 #No of rows processed at once. Adjust for best performance
column_indices <- sapply(ConcatCols, FUN = function(x) { which(colnames(DT) == x )})
num_blocks <- ceiling(num_elements / block_size)
clusterExport(cl,
c("DT","preallocated_target","column_indices","num_elements", "block_size"))
clusterEvalQ(cl, <CODE TO LOAD THE NATIVE FUNCTION HERE>)
parLapply(cl, 1:num_blocks ,
function(block_id)
{
throw_away <-
worker_fun(DT, preallocated_target, columns,
(block_id - 1) * block_size + 1, min(num_elements, block_id * block_size - 1))
return(NULL)
})
stopCluster(cl)
Thanks for all the effort I can see you put in! Running your code as-is I'm getting a run-time of 8.5 seconds, a 2.4x speed up from a baseline 20.5 seconds using sprintf(). I'm currently trying to work though line-by-line to try and understand what each piece is doing, but it seems like there is some really solid potential here! I may try to throw this into a one function package so that it can be pre-compiled to use OpenMP and allow non-integer, variable length inputs. If I can get that running then I think we may have a winner!
Not sure how far you were planning on going down this rabbit hole, but I wound up put these into a package at on github at msummersgill/fastConcat . Currently just trying to get the same code to compile into an R function, I'm guessing the inline package is abstracting away some things I'm missing to get it up and running as stand-alone C/C++.
Honestly that was my first experience writing C code for R, so I also don't really know what is necessary to get that C code work in package :-) Had fun though. Note that inline can give you the full source code (it shows it whenever there is a compile-time error). I believe the OpenMP stuff and the writeXX functions for other column types can be easily taken from fwrite.c in data.table with little modification to make that actually work.
Thanks for the inline hint! I re-started from the output of inline::code(worker_fun) and the package actually runs! Starting to tweak it now, I added in a if-else to skip the separator portion if the user specifies sep = "" (my integer use case), and it's now down to 3.1 seconds, a 6.6x speed up from the sprintf()baseline!
I don't know how representative the sample data is for your actual data, but in the case of your sampled data you can achieve a substantial performance improvement by only concatenating each unique combination of ConcatCols once instead of multiple times.
That means for the sample data, you'd be looking at ~500k concatenations vs 10 million if you do all the duplicates too.
See the following code and timing example:
system.time({
setkeyv(DT, ConcatCols)
DTunique <- unique(DT[, ConcatCols, with=FALSE], by = key(DT))
DTunique[, State := do.call(paste, c(DTunique, sep = ""))]
DT[DTunique, State := i.State, on = ConcatCols]
})
# user system elapsed
# 7.448 0.462 4.618
About half the time is spent on the setkey part. In case your data is already keyed, the time is cut down further to just a bit more than 2 seconds.
setkeyv(DT, ConcatCols)
system.time({
DTunique <- unique(DT[, ConcatCols, with=FALSE], by = key(DT))
DTunique[, State := do.call(paste, c(DTunique, sep = ""))]
DT[DTunique, State := i.State, on = ConcatCols]
})
# user system elapsed
# 2.526 0.280 2.181
This is also a great answer! My actual data typically only has about 10,000 unique combinations (whether I'm processing 1 million or 100 million) so this is a very efficient method for my application. Using a more representative data-set, (10 million rows, 18 columns, 9216 unique combinations), this method executes in 5.2 seconds, just slightly slower than the 3.4 second run-time for the bespoke function fastConcat::concat() in msummersgill/fastConcat based on the answer by @Martin Modrák .
If your maximum number of unique combinations is constrained at 10k as you say, I suspect that my approach will scale better than the other answer, for example at 100 million rows. But I haven’t tested it
Very smart trick! And you could probably combine both approaches to move even further.
@MartinModrák, thanks! Yes, of course a combination of both should be blazing fast. I like your answer too but due to my limited understanding of C code I mostly prefer to keep it simple and just use data.table.
Nice! I'd use your approach, but another data.tablish way: DT[, z := do.call(paste0, .BY), by=ConcatCols] (takes 3x more time)
Thanks, that’s also a nice alternative. I lays forget about .BY.
This uses unite from package tidyr. May not be the fastest, but it is probably faster than hand-coded R code.
library(tidyr)
system.time(
DNew <- DT %>% unite(State, ConcatCols, sep = "", remove = FALSE)
)
# user system elapsed
# 14.974 0.183 15.343
DNew[1:10]
# State x y a b c d e f
# 1: foo211621bar foo bar 2 1 1 6 2 1
# 2: foo532735bar foo bar 5 3 2 7 3 5
# 3: foo965776bar foo bar 9 6 5 7 7 6
# 4: foo221284bar foo bar 2 2 1 2 8 4
# 5: foo485976bar foo bar 4 8 5 9 7 6
# 6: foo566778bar foo bar 5 6 6 7 7 8
# 7: foo892636bar foo bar 8 9 2 6 3 6
# 8: foo836672bar foo bar 8 3 6 6 7 2
# 9: foo963926bar foo bar 9 6 3 9 2 6
# 10: foo385216bar foo bar 3 8 5 2 1 6
Not sure which benchmark you're running, but on the original with 10 million rows, tidyr::unite() took 25.7 seconds on my server compared to 23.6 seconds for base R paste(). This slightly slower execution makes perfect sense when you look at the source code on github, as it turns out unite is just a wrapper function written around base R paste(). The second example with the integer only concatenation does not produce the same result as the other methods benchmarked as the columns are not repeated.
| 8,445 |
sirgeorgeburnsb00hoddgoog_16
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US-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
Sir George Burns, bart., his times and friends
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,195 | 9,677 |
What they found in each other that day, thej 1868.] CHURCH PASTORAL AID SOCIETY. 889 found more and more as the years rolled on; the faculty in one, found a corresponding faculty in the other; the understanding and the moral sense of one, was enriched by the understanding and the moral sense of the other ; the spiritual affinities of one, were strengthened by the spiritual affinities of the other, and in their long friendship they were ever able to touch the chords of each other's heart. We cannot trace the progress and development of that friendship in detail, only here and there can we gather up some stray threads to indicate what the pattern of it was, and, at the risk of antici- pating events to be recorded later on, we will give the whole outline of that friendship here. Mr. Bums, it need hardly be said, was in thorough sympathy with the great work, manifold in its forms, but one in its purpose, in which Lord Shaftesbury was engaged. In 1868, " the lay-leader of the Evangehcal party," as he was called, made a stirring speech at the Annual Meeting of the Church Pastoral Aid Society. Many addresses had been given in which amusements for the people, an extended system of education, and various other remedies against the evils of the day had been suggested, when Lord Shaftesbury broke into the discussion with his clear and faithful utterance ; "The sole sovereign remedy, in my opinion, is that we should do what we can to evangelise the people by preaching day and night and night and day, preaching on every occasion and in every place, in 31)2 SIB GEORGE BUBN8. [Chap. XIX. ever accorded him — the presentation of the freedom of the town of Nairn. Now, however, he was to be feted in a royal manner by the city of Glasgow, and the honours were to be given him while he was a guest for the first time of the Bums family. It was arranged that he should stay at Castle Wemyss, instead of at Wemyss House, as the former was better suited for the entertainment of the many friends who were to meet him, while in Glasgow he would be the guest of Mr. Bums at his town house in Park Gardens. The early part of the year had been fall of excep- tionally busy work for Lord Shaftesbury. He had been fighting the battle of the chimney-sw^eeps, of the children cruelly employed in brickfields, in hope- lessly attempting to resist the Ballot Bill, and finally in attempting to improve it ; and in addition he had been in much domestic trouble in consequence of the illness of his family and the giving way of his own health. It was therefore a great relief to him when, at the end of August, health having been partially restored in his household, he started for Scotland. In his diary * Lord Shaftesbury wrote : — Castle Wemyss, Scotland, Aiig, 29. All safe hitherto, by God's goodness. Travelled to Carhsle aud slept there. Arrived here on 27th with Vea t and Hilda, t The • Inserted by permission of the Hon. Evelyn Ashley, t Lady Templemore. J Lady Edith Ashley. 1872.] A BOUND OF ENGAGEMENTS. 898 p]ace is beautiful, the house supremely comfortable, and the people of it kind, hospitable, and pleasant beyond all description. On Sunday, 27th, had Boultbee, the Principal of our Training College, for officiating minister ; and he gave us two right good, first-rate sermons. His second, on the text ' We love God, because He first loved us,' was equal to the best. On the following day Lord Shaftesbury left Wemyss Bay for Glasgow, to receive the Freedom of the City. Mr. Bums and Mr. John Bums accompanied him and the other guests, including Lord Lawrence, the Hon. Arthur Kinnaird, the Hon. Evelyn Ashley, Sir Harry Parkes, British Minister at Jap^i. aoid many more. After the ceremony, Lord Shaftesbury proceeded to Lenzie Junction to lay the foundation-stone of the Glas- gow Convalescent Home. Next day (Tuesday) -he attended a monster demonstration in the City Hall in favour of Sabbath observance. On Wednesday he visited various institutions of the city, laid the foundation-stone of Stonefield Free Church in the afternoon, and spoke at a great meeting of the Young Men's Christian Association and other societies in the evening. On Thursday he attended a conference on *' City " and other Home Missions, and in the evening a " People's Meeting " on the Glasgow Green, when the factory workers presented him with an address. Later in the evening, a conversazione in his honour was held in the Corporation Galleries, and on Friday he proceeded to Inveraray in the E.M.S. Camel. 894 SIB GEOBGE BUBNS. [Chap. XIS. In all these engagements Lord Shaftesbnry was received with the greatest enthusiasm. Throngs of people watched his progress through the city; thousands pressed into the halls and buildings where he was to speak, and where his arrival was greeted by the whole assembly rising and saluting him with cheers and the waving of handkerchiefe ; while in the out-door demonstrations the factory hands, the artisans, and the poor folk generally, hailed him with unexampled enthusiasm. During this time Lord Shaftesbury and his family, Lord Lawrence, Sir Harry Parkes, the Hon. Arthur Eannaird, and many others, were the guests of Mr. and Mrs. Bums in Park Gardens. On the first night, in accordance with his invariable custom, irrespective of who might or might not be present, Mr. Bums conducted family worship, and oflFered up an extempore prayer. Lord Shaftesbury was greatly struck by this, and taking Mr. Bums aside he said, *^ Like Abraham, you command your household after you." It was a peculiarity of Lord Shaftesbury's to give familiar names to those he specially loved, and from that time forth he designated Mr. Burns "Abraham '* and his wife " Sarah." On returning to Castle Wemyss, which stands on an eminence. Lord Shaftes- bury named it " the Hill Country," while Wemyss House, on the level of the shore, he called "Hebron." Everything seemed to lend itself to the continuation of the analogy, and even Walker, the faithful butler 1871.] ON BOARD THE "OaMBERLAND." 896 of Mr. Burns, came in for the nom de plume, of " Eliezer of Damascus." Referring to the events in Glasgow, Lord Shaftes- bury -vwrote in his diary * : — Sept. Ist. — After several days of intense work and speecliifying, back here last night (Castle Wemyss) by special train. Mast be off again immediately by steamboat to Inveraray. No time to record anything except humble, hearty, and eternal thanks to Almighty God, who has so wonderfally sustained me in body and mind, and has so wonderfully prospered everything in the affair, even to the smallest particle. From the time we began the campaign to the hour we ended it, not an hour was interposed of bad weather. And yet the large proportion of our work was in the open air. Ought we not to bless Qod for this ? Is it presumption so to do ? I trow not. The whole affair, had we been exposed to wet, must have been a sad failure. On the next morning Mr. Bums, and Mr. and Mrs. John Bums, with a large party including Lord Shaftesbury and three of his family. Lord Lawrence, Sir Harry Parkes, and Mr. and Miss Shaw Lefevre, left Wemyss Bay in the Gamely and proceeded to Inveraray, where they spent the afternoon, returning later in the day to the Camel, on board of which Her Eoyal Highness the Marchioness of Lome and the Marquis of Lome — who had been married on the 21st of March of that year — the Duke of Argyll, Earl Percy, and a host of others, embarked, and spent the night, proceeding towards the Cumberland by * " Life and Work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury," vol. iii. p. 297. »^0 SIB GEOBGE BUBNS. [Chap. XIX. way of Arran. An incident of the voyage is told by Mr. Bums thus : — On this voyage, Lords Shaftesbury and Lawrence were like schoolboys. After luncheon, on the Loch going up to Liveraray, Lord Shaftesbury suddenly rose, and in an eloquent speech pro- posed his own health ; but taking the character and life of Lord Lawrence as his own, he said, * Some people call me the ** Saviour of India," others the ** Conqueror of the Punjaub," but by whatever name I go, I am a very great man,' and so on, telling many in- teresting stories of Lawrence. As soon as he sat down, Lord Lawrence rose and said that he, too, wished to propose his own health. He began by saying that he was the greatest philan- thropist of the day, and had been picking up little boys and girls oat of the gutters all his life ; and so on he went through the life of Shaftesbury, making a most humorous speech which, coming from the grave Lord Lawrence, astonished every one present. The visit to the Cumberland training ship con- cluded Lord Shaftesbury's long series of public labours — ^for it is needless to say he had to speak on every occasion — and then he was able to give himself up wholly to the enjoyment of cruises with Mr. John Burns, and to the home-life of Castle Wemyss — " that hospitable place, blessed in its position and climate, and blessed in its possessors," as he wrote. To Lord Shaftesbury the visit to Wemyss Bay was so restful and enjoyable, that for fourteen years in succession he never omitted to spend some months of each year with his family under the hospitable roof of Mr. John Bums. To Lord Lawrence the visit was equally beneficial. The heat and excite- 1871.] LOBD LAWBENCE. 3U7 ment of a great meeting that he had attended in the early part of August had seriously affected his health, and he had gone northward to recruit, taking Wemyss Bay on his return journey^ Writing to Mr. Burns from Brockett Hall, in November, Ladj- Lawrence said : — We have a grateful remembrance of your kind hospitality to my dear husband in the autumn. The complete change was of great use to him, and he can never forget the happy time he spent with you. Many were the pleasant little anecdotes which Mr. Bums was wont to tell of the *' Saviour of India." He says: — I knew him intimately. When he was Sir John he was staying with my son John, who took him out in one of the large steamers with a very numerous family party. The sea was smooth as glass ; every shadow was reflected in the water as in a mirror. They went round Arran, and when off the coast were ready for lunch. 'Come down. Sir John, and have some lunch,' said J. B. * No, thank you,' said Sir John, * I won't go down ; I'm reading.' Afterwards he came to me and said : ' Now I'll tell you; I am a shocking sailor. Your son, James, gave me some tonic liqueur called ** the doctor." I was afraid of sea-sickness, for I cannot stand the sea. Six weeks on my way to India I was sea- sick' When he was appointed Viceroy of India, Jamie sent him a dozen bottles of an American tonic called ' the doctor.' When he came back as Lord Lawrence, I said, * How did you get on with ''the doctor"? He shook his head and laughed. It had not cured his sea-sickness, and he was no better sailor than he had been. Very interesting were his conversations upon Indian matters. 898 SIB OEOBGE BUBNS. [Chap. XIX. On one oocadon he told my wife {hat it was the oostom for the Viceroy to go to church in a state carriage. ' But I would not countenance that,' he said ; ' I just took my cotton umbrella for the sun. Of course my conduct gave rise to a great deal of discussion. People said it was not keeping up the proper state, and that was the exact point on which I differed with the people. An official cortige is not the proper state for the observance of religious duties.' The last time I saw him was in 1878, the year after my dear wife died. I was in London, and called upon him. Near Queen's Gate I met him on the road ; he was leaning on the arm of his wife, ahnost blind. But he knew me at once by my yoice. He pressed me to dine with him, but I could not ; I was not in spirits. That was the last I saw of him, except forenoon visits in his house. In August, 1872, Lord Shaftesbury made another long visit to Wemyss Bay. Clouds were gathering around him at that time which were soon to break in unexpected ways. Shortly after his return the Countess of Shaftesbury was stricken down with illness, and in a few weeks passed away. Mr. Bums wrote to him in his sorrow, and received the following touching reply : — Oct. 23, 1872. Deab Abraham, — For so I must call you, though I gave the name in Uvelier days. But it is a good name on the present occasion, for ' he looked,' as I must; now more than ever look, ' to the city which hath foundations, whose builder and maker is God.' 'Pardon you,* my dear friend, *for writing to me.' Why, I love yon for it, and rejoice in the sympathy of believing and praying people. I do not disguise the fact, that, old as I am, the blow is terrific. But God give me grace not to repine or murmur, but to confess with devout gratitude His wonderful goodness that He allowed me 1B78.] THE CONFESSIONAL. 899 to live, for forty years, in union with such a woman, and then took her to Himself for ever, to perfect security and joy. Faith in the all-atoning hlood of Christ was the dominant feeling of her heart and the sentiment of her life. Here is a special mercy in itself. God be with you in life and death. Oive my heartfelt love to dear old Sarah, and may our Lord be with you for ever and ever. Shaftesbuby. The following year was the most sorrowful in Lord Shaftesbury's life. He was mourning the loss, of his wife and daughter. " They are never out of mind, hardly out of sight," he wrote. " St. Giles'a is solitary and sad." But he struggled on through all the wearisome- work of May meetings, labouring among the tedious, machinery of philanthropy and fighting the hopeless, battle against the spread of Eitualism and Neology. In July of this year, the threatened introduction of the Confessional into the Church of England drew from him one of his strongest philippics. Writing to him on the subject, Mr. Bums said: — My heart warmed with thankfulness when I read, immediately on publication, your noble protest against the Confessional. This is. a crisis in which we must have substantial and fearless exposure of the evil. A strong outspoken effort is required to rouse the indigna- tion of the country, and may God in His mercy grant that the^ means employed may be effectual. Irrespective of the religious aspect, it is surprising that men of sound mind and right feeling remain so passive, under the threatened flood of abomination and thraldom. Such a bolt as that you launched upon the * Baalites ^ could hardly fail, in present circumstances, of being followed by 400 SIB GEOBGE BURNS. [Chap. XIX. bodily suffering to yourself, and we were indeed grieved this morning by your letter to John to learn that you had been ill and confined to bed. Abraham and Sarah hop^ that your visit to Hebron may be attended with beneficial consequences. It was with the first gleams of new hope that Lord Shaftesbury turned towards Scotland, where every- thing that affection could devise was done to cheer him in his loneliness and sorrow. We cannot do better than let him tell his own story of this visit in extracts firom his diary hitherto unpubKshed : — July 29th. — Off Oban in the Ferret. Reached Castle Wemyss on Saturday night at twelve o'clock ; remained there Sunday. Started on the 28th, and moored, after a sail of about one hundred miles, in a safe and peaceful bay of the Island of Jura. Day sublimely beautiful — God be praised for it — from four in the morning till the moment of bed-time ; started at half -past five in the morning, and reached this place at half-past nine. Again, for the third time, are we enjoying the munificent hospitality of our most kind and excellent friends the Burns &jnily, the like of whom I have never known. Aug. 10th, Sunday, Castle Wemyss. — ^Betumed here yesterday afternoon safe and sound. God be praised. Lots of rain and wind, but lots also of enjoyment and health. We thank Thee, O Lord. A glorious time " The Ferrets," as the occupants of Mr. John Burns' yacht were named for the time- being, enjoyed. They visited lona and Staffa ; landed in the Isle of Eum, then proceeded to Storno- 1878.J SOME PLEASANT CBUI8ES. 401 way, along the whole eastern side of Lewis and Harris, " wild and inhospitable and without a trace of life ; " then driven by wind and rain to Portree, and, when fine weather came, along the coasts of Skye, Inverness, and Argyleshire to Wemyss Bay. Other pleasant cruises were taken and places of interest visited. One spot in particular, Ochtertyre, had a special charm for Lord Shaftesbury, where he visited Mr. James Cleland Bums, who, Hke himself, was mourning the loss of his wife. He refers to it in his diary thus: "A happy and healthy time at Ochtertyre ; here again after an interval of fifty-three years ! First came in 1820, year of Queen's trial, with my college and life-long friend George Howard, now, I trust, in heaven." Eeferring to his cruise. Lord Shaftesbury wrote :— Aug. Uth, Arrochar. — Head of Loch Long, on board Ferret. Bemained quietly on Sunday and Monday at Wemyss. Sunday perhaps the most beautiful day ever known in Scotland. Sun bright and warm ; landscape clear as crystal. Monday less so. Made up arrears of papers, wrote letters, and blessed God all day. Again aboard Tuesday. A fearful storm of rain and wind ; it appeared hopeless. Started for Loch Katrine ; occasional showers, but day picked up. Ought we not to be thankful that we saw Loch Katrine, and the Trossachs in perfection ? Back to Arrochar in afternoon. Aug, IBth. — ^Yesterday afternoon flag of the Ferret hauled down, our voyaging ended. We bless Thee, 0 Lord, for a happy and healthy time. Gave to all on board a copy of the < Pilgrim's Progress/ from the captain to the ^trimmer'; a good, obhging, civil crew. May the grace and mercy of God, in Christ Jesus, watch over them for ever. 26 402 SIB GEOBGE BUBN8. [Chap. XIX. Aug. 16th, — The day opens very nnfayonrably. The Jubilee Singers expected, and a large party invited to hear them, and of necessity in the open air. May we not pray for fine weather? God be gracious to them ; they are on a holy mission. Avg. 22nd, — Yesterday returned to Wemyss Bay. To-day very fine ; crossed to Castle Toward to lunch with Mr. Finlay. Much thought of what further account I can be in this world. It is good and right to abide God's time. He is wise, beyond all conception wise. Sir H. Holland, eighty-six years of age, is gone off for a journey to Bussia and Siberia. Why, I dare not think of such a thing I and what good should I do, if I did ? Only grant, O Lord, that so long as I breathe on this earth I may be employed in Thy service. Thou blessed Saviour of mankind. Avg, 24th, Sunday. — ^Yesterday, City Missionaries from Glasgow invited by good old Bums, the father and patriarch. Had to address them, but felt somewhat low and dispirited. Yet if any- thing were said according to the mind of our dear Lord, and to their encouragement, I praise and bless Thea It was not until the end of the month that Lord Shaftesbury left his "home in the North," as he used to call Castle Wemyss. When he did, he wrote in his diary : — "We have stayed here very long, in the enjoyment of unbounded kindness. Our home, now solitary, without the light and life of my blessed and beloved Minny, did not, as heretofore, call us away/' — It was always with regret that he tore himself from Castle Wemyss. — " Its external and internal charms are alike equal. Nature is rarely so beautifril as here, and society rarely so kind. May every blessing of time and of eternity descend on this family — on them, on theirs, on old Abraham and Sarah, and on all they love in Christ Jesus." 1871-84.] AT CASTLE WEMYSS. 408 On the occasion of Lord Shaftesbury's first visit to Wemyss Bay, his hosts abandoned him, as we have seen, to abnost a surfeit of public life ; but after that year they did everything in their power to pro- tect him from being called upon to speak or take part in any public movements in Glasgow or else- where. They knew that as the years went on, what he wanted in his holiday time was rest and recrea- tion, and many of the happiest days of his life were spent under their auspices. On one occasion Lord Shaftesbury said to the present writer (who at that time, from having seen so many of his letters headed " Castle Wemyss," was under the impression that it was his own estate in the North!): '^It is not my estate at all; but it is my northern home. I can never thank God enough for the dear Bums family ; I believe that, humanly speaking, my visits to them have added ten years to my life." Free to do as he pleased, with a suite of rooms for his own uninterrupted use, in the midst of exquisite scenery, and with carriages, boats, yachts, and all that heart could wish at his disposal. pletely he was "at home" in his Scottish head- quarters. He was in the habit of dispensing with the formaUty of evening-dress at dinner, and wore instead a short and easy velvet coat. The feehngs of his valet were somewhat ontraged at this, especi- ally on one occasion, when he said to him — " There will be eighteen to dinner, to-night, my lord." "WeU?" " Eighteen is a good number, my lord." « WeU ? " ** Shall I put out your dress suit, my lord ? " " No ! " roared Lord Shaftesbury, in the voice he was wont to give out the number of a hymn at a "monster" meeting. "I'm at Castle Wemyss ! " One day a visitor who had called upon him, re- marked upon the pleasantness of the rooms he was occupying. "Yes," said Lord Shaftesbury, "they are very pleasant, but the whole place is mine, only I confine myseK as a rule to these rooms, and allow J. B. to do what he likes with the rest 1 " Lord Shaftesbury at Wemyss Bay was very unlike Lord Shaftesbury at Exeter Hall. Away from the heat and turmoil of controversy, and the hsirassing business of philanthropy; away from the sight of slums and misery, away from the annoyances of consequential secretaries and persistent beggars, he gave himself up to quiet rest and enjoyment. The gloomy views that settled round him like a cloud when in London, seemed to be swept away by the sea and 1871-84,] THE HILL COUNTRY AND HEBBON. 405 mountain air of Wemyss Bay, and it was proverbial that wherever the ripple of laughter was to be heard and the most fan was going on, there Lord Shaftes- bury was invariably to be found. Every day he used to go down from the *' Hill Country " to '* Hebron " to see Mr. and Mrs. Bums, and spend some time with them. It would fill a volume to record Mr, Burns' reminiscences of his old friend. We select one or two almost at random : — Bitting one day upon the lawn, Lord Shaftesbury said to me, * If I followed my inclination, I wonld sit in my armchair and take it easy for the rest of my life ; bnt I dare not do it, I mast work as long as life lasts.* I had many conversations with him on religioas qaestions. He was in the habit of walking quietly and thoughtfolly, and then suddenly giving out the result of his cogitation. On returning from Church one Sunday forenoon, we walked together as we generally did, and when opposite the gate of this house he stood still, and said to me, < Did you ever think of these remarkable words in Scripture, "the wrath of the Lamb " ? — ^the Lamb, an emblem of gentleness, and yet, on account of sin, these words are applicable to Him.' Lord Shaftesbury told me many stories connected with the people with whom he had worked. He said that Oastler of Huddersfield had helped him greatly in his Factory legislation. Oastler, who was on the Badical side, was very desirous to have an interview with the Duke of Wellington, who was at that time Premier. The Duke had no wish to see him, but Oastler persisted, and at last, the Duke having consented to receive him, he presented himself at Apsley House. Lord Shaftesbury asked how the Duke received him. 'He was standing with his back to the fire,' answered Oastler, '* and did not ask me to sit down, but said, with a slap on his thigh, ** Mr. Oastler, God has endowed me with a good understanding. Speak on ! " ' 406 SIB QEOBGB BUBN8. [Chap. XIX. Lord Shaftesbury told me a onrioua dreumBtanoe connected with Hone, the author of the ' Every-day Book.' It was told to him by Mr. Plamptre, M.P. for Kent, who, being present at a meeting of the Directors of the Beligious Tract Society^ in London, was surprised to see Hone there. On the breaking up of the meeting, Hone went to him and said, * 1 noticed that yon looked at me very much, and no doubt you were wondering why I should be here* I will tell you. I was walking up from Blackheath to London, and came to a part of the road where two ways diyerged» and I did not know which way to take. I saw a little girl sitting in a garden with a book in her hand. I went in to ask for informa- tion, and after I had found out what I wanted, I said to the girl, "What book is that you are reading?" She answered, ''The Bible." *< Oh," I said, ** surely that is not a book for a child like you to read?" ''Why not?" she replied; "my mother reads it, and gets all her comfort from it." Well, I walked on towards London, and the reply of that child haunted me. I felt that I had never gone into a proper examination of that book, so as to make it a source of comfort to myself, and I determined that I would do so. I have made that examination, with the result that it has entirely changed my opinions with regard to the Bible, and that is the reason why I am here.' . At one time when Lord Shaftesbury was staying with us he became acquainted with good John Henderson, who established a prize for the best essay on the Sabbath, which prize fell to the lot of the author of ' The Pearl of Day&' Lord Shaftesbury asked me what was the business that he carried on with his brother. I told him a drysalter ; ' perhaps you do not know what that is ? ' I presume,' said Lord Shaftesbury, ' it is the sale of dried fish.' He was greatly astonished when I told him it was the sale of chemicals for bleaching and other purposes. We must not linger to tell of the annual visits and all that was said and done in them, but rather pass on to glance at some of the frequent 1874.] DBT EOT IN THE CHUBCH. 407 letters that were exchanged between Lord Shaffces- bory and Mr. Burns, and the members of his family. In 1874, his mind was greatly disturbed about the state of the Church, especially in connection with the Public Worship Bill, and, in his correspondence with Mr. Burns, he was wont to open his mind as jfreely as when he was writing in his diary. Here is one example : — Oct. 29, 1874. Dbab Abraham, — Clouds are gathering and storms threatening in greater number and force than when I left yon at Hebron. Matters, both infidel and superstitious, are going railway-speed — they pass eveiy station, and no man living can say what is their terminus. I find an universal opinion that the late Brighton Congress has revealed the nakedness of the land. The laity and the clergy are separated by an impassable gulf. They can agree neither in doctrine nor discipline. I do not anticipate Disestablishment. I expect collapse — sudden and complete. The dry rot is in her, and she will go down some morning in dust and uproar. God be with us ! His long- suffering has been good ; and He has not abandoned us until we had abandoned Him, But here is something before us. As Ood rejected the Jews and called the Gentiles, so now, He is preparing to reject the Gentiles and recall the Jews. A capital thing for you and Sarah I But what shall we do — and what will many do — if Wemyss House is let because the worthy proprietors of it are gone to Pales- tme? Our farmers here alternately chuckle and grumble. The wheat- harvest has been divine — they cannot, though they would willingly do so, deny it ; but then they have the sore place of the labourers 408 SIB GEORGE BURNS. [Chap. XIX. and the redaoed price of meat, and the necessity of some complaint or other. . .. Love to every one about you. May God preserve and bless yoa aU. Tours, Shafissbuby. To Mr, John Bums, Lord Shaftesbury was in the habit of frequently writing. They had many inte- rests in common, and training-ships was one of them. The following letter will give an illustration of the tone of the correspondence : — The Sadit,* Bee. 19, 1874. Deab J. B., — ^Your letter, with its enclosure, has this instant arrived. I will read it forthwith. The School Board and the Secularists have, I doubt not, stirred the Government to take training-ships into their own hands. They will, thus, be able to eliminate all religious teaching, as the public, having no individual conscience, shares the conscience of every form of belief and imbelief, and finds its satisfaction in setting aside everything on which it can act. The OoUahf a parochial training-ship, is, I hear, a sad proof how duties such as these are discharged officially. We were dehghted to hear of young Mackenzie's escape, and his father's promotion. The Admiralty seems to 'deviate,' as Dryden would say, *into justice.' The world has had a cold. We are barking and sneezing in the South, as you in the North. We, however, are at leisure, comparatively so ; but you cannot be ; — and, indeed, such iS man's frailty, or wickedness, or ignorance, that unless, by God's goodness. '^ The familiar name Lord Shaftesbury gave to his estate, St. Giles's, Granbome, Dorset. I 1874.] THE EMPIBE ** UP FOB SALE*' 409 we had a presiding heart, not only a presiding mind, over the Canard Company, we might hear of more than one La Plata in traversing the Atlantic. What a loss ! what a sacrifice t and what iniquity is some- where I Even yonr Company could not have produced nobler specimens of men than 'the Chief Engineer and the Captain. All, I gather by your silence, is well in the HiU Country, but Sarah is ailing in the Plains below. Bless her dear soul ! Ood in His mercy restore her to health and strength. I grieve that Abraham should be disquieted. I have nothing but commonplaces to offer ; it would be wonderful indeed if one found a new consola- tion for so ancient a sorrow. The next Session wiU be fall of efforts, doubts, tesxs, mis- givings, 'men's hearts failing them,' but, in some cases, en- couraging them in evident progress of evil. But I do not foresee any decided issues, unless, indeed, Dizzy's constitution should break down, and this vast Empire be again 'put up for sale.' Ecclesiastical questions will be prominent, but I can hardly think long, as the House of Commons will be very restive under a large consumption of its time in squabbles about eastward position, green silk garments, incense and genuflexions. The Law Tribunal will never be completed. There is as yet no judge, and, were there a judge, there is no salary to pay him with. The Act was neither more nor less than a gust of wind, which blew down one half of the house and left the other half standing, but incapable of repair. My best love to your dear and excellent wife, with my sincere thanks to you and her for all your kindnes& Shaftesbuby. The personal influence of Lord Shaftesbury can never be properly estimated. It lives in a thousand lives. A casual word spoken in his earnest manner, or a few lines written in his easy and pleasant style, won their way to the hearts of men, who took from 410 SIR GEOBGE BUBNS. [Chap. XliC him counsels to which they would probably have been deaf if presented by others. A specimen of this Christianly and fatherly soli- citude comes out in a letter to Mr. John Bums, from which we will quote. In the early part of 1876 there had been several terrible railway accidents, one near Huntingdon, in which twelve persons had been killed on the spot — the eldest son of Dion Boucicault, the actor, and the only son of Noble, the sculptor, being among the number. Mr. John Bums had been staying in London, and was called away hastily before he could see Lord Shaftesbury, who wrote to him: — It is a great disappointment to me that you leave London so soon. I had much to say ; but no matter. You must make me a promise ; I earnestly and seriously request you never to start on a railway journey before having committed yourself to the care of our Lord, as though you were going to the field of battle. God for ever be with you and yours. Many friendly letters passed from time to time between Lord Shaftesbury and Mr. and Mrs. Bums Thus to Mrs, Bums he writes: — Feb. 20, 1875. You are always thinking of me, my dear old friend ; but then, in return, I am always thinking of you. The marmalade has arrived, and I shall have, aloug with Hilda and the rest, ' a feast of fat things ' (and so on). 1875-6.] LETTERS OF LORD 8EAFTE8BUBY. 411 Feb. 24, 1875. I leceive eveij day fresh treatises to show that we, the Anglo- Saxons, are the lost ten tribes. We are bad enough for anything ! Material and spiritual idolatry are as rife among us now, as among them formerly. In his letters to Mrs. Bums he frequently gave au epitome of current subjects of interest, as in the following extract: — Jan. 12, 1875. I am glad to have your approval of the Cabmen's Bests. It is an ill-used class^ and with far less of demerit than they have credit for. . •. Two of our Ckiehester boys went down in the Cogpatrick. GoUer, an admirable boy, was saved along with Macdonald — ^the two others were lost. What a season of horrors 1 — ^the La Plata, the calamity at Shipton, and the great moral degradation of England in the visit of the Lord Mayor of London to open in Paris the temple to Venus and Bacchus, Jupiter and Juno. You won't do such things in Palestine. In 1876, Lord Shaftesbury sent to Mr. Bums a pocket edition of the Psalms. " The book is worn, and stained with ink, but it will sometimes remind you of me and our conversations on Israel, and his future glories." In acknowledging its receipt, Mr. Bums rephed : — The little book which you have carried as an unobserved com- panion has, I am sure, afforded you solace and support. This agrees with the experience of all who receive its Divine inspira- tion. These Psalms were the Bongs of Zion in the Hebrew Church* 412 SIB QEOBGB BUBN8. [Chap. XIX. and are equally, or more so, now, under the Christian development. ' Remember the word mito Thy servant upon which Thoa hast caused me to hope/ There were also frequent little interchanges of friendly gifts, and in 1879, when acknowledging the receipt of a box containing ^' the good things of Hebron," Lord Shaftesbury adds : " Very many thanks; they bring back many reminiscences that are solemn, though not really sad " — ^the allusion being to the memory of Mrs. Bums, who delighted in ministering to the comfort of her revered friend. One subject in which both were equally interested was the welfare of the Jews, and this often formed the burden of a part of their correspondence. Lord Shaftesbury was never weary of pleading their cause in public, and Mr. Burns was never weary of hearing of his successes. Li 1880, when, on a charge of Nihilism, the Jews were threatened with expulsion from Eussia, Lord Shaftesbury wrote : — These charges against a people the most quiet, obedient, and peace-loving on the face of the e^rth, are wicked and utterly false as against the nation. . . . But if the expulsion takes place, will not many of the exiles seek a refuge in the land of their forefathers ? . . . It is a singular, nay, a providential coincidence with present circumstances, that the Government are about to send out to Con- stantinople as Ambassador, Mr. Goschen, a man inheriting great intellectual vigour of mind and power of perseverance. The allusion to the Jews in the following letter is in connection with a great mjseting at the Mansion House, at which Lord Shaftesbury presided : — 1882.] LORD 8HAFTE8BUB1 AND THE JEWS. 413 24, 6bosy£nor Sqt7abe, March 1, 1882. My dbab old Fsdend, — The 'tribute' has arrived, worthy of the place and the donor. How steady your handwriting is 1 Why, you are younger than I am by twenty years.* We are in a sad plight in public afi^s — ^private are not much better. I am shocked and alarmed by the total absence of all real patriotism on either side of politics ; people do not know where they are, or what they say, so drunk are they with party spirit. Meanwhile, the country suflEers, and no one gains anything but the infidels and the extreme Badicals. May God bless and prosper you. I wish you joy of the grand success we have had at the Mansion House and elsewhere, on behalf of your people. It was a special intervention of a merciful Providence. Love to J. B., Mrs. J. B., and all the J. B*s. Yours, Shattbsbuby. Mr. Bums not only rejoiced to hear from Lord Shaftesbury himself about the labours in which he was engaged; it gratified him to hear from other friends their opinion of the great philanthropist. Many of Mr. Bums' friends knew this — ^knew that he was wont to pray for the success of every great effort in which Lord Shaftesbury was about to engage; knew that he would render special thanksgiving to God when those labours were crowned with success ; knew that he would send some stimulating and encouraging word if by chance they failed. Thus the Eev. T. M. Macdonald writes from Man- chester, soon after Lord Shaftesbury had received a * Lord Shaftesbury was in the habit of speaking jocularly of Mr. Burns, who was his senior by seven years, but looked much younger, as "My young friend." 414 SIB GBOSGE BURNS. [Chap. XTX, splendid ovation in that city, to his old friend Mr. Bums as follows : — Kebsal Bbotort, Manchesteb, July 14, 1888. Mt dbab Friend, — ^We were delighted with Lord Shaftesbury's yisit. He was so well, so vigorous, and so happy, and the ovation he received at the Free Trade Hall was so singular a demonstration of hearty and grateful respect for the man to whom Lancashire especially, hut the whole country, owes so much. The vast and packed crowd in the Free Trade Hall on Monday night behaved splendidly. The representatives of the various Christian work for the children of the poor — Refuges, Lidustrial and Bagged Schools — spoke admirably ; and when one who was himself a ragged boy, found in Gharter*s Street and taken to school — now a respectable and Christian citizen, in good position, came forward to present the magnificently illuminated and framed address (which was carried to the platform by four children), the interest reached its dimax. These were many eyes moist while 'Mr. Thomas Johnson,' this ragged boy grown into an excellent and useful citizen, addressed Lord 8. in plain, natural, and deeply gratefal and affectionate words. I wish I could have photographed the scene when Lord Shaftesbury came forward and grasped that honest man's hand, accepting in the same spirit the loving gratitude of the repre- sentatives of his class. Lord S. said it was not given to many men to have such feelings as that grand meeting and its pro- ceedings awakened in his bosom. Honours more enduring and a dignity higher tban his earldom belong to the man who has so steadily, for more than fifty years, and with so grand success, lived for the poor and the outcast and the oppressed. • • . Would that England had many such heroes I . .. Yours very sincerely, T. M. Magdonald.
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Where antibiotic resistance mutations meet quorum-sensing
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Rok Krašovec
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| 2,397 | 4,231 |
Where antibiotic resistance mutations
meet quorum-sensing Rok Krašovec1,*, Roman V. Belavkin2, John A.D. Aston3, Alastair Channon4, Elizabeth Aston4, Bharat M. Rash1, Manikandan Kadirvel5,6, Sarah Forbes6, and Christopher G. Knight1,*
1 Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. 2 School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK. 3 Statistical Laboratory, DPMMS, University of Cambridge, CB3 0WB, UK. 4 Research Institute for the Environment, Physical Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Keele University, ST5 5BG, UK. 5 Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, M20 3LJ, UK. 6 Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. *Corresponding Authors: Rok Krašovec, E-mail: rok.krasovec@manchester.ac.uk and Christopher G. Knight, E-mail:
chris.knight@manchester.ac.uk Rok Krašovec1,*, Roman V. Belavkin2, John A.D. Aston3, Alastair Channon4, Elizabeth Aston4, Bharat M. Rash1, Manikandan Kadirvel5,6, Sarah Forbes6, and Christopher G. Knight1,*
1 Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. 2 School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK. 3 Statistical Laboratory, DPMMS, University of Cambridge, CB3 0WB, UK. 4 Research Institute for the Environment, Physical Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Keele University, ST5 5BG, UK. 5 Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, M20 3LJ, UK. 6 Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. *Corresponding Authors: Rok Krašovec, E-mail: rok.krasovec@manchester.ac.uk and Christopher G. Knight, E-mail:
chris.knight@manchester.ac.uk sity. This immediately suggests a role for the quorum-
sensing signal, autoinducer 2 (AI-2), uniquely produced by
the LuxS protein. However, the story is not that simple –
adding AI-2 does not decrease the wild-type mutation rate
as would be predicted if it were the mediator. Rather, it
seems that the metabolic role of the LuxS protein in the
activated methyl cycle is required. Indirectly replenishing
this cycle by adding the amino acid aspartate to the medi-
um functionally complements the luxS deletion, bringing
back the DD-MRP. This still leaves open the question of
what the upstream signal, by which density is perceived,
actually is. In principle it could be anything acting non-cell-
autonomously downstream of luxS via the activated methyl
cycle. A prime candidate might be the elusive molecule
autoinducer 3, an important regulator of virulence gene
expression in enteropathogenic E. coli. However, while the
precise identity of that molecule remains unknown, its
relevance to DD-MRP is likely to remain speculative. We do not need to rehearse the grim story of the glob-
al rise of antibiotic resistant microbes. Microreview www.microbialcell.com MICROREVIEW on: Krašovec, R., Belavkin, R.V., Aston, J.A.D., Channon, A., Aston, E., Rash, B.M., Kadirvel, M., Forbes, S., and Knight, C.G.
(2014). Mutation rate plasticity in rifampicin resistance depends on Escherichia coli cell–cell interactions. Nature Communications 5: 3742.
doi: 10.1038/ncomms4742 doi: 10.15698/mic2014.07.158
Received: 16.06.2014; Accepted 19.06.2014, Published 25.06.2014.
Keywords: evolution, mutagenesis, fluctuation test, autoinducer 2, autoinducer 3, stress-induced mutagenesis, DNA methylation, optimal
control. Where antibiotic resistance mutations
meet quorum-sensing But what if it
were possible to control the rate with which antibiotic
resistance evolves by de novo mutation? It seems that
some bacteria may already do exactly that: they modi-
fy the rate at which they mutate to antibiotic re-
sistance dependent on their biological environment. In
our recent study [Krašovec, et al. Nat. Commun. (2014),
5, 3742] we find that this modification depends on the
density of the bacterial population and cell-cell inter-
actions (rather than, for instance, the level of stress). Specifically, the wild-type strains of Escherichia coli we
used will, in minimal glucose media, modify their rate
of mutation to rifampicin resistance according to the
density of wild-type cells. Intriguingly, the higher the
density, the lower the mutation rate (Figure 1). Why
this novel density-dependent ‘mutation rate plasticity’
(DD-MRP) occurs is a question at several levels. An-
swers are currently fragmentary, but involve the quor-
um-sensing gene luxS and its role in the activated me-
thyl cycle. The second level of questions is what kind of ‘down-
stream’ mechanism is involved. The number of mutations
in any organism results from a balance between mutation
generation and DNA repair. The mechanism of this DD-
MRP could therefore, in principle, involve modifying muta-
genesis, DNA repair or both. The initial evidence (transcrip-
tional analyses) does not support a role for error-prone
DNA-polymerases IV and V, both known to be involved in
the only other well characterised example of MRP, stress-
induced mutagenesis. Among DNA repair mechanisms,
indirect evidence from our analysis of published transcrip-
tional data suggests a possible role for the mutS gene. Per- The first level of questions about DD-MRP concern how the
density dependence occurs. This ‘upstream’ mechanism
requires the well-known quorum-sensing gene luxS. When
luxS is deleted, the density dependence of their mutation
rate goes away. And when wild-type cells are co-cultured
with ΔluxS cells, their mutation rate goes up as though the
ΔluxS cells were not contributing to the perceived cell den- MICROREVIEW on: Krašovec, R., Belavkin, R.V., Aston, J.A.D., Channon, A., Aston, E., Rash, B.M., Kadirvel, M., Forbes, S., and Knight, C.G. (2014). Mutation rate plasticity in rifampicin resistance depends on Escherichia coli cell–cell interactions. Nature Communications 5: 3742. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4742 doi: 10.15698/mic2014.07.158
Received: 16.06.2014; Accepted 19.06.2014, Published 25.06.2014. Keywords: evolution, mutagenesis, fluctuation test, autoinducer 2, autoinducer 3, stress-induced mutagenesis, DNA methylation, optimal
control. Microbial Cell | July 2014 | Vol. Where antibiotic resistance mutations
meet quorum-sensing 1 No. 7 Microbial Cell | July 2014 | Vol. 1 No. 7 250 OPEN ACCESS | www.microbialcell.com Density-dependent mutation rate plasticity R. Krašovec et al. (2014) against unless they are somehow beneficial. Also, removal
of luxS straightforwardly removed DD-MRP without a cost
we could measure in the laboratory. There are however
other possibilities. We were looking for plastic mutation
rates precisely because we and others are developing
mathematical theory, demonstrating that MRP can be
beneficial. In particular, it can be beneficial if mutation
rates are minimized when an organism is as fit as it can be
(i.e. at an adaptive peak), and increased when the organ-
ism is doing badly. This makes intuitive sense: when a gen-
otype is displaced from an adaptive peak, the deleterious
effects of a raised mutation rate could be outweighed by
the potential for increased fitness via mutation. We have
found this to occur in mathematical models of adaptive
landscapes and in in silico evolution of DNA sequences
binding particular transcription factors. Whether such ben-
eficial MRP exists in biology, however, remains to be seen. DD-MRP requiring luxS does indeed give a mutation rate
that is often lowest when the individuals have high fitness
and increases at lower fitness. Nonetheless, the evidence is
not yet there to say that this process actually does benefit
the organisms, let alone that it evolved and/or is main-
tained because of this benefit. These are issues that need
to be resolved experimentally, both over the time-scales of
experimental evolution and the longer stretches of evolu- haps most intriguing, and also consistent with the indirect
evidence, is the possibility that DNA methylation is in-
volved in DD-MRP. This idea comes from the fact that
methylation sites used by the Dam and Dcm methylases
are known to be mutational hotspots. Furthermore, two
key sites known to confer rifampicin resistance in E. coli,
and hence major contributors to our mutation rate esti-
mates, are such methylation sites (the adenine residues in
the common palindrome GATC). These facts may be rele-
vant to our observation that DD-MRP depends on luxS’s
role in the cycle supplying methyl groups to DNA methyl-
ases. One can therefore hypothesise that differential
methylation could be causally involved in DD-MRP. The third and final ‘why’ is less mechanistic: why has
DD-MRP evolved and been maintained in wild-type bacte-
ria? Where antibiotic resistance mutations
meet quorum-sensing The default answer has to be that DD-MRP is a by-
product of something else that more directly affects the
fitness of the cell. Perhaps it is a side-effect of quorum-
sensing activation (whose evolutionary role is much debat-
ed in its own right). If this connection is not especially cost-
ly, and/or is genetically difficult to remove without a cost,
DD-MRP could be ‘just’ an interesting quirk. This is not a
particularly satisfying hypothesis: one might expect any-
thing other than minimised mutation rates to impose a
cost in terms of mutant offspring and so be selected FIGURE 1: Density-dependent mutation rate plasticity in E. coli. The green contours indicate mutation rates for E. coli with a functional Acti-
vated Methyl Cycle (AMC; green cell) across a range of population densities. In the example cells in the plot corners, a blue and red explosion
indicates a mutational event resulting in a rifampicin resistant cell. The orange contours correspond to luxS deletant cells which don’t pro-
duce the signal (arrows coming from the green cell) and have an incomplete AMC (orange cell). Contours are density plots across all the data
from Krašovec et al. 2014 (344 data points, 77 of which correspond to the orange contours), including both E. coli B and K12 strains and ac-
counting for all the effects noted there (e.g., data from the complemented ΔluxS mutant are included in the green area, not the orange). Abbreviations:
HCY,
homocysteine;
MET,
methionine;
SAM,
S-adenosylmethionine;
SAH,
S-adenosylhomocysteine;
SRH, S-
ribosylhomocysteine. FIGURE 1: Density-dependent mutation rate plasticity in E. coli. The green contours indicate mutation rates for E. coli with a functional Acti-
vated Methyl Cycle (AMC; green cell) across a range of population densities. In the example cells in the plot corners, a blue and red explosion
indicates a mutational event resulting in a rifampicin resistant cell. The orange contours correspond to luxS deletant cells which don’t pro-
duce the signal (arrows coming from the green cell) and have an incomplete AMC (orange cell). Contours are density plots across all the data
from Krašovec et al. 2014 (344 data points, 77 of which correspond to the orange contours), including both E. coli B and K12 strains and ac-
counting for all the effects noted there (e.g., data from the complemented ΔluxS mutant are included in the green area, not the orange). Where antibiotic resistance mutations
meet quorum-sensing Abbreviations:
HCY,
homocysteine;
MET,
methionine;
SAM,
S-adenosylmethionine;
SAH,
S-adenosylhomocysteine;
SRH, S-
ribosylhomocysteine. Microbial Cell | July 2014 | Vol. 1 No. 7 251 OPEN ACCESS | www.microbialcell.com R. Krašovec et al. (2014) Density-dependent mutation rate plasticity tion among different prokaryotic, and indeed eukaryotic,
microbes. quorum-sensing-like mechanism, it opens up fascinating
possibilities for how microbes might be manipulating each
other and ultimately, how humans might manipulate them
too. In particular, there are many circumstances outside
the laboratory when E. coli cells find themselves at low
densities, for instance, when treated by antibiotics in the
human gut or when first infecting a host. If it were possible
to develop a molecule that prevents E. coli cells from rec-
ognizing their scarcity, our results suggest that this could
reduce the rate at which antibiotic resistance arises. If ad-
ministered with existing antibiotics, such a molecule might
increase or prolong their efficacy. Such a mutation rate
minimization approach could perhaps result in new tools to
tackle the rise in antibiotic resistance. After all, attine ants
have apparently succeeded in suppressing microbial path-
ogens using bacterial antibiotics for millennia without ob-
viously ‘inventing’ new classes of antibiotic. Perhaps the
identification of density-dependent mutation rates will
play a part in humans learning the same trick. All the scientific issues above seem tractable. However,
they prompt broader questions: ‘Why is DD-MRP interest-
ing?’ and ‘Why has no-one discovered it before?’. The fluc-
tuation test, on which our findings are based, was first
used in the 1940s and rifampicin was produced in 1959. Since then, fluctuation tests using rifampicin have become
commonplace for estimating mutation rates. Perhaps the
previous non-discovery of DD-MRP comes down to statis-
tics – fluctuation tests are noisy and laborious assays. Only
differences in mutation rate between wild-type and muta-
tor strains, which typically have at least an order of magni-
tude higher mutation rate (e.g., due to deficiency in DNA
repair), can be reliably separated within a single experi-
ment. We, by contrast, are observing variation in mutation
rates of around 3 to 5-fold (see Figure 1). It seems entirely
plausible that, to a bacterium, even a small increase in the
chance of gaining an antibiotic resistance mutation is, bio-
logically, highly significant. However, to detect this differ-
ence using fluctuation tests required large numbers of as-
says and some careful statistical models. Where antibiotic resistance mutations
meet quorum-sensing Even then we
were only really convinced of DD-MRP when it became
clear that we could remove it by deleting luxS and reinstate
it by functionally complementing that mutation. Which
brings us to the question of DD-MRP’s significance – why
should one care about a phenomenon close to the limits of
detectability, and subtle, relative to the large fixed differ-
ences in mutation rate between wild-type and mutator
strains? ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the Engineering and Physical Sci-
ences Research Council (EPSRC) for grant EP/H031936/1,
the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
(BBSRC) for grant BB/L009579/1 and the Wellcome Trust
for fellowship 082453/Z/07/Z to CGK. COPYRIGHT Firstly, we believe DD-MRP is interesting because it
connects previously disparate areas of microbiology: mu-
tagenesis and quorum-sensing. A vast amount of
knowledge has been built up in both areas and DD-MRP
opens a bridge between the two. It’s interesting too as an
evolutionary mechanism, particularly where that relates to
mathematical models and theory. The independence of
mutational effects from the environment in which they
arise has been a hard-won insight. Nonetheless, evolution
depends ultimately upon mutations and intimately upon
the environment. Links between the two therefore have
the potential to affect the realized trajectory of evolution. Finally, there is the interest of what DD-MRP might mean
practically. If mutation rates in general, and those to anti-
biotic resistance in particular, can be manipulated via a © 2014 Krašovec et al. This is an open-access article re-
leased under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribu-
tion (CC BY) license, which allows the unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original author and source are acknowledged. Please cite this article as: Rok Krašovec, Roman V. Belavkin, John
A.D. Aston, Alastair Channon, Elizabeth Aston, Bharat M. Rash,
Manikandan Kadirvel, Sarah Forbes, and Christopher G. Knight
(2014). Where antibiotic resistance mutations meet quorum-
sensing. Microbial
Cell
1(7):
250-252. doi:
10.15698/mic2014.07.158 252 Microbial Cell | July 2014 | Vol. 1 No. 7 OPEN ACCESS | www.microbialcell.com
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POSTOFFICE AIDS SUFFRAGETTES IN GEORGIA Correspondence School "Votes for Women" Campaign Begun by Atlanta Leader. "Establish a centralized state bureau of information. "Perfect a system of mail order recruiting to reach the women of Georgia in their homes." "Encourage home study classes under the direction of the centralized information bureau." "Adapt correspondence courses for thousands of student-mothers. Suggestions of Mrs. Amelia Woodall, of the Atlanta Givi League, for "Suffragizing Georgia." "Home study, correspondence school methods and a monster "mail order" propaganda for the more rapid promotion of the woman's suffrage movement in Georgia is the announced plan of Mrs. Amelia Woodall, today, following a conference of the conference of the leaders in Washington last week. Mrs. Woodall has just returned to the city as a meeting the leaders of the equal right movement of the nation. Her plan, developed in conference, Washington, embraces the entire state of Georgia. Mrs. Woodall claims that the effort expended upon her plan would undoubtedly show a seventy-five percent gain in membership in the organization within twelve months. Suffragists scattered. “Georgia suffrage is too seething.” declared Mrs. Woodall in explaining her plans. "We must centralize we for one purpose— concentrate. We have not enough ‘missionaries’ to go into the homes of the entire state, therefore following the successful example of the big commercial house—we are going to enter these homes. Uncle Sam’s mail.” “Woman suffrage in Georgia is inevitable. The only question is one of it in the state. What we aim to do is to expedite the day when we shall have more homogeneous support. To effect this, I have made this plan. I shall soon establish the Georgia Mail Order Suffrage Bureau. Georgia women are suffrage hungry. There is no doubt of this. They want to know about suffrage—what it means—what it is. There are too few of us to reach each woman, therefore we will use a two-cent stamp. These suffrage hungry women do not know where to turn to find the information concerning the movement that they seek. We sit until supply it with our bureau. Women Fear Ridicule. “There are thousands of women in this state who will not broach equal suffrage as a conversational topic with their husbands, fearing ridicule or worse—contempt. These are just the women we seek to talk with—whom we will reach and talk with through our bureau. I believe our bureau will be unique in the country—at least my plan when I outlined it in Washington proved a surprise and was eagerly talked over by the suffrage leaders of New York and Boston. “We shall give it a thorough trial.” NOON, probably within the month the bureau will be established. We hope for great results and I'm sure we’ll not be disappointed.” HONEYMOON BROKEN UP BY CHARGE OF BIGAMY COLUMBUS, GA., March 12. The honeymoon of Fred Shannon, who was married Saturday night to Miss Nora Arant, in Jordan City, a suburb of Columbus, was brought to an abrupt termination when Smith Arant, a brother of the bride, had Shannon arrested on a warrant charging him with bigamy. The bride returned to her home, while Shannon went to Muscogee county jail because he could find no friend that was willing to put up a second bond to obtain his release. VOTES AGAINST OFFICE CAUSE ITS RETENTION LEAVE. MISS. March 12, hollowing the election last fall to abolish the office of county attorney, it has discovered that, through confusion in marking, the office really was voted to not be abolished. It had been decided to mark the ballot. "Allots" for "or "against" was intended for retaining the office. In the meantime, General Collins has held that "for" meant "for" its abolition. Clogged-Up Liver Causes Headache, a fooling proceeding to suffer from constipation, sick headache, biliousness, dizziness, fever and kindred ailments when CARTER'S LITTLE LIVER PILLS will end all irregularities. Acts gently, liver, and bowels. Small doses, small price. The GENUINE must leave a guarantee. Beautiful Girls to Grace Democratic Regime. Lively Times Ahead for Cabinet Debutantes. Josephus Daniels, the new Secretary of the Navy, and his family. Difference Between Preachers and Actors As Told by Sir Henry Irving's Opinion of the Pulpit and the Stage as Recalled by Seymour Hicks. NEW YORK, March 12. Seymour Hicks, the versatile actor-manager-author, tells about the meeting of the bishop of Westminster and Sir Henry Irving. The bishop asked Sir Henry: “How is it that we clergymen, in spite of the great and true subjects we discuss in public, make so little impression, while you gentlemen of the stage make so much?” Sir Henry answered: “It is because we actors make fiction sound like truth, while you clergymen make truth sound like fiction.” 36 SNATCHED FROM DEATH WHEN VESSEL FOUNDERS IN STORM HAMBURG, March 12. Thirty sailors, making up the crew of the British sailing vessel Glenavlon, were snatched from the jaws of death in the deep when their ship foundered in a gale in the North Sea today off Heligoland island. The Glenavlon, caught in the teeth of a 7-mile gale, was foundered when the crew was taken off by sailors from another ship. The seamen on the Glenavlon had given up hope. And their ship sank less than an hour after they were taken off. Billows that towered like mountains were driven by winds that showered icy spray and made the work of rescue difficult and dangerous. The Glenavlon, which was bound from Buenos Aires to Hamburg, is a total loss. She was of 1,980 tons, was 289 feet long, 43 feet wide and hailed from Liverpool. She was built in Greenock, Scotland, in 1885 and sailed as a tramp freighter. Her crew was landed at C. WILSON PRESENTED WITH FIRST MEDAL. INAUGURAL TOKEN WASHINGTON, March 12 President Wilson received his first medal in the east room of the white house today. It was the usual gold token presented to each president as a memento of his inauguration. The medal bears on one side images of Wilson and Marshall and on the other an appropriate inscription on the inauguration. The presentation was made by William Corton Ensley, chairman of the inaugural ceremonies, who will present a medal to Vice President Marshall. COLUMBUS MOTORCYCLE CLUB WILL TOUR STATE Columbus, GA., March 12. Twelve members of the Columbus Motorcycle club have signed an agreement to make a tour around the state, and at a meeting tonight the date for starting on the tour will be decided upon. Among the cities to be included in the tour will be Griffin, Atlanta, Augusta, Savannah, Albany, Americus, and Macon. SIGHT OF CAT BRINGS DEATH TO PIONEER HIDDEN CITY, March 12. John H. Hines, 71, a pioneer, is dead. His death was a poignant reminder of the dangers of the city's future. The Atlanta Georgian and News. Wednesday, March 12, 1913. Miss Genevieve Clark Tells Who Some of New Set Are. By GENEVIEVE CHAMP CLARK. WASHINGTON. March 12.—The Democratic renaissance contributes an attractive quota of daughters of Democracy to American society. This quota greatly outranks in point of numbers. Republican belles who during the sunny years of the G. O. F., enlivened the Washington seasons. The nation’s eyes naturally focus on the social activities of the three charming Misses Wilson added to the list of white house girls. A daughter of the white house is the most desirable asset for any administration, and President Wilson's is thrice blessed. These white house girls will be besieged by invitations and invited to more luncheons, teas, and dinners than they could possibly accept. The life of a white house girl is one glorious round of fun and entertainment and her acceptance brings a thrill to the anxious hostess who wishes to entertain the daughter of the president. The brilliant state functions of the white house will naturally be very interesting, for they dazzle with the wealth of light, beautiful gowns, and sparkling gems, and the contact with notables from all over the world. Besides, the strictly formal affairs will be teas, receptions, and musicals, garden parties, and special occasions to delight the hearts of the president's daughters. Daughter of the Cabinet. Next in point of interest are the girls of the cabinet set. The new cabinet is replete with voting people, in striking contrast to that of President Taft. Miss Mona McAdoo, who has been already styled the cabinet beauty, petite, with big blue eyes and soft brown hair and a charming, vivacious manner, will add gaiety to the household of the secretary of the treasury. Her sister, Miss Harriet McAdoo, will act as chatelaine for her father, but Miss Mona is still a schoolgirl and will probably make her debut next season. The Postmaster General and Mrs. Burleson have two pretty daughters—the Misses Sidney and Lucy Burleson—who are attending school at Sweet Briar, Ya. They are cabinet debutantes of the future. Miss Caroline Howland, daughter of the dearest friend of Mrs. Thomas R. Marshall, wife of the vice president, will make her Washington debut under the chaplainage of Mrs. Marshall, and is being spoken of as a cabinet debutante on that account. She is very pretty, with a wealth of curly golden hair and blue eyes, and has a charmingly girlish style of dressing. Like her mother, Miss Marshall's friend, Miss Howland is talented and speaks several languages fluently. She will remain the house guest of Mrs. Marshall visiting the latter's stay in Washington. The Daniels Family. In the household of the new secretary of the navy, Josephus Daniels. The two sisters of Mrs. Daniels, the Misses Belle and Ethel Bagley. These girls are the sisters also of Ensign Worth Bagley, the boy hero of the Spanish war. Miss Nancy Lane, daughter of the new secretary of the interior and Mrs. ■ Franklin K Lane, Is still a young school girl, hut will be able in tlte last years of this administration to enjoy the life of a cabinet belle. J <>ne of the most interesting girls •{ ft „ 'YOUR EYE GLASS ' I’rame should la made to lit sour ? - 5 nose mdio.lv . - That is ' one | V . ret of th. -attst.o lion vou get ? I troll, g -II ,oe In Jm, I. M,j A Son.-. r eir Rr s pteks .I’l t lie ) at:St.Ki lts among evegiastos 42 j \ B oad St G ,mt Bldg the cabinet circle is Miss Agnes Hart Wilson. Miss Wilson believes in the vocational life for American women, and has served as her. father’s secre tary during his terms in congress since her fifteenth year. She has a profound knowledge of labor questions and is an authority on the subject. The Wilsons have a large family of young children, and Mrs. Wilson generally prefers to keep them in the attractive homestead at Blossburg. Pa. Therefore, Miss Wilson has acted as her father’s secre tary for some years, and is thoroughly conversant with Washington and con gressional society. There are so many Democratic daughters in the senatorial circle that they form an interesting group by themselves. A bouquet of Democratic belles could be gathered from the households as Democratic members of the house. Easter will mark the height of the new season, and already a flower ball for charity is being planned by the Democratic girls. Dinner, dances and other post-Lenten diversions will ring in the new era of their Democratic so cial leadership. VISITORS FLOCK TO SEE DENTAL SUPPLY CLUB’S EXHIBITION Taft Hall at the Auditorium-Armory is drawing large crowds to witness the exhibit of the Dental Manufacturers Club of America. There were approximately 3,500 visitors to the hall yesterday, the most of them interested professionally. There was, however, no small number of lay visitors. The hall will remain open through Friday and each day there will be special demonstrations of practical exhibits. The keynote of the convention is the conservation or better care of the teeth. There are several exhibitors of dental preparations in charge of efficient dentists, who will explain to the visitor the most modern way of caring for the teeth. In other booths are the exhibits of dental chairs, new-fangled painless extractors of molars, artificial teeth, single or in bunches, pliers, tweezers, etc., drills and hammers. Advice to Those Who Have Lung Trouble? Iberia ulosis is said to be curable by simply living in the open air and taking an abundance of fresh eggs and milk. Do all you possibly can to add to strength and increase weight; eat wholesome, nourishing food and breathe the cleanest and purest air. And then, it's health and strength do not return, add the tonic and beneficial effect of Eckman's Alterative. In January, 1908, I was taken with hemorrhages of the lungs, one of the leading practitioners, said that it was lung trouble. I took eggs and milk in quantities but I got very weak. The doctors said I would not gain in weight as long as I stayed in the store, but I kept on working and prayed each day that I might get well. I believe my prayers were answered, for Mr. C. A. Lippincott, my employer (Lippincott & Co.), Department Store, 306 to 314 Market Street, Wilmington, Del., had learned of a remedy called Eckman's Alterative that had done great good, and upon his recommendation I began taking it at once. This was about June, 1908. I continued. faithfully, using no other remedy, and finally noticed the clearing of the lungs. I firmly believe Eekman's Alterative saved my life. I sent my spittle later to the state board of health to be examined for tuberculosis bacilli, and now there were found. My mother died from consumption when I was about two years old. I make this statement so that others may learn of the wonderful merits of Eekman's of a chain of stores that will be established by the New York railways for the purpose of enabling their employees to procure food at cost price was opened here today. Practically every article of staple foodstuffs was placed on sale at prices from 25 to 80 percent under prices prevailing in the regular retail stores, and the 20 clerks were kept busy all day filling orders. None but employees on surface cars, elevated and subway trains, or immediate members of their families holding tickets were permitted to patronize the store. All purchases must be on a strictly cash basis. The New York railway companies will meet the expense of operating the store pro rata. It is expected that clerks hire, rent, lights and other expenditures will amount to $15,000 a year. The railway companies hope to enable their employees to live much cheaper, and thereby eliminate the possibility of strikes for higher wages. The railway companies will open five other stores within a short time, all located near car barns. Butter that sold in the regular retail stores today at 38 cents a pound was 35 cents in the companies’ store. Other comparative prices. EXPERT REPAIRING DONE ON ALL MAKES OF FOUNTAIN PENS COURSEY & MUNN DRUGGISTS 29 Marietta St. Atlanta "Late Brothers for Quality" Let Us Take Your Measure for a Stylish Spring Suit TODAY Come in today and see our extensive assortment of Spring Woolens, Beautiful, every one of them. Grays, browns, blues, in every shade, plain and with pin-stripes of different colors. Blacks and blacks with the so-called invisible stripes. Wixtures that are destined to become popular. Easy choices in every man. They’re pure all wool fabrics with wear. In every inch, we never offer any cloth that’s doubtful. They'll make up handsomely, too, under the hands of our skilled tailors. English Styles are Popular Spring Hats Some like the extremes, others the more conservative. Some prefer form-fitting coats, but the colorings—Hats that men lose coat are more comfortable in summer. and young men will wear. However, that's a point for you to settle—with through the coming season our assistance, if you desire. The suit we make —three of the world's great will fit you, become you, and give you faithful service makes: Dunlap, Stetson, service day by day. Croft-Knopp, at $3 to $5. Spring Neckwear QUAKER, Whitehall St., furnishings in the Shirt patterns are here ready for your selection. bright colors suggestion at $1.50 up. of Spring are ready. See Our Window Displays AGAIN A PERMANENT CURE IS SHOWN HERE Mrs. Emily Watson Is Completely Cured of Chronic Stomach Trouble in a Few Weeks by “Quaker.” The public at large will be greatly interested in the following case, which was reported to the Health Teacher when here: Mrs. Emily Watson lives at 120 Curran St. and is 55 years of age. Her husband is an old employee of the Dysart Construction Company, in the Austell building. Mrs. Watson had been a sufferer from chronic stomach trouble for several years, and during the past two years it had manifested itself in a severe form. When the lady. Would eat a fair-sized meal, which would be disastrous after eating bloating. The Ding spells and headaches were: Eggs, 33 cents and 20 cents; ham, 20 cents and 17 cents; chicken, 24 cents and 18 cents; beef, 24 cents and 18 cents; coffee, 30 cents and 18 cents; tea, 60 cents and 40 cents. There were threats by women to declare another meat boycott. SPRING FOOTWEAR Wish to Announce that We Are Prepared to Show You Our Spring Footwear. Each Style Is Exclusive, Bears the Mark of Quality, the Merit of Individuality, and Meets the Requirements of American Taste. 27th Year. 35 Whitehall Street Mail Orders Given Prompt Attention Stomach puffed her almost continuously, and her bowels were very irregular. She was dizzy at times, and often had weak, nervous spells. She felt more tired after rising than before retiring. When she exerted herself, she got very short-breathed and frequently had a palpitation of the heart. Certain things, such as beans, especially, she would not think of eating, as they immediately caused a fermentation of gas. She had bought and used many remedies, and had the best of medical attention; but seemed to grow worse nearly all the time, and as a consequence was becoming very much discouraged. She sent to Coursey & Munn’s Drug Store for a three-bottle treatment of Quaker Extract. This was used as directed for about five weeks, during which time she showed a wonderful improvement. Then she procured one more bottle; after using which her husband called and said: "My wife, I would complete my business and don't find it never to take any Quaker or anything." MADISON LADS JOIN MADISON, GA, March, 1911 The enthusiastic meeting of At and Morgan county, held by the Boys’ Corners, was a membership of 75 in the area, and the meeting was presided over by the Boys’ Corners. General expert, who addressed the roles, will on principles of union, I am sure now. I am so confident of my skills that I can hardly thank you. She is doing the house that she couldn't be previously, and as to me at the other day she at the other side of beans, with several tables that used to be done by the woman. We are more pleased to have you imagine, and tell anyone who calls on a man to be done by the woman. The Health Teacher says, "I must surely be introduced to Watson's case if you suffer yourself. In my case, I should have a chance to try my remedy." Munn's Drug Store, on the street, if you suffer from constipation, biliousness, and other ailments, I can help. It's a great remedy for all your ailments.
| 16,882 |
https://openalex.org/W4301359405
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OpenAlex
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Open Science
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CC-By
| 1,946 |
ACTION OF p-TOLUENE SULPHONYL CHLORIDE ON NITROPHENOLS
|
A. B. SEN
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English
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Spoken
| 1,256 | 2,936 |
ACTION OF p-TOLUENE SULPHONYL CHLORIDE ON NITROPHENOLS BY A.. B. SEN The action of p-toluene aulphonyl chloride on a number of substituted nitronaphthols, nitro-
creaole, dinitrodihydroxydiphenyl and 1 : 2-dihydroxyanthraquinone ha.s boon stuciied. Condensa-
tion either in the preoence of diethylaniline or sodium carbonate resulh in the formation of a p-toluene
sulphonyl ester, in every case. l : 2-Dihyriroxye.nthraquinone e.lthough conte.ining two hydroxy groups
yields only a rnonotolyl aulphonyl derivative; the inactivity of one of the hydroxyl groups (occupying
position 1) has been attributed to the presence of two onho substituents. The reMtivity of these
esters with aniline has also been studied. Nitrophenols react with p-toluene sulphonyl chloride in two ways : (1) Mono-
nitrophenols yield p-tolnt"ne sulphonyl esters in the presence of sodium: carbonate or
diethylaniline as the condensing agent ; (2) poly-nitrophenols, having nitro groups
in 2 : 4 or 2 : 6 positions also yield such esters in the presence of sodimn caPbonate as the
condensing agent but are converted mainly into poly-nitrochlorobenzcnes in the
presence of diethylaniline (Ullmann and Nadai, Ber., 1908, 41, 1870; Ullmann and Bruck,
Ber., 1908, 411, 3939; UJlmann and Sane, Ber., I9II, 41, 3730; Sane and Joshi,
J. Chem. Soc.,
1924, 2481 ; J. Indian Chem. Soc., 1932, 9, 59; 1933, 10, 313, 459;
Sane, Chakravarty and Pramanick, ibid., 1932, 9, 55). In the present paper this reaction has been extended to 1 : 6-dinitro-,B -naphthol,
4-nitro-cx -naphthol, 1-nitro-6-bromo-,B -naphthol, I : 3 : 6-tribromo-,B -naphthol, 5 : 5'-di-
nitro-2 : 2'-dihydroxydiphenylmethane, 2-nitroresorcinol, 2-nitro-p-cresol, 2-nitro-6-bromo-
p-cresol and I : 2-dihydroxyanthraquinone, with a view to studying the replacibility
of the hydroxyl groups, specially in the presence of NO, and Br groups, when they are
present in positions other than 2 : 4 or 2 : 6 or in different nuclei. In every case a. p-toluene
sulphonyl ester is obtained, either in the presence of sodium carbonate or diethylaniline,
showing thereby that these groups have little or no effect when they are present in posi-
tions other than 2 : 4 or 2 : 6. However, a marked difference i~ the reactivity of these
compounds towards aniline is brought about by the presence of these groups. ExPERIMENTAL The toluene sulphonyi (toAyl) esters of the nitrophenols were obtained by condensing
the appropriate nitrophenol with p-toluene sulphonyl chloride either in the presence
of sodium carbonate or diethylaniline. The exact method followed in the case of
1 : 6-dinitro-,& naphthol is givE>n below. 1 : 6-Dinitronaphthalene-2-toluene sulpkonyl uter : {a) Conden8aticm in the pYPllf11'la
of Bodium carbonate.-] : 6-Dinitro-,8-naphthol (2.3 g.) and p-toluene snlphonyl chloride
(2 g.} were suspended in 20 o.c. of boiling water, contained in a ti.Mk. Solid sodium car-
bonate was then added to it little by little. Ea.ch addition produced a. coloration which
disappeared on heating. The addition of sodium carbonate was stopped when further
addition failed to produce such coloration. The contents of the flask were then cooled,
the solid matter which separated out was washed thoroughly with water a.nd then filtered,
dried and recrystallised from glacia.l acetic acid, m.p. 181", yield 3. g. 1 : 6-Dinitronaphthalene-2-toluene sulpkonyl uter : {a) Conden8aticm in the pYPllf11'la
of Bodium carbonate.-] : 6-Dinitro-,8-naphthol (2.3 g.) and p-toluene snlphonyl chloride
(2 g.} were suspended in 20 o.c. of boiling water, contained in a ti.Mk. Solid sodium car-
bonate was then added to it little by little. Ea.ch addition produced a. coloration which
disappeared on heating. The addition of sodium carbonate was stopped when further
addition failed to produce such coloration. The contents of the flask were then cooled,
the solid matter which separated out was washed thoroughly with water a.nd then filtered,
dried and recrystallised from glacia.l acetic acid, m.p. 181", yield 3. g. (b)
Conde'Mation in the presence of diethylaniline.-1 : 6-Dinitro-/1-naphthol (2.3 g.),
p-toluene sulphonyl chloride (2 g.) and diethylaniline (10 c.c.) were heated on the water-
bath for 4 hours. After cooling, the diethylaniline was decomposed with dilute hydro-
chloric acid when a solid mass separa.ted out. This was washed with hot water several
times, filtered and finally recrysta.llised from glacial acetic acid, m.p. 181 o, yield 3.2 g. (Found : S, 8.1. C,H,,O,N,S requires S, 8.2 per cent). The other nitrophenols were condensed with p-toluene suJphonyl chloride by follow-
ing the same method. The results obtained are given in Table I. The other nitrophenols were condensed with p-toluene suJphonyl chloride by follow-
ing the same method. The results obtained are given in Table I. 1 : 6-Dinitronaphtkalene-2-phenylamine.-Tbe
p-toluene sulphonyl ester of
1 : 6-
dinitronaphthol (l g.) was refluxed with 5 c.c. CHEMmTRY DEPARnmNT,
LtrCXNOW UNJVJmSJTY. ACTION OF p-TOLUENE SULPHONYL CHLORIDE ON NITROPHENOLS It is
ob~erved that only those tosyl derivatives of naphthol, which contained
a NO~ group in the ortho position to the OH and another NO, or Br (acid) group in the
second benzene ring, react easily with aniline ; others without such a grouping fail to
give this reaction-thus the tosyl derivatives of 4-nitro-cx -naphthol and 1 : 3 : 6-tribromo-
-,B-naphthol could not be made to condense with aniline. It may be recalled that the
behaviour of these compounds in this respect is similar to the behaviour of the tosyl deri-
vatives of azonitrophenols observed by the author previously (PriX. Nat. Acad. Sci. India, 1937, 7, 218); I : 2-dihydroxyanthraquinone although containirig two OH gruops
yields only a monotosyl derivative. This compound has been assigned the constitution
1-oxy 2-tosyl-anthraquinone, as it is be1ieved that the OH group in position I is unP.b!e
to react due to steric hindra~ce. TABLE I
Yield of tosyl
Analysis
Wt. of
Wt. of p
ester using
rophenol used. Nitro·
toluene
8
~
phenol. snlpbanyl
Dietbyl
Sodium
Mp. Formula~ of
~·-
chloride. aniline. carbonate. 1'osyl ester. "
g
.£. (/",
'./)
1: 6-Dinitro-
2·3 g. Mg . 3·0 g. 3-~ g. z8x'
CllH,,O!N~
8.1%
8.2%
.8-napbthol
4·Nitro-C1-naphtbol 2.2
2.0 g. 2-9
3·3
138°
C11H 1~05NS
9·5
93
I·Nitro· 6-
2.7
2.og. 4·2
s.s
145'
CuH1lO,NDrS
7-3
7-0
bromo- il naph-
tho! I: 3 : 6-'I'ri·
J.a
2.0 g. :1.6
~.8
I50°
CuH110 3Br S
5·94
6.0
bromo-ll napb·
tho! 5: s'·Dinitro-
2 :2-dihydroxy·
I,,S
:t.og. 2.7
2.6
155'
C!IH2201.-\'"aSz
ro.s4
lO.j
diphenyl-
methane
2-Nitroresor-
1.6
z.og. 3-7
3·5
140"
C:~QHuOaNSz
13.68
13·8
cinol
2.Nitro-4-
methylphenol
J.O
4·0 g. 5-4
5·2
91'
C14H13~.w.s
to.6
10.4
2·Nitro·4·
2.3
l.O g. 2.1
2·4
us·
~11 H~;10~NBrS 8.03
8 • .)
metbyl- 6-
bromophenol
) r : z-Dihydn1-
2.4
4·0 g,
J.4
J.2
•u•
Cz1H1106S
7·9
l!.l
:xyantbraqui•
none 385 ExPERIMENTAL of freshly distilled aniline for about 15
minutes. The excess of aniline was removed with hydrochloric acid, after c{)()ling the
contents of the fla.sk. A yellow solid compound separated out. This was repeate.dly
washed with hot water, filtered, dried and finally recrystal.liBed from glacial acetic acid,
m.p. 195°, yield 0.7 g. (Found: N, 13.3. C,.HuO,N3 requires N, 13.6 per cent). I-Nitro-6.-bromonaphthakne-2-phenylamine
was obtained as before by refluxing
the tosyl derivative of 1-nitro-6-bromo-/1-naphthol (1 g.) with 5 c.c. of freshly d.ist.illed
aniline, m.p. 156•, yield 0.6 g. (Found: N, 8.1. C10H 110$N• Br requires N, 8.1 per
cent). I-Nitro-6.-bromonaphthakne-2-phenylamine
was obtained as before by refluxing
the tosyl derivative of 1-nitro-6-bromo-/1-naphthol (1 g.) with 5 c.c. of freshly d.ist.illed
aniline, m.p. 156•, yield 0.6 g. (Found: N, 8.1. C10H 110$N• Br requires N, 8.1 per
cent). The author acknowledges his grateful thanks to the UniverSity of Lucknow for the
facilities offered for research. The author acknowledges his grateful thanks to the UniverSity of Lucknow for the
facilities offered for research. Receit1td April23, 1946, 0:-1607P-1Q 0:-1607P-1Q
| 35,222 |
bub_gb_2XQK5wM2gzQC_53
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Latin-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,839 |
Vetus Testamentum Græcum juxta septuaginta interpretes ex auctoritate Sixti Quinti pontificis maximi editum juxta exemplar originale Vaticanum nunc denuo recognitum, accuratissime expressum, ad normam vulgatae versiculis distinctum, cum latina translatione, animadversionibus, et complementis ex aliis manuscriptis cura et studio
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None
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Latin
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Spoken
| 7,511 | 16,822 |
Quoniam ira Domini erat in Jerusalem et in Judaea, usquequique projcebat eos a facie sua, et recessit Sedecias a rege Babylonis. JEREMIAS. Car. LII. Ira Domini erat in Jerusalem et in Judaea, usquequique projcebat eos a facie sua, et recessit Sedecias a rege Babylonis. Kol cole xacaXotzoue 109 A29). xazf)entv 6 dgyuidetoos elz du-eAoupouc xal sl vemorosc. Koi cobc crUloug vobQ yxeUc vog iw exo Kuglou, xai zàc [íicetz xai cv üdAaccav chy yaja,v Tiv iv ou» Kupíow, cuvírgujaw ob Xo Odio, xai Üabov cbv qu)xoy aócÓv, xai dmiveyxav el, BaGu- )éwa. 15. Kal cv cvtgivny, xai vào quia xal xx xpt&vpac xd mávea 7k oxiór Tk axi , iv oic De- «oUprouv iv adcois, 19. xul tie dmqoo0, xal và; uacpxpufü , xai coyc bnoyorzouc, xal vàe Auyylac, xal cke Üutexac, xai cobc xudÜouc, & 7» y guaüi youc& , xoi & 3v áp[up3 o- op , Qax6ev 6 py odrretgos. 30. Kai ol exoXot Gjo, xal 54 0dÀaccx uia, xai ol óc ox GobDexa y aot Uroxdezo) Ts Üx)kcare, & Emobr- ctv 6 Bacuebe XaXopuv el; olxov Kuplou , ob ojx iv ec2010c 100 yaÀxo0 aUcbv- 31. xal ol ccóXot tptaxovexmévze , rjj0)v Ulyoc v09 ctóou ToU Ívóc xai cmapziov Bo!txa Ttov mepu- xÜxAou aücóv, xai tà májoc aUto0 Baxvüjuov vtcodonv xiu, 32. xal yeicoc Em" abcole p axouv, xal mívet máy ev mb uXxoc, Umepoy), ToU vitsouc ToU Évóc, xal Büxruov xal bot £x co &lcouc xÓx)un, Th ndvtn j20)x&* xal xarà caUcvx ci) G10Àup ci) Ótucíou., üxri) boal zip mrá- gt» 30ic BobBexa. Troy sat. v3. Kol Jav at foxt lvevrxoveaz «o Év u£poc , xai Jjeuv al iot Boa éxacbv. Exi «09 Buxróou xUxAe. 21. Kat. Dabev 6 dgy uxdyetpoc vov (epía cov mp- ov, xt xbv lepéa «àv nad xal vob 1ptis cole quAdctovrac cjyv 636v, 25. xal tbvouyov Év Éc 3j» Emtorátre t0 dvüpiiw vOv rohs sv, xat Érrxk dv&pac vou. aatole , vob iv mpoqumo coU BxcUEue, coUe üpsüEvzac Ev 77, molt, xal «hv voxpqkarcéx s6)v Guvduuttov vv Ypatuuarcedovra Gà Aai) vr v7, xal Ebfxovza. dvüpurmous x 100 AaoU cfc 76, voUc ebpsÜÉvrac dv ufo cT xóa. 36. Kal DaxGcv abrcobc Na6ouLapóv 5 dgy wekeretpoc T0 Bac toc , xal Yeyagev abcobc Trpoc Baauén Babs- Aivoc slc AcGAa0A, 37. xal ém&catev abzosc Base BaGuAGwo év As- Cla0 , iv 5; Aladb. (^7) DO gn Ka éyévero 0v zi) sptaxoa cip xal É68ouuo Éxet, dxouicüfvzog coU "loaxrlg. Bacüfox "loóóa, £v t0 Bulixátp yryl, iv 5j tetpdót xol elxdit v90 wnvix, (*) 15. Kal &rà tv. ntvritow 100 Jxo0, xal tà Joy toL 3a , xal roue xavadsieÜtvcac Ev t7, mó)&t , xal vouc Qymtmtu- xótac oi bvéncaav mph, 1àv Basü£a 13; Ba6ulowo;, xal 1à supusaóv xo) GyYou ueUsoev 6 Gy wkytipocz. Compl.) (**) 97. ... 2l. &nepxlatn "loüBac &xà Exdvaisv vf, YT ad- T0). 28. Kal o9toc 6 Ya, bv &ruyxuos Nafouyobavócop* iv xà Exe cip ELAjup "TovDaiouz tpuyiiouc xal tixoct «otic. 29. 'Ev vp Éc& t. óxtuxatóixáto Naóouyotavósop , UE "[eporoaad:g. yy Gxeaxoaias spiáxovva. Oo. 30. 'Ev tà £c& tp rpétu xad euxogzip 100 NaBovyolovórop , &ndxit Naboutagbkv 6 Gyvuáyiuzo "oubaievv quy s Exva- xo^íag temoaoÉxovra mévtt^ mücai al uyai verpaotcy uan xai éxxóawa. (Ex Cod. regio Angl.) Síntaxi seu, reliquiis de populo reliquit princeps coquorum in vinearum et agrorum cultores. 17. Et columnas eburnas quae in domo Domini, et bases et maria aenea quae in domo Domini, contriverunt Chaldaei, et tulerunt aes eorum, et asportarunt in Babylonem. 18. Et coronam, et phialas et calices et omnia vasa argentea, in quibus ministrabant in eis, 19. et ipsas phialas, et ipsas masmaroth, et pelves, et candelabra, et mortaria, et cyathi, quae erant aurea et argentea, tulit princeps coquorum. 20. Et columnas duas, et mare unum, et vitulos duodecim sub terram mare, quae fecerat rex Salomon in domo Domini, cujus non erat pondus aeris eorum. 21. et columnas triginta quinque, cubitorum altitudo columnarum unius; et funiculus duodecim cubitorum circumdabat eam, et crassitudo ejus digitorum quatuor in circuitu, 22. et gisum super eas aeneum, et quinque cubitorum longitudo, excessus gisi unius, et rete et malogranata super gisum in circuitu, omnia aenea: et juxta luctu columnarum secundas, octo malogranata cubito, duodecim cubitis. 23. Et erant malogranata nonaginta sex lateris unum, et erant omnia malogranata centum super rete in circuitu. 24. Et tulit princeps coquorum sacerdotem primum, et sacerdotem secundum, et tres illos qui custodiebant viam, 25. et eunuchum unum qui erat praefectus virorum bellatorum, et septem viros nominatos, qui in facie regis, inventos in civitate, et scribam virtutum scribentem populo terra, et sexaginta homines de populo terra, inventos in medio civitatis. 26. Et tulit eos Nabuzardan princeps coquorum regis, et duxit eos ad regem Babylonis in Deblatha, 27. et percussit eos rex Babylonis in Deblatha, in terra Emath. 31. Et factum est in trigésimo septième anno transmigrationis Joachim regis Judæ, in duodécime mensis, in vigesima quarta mensis, accepit Ukemadachar rex Babylonis, 15. Et de pauperibus populi, et reliquum vulgi, et eos qui remanserant in civitate, et profugos qui transfugerant ad regem Babylonis, et reliquum multitudinis transtulit princeps coquorum. 27... et translatus est Judas de super terram suam. 28. Et iste est populus quem transtulit Nabuchodonosor: in anno septimo regni, tria milia et viginti tres. 29. In anno octavo decimo Nabuchodonosor, de Jerusalem animas eicinentas triginta duas. 30. In anno tertio et vigesimo Nabuchodonosor, transtulit Nabuzardan princeps coquorum Judæorum animas septuaginta quadraginta quinque: omnes animae quattuor milia sexcenti. 31. Kal obot et Ait x09. Septuaginta, et in vigesima quarta mensis, accepit Ukemadachar rex Babylonis, 15. Et de pauperibus populi, et reliquum vulgi, et eos qui remanserant in civitate, et profugos qui transfugerant ad regem Babylonis, et reliquum multitudinis transtulit princeps coquorum. 27... et translatus est Judas de super terram suam. 28. Et iste est populus quem transtulit Nabuchodonosor: in anno septimo regni, tria milia et viginti tres. 29. In anno octavo decimo Nabuchodonosor, de Jerusalem animas eicinentas triginta duas. 30. In anno tertio et vigesimo Nabuchodonosor, transtulit Nabuzardan princeps coquorum Judæorum animas septuaginta quadraginta quinque: omnes animae quattuor milia sexcenti. Apostolos, 3. Kai dwevo) Bagosy toos Advouc 109 BiGAoU zòó- «0 iv iw "leyoviou vios "Iuaxety. 826. "Ioj?x, x iv éycl avrog t6U AaoU cüv Poyoufvov mobc Thy (Gov, P 4. xal £v Oct zGiv Guvarzüóv xal vlov cv. fiaeikiov, xai iv dai ziv moss ucipuv, xai iv cl mavrbc T0) Aaou, dzó puxpou péYAoU, Tvvw v T) X"Toi- xoüvevuy iv BaGulGwvt Exi mtocapo0 Xo08. 5$. Kol Éatov, xat ivíjoceuov, xal viyovzo ivav- lov Kupíou, e. xd cuvíyayov Goyíotw, xaÜb ixdacou T50vuro 5$ yslop. xia &x£crtOav. elc "Impouaos;. pos "loaxei. vibw XeAxiou vic) Map, «bv lepéa, xal vrpbc cobc legéie, xal mpbo mávra Tov Àabw vob sÜpsÜfveae nec aoxo ev "IegousaAhy., s. iv «fi AaÓriy abróv cà axsóm olxou Kupiou, vá PEeveyü£ven ix ToU vacü, dmoctptlat tic "7v "looba, v- Üexdrn T00 Xiwoài, cxtón dovupi, à imolnos Xe8exlac vla "Ionia Bacuebe "Iou3a, 9. get có dmotxíaat Na ovy osovósop Baca Ba- GuAGiwog cbv "Ieyovíav, xal ouc doyoveac, xui voUc Oecpocxc, xxi Tobc Duvarobc, xal tov Àahw ize YT &mb "Iepouaa)chu., xa Vravev abcov eic BaGolowa.. 10. Kal eizav- "I2ob. dzoctÜautv pix uis dp- óptov, xai drvopdia ncs x00 aprupiou GAoxauztiaren xat mttpt &p.agztac , xal Alavov, za movisse uva, xal volgus iml vo Üucxecáptov Kuplou zo0 193 uiv, Vr. xo zpoceutacÓe mspl z?c lori, NafovyoSovováop facie Ba6ulGivoz, xal elc Gov Ba)zdoxp vio a)- ^60, lv (otv. al fu£pat aoz6)v óc ad fufpat vo). o0- avoo ix vL Ye. BAPOYX. Keg. A. in anno quo regnum adiit, caput Joacim regis Juda, et tollont eum, et eduxit eum de domo in qua custodiebatur, 32. et locutus est ei bona, et dedit thronum ejus super reges qui secum in Babylone, 33. et mutavit stolam carceris ejus, et comedebat panem semper ante faciem ejus cunctis diebus quibus vixit. 34. Et mensium et datus est perpetuo a rege Babylonis de die in diem, usque ad diem qua mortuus est. BARUCH. ——— CAPUT I. 1. Et haec verba libelli, quae scripsit Baruch filius Neriae filius Maasaeae filius Sedeciae filius Asadize filius Chelcizm, in Babillonia, 2. in anno quinto, in septima mensis, in tempore quo ceperant Chaldaei Jerusalem, et incenderant eam in igne. 3. Et legit Baruch verba libelli hujus in auribus Jechonias filius Joacim regis Juda, et in auribus universi populi venientium ad libellum, 4. et in auribus potentium et filiorum regum, et in auribus seniorum, et in auribus universi populi, a parvo usque ad magnum, omnium habitantium in Babillonia super flumen Sudo. 5. Et plorabant, et jejunabant, et orabant ante Dominum, 6. et collegerunt argentum, secundum quod cujusque potentiam manus, et miserunt in Jerusalem ad Joacim filium Chelcize filius Salom, sacerdotem, et ad sacerdotes, et ad omnem populum qui sunt inventi cum eo in Jerusalem, 7. in accipiendo ipsum vasa domus Domini, quae fuerant exportata e templo, ad reducendum in terram Juda, decima parte Sival, vasa argentea, quae fecerat Sedecias filius Josiae regis Juda, 8. postquam Nabuchodonosor rex Babylonis transtulit Jechoniam, et principes, et vinctos, et potentes, et populum terrae a Jerusalem, et duxit eum in Babillonia. 9. Et dixerunt : Ecce misimus ad vos argentum, et emete argento holocausta et pro peccato, et thuris, et facite manna, et offerete super altare Domini Dei nostri, 10. et orate pro vitam Nabuchodonosor regis Babylonis, et ad vitam Baltasar filius ejus, ut sint dies eorum sicut dies herem super terram. BARUCH. Cal. II. 543 12. Kat 90ozt Küptoc v fiiv, xal qorríset zobc dgüxhuoUe fuv, xxi Lraóuiüs Umà vh» exikv Na- LAE FAN Baauéos Ba6ulcwos, xal zb cv axitv Bakzácap viou adz09, xal Megutir n abrois $uáoac t0) kc, xo süpíisousv qo ivavzlov abzüv. 13. Ka mpoztüLac0s mspl fuu mobe Kóptov chv Osbv uiv, 6ct fid pzopev x) Kuglo Oe fuv, xal oUx ánéapelzv 6 Üuubc Kuglou xol $ ópy?) abvoU ds fpiov Éec cT fufpac vaíhc. 1. Kal dvatvooooÜs xà [hA lov xo010 à dove. pi£v. T poc Unc, EayopéUtan Ev obuo Kuplou, £v fus£oa Éopzzs xai iv fpípate xatpoü, 15. xal £pzixe* TG. Kupioo Oeo fO f, Cuctocóvr f$uiv Ob ale 0vn Ov mpogumov, Oc f fufpx aícn, av pom "[o532., xa zoic xacotxouctv 'Isgousadyg., 10. xai xoig Bacueootv fiuDv, xal voie doyoustw d- pv, xal «oic legeüaw $ubov, xal «oie mporirate fdv, xal voic macpdoty fuv, 17. Qv fysaprouey Pvavet Kuptou, 18. xol JmeZcuuiv nürip, xol oUx Txoucauy T qus Kupfou OkeoU fiuiv, mopsótcÓUut toic mpoc- céyuast Kuplzu, oic ÉDxyxs xav póqurzov fgiov, 19. dmb Tüc fuspac $e iet K3gtos zobo tucé£puc $uSw £x v7. Alqumcoo, xal Éoc T fuipzo vuUtue Tys0n. dxeiücUvzte poc Kuptov Ocbv fjv, xa éayt- Sidzouev Trpoc 19 uo, dxodatv ze uv abroU. 20. Kal x13 tle due cà xxx xai 4 dok, $v cuvírals Kóptog tip Mec? zit abro0 iv uox $ qus zooe macípas fiui Ex qu Alqimcou, BoUvat "hiv Y7* pe qax xat a£, óc $, fu£oz aüzm. 21. Kat obx 7xoucagev 17, gov; Kupiou x90 O)o9 Juv, xzck mzdvvag vob Aóyouc Tüw mpoyTtüN Ow dnéaceOu mpbe fusis. c. Kal oy ópsÜa. Éxxozoc £v Dtavola: xapBlac abro TEC TovnoRc, fpydlecÓai Üroig Écípot;, moUjaut ck xaxk xav ógüuAuobe Kupíou OeoU fiv. KEODAAAION P'. 1. Kalendae primus, dies octavus, in civitate et iuxta civitatem qua sub Ovidio. Hanc diei observationem in usu. Quaestio de Ovidio in actibus senatus. Sive sabbati, sive ferii, in hanc diei observationem. 2. Collationes diei duodecimus, huius diei usu. Vetus legis interpretatio in his actionibus. 3. Tot cuique fuit, divisor adplicatus viginti ad cotidieum, et divisor bis septies undeviginti in annum. 4. Kalenda novem, mensis kalendas, et festivalia Baeusia vaticinio suo. 5. Kalendis venire coeperunt, et semel imanu, et dudorius. 6. Colloquium. 7. Totus dies. 8. Dominus dabit fortitudinem nobis, et illuminabit oculos nostros, et vivemus sub umbra Nabuchodonosor regis Babylonis, et sub umbra Baltazar filius eius, et serviemus eis dies multos, et inveniemus gratiam coram eis. 9. Eligite pro nobis ad Dominum Deum nostrum, quia peccavimus Domino Deo nostro, et non avertit se furor Dominii et ira ejus a nobis usque ad diem hanc. 14. Et legistis librum hunc quem misimus ad vos, recitari in domo Domini, in die solemni et in diebus temporalibus, 15. et dicetis: Domino Deo nostro justitia, nobis autem confusio facierum, sicut dies hic, lihomini Judae, et habitantibus Jerusalem, 16. et regibus nostris, et principibus nostris, et sacerdotibus nostris, et prophetis nostris, et patribus nostris, 17. quae peccavimus ante Dominum, 18. et non credidimus ei, et non audivimus vocem Domini Dei nostri, ut ambularemus in mandatis Domini, quae dedit ante faciem nostram, 19. a die qua eduxit Dominus patres nostros de terra Aegypti, et usque ad diem hanc fuimus increduli erga Dominum Deum nostrum, et vagabamur ne audiremus vocem ipsius. 20. Et adhuc mala et maledictio, quam constituit Dominus Moysi puero suo in die qua eduxit patres nostros de terra Aegypti, ad dandum nobis terram fluentem lac et mel, sicut dies hic. 21. Et non audivimus vocem Domini Dei nostri, secundum omnia verba prophetarum quos misit ad nos. 22. Et abiumus unusquisque in sensu cordis nostri malus, operari diis alienis, facere mala ante oculos Domini Dei nostri. CAPUT II. 1. Et statuit Dominus verbum suum, quod locutus est super nos, et super iudices nostros judicantes Israel, et super reges nostros, et super principes nostros, et super hominem Israel et Judae, 2. ut adduceret super nos mala magna, quae non facta sunt sub omni calo, quemadmodum fecit in Jerusalem, secundum quae scripta sunt in lege Moysi, 3. ut manducaremus nos, homo carnes filii sui, et homo carnes filiae suae. Et dedit eos subiectos omnibus regnis quae in circuitu nostro, in improperium et in unum in omnibus populis in circuitu quo dispersit eos Dominus illuc. Et facti sunt subter et non supra, quia peccavimus Domino Deo nostro, non audiendo vocem ipsius. Dominus Deus nostro justitia, nobis autem et patribus. Adhuc ergo sic et nobis confusio facierum, sicut est dies haec. A Dres Kopte jo, fuge, malvagis tenebris. Kalendis Koptis novem, in via. In Gerontia motus confusio facierum, sicut est dies haec. Kalendis Koptis novem, in via. In Aegypto civitate virtute vestita. Kalendis Koptis novem, in via. Kalendas Koptis, salus, et Ocat in Koptis exercitatus. Kat' hodiem, servivit Deo, Dei Filius in obsequium Patris. Qui vivis, Kopte Gebe; "Vivo", et fac curam Aegypto, in via. Aliquot in septuplex, et in quadruplex; sed in duoplas, et in singulas, servivit Deo. Judicator, Vobis levatus, Tuitorius, Kopte Sabaeus servus, rem cotidie consequi aude. Amor coetus in unum, Symbosch in unum, Kopte Sabeus servus, rem cotidie consequi aude. Elizabeth, Kopte, in via salutari, cura ut ceteri. Corneille, Kopte, in via salutari, cura ut ceteri. Eva, in via. In Aegypto civitate virtute vestita. 17. "Avoizov o9) uoós cou, xal Uc 6x ob ol xe- Ovrxócec iv à. Kn, iov Orig co mrveUjr astóv dnb cv cmAkYjvov abrüw, Bicouct Sótav xal Gixattopux 1i) Kuplor 18. d)Àk 4 uy f Aomoupévn inl 6. nés, 8 nae xoncov xai doÜevoUv, xal ol ógfiaAuot ol. ix- girovtte , xal f$ voy 4 meia Bocouci cot Qótav xal Guatosóvrv, Kupte, 19. "Oct oüx £r à Soxxuburea cow mapu fiuiiv «al xioy BxoUdtov fiuiiv figiric xava6d).ousv cov Ékcov xaTà mpozgwmóv cou, Kópu 6 Ocbc fiv, 20. P» iyzxac vóv Üupóv cou xol hv Sev cou slc fic , xaüdmep Eisac Ev expl vióv maion aou civ mpognióv, 21. Otzwc eins Küptoc" KAvaze «bv oxuov pv SpydcacÓat zb BacU.et BaGuXovoc, xat xafzaze eni h* qv fv G£Oexa. voie macpiaty but. z2. Kal ikv u3, dxoberxe vc qusc Kuplou, doyá- cacÜat ci reina Ba6uXowvos , 23. Ge Wyetv motíot 2x. móAeeov. "Too2x xai Éiofiev *Ipouaa)ohg evvhy £üppocUvr xal qvi y agi.osóvne, qvi vupczlou xal quviv vóyprs, xal Éfozat mica d$ Q7 E &6azov dm EvotxoDvcov: 34. Kal cox Àxoóaauuv tic gore cou, doydouct)at 1p BxcUst BaGuAGvoc. Kal Éetnaac cobc Moyouc aou, q E)desae v yepol cO ma(Dnv cou tv mrpogrizüv, 00 deveyüzvat 5k ÓotR acOov fiv xal tà óc cv Turípuy fuv Ux coU vÓmou aÜrihv. | 25. Ka 055 demtw (appa uva c xaóuart zc fad- BAPOYX. Keg. B'. 7. Que locutus est Dominus super nos, omnia mala luec quae venerunt super nos , 8. Et non sumus deprecati faciem Domini, ut revertere tur unusquisque a cogitationibus cordis sui pessimi. 9. Et vigilavit Dominus in malis, et adduxit Dominus super nos, quia justus est Dominus in omnibus operibus suis quae mandavit nobis. 10. Et non audivimus vocem ipsius, ut iremus in praecipuis Domini, quae dedit ante faciem nostram. 11. Et nunc, Domine Deus Israel, qui eduxisti populum tuum de terra Aegypti in manu potenza tua, et in signis et in prodigis et in virtute magna et in brachio excelso, et fecisti nomini tuo, sicut est dies isti. 12. peccavimus, impie egimus, inique gessimus, Dominus Deus noster, in omnibus justificationibus tuis. 13. Avertatur ira tua a nobis, quia derelicti sumus pauci inter gentes quo dispersisti nos illuc. 14. Exaudi, Domine, preces nostras et orationem nostram, et erue nos propter te, et da nobis gratiam ante faciem eorum qui nos abduxerunt. 15. ut sciat omnis terra quia tu es Dominus Deus noster, quia nomen tuum invocatum est super Israel et super gentem ipsius. 16. Respice, Domine, de domo sancta tua, et intende in nos, et inclina, Domine, aurem tuam, et audi. 17. Aperi oculos tuos, et vide quia non mortui qui sunt in inferno, quorum assumptus est spiritus eorum a viscera suis, dabunt honorem et justificationem Domino: 18. sed anima quae tristatur in magnitudinem, qui incurvus et infirmus, et oculi deficientes, et anima esuriens dabunt tibi gloriam et justitiam, Domine. 19. Quia non super justificationibus patrum nostrorum et regum nostrorum nos fundimus misericordiam ante faciem tuam, Domine Deus noster. 20. quia immisisti furorem tuum et iram tuam in nos, sicut locutus es in manu puerorum tuorum prophetarum. 21. Sic dixit Dominus: Inclinate humerum vestrum et opera facite regi Babylonis, et sedete super terram quam dedi patribus vestris. 22. Quod si non audieritis vocem Domini, operari regi Babylonis, 23. deficere faciam de civitatibus Juda et a foris Jerusalem vocem Letitiae et vocem gaudii, vocem sponsi et vocem sponsae, et erit omnis terra sine vestigio ab inhabitantibus. 24. Et non audivimus vocem tuam, ut operemur regi Babylonis. Et statuisti verba tua, quae locutus es in manu puerorum tuorum prophetarum, ut transferrentur Ossa regum nostrorum et ossa patrum nostrorum de loco suo. 25. Et ecce projecta sunt vestigia diei, et gelu noctis, et BARUCH. Qui, Xa v0) mayrtü) «Xe vuxtbe, xal dmiüdvocav dv mÓvotc movripois , v Atti xol dv fonna, xal iv ámo- C103). 26. Ka Pünxec xbv clxov ob irex)oífhn c óvou cou x abc), o $; fid on am, Xx movuptav olxou "Ioo3 xai olxou "loj2a. $7. Kat éroíyeac clc fuste, Kóote 6 coc fuv, xack mücav imuixrty coU xal xark mwvex olxtipuóy Goo cov pévav, 28. xxl Dnus £v expl atiós oou Mosjoz;, iv "u£pa ivrexuévoo cou avi) Yodit cv vá cou &yxvtiov vliv Iogz3, Avv 29, "Ev 3, dxodanzt «T gos uoo, el why $ gon- Gre f; uet), 5 m0XX3 noz dmocvpépet. el; paxpky iv «oic Éüvemw ob Oorepó) abzobs ixi 30. Ust Évwnv Uxt oO 3, dxodawst uou, Gc Vas cxÀn- grips io1. Kad émocpbjouaww Er xap&av aüzóv v Y7i GmotxtcuoD. abzüv, 31. xai qvooysut Óct Ev. Küptos 6 Gehe adici. Kata sto arkos xapavlav xo orca. Dzounvca, 32. xal alvégousi ue. iv Q7; dxoxicuaut autov, xal uva isovcat olu Ovonxsóu uou, 33. xal dmogipéleutw dmb col woycou aüzi)v col cxXnpoü, xui dzó movrgüv moocrx udo aUzü, Ur uyncÜdsoveut cie 6203 macípuw abt Gv ápapciv- ov Éyzvxt Kuplou, 31 Kal dmostpéjo ajzob, cl; cv T5» 3v uoa ^oig mucpdctw autov, v "Apad. xal 70 "Ioxkx xal ip "laxi, xal xugudcougty abrze xal mxArÜvvio aü- 50b, xa o) ud; ag.txpuvüGat. 35. Kal evo. abcois Diatr alivrov, «olu elvat Qt aürois tig OMebv, xal mÜcol Ícovem( wot elg Aaóv. Kai o) xenon Ézt by. Aaóv uou "5923. do «7s Yi 3c Éuxa adcois. KETAAAION T". 1. Képie mxveoxpdcno 6 Gebc "Ispac, oy dv axe- Vois xoi mveüpa dcr 2uov xéxparye mpoe a£. 2. "Axoucow, Küpu, xal £Mnsov, (") 6 hip&pzo- pev. évavziov aov, 3. "Qt eb xafbuevoc xbv alüva, xai fuels GmoAAU- puevot ty adiova. 4. Kópus mavroxpdtp 6 GMebc "Iapad., dzoucov 23, "js mpoctuy Te Gv veÜvrxótuv "Icoa7A, xgi vlióv cüv Ápapzavoveoy Byavcioy 60v, ol olx Tixoucav zx Qui. cou Qu abzGv, xat xor futy cx xaxd. 5.. M3 uivrisÜs dou moxsépoy fiov, dXX qorif- GÜnzt yetoóc aou xal üvdpuxcóe aou £v 16 xd TOUT , 8. E Sb Kópto; 6 eoo fuii, xal uivécop£v e, Kógi- ' 7. Ui Di coco Éioxac vov oóov cou ici xapàlav TkGiv, xat éxtxadeistzt xb vou cou. Kal alvécou£v €t 0v «3, Gxouda f uiiv, Urt drtocoilausy dnb xaoó(ac fiiv many dOuxlav macéptov fiov, viov "uapvnxocuw £yavzlov aov. ái i cat 8. "20b fuic 2y 3j doxla fuv, ob ài- enttpac fidc éxei K vehe: xat X dpkv, xai elg VETUS TESTAMENTUM. Car. III. 545 mortui sunt in doloribus pessimis, in fame et in gladio, et in missione. 26. Et posuisti domum in qua invocatum est nomen tuum in ipsa, sicut hickey dies, propter iniquitatem domus Israel et domus Juda. 27. Et fecisti in nos, Domine Deus noster, secundum omnem bonitatem tuam et secundum omnem misericordiam tuam illam magnam, 28. sicut locutus es in manu pueri tui Moysi, in die qua dixeris ei scribere legem tuam coram filiis Israel, dicens : 29. Si nolite audire vocem meam, profecto turba magna multa hec convertetur in parvam in gentibus quo dispersam eos illuc : 30. quia scio quod non audient me, quia populus est dura cervice. Et converteantur ad cor suum in terra transmigrationis suae, 31. et scient quia ego sum Dominus Deus eorum. Et dabo eis cor et aures audientes , 32. et laudabunt me in terra captivitatis suae, et memo- res erunt nominis mei , 33. et avertere se a dorso suo duro, et a malignis nego- liis suis, quia reminiscentur viae patrum suorum peccaminum ante Dominum, 34. Et revocabo illos in terram quam juravi patribus eorum, Abraam et Isaac et Jacob, et dominabuntur ei: multiplicabo eos, et non minorabuntur. 35. Et statuam illis testamentum sempiternum, ut sim illis in Deum, et ipsi erunt mihi in populum. Et non movebo amplius populum meum Israel a terra quam dedi eis, CAPUT III. 1. Domine omnipotens Deus Israel, anima in augustiis et spiritus anxiatus clamat ad te. 2. Audi, Domine, et miserere, quia peccavimus ante te. 3. Quia tu sedes in sempiternum, et nos perimus in evum, Domine omnipotens Deus Israel, audi nunc orationem mortuorum Israel, et filiorum corum qui peccaverunt ante te, qui non audierunt vocem tuam Dei sui, et agglutinatae sunt nobis mala. 5. Noli meminisse iniquitatum patrum nostrorum, sed memento manus tuae et nominis tui in tempore isto, 6. quia tu es Dominus Deus noster, et laudabimus te, Domine: 7. quia propter hoc dedisti spiritum tuum in cor nostrum, et ut invocemus nomen tuum. Et laudabimus te in captivitate nostra, quia avertimus a corde nostro omnem iniquitatem patrum nostrorum, qui peccaverunt ante te. 8. Ecce nos hodie in transmigratione nostra, quo nos dispersusti illuc in improperium, et in maledictum, et in ignominiam. 9. quia Deus misericordius est: et miserere, quia... 10. Tres, ultima, et ultima die. 11. Cogitans, "Iustus, zelo tuo." 12. Si Dominus Deus noster. 13. En ut annis, et miserere nobis, Beys impones remedio. 14. Ma quot diu, inter peccata, ne ut vivat Rex in solitudine. 15. Lo, et haec quid agit cernens, quid cogitans. 15. "Tig shops cover 26 movements, and clear, elegant recipes." 109c Ünsaupous and so forth. 16. Flow elective. Various courses, and of updates, encourage the TS. 17. On the other hand, when designing the program, consider the students' interests. 18. "According to 30 displays, the Jotunheimr techniques, and the principles of design." 20. Neovision is a language, and also our end goal, 530v 0b Eesti. 21. On the other hand, the display of the model, 02P devouring absolutely; on the other hand, the violin is playing: 5,000 movements per second. 22. On the other hand, the exhibition of the Thy terrace, and the potential of the Mijoky, which Gat Xv, and also pools do not share. On the other hand, the exhibition of the Ts Gewölb, 500v Eisk colored, and vibrant language. 23. "Therefore, the union of the classical and the contemporary, and the potential of the Eisk terrace, 600v the coldest of the columns, 500v luminous language, and vibrant colors." 24. "Therefore, the total cost of the exhibition is 5,000 euros, including all taxes." 25. More than that, and also very likely, other dances that depict the national spirit. 26. "According to various estimates, the total cost of the project is around 7,000,000 euros." 27. On the other hand, the design of the Siegfried Ring, 500v the emblem of the nation. 28. Therefore, the total cost of the exhibition is 620v the currency of the nation, and also the design of the building, encompassing all costs. 29. This exhibition, showcasing the diverse culture, and also the national spirit, is expected to be a great success. 30. The entire exhibition, including the building design, the displays, and the events, is expected to cost 6,000,000 euros. 31. "Therefore, the total budget for the project is 6,620,000 euros, including all taxes and expenditures." 32. "AXX 6 cldtz ck xávcx. qtwicxst ahy, eseUpev abzhy 7i cuvéaet aieo * 6 xavacxeudaus Thy 7v elc xbv aliiva y pdvov, Evéznaev abcly xcrnviov ce tQa xod. 33. 'O dzoctÓJuny 7b giis xal roptievat , ixd)ecty ajzb, xal ürcíxouaev abc) spduun. a&, Ot 8i doctpee Daniyxy iv vais quXuxatie adcüiv, xa eügodvÜv sav as. Dxd)ecey abcobe, xi rixov * TIdpeogev * Dag lxv. uet! ebgpocüvs sip motísavet adroUe. BAPOYX. Keg. T. debitum secundum ommes iniquitates patrum nostrorum qui discesserunt a Domino Deo nostro. 9. Audi, Israel, mandata vitae: auribus percipite, ut sciatis prudentiam. 10. Quid est, Israel, quid quod in terra inimicorum es? 11. Inveterasti in terra aliena, coinquinatus es cum mortuis, deputatus es cum iis qui in infernum, 12. dereliquisti fontem sapientiae. 13. In via Dei si ambulasses, habitasses utique in pace in seculum. 14. Disce ubi sit prudentia, ubi sit virtus, ubi sit intellectus, ut scias simul ubi sit longanimittus vider et victus, ubi sit lumen oculorum et pax. 15. Quis invenit locum ejus, et quis intravit in thesauros ejus? 16. Ubi sunt principes gentium, et qui dominantur bellis quae sunt super terram, 17. qui in avibus calle ladicant, et argentum thesaurizant, et aurum in quo confidunt homines, et non est finis acquisitionis eorum? 18. Qui enim argentum fabricant et solliciti sunt, nec est inventio operum illorum. 19. Exterminati sunt et ad inferos descenderunt, et alii loco eorum exsurrexerunt. 20. Juvenes viderunt lumen, et habitaverunt super terram, viam autem scientiae ignoraverunt, 21. neque intellexerunt semitas ejus, neque susceperunt eam filii eorum: a via ipsorum longe facti sunt, 22. neque audita est in Chanaan, neque visa est Thesamo." 23. Filii quoque Agar exquirentes prudentiam qui super terram, negotiatores Meran, et Thaema, et fabulatores et exquisitores intelligentiam, viam sapientiae nescierunt, neque commemorales sunt semitas ejus. 25. O Israel, quam magna est domus Dei, et ingens locus possessionis ejus, magnus est, et non habet finem, excelsus et immensus. 26. Ibi fuerunt gigantes nominati qui ab initio fuerunt statura magna, scientes bellum. 27. Non hos elegit Deus, neque viam sapientiae dedidit eis, et perierunt eo quod non haberent prudentiam, perierunt propter temeritiam suam. 29. Quis ascendit in celum, et accepit eam, et deduxit eam de nubibus? 30. Quis transfixit mare, et invenit illam, et afferent eam auro electo? 31. Non est qui sciat viam ejus, nec qui excogitaret semitas ejus. 32. Sed qui scit universa novit eam, adinvenit eam intellectu suo: qui preparavit terram in septernum tempus, replevit eam jumentis quadrupedibus. 33. Qui mittit lumen et vadit, vocavit illud, et obedivit illi in tremore. 34. Stelle autem fulserunt in custodiis suis, et laetae sunt: 35. vocavit eas, et dixerunt: Adsumus: luxerunt cum jucunditate ei qui fecit illas. BARUCH. 38. OZOC 6 GEBE FIKOIV, O0 AOSISTEAT EZEKOC MOBC AOCÓV. 37. EZEPUPE MUAUU 62V PMIOCI ERE, XA PONXEVAO- MY OOU ZI) AI2T ADOO XX "092. 50 JND BX AJTOU. 38. MECH COCO. INL AE YT 020R, XAI OVI DSV- ÜPÓNOTE CUVAVEA PD ON. KETE DAAMIA. 1. ABER BI GAOC ZV MPOSCAQÁESV XAO COO, XAI & VINOS 6 ÜRKGY TV ELE CVU ALTIVX * MDVETE OK XPATOUVATQ NUCHI, ELG GEROLO 03 XACAEINOVTZS AIV DUOLAVOV ZAT, 2. "EXTEZOG OV , "IAXI£, XAI I069 OTIS DU- EZUCOY MPUT HY AMISTYX ACOEVAVST I09. GURZBC AUAZE. a. MÀ ex Éctgo ly otav aou, xal vk cuy.oégovz cot, Évzt dà).oz ot. 4. Maxdput éouiv, 'Icoxsj, üzt cà dpeavk 199 OzoU fiv vvoscá éomv. 5. Ogetizs , Jac uou , uvnócuvov "Icona. €. "Exgáürnzt zoic Üveaty oUx tlg dmubztav, QUk c magopyíont (uA vov Ov, mupszdiit vois üxivav- clot. 7. Vagoóvaze yàp zv movíeavez Ups, Üucavces Satgoviotc, xal oj Ost. 8. "Exzhaüssüs zbw zpogsücuwta Guo, Ohbv alo- wiow, PAumjsuse Db xal vhv Óxüoflacxw Ops "lepou- GaMÉM. : 9. Eie yàp vh» inc)oUcaw Opiv dpphw mupk co) Oca3, xat £ixev: Axodaas , a zrdpotxot Xuov: Oíeratí uot 6 Obs míévüos nén. 10. KiZov vào civ alyuaduncxw zv uiGiw uou xxl ü)v Üuvacéptov, fj» Erfprayev azul, 6 Alovtoc. * it CEÓgrya Yo aucoue ue! sUyoocuvne, ant- ccs GE uz xau) xai xévÜouc. m. Mzóns ixcurpése uot4T yox xu xaTuhi- qlsiov, ómb oXov, Yong» cux xt &papzlas ziv zÉxvov uoo , ict Egiavav Ex vouou Occo, V. xai Ouxxuopacx aüzoU oUx Évwocaw, o)5l Pxo- zfinaav 5Ocis EvcoAGi O00 , oUG$ xol Gouc xatüslas Ev Gvxatocivr, aizo0 Extónoav. ni. "EXd£zosav ai zdootxot Xu), xxl uvía0rnie viv bo ers ' ay ansia 3 viGv uou xat Üuyazé£zuv, $v Ex ya- qiv avro 6 Alowtoc, 15. "Ezáyay& vào im! adrobc Üüvoc uaxpófiev, Éüvoc dvat2ls xat dAAO)oGov" xt oUx Try uvÜnaav moscÓU- Ty 000b matDlov T Encav, 16. xal dmijyavyov obe dyumzT0UG Te qiue, xxi mb T6 Üuvacécov c1» ovt Tipfuecav. Vj. Egto Gi zl Guvacr, Borffraus Gui; 18. "O yàg imuyuqor cà xax diosa buc ix gigs Ej pow bu. ur Bsiieses zx, BazUgese, Ego qo xatoat- q9nv Épnuos. : 20. "Efsiuadyny vv a0] 57« elpivae, ivtduad- qenv 8k odxxov xis Grfasooe uou xexpaton.at mpàc Tbv aitovioy £y t2ic fpépns pou. , - , "M n Y 21. Gagpzizr, vixva, Borcztt zooc vv Ov, xxl esten pis Ex Guvaazeinc, £x tpe D UoOv. Car. IV. 547 36. Hic est Deus noster, non estimabitur alius ad eum. 37. Adinvenit omnem viam scientiae, et dedit eam Jacob puero suo et Israel dilecto suo. 38. Post hoc in terra visus est, et cum hominibus conversatus est. CAPUT IV. 1. Hic liber mandatorum Dei, et lex qua est in aeternum : Omnes qui tenent eam, ad vitam : qui autem dereliquerint eam morientur. 2. Convertere, Jacob, et apprehende eam : ambula per viam ad splendorem contra lumen ejus. 3. Ne tradas alteri gloriam tuam, et quae conferunt tibi, genti alienae. 4. Beati sumus, Israel, quia quid Deo placent manifesta sunt nobis, 5. Confidite, populus meus, memoriale Israel. 6. Venumdantur estis gentibus non in perditionem, eo quod ad iracundiam provocastis Deum, traditi estis adversariis. 7. Exacerbasti enim eum qui fecit vos, immolantes daemoniis, et non Deo. 8. Obliti estis eum qui nutrivit vos, Deum zlernum, contristastis autem et nutricem vestram Jerusalem. 9. Vidit enim supervenientem vobis iram a Deo, et dixit : Audite, confines Sion : adduxit mihi Deus luctum magnum. 10. Vidi enim captivitatem filiorum meorum et filiarum, quam superduxit illis /Eternus. 11. Nutrivit enim illos cum jucunditate, dimisit autem cum fletu et luctu. Nemo gaudeat super me viduam et relictam a multis, desolata sum propter peccata filiorum meorum, quia declinaverunt a lege Dei, et justificationes ejus nescierunt, nec ambulaverunt per vias mandatorum Dei, neque per semitas disciplinaejus ascenderunt. Veniant confines Sion, et memoretur captivitatem filiorum meorum et filiarum, quam superduxit illis Sernus. Adduxit enim super illos gentem de longinquo, gentem impudentem et alterius linguae: quia non reverentur senem neque parvuli misericordia sunt, et abduxerunt dilectos viduam, et a filiabus solam destinarunt. Ego autem quid possum adjuvare vos? Qui enim adduxit mala eripiet vos de manu inimicorum vestrorum. Ambulate, filii, ambulate, ego enim derelicta sum deserta. Exuit me stola pacis, indui autem me sacco obsecrationis meae: clamabo ad Aeternum in diebus meis. Confidite, filii, clamate ad Deum, et eripiet vos de dominatione, de manu inimicorum. Cure, pater Noster, qui statuis in caelo et in terra: Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie, et remittimus tibi debitorem nostrum sicut et nos remittimus debitoribus nostris, et ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed libera nos a malo. In nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. Amen. Egregiis periculis saecleris hujus, qua filii mei in angustiis, circumdederunt mea, et vias peace meas clausit, induxi vestimenta felleae et cilicium, in ffiguram miseriarum et laboris: remoro nocturno vigilo, et in sollemnitatibus ordinatus, sacrificio meo pacifico pacificor. Densus in otio non ego, sed cogitatio horribilis perturbat me, et inquietat animam meam: quia ego sum hominem peccati, et mulieris camelo spiritu fornicationis, et filii corrupto parentum meorum in his corruptis. O quam miserrimi sumus, et quanto in illis deprendimur iniquitate, qui in vanitate rationis caute agendas cogitamus, et in tentatione Peccati, et in felle amaritudinis gustamus: qualis est enim pænitentia nostra, quae non sit in Deo? Et quem ad modum Deum quidquer spernemus, qui in cruce sustinuit nos, et quotidie moriendo vivit, ut vivere nos faciat in saecula saeculorum. Amen. 28. Ο πόλεμος συνεχίζεται με ένταση ην 62 αποσοφιστευκεν δεν μπορεί να υποφέτεيكον. Αγνώστης όχο μυρολόγος φορμών έμπειρος, έμπειρος όν πολλών δυνάμεων. 7. Ο κόσμος, σή_SYMBA, η Βόρειαπολική περιοχή της Γης. 28, (Μηδείς δεν επιτρέπουν να κυριαρχούν. Οι εστίες όλων των κοινωνιών ταχύτατα ισορροπία. 29. Ο Τάφος μετονοράφσκεται από τα σκαλοπάτια της εγκάρδιας αλληλεγγύης και των μαχών που διεξάγονται με τη στάση του. 30. Γνωστός, ο πολεμικός, η μεγαλόπρεπη κατάληψη και η γνώμη των. 33. Διάκορος στο πόντο, ένα νέο σενάριο κυριαρχίας. 34. Το 칼ίρινο πυργόσπιτο, ένα από τα εκπωλεματικά εμπόρια. 35. Η Χρυσή Λεία, το μέσω που καμφτάνει οι απαρχές στην παρακρηστικό έναντι του. 36. Η ασυλία του Τάφου, κήρυξεν τον κινητο wang. 37. Φύση, εμπόλεμος, ο πόλεμος είναι η πρόοδος, η βία, εθνική είναι τα μυστικά που κατεχόμενες χώρα, προορισμός. 5. Av&sOnzt, "Iepousaihp. , xot aco in 00 b AoU, xat epi Aelat mp &yacoMe , xal Tae guvaudva tÉxva. cou áo fou Ducpiov Étog dvavoAOv cip (5- utt v9) &víoo, yalpoveas 73, 100 Oed uve(a. w, xateOuoLé cr Ó Dyüpoc, xal | at. Actor ol. cb xaxósavete xal ixxyaoivees 73 | Avirfljaevat enl cj Éxutis | BAPOYX. Keg. E. 22. Ego enim speravi in JEterno salutem vestram : et venit mihi gaudium a sancto super misericordia , quie veniet vobis velociter ab /Eterno salvatore nostro. 23. Emisi enim vos cum ploratu et luctu, reddet autem vos mihi Deus cum gaudio et jucunditate in sempiternum. 24. Sicut enim nunc viderunt vicina Sion captivitatem vestram, sic videbunt in celeritate vestram quae a Deo sa- lutem, qua superveniet vobis cum gloria magna et splen- dore ipsius JEterni. | 25. Filii, patienter sustihete supervenientern vobis a Deo iram, persecutus est te inimicus, et videbis ipsius perditio- nem cito, et super cervices eorum ascendes, 26. Delicati mei ambulaverunt vias asperas , ablati sunt ut grex direptus ab inimicis, 27. Confidite, filii, et clamate ad Deum : erit enim ve- 8lri memoria ab eo qui induxit. 28. Sicul enim fuit sensus vester ut erraretis a Deo, de- cies tantum conversi quieretis eum. 29. Qui enim induxit vobis mala, inducet vobis sempi- ternam jucunditatem cum salute vestra. 30. Confide, Jerusalem , consolabitur te qui te nomina- vit. . ; 31. Miseri qui te vexaverunt et qui gratulati sunt in ruina tua, 32. miserz civitates quibus servierunt filii tui, misera quie accepit filios tuos. 33. Sicut enim gavisa est in tua ruina et Letata est in casu Luo, sic contristabilur in sua desolatione. | 34. Et ampatabo ab ea exsultationem multitudinis, et exsultatio ejus in luctum. Ignis enim superveniet ei ab aeterno in dies longos, et habitabitur a daemone mullo tempore. Circumspice, Jerusalem, ad offensum, et vide jucunditatem a Deo tibi venientem. Ecce veniunt filii tui quos dimisisti, veniunt collecti ab oriente usque ad occidentem in verbo sancto, gaudentes Dei gloria. Exuete, Jerusalem, stola luctus et vexationis tua, et inducite te decore gloriam, quae a Deo in sempiternum. Circumdata te diplode justitiae qua a Deo, impone mitram super caput tuum gloria; Eterni. Deus enim ostendet universas quae sub caelo splendorum tuum. Vocabitur enim nomen tuum a Deo in sempiternum, pax justitiae et gloria pietatis. Exsurge, Jerusalem, et sta in excelso, et circumspice ad orientem, et vide collectos filios tuos ab occasu solis usque ad ortum verbi sancti, gaudentes Dei memoria. ELXOY VIVO OPAV OLYMPICO, elegete advovatus Bebi, sors alpoucvouc, sed dolo OPAV lepra. XOVERASE QP SORI CAMELVOLUTAT, poc GDOINOV, xai IVAD EWWDOUC, xax CODORXYXE MAPPOUAZT TOLC GPEVOLBY XS Y76, (x. BATA "IOPAIXA DEGALEO AIJ O3 GTO BOTS. EXECAVCAY GBI XAL OF POUL XOL V EUAV EUECAZI "IGAJ. POCZD-RUAST TOL. OCCO, HYAICTTAT YAP SORI GEE "IGA VES' EBGPOSOVZE (QUI T7 GOLHE ALVOL CIV LAENNOGVRI, XA CUVATOCUV, TJJ AP. XUTOI. Exierunt enim abs te pedibus ducti ab inimicis, aducunt autem illos Deus ad te portas cum gloria sicut solium regni. Constituit enim Deus humiliare omnem montem excelsum, et cumulos perennes, et valles replere in aequalitatem terrae, ut ambulet Israel secure in Dei gloria. 9. Adducet enim Deus Israel cum jucunditate lumine majestatis suae cum justitia et misericordia quae ex ipso est. 8. Obumbraverunt autem etiam sylvas et omne lignum. OPHONIAS. KEPARAION A'. Kal 2£veco, ict cb ay arta 00v "Ingo, xal "Ispouco,. 3gnyaoUzvat, Exdüvoev "lecepiac xAat- ty, xa iüp,rnae rbv Ügfivov coUcov ixl "posae, xoi gims* AAEd. 1. IIóx ixdtws póvr, ^, moXts 4; renAvfug- pr, Xa&v ; "Eyevitr, bc ox mexAnfuugévr, iv Zove- etw, doyouga v yxpats ereviln ele gópov. BH. 2. KAxiouca É)auczv dv vuxtt, xal vk Odxpua az Pn Ow ctavyóvoy Uc, xal oUy Urdoyei 6 ma xaxov aU dmb müvzow TU dyxmO vov aúsqueda mávztc ol guigüvsse aüciyy Tf£enom £y xoc, Erévovto a7, els £yüpooc.. TIMEA. 3. Mezwxícór, "Iosa(x nb cvamctwoctu are, xxi Amb m Üouc GouAe(ac müvzc Éxdüuv 2v live, oy &boev dvo mtv mveee ok xataDtixovttc aUchv aastalor abzhy dvau£cow xiv Ütbivctov. AAAEo. 4. 'Oddi Xubv mivücUct mapk có qe) elvat BÉpyouévouc £v Éopz; mücat al mia adc Tiyavwsué- vat, o Íepetc az, dvaavevdLoustv, al meu ofÉvot aire dydusvat, xat aic mixgatvouévr, £v Éavct. M. 5. "Evévovzo oi 0AiGovzeg ach slc xe92)3yv, xal ,9 dee «ut. tünwoUcxv, Ut Kóptog évameivecev aüchw ixl v mATfos vOv derÓ:tov ava. Tà vámux abc, ExoosüÜnaav 0v aty adnata: xoci mpócormov 0 6ovzos. OYAY. e. Kal Pájün Ex Üuaphc Xwbv mou jj tüngéneux alc." Pj£vovxo ol dayovves adz7,e 6e xptol oyy tüplaxovztg vou, x«l Pmoptóovro iv oUx icyUi xauck mopóquyov Owsxovzoc. ZAIN. 7. "Euvíii0n Iepouco) y fgzgüv vamteevóiatus, GürTe, xul dmweaubv aure, muvix Tk Émijuw/ arra abcr. dox X» Up fuego doyaluv, Pv «ij msctiv cov Aaby abr sl zsipac ÜMovxoc, xal oüx T» 6 Bonfiov abs7,* lóvcec ol Cy ool ates Pv£Naoav End xavouecía ai. LAMENTATIONES JEREMIAH CAPUT 1. Et factum est, postquam in captivitatem redactus est Israel, et Jerusalem deserta est, sedit Jeremias flens, et lamentatus est lamentationem hanc super Jerusalem, et dixit: ALEPH. Quomodo sedit sola civitas quia repleta fuit populis? Facta est quasi vidua plena in gentibus, princeps in provinciis facta est in tributum. BETH. Plorans ploravit in nocte, et lacrima ejus in maxillis ejus, et non est qui consoletur eam ex omnibus diligentibus eam: omnes amici ejus spreverunt eam, facti sunt ei in inimicos. GIMEL. Migravit Judaea propter humiliationem suam, et propter multitudinem servitutis sua: sedit in gentibus, non invenit requiem: omnes persecutores ejus apprehenderunt eam in medio tribulantium. DALETH. Vis Sion lugent eo quod non sint qui veniant ad solemnitatem: omnes portae ejus destructae, sacerdotes ejus gemunt, virgines ejus abductae, et ipsa oppressa amaritudine in se. HE. Facti sunt tribulantes eam in caput, et inimici ejus locupletati sunt, quia Dominus humiliavit eam propter multitudinem impietatum ejus: parvuli ejus abierunt in captivitatem ante faciem tribulantis. VAU. Et ablatus est a filia Sion omnis decor ejus: facti sunt principes ejus velut arietes non invenientes pascuam, et abierunt absque fortitudine ante faciem persecventis. ZAIN. Recordata est Jerusalem dierum humiliationis suae, et rebellionum suarum; omnium desiderabilium suorum quae fuerunt ab diebus antiquis, cum caderet populus ejus in manus tribulantis, et non esset qui auxiliaretur ei: videntes inimici ejus riserunt super habitatione ejus. H0. THS. ». "Αχαροκομός" έχνης, χαρά αγροτικής ειδήσεις. Ολες οι πληροφορίες αγροτικού κόσμου. Λιβυόν Έρανος αγαπημένα, χαρά από τη συζωή μας. Ο γιος μας, που μας ελίσσεται. Ξενάγνος αγρότες, έρχεται η εποχή που κάνουμε μέρα με μέρα. Πόλεμος, ζεις σαν τον πόλεμο, πρόβατα. Λύκη και ποντικοί, έρχεται ο καιρός που κάνουμε μέρα με μέρα. Κοπή, ζεις σαν τη κοπή, πρόβατα. Βρήκαμε λάθος, δεν υπάρχει λόγος. Λυγερός, κάπου υπάρχει συναγροτικό κίνητρο. Λυγερός, ο λόγος είναι ο άξιος γεωργού. Τόδορο αγροτικό, οσμές ομβρίων. Λύκη, έρχεται η εποχή που κάνουμε μέρα με μέρα. Κοπή, ζεις σαν τη κοπή, πρόβατα. Ελκόμενες ίριδες, ο καιρός είναι αλληlopώβορο. Κοπρέ maioralis, ο καιρός είναι αλληlopώβορο. Σκιά, τον Ιούλο η πο ilaçία. Ο θρόμβος, το παρόν-πρόσθετο είναι αλληλοπωτό. Αγρότεροι, υπάρχει άλληiffera έκρηξη. Πολεμική, υπάρχει άλληiffera έκρηξη. Ίρις, υπάρχει ο αγρική γονιμότητα. Σκόνια majoralis, υπάρχει ο αγρική γονιμότητα. Μετρό, το μέγεθος του κόσμου. Δόρο, το παρόν-πρόσθετο είναι αλληλοπωτό. Λόγος, τον Ιούλο η πο ilaçία. Ο θρόμβος, το παρόν-πρόσθετο είναι αλληλοπωτό. Πρόβατα, ο καιρός είναι ο aktuellenο. Πρόβατα, ο καιρός είναι ο aktuellenο. Ήλιος, τον Ιούλο η πο ilaçία. Ο θρόμβος, το παρόν-πρόσθετο είναι αλληλοπωτό. Αρρωστέρωσαν λέμνουδες, υπάρχει άλλαϊναι noύς. Πόλεμος, υπάρχει άλλαϊναι noύς. Ιούνιος, ο καιρός είναι τουλάχιστον ανιαρό. Ιούλιος, ο καιρός είναι τουλάχιστον ανιαρός. Ημέρα, τον Ιούλο η πο ilaçία. Ο θρόμβος, το παρόν-πρόσθετο είναι αλληλοπωτό. Βουνό, σήμερα είναι σήμερα. Ήρα, σήμερα είναι σήμερα. Δόρο, το μέγεθος του κόσμου. Δόρο, το παρόν-πρόσθετο είναι αλληλοπωτό. Ιούνιος, ο καιρός είναι τουλάχιστον ανιαρός. Ιούλιος, ο καιρός είναι τουλάχιστον ανιαρός. Κόπη, μύριο συνηθισμένους. Δόρο, το παρόν-πρόσθετο είναι αλληλοπωτό. Πόλεμος, τώρα υπάρχει πολεμική. TXAAH. 18. Alxatóc oct Kóptoz, dct oxóya az05 muxoerixouva, "Axouaaee O7, mavreo oi Aaot, xal (eve «b dos woo. TYlagü£vot quou xa veaviexot (uou Pxoptó- Üraxv iv atyuadancía. KO. 1. "Exdhsex Toug ipacvde uou, mro Oi maprAoylszv:ó uu. Of lepeis pou xe ol mpecfiuzepot goo dv vi, zoe mov, Urt Eoi oyaav piant abcoie fva. Eoc oft uy re aseo, xen obj pov. PHXS. 90. "I2c, Kóote , 6t Ii opt, $, xoa uoo icapáy 0v, xal 3 xapBlx uou iozpasr, iv £uol, Ust ma- garuxpalvougx mzpsmtxpdvünw ftv Tzfxwosi us py aipt, Giensp Üdvazoc dv olx. . 21. "AxoUcaxt O*, Uxt ccevaton Pvà, obx Éacty b omupuxahu ui. Nevers ob Dyüpol goo Tooucuw cà xax uou, xxi £ydgraav, Üzt cu inotraac, PnApaqu fifpxv, Exd)ecue xavgov, Crévovso yotot Euot, OAY. z2.. Elg'ofot ma 3 xal adziov xutk moóc- wmtów cou, xz igvpdAAucov aücoic, Üv vpomov Pmotr- 6av intou)) (2n meg mkvtO Tv ÁuzpTEMATOY Mou" Ücv oV ot acevacy tot uio y xa, xag2la uoo Xumeivat. GPHNOI IEPEMIOY. Ks. A'. | HETH. 8. Peccalum peccavit Jerusalem, propterea in fluetuationem facta est. Omnes qui glorificabant eam humiliaverunt illam : viderunt enim ignominiam ejus , atque ipsa yemens et conversa est retrorsum. TETH. 9. Immunditia ejus ante pedes ejus, non est recordata novissimorum suorum, et. fecit se descendere immense : non est qui consoletur eam. Vide, Domine, humiliationem meam , quoniam magnificatus est inimicus. IOD. 10. Manum suam extendit tribulans ad omnia desiderabilia ejus, vidil enim gentes ingressas in sanctuarium ejus quas pra:ceperas non intrare eas in ecclesiam tuam. CHAPH. 11. Omnis populus ejus gementes, querebentes panem : dederunt desiderabilia ejus in cibum ad revocandam animam. Vide, Domine, et considera, quoniam facta est vilis. LAMED. 12. Qui ad vos, omnes qui transitis per viam, convertite vos et videte si est dolor justa dolorem meum, qui factus est. Locutus in me humiliavit me Dominus in die irae furoris sui. MEM. 13. De excelso suo misit ignem, in ossa mea ducit eum. Expandit rete pedibus meis, convertit me retrorsum, detlit me desolatam, tota die moerore confectam. NUN. 14. Vigilavit super impietates meas, in manibus meis complicata sunt: ascenderunt super collum meum, infirmata est virtus mea, quia dedit Dominus in manibus meis dolores, non potero stare. SAMECH. 15. Abstulit omnes fortes meos Dominus de medio mei, vocavit super me tempus conterendi electos meos. Torcular calcavit Dominus virgini filiae Juda, super his ego ploro. AIN. 16. Oculus meus deduxit aquam, quia longe factus est a me qui consoletur me, qui reducat animam meam: facti sunt filii mei perditi, quoniam invaluit inimicus. PHE. 17. Expandit Sion manum suam, non est qui consolentur eam. Mandavit Dominus ipsi Jacob, in circuitu ejus tribulantes eum: facta est Jerusalem in pollutam menstruis inter eos. TSADE. 18. Justus est Dominus, quia os ejus ad iracundiam provocavi. Audite, obsecro, universi populi, et videte dolorem meum. Virgines mee et juvenes mei abierunt in captivitatem. COPH. 19. Vocavi amatores meos, ipsi autem deciperunt me. Sacerdotes mei et seniores mei in urbe defecerunt, quia quaesierunt cibum sibi ut refocillarent animas suas, et non invenerunt. RECHS. 20. Vide, Domine, quoniam tribulo, conturbatus est venter meus, et cor meum versum est in me, quia exacerbans exacerbata sum: foris orbavit me filios gladius, sicut mors in domo.
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bim_eighteenth-century_an-address-to-the-lower-_1745_1
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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An address to the lower sort of people; on the subject of popery and the Pretender. Written to confute the notion, that our religion, laws and liberties can be safe, under a popish government; the fourth edition. And that it may have its propoer effect by the nobility and gentry dispersing it, sold at a guinea and half per hnudred [sic]. 1745
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BL /˖ ADDRESS VA The Lower Sort of PEOPLE; oN THE SUBJECT OF Porery and the PRETENDER. WRITTEN To conſute the Notion, that our Religion, Laws and Liberties can be ſafe, under a Po- piſb Government; — The FOURTH EDITION. And that it may have its proper Effect by the Nobility and Gentry diſperſing it, Sold at a Guinea and Half per Hnudret. | 1 LONDON: Printed for R. MonTacvu, at the Book-Warehouſe in Great Wild-fireet ; and fold by CHARLES CorBerr, at Addiſon's Head, againſt St. Danſian's Church, Flerftreer, MDCCXLV. [ Price SIx-PEN CCE. = * 0F . * fy — 0" nn wr N Ir LE 9 ADDRESS, &. — — | n AN 3 Friends and Countrymen, Have often wonder'd, that among the many Writers, who ſet forth to the Publick; Matter, of which com- mon Senſe is the moſt proper Judge, none. think fit to addreſs themſelves ro you, who, tho' you have not ſo much Learn- ing, muſt be allowed to have as much Common Senſe as your Betters. I take ic do be the Pride of Writers, that they think you not worth their Notice, or that they are fond of ſhewing their own Parts, by uſing ſuch Words and Arguments, as not One in a Hundred can underſtand. - When broken Heads and bloody Bones are thought neceſſary, then the reſt of the World pays you the Compliment, of applying to you to fave themſelves, and you have often | done conſiderable Service in that Reſpect. But it has ſometimes happen'd, that by your not making uſe of your Reaſon firſt, de- A 2 ſigning | L 4-3 figning Men have led you into Miſchief To look before you leap, is a Rule in Pru- dence, not the worſe for being old; and I dare ſay, if you had always the Truth on both Sides laid fairly before you, you would be as apt to take the right Side as any Men in the Kingdom. The wicked Deſigns of our Enemies at preſent occaſion me to try this Method. I have not Learning enough to make a Figure with, and ſhall therefore uſe not a Word nor a Piece of Reaſoning, but what the loweſt of you ſhall readily comprehend, It is not hard to underſtand Truth, but it is as eaſy to overlook it, when Men uſe Tricks to diſguiſe, or fine Lan- guage to conceal it. My aim isthe Good of my Country, and I cannot prevail with my- ſelf to compaſs ſo good an End by bad Means. 1 and the Pretender are Words that have been mightily laugh'd at of late Years ; yet it is well known, that Popiſh Prieſts have taken prodigious Pains all the while to bring People over to their Religion, in which they have actually ſucceeded too much, and now we are fatally convinc'd, that the Pretender has not yet dropt his Deſigns upon the Peace and Property of theſe King- doms. It is an Art, uſual with Enemies, to make you velieve that you are very ſafe, and then to ſurprize you in the midſt of yo ur — o Sn. 5 * \ * 4 7 Fre " * 13 your Security. But let me beg you to conſi- der, that tho it is their Intereſt to blind you, it is not yours to be blinded; and if ever there wasa Time for opening your Eyes, it is now. The Popiſh Powers would be glad to ſee : the Throne of theſe Kingdoms fill'd by a Papiſt : The French King would certainly do all he could towards it, becauſe His Ma- jeſty King George is the greateſt Hin- drance to his Scheme of conquering all Eu- rope. The Roman Catholicks among» us, who are a very numerous Body, would undoubtedly not be wanting on their Part; they often declare the Contrary, and to be ſure, honeſt Men of all Religions are to be believ'd ; but it is impoſſible, that a Man can be truly a Roman Catholick, without wiſhing well to the Pretender, any more, than you can be true Proteſtants withour being hearty Friends to King George. This being the Caſe, the Church of Rome has uſed every Method for dividing us, and one of their Practices has been to ſpread looſe Notions among the People about Re- ligion and Government. By Degrees they have perſuaded ſome, that it is a Matter indifferent to the People, who 1s their King, and they hope that the Diſcontents, which have been every where raiſed, added to this Notion, will bring about their were to prove, how abominably falſe every Romiſh Doctrine is: It has been done by greater Hands. I think I can do you more Ser- vice at preſent by ſhewing, that it is not a Matter indifferent, who is your King. My Meaning is not to diſpute about the T le, for I don't doubt but every Man of you is honeſt enough to allow, that you owe Allegiance to His Majeſty, that the Pre- tender has no Right in England, and that the Laws and Conſtitution muſt be broke, before he can get Footing here. But I mean to convince you, that your Happi- neſs and your Liberties depend upon the Proteſtant Eſtabliſhment, and that War, _ Famine or Peſtilence, are not more dange- rous Evils, than the Crown of this Realm on a Popiſh Head. I ſhall uſe no Argu- ments to prove it, but plain Matter of Fact. Perhaps you have not had Time to read the Hiſtory of England, or if vou have, other Buſineſs may have made you forget it. Give me leave therefore, to argue from thence, and 1 promiſe I'll ſay nothing but what Hiſtory will prove. The Queſtion is, can England be happy, or can it be leſs than miſerable, under a | Roman Catholick Government? I anſwer, No, becauſe we have tried it twice, ſince | * | CE we left the Church of Rome, and in both : Caſes it brought us to the Brink of De- | ſtruction ; in the Reigns, I mean, of Queen Mary, and King James the Second. King Fames had not Time to go ſo far as Queen Mary did, for the Wiſdom of our Fathers, put aStop'to his Proceedings, by the Hands of the glorious and immortal King Wil- liam, But tho' he could not run the ſame Lengths, yet his Beginnings were much the ſame. To ſave your Time, therefore I ſhall only lay before you a true Account of Queen Mary's Conduct, that uv pon ſeeing the Rock, you may take Care how you ſplit againſt it. Queen Mary was the eldeſt Daughter of King Henry the Eighth, who was the firſt Eing of England that durſt reſiſt the Power of the Pope. To pleaſe her Father ſhe pre- tended to be a Proteſtant, for it was thought, that he had no great Affection for her, eſpe- _ cially after his Divorce from her Mother. | However, ſhe could not ſo act her Part, but that the People ſuſpected her Inclina- tions. In her Brother King Edward's Reign, ſhe led a retired Life, but made no Secret of being a Roman Catholick. The good King Edward hated Popery, and had made many excellent Laws and Regulations to root it out of this Kingdom, but he died too young - - — 1 ˙¹wm - W * headed ſome Time after, b a Proteſtant, | 11 to finiſh his glorious Deſigns. She had very little Difficulty in ſucceeding him on the Throne, for Fane Gray, who was ſet u in Oppoſition to her, had but few Friends, and no great Ambition to be a Queen. She ſubmitted immediately, and Queen Mary, Deſire or Intention, cauſed tho' ſhe knew her = to her own cauſe ſhe was The Queen's Friends gained many Pro- teſtants, by aſſuring them, that ſhe intended no Alteration in Religious Matters. She herſelf promiſed the fame to the People of Suffolk, who were the firſt that raiſed Forces in her Service; and to ſhew how unwil- ling ſhe was to be thought a zealous Papiſt, ſhe never forgave Biſhop Ridley for decla- ring in a Sermon at St. Pau/s, that he knew by ſome Things, which had paſs'd between her and him, that ſhe was a warm Friend to the Church of Rome. But not- withſtanding this Caution of hers at firſt ſetting out, ſhe had no ſooner got Poſſeſſion of the Throne, than ſhe reſolv'd to eſtab- | liſh Popery in England. Her Deſign was to bring it in headlong, and forthwith to reſtore the Nation to the Pope. But Gar- diner, Biſhop of Wincheſter, a cunning and wicked Man, who was her chief Favorite, adviſed | er to be be- | EE 7 / adviſed her to deſtroy the Reformaion as it had been eſtabliſhed, by Degrees. She de- ! clared therefore in Council, that e 2vould not force Proteſtants to change their Religion, Here was already an artful Alteration of the : Promiſe ſhe had made in Sufolk ; for there | ſhe profniſed to leave the Church of Eng- land as ſhe found it, Here ſhe takes no Notice of that, but only with Coolneſs declares ſhe will not force Proteſtants to turn. The Queen could not avoid ſeeing the Spirit of the People, and was determined to humble it. In order thereto ſhe advanced a Step farther. A Proclamation was pub- liſh'd, in which ſhe declares her Intention, to continue till Death in the Religion in 2 8 = . which 10 which ſhe had been educated, and her De- ſire that all her Subjects would follow her Example, but that ſhe ſhould force none, till Things are ſettled by Authority of Par- lament. Then ſhe forbids her People cal- ling one another Papiſt or Heretick, this was levelled againft Protęſtants, who knew, that they ſhould be punifh'd if they diſobeyed this Order, and that their Enemies would not. Next ſhe forbids all unlawſul Aſſem- blies, which every Body underſtood of Aſ- | ſemblies of Proteſtants. Then all Miniſters are forbid to preach without Licence; this Vas plainly meant to ſhur Proteſtants out of Pulpits, for the Power of granting Licences was ſoon after given to Biſhop Gardiner, a hot Papiſt. The Proclamation concludes, that the Queen intended to puniſh all ſediti- ous Perſons, and hoped none of her Subjects would provoke her to uſe the Severity of the Laws. The firſt againſt whom this Proclama- tion was put in Force, were the honeſt In- habitants of Suffolk, who had not very ſtrict- ly obeyed it, becauſe they relied upon the made to them. They ſent Deputies to Court, to put her Majeſty in Mind of her Promiſe: The Anſwer was, That Subjects ought not to controul the Actions of their Sovereign, and one of the Deputies happen- ing Promiſe which the Queen had particularly 2 3 + =y Baca . A 3 us \. 1 ing to ſpeak with Freedom, was ſentenc'd to ſtand in the Pillory. Such was the Be- ginning of a Popiſb Queen's Reign ! A di- rect and open Breach of her Royal Word. But to break Promiſes, is a {mall Matter in Profeſſors of a Religion, which will ſanctify * Murder and Rebellion, IT was now thought Time to reſtore the Popith Biſhops, who had been removed in good King Edward's Time, and depoſe the Proteſtants to make way for them. The Clergy likewiſe, who were married, were turned out of their Benefices, and ſome who preach'd without a Licence from Gardiner, were ſent to Priſon. As the Parliament had not yet mer, Popery was ſtill againſt Law, yet Divine Service was performed in the Manner of the Church of Rome; and Queen Mary and her Miniſtry permitted it. The Queen's Zeal for her Religion broke thro every 11e of common Gratitude and Ho- neſty. She ſent Judge Hales to Priſon for charging the Juſtices of Kent to keep up the Laws of King Edward, tho' ſhe knew. that the Judge had, in her Brother's Reign, refuſed to ſign a Warrant for diſinheriting her. She reſolved upon the Ruin of Cran- mer, Archbiſhop of Canterbury, tho' ſhe. knew, that when her Father had Deſigns upon her Life, his Intereſt was the Means | B 2 of of ſaving her; but no Merit could ſtand a- gainſt her preſent Reaſon ; which was, that he was at the Head of the Hereticks, that is, the Proteſtants. As ſhe was now deter- mined to perſecute and ruin thoſe of her _ Subjects, that would not turn to Popery, all foreign Proteſtants were ordered immediate- ly to leave the Kingdom. Their unfortunate Engliſh Brethren foreſaw the Reaſon of this Order, and many diſguiſed themſelves, and eſcaped as Foreigners; but this was ſoon put a ſtop to, by ſending Directions to the Sea Port Towns to ſtop the Perſons, who ſhould attempt to go abroad as Frenchmen, without a Paſſport from the French Ambaſ- ſador. On the Tenth of October 1553, the Queen | was crowned, and that all her Subjects might rejoice at it, ſhe publiſh'd a general Pardon. But even the Mercies of a Popiſh Queen were cruel, for there were ſo man excepted in this Pardon, that the Prote/lants were very little, if at all, the better for it. Tr was now Time to call a Parliament, for without it ſhe could not make Popery the Eſtabliſhed Religion. The Difficulty was, how to get a Parliament to her Mind. This Difficulty however ſhe overcame, by ſuch unlawtul Methods of Force and Fraud, practiſed by her Agents all over the King- dom, re a 8 * N . : * * A » * 2 0 - = * O r 8 * r 4 . Een > 4 N RE MAB ER VTAE. | $52 , 1 dom, that when the Parliament met, it con- fiſted chiefly of Papiſts. The Lords found themſelves in a melancholy Condition, be- tween ſuch a Queen and ſuch a Houſe of Commons; at laſt ſome were moved by Fear, others by Ambition to come into the Court's Meaſures. The firſt Thing that was done, was, re- voking the Divorce of the Queen's Mother. Il! ſhould have thought it needleſs to men- | tion this here, but to ſhew the Honeſty and ' Modeſly of a Popiſh Biſhop. Gardiner, to | pleaſe King Henry, had done all in his Power ro promote this Divorce, and zow he was the Perſon, who openly managed and influ... | enced the Parliament to revoke it. The next Act of any Note that was paſled, repeal'd | all the Laws which had been made in Fa- vour of the Proteſtant Religion. The Queen, to ſtrenghten her Deſigns, reſolved to marry ſome powerful Popiſh Prince, and fixed for that Purpoſe upon Philip, afterwards King | of Spain, Son to the Emperor of Germany. The Houſe of Commons thought it a dan- gerous Match to the Liberties of Old Eng- — — RE land, and declared their Diſlike of it, upon which the Queen, who could bear no Op- poſition, difloly'd the Parliament. The Convocation in the mean Time, | took i ſubſtantiation, which is a barefaced Falſe- hood, and a downright Piece of Nonſenſe;but as it requires more Faith than all the otherDoc- trines, it was of great Conſequence to ſettle it betimes. Six Members had the Spirit to oppoſe it, and demanded a Diſputation, but when the Day came, three of them failed in Courage, and the remaining three were interrupted and abuſed by Noiſe and ill Language; after which the Papiſts gave out, that they had fairly got the better. The ſame was the Caſe in a Diſputation ſome time after at Oxford. The Diſputants on the Proteſtant Side, Cranmer, Ridley and Lati- mer, were indeed of higher Rank, but they were Priſoners, and therefore under great Reſtraint, and the Noiſe and Confuſion, made by the Papiſts, was ſuch, that the poor i Biſhops could not be heard, and then, as be- fore, it was given our, that "ny were con- 4 8 A new Parliament was called, and not content with chuſing Roman Catholicks, Bi- ſhop Gardiner took Care, that none ſhould be returned or ſit in the Houſe, but what were of Opinion, that Religion could not ſubſiſt without the Pope. Cardinal Pole, about the ſame Time, came over from Rome. at the Queen's Requeſt In a Speech to the Par- lament, took Care to eſtabliſh the Doctrine of Tran- 5 liament, he told them, that his Buſineſs was to lead back the loſt Sheep of England / to the Pope, their Shepherd. This produ- ced an Addreſs from the Parliament to the Queen, that ſhe would be pleaſed to inter- | ceed with the Cardinal, that the Kingdom ; might be reconciled to the Church, and they promiſed to repeal all Acts, that had | been made againſt the Pope's Authority. ' The Queen was glad to grant their Requeſt, and both Houſes, on their Knees, received | Abſolution from Pole. But there was one : Difficulty in giving this Abſolution, which the Cardinal was obliged to uſe a Romzjh Trick to get over: You muſt know, that at the Beginning of King Henry VIITs Reign, the Church had near three Parts in four of the Lands of this Kingdom, which appear- ing to be no great Service to Religion, the ; King granted many of them away to the \ Nobility and Gentry. Now by the Canon Law, which Papiſts obey more ſtrictly than | the Goſpel, thoſe Lands were ſacred, and | could not therefore, without Sacrilege, be | held by Laymen. The Nobility andGentry | | of England, tho to pleaſe the Court they | came into a Change of Religion, yet were mighty unwilling to part with ſo ſweet a | | Property. How then did the Pope manage, between the Canon Law on one Side, and on the other the Neceſſity of pleaſing Men f | ſuch Power and Conſequence ? He practi- | 11 ſed a Trick, which would have been ex- traordinary, had it come from any other Hands. At the ſame Time, when the Car- dinal abſolved the Nation and bleſſed them, he denounced the Judgments of God againſt (that is, he cared) choſe who 8 wy Church Lands. 8 ſee, my Countrymen, Low your Fore- | fathers were drawn in by Degrees. Firſt it vas promiſed, that the Queen would protect the Proteſtants ; then ſhe promiſes not to force them to turn; after that the alters her Words, by ſaying that ſhe would force none; i fill the Parliament had ſettled Matters; next by open Violence ſhe got two ſucceſſive Par- liaments to her Mind, who by Degrees re- ſtored Popery, and at laſt the Pope's Autho- rity in England. Now you mult expect to hear of Perſecutions, of Fire and Faggot. | After what the Queen had hitherto done, you may depend upon it ſhe would ſtick at nothing, and her Religion taught her, that all the did in the Service of the Pope a and | the Church, muſt be right. < T he Laws for uniting Hereticks v were - revived, and Gardiner adviſed the Queen to put chem in Execution with the utmoſt Ri- gour, which Adviceſhe received ſograciouſ- ly, that the commilſionsd Gardiner himſelf to SO Be 7 A As M0 x LW - od > * * 8 1 89 "IF * 4 2 2 # n 7 1 a” Fo ! \ , | ! 1 to open the Perſecution. A worthy Biſhop and a private Clergyman were the firſt that ſealed their Faith with their Blood. Hooper, Biſhop of Glouce/ter, a Man highly eſtec m- ed among Proteſtants, was burnt al.ve at Glouceſter, Feb. 9, 1555; and about the ſame'; imea Clergyman, who had been the Means of faving Bourn, Biſhop Bonner's Chzplain, from be ing torn io Pieces by the People, was in Return for his Services burnt at London, becauſe he would not be a Pa- fi/t : Loth had their Lives offered them at the Stake, it they would turn; but like good Chriſtizrs they choſe rather to die. Two other Divines underwent the fame Fate ſoon after, with ſome ſhocking Cir= cumſtances of Cruelty : One of them was put into a Barrel of Pitch, and as he was finging the 5 Iſt Pſalm in Exgliſb, juſt before they ſet Fire to him, he had a Blow on the Face for not addreſſing God in Latin. Biſhop Gardiner thought that theſe ſour Executions would frighten the People out of the ir Religion, but inſtead of that, ſuck glorious Examples encouraged them to per- ſevere. When he found therefore that big | Cruelty rendered him odious, he reſigned his Office to Biihop Bonner, who was per⸗ haps the only Man ot his Time, that was more: barbarous than himſelf. | | „ 0 = K + Y ba 2 . . 2 4 ; ; 2 23 3 * 4 . b 4 — r 4 4 : F, The Nation in the mean Time was ac || th: niſhcd, and could not avoid obſcrving the Ki Difference of the two Rel ig ons by — dif- ] ter | ferent Methods of eſtabliſh ing them. In King | let Eadward's R eign. the Prot: ſtants flouriſh d, T and there were t“ en but very few luſtances Y th 1 of People impri oned for their Religion. R. | Where:s now, when the Pajr/ts were n le Power, no Leath w:s thought too cruel be for the poor Proteſtants. Even the Popiſh || lo E ſhe ps beg n to be aſhamed of it, and laid a all the ..lame upon the Court, particularly 1 upon King Philip, who being a Spamard, | n Perſccution was jaid to be natural to him, ec But hilip choſe to deny it, and obliged his | <c own Chaplain to preact: againſt Perſecution, t and condemn the Barbarity of the Eiſhops. 4 The Truth is, that both were in Faulr, and || « ti ere is no Loubt but that the Queen } her- | x {-1f lov'd it as much as any of them, for 1 after che Death of Gardiner, ſhe continued | it to the End of her Reign. Many were now burnt for their Religion in all Parts of the Kingdom, and leſt they | ſhould be at a Loſs for Proteſtants to | burn, an Order w:s ſent to the. Juſtices | throughout England, to keep Spies in every || Pariſh to inform againſt all Perſons, 'whate | Princ. ples were ſuſpected. Bonner, --Dy * 5 | | a Ma = | — n — — n W — 1 Madman in Cruelty, had bis Hands ſo full; that he begun to ke a little remis, but the King and Queen ſent him a very Fs Let- ter, in which they commande him not to let his Zeal againſt the Hereticks abate. This added. freſh Fuel to the Flame Among the reſt two Biſhops were burnt at Cx/ord, Ridley and Latimer; one of them dle nth learned Man of his "Time, and wouid have been the worthieſt, had not Latimer bis Fel- low-ſuff-rer, who was 80 Years. f f ge, bean a Miracle of Goodnefi. Lithop Gardiner had the Deſtruction cf theſe two Saints fo much ar Hearr, that on the Day when he expected the News of their being burr:t, be could nt dine till he had recei: ed it; an then eating a hearty L inner, ke was taken ill and di:d iwo Lays after. Archbiſhop Cranmer was tie next conſiderat le Man who was domed o die. The Chaige a- gainſt bim was, that he was married, that he had writ Proteſtant Books, Fad lelt the Church of Rome, and bad conrradi ed that impudent Doctrine of Tranſulſtantiation. le confeſſed it all, and was ordered to ap- pear before the Pope i in eighty Dais. T Ley kept him in ri!on all the Time, and then condemned him tor not app-aring at Rome,” Whilſt he was in Priſon, he was picvailed upon, God knows by what Means, o hgn 2 Kecantation; ; but the unmercital Qucen C 2 | Would T0 3 would hear of nothing that might ſpare his Life. When he came to the Stake, he a- toned for that unfortunate Piece of We neſs; for he ſtretched out the Hand wb ich had ſigned the Recantation, and burned it, before the reſt of his Body was facr! :ficed. I mention his Death, becau e he was well | Enown to be a great and good Man; but fo many iuffered at this Time, that I ſhould tire your Patiende with an Account of them all. The Yerſecu:ors' were not content with burning the Leg, to ſatisfy their furious Zeal, they dug up the Bones of dead Proteſtant', and burned them publickly. The Cucen and her Miniſter had now ſome Thougits of ſetting up the Inquiſition in England, which doubtleſs they would have done, if Providence had not put a Stop to her Cruelties, by ending her Life ſome Time after. 3 She was ſo intent upon theſe Perſecutions, that all other Affairs of the Nation were are negleged. I'll give you a remarkal le [tance of this. The Port of Calais in France had belonged to the Erng/iſþ 210 Years. It proved a terrible Ear to the | grow ing Power of France ; yet the Queen left it fo very defencelefs, that the ench took it, and ſhe might have retaken ir, but that ſhe would not ſend any Forces thither, leſt rr * 7 A g , 4. Gas 2 4] 1 << 2 -F. ny. - le 3 : J leſt it. ſhould weaken her Hands againft the 1. 21 Proteſtants at home. Her whole Heart was ſo fixed upon Popery, that at laſt ſhe returned all the Church Lands that re main- ed in the Crown, tho' ſlie wanted Meney, and at that very Time was preſſing the Par- liament for Supplies: But 1 tremble to tell you all that ſhe did; ſome Writers with very good Grounds ſay, that ſhe had De- ſigns upon the Life of the Princeſs Eliza- beth, who afterwards made ſo gloriors a Figure upon the Brizifh Throne, and it ap- pears to have been only owing to the Pru- dence of that Ptinceſs that ſhe lived to in herit it _ -- ©, The People who had been hitherto burnt, were ſuch as made an open Profeſ- ſion of the Proteſtant Religion. The Queen thought herſelf as yet Lut an unprofitable Servant; ſhe publiſhed a Proclametion to |; command, that all thoſe who had Proteflant Books, and did not deliver them to a Magiſ- trate, without reading or ſhewing them toany | ore, ſhould be executed on the Spot, like Rebels or Spies in lime of War. It was P plain, that ſhe meant not to convert Pro- teſtants, but to deſtroy them, for there was an Inſtance of one, who recanted in the Se. | i" Flames; the Sheriff of the County took him out, and. he figned his Recantation, | but 1 but. At laſt the Almighty thought her too wick- ed even for this wicked World ; the had a lingering Illneſs, yet fave Per.ons were burnt at Canterbury for Religion by her Orders P but a Week be fore her wag She died in ta the Year 155d ; ; the Perſecution began in | tk 1555. and in that ſmall dpace of Time the 0 Number of Perſons executed on a religious by Account is reckoned about 800. e 1 ] ( This, my G is a true Hiſtory of the Reign of Quern Mary; a Reign which, | every Engliſhman ought to be well acquaint- ed with, at a Time when Popery is making i Advances among us, and a Perſon known to be a Papiſt both by Birth and Education, and ſupported by a Roman Catholick Power, dares to form Pretenſiors to the Crown of. Great Britain. His Friends and Agents: will tell you perhaps, that be is not of a | Temper to take any ſuch Meaſures ; — Lou have only their Words for it; but "ai I poſing i it true, what is that to the Purpoſe ?: L —Þ ſhop Burne, who was no Friend to | Queen Mary, acknowledges that ſhe was a : good-natur d Woman; bit then ſhe was af; in ill-natur'd Religion. It was not her na- ural Temper, that made all this Havock; t was an Opinion of 1 Us. bong. her. Day, * . an 5 | and wde o chat Country; whoſe Prinze thinks it a Daty to murder the Sn on Account of the ir Religion. Tut the acabites tell you again, that the N deſires to come in upon a Proteſ< tant foot ing. Take care how you believe them. Queen Mary ſaid the ſame, elſe our Forefathers would not have armed her Hands for ſo much Miſchief, But who- ever tells you ſo, affronts your Underftand- ings. Has he not been bred up under the Eye of the Pope? Is he not obliged to the Court of Rome, and other Courts that pro- feſs the Religion of Rome, for the Subſiſtence and Safety of himſelf and kis Family? Do you imagine a Pope would be weak enough to protect that Family ſo long, unleſs he had the ſtrongeſt Aſſurances of theirZcal in his Cauſe ? But this is not all our Proof. Con- ſider only the ſurprizing Growth of Popery for ſeveral Years peſt: Every Body has not Opportunities of obſerving it, and People are ready to diſbelieve a Thing which does not fall within their own Obſervation ; but the Man is a Papiſt, or wiſhes well to Po- ery, who perſuades you that we are in no Danger from it. Should I tell you and prove ir, that there are Meetings in all Parts of the Town, where Children are inſtru ed in che. riuciples of that Church, that the Prizfts | I -Prieſts are always ready to viſit the Sick- before the Miniſters of the Pariſnes can hear of them, that Popiſh Pamphlets very | artfully written are conſtantly publiſhed, and at a great Expence diſperſed about the Nation; ſhould I prove all this, or. ſhould Tame itſelf bring it to Light, then I hope you will believe, tho' then I fear it will be too late. But beſides there are upwards of fifty religious Houſes. for the Education of | Engliſh Prieſts and Nuns kept abroad, at | the Charge of the Engliſb Papiſts. One | Miſchief of this you will immediately ſee, that it is the means of carrying vaſt Sums of Money yearly out of the Nation without any Returns; but there is a greater Danger in it than that. You may remember to have read in Scripture, that the Land of Egypt for the Obitinacy and Tyranny of its King was punished among other Plagues with Locuſis. Ani how can you imagine they will treit a Nation, which for almoſt two hundred Years past hath, in their Opinion, been guilty of Sacrilege ? I conclude then, that it is the Intereſt and Duty of every Engliſhman to contribute his Part towards keeping out Popery and the Pretender. If you have not Zeal enough for your Religion, yet have ſome Regard to your Liberty, and Property, have ſome Com- paſſion for your Wives and Children. The Preranider is only a Tool to the Crown of France. That Nation has ever hated the Enzliſh; of late they have hated us more than ever; and you may depend upon it, that could the Pretender ſucceed ( which God forbid ! his Reign would be short; England would become a Province to France, Frenchmen would ſ:1ze our Lands, plunder: our Treaſures, and if they have any true French Blood in them, they muſt root us out at laſt, they muſt deſtroy us by Fire and Sword, till none remain to hand an Account of their Barbaricies down to After-Ages. It is for this Reaſon, that our Sovereign, 8 the - | 1 the Father of his People, has done his ut-. ny iog your Faith. This J can aſſure you, a: d I have it from the Hiſtory of all Ages, | that if we do not reſolutely aſſiſt his Ma- jeity in defending ourſelves, and should have the Misfortune to be defeated at Home, there is great Reaſon to fear, thar the Queſtion will not be, who shall be the King, but who Shall be the N. o Enge land? | moſt to oppoſe the Power of France. France || Pg in Return will for ever oppoſe Him and | \.1 Fis Royal Famuy. Ic is our Duty to ſtreng-⸗ Po then his Hands. Self-Preſervation makes it 2 cur Duty, if Allegiance to Him did not. : 8 Popery, you ſee, is as dangerous to'the ex- | 1. cellent Conſtitutio on we are bleſſed witb, as P the ſtrongeſt Poiſon to our natural Bodies.. Join therefore your Hearts and your Hans a in driving back a Popiſh Fretender; and any other invaders of our exce, Gur Pro- | perty and our Religion. You cannot take up | £ Arms in the Se: vice of a better King, Har f ever unite in ſuppreſſing a mare anna ul Rebellion. It will be more to your Honour, 8 my Countrymen, to hazard every Drop of | | your Bl. od zow, than to be torn to bieces by Posiſb Armies and Prieſts, when here- . ; after you refuſe to affront your God by de- | — * N R. In 1c72, one hundred thouſand. | 1 g Were murdered in one. Day , at | Pari«c fir no other Crime but cheir Religion. Viken ne News of it came to Rome, the Pore hel a publick Thankſgiving, and ried © Jubuce to all Chriſtendom. n 642. A Hundred and Fifty thou- ſ ind Proteſtants were butchered in one Prov nce in Ireland, and a prodigious Number in-! Pioportion in the ocher Pro- vinces. In 1655 vp wards of Six tho: ſand Pro- teſiunis were berbatoufly kill'd in che Vale lies f Pieamont, in Italy, where their Anceſtors had been profeſſing pure Chrilli- anity ever fince the Limes of St. Paul. he Murderers a Red in cold Blood, and upon the ſame Pr inciples, which our. Ten tender and his deſperate Friends profeſs. 80 t at nothing to come can be more certain, than that if he, and the Ruſfians his Party ſhould ſucce ed, every Man, i oman, and Ch Id in Enzland that is, or has ever been of tte Proteſtant Religion, mutt be put to Leath with all the horrid Cruelty, which Melice, Revenge, Iyranny, or Popery can invent. For the Particulars of which I refer you to a Back cntituled as on the other Side. — 6 WARNING-PIECE FOR * ENGLISH PROTESTANTS. On O e aſion of the picſene more than ordinary N GAOWTAH of por E r. CONTAINING, 1 1 A true Hiſtory of the M-Ti- Some of the mo remarkable ; eres of I eland, Piedmont, Paſſiges of Queen Mary's and France. | R-ign. The late unjaſt ond batrbarous Som- #:xther Inſt rce of Po. ; Proc:edings againſt the Pro- piſh C-:;elry. | © teſtints of Thorn in Pol ind. With an A_ſwer to one o the 1 Th- Speech of P.pe S2 moſt c.mmon Arguments | | on the Death of uſed by P.-pſh Picks te enty III. King of France, peryert Proceltants. © who was murdered by Y 8 | Dominica® Friar. | ToGerHer WITH A Preface by Way of Anſwer to that Part of the Com pendium, which reflects on the Biſhop of Lincoln's Book, \ concerning the Pope's Diſpenſing Pomer. | _ Suppoſed to be wrote by the late Arch- Nies TMT I TION. ** FY ** «46. —_ LONDON: Sold by RIch. Mongacv, at the B ok Ware Hou e, the Corner of Great Pueen-Ftvet, near Drury dane. 4 # —4 UF Ry ; > hep, OT, ie 4 * *.
| 7,538 |
https://github.com/bcgov/queue-management/blob/master/appointment-frontend/src/components/common/ResourceExample.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC-BY-4.0, Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
queue-management
|
bcgov
|
Vue
|
Code
| 52 | 150 |
<template>
<v-card>
<h1>Welcome {{name}}</h1>
<p>This is your message: {{message}}</p>
</v-card>
</template>
<script lang="ts">
import { Component, Prop, Vue } from 'vue-property-decorator'
@Component
export default class ResourceExample extends Vue {
@Prop({ default: '' })
private name!: string
@Prop({ default: '' })
private message!: string
}
</script>
<style lang="scss" scoped>
// empty block
</style>
| 215 |
https://github.com/ScalablyTyped/Distribution/blob/master/o/office-ui-fabric-react/src/main/scala/typings/officeUiFabricReact/libComponentsButtonBaseButtonMod.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
Distribution
|
ScalablyTyped
|
Scala
|
Code
| 716 | 1,911 |
package typings.officeUiFabricReact
import typings.officeUiFabricReact.anon.PartialIBaseButtonProps
import typings.officeUiFabricReact.libComponentsButtonButtonDottypesMod.IButton
import typings.officeUiFabricReact.libComponentsButtonButtonDottypesMod.IButtonProps
import typings.react.mod.Component
import org.scalablytyped.runtime.StObject
import scala.scalajs.js
import scala.scalajs.js.annotation.{JSGlobalScope, JSGlobal, JSImport, JSName, JSBracketAccess}
object libComponentsButtonBaseButtonMod {
@JSImport("office-ui-fabric-react/lib/components/Button/BaseButton", "BaseButton")
@js.native
open class BaseButton protected ()
extends Component[IBaseButtonProps, IBaseButtonState, Any]
with IButton {
def this(props: IBaseButtonProps) = this()
/* private */ var _ariaDescriptionId: Any = js.native
/* private */ var _async: Any = js.native
/* private */ var _buttonElement: Any = js.native
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| 37,324 |
https://openalex.org/W3008603342
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OpenAlex
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Factor structure of the convergence insufficiency symptom survey questionnaire
|
Amélia Fernandes Nunes
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English
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RESEARCH ARTICLE a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111 Factor structure of the convergence
insufficiency symptom survey questionnaire
Ame´lia Fernandes NunesID1,2☯*, Pedro Lourenc¸o Monteiro1,2☯, Anto´nio Santos Nunes1,3☯
1 Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal, 2 Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI),
UBIMedical, Covilhã, Portugal, 3 Research Unit in Business Sciences (NECE), Covilhã, Portugal ☯These authors contributed equally to this work. * amnunes@ubi.pt ☯These authors contributed equally to this work. * amnunes@ubi.pt Editor: Ahmed Awadein, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo
University, EGYPT Copyright: © 2020 Nunes et al. This is an open
access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original
author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are
within the paper and its Supporting Information
files. Abstract a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111 The purpose of this study is to analyze the factorial structure of the Convergence Insuffi-
ciency Symptom Survey questionnaire with 15 items, in order to identify latent dimensions
that can contribute to a more focused implementation. The questionnaire was self-adminis-
tered in paper by 183 university students, in the age span of 18 to 30. Both Kaiser-Meyer-
Olkin measure and Bartlett’s sphericity test were performed to ensure the validity of the fac-
torization. In order to analyze the principal components, factors which obtained eigenvalues
greater than 1 were chosen. The extraction of factors was performed after computing a Pro-
max rotation and a Kaiser criterion. In each extracted factor, the internal consistency was
used to prove its reliability. Bartlett’s sphericity test was statistically significant (p <0.001),
and the Both Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test was 0.89, confirming the factorization of this instru-
ment. Exploratory factor analysis followed by a Promax rotation and scree plots graphic,
extracted three factors that explained 62.1% of the total variance. The composition of each
factor suggests the following meanings: Factor 1 (somatic sensation) includes 8 of 15 items;
Factor 2 (impaired vision) includes 3 of 15 items; Factor 3 (cognitive performance) includes
4 of 15 items. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient demonstrated good internal consistency (α>
0.75) in three dimensions. The multivariate statistical analysis of the Convergence Insuffi-
ciency Symptom Survey revealed a three-factor structure, so new forms of questionnaire
analysis can be designed in order to obtain gains in the management of a symptomatic
patient, using 3 subscores, one for each factor, instead of a total score. The factorial struc-
ture of the questionnaire can be used with a high level of confidence in future investigations,
which aim to assess which dimensions are most affected in each type of visual changes and
develop more targeted therapeutic performances. a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111 OPEN ACCESS Citation: Nunes AF, Monteiro PL, Nunes AS (2020)
Factor structure of the convergence insufficiency
symptom survey questionnaire. PLoS ONE 15(2):
e0229511. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0229511 Citation: Nunes AF, Monteiro PL, Nunes AS (2020)
Factor structure of the convergence insufficiency
symptom survey questionnaire. PLoS ONE 15(2):
e0229511. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0229511 Editor: Ahmed Awadein, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo
University, EGYPT Introduction Reading and other near activities are visually demanding tasks that can become difficult and
uncomfortable with the manifestation of symptoms such as eye fatigue, text movement, blur-
ring, and loss of concentration, even when visual acuity is good and with normal binocular
vision [1–4]. Students who spend most of their time reading and writing tasks, represent a Funding: The author(s) received no specific
funding for this work. Competing interests: The authors have declared
that no competing interests exist. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511
February 24, 2020 1 / 9 Factor structure of the CISS questionnaire population highly predisposed to report visual discomfort associated with performing tasks at
near distances [2,3,5]. The presence of these symptoms potentiates a decrease in visual perfor-
mance and affects school performance [4,6], contributing to a decrease in quality of life [3]. The increase in the use of digital devices, has contributed to the increase of this type of com-
plaints, which is considered a public health problem [3,7]. The visual discomfort can be caused by several factors, specially (1) eye problems, such as
the presence of uncorrected refractive errors, accommodative or binocular anomalies [8,9]
and (2) others situations, like unsuitable working conditions related to lighting and tempera-
ture levels, high continuous working time, short working distances, excessive use of electronic
devices and mental status [2,3,7,10,11]. The attempt to evaluate both, the presence and intensity of symptoms, and identify a spe-
cific cause are fundamental aspects to define the best professional performances and are there-
fore challenges presented by others authors [12,13]. Complaints of visual discomfort cover a
set of symptoms, usually called asthenopia or eye fatigue. Traditionally this set of symptoms
are classified into two groups: refractive asthenopia and muscular asthenopia [14]. Sheedy also
categorized complaints of asthenopia in two types: external symptoms and internal symptoms
[15]. A number of questionnaires of visual discomfort, duly validated, are available to measure
this parameter, of which the most frequently mentioned in clinical research are the question-
naire developed by Conlon and the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey questionnaire
(CISS) [5,16,17]. The CISS questionnaire, is presented as a reproducible instrument, with validity, with high
internal consistency and capable of responding to clinical changes during the treatment of
convergence insufficiency. Instrument The instrument used for factorization was the CISS questionnaire, which is composed by 15
items. The response to each item ranges from "never" to "always" on a 5-level Likert scale. For
data collection, the Portuguese version of the questionnaire was used [23]. Introduction The same questionnaire has also revealed added value in other situ-
ations like in quantifying symptoms of visual discomfort in students [18], in the signaling of
subjects more prone to visual complaints, associated with the visualization of 3D screens [19],
or evaluating the effects of wearing yellow spectacles on visual symptoms [20]. It has also been
applied for evaluating symptoms severity in accommodative insufficiency [21]. However, it is
an instrument that has been used as a tool with a single score and this may be one of the rea-
sons why it has been pointed out as a tool with poor specificity for convergence insufficiency
[4,11,22]. The aim of this study is to verify if the Portuguese version of the CISS questionnaire is fac-
torable and, if so, to analyze its factorial structure, in order to identify the latent dimensions
that may contribute to a more specific application of this questionnaire in clinical routine. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511
February 24, 2020 Participants In order to make the suitable factorization of a given instrument, there are some directives
regarding the potential sample size, and it is recommended to use 5 to 20 cases per variable, at
least 10:1, and at best 200 subjects [24–26]. A total of 183 higher education students, aged
between 18 and 30 years (mean: 21.4± 2.5), 51.5% of female respondents. Exclusion factors
were strabismus and ocular surgery. All participants gave their written consent to the comple-
tion of the questionnaire and followed the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration. The study PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511
February 24, 2020 2 / 9 Factor structure of the CISS questionnaire was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira
Interior (process CE-FCS-2012-27). was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira
Interior (process CE-FCS-2012-27). questionnaire, in order to conclude that they all measure the same parameter and that all can
be added in a single score. Values of α greater than 0.7 are considered acceptable [26,27]. questionnaire, in order to conclude that they all measure the same parameter and that all can
be added in a single score. Values of α greater than 0.7 are considered acceptable [26,27]. Results To begin the exploratory factorial analysis, an initial inspection of the correlation matrix was
performed and the possibilities of reducing variables were verified. The data matrix was con-
sidered adequate since KMO was excellent (0.89) and the Bartlett’s Sphericity Test (p <0.001)
indicated that the correlation matrix is not an identity matrix. In order to decide how many factors should be retained, the Kaiser-Guttman rule (retain
factors with Eigenvalues higher than 1) and a visual inspection of the Scree plot (Fig 2) was
used. This analysis revealed that 3 factors should be retained. In EFA, the eigenvalues and the percentage of variance explained by means of each of these
factors were determined. The total of the factors extracted explained 62.1% of the total varia-
tion of the questionnaire. The first factor explained 43.8% of the total variation, the second,
10.3% and the third, 8%. Table 1 presents the factorial weights of each item for each of the
three factors. A cut-off point of 0.4 was used for the interpretation of the factorial weights of
the items. Table 2 presents the percentage of variance explained, naming and internal reliability by
each factor. The internal consistency of each of the extracted factors, inferred through the
Cronbach coefficient, reveals good reliability (α > 0.7) for all factors retained. Factor 1 included the items of the questionnaire regarding the sensation of pain, discomfort
and ocular tiredness (Item 1, 2, 10, 11 and 12); headaches (Item 3), and drowsiness during
reading and loss of concentration (Item 4 and 5). Given the characteristics of these variables,
this factor was named "somatic sensations". Factor 2 grouped items that questioned about diplopia (Item 7), text movement and inter-
mittent blurring during near tasks (items 8 and 13). These situations represent the propensity g
g
p
p
p
y
Fig 2. Scree plot showing the variance explained by each factors to extract. It is recommended to extract factors with a
factorial load greater than 1 that are located above the "elbow" of the graph, that is, the factors above the dashed line. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511.g002 Fig 2. Scree plot showing the variance explained by each factors to extract. It is recommended to extract factors with a
factorial load greater than 1 that are located above the "elbow" of the graph, that is, the factors above the dashed line. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511.g002 Fig 2. Statistical analysis For statistical treatment of data, we used version 25 of the IBM Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences (SPSS). Fig 1 shows the steps that were followed. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index (KMO) and the Bartlett Sphericity test were used to confirm
the validation of the factorization of the variables. The KMO index, also known as sample ade-
quacy index, is a statistical test that suggests the proportion of the item variance that can be
explained by a latent variable [25]. Such an index indicates how adequate the Exploratory Fac-
tor Analysis (EFA) application is to the dataset. For interpretation of the KMO index, values
less than 0.5 are considered unacceptable, values between 0.5 and 0.7 are considered reason-
able; values between 0.7 and 0.8 are considered good and values greater than 0.8 are considered
excellent. The Bartlett Sphericity test evaluates to what extent the (co)variance matrix is similar
to a matrix-identity, that is, they do not correlate with each other. Bartlett’s Sphericity test val-
ues with significance levels p <0.05 indicate that the matrix is factorable [24]. For the analysis of the main components we chose the factors that obtained eigenvalues
greater than 1 in agreement with the Scree Plot. A percentage greater than 50% of the retained
variance was accepted in the extracted latent variables, also referred to factors or dimensions
[24]. In order to maximize the factorial weights of the high items and, at the same time to min-
imize the lows, the extraction of the main factors was performed after Promax rotation [25,26]. For each factor extracted, the internal consistency was also analyzed to test its reliability,
using the Cronbach’s alpha. This coefficient expresses the consistency in the answers to a For each factor extracted, the internal consistency was also analyzed to test its reliability,
using the Cronbach’s alpha. This coefficient expresses the consistency in the answers to a Fig 1. Steps followed in Exploratory Factor Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511.g001 Fig 1. Steps followed in Exploratory Factor Analysis. 3 / 9 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511
February 24, 2020 Factor structure of the CISS questionnaire questionnaire, in order to conclude that they all measure the same parameter and that all can
be added in a single score. Values of α greater than 0.7 are considered acceptable [26,27]. Results Scree plot showing the variance explained by each factors to extract. It is recommended to extract factors with a
factorial load greater than 1 that are located above the "elbow" of the graph, that is, the factors above the dashed line. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511.g002 4 / 9 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511
February 24, 2020 Factor structure of the CISS questionnaire Table 1. Factor loadings after rotation. Items
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3
1. Eye tiredness related to near activities
0.952
2. Eye discomfort related to near activities
0.879
3. Headaches related to near activities
0.792
5. Concentration loss related to near activities
0.670
4. Sleepiness related to near activities
0.610
10. Eye pain related to near activities
0.592
11. Eye soreness related to near activities
0.511
12. Eye "pulling" feeling related to near activities
0.482
7. Double vision related to near activities
0.817
8. Text motion while reading
0.776
13. Text defocusing in near activities
0.722
15. Need to re-read the same line of words
0.857
9. Slow reading sensation
0.774
6. Trouble remembering reading text
0.695
14. Loss of orientation in text during reading
0.604
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511.t001 for deficits in binocular vision, and are effectively symptoms that affect the quality of vision,
reason why this factor was designated "impaired vision". for deficits in binocular vision, and are effectively symptoms that affect the quality of vision,
reason why this factor was designated "impaired vision". Factor 3 consisted of items that reported on the need for re-reading, difficulties in remem-
bering what was read, and slow reading (Item 15, 6 and 9), as well as getting lost in the text
while reading (Item 14). These symptoms represent potential problems associated with poor
reading and were therefore referred to as "cognitive performance". Discussion Exploratory factorial analysis is one of the statistical procedures mostly used in the develop-
ment, evaluation and refinement of questionnaires, and has become a widely used statistical
method in the field of psychology, education, health, biology and other areas. AFE is defined
as a set of multivariate techniques that aims to find an underlying structure in a data matrix
and determine the number and nature of the latent variables (factors or dimensions) that best
represent a set of observed variables. The instrument under study, the convergence insufficiency questionnaire (CISS) in Portu-
guese version, was a factorial data matrix (Bartlett’s sphericity test: p <0.001) and revealed a
good index for factorization (KMO = 0.89) [24,25]. The reduction of factors with the explor-
atory factorial analysis, using the principal component method, allowed the extraction of three
latent dimensions, which explain 62.1% of the total variance. In reports of the literature it is verified that the complaints of asthenopia are very disparate,
which makes difficult to associate specific complaints to specific problems. However, the frag-
mentation of this group of symptoms is often found in two categories, either refractive and
muscular [14], or internal and external symptoms [15]. The refractive asthenopia being Table 2. Total variance explained, naming and internal reliability by extracted factors. Parameter
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3
Explained variance
43.8%
10.3%
8%
Extracted Factors Naming
Somatic Sensations
Impaired vision
Cognitive performance
Internal reliability—Chronbach’s alpha
0.893
0.765
0.762
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511.t002 Table 2. Total variance explained, naming and internal reliability by extracted factors. Parameter
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3
Explained variance
43.8%
10.3%
8%
Extracted Factors Naming
Somatic Sensations
Impaired vision
Cognitive performance
Internal reliability—Chronbach’s alpha
0.893
0.765
0.762
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511.t002
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511
February 24, 2020
5 / 9 able 2. Total variance explained, naming and internal reliability by extracted factors. 5 / 9 Factor structure of the CISS questionnaire associated with uncorrected refractive errors and the muscular asthenopia with changes in
convergence and / or accommodation [14]. The internal symptoms being related to com-
plaints of dry eye and ocular surface irritation, which represent symptoms primarily triggered
by working conditions; and the external type related to symptoms of tension and ocular pain,
symptoms primarily triggered by deficits in visual function [15]. Discussion For the instrument under study, it was not possible to associate the structure obtained with
the terminology of “internal symptoms and external symptoms”, perhaps due to the basic
structure of the questionnaire under analysis, where the characteristic symptom of dry eye is
missing, being the nomenclature “refractive and muscular asthenopia” more appropriate for
this instrument. In previous studies, the CISS questionnaire was categorized into two sub-scales, one related
to performance and another related to the eye [28], however, this division was not validated
with any statistical model. Also Clark & Clark used the original questionnaire, creating distinct
groups for 4 factors: fatigue, discomfort, impaired vision and cognitive performance [4], how-
ever, the statistical model that gave rise to this division is not explained. According to the factorial structure obtained in the present study, for the CISS question-
naire, three factors were extracted. Factor 1, named "somatic sensations", joins the complaints
that are mostly associated with accommodative effort [7,8,12] and refractive problems [9,11]. This factor may be representative of refractive asthenopia complaints, a term traditionally used
to characterize the visual complaints associated with refraction [14] and includes the main vari-
ables that constitute the "fatigue" and "discomfort" dimensions proposed in Clark’s work [4]. Factor 2, referred to as "impaired vision", comprises complaints related to difficulties in main-
taining binocular fixation that guarantees a clear and single view. This factor may be representa-
tive of complaints of muscular asthenopia, which refer to visual complaints associated with
problems of binocular vision [14] and represents the subscore with the same name, suggested in
other works [4]. Factor 3, which was denominated "cognitive performance", includes symptoms
related to memory, attention and comprehension, which are considered reading skills and this
factor is similar to one of Clark’s analysis factors with the same name. These types of symptoms
are associated to disorders in reading, in the presence, or not, of ocular problems [4,6]. The analysis of this questionnaire according to the proposed factorial structure allows us to
look at the third factor (cognitive performance) as a factor that must be analyzed separately
and by relative comparison with the other factors. A higher score on this third factor than on
others may reveal that the case is primarily due to learning and reading difficulties. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511
February 24, 2020 S1 Dataset.
(XLSX) S1 Dataset. (XLSX)
S2 Dataset. (XLSX) Acknowledgments The authors thank the Mission Group in Optometry and Vision Science for encouragement to
the submission of this research study. Discussion This analy-
ses may help to clarify the relationship between binocular changes, problems in reading ability
and attention deficit disorders, a fact pointed out by other authors as being lacking of more
research [1,6,20]. Several studies associate complaints of visual discomfort with near-vision tasks, however, it
is difficult to associate a specific type of complaint with a specific problem. It can be speculated
that complaints of visual discomfort, with a higher relative score in factor 1 (somatic sensa-
tions) than in the other factors, may be attributed mainly to eye strain during near tasks for
prolonged periods which require greater visual effort. Environmental conditions, uncorrected
refractive errors and accommodative problems are often reported as the major causes of these
type of symptoms [2,8,9]. On the other hand, since the severity of these changes tends to pro-
duce more uncomfortable and intense symptoms, which may include complaints of binocular
quality loss [8,11] it is possible that a high score in factor 1 and in factor 2 (somatic sensation
and impaired vision) is associated with visual changes with greater severity. In conclusion, the factor structure of the CISS survey allows to extract three dimensions,
each of which has satisfactory internal consistency, so that they can be used separately, each
with a subscore, instead of a global score. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511
February 24, 2020 6 / 9 Factor structure of the CISS questionnaire The diversity of common complaints to refractive errors and alterations in binocular vision
has made the questionnaire use a useful tool in clinical routine. It is therefore necessary to
explore the application of this questionnaire, analyzing its latent dimensions, in order to iden-
tify patterns of relative variation between each of the factors, which help both in diagnosing
the conditions and in defining the best strategies in order to reduce the symptoms. In addition,
the third dimension of this questionnaire (cognitive performance) can be very helpful in
assessing children with difficulties in reading to help distinguish if the visual complaints relate
only to the mental and cognitive state or if there is also impaired visual function. This research
will be complemented with an external validation, applying the CISS questionnaire and analys-
ing the results in the three suggested dimensions to specific populations. Author Contributions Conceptualization: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes, Pedro Lourenc¸o Monteiro, Anto´nio Santos
Nunes. Supporting information S1 Dataset. (XLSX)
S2 Dataset. (XLSX) Data curation: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes. Data curation: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes. Formal analysis: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes, Pedro Lourenc¸o Monteiro. Formal analysis: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes, Pedro Lourenc¸o Monteiro. Funding acquisition: Pedro Lourenc¸o Monteiro. Investigation: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes, Pedro Lourenc¸o Monteiro, Anto´nio Santos Nunes. Methodology: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes, Pedro Lourenc¸o Monteiro, Anto´nio Santos Nunes. Project administration: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes, Pedro Lourenc¸o Monteiro, Anto´nio Santos
Nunes. Resources: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes, Anto´nio Santos Nunes. Resources: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes, Anto´nio Santos Nunes. Software: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes, Anto´nio Santos Nunes. Software: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes, Anto´nio Santos Nunes. Supervision: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes, Pedro Lourenc¸o Monteiro, Anto´nio Santos Nunes. Supervision: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes, Pedro Lourenc¸o Monteiro, Anto´nio Santos Nunes. V lid ti
A
´li F
d
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P d
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M
t i Supervision: Amelia Fernandes Nunes, Pedro Lourenc¸o Monteiro, Antonio Santos Nunes. Validation: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes, Pedro Lourenc¸o Monteiro. Validation: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes, Pedro Lourenc¸o Monteiro. Visualization: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes. Writing – original draft: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes. Writing – review & editing: Ame´lia Fernandes Nunes, Pedro Lourenc¸o Monteiro, Anto´nio
Santos Nunes. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511
February 24, 2020 7 / 9 Factor structure of the CISS questionnaire References 1. Ip JM, Robaei D, Rochtchina E, Mitchell P. Prevalence of eye disorders in young children with eyestrain
complaints. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142(3): 495–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2006.03.047 PMID:
16935600 2. Tosha C, Borsting E, Ridder WH III, Chase C. Accommodation response and visual discomfort. Oph-
thalmic Physiol Opt 2009; 29(6): 625–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2009.00687.x PMID:
19821926 3. Han CC, Liu R, Liu RR, Zhu ZH, Yu RB, Ma L. Prevalence of asthenopia and its risk factors in Chinese
college students. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6(5): 718–722. https://doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013. 05.31 PMID: 24195055 4. Clark TY, Clark RA. Convergence insufficiency symptom survey scores for reading versus other near
visual activities in school-age children. Am J Ophthalmol 2015; 160(5): 905–912. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.ajo.2015.08.008 PMID: 26275474 5. Conlon EG, Lovegrove WJ, Chekaluk E, Pattison PE. Measuring visual discomfort. Vis Cogn 1999; 6
(6): 637–663. 6. Quaid P, Simpson T. Association between reading speed, cycloplegic refractive error, and oculomotor
function in reading disabled children versus controls. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013; 251(1):
169–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-012-2135-0 PMID: 22926252 7. Munshi S, Varghese A, Dhar-Munshi S. Computer vision syndrome—a common cause of unexplained
visual symptoms in the modern era. Int J Clin Pract, 2017; 71(7), e12962. 8. Sterner B, Gellerstedt M, Sjo¨stro¨m A. Accommodation and the relationship to subjective symptoms with
near work for young school children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2006; 26(2): 148–155. https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1475-1313.2006.00364.x PMID: 16460315 9. Schellini S, Ferraz F, Opromolla P, Oliveira L, Padovani C. Main visual symptoms associated to refrac-
tive errors and spectacle need in a Brazilian population. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9(11): 1657. https://doi. org/10.18240/ijo.2016.11.20 PMID: 27990372 10. Portello JK, Rosenfield M, Bababekova Y, Estrada JM, Leon A. Computer-related visual symptoms in
office workers. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2012; 32(5), 375–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313. 2012.00925.x PMID: 22775070 11. Davis AL, Harvey EM, Twelker JD, Miller JM, Leonard-Green T, Campus I. Convergence insufficiency,
accommodative insufficiency, visual symptoms, and astigmatism in Tohono O’odham students. J
Ophthalmol 2016; 2016, 6963976. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6963976 PMID: 27525112 12. Aakre BM, Doughty MJ. Are there differences between ‘visual symptoms’ and specific ocular symptoms
associated with video display terminal (VDT) use?. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2007; 30(3): 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2007.01.001 PMID: 17293157 13. Vilela MA, Pellanda LC, Fassa AG, Castagno VD. Prevalence of asthenopia in children: a systematic
review with meta-analysis. J Pediatr 2015; 91(4): 320–325 14. von Noorden G, Campos E. Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility, Theory and Management of Strabis-
mus. St. Louis. The Mosby, 2002:150–157. 15. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511
February 24, 2020 References Sheedy JE. The physiology of eyestrain. J Mod Opt 2007; 54(9): 1333–1341. 16. Borsting EJ, Rouse MW, Mitchell GL, et al. Validity and reliability of the revised convergence insuffi-
ciency symptom survey in children aged 9 to 18 years. Optom Vis Sci 2003; 80(12): 832–838. https://
doi.org/10.1097/00006324-200312000-00014 PMID: 14688547 17. Rouse MW, Borsting EJ, Mitchell GL, et al. Validity and reliability of the revised convergence insuffi-
ciency symptom survey in adults. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2004; 24: 384–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 1475-1313.2004.00202.x PMID: 15315652 18. Borsting E, Chase C, Tosha C, Ridder WH III. Longitudinal study of visual discomfort symptoms in col-
lege students. Optom Vis Sci 2008; 85(10): 992–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e31818883cd
PMID: 18832978 19. Lambooij M, Fortuin M, Ijsselsteijn W, Evans B, Heynderickx I. Measuring visual fatigue and visual dis-
comfort associated with 3-D displays. J Soc Inf Disp 2010; 18(11): 931–943. 20. Palomo-A´ lvarez C, Puell MC. Effects of wearing yellow spectacles on visual skills, reading speed, and
visual symptoms in children with reading difficulties. Graefes Arch Clin and Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 251
(3): 945–951. 21. Marran LF, De Land PN, Nguyen. Accommodative insufficiency is the primary source of symptoms in
children diagnosed with convergence insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci 2006, 83(5), 281–289. https://doi. org/10.1097/01.opx.0000216097.78951.7b PMID: 16699440 8 / 9 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511
February 24, 2020 Factor structure of the CISS questionnaire 22. Horwood AM, Toor S, Riddell PM. Screening for convergence insufficiency using the CISS is not indi-
cated in young adults. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98(5): 679–683. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-
2013-304533 PMID: 24532798 23. Tavares C, Nunes AMMF, Nunes AJS, Pato MV, Monteiro PML. Translation and validation of Conver-
gence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) to Portuguese—psychometric results. Arq Brasil Oftalmol
2015; 77(1): 21–24. 24. Williams B, Onsman A, Brown T. Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian
Journal of Paramedicine 2010; 8(3):1–13. 25. Gaskin CJ, Happell B. On exploratory factor analysis: A review of recent evidence, an assessment of
current practice, and recommendations for future use. Int J of Nurs Stud 2014; 51(3): 511–521. 26. Izquierdo I, Olea J, Abad FJ. Exploratory factor analysis in validation studies: Uses and recommenda-
tions. Psicothema 2014; 26(3): 395–400. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.349 PMID:
25069561 27. Zou KH, Cappelleri JC, Bushmakin AG, Alvir JMJ, Alemayehu D, Symonds T. Patient-reported out-
comes: Measurement, implementation and interpretation. 1st ed. Florida: Chapman and Hall/CRC
Biostatistics series. Taylor and Francis group; 2014. Pp. 66–69 28. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229511
February 24, 2020 References Barnhardt C, Cotter SA, Mitchell GL, Scheiman M, Kulp MT (2012): Symptoms in children with conver-
gence insufficiency: before and after treatment. Optom Vis Sci 89(10): 1512–1520. https://doi.org/10. 1097/OPX.0b013e318269c8f9 PMID: 22922781 9 / 9
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4592530_1
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GILBERT S. HARDIE AND ISABEL C. HARDIE, Petitioners v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RespondentHardie v. CommissionerDocket No. 5530-70.United States Tax CourtT.C. Memo 1973-127; 1973 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 162; 32 T.C.M. (CCH) 549; T.C.M. (RIA) 73127; June 12, 1973, Filed *162 Held, the amount of a charitable contribution deduction determined; held, further, petitioners are not entitled to deductions for travel expense, automobile expense and depreciation in excess of the amounts allowed by respondent. Gilbert S. Hardie, pro se. Richard W. Janes, for the respondent. IRWINMEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION IRWIN, Judge: Respondent determined deficiencies of $211.54 and $2,004.87 in the income tax of petitioners for 1964 and 1965, respectively. Several issues have been settled by the parties; however, the following issues remain for decision: 2 (1) Whether respondent correctly disallowed any charitable contribution deduction in excess of $1,000 attributable to petitioners' donation of an undivided one-half interest in a house to the Salvation Army; (2) Whether*163 petitioners are entitled to automobile expense deductions in excess of the amounts allowed by respondent; (3) Whether petitioners are entitled to deduct travel expenses in excess of the amounts allowed by respondent; and (4) Whether petitioners are entitled to depreciation deductions in excess of the amounts allowed by respondent. FINDINGS OF FACT Some of the facts have been stipulated and they are so found. Petitioners are Gilbert S. Hardie and Isabel C. Hardie, husband and wife, who at all relevant times have lived in San Diego, Calif. For 1964 and 1965 petitioners filed joint income tax returns with the district director of internal revenue, Los Angeles, Calif.At all relevant times Gilbert S. Hardie (Dr. Hardie) has been a self-employed physician practicing in San Diego, Calif. Isabel C. Hardie (Mrs. Hardie) was actively engaged during the years in issue in investing in vacant real estate and residential rental properties. The bulk of these investments were 3 in low cost rental housing in neighborhoods with a high concentration of poor people. On August 25, 1964, petitioners purchased a house and lot at a tax sale conducted by the city of San Diego. The*164 consideration was the satisfaction of a lien dated February 19, 1960, for street improvement bonds plus the payment of all delinquent and current taxes as follows: Street bond assessment$333.361962-64 property taxes387.761965 property tax (current)190.31Total$911.43After the expiration of the one-year statutory redemption period, Mrs. Hardie was granted a City Treasurer's Deed on August 31, 1965. This deed was recorded on September 22, 1965. The vacant house had been subjected to considerable vandalization. On August 5, 1963, it had been appraised at $1,000 as an asset of the Louis Bard estate. The house had access to the street only through an unrecorded prescriptive easement over the adjoining lot. It was located in a disadvantaged neighborhood. In October 1965 Mrs. Hardie hired two carpenters to repair the worst of the damage and incurred expenses as follows: Valdez and Benito (carpenters)$1,329.06Lumber and supplies249.23Plumbing175.00Electrical work170.00Windows, etc.123.40Roof work150.00Miscellaneous51.69Total$2,248.38 4 Mrs. Hardie did not try to rent the property but decided to contribute*165 it to the Door of Hope, a Salvation Army facility for unwed mothers. On November 17, 1965, Mrs. Hardie granted an undivided one-half interest in this property to the Salvation Army. The remaining half-interest was granted on January 10, 1966. On June 20, 1966, the Salvation Army received a written appraisal on this property from Mid City Realtors which put its value as being between $2,000 and $4,000. On August 15, 1966, it sold the house and lot to one Raldon Williams for $2,000. Williams, who was a realtor, had previously purchased the almost identical property next door from Silvergate Savings & Loan Association for about $5,000. Silvergate had acquired the property in a foreclosure which had eliminated an existing second trust deed. The Salvation Army house was rented soon after purchase by Williams for $80 per month. Petitioners claimed a total of $4,678.25 as automobile expenses for 1964 and $4,003.39 for 1965. Of such amounts claimed, the sums of $867.07 and $616.05 were disallowed for 1964 and 1965, respectively. In August and September 1965 petitioners took a vacation trip of about a month to Panama, Venezuela, Curacao, the Virgin Islands and Miami. While*166 en route to Venezuela to visit their son, who was working in the Peace Corps, petitioners stopped in Panama for 5 three days. During that time Dr. Hardie visited Dr. I. J. Strumpf who was in charge of the Obstetrics-Gynecology Department at Gorgas Hospital in the Canal Zone. The purpose of Dr. Hardie's visit with Dr. Strumpf was to observe the operations of Dr. Strumpf's hospital. The statutory notice disallowed $683.42 1 of $1,431.18 claimed by petitioners for travel expense with respect to their 1965 South American vacation. The effect of the disallowance of $683.42 is to allow approximately 50 percent of Dr. Hardie's total travel expenses. None of Mrs. Hardie's vacation expenses had been claimed. The statutory notice determined that petitioners had overstated depreciation for 1965 on various rental properties in the net total of $362.78. *167 OPINION Petitioners have contested a number of adjustments made by respondent for 1964 and 1965. 6 In 1964 Mrs. Hardie purchased a house for $911.43 in a tax sale conducted by the city of San Diego. In October 1965 Mrs. Hardie spent over $2,000 to put the house in rentable condition. Rather than renting the house Mrs. Hardie gave it to the Salvation Army, an undivided one-half interest in 1965 and the remaining interest in 1966. Petitioners, claiming a fair market value for the house of $12,500, deducted $6,250 on their 1965 return as a charitable contribution under section 170. 2Respondent determined that the value of the house was $2,000, which is the price received by the Salvation Army when it sold the house to a realtor in August 1966. We believe that respondent's evaluation is too low because the Salvation Army did not use the house and permitted it to become dilapidated and vandalized during the period of its ownership. From all evidence in the record we believe that the house was worth $5,000 when given to the Salvation Army and that petitioners are thereby entitled*168 to a contribution deduction of $2,500 for 1965. Petitioners claim that Mrs. Hardie's rental business required a great deal of driving on her part and that their cars were costly to operate. While we believe these claims to be true generally, petitioners did not present any evidence to support a greater deduction than has been allowed by 7 respondent. Petitioners did not present records of the business miles driven by them, nor is the record clear as to the number of cars owned by them at any time. We also note that none of the rental properties owned by Mrs. Hardie were located outside of San Diego. The deductions allowed by respondent are the equivalent of 586 business miles per week at $0.125 per mile for 1964 not counting any time taken for vacation or sickness, and 521 such miles in 1965 not counting any vacation or sick time. In 1965 the record indicates petitioners took at least a one-month's vacation.
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http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/71c1535a-3022-41ca-bfcf-5a54c05410e0_1
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CC-By
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Guardianship for children deprived of parental care : a handbook to reinforce guardianship systems to cater for the specific needs of child victims of trafficking.
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T K - 0 4 - 1 4 - 4 3 6 - E N - C d o i : 1 0. 2 8 1 1 / 7 0 1 6 F R A HANDBOOK i G u a r d a n s h p f o r i c h i l d r e n d e p r i v e d o f p a r e n t a l c a r e Guardianship for children deprived of parental care A handbook to reinforce guardianship systems to cater for the specifi c needs of child victims of traffi cking Guardianship for children deprived of parental care aims to strengthen the protection of children, specifi cally addressing the particular needs of child victims of traffi cking. The EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Traffi cking in Human Beings 2012–2016 recognises the importance of comprehensive child-sensitive protection systems, for which a robust guardianship system serves as a touchstone. Effective guardianship systems are key to preventing abuse, neglect and exploitation. Yet the roles, qualifi cations and competences of guardians vary from one Member State to another. This handbook, a joint publication of the European Commission and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, is designed to help standardise guardianship practice, ensuring also that it is better equipped to deal with the specifi c needs of child victims of traffi cking. It provides guidance and recommendations to EU Member States on strengthening their guardianship systems, setting forth the core principles, fundamental design and management of such systems. By promoting a shared understanding of the main features of a guardianship system, it aims to improve conditions for children under guardianship and promote respect for their fundamental rights. FRA – EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Schwarzenbergplatz 11 – 1040 Vienna – Austria Tel. + 43 (1) 580 30-0 – Fax + 43 (1) 580 30-699 fra. europa. eu – info@fra. europa. eu facebook. com/fundamentalrights linkedin. com/company/eu-fundamental-rights-agency twitter. com/EURightsAgency ISBN 978-92-9239-464-6 A great deal of information on the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the FRA website at http://fra. europa. eu. HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS Free publications: one copy: • via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop. europa. eu); • more than one copy or posters/maps: from the European Union’s representations (http://ec. europa. eu/represent_en.
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https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loeries
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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Loeries
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https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loeries&action=history
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Loerie verwys na voëlspesies in een van die volgende families:
Musophagidae, veral genus Tauraco,
Trogonidae, insluitend die Bosloerie,
Cuculidae: die Vleiloeries (genus Centropus)
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NauvooNeighbor18431845_253
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English-PD
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Some have herctoforo believed the oil mon w-fls-sinccrc, but since the fire there mercy for tho old fellow, lie a nnd let a city be burnt down over 'U, sir, it smell* strong ell ns of fire. Such T'QN of hny, minted immediately nt tho Nauvoo qoach nnd carriage manufacturing association, for which NOTICfc TO EMIGRANTS. TOR^THREN wishing tr» purchase f.nnd». Ujy llouif Mir city lo *, will do' will to call on iiip/al .Mrs Emma Smith** nr tlia .Van*ton WHlLlAM SMITH. ALSO— I lute s'lr.e lai.dml property with hou*c* and out office* on, inUie m e ior of lli'*‘ c.mn y, which I will sell or cxchai gc foi proper tv in thl* city May Clb, IR43-I.f. is no proplte j his lu % a|t! if In pderisv, us w incident* strengthen Mormonisnt, nnd as ApJtt I Co'. Stone ustd to say, “gives your delu- 1 sion froli vigor.”. It is singular how every effort to check, j head, oj- lurn Mormonism fails. We, of j Jr "in'ttie ' the world, notice tins, ond cannot account j will pica : -for it, | iioft of 'It . Tho popiihirity of Rigdonism hot been (.^ I ue \ v ^ distanced the first heat. His friends here Xi»vo> ' , nrodowin; they fed the force of things * Also m m iliey happen, nnd tho moral depravity in any of of the old man's course. He, in his pa- change i ;i per. hm been cursing Nauvoo, and bis £ r [“ l *® n , | | satollit'’B have ■chimed in ; but the curse thereof, i 1 has fallen upon his own house , and the' lion. M t people btlievo he is a wicked man. mthnCi i I must say I hove beep waiting for o Uf^n — and when about ono more curse m «j ra 'ic ! -hall have fallen round th j foot of those < exp‘«;cd. ; hat turn and fie® from ••the houst ’of faith,” us you call joprselvcs; l shall ; ’jo convinced that Gud is with you, | .vh-thur l bdievo and obey or nut. 1 think I »h ill write a lino by the pr. XJ 1 packet to Liverpool, that thqy ypov know j how closely GoJ whisks to wick’nl mon, I . Bennett of J.hv* Horald, is perfectly i sewcil \ip with Mormonism; ho dare not j.peep or mutter. Tho spring trade L Having formed a connection with a! hole* i lo dry g'Kjds house in the city of 1 ' ... v i. °u.. i . i ; New York, onuLles him to take adynn* luge ol the market in buying unusually ow, nt auction. He con, therefore, con lidcntiy assure buyers of ready made clothing, that ho net only cun but will ^cll them clothing not only as chcop but cheaper than any other clothing house ib tho citj[of St. Louis. .Buyersairo invited to call ana examine before purchasing elsewhere.; 4 M. BROWN,; No. 52 Main street, St. Louis. April 8th. fiO-Hm LIME, LIME! EMMA SMITH, Guardian. THWH subscribers would respectfully . iiuorm tho citizens of Nauvoo and viciniW, that ihejr intend keeping con*. Vinniuron liund. thu-besl qualiiy of lime, whlen they will sell low for cash or pro- d«cn. at their kiln in KecgarTs woods, iH llrigliam street, 1-4 of a.milon3rlh df Young street. N auvooi A pr'L 10. 1845.— 3w Til O A UVOO LEATHER . HARNESS, BOOT, AND SHOE MANUFACTORY. The Tanners? Shoemaker*, and Harness* makers of Nauvoo, the City of Joseph: H AVING associated themielve* together andr^the above name and title, are pre- pared lo enter extmsircty into all th* above branrhc a, and oa the Association is -composed of some of the best practical workmen, from the Eastern Cilice and f>om Europe, who -have had long experience in large Eftsblithmenlsf ili^y are p*epa»ed to do-work in their line, a* neat, perrranenr, and farluonablc, and alto at reaionaVe ns it can bo d ne ia any of lh* * CHE J 6 \ A tree s e qr sec 2’: '* n 8 w thu best qr . orJinJ in- the lj’.g Fid 1, g-»od tiije, Af.S - )— IGJ A-'ra* n w qricc 36; 7n 8 w on the Li hjrp road. AF.30— ICO Acrc**w29; 7 n 6 w. Will t ike trade for thi* la»t qr.; ALSO— 148 Ao-es of th« s tfqr of See 14: 3 n'TihHsitaT, wit hfc n-:W idg houSc not finish- isl, sojio timber; price $1 2>0 par acre, pari eoa'i pari trade. Enquire of ED-50N WHIPPLE. May 5th 18(5.— I tf JOSEPH OWENS, ! THOS. "MEN PENH ALL April 13th, 5 0-3in , - J O Tl'JE is hereby given that Ho ■■ IME! LIME!— The subserit^r* Would m- ■ form the cilixrnt of Nauvoo and vicinity, hai they have now on hand and intend keep- 'irg at n'l time* a large nuno'ity of drat ra'c him*, at their Kiim near the upper end of Main •pea', fqrmi’ily occupied by Peer Shirt*.’ AU kindsdf e»Utury produce; .rncrchandwe, ic-, received in payment, ca*h nnj refuted. • jOSTAlI BOYCE, ' O . M ALLEN, EDMUND NEL80N. May 7, 1815-No 1— Om in at Boston, DIED — Near Macedonia, on the 20tli inst, Mr. William N* Haws, aged 55 years 9 months and on® day; niter a severe sickness of about, hbi weeks of the dropsy in the chest. *. I.EVr STEWART. Nauvoo, Apt)I 23d, 1815.— 52<f ' - t-AKMS FOR SALIC OR EXCHANGE. regular weekly- packet. AMARANTH. T *f!^i! CATKi ^ U^EA-GKs; IIKSK celebrated Lozenges are anbrt'd to iho citizens oP Nrt, and iho West, ns Iho best nrcimrm * THE HOME OF T.HE DESOLATE-HEARTED. TIip glory that reigned in those haft* i« And the l> aul> thru »Tai'gcra < ourl? 1 , And drep ate the rhadowa that grief hath r<u 0 i the homo of the De#o a'e hearltd. | for sale, or EXCHANGE. TglHE und?r*ignod will’dirposo of' hi* farm for c(nh. or for a farm in .Hancock county, ll.fnnis. said farm Iny* r miles cast of tho county scat ol j branch county, Michigan, ono mile north <>f tne Chicago turnpjktf, and contn in* , eighty acres, abuut fifty under improve ( nrnl. tho balance good timbered land, .with n grnil su'trnr bush on it. I’HYLANDLR CCRLlSS. Apr I 1 1»I|, OO'.f /^U( ► farms one containing ISO ..ere*. 70 ncr«s improvcJ, with a good ! frame In tw, nnd out houses; lit * other ; containing ICO aeri's, GO acres improved, with a gr«»i h<nne, and out nous: *: \ — AIm», UO noGT* of timber, a'l s irate ■ .•ibo.it 3U iniU's east from St. L* u.s, IS | miles from Bollvilje, nui] 2 mile* Iron I i Fayetteville. in Sr. Ci.tir county, Illinois. | ALSO-. N K farm containing l('o acres; CO acres improved. with a good dwol** .mg house and out houses. situated sotrl: west of Pinkney syillci Ferry county, lili* uni*. v The owner* of the ijbave farm* wil exchange: strek : for further part oifar- a PI*! v to Levi Stownrt, or this office. ALS,( ) —Abou: COO acres in .Missouri. Apply to tho above. A LSp: /T'lyN K farm situated 1 mile* cn*t o' • ^ IhnkueyRV.ile, thu county scat in Ferry county, Illinois, containing 120 n-'rc* improved, with a good block house • ml oftt houses. ;. T - IIE subscribers have opened a store, on the premises of'S. A. Knowllon. (Knowlton settlement, Hancock county.) yhero they have on hand a complete ns* • >r Invent of Dry Goods. and Shoes. Inrdw.iro arid Grftcc/ios, adapted to the a a n la of a firming community, which they oiler for sale ut very low prices foj •:<i*Ji or produce. A .Vo obont 100 qi. sections of hind, 'dented in this county which will Lc soid; •o thnsc w'shing to settle on favorable' terms. I IKY WOOD $ KIMRALL. liefr-ner*. — Bv Young, II. C. KimbalL THE NF.W LIGHT DRAUGHT STEAMER . AMARANTH At u s», MaS>.:n, run is n regular packet betu reoSi. V V Lo-.iiaa'id Rock Island, duri.ig the » a- various SS < d"u)‘ hr y nr . 0 ,. rc,:o ^ m < , "*-d)<'vor otlor Sfomio nv'bl.c. -Iho proprietor, l'r * heminn, is u regular grndUnto.of Me ft c.nc.-amemberorthc Medical Fooictv o| tho city nnd county 0 f New y, , ' - :.o,e, K( , ar^pro . proscriptions which have been « Hr one ft ilia, proved by the imSst eclebrnfrd phv.sich n* p. <$-c. ; m that city; -in addition to which they nu- medicines ; prepared in so pleasant a mariner' ih-.i children cat them with - avidity nu d cr ‘ for more. I hey consist of ^ ...... (: °FH1I LOZiCNQEs, '* Inch are the safest. nnd mn«i wr, . i rernodf for Coughs. Colds, Consu^ “h M hooping Cough.l.sthnin, Ac., nt ’ Icre.bto the pub#. They operate 1 promoting expectoration, 4wnymg ,j- irr .a.'on of coughing, nnd rcV, Jii.g 1 qatiso-ol the disease,. • ® D • 'VQNM LQyAlXGRS he .nlylnfuJIiWo \V„n„ medicine over discr vered. In o«er 100,000 Cflhl . s son, tourli ng at all ilia intermediate por:». On her upward trip, %he will Icavo Nauvoof.r Reek Island evrry Wednesday ai.rix P. M. Uelmr.- i-. g wi I le.'/ve Nmvoo forSf. I,ouis every rf.it ir- day at 6 A. JM. In {>• ir.^ of ac-romm -ihrfoas iho Am-nnih la surpa«jtd bt no boat on the upper it aMsiippi ; nn i ber oBhcta will spare no pa n} id render lie;_wor by the p.ajfvnatv of a *:i cernWi" public. I' «.r tisig-it or pa ssige aprlv t-» v . . . A. Mr RRIiOX, Arent.. >*uvoo, April 3Cth. 5:tf Ti e odor of ilowers is on ill air i * /. .Hut noLon c wees’* ■ ri* mit gled h re: Tuc vine untraiie <1 on the. ari'i lepose; Tue neltl.s o'er lop <hr l»:i a I *«•»• : The clrmaiis sinkn from it* \v i l«*.| p'l. f. Anil the 1 ly i* crorhel m •'» 1 ’i sr r: Iraee. The gatlnn ls that lurnf on t’t'"'' walls oi yo-e With ill irbesiitv nnd t.-locin have d pait.-d. And the wieathing ufHcatoin* * l.n wn no in ro In the hortte of this Derol t o h artrd. , ( r 0li £‘ s N CoW.\ Infiimtn.ttionof the , these' I. .j r ; ,n l”\ Former* cj the Cheat, Rci Ihjfrc'jUtf of Breath tag)'. f | 11 hooping Co\i S \, Crouj *l*P fnmoiiH iif Cnnsupiplidri, none seem* to b»> m dting with grenlcfiiuccess. or paining n higher ri'iHiimipn than that mo^t noii U'erltil snide. Wi*ojW Ralsno^of Wild I'Clitjrry ! Th l it stnnds nt the .head of ! nll oilier remedies fs now un v< rSa!fy!con .coded. It has furl'd thiMnands^ipon llunjrands — of r.l! ci.i^*cs — in eafosof the |*WS dangerously Copsumplivc chA^nctor 7 — And physicians of the greairst^emi.. h oerre ihrodghout Oiif who ! o crunlry un- | Itesi BlingJy ri commons! it ns Av.' niost I jwxnerlnl cjratiyc of Fu I ir.o nary- disease*, in tile wTiole jnngdof Phanttnr v, Thou- sands of ^bps&m|i:ivq paiictii i. have nL j ready toslcd ils exalted virtue*, m.d con> Lfessdd its surpis*iug, yxcellent it*>d ttmu* Ji ^Inglpbwcr. Die .rotnarUabTo'liucccss nf ; ilr.s IJaUam i* no doulit owing in n gf uni 1 •I measure to tlw peculiarly ag; enable and ji powiM ful nr. I ura of its ingredients. II is I :l Ilerbai Medicine, composed chief* jly of Wild Clrtrrv R.irk and .hoigcnuinc i 'celatul iMors — % tho lAtlnr iiiqm^ted rx» 1 grossly lor this. purpose) iho rare’ medical virluys of which nrq-nlso combined, by n HOME 7$f3IIK subscriber hiving open'd n 1 Jll ci inuii's'ion ^ll)re on MuilioHandj street, n!'o ;r fifteen ru-i* 9on*b ei*t of tlie* i'< tnjir, will rocci'c n’nd cell on cimmis*] •ion, any article that can be made or' .vuiufaoUiM J in tins city,- conjprivitlgH •f Iv.i n and Shoi 8 of ail lundu, Hat-, j ih'ai'Ot*, Fto. king*. S«xrki» C»!ovd*- t.'alii i| netware, 'Chairs, Hoc.*, Fitch forks; fi*|! iiiily. any thing that you c.n make. or havv; on band lint uiil bo useful FT FTi-. viohiity. lint you wisltjo cell; if yon J; feel d<spnsed lo leave it "with ino I tvill' s- it it to the best advantage^ for your I out fit. I wi'l receive in c.vclfJrgo for the 1 \1 mivi: Uriii'les, Fork, Reef. But ter. Cheese, l’« »\y f Egg*. Wheat, Corn. Ruck-wliqal. Flour. Meal, Fo nt o7. Rntii*, * WVo!. j Hide.'*, an I finally any thing thut will it iinke fi.d I or clothing. Flensa give mo a call as I wili intend: o sell cheaper than the chcnpoM. A DEL LAMB. I N’auvdo. Feb. 20. -13; f ! Tlirt poitra l< lint bun'; on tliog.VI-'ryN Of t|ipl kindred band 1 that long sii ’edx - An 1 inward torncil to the oaken w&ll, K>jr t !..0 g'onmy memorioi tliejr recall: And niaby a land-rape of flowing l.uo, 11 v a I. Idvd vc.l i< hid from- view ; For why should the' gladniN* of linpp ft \S lio'c light Ins lor n\e drt artrd. Be ever iiut'l+icd lo tho weary g.ire, In the lioinl* of I lie Dciolid' d luar cd, A pador t 9 nies over the in. Ti den's Mm in. A* she cro*ml!i the dorr of that 'on ly home. And children move with a *o‘tcn»<l t end, And voices hushed to n lone ef <!re;,d; And mirth »'rh'«* bark from its* wound llow. When the cyo4->ok» up on the brow of wo. For the happy band thot were gnthei’d llicte, Ai a ningle Hlroko wtfre patted - ; A»nf we nsk no inrre of tlic young nnd fnir, . In the home i f the l)e»ol ilrd-hrartci 1. II. E. G. l '\ ) It S A LIS O R E.XC HANG E. A FARM in Knox county, three miles ‘ m at of Gnlosburg'.i, oight mil 's from. Knoxville, thirty miles irtmt Oqti ika. and twelve miles from Monmouth. Contuinuig •ino hundred acres— forty acres of jm- provotnanis, and sixty meres of excellent • briber, well wuturod, both for stock nn ) hnujie use, Tho cultivated land is dry and of a very ’ excellent quality, which tho uiidi*r*igncd w i l sell cheap, or ex* clmngo for a farm in Hancock conntv. JUSTUS AMES, March 1st, IS 13- 1 it f county sen I* Marion, in Williamson couu- tv. Illinois* witli a good house end, opt houses. ^ ALSO: < A PLANTATION IN MISSISSIPPI. BJj^OU >nle or exchange, a plantation la? Mtimlcd 30 miles front Vieksburgli. Mis*issi|ipi, in tho county of Copiah, 7 miles soul lr of Lines’ atom on the Jack* son load. 1) mile.* from Gallatin, and 30 miles frorr. Jackson, containing 1080 •cres of laud, with 00 acres of improve, merit, with a good dwelling house and •ml buildings ; indisputable tillu given. Fi r further particulars apply tu George Black, or at this ofiico. ALSO:, A PLANTATION containing' dOO acres. 80 acres improved, good dwelling house, good well at tho door, nnilB new light draught swift passen* I |mvo been afliic ger steamer OSPREY* AxDpnso.x asthma for 24 year Master, has commenced running between vproly as to bo confi St. Louis' »)• Rloohiington, leaving St. Lout.* weeks; and althoug every .Friday, nt *1 o'clock p. m/for Nau- ous nicdical ndviscri, vco,-und arriving nt JJIcotnington overy- Sunday evening. On her downward trip ••he will leave Bloomington nt 7 o'clock a. m. Monday morning, arid pass New Bos’on, Oquakn, Ihirlington, and Fort ) I ad i son, Monday; Tuesday will leave Xauvoo at 8 1-2 o'clock a. m. precisely. Foft Rkiralantiil your lint !« lo night . Haw hrighuy brani* carli marry sphorc, Brnratli y<>ur Mjlily mellowed light Tho lovlicit » cones grow lovoln r 1 How high, how gicnl, tl.e glotlou* P.'wor That, bade thesoailvrry dcw-draps Jail; That touched with id nm tho folded llower! And Von ( the blue t-ky over all! 1 love M glide in these k* ill hoiir-*, Willi heart, and (Inmghl, and I'.inoy, When nought hut ♦tor", nnd wave, ami flower* May giy.- me iliciV sweet com; any! When far lu low tlie Wove* outspiend Glido safely on Willi liquid hue; When winds are low — nnd *kics o'erlicad Arc beaming beautifully line. Oh. what a heavenly hour is lliisl / I'lie green earth semis an Kden-hcme — And vet 1 pine amid my bliss, For puSer blissra'vet to come! ~ How can my spirit |gnr.<’ ah ft Upon your derp 'delicious blue, And that -to those lu realms »o oft. And never »i^h to flutter through! - i 4. And yet tin* spot, «h stir, so l no, Seems fum'M lo ijuif my mournful mood — The for blue hcavei's rtem nil my own, Ahd all this lovely solitude! A voice rccin. whlsppiitig on tho hill, Soli nt my own, and on the rea A living spiiit seem) to lliri-l And throb with uiino delicioufly 1 nol return. ^ ^ . -.A burn in all cases gmrhntocd or Iho motu)y refunded. [m^BVoQn Man’s Fusrki, Ins I lusjer, of which ovor 1,000,000 r .._. ...f ycnrly. H believed to ho the bast »sm, luuibergo, pnin rronst or nnv othor >r prepared, dnU Jh . it within ory person jn the community’ lieso eoleb/ntr d and for sale nt t|,is ROAF MANUFACTORY. r rpiIH subscriber having established » ^ Snap Manufiictory on iyiulliollnnd street, about two hundred rods enst'of tic Temple, opposite R, RcccIFs Tavern, where ho intends to manufacture hnrd and soft soap’ of the best quality, whrcl: lie will sell much tiwcrihan Ins been the customary' price in this city, wholesale and retail. To. bo had also nt tho Corn mission Stqrc, about fifteen rods soylh-vu® 1 of the Tcinp’i which gavo mo inhtuut relief, aiuFn single arofbld bottle produced* in if few day? what I be- FJnsVor lor rl iemSint" llevc to bn n rndica) nnd porfcct curo. , i II tho back, eide, b A. U 1 1,1,1 AMs, Attorney at Law, part of the body, ovc No. 08 Williams «L, New York. price (only 13hf cents, ) ’bnni* >Vd nro ncqnamtca with Iho writer of 'lie rcucliofovr -- - • • H tho nliovo coilificate, and Wh sfittements (KT A large sutmli of tl nro chlitlud lo Iho full cooSJcnco of the ariiclca just received ' public. . ollice. F. A. TAI.MADGE. — tajv^-rT^ Rccordor nf the city of New York. * a V JOHN FUWF.R. 1). A. f , Vjcnr Gcncrol of New Jpjrjc. ‘ irollfn,; < / Irfiiet 11,0 ®Mo wrt.ficato tnay be w , K>r0 , le will QCCOf at No. l-o Fulton slrcnt, Now j,;« (>i^|, niuJ , )l( ; o SI per bottle, six for S3. ' m' m- orders frdm dealers south nud west cciviiv' frc*b*nh- U AVabash river should bo addressed «„ n \i lirn j!‘!. *7 U> Bnnj'jt. Flic'ps 70 Cliesnut street. Ft. f ' Louis,! Mo- 1 lie above truly valuable v- 0 o for eve r * ’ medicipo is fur sale at this ofiicc. ('W. Feb 13— 12-3i,i • Un< m ‘ n , ,H nnl , \ situnted -10 miles from Viekshurph. llir.es county, Mississippi, and 4 miles from Lines' store. For further particulars ap- ply at this ofiicc. ALSO: A FARM containing 140 acres of on* closed land, GO acres under n high state of cultivation, nnd 00 acres of ex* ceJIent timber, of firsT rate quality, n good cnmfortablo farm hou*e, and good out buildings, together with a good pump of water ul tlio door, and GO graded fruit trees, located on tho road leading from Washington to Richmond, G miles from v a6el lamb Nauvon, Fob. 20. 1945-43lf seen York 7['j^nF. undersigned having taken the JJ. old stand formerly occupied by II. Egan, have commenced manufacturing ••ordnge of all descriptions, twine, clmlk* linrs <$*c., which they will veil at Si Loui* prices. As tho subscribers intend" mnnu- ■ actnring nil their cordage from tho bc*t material*, and in .the host manimSy to be *old nt tho lowest prices ; ilioy wool l in* viieuil persons wishing to purclinse, to •nil nnd si c before purchasing cl-«tw here N. B. 3t Lon;* pri -e* pai I I*, r horn-* i:GAN *Y I'ANDEUrf. Fob. 10- I2tf |i TH E X AUVOO, COACH AND CARRIAGE !j Manufacturing association. j| E lltu undersigned would advertise j| ” ^ to to*) citizt iH of Nauvoo nnd tho , . i| Fullic generally, that we havo entered • it ’ * ,r m ^. roin J iiiio co'pnrttivihlup, nnd wishing to bo . n- . >'0..l.l n-spcclfully or,, ,„, ;< . lllil ; e . l „ 3 „ CCJ((Ii io S M , u, .\.nr. to, lli.it II cy ,n.o „„ ,|,® /of "y o„ J « , «cl. a .V v,o.,„ { Mn ,, l of ' C - , rt , n . Ts 7 ST' 7 r 1 " 0 " 1 ?" «''<••!> -r.l. r, .1 bv n’lr I'atroiio red O.lo unit, ,,J, of work,, ; , v ,„ , v W f.Var ,.s>ill, n nci * l,,C ’ , rp fn \y | call. rm«l ns cur comptifly is fcomptifcd ol v r r /* * *.* , , rncdhanlcs from cljjjeront nations of tlm -- A '.f 1 " *• l,avo '“«»hcJ V.„IJ tv, ■ ko-itarev ia rnyhl- \ " |V ", I ,T' -'••'I !»»'•!« -A 11.0 E'-ri, ' "7 nrt ’ l ,p '* ,l ‘.°: r |„r von-m. laoe, „! „l! !e. aad a.ouV, -.,,H ,»« manner .ha, will t in „n,!„f„',.,ri„ r C „,n,„ its.ncuon. 1 1 .„ ..i ..,.i'. .i ,e.. uv.i. Yet llieugb my ihmle'btf f.i m rare room freed AoWa *,iA juy (H'IvaiIo. my bieant, That inukCB in • n!hio*t feel iitleeil •That l.carip onc.irtli are *»nu tiiima b'eVt, There ir a ppe'l ill lln'fC lMi*l,fd *i.iej — A ••'inothing felt In ties lone ipot, Tliat nnkos my very a nil a;i*c With l'|i,'lrg* tori— ii Uiiowm nr.t what! iT-To i i I A I’Au.M containing 180 acre*. wiBi 30 acres undemi!tIva;ioit f wHJ tim • I ci < tl arid well w tiered, with rln orchard [r,f 30 bear i:ig- npplo tuc*. together with [mnuy other fruit tree.*, such ns‘ eherrie*. ! peaches, j cars. tf-c.. hitu:»lcd in F.-rry township, pelaw irn county, India ,n. 13 from the head of W hite Vfntor rtirihl m l ingervfown. nnd 10 ;ni;c.* fr< m .Munch-* town, near a Irtlo townvaili .1 Bur ington: tl ere aio two b'gaibir.s r» r.Tl ‘a stable tipm, 'll" premises ; the quaiii^ol’ tbe Ian I i- i.'qi'aL lo any in the evun'ry. 'J lie sub* “triilicr proporcH to e'xcha ngo for I m. I pi I hmeof k coun*y. I.linois. or to /sell nt ri reduced • price, f,>r r'n^l) dr other good property; n jerf et titlo can bo given. Any or nil per rvo:i* wishing to Inrgain in • hat way. cup rijll on DrCouUtoh < ( Ln Ln io Morley of I.itm, or Georg’ I Nnuvoo. or nt my^ rcsideneo, in re com: G , kd s H tut . v •* ‘ ^ ’ • *' * It ' V' II.Al'f, 1 ruid .St a*on*, or other books bound, n bo rt •roinmod.tediit the'Frintiiig Of* ••.on roust) nf 1 ! bio terms. Jli-rA eon bo obtained nt this ofiicc, r ‘ !•?*(; second, third and fourth volmrie* thV Tihi,ih nnd .^-nsohs, aK'o mnit of n o«ld mmibor.4. if ittbicriben should c ‘l “">» lu ‘ku their voJuii.’ih com* Bene a’ h »liyli ,k 06 I t- mol me* d uht My l,rnrt cm o’, r have droam'*tl »”l *in The w . r!d *• i in* oil ,u «fe'm w il!i< at. And all inv ill a"h'j* *•» p re within! Such drfaji'* flny '».*«■ r my fu'ilcd lid; Such heavenly v »| it* "ri<t n y view, 1 olineal rioai to glido amid The ArigoMiand*, mi angel too. V . U . |{ A 15 I) I T T A/fortfei/ til f.iiir. , AS removed bis pJIicn to the , Nanvoo and has taken the F(T SALE OR EXCHANGE,. A FAILM.t'f 13(1 acre*, situated two * in !fs west nfth^fiouti hieg iovvn ol Kiihitiin/oo, Mifliigi't), on the margin i f the gminr^ruirie, ono of Hie nmHt liiniihy ;i Ti^as of the state. Ninety ncrciof e\- .c.’llettt tiinh r,’ slicli/i* M’.ipb', Bi cc'i, Xeli. jVinJ; Walnut, W Into Oak, Arc.', the •nt.ihce prairie of '.hi l>rs/ quality. Flutro i * a g«wd framed larn, 30 by 43 .'Vol ; :i l;rg<* fiamed Ifotise, well finished uni painted outside, writ n yoimginrclmrd >f fruit tr< e* mi Utc |>r« misrs. Tim w hole I'iirui i* well fenced nud excellently wn* ■I'H’ii, for stock nnd n well with a pump in hot!) barn and ki'chon. The siibs-ribcr will stil iho almve farm m reasonably term*, or cxcluingc 't in {Htrt f6r a good stock farm, of prairie and rimber in Hancpck county ; nn indispu* able titlo given. For further particulars enquire nt this office, or pf tho subscriber •ii the premises, Frua !*>• Jirtti ,.Vr /'«:/, f> w*o rot. BrrrAfh. -Apiil 3 — Terri! lr l'loo l on Xing, mi Hirer , — An extraordinary ex- c temcii t *|i is prcvnib.nl rjt (^iiec iHi' ii.fnil M Lovviston for the la*t three day*. The ice has disnnjM ared from here with greo' rapidity. Such have been its movcmciitf over the Niagara F.i!!*, necojnpahied uiil. n strong^Jmirth w imi, that the Niagtra river Hjb been completely blocked up. Tho ici? th^rn ycmcnlny, within n mile of the Falls, was f'orli/jcit high! In tin tapid course of the # ice, evqrv tiling uo thu wharves ut Qheonston and Lewiston has been swept oil', witn the contents of the storehouses. At Voungstqwu. it has cleared olTcv* cry house m ar the' wharf, mid the stinm flour-mill has gone witli it, with senu eighty barrels of flour ur.d u large lot oi potash in store there. The carnage, all around, is not far from $100,000. m our lino or business, which wiirVcm:*.- *i*t in purLr.f Coaches, O.naibu Cj. Cahs. f?lririo!ces, C’haiies, Barouches. nBggiijs. Buggy Wagons, Humus. Spmtunj'nsj; TntUiUg WngoAs, two and ouo l.orsei Lumber Wagon*, ox and horfo.Caits. I I frays, Hand Carts, W'liceJ Barrows, n'so. :> Ploughs, L’cytltt! si ttths,* U .kvs, Arc, «^v. \- w l^fcib wo shall sol! at «| oh'.sulo or retail ; nt^Our factory on Wa or street opposite j' Gen. Joseph -b'mitb’s (doc* used) itorf- 1 novV otcupied by David ' Yen rshiv^Hn i j we soli 'it tlio .patronage of tlii^enTjreii* i us we intend to heir no gramblfng from m»r customer* on ac -oimt of high prices. j| for wo intend' to miku it an jbbjcct fori 1 them to pay down for all work done in j! our Ijno cither in Cash, Wheat, Oats 1 Corn, Potatoes, Fork, Beef, Butter, oi crossin. any kind of Country produce. Also Tim* Nauvoo and d/bntr03C, ..... u her of nil do-criptions, which we will’pay limes with the-least possible dolftv, the highest Market prico fur in our line .would therefore rcs| on delivery at our Factory. » GEORGE W. HARRIS, Frost ELIJAH FOR DM A. M, Clerk.*. SIDNEY ROBERTS. Supr. . BURR FROST. - DAVID DE VOL. JOSHUA SMITH. DAVID W. FOX. SHADRACII DUIGGS, DWIGHT WEBSTER. JESSE H. ATHERTON.) WM. LISK.. Janyi loth, 1845.-37-t£ GimCOT']’ would. miorii) Hie citf* v.eos of Nauyury njpi vicinity, t| 4;1 i s o immerrct’d an Eiwtherk MnnVfae- v.hero hn is now mattufnnioribg • t D.die*, Bowls, Fiicheis, Urt^ nail curries on |lu mess of. !■■■■ ' B.OOK BINDING, which Aill b-r ready lor . inspt ction- and 1 ffi all its various branches; liad liuvin; sn|a carjy in the spring, ut his Matui'rne-.j ployed .skilll nil, and experienced work lory in 1 ilidi Street, one Tlock north of he is prepared to do work ns ro Bafloy^FtreeL ■ . able, expeditious, ojid to have it us ii I l!». 7. I - 1 1. noll-:f. 0XecUted, i»sitU any other establish 10VVA th ins) r hi tiii* Siiiii'. THE N.VUVO J AND MONTROSE FIRRY, . The following is a list of |iis 7p]lHE Subscriber haying complied n ‘ j-kicks. 11 g^pd ar.d SuJjitaniial ferfy boat for Qunrto? half Bound plain the Mississippi tivTr .between 1 ^ da do do . neat will cross at all do wliold bound plain * He ,do do do neat ipuctfblly ^solicit tire Octavo fufi bound plain patronage of those who wish to cross at do do do' neat all times and with speed and safety. do'*, hf , bound plain From tho well known eligibility oi the do do do neat roiito for those crossing the Illinois river do do do extra at Bcardstown, Meredosia, qr Naples nnd U’welvns full f bound plain i going to the new purchase in Jowa will do do do neat ' find it much to their advantage to cross do hf bound plain at this point as it is well known os being do do do • neat the nearest route between tho abpve r.am • All other kinds of work not abovo cd points and the roa^s tar superior to merated, done on tho. shortest notice those of any other route. on the most reasonable terms. tfANlEL C. DAVIS. JOHN TAYLC «. May 23d. 1944. Nauvoo, Jan I, 1844. JAJOK HERE. ^7!!F.um!ersigr.vd wi.I exe!:anco n frw *■ town !• t*. Ii>r Iluraos, Cittle. Wag* •ms and Ilar.icfs-*. HIRAM KIMBALL. Jan. 27' h, • 18 |3-3f|!f i.,’\i(iif. cijition ot tae “ voice ol Warning?’ is uow out nnd lor sale u: SETH TAFT. non* a& . a first raio opportunity of purchnsinc'heir good? as we nro determined to sell Tower than "any engaged in our line of business We sell for cash, nnd pur motto is quick returns and small profits. WEBB A: SMITH. Corror of 3d and Fino streets, St Louis, Mo. Country merchants will do well lo give jps a call. Feb. 7:40tf W. «Sc S. HAT .STORE. 'fIMIE subscriber has taken a stor? on MuihoJInnd St., half a mile cast of the Temple, whero ho now ofi’ers for sale Fur and Silk Hals of iho latest fashions, md manufactured of tho best of rgatd* rials. ' Country produce tnken in exchange Also a good assortment of Groccrier and Provisions A. MERRILL. Nov. 26, 1844-80tf. . Coffee Sugar and Molasses . — A wri- ter in the Boston Atlus estimates tho de* crease in the production of cofieo in 18- 45. 100,000,000 lbs.; in sugar nt 150. 000.000 pounfl*, and in molasses at 62. 000 hogsheads. OnDER. — A place ior every thing in ’its place. bbeti piml by the llfito (/eiirVnl Joa/pli Smith, Whe he. wil) be ready to (ilton'i *<» any, or al r buisnem committed lu hi* , (mst. ’ : - : ’ " • .1, . -if 1 ( of. 0, IN 4 |-23Jf : j J t-ttlcE. ^ * .oppurtu — 'THE Mibjioribrr tukei tin* * t.v of informing thu public N A IT V O O • HHHE ... of j * *. OUR MOTTO.—TIIE SAINTS’ SINGyLARFjf — IS UNITY, LIBERTY, CHARITY. 1 J - 1 m ► r olnine 3.*— No. 2. } • . ■ ! — . > : .. f I % Naavoo, Hancock Coimtjr, IIIjnoisiVednesdar t -_May 14, ISll / Whole Nnmberl4$ THE NAUVOO iSl-KiimOH II ritlXTLO AND PtMtilMlIKD LV£RT WCOXCadAt i>v j m Editor and ‘Proprietor. .it the corner*/ 1 Paine and H-tin Street , , .Yaurooi J hineotk county. III. Term*.— $ 1,00 invariab'y in advance. , n (Tti op AorcRTtaiNo, I ine «<junr>\ one insertion. .01 JJverv •uWnuenl insertion. 37. 1-2 renta. a !it.fri>t.dl-<x *iire - II »•« nikde Myrvlv n.ltertlvr). Letter* tniM be niicire«n»<l to the Editor, (Joiin TuvlorA ro«r paid, to receive attention. » From the Ihltimore Sun. INTERESTING revolutionary RELIC. There was recently discovered nmdny thn paper* of iln? Into Major John JonP Sheet mycr. nn tit dent patriot of thu Rev- olution,' lho following . mioreiitinz cocir- merit. It is a discourse delivered by the Rev Jacob Tmut, on t ho evening before « the Initio of Brandywine. i. c. on the lit 1 of September, 1777. It was pronounced before tho mnui Inxiv of the American ar- mv. in presence of Gen Wash ngton, (Inn Wayne, nnd other distinguished officers of the army: . REVOLUTIONARY SERMON. “They tlut lake the »'vo-.| .hall perish bv the .word." * Soldiers and Countrymen : — IV o have rnrt this ovoning porhnjv* for the In-t time. Wo have sli ired"tho toil of the march, the peril of the' fight, and the dismay of tin retreat alike; 4 we ha vo pndured tlto cold and hun cor. t)io contumely of tho internal fob. -and tlto coil r a co o f tho foreign op pressor. —Wo hav.i sat. night after night, brsiiio the camp tiro ; w« have Ingoilicr hoard tin- roll of the revl-ille, which, called us to duty, or the heat of. the tattoo, which pave the signal for the hardy sleep of tie- .older, tvr li tho rmih for his bud ‘and the knapipek for his pi low. And now, sold ers* npd hrethren, wt have mot in thq prnceful valley on lit* ovo of battle, when the sun’ight is dyinc away beyond yonder height*, and tin sunlight that to. morrmjr morn will glint' riior on scenes o I l/food. Mo have mot, nmid |hu whitening tents of nur encamp- ment: in »ho liua: «>f terror and gloom have wo gathered together— Uo>l gram oj Ilia v not he for foe last lime. It i#n solemn moment.: Hrethren, doe.' npt the solPmn voic-t of naltiro seem t echo the sympathies of the hour! Tie- • (lug of our cuirrv droops heavily from yonder’, stall - — tho breeze has died away along the preen plain of Clmdd’s Ford — tho plain that spreads before iis clittoriop in sunlight — the heights of tho llnndy- v ino ariso gloomy and grand beyon I tho wators of yonder strewn — all nature holds a pause of solemn silence, oiftlm ovo of uproar and bloodshed and strife to-mor- tow. ••They that take the sword, shall perish by the sw.oid.” ~ - ','Aod have tin v rot taken the sword? ..Loathe desolate plain, the blood-sodden vallies*. Hie burned Inrm fn-use black imv; in the sun, tho sucked \i l.ige. and th ravaged town, answer; let the whitei i ig J.oiu's of tho butchered farmer strewn ’• tilotic the fields of his homestead, answer: h lithe starving mother, with her babe c ing ng to tlto withered breast tint can ndbnf no sustenance, let h-w nnwer with the' death- rattle mingling with tho mur- muring tone* that marked that Inst strug- gle of her life; let the d) pig mother ai.d Jicr bubo answer. It was but a day past and our land slept in tho quiet of peace. War was n it here; wrong wan - not byre; fin; d nun , woe, and misery art I wap* dwelt hot a mongos. Emm tho ct«niitl sol. uric «*' I the gr< en woods, arose the b no smoke of the si tier's cabin? and golden tield.s of Corn looked forth amid tin* waste of, tin wddernc's. and the glad, ir u-i * of Jmniii. vnav's awoke the tfilei cc i f. the forest. Now, God of mercy bell t»ai me enuuge: Under the shadow, of a pretext under the sanctity of the name of Gao,, invoking the lLth). mdr to their u id, do theso foreign h. Tilings slay our people.; They throng •.our towns— tbcj; d irkni opr plains, and now they encompass our i t<o»:s on tin. lonely plain of Chndd's Ford. ••They that take the sword, shill per- ish by tiio sword. ’’ Hrethren, think me not unworthy of belief, when 1 ic:l you th t the doom ol the British is near. Think mo not vain when l tell you that beyond the cloud that now enshrouds us. I see gathering thick, and fast, the darker cloud and blacker storm ol-diyioo retribution! Thoy may corquor to-morrow. — « Might and wrong may prevail, and we may ‘be driven from, this field) hut the hour of God’s own vengeahee will come! Aye, if in the vast solitude of eternal spaco, in the heart of the bqundicss uni- verse, there throbs the being of an awful God, quick to avenge and »ure to punish guilt, then will the man, George. Bruns- ^ wuck, called King, feel in jliis brain and heart, tho vengeance of the eternol Je- hovah! A blight will be upon his life — a withered brain and an accursed intellect; a blight will be upon his children am^on his people. ‘ Great God, how dread the punishment 1 A crowded populace, peopling the dense towns where the man 6f money thrives w hile Jhc laborer sta rvc^ ; want striding among the people in qll its forms of ter- ror ; an ignorant and God-defying priest- hood chuckling over the miseries of mil* 'ions ; a proud and merciless nobility add ing wrong to wrong, and heaping insult upon robbery and trnud; royally corrupt to i fie very heurt, and aristocracy to the core; crimo and want linked hand in hand, and tempting men to deeds of woe u;d dcith; these aro a part of the doom and retribution that is to come upon the I'^i^o'rS-Tlo 0 ^ i la- miliar faces with n stra g ‘ interest ! To-* morrow morning wo win go forth io the hnrth: — for need 1 tell you that your un- worthv minister will march forth to bat- tle. Need 1 exhocLypu-to fight the good light, to fight foi/your homesteads, for your wives and ahildrenl My friends, [(might urge you to fight hv the galling memories of British wrongs. Walton— I might tell yoii of your father butchered in tho silence of tho night on thu plains of Trenton ; I mighp picture his grey hairs dabbled in blood ; J might ring his denth shriek in your cars. ' Siiel- m re — I might/ tell you of a butchered mother, and a Sister outraged; tho’lonely farmhouse, tho night a-sault, tho roof in dames, tho shouts of tho troopers as they despatched their victim*, the cries for mercy nnd the pleadings of innoconco for pity.' I might paint this all again, in the vivid colors of the terrible reality, if 1 thought >our courago needed such wild excitement. Hut I know von nre«trongin the might of the Lord, You will inarch forth to battle on the morrow, with light lienrts uni determined spirits, through the solemn Inly— tho duty of nvengingihe dead, may cat heavy on your souls. And in tho hour of battle, when all a- round h dniknes«, lit by tho lurid cannon -^litrc, and tho piercing musket flash, when lie wounded strew tho ground, and the land litter your path, then remember, sol* hern, that God is with you. Tho oternal God fights for you; ho rides on tho battlo- hud, ho sweeps onward with tho march if the hurricane charge ; God the aWful m l inlHix'o, fight.* for J’OU, Ulld yuu w,!| tiiimpli. •They that tnko tho sword, shall per* Lli by tin; sword." You have token the sword, bht not in ho spirit of wrong or ravage. You hove .•ken th* sword fer vour honffes, for your wives, for your little ones. You have taken the sword lor truth and -justice and ight, nnd to you the promise is— bo of .mod cheer, for your foes have taken the -word in defiance of all that irpm hold left r. in 'blasphemy of God- they shall pci i-li by the wword. Ami now hrethren nnd soldiers, l hid vouall farewell. Many of us may full in * he battlo of to-morrow. •God rest the tools of the fallen ; many of us may live to tell the story of the fight to-morrow, ind in the mentory of nil* will ever rest i rid linger the- quiet scene of this autum* cal ti ght/ Fo'omti twilight advances over, the val- nutbraalc in the city, headed by Mariano RCrtz and Tampico would haven most ; Mendez, an officer who commanded the ysihtary cfTcCt in reducing a lever that guard of the Piazza. j ' • I --He sof at hrgoJhe prisoners, surprised the Pr»:si the house of the President, and releasing General Mouterrosn from his confine ment, proclaimed him chief of tho revo- lution. .The precise object of the revolu'' lion was not known. The troops which remained fnitlifuf to tho Government af- ter an indecisive skirmish wiih tho in- surgents, took, up their quarters in the jj haj been greatly stimulated from this side •ifthc Sabine. It would furnish a. safe re teat for our citizens in tho event of a war, as wcll.as be at hand to inflict chus- tisimcnt upon llie enemy, should Mexi- co indulge hor barb irons propensities towards any one who has a right to claim ithe ptotec.t-on of the United States au- thorities. — ill. O. Pic. HtibQibs. and granted to (ho other parry $AiY&?ificing r tVi'dt n’o other 'attack should |j n g j bo made upon dhem till that d.iy * * 1 • In San Salvador there bn.* been a rev- olution, growing out of a conflict between the ^military and political authorities. Tho. outbreak occurred on tho 2J of Feb. Tho details are uninteresting, hut the civil authorities seanied to have had the best of it— and unusual circnm-tance with these less than half civilized peo- ple.- N. Y. Herald. the gulFsquadron. TFWr t cil/i JJ lexica. — The papers re- ceived by the mail ycstcaday confirm thn report that tho squndron nboul to »4t sail for the Mediternnean had received coun- termanding orders, and that the vessels comprising it will proceed to tho Gulf of j Mexico as speedily ns thoy can bo got ready for sea. This is a wise measure /of precaution on tho part of the Govern- ment, nnd ono which, if it docs not put a damper upon tho belligered disposition of Mexico, will at least allbrd 6eci|riiy to American commorco in peril of Mexican cruisers, and nt tho same time concon- itun iv-v-t -* i. .:l i The Rubes in ihg .4 touch, incident occurred am-rngit the biotin tiins, in tho upper end of this county, last jWeelc, while the fire was raging in that vicinity. A Mrs, Lupoid, wife of a gen- tleman who drives lo.im for one of tho fur- naces in that neighborhood, (Rush. town- ship.) bus been somewhat deranged, oc- casionally, for Borne iiine past, but was not considered much.out of tho way; un til, one day last week, in tho nbsonco of her husband, hbo loft her infant in* thill cndlc, un I, taking with her two other {children, ore about five years of age, the other only three, fled to thy mountains, and nothing could Lo discovered of them until Saturday last, whon she was found, almost famished and nearly naked; but tho children were missing. Tho neigh- borhood soon turned out to scour the mountains in search of them, but in vain, until Monday last, wheu some men provi- 'dcntiilly happened to como upon thoni-in one of the wildest regiomupf that wild country, wfyere no ono would have dream- ed of lookiug lor them. They had been out four days and four knights; cold nights too, barefooted, nnd hplf nuked m. 0 a fore along tho coi.t eapabla of L^j te. , u ,, i r cl «ih., b.ing nearly lorn rdd rearing prpmMly at.y wronp 'hhl|| off , 1l0m by Iho nnder brafli, and their ,n,y ho comm, .led aga.nat Uaued State, , illln , blackened by tho e.hee ortho citizen*. A more circumspect examine- ' ,u.
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US-PD-Newspapers
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None
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THE EVENING STAR. Washington, D.C. FRIDAY, MARCH 1, 1926 TRUE LIFE ADVENTURES By Walt Disney SANDS' SIESTA THE LITTLE ATLANTIC SAND LAUNDRY BURROW INTO THE SANP AT HIGH TIPS AND REMAIN EAFEL HIC'C'EN WHILE THEY REST. AT THE RETURN TO THE TICK'S, HURLS LATER, THE WITNESSES OUT THEIR ROUTINE NOT VICTIM Symphony Orchestra's Drive Reaches 60 Per Cent. The National Symphony Orchestra's sustaining fund drive has reached 60 per cent of its $260,000 goal, it was announced yesterday. Workers at the fourth report session in the Sheraton-Park Hotel brought in contributions making the total collected $156,510. Campaign Chairman Carl L. Shipley announced that although yesterday was the last scheduled report luncheon, the drive will continue until the goal is reached. Symphony campaigns have a way of dragging through the spring. Mr. Shipley told the workers. This year's drive is ahead of past years, but he urged the volunteers to try to wind up collections soon. “We have produced the needed money for 25 years," he said, “and I am sure we'll do it again this year. Meeting the goal is essential and I hope we can accomplish that shortly." Diamond to Be Awarded A special award of a diamond from Van Cleef and Arpels will be made to a campaign worker at a party March 28 at the Italian Embassy. The winner will be the zone or section chairman bringing in the highest percentage of quotas. Other prizes were awarded yesterday. Mrs. Charles Hurd, 21 East (Melrose Street, Chevy Chase), won the Patigorsky Award, a box for next season’s concerts donated by the famous cellist, for getting the largest number of new contributors of $5 or more. Mrs. Charles Smith, 4106- Crestwood Lane, Falls Church, won two season tickets for bringing in the largest number of new contributors or $1 or more. Thirty-nine team captains require a marriage license on one day, wait three full days and receive the license on the fifth day. Sundays and holidays are counted the same as other days. Robert O. Budd, 485 Jackson Street, and Ruth O. Orchard, 611 Franklin Street, Clarendon, N.Y., and Clarence E. Huff, 484 Fessenden Street, and Betty L. Johnson, 28, 4:45 Harrison Street, and Richard P. McGrath, 48, both of Nashville Falls, N.Y. John Jenkins, 484 and Mattie Manns, 42, both of Nashville Falls, N.Y., and Areta Butler, 21 McLean Avenue, and Robert L. Moore, 506 Clay Street, and Betty L. Garvin, 611 Barnes Street. Harry L Humphries, 1626 62nd St ne. and Cornelia C Forbes. IN. 1765 Stanton ten s e Victor P Briscoe, jr. Kingston, N Y and Anna E Moseley. 20. Silver Sonne Md Eldon S Zinn. 21. and Dorothy A Jay. 21. both of Forest Heights, Md. Willie Brown, 21, 204 O St. NE and Ollie Muldrow, 1st Mio F St. NE William A. Green, 1st and Lila H. Orady 41, both of 1825 Faris Place NW William H. Lewis, 25, 1409 Staples and Jean D. McDade, 1st 8th Place NE John L. Verne, 18, Orlando, Fla., and Wilda D. Hark, 12, 711 New Hampshire Ave. NE Wilson Jack, 40, 520 E Capitol St Louis R. Schae, 21, Silver Boring, Md., and Susan McCaw, 25, 1022 E Capitol St Louis R. Schae, 21, Silver Boring, Md., and Susan McCaw, 25, 1022 Darrine St SW Harold Smith, 25, 1225 1st St SW and Patricia A. Collins, 5, 17th St SW Taddeus D. Duckett, 11, Boy, Md., and Loretta B. Johnson, 12, 1, 75 Bruett Place NE Purim Observance The annual Purim Observance of the B'nai B'rith Hill Fount dation of George Washington University will be held at 7 pm Sunday at the foundation, 2129 F Street NW. Columnist Bill Gold of the Washington Post will speak. with Bill Malone A 1 ported more than 100 per cent of their quotas. Three were chosen by lot to receive prizes. They are Mrs. R. G. Schneider, Tulip Hills, Md.; Mrs. Wallace Holliday, McLean, Va., and Mrs. Ralph Dewey, 3 Record lane, Alexandria. Individual Prizes Individual workers who also won prizes were Mrs. Charles Smith, Chesterbrook Woods, Falls Church; Mrs. Paul Thompson, 9306 Worth street, Silver Spring, and Mrs. C. L. Strong, Fairfax. Prizes included hats from the Shop Individual and the Elise Hat Shop, perfume donated by Mrs. Eve Hayes and records from Woodward & Lothrop. These total were reported by workers in the residential division: District. $20,390, or 63 percent of quota; Montgomery County. $11,952. 70 percent; Prince Georges County. $2,407, 120 percent; Virginia, $9,127, 114 percent. Quality is fair and the Easter look for misses and children. Easter look for misses and children. CURTAIN TENTED TABLES AT THE CURTIS CHURCH. Chevy Chase, T. C. Fall Church, V. I. End Alfendie Store open until 10 pm. Seckinger Fears Drugs Relax TR Vigilance former District Health Director Dr. Daniel L. Seckinger last night expressed fear the public’s raith in wonder drugs has nurtured an impression tuberculosis has been eradicated as a dangerous disease. In a message to a congressional reception, given by the Washington Advisory Board of the Jewish Consumptives Relief Society American Medical Center in the Mayflower Hotel, Dr. Seckinger said: “I fear that reliance solely on the so-called miracle drugs may lead us to the belief that hospitalization is not required in cases of tuberculosis.” On the other hand, Dr. Seckinger said: “On the other hand, the public is not to blame for the lack of knowledge and the need for knowledge in medicine.” In contrary, statistics indicate that a higher percentage recover after hospitalization than if treated at home or in clinics." Members of Congress attending the affair were greeted by Milton S. Kronheim, sr., advisory board chairman. The CENSURING EXPECTING? If so, Elite has a FREE gift for you! Elite Pertonolized diapers afford your baby the greatest protection against home-laundered diaper rash. AND they’re more convenient and economical, too. Send in the coupon now for B. you r copies of "The Expectant Mother", "2001 Names" and ms * B "Your Baby From Birth To One Year," personalized diaper service MAIL This COUPON today ELITE DIAPER SERVICE, 2119-14th Street, N.W., O C. No more than this, without ob C. V-. boohlo'l lobv * Eapoc’od l<*th Co*» T s : I 57 • ■■■■■— r ter at Denver, operated as a non-secretarian institution, is one of the few hospitals where terminal cases of cancer and tuberculosis are accepted for an unlimited stay, Mr. Kronheim said. Representative Roosevelt, Democrat of California, said JCRS Washington Advisory Board will launch a $50,000 campaign with its second annual dinner May 5. It is part of a projected national plan to raise $1,250,000. ES33^wtwjp'at all 3^l CASTELBERG'S T me iiyens* SALE! f MONEY ACT iW! SAVE! feoN QUEEN ANNE I ONS,„ PANT AS Y Regularly $14.50 | S'S 50 >• • With trade-in ri. SI 9:30 Howland III-** V-tetW/M/ XdL Justrous silverplate " | jKy Tr^ h |n NO MONEY DOWN | ine c^ina gold-finish ''plume j NO MONEY DOWN | ine c^ina gold-finish ''plume j Regularly $16 50 | Regularly $18 50 | With trade-in I W'th trode in Gold-finish cupids and fitment on Black and gold morble, controlling block enamel. wßf chromium plate. NO MONEY DOWN | ino MONEY DOWN Any outomatic Ronjoo op American model table lighter.. any age or condition. Fashion-styled |(qnson DECOR |j Regularly $19.50 | dint* ... II mw shop /Ks V i mm _ i« Gnld -in,*..*..piocebie I | „-«■» I f »4 M 4 W SiS £ | fobric insert in tronsporenr S’, JT S(or> f J J NO MONEY DOWN | 1 otTvVm NOW 3 3018 WILSON BLVD. I |0 9ao,PA I STORES J 3923 MINN., N.E. J.
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The Works of President Edwards
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It is an old and approved maxim, “ That argument which proves too much, proves nothing,” i. e., if it proves too much fay him that brings it, proves against himself in like manner as against his opponent, then it is nothing to help his cause. The reason of it is plain: the business of a dispute is to make one cause good against another, to make one scale heavier than the other. But when a man uses an argument which takes alike out of both scales, this does not at all serve to make his side preponderate, but leaves the balance just as it was. _ Arguments brought by any man in a dispute, if they are not altogether im- pertinent, are against the difference between him and his opponent, or against his opponent’s differing from him: for wherein there is no difference, there is no dispute But that can be no argument against his opponent’s differing from him, which is only an argument against what is common to both, and taken from some difficulty that both sides equally share in. If I charge supposed ab- surdities or difficulties against him that differs from me, as an argument to show the unreasonableness of his differing ; and yet the difficulty is not owing to his differing from me, inasmuch as the same would lie against him, if he agreed with me, my conduct herein, is both very impertinent and injurious. If one in a dispute insists on an argument, that lies equally against his own scheme as the other, and yet will stand to it that his argument is good, he in effect stands to it that his own scheme is not good; he supplants himself, and gives up his own cause, in opposing his adversary; in holding fast his argu- ment, he holds fast what is his own overthrow ; and in insisting that his argu- ment is solid and strong, he in effect insists that his own scheme is weak and vain. If my antagonist will insist upon it that his argument is good, that he brings against me, which is in like manner against himself ; then I may take the same argument, in my turn, and use it against him, and he can have nothing to answer; but has stopped his own mouth, having owned the argument to be conclusive. Now such sort of arguments as these, Mr. Williams abundantly makes use of. For instance, the argument taken from the whole nation of Israel’s being called God’s people, and every thing that Mr. Williams alleges, pertaining to this matter, is in like manner against his own scheme as against mine: and that, let the question be what it will; whether it be about the qualifications which make it lawful for the church to admit, or about the lawfulness of per- sons’ coming to sacraments ; whether it be about the profession they should make before men, or the internal qualification they must have in the sight of God. And what Mr. Williams says to the contrary, does not relieve the argu- ment from this embarrassment and absurdity. After all he has said, in turning and twisting it, to save the force of it, the argument, if any thing re- lated to the controversy, is plainly this, “ That because the whole nation of Israel were God’s visible people [which is the same as visible saints], therefore the Scripture notion of visible saintship is of larger extent than mine; and the Scripture supposes those to be visible saints, which my scheme does not suppose to be so. : But if this be Mr. Williams’s argument, then Jet us see whether it agrees any better with his own scheme. Mr. Blake (Mr. Williams’s great author) in his book on the Covenant, p. 190, insists that “ Israel at the very worst is owned as God’s covenant people, and were called God’s people ;” and p. 149, that 276 REPLY TO WILLIAMS, “all the congregation of Israel, and every one of them, are called holy, and God’s own people, even Korah and his company.” And p. 253, 254, he urges, that every one who is descended from Jacob, even the worsr of Israel, Lowest state and condition, were God’s people in covenant, called by the name of God’s people.” — And Mr. a. herein follows Mr. Blake and urges the same thing; that this nation was God’s covenant people, and were called God’s people, at the time that they were carried captive into Babylon, p. 24, when they were undoubtedly at their worst, more corrupt than at any other time we read of in the Old Testament ; being represented by the prophets, as overrun with abominable idolatries, and other kinds of the most gross, heaven-daring impieties, most obstinate, abandoned, pertinacious and irreclaimable in their re- bellion against God, and against bis word by his prophets. But yet these, it is urged, are called the people of God ; not agreeable to my notion of visible saint- ship, but agreeable to Mr. Williams’s. What his notion of visible saints is, he tells us in p. 139. He there says expressly that he “ does not suppose persons to be visible saints, unless they exhibit a credible profession and visibility of gospel holiness.” Now do those things said about those vile wretches in Israel agree with this? Did they exhibit moral evidence of gospel hcliness? But if we bring the matter lower still, and say, the true notion of visible saintship is a credible appearance and moral evidence of moral sincerity ; does this flagrant, open, abandoned, obstinate impiety, consist with moral evidence of such sin- cerity as that? It is as apparent therefore, in Mr. Williams’s scheme as mine, that when these are called God’s people, it is in some other sense than that wherein the members of the Christian church are called visible saints. And in- deed the body of the nation of Israel, in those corrupt times, were so far from being God’s church of visibly pious persons, visibly endowed with gospel holi- ness, that that people, as to the body of them, were visibly and openly declared by God, to be a whore and a witch, and her children bastards, or children of adultery. Isa. lvii. 3, “ Draw near hither, ye sons of the sorceress, the seed of the adulterer and the whore.” We have the like in other places. And so the body of the same people in Christ’s time (which Mr. Williams supposes even then to be branches of the ¢rwe olive, in the same manner as the members of the Christian church were in the apostles’ times), are visibly declared not to be God’s children, or children of the true church, but bastards, or an adulterous brood. Matt. xii. 39, “ An evil and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign.” Ver. If the question be not concerning the wsibi/ity which makes it lawful for others to admit persons, but concerning the qualifications which render it lawful for them to come, still the objection is no more against my scheme, than ayainst Mr, Williams’s. He, in p. 84, 85 and 86, says, that “ such openly scandalous persons ought not to be admitted into the church ;” insinuating, that these scandalous people among the Jews were otherwise when they were admitted at first: but that being taken in, and not cast out again, ¢ was lawful for them to be there, and they had a lawful right to the privileges of the church. But this supposition, that all that are lawfully admitted by others, may lawfully come into the chureh, and lawfully continue to partake of its privileges till cast out, is utterly inconsistent with Mr. Williams’s own scheme. For according to his scheme, it is not lawful for men that are not morally sincere, to partake of the privileges of the church ; but yet such may, in some cases, be lawfully admitted by others ; for he maintains, that in admitting them, they are not to act as search- REPLY TO WILLIAMS, 277. ers of hearts, even with regard to their moral sincerity ; and so argues, p. 106, that Christ might give Judas the sacrament, when not morally sincere. If Christ, as head of the visible church might admit Judas to his table, when he knew he was not morally sincere, and when it was not lawful for Judas himself to come ; then it is lawful for men to admit some, for whom it is not lawful to be there ; contrary to Mr. Williams’s assertion in p. 86. It is true, that persons may become grossly scandalous, after having been regularly admitted on Mr. Williams’s priaciples, on a profession in words of indiscriminate signification, And so they may, after being regularly admitted, according to my principles, on a credible profession of gospel holiness in words of a determinate meaning : and therefore, the gross wickedness of such apos- tates as we read of in Scripture, is no more an objection against my principles, than his. Just in the same manner is Mr. Williams’s arguing, p. 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, cancerning the members of churches mentioned in the epistles, equally against his own scheme and mine. He largely insists upon it, that the apostle speaks of many of them as grossly scandalous, notoriously wicked persons, idolaters, heretics, fornicators, adulterers, adulteresses, &c. &c. In his arguing from these things, he is inconsistent with his own principles, two ways. (1.) Such a cha- racter is as plainly inconsistent with the character he insists on as necessary to render it lawful for persons to come to sacraments, as mine. And, (2.) It is utterly inconsistent with what he often declares to be his notion of visible saint- ship, necessary to a being admitted by others ; so no more an argument against my opinion of visible saintship, than his own. SECTION XII. The great Argument from the Jewish Sacraments, of the Passover and Circumcision, considered. As has been observed concerning the argument from the Jewish nation, so the argument from the Jewish ordinances, if it be against my scheme, is as plainly, in every respect, against Mr. Williams’s. This grand argument, as plainly expressed, or implied in Mr. Stoddard’s words (which Mr Williams insists I should attend to), is this : God did expressly command all the nation of Israel to be circumcised ; and he also expressly commanded the whole nation to come to the passover ; ex- cepting such as were ceremonially unclean, or on a journey. Therefore it was lawful for unsanctified men to come. (See Mr. Stoddard’s sermon on the Con- trov., p. 8, and Appeal, p. 51.) The want of sanctification never was alleged by any man as a reason for forbearing the passover, Appeal, p. 51. Unsanc- tified persons’ attending this ordinance is never charged on them as a sin Jn Scripture, Ibid. Jesus Christ himself partook of the passover with Judas; which proves it to be lawful for unsanctified men to come to the passover. But such as might lawfully come to the passover, may lawfully come to the Lord’s supper. Now let us consider what are the qualifications, which are necessary, ac- cording to Mr. Williams’s scheme, to a lawful coming to Christian sacraments ; and then see whether this objection, in every part of it, and every thing that belongs to it, be not as plainly and directly against his own scheme, as mine. “e » oe 278 REPLY TO WILLIAMS. According to Mr. Williams, it is not lawful for a man to come, unless he is. morally sincere, Pref, p. 2, 3, 21, 25, 30, 35, 36, 111, 115. And, accord as he has explained this moral sincerity, which is necessary in order to come to” sacraments, it implies “a real conviction of the judgment and conscience of the truth of the great things of religion; a deep conviction of a man’s undone state without Christ, and an earnest concern to obtain salvation by him ; a fer- vent desire of Christ and the benefits of the covenant of grace, with an earnest purpose and resolution to seek salvation on the terms of it; a man’s being wil- ling to do the utmost that he can, by the utn.ost improvement of his natural and moral power, in the most earnest and diligent use of the ordinances of salva- tion ; being resolved for Christ, coming to a point, being engaged for heaven ; having a settled determination of the judgment and affections for God; giving up all his heart and life to Christ, &c. &c.”* Such moral sincerity as this is necessary, according to Mr. Williams, to be found in professing Christians, in order to their lawful coming to Christian sacraments. And he says they are received into the church, “ on like terms, by entering into covenant in like man- ner, as the Jews; and that their holiness, both real and federal, is the same with theirs, p. 56, 57, 61,65. So that according to this scheme, none but those that had such qualifications as these, such a sincerity and engagedness in religion as this, might lawfully come to the passover. But now do the things alleged agree any better with this his scheme, than with mine? If the ease be so, to what purpose is it alleged, that God, in Numb. chap. ix., expressly commanded all of that perverse, rebellious and obstinate generation in the wil- derness, and the whole nation of Israel, in all generations, to keep the passover, excepting such as were ceremonially unclean or on a journey, without the ex- ception of any other? Was every one else of such a character as is above described? Was every one under deep convictions, and persons of such earnest engagedness in religion, of such settled, strong resolution to give up their ut- most strength and all their heart and life to God, &c.? Mr. Mr. Stoddard says, “ The want of sanctification was never alleged by any man as.a reason for forbearing the passover.’ So, where do we read in any part of the Bible, that ever the want of such deep conviction, &c., as Mr. Wik liams speaks of, or indeed any scandalous moral uncleanness, was ever alleged by any man as a reason for forbearing to eat the passover 2? Mr. Stoddard urges that unsanctified persons attending the passover was never charged on them as a sin. And where do we read of persons’ coming without such moral sincerity being any more charged on them as a sin, than the other? We have reason * P. 10, 11, 30, 31, 35, 36, 53, 83, 125, and many other places. REPLY TO WILLIAMS, 279 ‘to think, it was a common thing for parents that had no such moral sincerity, yea, that were grossly and openly wicked, to have their children circumcised ; for the body of the people were often so: but where is this charged as a sin? Mr. Stoddard says (Serm. p.7), Ishmael was circumcised, but yet a carnal per- son. And there is as much reason to say, he was nof of the character Mr. Williams insists on, “ under deep convictions, having earnest desires of grace, a full and fixed determination, with all his heart, to the utmost of his power, to give his whole life to God,” &e. Mr. Stoddard says (Serm. p. 8), Hezekiah sent to invite the people of Ephraim and Manasseh, and other tribes, to cele- brate the passover, though they had lived in idolatry for some ages.” But if so, this was as much of an evidence, that they were not of such a character as Mr. Williams insists on, as that they were without sanctifying grace. Mr. Williams: says, p- 91, “ The Israelites had carefully attended the seal of circumcision, from the time of its institution, till the departure out of Egypt.” But surely most of them at the same time were without Mr. Williams’s moral sincerity ; for it is abundantly manifest, that the body of the people fell away to idolatry in Egypt. See Lev. xvii. 7, Josh. xxiv, 14, Ezek. xx. 8, and xxiil. 3, 8,27. “And there is not the least appearance of any more exception, either in the pre- cepts or history of the Old Testament, of the case of moral sincerity, in such as attended these ordinances, than of ungodliness, or an unsanctified state. Mr. Stoddard urges that “ Jesus Christ himself partook of the passover, with Judas ;?’ and thence he would argue that it was lawful for an unregene- rate person to partake of the Lord’s supper. | But there can be no argument, in any sort, drawn from this to prove that it is lawful for men io partake of the Lord’s supper without sanctifying grace, any more than that it is lawful for them to partake without moral sincerity: for it is every whit as evident, that Judas was at that time without moral sincerity, as that he was unregenerate. We have no greater evidence, in all the Scripture history, of the moral insin- cerity of any one man than Judas, at the time when he partook of the passover with Christ; he having just then been and bargained with the high priest, to betray him, and being then in prosecution of the horrid design of the murder of the Son of God. wee If any thing contrary to my principles could be argued from all Israel’s being required, throughout their generations, to come to the passover and cir- cumcision, it would be this; that all persons, of all sorts, throughout all Chris- tendom, might lawfully come to baptism and the Lord’s supper ; godly and un- godly, the knowing and the ignorant, the moral and the vicious, orthodox and heretical, Protestants and Papists alike. But this does not agree with Mr. Williams’s principles, any better than with mine. SECTION XIII. Concerning Judas’s partaking of the Lord’s Supper. I think, we have a remarkable instance of tergiversation, in what Mr. Williams says in support of the argument from Judas’s partaking of the Lord’s supper. By those on his side of the question, it is insisted upon, as a ee eM dence of its being lawful for unsanctified men to come to the Lord’s ei i Christ gave the Lord's supper to Judas, when he knew he was unsanctihed. In answer to which, I showed, that this is just as much against their own princi- ~ a ~~. 7 ed a= 280 REPLY TO WILLIAMS. ples, as mine ; because Christ knew as perfectly that he was not morally sin- cere, as that he was not graciously sincere ; and they themselves hold, that it is not lawful for such as are not moraliy sincere, to partake. Mr. Williams ridicules this, as very impertinent and strange ; because “ Christ did not know this as head of the visible church, but only as omniscient God and searcher of hearts.” And what does this argue? Only, that although Judas was really hot fit to come, yet inasmuch as Christ, acting as king of the visible church, did not know it, he might admit him: but not that it was lawful for Judas him- self to come, who knew his own heart in this matter, and knew his own per- fidiousness and treachery ; for Mr. Williams denies, that it is lawful for such to come, as have no moral sincerity. So that here the question is changed, from “Who may lawfully come ?” to “ Who may lawfully be admitted?” Mr. Williams does abundantly, in his book, insist that the question is not, “ Who shall be admitted ? but who may lawfully come?” Not, whether it be lawful to admit those who have not a visibility of saintship, or do not appear to be true saints? But whether those who are not true saints, may lawfully partake ? And this he insists upon in his discourse on this very argument, p. 104. And to prove this latter point, viz., that “those who are not real saints, may Jawfully_ come,” the instance of Judas’s coming to the Lord’s supper is produced as an undeniable evidence. But when it is answered, that the argument does not prove this, any more than that the morally insincere may lawfully come; be- cause Judas was morally insincere : then Mr. Williams, p. 106, to shelter him- self, dodges, and evidently changes the question at once, to that which he had so much exclaimed against as not the question. Now, to serve his turn, the question is not whether Judas might lawfully come? But, whether Christ might lawfully admit him, acting on a public visibility? And be makes an occasion to cry out of me, as talking strangely, and soon forgetting that I had said, Christ, in this matter, did not act as searcher of hearts. Whereas, let the question be what it will, the argument from Judas’s partaking (should the fact be supposed), if it proves any thing relating to the matter, is perfectly and in every respect, against the one, just as it Is against the other. Ifthe question be about profession and visibility to others, and whom others may lawfully ad- mit, then Judas’s being admitted (if he was admitted) no more proves that men may be admitted without a visibility and profession of godliness, than without a visibility of moral sincerity. For it no more appears, that he was without a profession and visibility of the former, than of the latter. Concerning that great Argument, which Mr. Williams urges in various parts of his ee of those being born in the church, who are Children of Parénts that are in ovenant. It is hard to understand distinctly what Mr. Williams would be at, con- cerning this matter, or what his argument is. He often speaks of parents that are in covenant, as born in covenant, and so born in the church. (Kor to be in covenant, is the same with him as to be members of the visible church. See p- 98, 88, 89, 59, 60, 136.) And he speaks of them as admitted into the church in their ancestors, and by the profession of their ancestors, p. 135, 136. Yea, for ought I can see, he holds that they were born members in COMPLETE STAND- ING tn the visible church, p. 3. And yet he abundantly speaks of their being apmirren into the church, and MADE members, after they are born, viz., by their baptism. And his words (un- less we will suppose him to speak nonsense) are such as will not allow us to understand him, merely, that baptism is a sign and public acknowledgment of their having been admitted in their ancestors. in preceding generations. For he speaks of baptism as “ the onty rite (or way) of admission into the visible church,” applying it to the baptism of children; and as that which “ makes them members of the body of Christ,” p.99. And he grants, that “ it was or- dained for the apmission of the party baptized into the visible church,” p. 99, 100. That “ baptism is an admission; and that they were thus before admit- ted,” p. 100, still speaking of the baptism of infants, and of admission of mem- bers into churches. But surely these things do not harmonize with the doctrine of their first receiving being in the church (as a branch receives being in the tree, and grows in it and from it), or their being born in the covenant, born in the house of God. And yet these repugnant things are uttered as it were in the same breath by Mr. Williams, p. 99. And he joins them together in the same line, p. 46, in these words: “ Baptism instituted by him, as a rite of apmission - into his church, aad being conTINUED in covenant with God.” Certainly a be- ing then admitted into the church, and a being continued in covenant (or in the church) into which they were admitted before, are not the same thing, nor con- sistent one with another. If infants are born members in complete standing, as it seems Mr. Williams holds, then their baptism does nothing towards mak- ing them members; nor is there any need of it to make the matter more com- lete. e Again, in p. 3 (the same page where he speaks of infants as members hav- ing a complete standing in the church), he maintains, that nothing else is requisite in order to “ communion and privileges of members in complete stand- ing, but only that they should be capable hereof, and should desire the same, and should not be under censure, or scandalously ignorant or immoral.’ See also p. 100, to the same purpese. Mr. Williains says this in opposition to my insisting on something further, viz., making a profession of godliness. And vet he himself insists on something further, as much as 1; which has been observ- ed before. For he abundantly insists on a personal, explicit profession and open declaration of believing that the gospel is indeed the revelation of God, and of a hearty consent to the terms of the covenant of grace, &c. And speaks of the whole controversy as turning upon that single point, of the degree of evi- dence to be given, and the kind of profession to be made, whether in words of indiscriminate meaning? See p. 5,6. And consequently not, whether they 36 Vou. I. ey nes - i 282 REPLY TO WILLIAMS. must make any profession at all, having been completely admitted before, in the profession of their ancestors ? Therefore, if it be so, that the infants of visible believers are born in the church, and are already members in complete standing, and do not drop out of the church, and full from a complete standing, when they grow up ; and there- fore if they are not ignorant nor immoral, and desire full communion, nothing else can be required of them: and it will hence follow, contrary to my prinei- ples, that they cannot be required to make a profession in words of discriminate meaning : but then, it also equally follows, contrary to Ais principles, that nei-. ther can they be required to make a profession in words of indiscriminate mean- ing. If nothing else besides those forementioned things is necessary, then no profession is necessary, in any words at all, neither of determinate nor indeter- minate signification. So that Mr. Williams, in supposing some personal pro- fession to Be necessary, gives up and destroys this his grand argument. But if he did not give it up by this means, it would not be tenable on other principles belonging to his scheme; such as its being necessary in order to a being admitted to sacraments, that persons should have a visibility that recom~ mends them to the reasonable judgment and apprehension of the minds of others, as true Christians, really pious persons, and that there should be such a profession as exhibits moral evidence of this. For who will say, that the indi- vidual profession of an ancestor, a thousand or fifteen hundred years ago, is a credible exhibition and moral evidence of the real piety of his present posterity, without any personal, explicit profession of any thing about religion, in any one of the succeeding generations ? And if Mr. Williams had not said, there must be a credible exhibition of gospel holiness, but only some common faith or virtue ; yet no such thing is made visible to a rational judgment and appre- hension of mind, by this means. How, for instance, does it make orthodoxy visible 2? What reasonable ground is there in it, at such a day as this in Eng- land, to believe concerning any man, that he believes the doctrine of the Trin- ity, and all other fundamental doctrines, with full conviction, and with all his heart, because he descended from an ancestor that made a good profession, when the ancient Britons or Saxons were converted from heathenism, and because withal he is free from open, scandalous immorality, and appears willing to at- tend duties of public worship? If an attendance on these public duties was in its own nature a profession of orthodoxy, or even piety ; yet the reason of man- kind teaches them the need of joining words and actions together in public mani- festations of the mind, in cases of importance: speech being the great and peculiar talent, which God has given to mankind, as the special means and in- strument of the manifestation of their minds one to another. Thus treaties of peace among men are not concluded and finished with actions only, without words. Feasting together was used of old, as a testimony of peace and cove- nant friendship; as between Isaac and Abimelech, Laban and Jacob, but not without a verbal profession. tending duties of worship. Earthly princes will not trust a profession of alle- giance, in actions only, such as bowing, kneeling, keeping the king’s birth day, c., but they require also a profession in words, and an oath of allegiance is demanded. Yea, it is thought to be reasonably demanded, in order to men’s coming to the actual possession and enjoyment of those privileges they are born heirs to, Thus, the eldest sons of noblemen in Great Britain, are born heirs to REPLY TO WILLIAMS. 283 the honors and estate of their fathers; yet this no way hinders but they may be obliged when they come to ripeness of age, in order to a being invested in the actual possession, to take the oath of allegiance: though in order to their lawfully doing it, it may be necessary they should believe in their hearts, that king George is the law/ul prince, and that they should not be enemies to him, and friends to the pretender, in their hearts. But moreover, if this objection of Mr. Williams about infants being born in the church be well considered, it will appear to be all beside the question, and so nothing to the purpose. It is not to the purpose of either of the questions, Mr. Williams’s or mine. The question as I have stated it, is concerning them that may be admitted members in complete standing ; not about them that have a complete standing in the church adready, and so are no candidates for admission; which he says is the case of these infants. And the question as he often states it, is concerning them that may lawfully come: and this objec- tion, from infants’ being born in the church, as it must be understood from Mr. Williams, does not touch this question. For when Mr. Williams objects, that some persons are born in the church, and therefore may lawfully come to sa- craments, he cannot be understood to mean, that their being born in the church alone is sufficient ; but that, besides this, persons must have some virtue or re- ligion, of one sort or other, in order to their lawful coming. For he is full in it, that it is not lawful for men to come without moral virtue or sincerity. Therefore the question comes to this in the result: seeing persons, besides their being born in covenant, must have some sort of virtue and religion in order to a lawful coming to the Lord’s supper, What sort of virtue and religion that is, whether common or saving? Now this question is not touched by the present objection. Merely persons’ being born in covenant, is no more evidence of their having moral sincerity, than saving grace. Yea, there is more reason to suppose the latter, than the former without it, in the infant children of believing parents. For the Scripture gives us ground to think, that some infants have the habit of saving grace, and that they have a new nature given them; but no reason at all to think, that ever God works any mere moral change in them, or refuses any habits of moral virtue without saving grace: and we know, they cannot come by moral habits in infancy, any other way than by immediate in- fusion: they cannot obtain them by human instruction, nor contract them by use and custom. And especially there is no reason to think, that the children of such as are visible saints, according to Mr. Williams’s scheme, have an goodness infused into them by God, of any kind. For in his scheme, all that are morally sincere may lawfully receive the privileges of visible saints: but we have no Scripture grounds to suppose, that God will bless the children of such parents as have nothing more than moral sincerity, with either common or saving grace. There are no promise? of the covenant of grace made to such parents, either concerning themselves or their children. The covenant of grace is a conditional covenant; as both sides in this controversy suppose: and therefore, by the supposition, men have no title to the promises without the condition. And as saving faith is the condition, the promises are all made to that, both those which respect persons themselves, and those that respect their seed. As it is with many covenants or bargains among men; by these, men are often entitled to possessions for theniselves and their heirs: yet they are en- titled to no benefits of the bargain, neither for themselves, nor their children, but by complying with the terms of the bargain. Thus this argument of Mr. Williams’s, let us take it which way we will, has nothing but what is as much, yea, much more, against his scheme, than against mine. However, if this were not the case, but all the show or pretence of strength there is in the argument, lay directly and only against me, yet the strength of it, if tried, will avail to prove nothing. The pretended argument, so far as I can find out what it is, is this: The children of visible saints are born in cove- nant ; and being already in covenant, they must have a right to the privileges of the covenant, without any more ado: such therefore havea right to come to the Lora’s supper, whether they are truly godly, or not. But the show of argument there is here, depends on the ambiguity of the phrase, being in covenant ; which signifies two distinct things: either (1,) being under the obligations and bonds of the covenant ; or (2,) a being conformed to the cove- nant, and complying with the terms of it. A being the subject of the obligations and engagements of the covenant, isa thing quite distinct from a being conform- ed to these obligations, and so being the subject of the condition of the covenant. Now it is not a being in covenant in the former, but the latter sense, that gives a right to the privileges of the covenant. The reason is plain, because it is compliance and conformity to the terms of a covenant, that is the thing which gives right to all the benefits ; and not merely a being under ties to that com- pliance and conformity. Privileges are not annexed merely to obligations, but to compliance with obligations. Many that do not so much as visibly comply with the conditions of the covenant, are some of God’s covenant péople in that sense, that they are under the bonds and engagements of the covenant ; so were Kora and his company ; so were many gross idolaters, in Israel, that lived openly in that sin; and so may heretics, deists, and athiests be God’s covenant people; they may still be held under the bonds of their covenant engagements to God ; for their great wickedness and apostasy do not free them from the obligation of the solemn promises and engagements they formerly entered into. But yet a being in covenant merely in this sense, gives them no right to any privileges of the covenant. In order to that, they must be in covenant in another sense; they must cordially consent to the covenant: which indeed Mr. Williams himself owns, when he acknowledges, that in order to come to sacraments, men must profess a cordial consent to, and compliance with the conditions of the covenant <= eee = : REPLY TO WILLIAMS. 285 of grace* And if Mr. Williams inquires, why those children that were born in the covenant are not cast owt, when in adult age they make no such profes- ‘sion; certainly it as much concerns Aim to answer, as me; for it is as much his doctrine, as mine, that they must profess such consent. But I am willing to answer nevertheless, They are not cast out because it is a matter held in suspense, whether they do cordially consent to the covenant, or not ; or wheth- er their making no such profession does not arise from some other cause. And none are to be excommunicated, without some positive evidence against them. And therefore they are left in the state they were in, in infancy, not admitted actually to partake of the Lord’s supper (which actual participation is a new positive privilege) for want of a profession, or some evidence, beyond what is merely negative, to make it visible that they do consent to the covenant. For itis reasonable to expect some appearance more than what is negative, of a proper qualification, in order to being admitted to a privilege beyond what they have hitherto actually received. A negative charity may be sufficient for a negative privilege, such as freedom from censure and punishment; but some- thing more than a negative charity, is needful to actual admission to a new positive privilege. SECTION XY. A particular Examination of Mr. Williams’s Defence of the 9th Objection, or that- boasted Argument, that if it be not lawful for unconverted Men to come to the Lord’s Supper, then none may come but they that know themselves to be converted. This argument has been greatly gloried in, as altogether invincible. Mr. Williams seems to have been alarmed, and his spirits raised to no small degree of warmth at the pretence of an answer to it: and he uses many big words, and strong expressions in his reply; such as, “It is absolutely certain—It is beyond my power to comprehend, and I believe beyond the power of any man to tell me.—This I assert and stand to—As plain as the sun—A contradiction of the Bible, of the hght of nature, and of the common sense of mankind,” &c. &c. But let us get away from the noise of a torrent, and bring this matter to the test of calm reasoning, and examine it to the very bottom. Here Jet it be considered, wherein precisely the argument consists.—If it has any strength in it, it consists in this proposition, viz., That it is not lawful for men to come to sacraments, without a known right. This is the proposition Mr. Stoddard himself reduces the argument to, in his Appeal, p. 62, 63. And it is very evident, that the whole strength of the argument rests on the supposed truth of this proposition. And here let it be noted, what sort of knowledge of a right Mr. Stoddard, and so Mr. Williams, means in this argument. It 1s knowledge as distinguish- ed from such an opinion, or hope, as is founded in probability. Thus Mr. Stod- dard expressly insists, that a man must not only TuinK he has a right, but he must KNow it. Appeal. p. 62. And again, p. 63, he says, probable hopes will not warrant him to come. Mr. Williams uses many peremptory, strong expressions, p. 109, to set forth the certainty of that which never was denied ; viz., that a man cannot know he has a right, unless he knows he has the qualification which gives him a right. But this is not the thing in question: the point is, whether a man may not have * If it be said here, those who have been born of baptized ancestors, though they do not comply with the terms of the covenant, are in covenant, in this sense, that they have a right to the promises of the covenant conditionally, in case they will hereafter comply ; I answer, so are all mankind in covenant God may he said to have bound himself conditionally to them. all ; and many have these promises de clared to them, that still remain Jews, Mahometans, or Heathens. ws es 286 REPLY TO WILLIAMS. _ a lawful right, or may not lawfully come, and yet not know his right, with such a knowledge and evidence as is beyond all probability ? This is the thing assert- ed, and herein lies the argument. And the negative of this cannot be stood to and maintained, in order to maintain Mr. Williams’s scheme, without the rossest absurdity ; it being a position which, according to Scripture, reason, and Mr. Stoddard’s doctrine, and Mr. Williams’s own, effectually destroys his scheme. To this purpose I observed, if this proposition be true, that no man ma come, save he which not only thinks, but Anows he has a right, then it will follow, that ho unconverted person may come, unless he /nows that doctrine to be true, that unconverted men may have aright. Because an unconverted man cannot know that one in particular (viz., he himself), who is an unconverted man, has a right, unless he knows that doctrine which Mr. Stoddard niaintained, to be true, viz., that men may have a right, though they are unconverted. And consequently no one unconverted man may lawfully come to the Lord’s supper, unless he is so knowing in this point of controversy, as not only to think, and have probable evidence, that this opinion is right, but knows it to be so. Mr. Williams endeavors to help the matter by a distinction of different kinds of knowledge: and by the help of this distinction would make it out, that com- mon people in general, and even boys and girls of sixteen years old, may with ease know that his doctrine about unsanctified men’s lawfully coming to the Lord’s supper, is true. And we must understand him (as he is defending Mr. Stoddard’s argument) that they may know it with that evidence that is distin- guished from probability ; and this according to Mr. Williams himself, is cer- tainty ; which he speaks of as above a thousand probabilities. See p. 118. But how miserable is this! To pretend that this doctrine about qualifications for sacraments, is so far from a disputable point, that it is of such plain and obvious evidence, to common people and even children, that without bein studied in divinity, they may not only think it to be exceeding probable, but know it to be true! When it is an undeniable fact, that multitudes of the greatest ability and piety, that have spent their lives in the study of the holy Scriptures, have never so much as thought so. Again, | observed, that according to Mr. Stoddard’s doctrine, noé one uncon- verted man in the world can know that he has warrant to come to the Lord’s supper; because if he has any warrant, God has given him warrant in the Scriptures : and therefore if any unconverted man, not only thinks, but knows, that he has warrant from God, be must of consequence not only thin/, but know the Scriptures to be the word of God. Whereas it was the constant doctrine of Mr. Stoddard, that no unconverted man knows the Scriptures to be the word of God.* But Mr. Williams would make it out, that Mr. Stoddard did hold, un- converted men might know the Scriptures to be the word of God ; but only not know it with “a gracious knowledge, such as effectually bowed men’s hearts, and influenced them to a gracious obedience,” p. 113. But let us see whether it was so, or not. Mr. Stoddard in his Nature of saving Conversion, p. 73, says, “ The carnal man isgnorant of the divine authority of the word of God ; —his wound is, that he does not know certainly the divine authority of these institutions; he does not know but they are the inventions of men.” Again, Ibid. p. 74, he says, “ The carnal man is uncertain of those things that are the foundation of his reasonings. He thinks there is a great probability of the truth of these things; but he has no assurance. His principles are grounded on an > T did not say, that it was also a doctrine according to Scripture; for there was no occasion for this, amoug those with whom I had chiefly to do in this controversy ; with whom [ kuew it was a point as uch settled and uncontroverted, as any doctrine of Mr. Stoddard whatever. And TI knew it to be the current doctrine of orthodox divines ; who ever allow this doctrine to be implied in such texts ag those, John xvil. 7 1 John iv, 14, 16, chap, v. 1,10, and many other places, ’ REPLY TO WILLIAMS, 287 uncertain proposition.” And he observes, p. 20, “Men when converted, do not look upon it as probable, that the word is his word, as they did before ; but they have assurance of the truth of tt.”—So elsewhere (Guide to Christ, p. 26), “ They that have not grace, do not properly believe the word of Gov.” And in another book (Safety of Ap. p. 6), “ The Gospel always works ef- fectually where it is believed and received as the truth of Gov.’ In another book (Benef. of the Gosp. p. 159), “ Common illumination does not convince men of the truth of the gospel’? In his discourse on the Virtue of Christ’s Blood, p. 27, speaking of such as have no interest in the blood of Christ, he says, “They are strangers to the divine authority of the word of Gov.” Again (Jbid. p. 16), “ Before [i. e. before saving faith], they were at a loss whether the word was the word of Gon.” To the like purpose are many other passa- ges in his writings. See Wat. of Sav. Conv. p. 72, Safety of Ap. p. 6 7, 99, 107, 186, 187, 229, Benef. of the Gosp. p. 89.
| 36,977 |
<urn:uuid:e039c780-66c2-4fd3-878b-604fabdea342>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://cnes.fr/en/cnesmag-88-csr
|
cnes.fr
|
English
|
Spoken
| 116 | 177 |
Home> CNESMAG 88 - CSR : CNES rises to the challenge
May 3, 2021
CNESMAG 88 - CSR : CNES rises to the challenge
At CNES we are keenly aware of our obligations as a government agency, which is why we are committed to affirming our corporate social responsibility (CSR) and ensuring that our space missions and activities bring positive impacts for the planet, society, citizens and CNES’s people.
CNESMAG online CNESMAG to download (.pdf)READ MORE key figuresDid you know that SME's are vital to the space industry? That CNES recently joined the Government Agencies and Public Enterprises Sustainable Development Club? That CNES achieved to reduce by - 48% in greenhouse emissions?>> Read more About: CnesmagCSR
| 13,046 |
https://github.com/OlliePrentice/midcity/blob/master/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/admin/wc-clipboard.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause-Attribution
| 2,022 |
midcity
|
OlliePrentice
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 123 | 303 |
/* exported wcSetClipboard, wcClearClipboard */
/**
* Simple text copy functions using native browser clipboard capabilities.
* @since 3.2.0
*/
/**
* Set the user's clipboard contents.
*
* @param string data: Text to copy to clipboard.
* @param object $el: jQuery element to trigger copy events on. (Default: document)
*/
function wcSetClipboard( data, $el ) {
if ( 'undefined' === typeof $el ) {
$el = jQuery( document );
}
var $temp_input = jQuery( '<textarea style="opacity:0">' );
jQuery( 'body' ).append( $temp_input );
$temp_input.val( data ).select();
$el.trigger( 'beforecopy' );
try {
document.execCommand( 'copy' );
$el.trigger( 'aftercopy' );
} catch ( err ) {
$el.trigger( 'aftercopyfailure' );
}
$temp_input.remove();
}
/**
* Clear the user's clipboard.
*/
function wcClearClipboard() {
wcSetClipboard( '' );
}
| 10,046 |
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiboras%20%C5%BDiro%C5%A1as
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Tiboras Žirošas
|
https://lt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiboras Žirošas&action=history
|
Lithuanian
|
Spoken
| 60 | 165 |
Tiboras Žirošas (, g. 1930 m. birželio 8 d.) – praeityje garsus Vengrijos krepšininkas ir treneris, rungtyniavęs Vengrijos rinktinėje.
Šis ilgametis rinktinės vidurio puolėjas per savo karjerą kartą tapo Europos čempionu (1955 m.) ir sykį iškovojo žemyno pirmenybių sidabro apdovanojimą (1953 m.) Be to, T. Žirošas net keturis kartus dalyvavo olimpinėse žaidynėse (1948, 1952, 1960 ir 1964 m.)
Vengrijos krepšininkai
| 36,027 |
https://github.com/jhleong-quant-finance/R-Buy-On-Gap/blob/master/backtesting/exe1.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
R-Buy-On-Gap
|
jhleong-quant-finance
|
Shell
|
Code
| 45 | 355 |
Rscript --verbose BuyOnGap_sim_sp500.R >& log/BuyOnGap_sim_sp500.log;
Rscript --verbose BuyOnGap_sim_sp400.R >& log/BuyOnGap_sim_sp400.log;
Rscript --verbose BuyOnGap_sim_2day.R >& log/BuyOnGap_sim_2day.log;
Rscript --verbose BuyOnGap_sim_r2k_2day.R >& log/BuyOnGap_sim_r2k_2day.log;
Rscript --verbose BuyOnGap_sim_r2k_APYBT_2day.R >& log/BuyOnGap_sim_r2k_APYBT_2day.log;
Rscript --verbose BuyOnGap_sim_r2k_3day.R >& log/BuyOnGap_sim_r2k_3day.log;
Rscript --verbose BuyOnGap_sim_r2k_4day.R >& log/BuyOnGap_sim_r2k_4day.log;
Rscript --verbose BuyOnGap_sim_r2k_2013.R >& log/BuyOnGap_sim_r2k_2013.log;
Rscript --verbose BuyOnGap_sim_r2k.R >& log/BuyOnGap_sim_r2k.log;
| 9,464 |
https://github.com/06wj/tsd-jsdoc/blob/master/test/expected/typedef_all.d.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
tsd-jsdoc
|
06wj
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 375 | 879 |
declare module "typedefs" {
/**
* The complete Triforce, or one or more components of the Triforce.
*/
type Triforce = {
/**
* Indicates whether the Courage component is present.
*/
hasCourage: boolean;
/**
* Indicates whether the Power component is present.
*/
hasPower: boolean;
/**
* Indicates whether the Wisdom component is present.
*/
hasWisdom: boolean;
};
/**
* The complete Triforce, or one or more components of the Triforce.
*/
type Anon = {
/**
* Indicates whether the Courage component is present.
*/
hasCourage: boolean;
/**
* Indicates whether the Power component is present.
*/
hasPower: boolean;
/**
* Indicates whether the Wisdom component is present.
*/
hasWisdom: boolean;
thing: {
a: {
b: {
c: any;
};
};
b: number;
};
};
/**
*/
type GitGraphOptions = {
/**
* Id of the canvas container
* @defaultValue "gitGraph"
*/
elementId?: string;
/**
* Template of the graph
*/
template?: Template | string | any;
/**
* Default author for commits
* @defaultValue "Sergio Flores <saxo-guy@epic.com>"
*/
author?: string;
/**
* Display mode
* @defaultValue (null|"compact")
*/
mode?: string;
/**
* DOM canvas (ex: document.getElementById("id"))
*/
canvas?: HTMLElement;
/**
* Graph orientation
* @defaultValue ("vertical-reverse"|"horizontal"|"horizontal-reverse")
*/
orientation?: string;
/**
* Make arrows point to ancestors if true
*/
reverseArrow?: boolean;
/**
* Add custom offsetX to initial commit.
*/
initCommitOffsetX?: number;
/**
* Add custom offsetY to initial commit.
*/
initCommitOffsetY?: number;
/**
* HTML Element containing tooltips in compact mode.
* @defaultValue document.body
*/
tooltipContainer?: HTMLElement;
};
/**
* A number, or a string containing a number.
*/
type NumberLike = number | string;
/**
*/
type PatternOptions = {
/**
* Holds a pattern definition.
*/
pattern: {
image: string;
width: number;
height: number;
aspectRatio: number;
x: number;
y: number;
path: any | string;
color: string;
opacity: number;
id: string;
};
/**
* Animation options for the image pattern
loading.
Note: doesn't matter what I put, a @property only gets "FUNCTION" from jsdoc
*/
animation: any | boolean;
/**
* Rotates the pattern by degrees
*/
rotate: (...params: any[]) => any;
/**
* Wiggles the pattern (default function)
*/
wiggle: (...params: any[]) => any;
/**
* Wobbles the pattern
(complex function)
*/
wobble: (...params: any[]) => any;
};
}
| 19,697 |
881890_2003_5
|
SEC
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,781 | 2,346 |
OPTION GRANTS IN FISCAL 2003
(1)
Potential gains are net of exercise price, but before taxes associated with exercise. These amounts represent certain assumed rates of appreciation only, based on the Securities and Exchange Commission rules. Actual gains, if any, on stock option exercise are dependent on the future performance of the common stock, overall market conditions and the option holders’ continued employment through the vesting period. The amounts reflected in this table may not necessarily be achieved.
(2)
All options granted in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2003 were granted pursuant to our 1998 Stock Option Plan. The options vest and become exercisable at the rate of one-fourth on the first anniversary of the date of grant and 1/48 per month thereafter for each full month of the optionee’s continuous employment by us. Under our 1998 Stock Option Plan, the Board retains discretion to modify the terms, including the price, of outstanding options. For additional information regarding options, see “Change of Control Arrangements.”
(3)
All options were granted at market value on the date of grant.
OPTION EXERCISES IN FISCAL 2003 AND FISCAL 2003 YEAR-END OPTION VALUES
The following table provides the specified information concerning exercises of options to purchase our common stock in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2003, and unexercised options held as of March 31, 2003, by the persons named in the Summary Compensation Table.
(1)
Options to purchase our common stock generally vest as to one-fourth of the option grant on the first anniversary of the date of grant and 1/48 per month thereafter for each full month of the optionee’s continuous employment with Abaxis. All options are exercisable only to the extent vested.
(2)
The value of the unexercised in-the-money options is based on the closing price of our common stock ($3.81 per share) on March 31, 2003, the last trading day in our fiscal year ended March 31, 2003, and is net of the exercise price of such options.
Compensation of Directors
In fiscal 2003, all of our non-employee directors received compensation in the amount of $2,258 per Board meeting they attended plus reimbursement of reasonable travel expenses incurred. In addition, from April 2002 to December 2002, one of the members of our board of directors, Ernest S. Tucker, III, M.D., also served as a consultant to us and received monthly compensation of $1,000 plus reimbursement of expenses for attending meetings at or on behalf of us. Each of our non-employee directors also receives an automatic annual grant of options to purchase 4,000 shares of our common stock under our 1998 Stock Option Plan. In addition, Dr. Tucker received an additional grant of options to purchase 5,000 shares of our common stock for serving as a consultant in September 2002.
Change of Control Arrangements
Our 1998 Stock Option Plan and 1992 Outside Directors Stock Option Plan provide that, in the event of a transfer of control of Abaxis, the surviving, continuing, successor or purchasing corporation or a parent corporation thereof, as the case may be, which is referred to as the acquiring corporation, shall either assume our rights and obligations under stock option agreements outstanding under our option plans or substitute options for the acquiring corporation’s stock for such outstanding options. In the event the acquiring corporation elects not to assume or substitute for such outstanding options in connection with a merger constituting a transfer of control, our Board shall provide that any unexercisable and/or unvested portion of the outstanding options shall be immediately exercisable and vested as of a date prior to the transfer of control, as our Board so determines. Any options which are neither assumed by the acquiring corporation, nor exercised as of the date of the transfer of control, shall terminate effective as of the date of the transfer of control. Options which are assumed by the acquiring corporation shall become exercisable and vested as provided under the relevant stock option agreements under the option plans, unless the acquiring corporation terminates the option holder under certain circumstances defined in the option plans. Under such circumstances, the holder’s options shall become immediately exercisable and vested as of the date of termination.
ITEM 12.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
The following table sets forth as of June 3, 2003 certain information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common stock by (i) the persons named in the Summary Compensation Table; (ii) each of our directors, and (iii) all of our executive officers and directors as a group. There are no persons known to us that are the beneficial owners of more than 5% of our outstanding common stock.
* Less than 1%
(1)
The persons named in the table above have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of Common Stock shown as beneficially owned by them, subject to community property laws where applicable and to the information contained in the footnotes to this table. The business address of each of the beneficial owners listed is c/o Abaxis, Inc., 3240 Whipple Road, Union City, CA 94587.
(2)
The percentages shown in this column are calculated from the 16,816,095 shares of common stock outstanding on March 31, 2003, shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of our Series D convertible preferred stock, exercise of warrants and options held by that person that are currently exercisable or which are exercisable within sixty calendar days of June 3, 2003, and are deemed outstanding in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
(3)
Includes:
\
ITEM 13.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
None.
ITEM 14.
ITEM 14. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
(a) Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-14(c) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, within the 90 day period prior to the filing date of this report. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of that date.
(b) There have been no significant changes (including corrective actions with regard to significant deficiencies or material weaknesses) in our internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls subsequent to the date of the evaluation referenced in paragraph (a) above.
ITEM 15.
ITEM 15. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The following table sets forth the aggregate fees billed to Abaxis for the years ended March 31, 2003 and March 31, 2002 by Deloitte & Touche LLP:
Audit-related fees billed during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2003 and 2002 were for services related to consents and assistance with and review of documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
The Audit Committee has not adopted any polices or procedures for the pre-approval of non-audit services. The Audit Committee has considered the role of Deloitte & Touche LLP in providing audit, audit-related and tax services to Abaxis and has concluded that such services are compatible with Deloitte & Touche’s role as Abaxis’ independent auditor.
PART IV
ITEM 16. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
(a)
List of documents filed as part of this report:
1. Financial Statements
Reference is made to the Index to Financial Statements under Item 8 of Part II of this report, where these documents are included.
2. Financial Statement Schedules
Independent Auditors’ Report
Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves
Other financial statement schedules are not included because they are not required or the information is otherwise shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
3. Exhibits filed with this Report on Form 10-K
The exhibits listed on the accompanying Exhibit Index are filed as part of, or are incorporated by reference into, this report.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on June 30, 2003.
ABAXIS, INC.
BY
/s/ Clinton H. Severson
Clinton H. Severson
Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Abaxis, Inc.:
We have audited the financial statements of Abaxis, Inc. (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2003 and 2002, and for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2003, and have issued our report thereon dated April 23, 2003; such report is included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in Item 16(a)(2). This financial statement schedule is the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion based on our audits. In our opinion, such financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
San Jose, California
April 23, 2003
Schedule II
Abaxis, Inc.
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves
EXHIBIT INDEX
(1) Confidential treatment of certain portions of these agreements has been granted by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
(2) Incorporated by reference from Registration Statement No. 33-44326 filed December 11, 1991.
(3) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1992.
(4) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1993.
(5) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit filed with our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 1994.
(6) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1997.
(7) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K on October 19, 2000.
(8) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit filed with our Amended Current Report on Form 8-K/A on January 5, 2000.
(9) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit filed with our Registration Statement on Form S-3 on January 10, 2000.
(10) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K on May 13, 2002.
+ Confidential treatment has been granted as to a portion of this Exhibit..
| 41,390 |
https://github.com/bibbleapp/frontend/blob/master/src/actions/recommendationActions.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
frontend
|
bibbleapp
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 143 | 534 |
import {
FETCH_RECOMMEDATIONS_START,
FETCH_RECOMMEDATIONS_SUCCESS,
FETCH_RECOMMEDATIONS_FAILURE
} from './types'
import axios from 'axios';
axios.defaults.withCredentials = true;
const readrrDSURL = 'https://readrr-heroku-test.herokuapp.com/recommendations';
export const fetchRecommendations = () => dispatch => {
dispatch({ type: FETCH_RECOMMEDATIONS_START });
axios.post(readrrDSURL, {userid: localStorage.getItem('id')})
.then(response => {
const newBookArray = response.data.recommendations.map(book => {
return {
authors: book.authors && book.authors.toString(),
averageRating: book.averageRating || null,
categories: book.categories || null,
description: book.description || null,
googleId: book.googleId,
isEbook: book.isEbook || null,
isbn10: book.isbn10 || null,
isbn13: book.isbn13 || null,
language: book.language || null,
pageCount: book.pageCount || null,
publishedDate: book.publishedDate || null,
publisher: book.publisher || null,
smallThumbnail: book.smallThumbnail ? book.smallThumbnail.replace('http://', 'https://') : null,
textSnippet: book.textSnippet || null,
title: book.title || null,
thumbnail: book.thumbnail ? book.thumbnail.replace('http://', 'https://') : null,
webReaderLink: book.webReaderLink || null
};
});
dispatch({ type: FETCH_RECOMMEDATIONS_SUCCESS, payload: { interest: response.data.interest, books: newBookArray} })
})
.catch(error => {
console.log(error)
dispatch({ type: FETCH_RECOMMEDATIONS_FAILURE, payload: error.response })
})
}
| 25,371 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85797139
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Richard Freeman
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 87 | 301 |
Richard Freeman
sports physician and doctor
Richard Freeman instance of human
Richard Freeman sex or gender male
Richard Freeman given name Richard
Richard Freeman Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11fpcykvx6
Richard Freeman family name Freeman
Richard Freeman
Richard Freeman is een mens
Richard Freeman sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Richard Freeman voornaam Richard
Richard Freeman Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/11fpcykvx6
Richard Freeman familienaam Freeman
রিচার্ড ফ্রিম্যান
রিচার্ড ফ্রিম্যান নিদর্শন মানুষ
রিচার্ড ফ্রিম্যান লিঙ্গ পুরুষ
রিচার্ড ফ্রিম্যান প্রদত্ত নাম রিচার্ড
রিচার্ড ফ্রিম্যান গুগল নলেজ গ্রাফ শনাক্তকারক /g/11fpcykvx6
রিচার্ড ফ্রিম্যান পদবী ফ্রিম্যান
| 4,607 |
https://openalex.org/W4382241150_45
|
Spanish-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,502 | 9,776 |
What these language models are good at is writing about things that lots and lots of people
have written about. They are bad at writing about things that people have not written
about. And if I had to stand here and come up with a very good definition of what news
is, writing about something that a lot of people have not written about would be a pretty
decent one.
This is new information. A language model is going to struggle. This is maybe my most
favorite piece of writing on the internet right now. It comes from the documentation of
Galactical, and it tells you everything you need to know about how much should we trust
these algorithms just yet. Here are the limitations. Language models can hallucinate.
They're telling you that in certain circumstances their very fancy, very expensive
language model, takes drugs and sees things that aren't there and just make stuff up.
Students in the room who have taken a test and you didn't know the answer to the
question, did you just make stuff up? Don't answer that. There are professors in the room.
But yeah, you did. You totally made it up. Well, you are galactical. There are no
guarantees for truthful or reliable output from language models even large ones trained
on high quality data like galactical, never follow advice from a language model without
verification.
Why do they have to put that in there? Because this is trained on science. So, somebody
might ask, can I drink acid? And it'll go, sure, go right ahead. Because why would any
scientist write a paper and why would thousands of scientists write a paper about eating
or drinking acid? They wouldn't. Language models are often confident but wrong.
I want you to think about somebody in your friend group right now who that describes
perfectly confident but wrong. There are people squirming in their chairs right now. It's
like, oh, he's looking at me. The text may appear very authentic and highly confident but
might be subtly wrong in important waves.
This is important because it opens the door for journalists who continue to do what we
do. What it also does, if I'm thinking about this as a robotic extension to myself as a
reporter, is that if a lot of journalists have written about something a lot. I do not want to
repeat that. If a computer can provide context for me, if a computer can provide
background and history, if a computer can take my story, the archives of the organization
that I work for, and the archives of thousands of other news organizations, and write me
a couple of paragraphs, or even a whole page that just says, if you're just now catching up
to this scandal in the president's office, here's everything you need to know. Then, I'm
594
Archivos Académicos USFQ 44, febrero 2023
gonna let the computer do that, and I'm gonna keep digging for new information that the
computer can't do anything about.
While we're on the subject of archives I truly believe the archives are the most valuable
asset that a news organization has that they aren't doing anything with. And one of the
original sins of news on the internet was we never thought about these URLs to our stories
living in eternity. And so now we have old stories floating around out there. Well, they
have a value, and we should be able to leverage that value and use them. I would love to
see, and I am trying to do this myself, news organizations use something called graph
databases. I heard of graph databases. Graph databases are like, think of a spreadsheet.
But now I want you to think about. Thousands of spreadsheets in three-dimensional space,
and these spreadsheets are connected to each other by relationships. That is a graph
database. So, if I have data on the government, the central government here, this node
here is probably the president. This node here is probably the vice president and so on
and so forth to where everything in the language is now connectable. So, this could begin
to surface stories out of the archives that we may not even know exist. We may not even
realize that this issue in front of the city government is actually connected to this thing
that happened 50 years ago, and we're just now dealing with the fallout of it. This graph,
databases plus language models, could begin to actually create value out of those archives.
And you, the reporter needs merely only advanced the story by one little bit, add new
information to it. Your story now builds onto the whole, the language model gets smarter.
The reader has more background and experience with this and understands what's going
on even more. And with two pieces of technology and a vastly underutilized asset that
we've had laying around, suddenly we now have news that lives more than a day.
This is gonna be controversial. I might get some stuff thrown at me by any of the faculty
in the room, but I honestly think news organizations should be looking at Wikipedia for
what an article page should look like. It's a living document that gets updated. Things
move forward, things change. New facts are introduced, but old facts still have value.
People could understand more and deeply about a topic instead of us writing the president
said this today. Second paragraph, president was speaking here. Third paragraph, he was
referencing something. Maybe one more paragraph and we move on. We've lived with
this assumption that the reader is gonna remember all this stuff and they don't. They don't,
and it's time we acknowledged it. So, all of what I'm talking about here is a robotic
extension of the mind. A reporter could do this, but they would have to have a truly
breathtaking amount of knowledge stored in their head of what has gone on in their
country, in their community, in the region, in the world to connect all these things
together.
A computer's just gonna do a better job of that. They just are. But it's not just my mind
that I use as a reporter. I also have my physical body. I take my presence to places, I go,
and I witness things with my eyes. And as we've been talking about today, a lot of times
that's this.
By the way, I should just do this while I have it out. Hello everybody. Okay. One for the
souvenir.
So, if I'm going to a place, how do I extend my body? Well, this is an extension of your
eyes. This is an extension of your ears, but this is also connected physically to you. It
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goes as far as your arm can go if you get creative and stick it in a tree and remote, have a
remote trigger or something like that.
Okay, maybe, but we're still no further along. I spent a lot of years, I spent 10 years as a
reporter in Florida, and Florida is one of the most hurricane prone places on planet. Now
I am a Midwestern small town kid. I grew up in the great plains of America. We don't
have hurricanes, we have snow. It's cold and winter. We have tornadoes in the spring, we
have heat in the summer. We get it all, but we don't get hurricanes. So, I didn't know what
a hurricane was like until I actually had to experience one. One of the scariest nights of
my life. I am in a hotel in a small town in Florida, and by pure dumb luck, I am right
where the hurricane is making landfall. And so, my hotel, which was a building built in
the 1960s when Florida did not have building codes. So, there is no reinforcement on this
building to make it hurricane resistance. We are watching the walls of the building move
six inches at a time. That much. We are waiting for the glass to explode and come flying
into the room. We are so concerned for this that we have taken all of our camera gear and
our computers and everything we have put them in the bathtub. We have taken the
mattresses off the bed, put them over the bathtub, and that's where we were gonna go
when the roof of the building was ripped off. That's how we were going to survive.
Fortunately, the walls and the windows held, and the eye of the hurricane went over, and
the eye of a hurricane is as calm as this room is right now. And it's as quiet as this room
would be if I stopped talking. That's what it sounds like. There's a low rumble and that's
it. Mostly what you hear dogs barking. Why? Because people's dogs have been inside for
four hours. They gotta let 'em out. The eye of the hurricane is their chance to let their dogs
go out to go to the bathroom. And so, we walked outside and I'm looking up and I am
looking at the moon through the eye of a hurricane. You can see clouds on a wall 60 miles
wide, and I'm looking at a hole in the sky. It's night and then we see the other side of the
eye wall coming over and we have to go back in and hunker down and just hope we got
about two hours of sleep that night. Got up the next day. Had to go cover a hurricane and
this is what it looks like. It’s just houses ripped to shreds and left in piles. What makes it
even more disorienting is hurricanes tend to rip the street signs off of poles. It tends to rip
the poles out of the ground. So, if you don't have GPS, you don't even know where you
are. You have no way to navigate. You can hold up a map, but you're guessing because
you have no way to know if that street is that street. It's very hard in words to describe to
an audience what this looks like and just what this means. So, I did this for years and tried
to come up with this, and I did data journalism to try to explain to people how widespread
this damage is, but I was always stuck on the ground. There was one time the newspaper
had enough money to rent a helicopter, and they put me in the helicopter. If anybody asks
you, do you want to take a helicopter ride after a hurricane, the answer is no. You do not,
because the air feels like a boiling pot of water. The pilot was a military veteran who flew missions in Vietnam, and he was like, whoa,
that was bad. About 15 minutes after he said that I finally couldn't handle it anymore. I
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had an overnight bag in the seat next to me. I grabbed it, pulled all of my clothes out of it
and couldn't take it anymore. It was so violent.
I left the paper. I started working as a professor at the University of Nebraska, and I
happened to stumble across a Belgian company selling what they called a fully
autonomous aerial mapping platform, and suddenly I realized I could have a drone. This
is 2011. I walked up to the guy. I said, here, take my money. And he laughed and he gave
me my wallet back and he said, these drones are $65,000 each. And by the way, they're
completely illegal in the United States. And I was heartbroken. But I went back to the
college. This is my first week on the job. I went to the dean of my boss, and I said, drones
are gonna be a big deal for journalists. I want them. I want to hand them to children. I
want to hand a flying lawnmower to children. And he said, okay, do that. I still can't
believe he did that.
So, we started the drone. Oops. Too fast. Started the drone journalism lab. This is right
outside my door in my office. That is one of my drones flying there. This is light years
from where we started. We started with a drone that was about this big. It was made of
styrofoam. It barely had enough power to take off and you couldn't fly it outside because
any wind at all would knock it down.
The second drone, we had had no stability control to it at all. The pilot had to control
everything. It was dangerous to fly, and it crashed itself into the middle of a river. When
DJI started selling drones like this that we could buy off the shelf, the camera is stabilized
with a jimbal and it shoots in 4k, and that drone right there is about $1,800. Here is my
credit card. That's not 65,000. Here you go. If we meet up later and you want to hear a
fun story, ask me about drone regulations in the United States and how I almost ended up
in federal prison because the FAA doesn't know how to regulate drones. It's a fun story,
but I don't have time for it right now.
This is supposed to be a video. This is a recent hurricane in Florida near Fort Myers,
Florida. I'm just gonna have to describe it to you here. Anyway, this drone is able to just
fly along this road, a road that is impassable just over the horizon here. There is a bridge
that no longer exists. Nobody could get to the island across to the other side of that bridge.
The only way to see it was with a drone. In 2005 when I covered four hurricanes in two
months, which would've been impossible. Now you can walk to an electronic store. And
by a breathtakingly amazing camera that looks like God himself is holding the camera
still and just fly down a road and that's normal. But what I think about with drones is not
these beautiful images that they give us. And don't get me wrong, they are amazing, and
they have value. But what this drone is really giving us as journalists is something that
we should strive for in every story we tell, which is context. How big is this thing? How
far does this go? What does this look like if you step back just a little bit? a lot of new
pilots. I teach a class every year. It will start here in January about how to get your drone
license in the United States, and you do have to have a license. The Federal Aviation
Administration makes you have a license to follow all the laws. You gotta learn all the
laws, you gotta take a test. Here it is. It's not that hard. You can learn it. Come to Lincoln
sometime in January, in three weeks you'll have your federal drone license in the United
States. It doesn't take that long.
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I talked about drones in concept on Chile 2016, and I looked at Chilean drone rules, and
they were similar to the United States where you had to take a test. But the trick was you
had to be 16. Okay, no problem. You had to be in good health, all right, good. And you
had to be able to read and write Spanish and my question was how well, because I could
probably fake my way through their test knowing enough Latin roots that I could get
through the language part and probably get it right. But I opted not to do that. But yes,
rules in a lot of places are very soft. In the United States, they're not as easy as they are
in a lot of places. But a lot of beginning drone pilots immediately want to take the drone
and shoot it up to a hundred meters in the air. And with the camera on those drones,
they're a wide-angle lens at a hundred meters in the air. You're talking about, you're
making Google Maps at that point. That's what it looks like. It looks like Google Maps.
It's just little teeny tiny houses and little, teeny tiny cars driving down little teeny tiny
streets. The best drone work is between 10 and 30 meters, no higher. And they are simple
movements. You should watch great cinema. If you watch great movies in how they were
filmed, you will know how to make your drone fly. Smooth, simple, fluid motions and
you'll create something amazing. I'm gonna try this. Two recent examples.
I'm guessing, that's saying I don't have an internet connection.
This is a three-dimensional model that's made entirely of photographs, still photographs.
A government office in the United States US Geological Survey flew over a volcano in
Hawaii over and over and over and over again, and they have thousands of images with
software you can download from the internet. You can make three dimensional models
out of that and let people play with them. And look at them from whatever angle they
want to. Let me show you another example here that will take just a second because I am
bad at Spanish. This one should open it. Oh, it did work.
This is a three-dimensional model. That student, that a student of mine created, of a house
that was wiped out by Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico. She wrote a story about the woman
who lived here and how her life had been irreparably changed by the storm, and how the
house that her grandmother lived in, and her mother lived in, and she lived in was now
uninhabitable and you can go to wherever you want on this house. Is a fully realized threedimensional model. You can walk on her porch; you can walk up to her front door. We
put this into virtual reality where you could walk up the hill to her house and at certain
points where you got there, it triggered audio and you could hear her talking about the
home.
To me, this is where drones really could take us. Can we take this tool that we've been
given that has an obvious journalistic purpose and extend it to the point that we are
literally creating reality? We are creating augmented reality; we are creating virtual
reality. And we are letting our readers follow us to the places that we are going to do our
journalism.
So, I want to just leave you with a couple of questions. Why do we continue to let
Journalism's path dictate its future? Because that's the way we've always done things. We
don't need to. You don't need to. Why does it still feel like a lot of the journalism that we
do on the internet could have just as easily been printed in a newspaper? Why does it feel
like a lot of the video journalism that we do just as easily could have been broadcast on
television and forgotten about? because it just went out into the airwaves. We don't have
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to do this. We also don't have to limit ourselves as journalists by our own physical form.
This sounds bonkers to say out loud, it sounds insane. You would be permitted to ask,
how much did I have to drink at lunch? because it was clearly a lot that I'm sitting here
saying, you can break the bounds of your mortal self and extend your ability to create
information. All you need is a little bit of technology. All you need is a little bit of code,
a little bit of data, a little bit of time, and most importantly, you need to not be afraid of
it. Embrace it, I don't know, is my favorite thing to say to students. They ask me a
question, I say, I don't know. Let's go find out. Let's go figure this out. I am arrogant
enough to believe the difference between, I don't know, and I do know is a function of
time. It's just time. I'm gonna figure it out eventually.
Would it be easier if I was an engineer? Sure. Would it be easier if I was Elon Musk?
Absolutely. The billions help. They really do. But that doesn't stop me, and it's not going
to stop me, and it never will stop me. So, I hope it doesn't stop you either.
Thank you for staying awake after lunch. That's not easy to do and enjoy the rest of the
conference.
Questions. Go ahead.
Student: So, you said at the beginning of your presentation you would love to have better
have kinda jar, right? So, my question is more about like what your knowledge, I hear
that not as many go there to the front, right? But the thing is actually what I'm curious is
that if you are in front, you can feel stuff that you won't feel you have like wrong, right?
You know how its smelled, you know, you conceal better. We also start but, in my
opinion, maybe that makes a better job. Well, not like dying. Yeah, but isn't it better here?
Like there don't we like we can see here, or we are there?
Matthew Waite: My answer to you is why don't we do both? There are places, there is
the front and then there is so close that you are able to get photo and video of the front,
which is an exceedingly dangerous place to be.
You don't need to be that close. But this guy can, now this is old, this robot has updated
a bunch, but you are a few thousand dollars away from having your own fully articulated
robot that if you are in a very dangerous place, you can set 'em down and go walk that
way. I'm gonna be back here where the people hiding out are, which is where the story is,
and I'm gonna let you go down there and get the video of the shooting and the explosions
and if that thing dies, do I feel bad? Yeah, he is kind of cute. Like, am I gonna feel bad
when I think of the Guinea pig that I had as a kid, as a pet when I eat que later on?
Probably am I still going to eat it? Yes. Yes, I am. Am I gonna send that guy to die?
Absolutely. He's not a human. I can replace him with a few thousand dollars. I cannot
replace you.
Eric Samson: So also, in real war like Ukraine, now let go that close.
Matthew Waite: You're gonna get to go to the edge of artillery range is what it is.
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Student: What do you think? What do you think that are the principal limitations related
with the reporting with drone? Many people say that yes, it is an advantage.
Matthew Waite: Okay. So, the two questions will robotics, will AI, replace the work of
a journalist? And here's what I will tell you. If a computer can write a story as well as you
can, faster than you can, it's not you, it's the story. The story is too easy. It's too formulaic.
A computer's gonna do a good job of that. A computer is not ever going to interview
somebody who has lost a family member to violence. A computer is never going to be
able to empathize with that person to understand what loss is. To understand what pain
is. It's a computer. Now if you're writing a story that says Ecuador beat Qatar three to one
in the first match of the World Cup, which probably gonna happen and you just need three
paragraphs to put on the website immediately after the match is over, computer can do
that. No problem. Why are you wasting your time? And if you could be covering the
World Cup, what are you doing here? Like, go, I wouldn't blame you one bit.
That's the thing you gotta remember is if a computer can do a better job writing the story
than you can, it's the story, not you. Don't do that story, let the computer do that story.
There are a million other stories that are better that you, the human can do that the
computer will never be able to do. Please.
Eric Samson: Sorry, we spoke about that one quake in California. The bots do that. They
said there was a quake that amount of, in that place.
Matthew Waite: Within milliseconds of it being registered on a seismograph. That quick.
You can pull up the Los Angeles Times and they will have a story while the ground is
still shaking. It's that fast. Does a human being need to do that? Well, a human being did
that for 50 years, but they don't need to anymore. Move on to things that are hard. Call a
human. Like that's a thing a computer can't do is call a human and talk to them.
The other question is, what are the limitations of drones? I'll give you a simple analogy
here. If I'm over here, if we're outside and I'm doing this and I'm just recording video like
this, are you uncomfortable? Are you uncomfortable with that? You're having me walking
by here I am. Your kind of like, well, that was weird. Okay.
How about now? now put four spinning blades on this thing. There comes a point where
I don't want that thing anywhere near me. I'm pretty firmly convinced there's three
countries in the world when it comes to privacy. There is the Germans who have
meticulously written, documented, widely understood privacy rules. You can do this; you
cannot do that. And it's very clear, and I swear every German understands them perfectly
because when I took a drone to Germany and talked to a journalism conference, I was
assaulted by people going, what about to privacy? And I'm okay. I don't know. German
privacy rules, like calm down. And the United States, and in a lot of countries the rules
about privacy are it's probably fine until it's not. There comes a point where if I'm in my
backyard, I have a big fence around and I expect to be private there. And you take your
drone, and you fly it right here over my head in my backyard. That's not okay. And
literally no person is gonna say, what do you mean that's not okay? That's totally fine.
There's a line in there somewhere. Is that 10 meters above your house? Is that 20 meters
above your house? Is it a hundred? Most countries have not grappled with what that is.
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The third country in the world is what's privacy? Just we have so many other problems in
the world, we're just not gonna bother even thinking about this. Do whatever you want.
Don't care.
Eric Samson: Which one will be us.
Matthew Waite: I don't know. You tell us. Yeah. Let's say you tell me you live here. But
I mean, but that's kind of where it is. It's like there are some rules, but we haven't really
tested them out, so we don't really know what they are. In my lab, at the drone journalism
lab at the University of Nebraska Lincoln, I'm gonna tell you this and you're gonna think
it's a joke, but it's not. It's 100% the truth. Rule number one, in the Drone journalism lab
at the University of Nebraska Lincoln, the Harvard of the Plains is don't be stupid. Rule
two, rule one, don't be stupid. Rule two is see rule number one, if you cannot be stupid,
you're probably gonna be fine in literally every country in the world.
Go ahead, well go the back there. Go ahead.
Student: What's the consequences for flying a drone in a military situation?
Matthew Waite: Okay. Ukraine is the best example we have right now because it's the
war we have. It's a very modern war, and Ukrainian soldiers are using the same drones
that journalists use. They are using DJI drones off the shelf. They're buying them by the
pallet load, taking them out. They have 3D printed. These release mechanisms and they
hang grenades from them and send them out, and they're cheap enough in the military
sense of the term that when Russians see them and shoot them out of the sky, they're like,
oh, well grab another one off the stack and off we go. And so, yes, if you are flying a
drone with a camera into a combat zone, you can instantly be identified as a threat. You
may be seen as a threat by the enemy. You may be seen as a threat by the side of the line
that you're on. You might be seen as an intelligence asset by both. Like you are gonna
really wanna make damn sure that someone very high up in that area knows who you are
and knows what you're doing and then if it gets shot out of the sky, yeah, that's just the
price of do in business. What you don't want to have them do is follow that radio signal
back to where you are and do bad things.
Go ahead.
Answer: I wouldn't necessarily use drones to acquire data. I would use it as a model of a
living document. That's more what I meant by that.
Student: But we're not like, like citing it cause it's not...
Matthew Waite: Correct. Because it's manipulable. But what I'm interested more is this
idea of a page that provides history and context and further research and links out that we
could borrow that style for our own archives and do that kind of thing. There are a lot of
language models that do actually use Wikipedia because it's an enormous structured
annotated data set. So, underneath G P T three, somewhere Wikipedia's in there, but so
are millions of other things. I'm more interested in the way that it's structured. I think
that's really interesting as just sort of a method of delivery.
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Answer: I actually envision a new job in a newsroom being the AI editor. Like your job
is to just look at this output and based on your own human judgment and knowledge, edit
that. They're not perfect grammar wise. By the way, for my own purposes, the translation
ability that they have the ability to translate English to Spanish, Spanish to German,
German to Italian. It's actually amazingly good. It's really good. So, it opens up
opportunities for internationalization of your content that weren't there before. But yes, I
would not take a chunk of text from a language model and just be like, good enough. Just
gonna send it out to the internet. That's fine.
Student: I was also thinking about information like the quality of the data. Would you
better like write itself?
Matthew Waite: Possibly, but it all, I think what we lack here is an example where
somebody has tried to make it work. And what I'm most interested in is finding that line
where if you have this many stories about it, then it's really good. And if you have fewer
than that, the further down you go the more insane that it gets.
And that it's just straight up making things up. A friend of mine who is a professor at
Syracuse University used a tool called Otter Ai to record interviews for a book that he
wrote, and Otter has the same sort of transcription problem that a lot of ones have. It's
really good. But it will occasionally garble up language and things like that. So, he got
the idea to take that, the garbled language and feed it to another language model to fix it.
And he went through the transcripts. He was reading them line by line, and he realized
that the other language model got frustrated with speakers who changed subjects in the
middle of a sentence, and then it just went and completed the sentence for them. It made
up quotes. So, there are very significant limits to this, but we are just starting out and I
think there's a lot of smoke there. To use the old expression where there's smoke, there's
fire. I think we have huge clouds of smoke billowing out of this thing, and somebody
needs to go see what kind of fire they can build out of it. And I think there could be
amazing results from that.
Eric Samson: What do you do in your lab with students? Are you working new products
like mixing aerial views? Have you developed new formats?
Matthew Waite: So unfortunately, the United States is the land of the underemployed
lawyer and one thing that we have to do with everything is worried about lawsuits. So, to
fly drones as a state institution, as a university, we have to have insurance. We have
aviation insurance, the same as a place that owns airplanes, has aviation insurance. It's
the same stuff. So, in order to fall under the aviation insurance of the university, either I
have to be standing next to the student while they fly, and I am the responsible party. Or
the student has to get their federal drone license and then they can take one of my drones
and go cover a story somewhere and they are then responsible. They could have their own
insurance, which you can actually get insurance pretty cheap. Like you can get a day's
worth of insurance for like $20, which is worth doing. They can also fall under the
university's insurance.
So yeah, they're out doing stories. They're mixing aerials with grounds. They're doing sort
of traditional broadcast packages where you have, multi cam setups and one of them is a
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drone flying in the air. Nebraska's a big agricultural state, so every year I have students
flying drones behind tractors that are harvesting crops which is a beautiful way to see it.
It's really hard to understand how huge it is until you get 30 meters above that tractor and
just follow 'em around. So, they're doing that. We've done things with virtual reality.
We've done things with augmented reality using photogrammetry where we take a lot of
pictures and then build the models out of it. We're actually playing around a lot with doing
photogrammetry with your phone. You can now do those augmented reality models right
here on your phone. Just take a bunch of pictures, actually use video, just wave your
phone over it, and it will take thousands of still frames just based on the video and render
that 3D object all right there on your phone. When we first started doing 3D objects in
2015, the software we used cost $3,000 a year to rent. You couldn't buy it, you had to
keep paying for it over and over and over again, and it was like buying a really good drone
every year. Unfortunately, I'm gonna tell you a secret about universities. Your instructors
here, your professors are going to get you to the point where you're smart and you're
capable and you can go out and you can do journalism, and then you're gonna do
something terrible and you're gonna graduate and leave. And now we gotta start all over
again. So, the number of students that I have that are inclined to do this kind of heavyduty software work, it goes up and down. I get a handful of 'em, they graduate and go
away. Then I got a bunch of people who are scared of it for a few years, and then they
come back, and it goes like that.
Thank you.
Conference 12: Doing journalism: an imminent necessity for freedom
Speaker: Gabriela Vivanco, President of the Executive Committee of the Inter-American
Press Association (IAPA) (Ecuador)
Tania Orbe: The Inter American Press Association and is director of La Hora newspaper
in Ecuador. She is also a journalism alumni of USFQ. I had reached him. Gabriela
Vivanco took the reins of La Hora newspaper in May 2020. She is one of the few women
at the helm of a media outlet in Ecuador. Since October 2022, she has been a student on
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the executive committee of the Inter American Press Association, a non-profit
organization dedicated to the defense and production of freedom of the press and freedom
of expression.
Gaby thank you for being here. You have the microphone. Go ahead.
Gabriela Vivanco: Well, thank you very much. Thank you Tania, Eric, for the invitation
for me it is always a pleasure to be here at the university as Ana was saying, I studied
here in my journalism career after having studied economics and politics outside for four
years. I loved studying and then I got to work and I really found that I have often come
to the university over the years and I always try to communicate the fact that, as the
previous speaker said, we learn the theory at the university and we go to real life to really
learn our craft and find ourselves and find our own voice. So, rather what a pleasure to
be here with you. Thank you very much.
I don't have much of an introduction. Actually, the invitation comes as an invitation to
talk a little bit about the state of journalism in the country, about the situation of the media.
And I also wanted to start with you, going back a little bit. It is very important to
understand also from the role that I have in the Inter-American Press Association, but
besides the long work that is done locally and internationally, the IAPA is one of them,
but there are many organizations, many journalists who really work to defend the freedom
that allows us to work, which is freedom of expression and freedom of the press. Many
times we take these rights for granted and it is important as journalists, as communicators,
and if not even as citizens, to know where these freedoms come from and why they are
important. I wanted to go back a little bit and talk about the most basic thing, which is the
rule of law in our society.
So speaking of the Constitution, the first thing we say is that we are a State of Law, but
what we really want as a country is to aspire to be a State of Law because it is a country
where there is absolute respect for the laws, absolute respect for the functioning of the
institutions, for the separation of powers, for the independence of justice and within that
we have a worldwide wave that has been going on for many years where autocracies
really try to enter democracy long before coming to power. So autocracies, whether they
are autocracies to say an authoritarian regime that may be right wing, left wing, populist
or whatever, and what they really do is to permeate the functioning of democracy, not
only by coming to power and destroying institutions, as we have seen what happened in
Nicaragua, as happened a long time ago in Cuba, as happened in Venezuela, for example,
and increasingly in several countries in the region, but also to permeate democracy with
their methods. And one of these is to undermine the idea that we have of respect for the
rule of law and the rule of law is nothing more than a system in which citizens agree to
elect some leaders to manage the public cause, but this management of the public cause
really comes with a legitimacy that only works when we respect the laws and when we
have a set, so to speak, a set of pre-established rules, agreed, transparent and also that
apply to everyone. And if we look at such a basic definition of the rule of law and we see
how Ecuador works today, where the law really works for some more than for others,
where there are no clear rules because really the one who breaks the law leaves, has a
consequence according to the type of lawyer he has. So we can see how such a basic
concept, which is the pillar of our democracy and of our life as free citizens, is being
spoiled and is wearing out in the popular imagination. So really the Constitution is an anthropocentric norm that means that the welfare of the
individual is what prevails and the welfare of the individual is what limits the extent of
public power. Within that and within all the freedoms and all the rights listed in the
constitution in almost all these advanced or more constituted democracies, the right to
free expression prevails and has a preferential position over other rights and really no, not
all rights are equal. There is a hierarchy of rights and it was always thought and tried in
these more advanced democracies to make the right of the individual and this, for
example, so fundamental to be able to express oneself, to be the one that prevails and
why? Because really the right to free expression is a right that has two dimensions, and
excuse me for getting into this part a little more legal, but really when we are going to be
journalists the number one tool is the law, the constitution, so they have not gone through
it yet in their training, they will go through it. But also, it is a right that is a subjective
right because of the fundamental capacity of human beings to express themselves. But it
is also an objective right because it has a clear purpose, which is to maintain democracy.
There are no democracies without citizens who can express their opinion. There are no
democracies without citizens who can complain to power or protest to power or make
their needs felt or communicate. And that is why this right to freedom of expression, from
which freedom of the press, freedom of information, freedom of opinion derives, but the
right to free expression is one that prevails over the other, and it is something that in our
country, if you take a look at how the communication laws have been developing, starting
with the 2013 law, it seems to me it was 2013, it was implemented by the government of
Rafael Correa, the subsequent reforms, even the reform approved and already published
in the official registry right now, November, have forgotten this very fundamental defense
that the right to free expression is not a right of the owners of the media. It is not a right
exclusively of the magazines. It is also a right that we, the citizens, have been losing and
have allowed to be taken away from us. Within this overlapping, in this conflict of rights
that we have, we also have disputes. And the dispute of rights is precisely what justice
comes to settle.
I have been a journalist for many years and one thing that, as a journalist, I will confess,
really overwhelmed me and bored me was the whole part that covered the judicial sector,
the Prosecutor's Office, the court and well, now let alone the Council of Citizen
Participation, the Council of the Judiciary is an increasingly complex system that has been
made this way on purpose in order to control it in a better way, But at the same time, and
I am also going to tell you about the most viewed articles in La Hora, obviously we have
our statistics, and of the 130,000 people who enter the La Hora portal every day, the
articles on justice are read by almost nobody and by a minimum percentage of the
population, almost always in Quito, Guayaquil, and somewhat in Cuenca. Nobody cares
and it is a pity because really the health of the justice system and a justice that really
allows the common citizen access to resolve their conflicts and disputes, that is what
605
Archivos Académicos USFQ 44, febrero 2023
allows us to be citizens in democracy. Knowing that if someone sends or literally whistles
at me figuratively, I go to someone where a judge comes and there will be a system that
will allow me to protect myself, my family, my rights, my patrimony, whatever. And we
have also lost that in Ecuador.
| 47,044 |
https://github.com/HuaYuetong1998/Online-Examination-System/blob/master/frontend/src/components/exam/Index.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
Online-Examination-System
|
HuaYuetong1998
|
Vue
|
Code
| 333 | 1,920 |
<template>
<div class="main-wrapper">
<div class="main">
<div class="block">
<span class="block-title" style="background: #409eff">通知公告</span>
<div class="block-container">
<el-collapse accordion>
<el-collapse-item title="考试条约" class="notice-title">
<div class="notice-container">
与现实生活一致：与现实生活的流程、逻辑保持一致，遵循用户习惯的语言和概念；在界面中一致：所有的元素和结构需保持一致，比如：设计样式、图标和文本、元素的位置等。
</div>
</el-collapse-item>
<el-collapse-item title="考试条约" class="notice-title">
<div class="notice-container">
与现实生活一致：与现实生活的流程、逻辑保持一致，遵循用户习惯的语言和概念；在界面中一致：所有的元素和结构需保持一致，比如：设计样式、图标和文本、元素的位置等。
</div>
</el-collapse-item>
<el-collapse-item title="考试条约" class="notice-title">
<div class="notice-container">
与现实生活一致：与现实生活的流程、逻辑保持一致，遵循用户习惯的语言和概念；在界面中一致：所有的元素和结构需保持一致，比如：设计样式、图标和文本、元素的位置等。
</div>
</el-collapse-item>
<el-collapse-item title="考试条约" class="notice-title">
<div class="notice-container">
与现实生活一致：与现实生活的流程、逻辑保持一致，遵循用户习惯的语言和概念；在界面中一致：所有的元素和结构需保持一致，比如：设计样式、图标和文本、元素的位置等。
</div>
</el-collapse-item>
</el-collapse>
</div>
</div>
<div class="block">
<span class="block-title" style="background: rgb(230, 162, 60)"
>我的考试</span
>
<div
class="block-container"
style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between"
>
<div>
<selectPaper></selectPaper>
</div>
<div class="paper">
<a href="#" class="urlLink">
<el-card class="box-card" shadow="hover">
<ul>
<li>考试名称</li>
<li>学科:</li>
<li>试卷类型：</li>
<li>题目数量：</li>
<li>试卷总分：</li>
<li>建议时长：</li>
<li>发布时间：</li>
</ul>
</el-card>
</a>
<a href="#" class="urlLink">
<el-card class="box-card" shadow="hover">
<ul>
<li>考试名称</li>
<li>学科:</li>
<li>试卷类型：</li>
<li>题目数量：</li>
<li>试卷总分：</li>
<li>建议时长：</li>
<li>发布时间：</li>
</ul>
</el-card>
</a>
<a href="#" class="urlLink">
<el-card class="box-card" shadow="hover">
<ul>
<li>考试名称</li>
<li>学科:</li>
<li>试卷类型：</li>
<li>题目数量：</li>
<li>试卷总分：</li>
<li>建议时长：</li>
<li>发布时间：</li>
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</el-card>
</a>
<div class="pageination">
<pageination></pageination>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import pageination from "../exam/Pagination";
import selectPaper from "../exam/Select";
export default {
components: {
pageination,
selectPaper,
},
name: "StudentIndex",
data() {
return {
message: "hello",
};
},
};
</script>
<style lang="scss" scoped>
.main-wrapper {
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
}
.main-wrapper .main {
width: 80%;
border-radius: 4px;
height: auto;
background: #fff;
}
.block {
padding: 40px 40px;
display: flex;
justify-content: flex-start;
flex-direction: column;
width: 100%;
margin-top: 50px;
box-shadow: 0 2px 12px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}
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</style>
| 5,012 |
bub_gb_oX7TAAAAMAAJ_3
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,855 |
Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit
|
Giesebrecht, Wilhelm von, 1814-1889
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,090 | 13,414 |
Graf Adolf von Holftein gewann eine mächtige Stüße an dem Erzbifhof Philipp von Köln, nachdem er fih auf Betreiben des Erzbifchof mit einer Schweitertochter defjelben, der Tochter des Grafen Dtto von Affel**), vermählt hatte. Sobald er im Lande feines Vaters Fuß gefaßt, verwies er aus ihm alle feine Widerjacher, welche in den Tagen Heinrich des Löwen gegen ihn gewirkt hatten, insbefondere den Dberboten Marfrad, an deffen Stelle er einen an- dern Oberboten mit Namen Syricus jegte, und Emefo von Holte***). Einige diefer Verbannten fuchten Zuflucht bei dem Könige von Dä- nemarf, andere verbraditen die Zeit ihres Erils bei dem Grafen von Rapeburg. Allein, jo energiih Graf Adolf fih an den Freunden Heinrichs des Löwen rächte, fo wenig war er gejonnen, ſich Heinrichs Nach— folger, dem neuen Herzog Bernhard, unterzuorbnen. Diefer hatte fih in Begleitung feines Bruders, des Markgrafen Dtto von Bran- denburg, nad) Artlenburg begeben. Hier in der alten Elbburg, welche Heinrich der Löwe im Jahre 1181 in feiner Verzweiflung in Brand geftedt hatter), die fich jedoch ſeitdem wieder einigermaßen aus ihren Trümmern erhoben haben mochte, hielt der Herzog präd- tig Hof und befchied die Großen des Landes zu fi, um ihnen die Lehen zu ertheilen und die Lehnshuldigung von ihnen zu empfangen. Indeſſen nur die Grafen von Rateburg, Dannenberg, Lüchow und Schwerin leijteten diefer Ladung Folge; auf das Erfcheinen des Grafen Adolf von Holftein wartete der Herzog vergeblih, was zu ſchweren Zerwürfnifjen zwifchen beiden Anlaß gab. Ebenfo wenig gelang e3 dem Herzog das Inveſtiturrecht in Bezug auf die ſlawiſchen Bisthümer zu behaupten. Biſchof Jsfried von Ratzeburg verweigerte *) Vergl. Bd. V S. 922. 923. **) Vergl. Bd. V ©. 901. ***) Marfrad und Emelo hatten im Jahre 1181 Lübel für Heinrich den Löwen vertheidigt; vergl. Bd. V S. 940. r) Bergl. Bd. V ©. 938. [1182] Ohnmacht des Herzogs Bernhard von Sadjen. 39 ihm wenigftens den Mannſchaftseid, objchon er diefen Heinrich dem Löwen geleitet hatte*). Als das Bisthum Lübeck dur den Tod Biſchof Heinrichs erledigt wurde, baten die Lübeder den Kaijer ihnen einen neuen Bijchof zu geben, und als der Stuhl durch Abdankung des Ermählten abermals frei ward, wartete der Nachfolger vor jeinem Amtsantritt die Rüdfehr des Kaiſers aus Stalien ab, um fih von diefem inveftiren zu laſſen. Wohl ließ es Bernhard nicht an Berjuchen fehlen, feine Macht zur Geltung zu bringen und zu erweitern. Da Graf Adolf auch Ditmarfchen widerrechtlich mit Waffengewalt in Befit nahm, bemühte ſich Bernhards Bruder, der Erzbifhof Sifried von Bremen, fein Recht auf dieſe Graffchaft geltend zu machen, fie dem Grafen zu entreißen und unter ben Herzog zu ftellen. Auch das zu Ratkau**) gehörige Gebiet, welches Heinrich der Löwe beſeſſen hatte, ſammt der Stadt DIdisloe fuchte der Herzog dem Grafen zu nehmen. Dem Biſchof von Rateburg entzog er die Zehnten im Satelbent ***) und erpreßte das Geld von Leuten des Biſchofs, die er gefangen nahm. Auch auf Lübed erhob der Herzog Anſprüche; es verdroß ihn befonders, daß der Kaijer dem Grafen von Holftein die Hälfte aller Einkünfte aus den Zöllen, Mühlen und Wechſelbanken der Stadt verliehen hatter). Selbit die Grafen Bernhard von Rateburg und Gunzelin von Schwerin ernteten feinen Dank dafür, daß ſie fich zur Lehnshuldigung an den Herzog verftanden hatten, jondern mußten erleben, daß er fie um einen Theil ihrer Lehen zu verkürzen fuchte. Der Herzog unternahm ferner den Ausbau einer neuen Veſte zu Lauenburg am öjtlichen Ufer der Elbe, ungefähr Artlenburg gegenüber. Die legtere Burg ließ er mit ihrer Ringmauer niederlegen, um ihre Steine zum Aufbau der neuen Veſte zu verwenden, und verlegte auch die Meberfahrt über den Strom nad Lauenburg. Allein der Erfolg ftand Bernhards Unter: nehmungen wenig zur Seite. In Ditmarjchen behauptete Graf Adolf einjtweilen jeine Ujurpation und erklärte die Grafichaft für feinen rechtmäßigen Befit. Der Bischof von Rateburg ließ gefchehen, was *) Bergl. hiezu Bd. V ©. 353. **) Seht Pfarrdorf in der Nähe von Schwartau und Dlden-Lübel, befannt durch Blüchers Capitulation im Jahre 1806. ***) Landſtrich in Lauenburg. 7) Bergl. Bd. V ©. 941. 40 Ohnmacht des Herzogs Bernhard von Sadjen. [1182] er nicht hindern fonnte, blieb aber gegenüber dem Anfpruch des Her- 3098 auf den Mannfchaftseid unbeugfam. Das wichtige Lübeck be- hielt der Kaifer in feiner Hand und gewährte dem Herzoge nur eine bejcheidene Entihädigung für feine Anfprüce, indem er ihm den Ort Hitader an der Elbe und zwanzig Hufen Landes überließ. Die Verlegung der Ueberfahrtäftelle über die Elbe war, troß der geringen Entfernung der Lauenburg von Artlenburg, den Lübedern, vermuth- lich weil fih ihr Handelsverkehr einmal an die alte Straße gewöhnt hatte, höchſt unbequem und bejchwerlich, und fie befchwerten ſich mit Erfolg darüber beim Kaiſer, der fie anmwies, ſich nach wie vor der alten Ueberfahrt bei Artlenburg zu bedienen. War dies nur zu ge: eignet, des Herzogs Anfehen noch mehr zu untergraben, jo rädhten fih die Grafen von Holſtein, Rageburg und Schwerin an ihm jogar durch offenen Kampf. Mit vereinten Kräften griffen fie die Lauen- burg an, nahmen fie nach einer Belagerung von wenigen Tagen und machten fie dem Erdboden gleih. Eine wenig thatkräftige, im Grunde milde Natur, verzichtete der Herzog darauf, Gewalt mit Gewalt zu vergelten, jondern zog es vor, den Hof des Kaiferd aufzuſuchen und dort über feine Gegner Klage zu führen. In der That gelang es ihm in diefer Angelegenheit fi Genugthuung zu verichaffen. Der Kaiſer legte die Zerwürfniffe bei, indem er dem Grafen Adolf von Holftein eine an Herzog Bernhard zu zahlende Geldbuße von 700 Mark, den Grafen Bernhard von Ratzeburg und Gunzelin von Schwerin eine gleihe Buße von je 300 Mark auferlegte und alle drei zum Wiederaufbau der von ihnen zerftörten Lauenburg ver: pflihtete. Dagegen jollte der Herzog den Grafen Berzeihung ge- währen und wurde Adolf auch das Gebiet von Ratfau nebit der Stadt Oldisloe zugeſprochen. Wie es jcheint, gejchah die auf einem Hoftage zu Merfeburg im December 1182 *). Frieden und Ordnung in diefen nördlichen Gegenden des Reiches berzuftellen, mußte dem Kaifer um fo dringender erjcheinen, im Hin- blid auf die Gefahren, welche von Dänemark her drohten. Dort war König Waldemar am 6. Mai diefes Jahres geftorben. Ihm folgte fein junger Sohn Knud, der zwar jchon längft zu feinem Nachfolger defignirt und gekrönt, im Anfange feiner Herrſchaft Stürme zu be- *) Bergl. unten S. 56. [1182—1187] Dänemarks Lehnshoheit über Pommern. 41 ftehen hatte. In Schonen erhob fih ein gefährlier Aufruhr, und man rief dort einen von Schweden unterftügten Prätendenten Harald Sfreng ins Land. Diefer Aufitand wurde indeffen unterbrüdt, und Knud und die Räthe, welche den jungen König leiteten, waren ent: Ihloffen, die Lehnsabhängigfeit vom deutfchen Reiche abzuſchütteln. Schon ald Gemahl einer Tochter Heinrich des Löwen, Gertruds, der Wittwe Herzog Friedrihs von Rothenburg *), mochte der König von wenig freundlichen Gefühlen gegen Kaifer Friedrich befeelt ein. Immerhin würden diefe Familienbeziehungen wahrſcheinlich keinen entjcheidenden Einfluß auf Knuds Politik geübt haben, fo wenig wie fie feinen Bater abgehalten hatten, Heinrich in der Stunde der Noth die Hülfe zu verfagen. Die Befeitigung des mächtigen Welfen wider: ſprach feineswegs dem Intereſſe Dänemarks. Was man dagegen am dänischen Hofe dem Kaifer nicht verzeihen fonnte, war die Belehnung de3 Herzogs Bogijlam mit Pommern **). Man behauptete, in dieſer Beziehung Ihmählich hintergangen zu fein, da der Kaifer jenes Land Waldemar bereits bei feiner Lehnshuldigung im Jahre 1162 zu— gefihert und ihn dann aud vor Lübeck durch die Vorfpiegelung getäufeht habe, daß die Belehnung Bogiſlaws nur eine vorüber- gehende und jcheinbare fein ſollte. Nicht minder als zur Verfagung der Lehnshuldigung an den Kaifer war man am däniſchen Hofe ent- ichlofjen, dieje ſlawiſchen Gegenden in Lehnsabhängigfeit von Däne- mark zu bringen. Dies ward das nächſte Hauptziel der däniſchen Politik, und es wurde erreicht dank jenen Wirren, welche nah dem Sturze Heinrichs des Löwen unter Herzog Bernhard die nordifchen Fürften unter einander entzweite und dem Umftande, daß der Schwer: punft der faiferlichen Bolitif wieder nad) dem Süden, in die Ver- bandlungen mit den lombarbifchen Städten und mit der päpftlichen Curie verlegt war. Als der Kaifer, von dem neuen Dünenfönige die Lehnshuldigung verlangte, wurde fie verweigert, Knud wollte weder die Belehnung noch die Krönung aus feiner Hand empfangen. Miederholte Gefandtfhaften, durch welche der Kaifer den König an feinen Hof laden ließ, um die Belehnung zu empfangen und ben Freundjchaftsbund feines Vater mit ihm zu erneuern, blieben er- *) BVergl. Bd. V ©. 686. Später vermählte fich Überdies der jüngfte Sohn Heinrichs des Löwen, Wilhelm, mit Knuds Schweiter Helena. **) Bergl. Bd. V ©. 935. 939—940. 356. 42 Dänemarks Lehnshoheit über Pommern. [1182—1187] folglos. Auf den Rath der Staatsmänner, welche die Schritte des jungen Königs lenften, entjchuldigte fih Knud zunächſt in einem höflichen Schreiben mit der Neuheit feiner Herrichaft, wenn er der Einladung nicht Folge leifte. In der That war fein Thron damals wohl noch durch den Aufitand in Schonen bedroht, und diefe Gefahr legte ihm einftweilen eine gewiſſe Zurüdhaltung auf. Dagegen fühlte er fih ſchon ficher auf feinem Throne, als ein Antwortjchreiben des Kaiſers eintraf, in welchem dieſer drohte, dem Könige fein Reich zu entziehen und es einem andern zu übertragen. Jetzt ſchlug auch der König einen anderen Ton an; Ffurz und fed fchrieb er zu- rüd, bevor Friedrich dies thue, werde er erft jemand juchen müſſen, der Luft habe Dänemark ihm wieder zu Lehen aufzutragen. Der Kaifer ließ es fich trogdem nicht verdrießen, noch einen neuen Verſuch zur DVerftändigung zu machen. Er fandte einen Mann an den däni- ſchen Hof, der dem Könige durch ein enges Familienband verbunden war, den Grafen Sifried von Orlamünde, einen Enkel Albrechts des Bären und Neffen des Herzogs Bernhard, welcher vor Lübeck mit Knuds Schwefter, Sophie, verlobt und bald nachher mit ihr ver- mählt worden war*). Sifried ſuchte auf die Räthe feines Schwagers Eindrud zu machen, indem er ihnen vorftellte, fie möchten den ihrer Leitung anvertrauten jungen, unerfahrenen König nicht der Gefahr eines weit überlegenen friegerifchen Angriffs, nit um der Unab— hängigfeit feiner Krone willen ihrem Verluſt ausfegen; es jei bes Königs durchaus nicht unmwürdig, den Lehnshofe des römischen Kai- ſers anzugehören. Der hervorragendite unter Knuds Räthen, Erz: bifhof Abjalon von Lund, wies diefe Vorftellungen in hochfahrender Weiſe zurüd. Er fei, fagte er, damit einverftanden, daß fein König jih um die Freundichaft des Kaifers bemühe, jedoch unter der Be- dingung, daß dadurch der Glanz feiner Krone nicht getrübt werbe; König Waldemar, welcher Friedrih gebuldigt, jei von dem Kaifer Schwer bintergangen worden; Sifried möge wiffen, daß der König von Dänemark ganz ebenfo unabhängig über fein Land herrfche wie der Kaifer über das römische Reich. Vergeblich braufte der Graf ftolz und drohend auf. „Bemiſſeſt du etwa,” verfegte der Erzbiſchof, „die Stellung eines Königs von Dänemark nah der deinigen? *) Bergl. Bd. V S. 999. [1182—1187] Dänemarks Lehnshoheit über Pommern. 48 „Slaubit du, der Kaifer könne Dänemark jo leicht nehmen, wenn er „will, wie dein thüringifche® Lehen? Geh’ und melde ihm, der „König der Dänen werde ſich nicht im entfernteiten zum Vaſallen „jeines Kaiſerreichs erniedrigen.“ Es iſt ein däniſcher Gefchicht- ichreiber, ein Vertrauter des Erzbijchofs Abſalon, weldher den Hergang jo erzählt. Dffenbar ift fein Bericht ftarf von däniſchem Batriotis- mus gefärbt *), ebenfo unzweifelhaft jedoch die Thatjache, daß die Sendung de3 Grafen von Drlamünde an den Hof König Knuds vollkommen jcheiterte. Es geihah wohl erit einige Zeit nad diefen fruchtlofen Ver- bandlungen, daß der Kaifer eine andere Gejandtichaft nad) Dänemark ihidte, um jene Schweiter Anuds nach Deutfchland abzuholen, deren Hand fein Vater Waldemar im Yahre 1181 vor Lübeck dem älteften Sohne des Kaifers, Herzog Friedrich von Schwaben, zugefichert hatte **). Mit der Prinzeffin jollten die Gejandten zugleich den Theil der auf viertaufend Mark ausbedungenen Mitgift in Empfang nehmen, welcher nah dem Vertrage von Lübeck bei diefer Gelegenheit auszuzahlen war, während der Reit diefer Summe erft ſechs Jahre nach der Ver- lobung gezahlt werden jollte, wenn die bei der Verlobung fieben- jährige Prinzeffin das hHeiratsfähige Alter erreicht haben würde. Die anfehnlide Geſandtſchaft, welche aus dem Erzbiſchof Sifried von Bremen und anderen Großen beftand und von vierhundert Rei- figen begleitet war, gelangte, nachdem Graf Adolf von Holftein fie drei Tage lang glänzend hatte bewirthen laffen, an die Eider. Die Forderung des Kaifers ftügte fih auf das durch Eide der Bijchöfe befräftigte Ehegelöbniß und die bejchworenen Bertragsurfunden. König Knud aber übergab auch die Schweiter den deutfchen Gefandten nur höchſt widerwillig und mit der Erklärung, er thue e3 nur, um die Eide feines Vaters nicht zu verlegen. Auch einen Theil der Mit- gift zahlte er aus, aber er befundete feine Mißftimmung und Miß- *) Nach einer andern, vielleicht glaubwürdigeren Ueberlieferung erflärte ber König auf Friedrihs Forderung, nah Berathichlagung mit dem Erzbifchof Abfalon und Anderen ruhig: der Kaifer könne ihm ein Fürſtenthum ver- leihen, für welches er fein Lehnsmann würde, aber es fei nicht nothwendig, daß er es in Betreff Dänemarks werde. Mit jenem Fürftentbum mochte Pommern (nebft anderem ſlawiſchen Gebiet) gemeint fein. **) Bergl. Bd. V S. 939. 44 Dänemarks Lehnshoheit über Pommern. [1182—1187] achtung aud dadurch, daß er der Schweiter nur eine bejcheibene, feineswegs königliche Ausitattung an Kleidern und Roſſen mitgab. Zugleich übten die Streitigkeiten in Sachſen eine verhängnißvolle Rückwirkung auf die Verhältnifje in den ſlawiſchen Gegenden, welche der Politik Dänemarf3 auf das wirkſamſte vorarbeitete. Die Grafen von Holftein, Rageburg und Schwerin juchten dem Herzog Bernhard eine Stüße zu entziehen, indem fie den ihm befreundeten Abodriten- fürften Nicolaus aus feinem Lande zu vertreiben jtrebten. Sie drangen plöglich in das Gebiet des Slawenfürjten ein, überftelen bei Nacht die Veite Ilow, in welcher Nicolaus’ Mutter wohnte, und ver: trieben die alte Fürftin. Die anderen Bewohner von Ilow nahmen fie gefangen, zündeten die Burg an, verwüſteten das ganze Land und fehrten mit Beute beladen heim. Ihr Plan ging vermuthli dahin, den dur Nicolaus verdrängten Borwin, den Sohn Pribiſlaws und Gatten einer natürlihen Tochter Heinrichd des Lömwen*), wieder in den Befiz des Abodritenlandes Ju jegen. Jedenfalls blieb auch Borwin nicht unthätig, er bemädhtigte fich der Velten Roftod und Meklen— burg, von denen fein Vater jene erbaut, diefe ebenjo wie Ilow wiederhergeftellt hatte. So vermochte jih Nicolaus nicht in dem Lande zu behaupten. Er nahm feine Zuflucht zu Herzog Bernhard, deffen Bruder Markgraf Dtto von Brandenburg ihm die Burg Havel: berg einräumte, von wo aus der Abodritenfürit häufige verheerende Einfälle in das ihm entriffene Land unternahm. In diefen Kampf der beiden nicht nur durch Stammesgemeinſchaft, fondern auch durch enge Blutöverwandbtichaft verbundenen Slawenfürften verflocht jich die Feindfhaft, melde aus der Belehnung Bogiſlaws mit Pommern zwifchen dem Pommernherzoge, dem Reich und Dänemark erwachſen war. Nicolaus fand Unterftügung bei dem Fürften der Ranen, Sarimar, dem Bafallen Dänemarks, während der mit Jarimar ver- feindete Bogiflam die Partei Borwins ergriff. Anfangs ſchien das Glück die Sache des Nicolaus zu begünftigen. Sein Verbünbdeter, der tapfere Ranenfürft, juchte das Land der Zircipaner um Tribjees, die noch immer unruhig gewefen zu fein jcheinen **), mit ſchweren Verwüftungen heim, und als Bormwin Nügen mit Raubfchiffen an- *) Bergl. Bd. V ©. 607. 935. **) Vergl. Bd. V S. 936. [1182—1187] Dänemarks Lehnshoheit über Pommern. 45 griff, fiel er in Jarimars Gefangenfchaft, der ihn in Feſſeln an König Knud von Dänemark jandte. Aber auch Nicolaus ereilte ein gleihes Schidjal, da er bei einem Raubzuge in Pommern von Bogiflam gefangen genommen und in Ketten gelegt wurbe. Beide Fürften ſchmachteten lange in der Gefangenfchaft und wurden endlich nur unter der Bedingung befreit, daß fie ſich der Lehnshoheit des Dänenkönigs unterwarfen. Zugleich mußten fie dem Könige vierund- zwanzig Geifeln, darunter Borwin feinen eigenen Sohn, ſtellen. Ihr Streit um die Burgen des Abodritenlandes wurde von Knud dahin entjchieden, daß Borwin Roftod an Nicolaus überlafjen mußte, während ihm low und Meflenburg zuerfannt wurden. Die Sade der beiden Wendenfürften fonnte diefe Erledigung wohl erit finden, nachdem es Dänemarf gelungen war, auch den Pommernherzog Bogiflam in Lehnsabhängigfeit zu bringen. infolge der Geftaltung der Verhältniffe befaß der Kaifer in dem Pommern: herzoge ein Werkzeug, das ih ihm millig zur Belämpfung des trogigen Dänemark darbot. Indem Bogiflam für die Wieder— unterwerfung Dänemarks unter die Lehnshoheit des Kaifers Fämpfte, foht er für feine eigene Sache, die ihm vom Kaifer zutheil gewordene Belehnung mit Pommern. Zunächſt wandte er fich wider jeinen Nachbarn, den Fürften von Rügen, ungeachtet Jarimar fein Oheim war. Nur zum Schein und um Zeit zu gewinnen, joll der Pommern- fürft fich darauf eingelafjen haben, feine Bejchwerden gegen Jarimar dem Schiedsſpruch des Dänenfönigs zu unterwerfen. inzwischen rüftete er eine jo zahlreiche Flotte gegen Rügen aus, daß er voll Siegeszuverficht dem Kaifer melden ließ, er habe eine Macht auf: gebracht, angeficht3 deren König Knud fich alsbald genöthigt jehen würde jeinen Widerftand aufzugeben und fich dem Reiche zu unter: werfen. Hoch erfreut über dieje Botjchaft, drüdte der Kaifer feine warme Anerkennung für den Pommernherzog aus und ehrte feinen Gefandten, Prida, durch reiche Geſchenke. Bogiſlaw rechnete überdies auf die Unterftügung der Abodriten unter Borwin. Allein während der junge Dänenfönig in Sütland verweilte, wachte Erzbifchof Abfalon treu und thatkräftig über dem Infelreih. Durch Jarimar von der Rügen bebrohenden Gefahr unterrichtet, ließ der Erzbifchof in größter Eile die ganze waffenfähige Mannſchaft von Seeland und ben benachbarten Inſeln zur Flotte aufbieten. Auch Fünen und 46 Dänemarks Lehnähoheit über Bommern. [1182—1187] Schonen jtellten im Drange des Augenblids wenigſtens einige Schiffe. ALS die pommerfche Flotte fih Rügen näherte, erlitt jie im Bodden durch die dänische unter Abjalons entjchloffener und fühner Führung am 20. Mai, dem Pfingittage des Jahres 1184, eine volllommene Niederlage. Man hatte ein paar Tage lang in Ungewißheit darüber geſchwebt, an welchem Punkte der Anjel die pommerfche Flotte Die Landung verſuchen würde, zumal da der Herzog die Neiterei der Ranen, welche die Küfte ſchützen follte, geflifjentlih durch verjchiedene Bewegungen zu täuſchen gefuht hatte. Am Pfingittage hatte fich Erzbiichof Abjalon um Mefje zu halten ans Land begeben, ala ihm plöglih ein Bote Jarimars das Nahen der feindlichen Flotte, die von der Eleinen Inſel Koos herfam, meldete. Unverzüglic gab der Erzbifchof die heilige Handlung auf und warf fi dem Feinde ent- gegen. Bei dem dichten Nebel, der das Meer bevedte, konnten die Pommern nicht erfennen, daß es die däniſche Flotte fei, weldhe heran- fam. Da ihre Späher nicht ihre Schuldigfeit gethan hatten, konnten fie nicht annehmen, daß die Dänen es möglich gemacht haben würden, in jo furzer Zeit zum Schuge Rügens zu erfcheinen, fondern meinten, e8 wäre Borwin*), der ihnen mit feinen Unterthanen zu Hülfe fomme. Rur mit den Ranen glaubte Bogiflam e8 zu thun zu haben, als er jeine Flotte zur Schlacht ordnete. Aber die Kampfbegier der Dänen machte fih, als fie dem Feinde nahe gefommen waren, in lautem Kriegsgefange Luft; fie erhoben ihre Banner, und die Flagge Erzbifhof Abjalons verfündete den Pommern, welcher Gegner fie angriff. Da brach jäher Schreden auf der pommerfchen Flotte aus. Unzählige juchten ihre Rettung in den Fluten, die jedoch ſelbſt die des Schwimmens Kundigen verjchlangen. Die Mannſchaft vieler Schiffe floh auf das Land und zerftreute ſich im Dickicht der Wälder, obwohl Abjalon den fliehenden Feind nur mit wenigen Schiffen verfolgte. Viele andere wurden getödte. Bon den fünfhundert Schiffen der pommerfchen Flotte waren achtzehn zu Grunde gegangen, da fi eine übergroße Menge auf fie geflüchtet hatte, fünfunddreißig anderen war es gelungen, in die Peene einzulaufen, nachdem die Mannſchaft zur Erleichterung der Flucht Warfen und Pferde über Bord geworfen hatte, alle übrigen und reiche Beute fielen in die ) Borwin Scheint fih mithin damals noch in Freiheit befunden zu haben. [1182—1187] Dänemarks Lehnöhoheit über Pommern. 47 Hände der Dänen*). Kein Berluft trübte diefen ihren Sieg, nur von den Ranen waren einige wenige getödtet worden. E3 war ein Triumph von den entjcheidenditen Folgen, ein Tag, welcher, wie der damalige Geſchichtſchreiber Dänemarks jagt, die feeländifchen Häfen und ben Belt von den Piraten reinigte und das Faum unabhängig gewordene Dänemark zur Herrin des Slawenlandes machte. Merk: würdigermweije fiel er gerade mit den glänzenden Feſten zufammen, welche Kaifer Friedrich bei der Schwertleite jeiner beiden älteften Söhne zu Mainz feierte **). Bis Eonftantinopel drang die Kunde von der dänischen Helden- that, und man wollte ihre Früchte jchleunigft einheimfen und dem Feinde feine Zeit gönnen, fi von dem empfangenen Schlage zu erholen. Noch im Sommer befjelben Jahres unternahm der Dänen- fönig, dem fih auf fein Gebot aud zahlreiche Ranen anjchloffen, einen Zug gegen Wolgaft, defjen Umgegend mit Feuer und Schwert verheert wurde. Die Bewohner von Uſedom ſchützten ihre Burg vor einem Angriff, indem fie die Vorhöfe durch Feuer niederlegten. Da- gegen vermwüjteten die Dänen unter Erzbifhof Abfalon die Inſel Wollin und zündeten zwei von ihrer Bejagung verlaffene Burgen an der Mündung der Smwine-an, deren Meberrefte nachher dem Erbboden gleih gemadht wurden. Immerhin war dies ein gemwifjer Erfolg, wie denn jhon König Waldemar kurz vor feinem Tode die Abficht gehegt hatte, jene im Jahre 1182 errichteten Burgen, welche bie Smwinemündung jperrten, erobern zu lafjen. Indeſſen konnte das tapfer und gejchicdt vertheidigte Wolgaft nicht genommen werden. Ein von Knud am Peter-Baulstage (29. Juni) unternommener Berfuch die Burg mit Sturm zu nehmen, mißlang, und da feiner Flotte fait alle Lebensmittel ausgegangen waren, während Wolgaft und die übrigen pommerjchen feiten Pläge wohl verproviantirt waren, 309 der Dänenkönig in den eriten Tagen des Juli, von den Slawen ver: folgt, ab. Die Dänen hatten darunter zu leiden gehabt, daß fie diefen Zug vor der Erntezeit unternommen hatten. Daher zog Knud im September abermals ein Heer von zwölftaufend Mann aus Rügen zufammen und rüdte dur das Gebiet von Tribjees, welches jeine *) Nach einer etwas abweichenden Angabe entfloh Bogiſlaw mit 50 Schiffen, mwährend alle übrigen von den Feinden genommen wurden. **) Siehe unten ©. 63 ff. 48 Dänemarks Lehnshoheit über Pommern. [1182—1187] Botmäßigfeit bereit3 anerkannte, und durch das jumpfige Land der Bircipaner nah Lübchin, um fi dann gegen Demmin zu wenden, an deſſen Belagerung ſchon fein Vater einft hatte theilnehmen wollen*). Indeſſen wurde diefe Abfiht, wie es fcheint, nicht ausgeführt und auch diefer Zug jchließlih wegen Mangel an Lebensmitteln ab- gebrochen. Schon nad der Pfingſtſchlacht hatte Erzbiſchof Abjalon Unter: bandlungen mit dem Pommernherzoge anzufnüpfen gefuht, jedoch nur zu dem Zwed, um feine Abfichten auszuforfhen. Als dann Bogiflam während der Belagerung von Wolgaft durd die Dänen den Erzbifhof um eine Unterredung erfuchen ließ, hatte wiederum Abfalon aus Mißtrauen ſich nicht ans Land begeben wollen. Ebenfo war gegen Ende des Herbitfeldzuges ein Friedensgejuch des Pommern— herzogs von dem Dänenkönige zurüdgewiejfen worden. Allein das nächte Jahr ſollte Bogiſſaw in der That in Abhängigkeit von Däne- mark bringen. Im Frühling 1185 lief König Knud abermals mit einem großen Heere in die Smwine ein. Berfchiedene Plünderungs- züge hatten nicht den erwünjchten Erfolg; auf dem einen gewann man nur magere Beute, auf dem anderen, der durch öde Streden Pommerns führte, feuchten die Roſſe und die gleichfalls mit Proviant beladenen Fußfnechte unter der Anftrengung und konnten vor Er- fhöpfung nicht weiter. Man beſchloß umzufehren und fich mit der Flotte nah Julin auf der Inſel Wollin zurüdzumenden. Bon hier aus fchritt man jedoch zu dem Unternehmen, welches entjcheidend wurde, indem man Steinborg oder Kammin, wo Bogiſlaw fih auf: hielt, zu überrumpeln verſuchte. Die Ueberrafhung gelang zwar nicht, aber auch ein Vorſtoß Bogiflaws mißglüdte. Nur mit Mühe rettete er fih zu Fuß hinter die Wälle und beſchloß Friedensver- handlungen anzufnüpfen. Als Knud vor den Mauern vom Pferde geftiegen war, um die Burg näher in Augenfchein zu nehmen, fuchte die Dompgeijtlichfeit barfuß in trauriger Prozeffion den Dänenfönig auf, um ihn auf Knieen um Schonung für die Kirchen zu bitten. Da mehrere Kirchen außerhalb der Mauern in der Vorſtadt lagen, baten die Geiftlichen den König, auch dieſe mit Feuer zu ver: ihonen. Sie erklärten außerdem, daß Bogijlam ficheres Geleit erbitte, *) Vergl. Bd. V S. 898, [1182—1187] Dänemarks Lehnshoheit über Pommern. 49 um vor dem Könige erjcheinen zu können. Der König ertheilte eine günftige Antwort, und nach weiteren Verhandlungen des Pommern- fürften mit dem Erzbiſchof Abſalon wurde Bogiflam von Abfalon und dem Ranenfürjten Jarimar vor den König geführt. Er mußte fich dazu verftehen, eine große Geldfumme, 300 Mark an den König und 800 an Erzbifchof Abfalon, zu zahlen, fein Land vom Dänen fönige zu Zehen zu nehmen und dieſem überdies einen Tribut von gleicher Höhe wie die Ranen zu leiften. Außerdem follte er Geifeln für die Erfüllung dieſes Bertrages ftellen. Am folgenden Tage erfchien der Pommernherzog von Neuem, diesmal von feinen Großen und feiner Familie begleitet, warf fih mit Weib und Kind *) dem Könige, um Verzeihung bittend, zu Füßen, ftellte fogleich einen Theil der Geifeln und empfing die Belehnung auf dem mit vergoldeten Schnäbeln gezierten Schiffe de8 Dänenfönigs, nicht weit von der einft durh König Harald Blauzahn erbauten Jomsburg. Dabei rollten die Donner eines furchtbaren Unwetters, ala ob der Himmel die Schwere des fich vollgiehenden Ereignifjes bezeugen wollte. Faſt wären Bogiſlaw, des Dänenfönigs junger Bruder Waldemar und der Biſchof von Kammin bei dem Sturm untergegangen. Am Diterfefte des nächſten Jahres (13. April 1186) trug der Pommernherzog dem Dänenfönige zu Roeskilde dad Schwert vor. Schon im folgenden Jahre, 17. März 1187, ftarb der alte Bommern- fürft. Aber die däniſche Dberhoheit blieb beftehen. Bogiſlaws Wittwe mußte fih mit ihren Söhnen nah Dänemark begeben, wo fie die Belehnung aus den Händen des Dänenkönigs empfingen, ber fih Schon „König der Slawen“ nennen durfte. *) Wie berichtet wird, war König Knud durd feine Mutter mit Bogiflams Kindern verwandt. Bogiflam war zweimal vermählt, zuerft mit Walpurgis, einer Fürftentochter von vielleicht däniſcher Abkunft, dann mit Anaftafia, Tochter des Herzogs Mieczislam (Mifeco) III. von Polen. Aus der legteren Ehe überlebten ihn zwei Söhne, Bogiflaw und Kafimir. Mieczislams Schweiter Richiſſa war aber die Mutter von König Knuds Mutter Sophia, mithin König Knud und Bogiflans Söhne zweiter Ehe Geichwifterentel. Ghleſebrecht, Kaiſerzeit. VI. 4 50 Franzöfifch-flandrifhe Wirren. [1181—1182] Franzöſiſch⸗fllandriſche Wirren. Führten jo die Berhältniffe im Nordojten zu einer Erweiterung der dänischen Macht auf Koften des Reiches, ließ der Kaiſer es ſich hier, wenn auch nicht ohne lebhaften Umwillen, bieten, daß der Dänenkfönig ihm die Lehenshuldigung verjagte und feine Bajallen Lehnsleute Dänemarks wurden, jo ward das Reich im Weften nahe durch den jchweren Streit berührt, der fich zwifchen dem Könige von Franfreih und dem Grafen von Flandern erhob, welchen jener früher einen unbegrenzten Einfluß eingeräumt hatte. König Ludwig hatte den Grafen zum oberften Rath jeines Sohnes beftellt und dieſer ihm geichworen, über dem Wohl des Sohnes zu wahen. Um den König vollfommen an fich zu feſſeln, befhloß Graf Philipp, ihn mit feiner Nichte Iſabella, der Tochter feiner Schweiter Margaretha und des Grafen Balduin V. vom Hennegau, zu vermählen, wie fich denn aud Ludwig VII. ſchon bemüht hatte, das große Lehen Flandern durch verwandtjchaftlihe Bande an die Krone zu fetten. Balduin war ſchwach genug, darein zu willigen, ob— ihon er die Hand feiner Tochter eiblih dem Sohne des Grafen Heinrich von der Champagne zugejagt hatte. Die Hochzeit des Königs, der durch diefe Ehe zugleich die Ausfiht auf den Erwerb von Artois gewann, am 28. April 1180 bezeichnete den Höhepunkt des flandrifchen Einfluffes. Bei der Krönung feiner königlichen Nichte am Himmel— fahrtstage trug Graf Philipp das Reichsſchwert, wie früher bei der Krönung des Königs, bei welcher er überdies das Amt des Seneſchalls verjehen hatte. Allein die außerordentliche Machtitellung des Flanderers erregte vielfältige Unzufriedenheit und Eiferfuht. Ihm gegenüber ſtand die Partei des Haujes Champagne, zu welder die Königin- Mutter Adela von Champagne mit ihren Brüdern, den Grafen Theobald von Blois und Stephan von Sancerre und dem Erzbifchof Wilhelm von Reims, und anderen Großen gehörte und die namentlich den König von England und feinen Sohn Heinrih zu veranlaffen ſuchte, die franzöftiche Krone von der unmwürdigen Vormundſchaft des übermächtigen Vafallen zu befreien. Bald verwandelte fih auch das Verhältnig des Königs zu dem Grafen von Flandern. Der Graf verlor nicht nur feinen maßgebenden Einfluß, fondern der junge Herrſcher, in dem fich num feine fräftige und ehrgeizige Natur regte, [1181—1182] Franzöfifch-flandrifhe Wirren. 51 faßte das Ziel ind Auge, die Macht feiner großen Kronvajallen, und vor Allem die des Flanderers, zu breden. Sein Herrfcherwille ent- zündete jfih an den poetiſchen Darftellungen der Herrihaft Karla des Großen über ganz Frankreich. Sp wandte Graf Philipp ſich jegt theils durch Boten, theils in eigener Perjon an den Kaifer und drang in ihn dem Könige von Frankreich entgegenzutreten, wobei er ihm die glänzende Aussicht vorgejpiegelt haben foll, die Grenzen des Reiches bis zur Meerenge des Kanals auszudehnen. Im Anfang November 1181 brach der Krieg in Franfreih aus; der Graf von Flandern erhob fich zuerft, und wilde Gräuel, Raub, Brand und Plünderung der Kirchen, ver- wüſteten beinahe zwei Monate hindurch das Land, bis furz vor Weihnachten dur die Bemühungen von Bermittlern mwenigftens ein Maffenjtilftand bis zum 13. Sanuar zuftande fam. Diefe kurze Frift fuchte der Kaifer, der fih von allen phantaftifchen Plänen frei hielt und ben Streit beendigt zu jehen wünjchte, zu benugen. War er vielleicht ſchon auf den Abſchluß des Waffenftillitands nicht ohne Einfluß geweien, jo jandte er nun in der Weihnachtszeit eine Botjchaft mit einem Schreiben an den König von Frankreich, in welchem er diefem den Rath ertheilte, mit dem Grafen von Flandern Frieden zu jchließen. Mit dem Rathe verband er die Drohung, andernfall® dem Grafen als feinem Lehnsmann den jchuldigen Beiltand zu leiften, welchen er diefem auch bereit3 zugejagt hatte. Ja, er erließ ein allgemeines Aufgebot an das ganze Reich, fich zu fofortiger Heerfahrt zu rüjten. Waren diejfe Schritte vielleiht nur von der Hoffnung eingegeben, den König von Frankreich einzufhüchtern, fo wurde auch diefer Zwed nicht erreiht, denn die Friedensmahnung *) Im Jahre 1165, vergl. Bd. V S. 479, 4* 52 Franzöfifch-flandrifhe Wirren. [1181—1182] bes Kaijers blieb ohne Erfolg, und nad dem Ablauf des Waffen- ftillftands brach der Krieg mit verjtärkter Gewalt von Neuem aus. „Ganz Gallien beugte fih unter den Stößen diefes Sturmmindes, nirgends war ein Ort, wo man den Donner des Kriegsunwetters nicht vernommen hätte.“ Dem König von Frankreich ftanden jetzt Heinrich, der jüngere König von England, und deſſen Bruder Richard zur Seite; mit Philipp von Flandern kämpfte unter anderen auch fein Schwager Graf Balduin vom Hennegau. Dennod gelang es, dem jchweren und ausgebreiteten Kampfe wiederum Halt zu gebieten, diesmal durch eine Waffenruhe, welche beim Herannahen der Falten- zeit abgeſchloſſen wurde und bis Oſtern dauern folltee Während diefer Zeit machte Graf Philipp von Flandern einen Verfuh, vom deutichen Reiche wirkſamere Unterjtügung zu erlangen. Er begab fich nach Lüttich, wo damals der junge König Heinrich einen großen Hoftag hielt, und ftellte dort am Sonntag Deuli (28. Februar) 1182 dem Könige jeine Bebrängniß vor. Allein in Lüttich behielt die Neigung die Oberhand, den drohenden Krieg mit Frankreich zu vermeiden. Es mochte dazu beitragen, daß König Philipp, welder im eriten Waffengange, von den meiften feiner Großen verlafen, der ſchwächere Theil gewejen war, nad) der Wieber- aufnahme des Kampfes, wohl vornehmlich dank der englifchen Hülfe, die Oberhand gewonnen hatte. Bejonderd war e3 Erzbiichof Philipp von Köln, der für die Vermeidung des Krieges mit Frankreich eintrat. Vermuthlich blieb es nicht ohne Einfluß auf ihn, daß fein Freund Guibert von Gemblour in einem Schreiben nahdrüdlich vor einem Angriff auf Frankreich warnte. Aber auch König Heinrich jelber ſchloß ſich diefer Politik an. Er beantwortete die Klagen des Flanderer8 mit der Ermahnung, der Graf möge darauf Bedacht nehmen fich mit dem Könige von Frankreich zu vertragen und dieſe BVerftändigung durch ehrerbietiges Entgegen- fonımen erleichtern. Allerdings ertheilte er ihm zugleich die eidliche Zufage, ihn nicht im Stich zu laſſen, falls der König von Frankreich fih weigern jollte, auf die deutſchen Rathicdhläge zu hören. Wie es jcheint, ging die Abficht des deutſchen Hofes dahin, dem Könige von Frankreich als vermittelnde Macht gemäßigte Bedingungen aufzuerlegen. Der Kaiſer jelbit gedachte, nach Dftern eine Zuſammenkunft mit König Philipp zu haben, über deren Ort und Zeit man fi aud [1181-1182] Franzöfifch-flandriiche Wirren. 58 bereit3 verjtändigt hatte, als der Kaijer fie, wie es fcheint, wegen einer noch dringenderen und wichtigeren Angelegenheit einftweilen abjagte. Es gejchah wohl um die Zeit, wo er in neue Verhandlungen mit dem Papſte wegen ber zwijchen Reih und Kirche ftreitigen Beligungen eingetreten war. So war e3 denn nicht dem SKaifer, jondern einem andern Monarchen, deſſen Stellung fih durch den Zwiſt der Parteien in Frankreich gehoben hatte, beſchieden, den Frieden im Weiten einjtweilen wiederherzuftellen. Als der Waffen- ftillftand ablief, glaubte man noch an den abermaligen Ausbruch des Krieges, obſchon die Oheime des franzöfifchen Königs, die fich früher dem Bunde gegen ihn angejchlofien hatten, der Erzbifchof Wilhelm von Reims und Graf Theobald von Blois, jegt um die Herftellung der Eintracht bemüht waren. Da trat eine unerwartete Wendung ein, als König Heinrich von England, der gleich feinen Söhnen die Sade König Philipps begünftigte, nah Oſtern (28. März) nad der Normandie herüberfam und mit Hülfe feiner Söhne und ber eifrigen Vermittlungsbeftrebungen des Gardinallegaten Biſchofs Heinrich von Albano den Frieden überrafhend ſchnell zuftande brachte. Kurze Zeit darauf finden wir den Grafen von Flandern indefjen am Hofe Kaifer Friedrichs. Der Kaifer beging damals mit feiner Gemahlin und König Heinrich das Pfingitfeft (16. Mai) mit großem Glanze zu Mainz, wohin er einen allgemeinen Reichstag berufen hatte. Es war ein außerordentlich reicher Kreis von Fürſten und Großen, der fi dort um den Kaifer verfammelte und zu dem Graf Philipp fich gejellte. Außer dem Erzbifchof Philipp von Köln hatten fih die Bifchöfe von Speier, Münfter, Utrecht, Met, Cambray, ſowie die erwählten Bifchöfe von Prag und Olmütz, die Nebte von Fulda, Stablo und Inden (Cornelimünfter), die Herzöge Friedri von Schwaben, Dtto von Baiern, Gottfried von Brabant, die Pfalzgrafen Konrad bei Rhein und Dtto von Witteldbah, die Grafen Florenz von Holland, Heinrich von Geldern, Gerhard von Looz, Otto von Bentheim, Poppo von Wertheim, Simon von Saarbrüd, Ludwig von Saarwerden, Heinrich von Diez, Albrecht von Dagsburg, Dietpold von Lehsgemünd, der Reihsminifterial Werner von Bolanden und andere eingefunden. Am Pfingfttage begaben fi der Kaifer, die Kaijerin und König Heinrich nad einer Feitfrönung mit den Kronen auf dem Haupte und in vollem königlichen Ornat nebit den Fürſten 54 Franzöſiſch⸗flandriſche Wirren. [1182—1183] und Großen in Prozeifion von der S. Albansfapelle nad dem gleich- namigen Klofter, wo in der folgenden Woche wichtige Berathungen über verfchiedene jtaatlihe und kirchliche Angelegenheiten ftattfanden. Der Graf von Flandern, der in Begleitung feiner Vaſallen erjchienen war, entfaltete auf dem Feſte, welches gleichjam ein Vorſpiel des noch glänzgenderen Mainzer Pfingitfeftes vom Jahre 1184 war, eine Freigebigfeit, durch die er alle anderen Fürften in den Schatten ftellte. Zugleich aber unterwarf er ſich nun ganz dem Kaifer und dem Könige und traf die Beitimmung, daß, falld er ohne Leibeserben ftürbe (er hatte vor kurzem feine Gemahlin verloren *), feine Erbſchaft einem der Söhne des Kaifers zufallen follte. Die Biſchöfe von Prag und Olmütz empfingen auf diefem Reichs— tage die Weihe und wurden, wie erzählt wird, vor der Conſekration oder jpäter der Kaiferin vorgeitellt.e Der junge Biſchof Heinrich von Prag war vom vornehmiten Geblüt, ein Brubersjohn König Wladiſlaws und Vetter Herzog Friedrihs von Böhmen und Erzbifchof Adalberts von Salzburg. Früher Propft zu Wyſſehrad, war er erit unlängjt aus Paris heimgefehrt, wo er feine Ausbildung zum Geijt- lihen erhalten hatte. Da er erſt furz vor feiner Wahl durch Adalbert zum Diakon geweiht worden war, wurde er jegt erft zum Priefter, dann zum Biſchof gemeiht. Gegen Mitte Auguft 1182 hielt Kaifer Friedrich einen großen Hoftag zu Nürnberg, in Gegenwart der Biſchöfe Otto von Bamberg, Hermann von Münſter, Albert von Freiling und Adelog von Hildes- heim, des Protonotars Rudolf, der Markgrafen Otto von Meißen und Dietrid von der Laufig, des Markgrafen Berthold von Sitrien, des Grafen Friedrih von Abenberg, des Reichsmarſchalls Heinrich von Pappenheim und anderer. Im September 1182, um Michaelis, folgte jener Reichstag zu Regensburg, auf dem Kaifer Friedrich in ebenfo fräftiger wie beſonnener Weije die Angelegenheiten des böhmischen Landes ordnete, indem er die Böhmen nöthigte, Sich wieder dem Herzog Friedrich zu *) Die erfte Gemahlin des Grafen Philipp von Flandern, eine Tochter des Grafen Rudolf von Bermandois, ftarb am 26. März 1182; in zweiter Ehe heiratete er im Jahre 1184 Mathilde, eine Tochter des Königs Alfons I. von Portugal, weldhe „die Königin“ genannt wurde. Der Graf hatte feine fegitimen Erben, fondern nur einen natürlichen Sohn. [1182—1183] Franzöfifch-flandrifhe Wirren. 55 unterwerfen, und Konrad-Dtto Mähren als Reichslehen ertheilte. *) Auf dem Neihstage anweſend waren der Erzbifchof Konrad von Salzburg und die Biſchöfe Kuno von Regensburg und Albert von Freiſing, der faiferlice Protonotar Rudolf, Herzog Dtto von Baiern und Pfalzgraf Otto von Wittelsbah, Markgraf Berthold von Voh— burg, die Grafen Dietpold von Lechsgemünd und Friedrich von Aben- berg, der Reichsmarſchall Heinrich von Pappenheim und viele andere. Am 7. Dftober 1182 finden wir den Kaijer zu Augsburg, um ihn König Heinrich, Herzog Friedrich von Schwaben, Bifhof Hartwig von Augsburg und den Erwählten Otto von Eichftäbt, den Faiferlichen Protonotar Rudolf, Markgraf Berthold von Sitrien, die Grafen Dtto von Kirchberg und Dietpold von Lechsgemünd, den Burggrafen Konrad von Augsburg und andere. Er wurde damals in die Brüder- ihaft von ©. Ulrih und Afra aufgenommen und beitätigte dieſem Stifte jeine Befigungen. Am 30. November 1182 beftätigte der Kaifer zu Erfurt einen Vergleich zwijchen dem Abt Siegfried von Hersfeld und dem Land- grafen Ludwig von Thüringen über die durch den Tod des Grafen Heinrih Raspe, des Bruders des Yandgrafen, erledigten Hersfelder Lehen, vor Zeugen, unter welchen fich der Herzog Friedrich von Schwaben, der faijerliche Hoffanzler Gottfried und der Protonotar Rudolf, die Grafen Erwin von Gleichen, Gunzelin von Schwerin, Dtto von Kirchberg, Heinrih von Schwarzburg, Günther von Käfernburg, Hoyer von Wöltingerode und fein Bruder Burdard, ferner Albrecht von Grumbach, ein paar Pröpfte aus jener Gegend u. f. w. befanden. Auch König Heinrih war anwejend, und der Landgraf verſprach in des Kaifers und Heinrichs Hand, diefen Vergleich, für den er überdies Bürgen jtellte, niemals anzufechten. Sodann hielt fich der Kaifer jeit Anfang December 1182 in Merfe- burg auf, wo er vielleicht auch das Weihnachtsfeft beging. Auf dem Hoftage, welcher dort gehalten wurde, befanden fich die Erzbifchöfe Wihmann von Magdeburg und Sifried von Bremen, Herzog Bern- hard von Sachen und feine Brüder Markgraf Otto von Brandenburg und Graf Dietrih von Werben, Markgraf Dtto von Meißen und defien Brüder Markgraf Dietrih von der Laufit und Graf Dedo ) Bergl. oben ©. 36. 56 Franzöfifch-flandrifche Wirren. [1182— 1183! von Groitih. Damals jcheint es dem Kaiſer auch gelungen zu jein, die Zerwüriniffe zwiichen Herzog Bernhard und dem Grafen Adolf von Holftein jowie den Grafen Bernhard von Rageburg und Gunzelin von Schwerin auf die bereits erzählte Weife beizulegen *). Gegen Ende Januar 1183 fand ein Hoftag zu Altenburg jtatt, auf welchem neben dem Erzbiſchof Wichmann von Magdeburg die Biihöfe Udo von Naumburg, Martin von Meißen und Berno von Schwerin, der ſächſiſche Pfalzgraf Hermann, die Markgrafen Dtto von Meißen und Dietrich von der Laufig, Graf Dedo von Groitjch, Burggraf Heinrih von Altenburg und andere erjchienen. Bon Altenburg ging der Kaifer no vor dem Ende des Monats nad) Pegau, wo er ebenfalls von den Bijchöfen von Naumburg und Meißen und dem Burggrafen von Altenburg, jowie von dem Bifchof Eber- hard von Merjeburg, dem Abt Efelin von Pegau und anderen umgeben war. An welchem Orte im Anfang Februar die Conſuln von Tortona vor dem Kaifer erfchienen und ihm den Treueid leijteten **), ift nicht be- fannt. Gegen Mitte März folgte der Hoftag in Nürnberg, auf welchem fih die Unterwerfung Aleffandrias volljog. Ende Mai war, wie ſchon erwähnt ***), der Kaifer in feiner Burg Eger f), wo er feinem Kapellan Konrad die Inveftitur als Bifchof von Lübeck ertheilte. Der dortige Biſchofsſtuhl war, da Biſchof Heinrich bereit3 am 29. November des vorigen Jahres verfchieden war, ſchon längere Zeit erledigt.. Die Domherren hatten den Hof des Kaiſers aufgefuht, um von ihm die Defignation eines Nachfolger8 zu erbitten. Da jedoch Friedrichs Wahl auf einen Prämonftratenfer, den Propſt Alerius von Hilebur- gerode Tr), fiel, war fie bei dem Domkapitel auf allgemeines Widerjtreben geftoßen. Demnach faßte der Kaifer, nach Berathung mit feinen Bertrauten, nunmehr Konrad ins Auge. Er hoffte, durch die Wahl diefeg ihm vertrauten, bochgebildeten, gewandten und tüchtigen Mannes niht nur für das neu begründete Lübecker Bisthum, das *) Bergl. oben S. 40. **) Bergl. oben ©. 11. ***) Bergl. oben ©. 24. 7) Das Egerland hatte ihm feine erſte Gemahlin ald Mitgift zugebracht (Bd. V ©. 27). Tr Jetzt auch Roda oder Klofter Rode in der Grafihaft Manöfeld. [1183] Ausbruch ded Trierer Wahlftreits. 57 wie eine zarte Pflanze bejonderer Pflege bedurfte, gut zu forgen, fondern auch in politiſcher Hinficht feine eigene Macht in Trans- albingien zu befeftigen. Nahdem der Kaiſer fodann Anfang Juni das Pfingftfeit mit Herzog Otto von Baiern in Regensburg gefeiert, begab er ſich im weiteren Verlaufe dieſes Monats zu dem Reichstage in Konftanz. Ausbruch des Trierer Wahlftreits. Manche Wirren hatten ſich beruhigt und felbit zu einer Macht: erweiterung des Kaifers geführt. Der endgültige Friedensſchluß mit dem lombardifchen Städtebunde ftand in nächſter, die Ausgleichung der noch übrigen Streitpunfte mit der Curie anjcheinend in baldiger Ausfiht — da jollte eine zwiejpältige Erzbiihofswahl, welche um diefe Zeit ftattfand, ebenjo weitgreifende wie verhängnißvolle Folgen nah fich ziehen und bejonders nicht wenig dazu beitragen, das Verhältniß des Kaiferd zum päpftliden Stuhle von Neuem zu trüben. Am 25. Mai 1183 war Erzbifhof Arnold von Trier gejtorben, ein Prälat, welcher fi eines verdienten Anjehens erfreut hatte. Mie er bei feiner wiederholten Theilnahme an den Heerfahrten des Kaifers nah Italien *) die Kojten aus feinem eigenen großen Ver— mögen bejtritt, jo hatte er feinen Reichthum überhaupt in der frei- gebigften Weife in den Dienst feines Erzftifts geftelt. Der Erzbifchof verwandte fein Geld und Gut, um die Großen de3 Landes zu gewinnen und dadurch dem Erzitift die Ruhe möglichſt zu erhalten, deren es nad früheren Verwüftungen dringend bedurfte. Weberall gelang das freilich nicht, aber wo Arnolds Geld den Dienft verfagte, half feine Thatkraft nad. Beſonders war er genöthigt fich der häufigen Ein- fälle zu erwehren, welde fein Erzitift von einem Schweiterfohne des Kaifers, Friedrich, dem Sohne des Herzogs Matthäus von Ober- lothringen, zu erdulden hatte. Da dieſer hartnädige Ruheſtörer ſich weder durch Ermahnungen noch durch Schenkungen von feinen Blün- derungszügen abhalten ließ, belagerte ihn Arnold mit einem Heere in *) Vergl. Bd. V ©. 728. 58 Ausbruch des Trierer Wahlftreits. [1183] Sirsberg und nöthigte ihn diefe Burg dem Erzitift abzutreten. Nicht weniger mannhaft trat der Erzbifchof dem Grafen von Naffau entgegen, welcher die der Trierer Kirche von Kaifer Friedrich über- lafjenen Silbergruben bei Ems in Anfprud nahm. Um die allgemein gefürchteten ſchamloſen Erpreffungen päpftlicher Cardinallegaten und ihres Gefolges von jeiner Diöcefe fern zu halten, reifte er den Legaten entgegen und bewog fie durch reiche Gejchenfe, ihren Weg anders: wohin zu lenken. Den faft durchweg verwüſteten und verfchuldeten Kirchen feines Erziprengels half er großmüthig auf; man berechnete bei feinem Tode, daß er ihnen im Ganzen nicht weniger als zmei- taufend Mark an Almojen gefpendet habe. Die Verfügungen, welche Arnold fterbend über jeine Reichthümer getroffen hatte, gelangten freilich nur zum geringiten Theil zur Ausführung, da diefe Schäße durch den NReichsminifterial Werner von Bolanden und andere faifer- liche Bevollmädtigte auf Grund des jogenannten Spolienrecht3 für die Krone eingezogen wurden. Eine Memorienitiftung Arnolds von 100 Marf an das ©. Andreasitift in Köln, deffen Propit er gemwejen war, ließ der Kaifer nur auf perjönliche Verwendung des Erzbiſchofs Philipp auszahlen. Philipp jollte dies Legat nämlich zur Abtragung der Hälfte einer doppelt jo hohen Summe zahlen, welche er dem Trierer Erzbiſchof ſchuldig war. An der Vesper vor dem Tage, an welchem der Erzbiſchof beitattet werden follte, traten die Mitglieder des Domcapitel® mit den übrigen Prälaten zufammen, um über die Wahl des Nachfolgers zu berathen.
| 49,855 |
00182992-2024_1
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TEDEUTenders
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
None
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None
|
Romanian
|
Spoken
| 74 | 155 |
RELUARE - 2039
DIVERSE MEDICAMENTE - reluare
Autoritatea contractanta este interesata sa achizitioneze medicamente necesare desfasurarii activitatii autoritatii contractante conform Caietului de sarcini in faza prespitaliceasca. Furnizorul are obligaţia de a livra medicamentele in baza comenzii emisa de SAJ Bacau in termen de maxim 3 zile lucratoare de la data primirii comenzii, iar aprovizionarea se va face esalonat in functie de comanda Autoritatii contractante.
Cantitatea si valoarea estimativa a medicamentelor, conform Caietului de sarcini.
| 8,862 |
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattumisvastane%20v%C3%A4rv
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Kattumisvastane värv
|
https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kattumisvastane värv&action=history
|
Estonian
|
Spoken
| 61 | 199 |
Kattumisvastane värv ehk kasvutõrjevärv (kõnekeeles ka patentvärv, mürkvärv) on sageli mürgise koostisega värv, millega värvitakse laeva veealune osa, vältimaks selle kattumist meretaimede (sh vetikate) ning merekarpidega.
Laevakerele kinnitunud organismid (bioreostumine) võivad oluliselt vähendada laeva sõidukiirust ja suurendada hooldekulusid. Kattumisvastast värvi kasutatakse rohkem lõunameredes sõitvatel laevadel, sest soojemas vees on laevakerele kinnituvate organismide kasv kiirem.
Vaata ka
Laevakere kattumine
Bioreostumine
Viited
Laevandus
| 4,210 |
https://github.com/JanTkacik/nao-puzzle-solver/blob/master/imageresolve/puzzlesolver/model/piece.py
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,015 |
nao-puzzle-solver
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JanTkacik
|
Python
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Code
| 433 | 1,481 |
import numpy
import math
from imageresolve.puzzlesolver.metrics import dissimilarity
from imageresolve.puzzlesolver.metrics.helper import *
class Piece:
metrics = [dissimilarity.dissimilarity]
def __init__(self, image, pieceid, realx=-1, realy=-1, realdir=0):
self.image = image
self.realx = realx
self.realy = realy
self.realdir = realdir
self.id = pieceid
self.x = -1
self.y = -1
self.metrics = None
self.bestbuddies = numpy.full((4, 2), -1, int)
def calculatemetrics(self, pieces):
print "Calculating metrics for piece: {0}".format(self.id)
# 4 sides, 4 sides on other piece, x metric, len pieces
self.metrics = numpy.full((4, 4, len(Piece.metrics), len(pieces)), numpy.nan)
for piece in pieces:
if piece.id != self.id:
for selfside in range(0, 4):
selfvec = self.getside(selfside)
for otherside in range(0, 4):
# Self, Other 0 1 2 3
# ------------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
# 0 Rotated Normal Normal Rotated
# 1 Normal Rotated Rotated Normal
# 2 Normal Rotated Rotated Normal
# 3 Rotated Normal Normal Rotated
if otherside == selfside or (otherside + selfside == 3):
othervec = piece.getrotatedside(otherside)
else:
othervec = piece.getside(otherside)
for metricid in range(0, len(Piece.metrics)):
self.metrics[selfside][otherside][metricid][piece.id] = \
Piece.metrics[metricid](selfvec, othervec)
for selfside in range(0, 4):
for otherside in range(0, 4):
vector = self.metrics[selfside][otherside][0]
quartile = numpy.percentile(vector, 25)
for i in range(0, vector.shape[0]):
vector[i] = math.exp(-(vector[i] / quartile))
def calculatebestbuddies(self, pieces):
for selfside in range(0, 4):
if self.bestbuddies[selfside][0] == -1:
bestmatch = numpy.nanargmax(self.metrics[selfside])
bestmatchtuple = numpy.unravel_index(bestmatch, self.metrics[selfside].shape)
buddyid = bestmatchtuple[2]
buddypiece = pieces[buddyid]
buddyside = bestmatchtuple[0]
buddyvector = buddypiece.metrics[buddyside]
buddymatch = numpy.nanargmax(buddyvector)
buddymatchtuple = numpy.unravel_index(buddymatch, buddyvector.shape)
# my buddy piece best match is me
if buddymatchtuple[2] == self.id:
# even sides must match
if buddymatchtuple[0] == selfside:
# and metrics type
if buddymatchtuple[1] == bestmatchtuple[1]:
self.bestbuddies[selfside][0] = buddyid
self.bestbuddies[selfside][1] = buddyside
buddypiece.bestbuddies[buddyside][0] = self.id
buddypiece.bestbuddies[buddyside][1] = selfside
# print "Best buddies for piece {0} are \r\n {1}".format(self, self.bestbuddies)
def getside(self, sideid):
if sideid == 0:
return self.image[:, 0]
if sideid == 1:
return self.image[:, self.image.shape[1] - 1]
if sideid == 2:
return self.image[0, :]
if sideid == 3:
return self.image[self.image.shape[0] - 1, :]
return None
def getrotatedside(self, sideid):
side = self.getside(sideid)
return numpy.fliplr(side)
def isbestbuddywith(self, selfx, selfy, selfrotation, otherx, othery, otherrotation, otherid):
selfside = gettouchingside(selfx, selfy, selfrotation, otherx, othery)
bestbuddy = self.bestbuddies[selfside]
if bestbuddy[0] == -1:
return False
sides = getcorrespondingsides(selfx, selfy, selfrotation, otherx, othery, otherrotation)
if sides[0] == selfside and sides[1] == bestbuddy[1] and otherid == bestbuddy[0]:
return True
return False
def getbestbuddyfor(self, selfx, selfy, selfrotation, otherx, othery):
selfside = gettouchingside(selfx, selfy, selfrotation, otherx, othery)
bestbuddy = self.bestbuddies[selfside]
if bestbuddy[0] == -1:
return -1, -1
for otherrotation in range(0, 4):
sides = getcorrespondingsides(selfx, selfy, selfrotation, otherx, othery, otherrotation)
if sides[0] == selfside and sides[1] == bestbuddy[1]:
return bestbuddy[0], otherrotation
def __str__(self):
return "[{0}][{1},{2}][{3}]".format(self.id, self.realx, self.realy, self.realdir)
| 40,121 |
<urn:uuid:8a8abd61-4bf3-4667-8348-3d150f83d268>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://francearchives.gouv.fr/fr/search?es_escategory=archives&es_publisher=34577&q=%22Front+de+lib%C3%A9ration+nationale%22
|
francearchives.gouv.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 391 | 779 |
Armée de libération nationale et du Front de libération
Cote : DE 2018 PA 4 1 2
Fonds : Fonds Guy Ducourthial (DE 2018 PA 4)
…Armée de libération nationale et du Front de libération
Implantation et organisation territoriale du front de libération nationale en métropole (1958-1962).
Cote : GR 10 T 540
…Implantation et organisation territoriale du front de libération nationale en métropole (1958-1962).…
Cote : *GR/10/T/540
Renseignements sur le front de libération nationale (F.L.N.) : organisation et activités en Algérie et à l'étranger.
Cote : GR 10 T 517 - 539
…Renseignements sur le front de libération nationale (F.L.N.) : organisation et activités en Algérie et à l'étranger.…
IV Renseignements sur le front de libération nationale (F.L.N.) : organisation et activités en Algérie et à l'étranger
Cote : GR/10/T/517-GR/10/T/539
…IV Renseignements sur le front de libération nationale (F.L.N.) : organisation et activités en Algérie et à l'étranger…
Photocopies de tracts (journaux, bulletins, affiches,
caricatures, discours etc.) de l'Organisation de l'Armée Secréte (OAS)
Cote : AI I 1390 - 1391
…Photocopies de tracts (journaux, bulletins, affiches,
et du Front…
…de Libération Nationale (FLN).…
(Dossier 1) Front de libération nationale : procès de ses avocats (citations de témoins à comparaître) (1961) ; (d.2) Affaire de l’aspirant ...
Cote : GR/3/R/618
…(Dossier 1) Front de libération nationale : procès de ses avocats (citations de témoins à comparaître) (1961) ; (d.2) Affaire de l’aspirant Maillot : désertion…
…"(Dossier 1) Relations du Tchad avec la Libye (1971-1972) ; (d. 2) comptes rendus des émissions de la radio nationale libyenne réservées au front de libération…
…nationale du Tchad : Frolinat (septembre 1971 - mars 1972)."…
(Dossier 1) Relations du Tchad avec la Libye (1971-1972) ; (d. 2) comptes rendus des émissions de la radio nationale libyenne réservées au f...
Cote : *GR/10/T/752
…(Dossier 1) Relations du Tchad avec la Libye (1971-1972) ; (d. 2) comptes rendus des émissions de la radio nationale libyenne réservées au front de libération…
…nationale du Tchad : Frolinat (septembre 1971 - mars 1972).…
Notes de renseignements du S.D.E.C.E. : attitude du gouvernement allemand et de l'opinion politique allemande face au problème algérien, act...
Cote : GR 10 T 262
…du gouvernement allemand et de l'opinion politique allemande face au problème algérien, activités pro-F.L.N. en Allemagne, activités et propagande du Front…
…de libération nationale, relations germano-algériennes après l’indépendance de l'Algérie (1958-1964).…
| 39,600 |
https://github.com/Merytek/Asteria_bot/blob/master/command/Misc/profile.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Asteria_bot
|
Merytek
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 81 | 247 |
const { MessageEmbed } = require("discord.js");
//calcul % => 100*Vp/Vt => 100*GuildAchievement.<acv>/message.guild.memberCount
module.exports.run = async (Root, message, args) => {
/*const Achievements = Root.getUserAchivement(message.member)
for (let i = 0; i < Achievements.Achievement[0].length; i++) {
message.channel.send(Achievements[i][2])
}*/
}
module.exports.help = {
data: {
name: "profile",
type: 1,
description: "Permet de voir le profil du membre",
options: [
{
name: "utilisateur",
description: "Le profil du membre à display",
type: 6,
required: false
}
]
},
categorie: "fun",
usage: "$profile [user]",
permission: null
};
| 27,090 |
https://github.com/cbhramar/Transfer-CI-Environment-Gitlab/blob/master/transfer-scipt.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Transfer-CI-Environment-Gitlab
|
cbhramar
|
Python
|
Code
| 66 | 359 |
import json
import subprocess
api_fetch_file = 'api-fetch.json'
def fetch():
gitlab_api_token_old='xxxxxxxx'
project_url_old='https://<gitlab-instance-old.com>/api/v4/projects/<old-project-id>/variables/'
out = 'curl -s -f --header \'PRIVATE-TOKEN: '+gitlab_api_token_old+'\' '+project_url_old+' > '+api_fetch_file
print(out)
stream = subprocess.Popen(out, shell=True)
stream.wait()
def push():
gitlab_api_token_new='yyyyyy'
project_url_new='https://<gitlab-instance-new.com>/api/v4/projects/<new-project-id>/variables/'
env_vars = json.loads(open(api_fetch_file).read())
for x in env_vars:
out = 'curl --request POST --header \'PRIVATE-TOKEN: '+gitlab_api_token_new+'\' '
out += project_url_new
for key in x:
out+=' --form "'+key+'='+str(x[key])+'"'
stream = subprocess.Popen(out, shell=True)
stream.wait()
print(out)
fetch()
push()
| 29,827 |
bishopchasesremi0002chas_5
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,848 |
Bishop Chase's Reminiscences : an autobiography
|
Chase, Philander, 1775-1852
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,096 | 9,301 |
‘‘'Phese journals are sent to every part of the United States, and to friends abroad. Now, supposing I had done wrong in any of my proceedings, the trustees would know it; and base indeed would be their minds and hearts if they did not, in all concerns of which they have the control, make me answer for it. And if I refused to repair my error, the world would know it; the courts of justice would know it; and if it 76 BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. involved my moral character, the House of Bishops would know it—and from them we should have a righteous sen- tence. The Bishops, individually and collectively, are ‘ Vis- rors’ of the institution; no constitutional article can be altered without their consent, and should anything go wrong of a serious nature, it is by an express article of the con- stitution of the college, confirmed by legislative act of the civil government of Ohio, in their power, and their bounden duty, to visit the institution, and make inquiry; and, if they see fit, to apply to a court of law for a ‘writ of injunction to stay proceedings.’ All this is in print, as it was devised by me, as the first corner-stone of our institution. It was pub- lished in England, that this would be its first principle; it was recognized as the condition of all donations, and when I returned to America, it was mentioned and inserted in our constitution of the seminary, and by the legislative establish- ment of that constitution became the law of the land. “Few things of the kind have obtained greater publicity than those which I[ have stated, concerning the manner of reg- ularly administering the affairs of Kenyon college. And by them how visible is the path of duty to any person who, acting on Christian principles, wishes to obtain satisfaction. Suppose that you, dear Doctor, had been doubtful as to the correct management of our affairs; what would you have done? You would have looked over the journals for the doings of the trustees. You would have seen there no grounds of complaint. All things relative to the accounts and the management of the affairs having met with the entire approbation of the board of trustees, you would have been satisfied. This would have been your settled conviction; unless the character and fidelity of the trustees should, unhap- pily, have fallen under just suspicions; in such case you would inquire into the matter the right way. If you saw the trustees were, by neglect or transgression, going counter to the requisitions and canons, or to the principles of moral right and honesty, you would have made the matter known to the visi- tors of the institution, the Bishops of the Dioceses, who are recognized and established as such by the civil law; and if they saw that you had grounds of complaint, an investigation BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. OE would take place. But, instead of this, how was it? What was the course of proceedings in this case ? “A man who had been sent to Europe for subscriptions for Kenyon college, and, from his having stayed there some years, must necessarily come back ignorant of all proceedings, and reasons of proceedings, in the institution; and now, having made his appearance, if he had any right to investigate, takes no pains to get the information necessary to judge; reads no journals of the proceedings of convention or board of trustees; asks for no information from the books of receipts and expenditures ; examines none of the college buildings, nor rides over an acre of ground, nor examines a mill, farm, barn, stables or fence, with an honest view of witnessing the reason- ableness or unreasonableness of expenditures, but, blind to all others, grasps at ONE DAZZLING object, the mirRE; forsaking modesty, forsaking truth—he will be a Bishop! Disap- pointed in this, all his powers of adulation forsake him. From a sycophant, he becomes an enemy. He turns his face to the eastward, saying he would quit Ohio and go to Nova Scotia; and in passing through New York, he finds ‘the Sriends of Bishop Chase, who, in a moment of great excite- ment, made by Mr. West’s very artful manner of ExuBITING HIS PRINTED DOCUMENTS and getting up his subjects, give cre- dence to all he says, and appoint um to be their inquisitor, with full power to return to Ohio and call Bishop Chase to an account. ‘But it may be asked by strangers, Who were these gen- tlemen from whom Mr. West said he was sent to investigate the conduct of Bishop Chase ? “They were persons who, it was supposed, after the papers should have been duly exchanged, would be legally consti- tuted a committee of trust, for a certain time, of the funds sub- scribed for the maintenance of a professor in divinity in Ken- yon college, and the professorship, out of respect to yourself, dear Doctor, was to be called the Milnor Professorship, according to the desire of Mr. Arthur Tappan, who had made the first subscription of a thousand dollars. 'They had been already active in this benevolent business. My brother had communicated with them on the subject concerning the man- 78 BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. agement of the whole affair of his subscription of one thousand dollars; I had desired Thomas Smith, Esq., of King George county, Virginia, and the Rochester subscribers of one thou- sand dollars each, to communicate with them; and we all felt grateful to them. But we never thought, because they, each of them, had subscribed, and got others to subscribe, to the Milnor professorship to the amount of nearly one half of the whole, that therefore, before the papers were interchanged, they should assume the power of appointing an Inquisiror- GENERAL, unacquainted with our affairs, and disappointed in his calculations and views, to investigate all the matters and things, and accounts, proceedings, and motives, both civil and ecclesiastical, temporal and spiritual, of, and belonging to, Kenyon college and Bishop Chase; and withal to dictate to the board of trustees what should and should not be done! How little did these worthy gentlemen seem to understand what is due to our feelings as Christian brethren! And I here ask of you, Doctor Milnor, and of all who know the relative duties of men, if it be not incumbent on me to protest against such a mode of proceeding as unchristian and illegal?” The above protest was made most sincerely through a sense of duty to state the truth. Yet such was the respect enter- tained for many who had become dupes of Mr. West’s artifice, and especially for Dr. Milnor, who, though mistaken, had pro- posed this mode of satisfying the public, that the writer thought fit to meet the whole subject, by going into particu- lars, and defending himself against West’s insinuations and charges at every point, with as much candor and truth as if he were a legally commissioned inquisitor. Items to which the writer was, by the singular opinions of his friends in New York, driven to give answer to G. M. West!! may be seen in a pamphlet published at the time, entitled ‘‘ Defence of Bishop Chase against the Slanders of G. M. West.” The writer went into a full description of all the farms, mills, dam, race, miller’s house, students’ house, hotel and hotel Stable! carpenters’ and shoemakers’ shops, cee S house, cows’ stable, stackyard, threshing-floor, granary, ox- BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. 79 shed, and board fence; the old dining hall, water well, print- ing office, college stable, professors’ house, college kitchen, building of hewn logs, cabins, &c.; Cascu Hermitage, Kenyon college, grammar school, college buildings, Rosse chapel; all which were most particularly and severally described, and their estimated cost recorded. Rosse Cuaper is the twenty-third item set down in Bishop Chase’s account, responsive to the inquisition of G. M. West, as recommended by the letter of Dr. Milnor. The whole article is here transferred, for reasons which will appear to the sagacious reader as he reads it: — “CROSSE CHAPEL. “In speaking of this instance of our expenditure, I am well aware that it is a subject of great interest, on which there is a difference of opinion among the professed friends of the insti- tution. I shall therefore state nothing but facts, and give my reasons for the course I have taken. “This building, I mean the site chosen for the building, and where the materials are collected, and the work begun, is on the west side, because the most elevated part of a square, laid down in our plan, called Bexley square, precisely forty rods north of Kenyon college. The steeple or tower is to front the square, and the chancel is in the rear, or west end. I regret this, because it reverses the significant arrangement observed generally by our Church, an allusion being had to the placing of the chancel in the east, to the ortens ex alto men- tioned in Scripture. But, at the same time, I cannot think, with some of my friends, that it is of so great consequence as not to be departed from when the inconvenience would be considerable in observing it. In the present instance, to place the chancel at the east would be putting it at the en- trance of the church, and throwing the tower at the west end, much to the disadvantage of the looks and convenience of the building. But this is not the subject of complaint but of a few, and those at a distance, who have not visited our place. *«'[he dimensions of the chapel are as follow :— VOL. I. 8 80 BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. Length of the body, 100 feet from out to out.* Chancel ira! ““ieeentdd Dowerst? mya): at 19 150 Breadthy:-. «2 ¢ . 66 “'The walls in the basement are three feet thick; the foun- dation is deep sunk in the ground, and the whole is carried up to the first floor, on which the timbers, both girders, beams and joists, are framed and pinned together with great care. The winter coming on, all was covered, and remains safe from the weather. ‘“‘In the house built for the preservation of the materials, there is lime enough to more than half finish the church, and the same may be said of the stones that lie all round the building, three quarters of which are already cut, ready to be placed on the wall. The masons inform me, that, if we include what is already drawn, and also those not hauled, but got out and prepared at the quarries, there is more than that proportion. “Here then we stand. The church, even in its erection, not to speak of its finish, is about half done, and we stop; and in so doing, I am asked, why did I commence a building of this nature on so large a scale? “‘T answer, because it is no larger than it ought to be; and this, I think, I can prove to any one who, without the weight on his mind of a preconceived opinion, will patiently and can- didly listen to me. ““T suppose it will be granted me that our church ought to be large enough not only to hold ordinary congregations, but to accommodate with seats the friends and relatives of the students, who attended, as we witnessed last commencement, the speaking and other exercises of their sons, on interesting occasions. If this be granted, which I think no reasonable person will deny, then are we prepared to make it plain that the dimensions of Rosse chapel are on the less, instead of the greater, extreme. * After the writer had resigned and left the college hill, the dimensions of the intended chapel were reduced, and the style of architecture entirely changed. BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. 8] “Kenyon college was intended to be a great institution, of extensive usefulness; and if the public confidence be not with- drawn from us, by premature and groundless fault-finding, it will yet be completed on its original design, of accommodating five hundred students and upwards. The present number does not exceed one third that quantity, solely from want of buildings, which the public government ought to enable me, as they have always enabled other colleges, to rear. ‘Such, however, is the goodness of our cause, in trying to benefit the rising generation of our dear country, and such our trust in the merciful assurances of Divine Providence, which from time to time have been so signally vouchsafed us, that it would he criminal not to believe the wings of the college will be built, and unpardonably criminal were I to let my infidel- ity proceed to such length as to carve out a scanty plan for the house of God—a place too small to accommodate an audi- ence suited in some degree to the greatness of our plan. “'This was my motive, and these were my impressions, when I sat down to draw a plan for Rosse chapel. I saw that a building was required that would accommodate five hundred students, and an ordinary congregation, from the professors, teachers, clerks, officers, and servants, added to the inhabitants of the neighborhood, to be as many more; making in all one thousand, the net number when all should be in complete operation. And what dimensions should that edifice have, which should accomplish this design? ‘The body of that which I determined to build is, exclusive of the tower and chancel, internally, ninety-four by sixty, which being multi- plied together, produce 5,640 square feet. Out of this sum must be taken the room for the aisles, which instead of doing, { allowed nothing for the chancel and end gallery: 5,640 square feet therefore are to be considered as the room, to be divided into sittings for the students and congregation. How much room will each person on an average require? I was answered, two feet one way and three feet the other, without crowding, = 6 square feet. 5,640 divided by 6940. This was so near the number thought of, that the dimension chosen for the chapel seemed unavoidable. ‘But there is another way of considering this affair, arriv- / j V 82 BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. ing at the same conclusion, but by a different process. You observe I made no allowance for extraordinary occasions. Ought these to be overlooked? Suppose that the friends of the students, and the friends of the institution, and the mem- bers of the convention, attend as they have hitherto done, every year increasing beyond expectation. Are. these to be unaccommodated? Are persons to come fifty and one hun- dred, and some several hundred miles, to the convention and commencement, and when there to find no seat nor shelter from the storm? “It was well last year that there was no rain nor inclement weather, when so many people attended in the open air, to witness commencement exercises. ‘Well, suppose there are five spectators to each student, (which certainly was the case last summer, and granting our number of students not to exceed two hundred and fifty, which will be the case, if all things proceed as usual, next summer after the building now erecting, seventy-four by forty, shall have been finished,) you will see that the church must have space to accommodate two hundred and fifty students, and an audience of twelve hundred and fifty; in all, fifteen hundred. “Thus it is seen that, instead of the present chapel being too large, one summer will prove it of too small dimensions. ** All this for the present. What then will one generation, our own children, think of the fault-finding spirit of which I am now complaining? when they shall see Rosse chapel, ‘large and expensive’ as it is now said to be, actually too small to contain half the multitude assembled on the great and conjoined occasion of the convention of the Church and the commencement of Kenyon college. Rosse Chapel cost . . . Pig $3,019 96 The amount of the previous ‘iene prement fivard: 29,356 22 Total cost of buildings, . . .. . sear 6 18 “Thus, dear sir, have I performed a very painful task— that of rebutting the arguments of Mr. West and his adher- ents against me and the college. I have done it more by facts than by arguments. But there is one thing more to do before BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. 83 we have done with this subject; and this is to let you see what those think of the slanders of Mr. West who are best able to judge. As soon as I received your letter, I took the liberty of copying it, so far as related to Mr. West’s accusa- tions, with my own hand, so many times as to send it to all of the trustees who had taken an active part in the examina- tion of the college accounts; and to the Rev. Mr. M’Elroy, till lately our chief auditor. Their certificates are as follow:— “CERTIFICATE OF THE EXAMINING COMMITTEE. ““<We, the undersigned, trustees of Kenyon college, having received information, through a letter addressed by the Rev. James Milnor, D. D., to Bishop Chase, that reports injurious to the reputation of the latter, in his official capacity of presi- dent of our institution, have been put in circulation in the city of New Yerk, and elsewhere, by the Rev. G. M. West and his adherents, feel ourselves bound by a solemn sense of duty to step forward in vindication of our venerable diocesan, and to renew the expression of our entire confidence in his integrity, and our full conviction that, in the management of the con- cerns of the college, he has been uniformly guided by a single eye to the glory of God, and to the prosperity of the institution committed to his charge. _ “The principal allegations of Mr. West, according to Dr. -’ Milnor’s communication, are— ‘‘ That moneys contributed for one object have been applied to another; that there has been excessive prodigality of expenditure ;” and that accounts have been so irregularly kept, that no one, the Bishop alone ex- cepted, could ‘‘know the actual state of the finances of the college.”’ ‘““« With regard to the first of these allegations, we may observe, that it is possible that moneys, originally contributed for one object, may, in a particular case, have been applied to another. We have been informed by the Bishop that a part of the funds subscribed towards the erection of Rosse chapel was, for a short period, appropriated to the use of the col- lege. But we cannot see how this single fact can, with any show of justice, be brought forward to support a charge of VOL, Il. 8* 84 BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. ‘“‘misapplication.”? The preparation of the college edifice for the reception of the students was a work of pressing neces- sity. 'To its prompt completion all the labor that could be judiciously employed on the ground was indispensable. The erection of Rosse chapel, however desirable, could, on the con- trary, be dispensed with—a church, without a congregation, would have been useless. In a complicated establishment, where all the work is executed by one set of means, on one domain, and for the promotion of one and the same end—the whole being under the actual superintendence of one and the same person—the judicious application, for a limited time, towards a laudable object, of funds originally designed for another, but which could not then be used to advantage, can most assuredly afford no ground for serious accusation; and we feel confident that, from lability to such a charge, trivial and unimportant as it is, few men, placed under similar cir- cumstances, would have kept more free than Bishop Chase. We may further observe, that, from documents submitted to our inspection, we have reason to believe that the ground for complaint, if it be one, has long since ceased to exist: more money having been expended towards the erection of Rosse chapel, and the preparation of materials necessary for its com- pletion, than the net proceeds of the various benefactions specifically intended for it. So much, then, for this item of ‘‘ misapplication.” ““*Tn relation to the second allegation—‘‘that there has been excessive prodigality of expenditure,” in the disburse- ment for the college, we hesitate not to say, that, so far as our knowledge extends, it is wholly destitute of foundation. A thorough investigation of all the accounts, which took place in September last, and in which we participated, satisfied us, and we believe every other member of the board of trustees, that the pecuniary concerns of the institution had been con- ducted with the strictest regard to economy, and that the whole of the work, although executed in the best manner, had been done on the cheapest possible terms which the nature of the case would admit. “As it respects the third allegation—that accounts have been so irregularly kept that no one, except the Bishop, could BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. 85 know the actual state of the finances of the college—we must be permitted to observe, that no greater difficulty has been at any time experienced in our settlements with the Bishop, than could have been expected in any extensive establishment, where, from necessity, and a desire to avoid all unnecessary expense, the number of clerks must be limited. Before the adjournment of the board, every account was examined, and carefully compared with the vouchers; and so far from dis- covering anything calculated to shake our confidence in the rectitude of our president, we found everywhere the strongest proofs of his official integrity, and of his entire devotedness to the best interests of the institution. Our sentiments on this point remain unchanged; and we are confident that any impu- tations on the character of the Bishop, in consequence of his connection with the college, must be the offspring of misin- formation or malevolence, let them come from what quarter they may. ‘“«"Phe same observation may be applied with still greater force to the insinuation that the Bishop has appropriated the funds of the institution to his own private emolument. Every one of his public acts, whether as the projector, the agent, the benefactor, or the president, of Kenyon college, proves that a charge of this kind must be a base calumny. ‘The mortgage of his estate to Paul Beck, Esq., of Philadelphia, to secure the payment of debts incurred for the benefit of the institution ; his subscription to the Milnor professorship ; his recent liberal donation of two thousand dollars, besides his valuable library of about one thousand five hundred volumes, and, above all, his almost unparalleled labors, for which no pecuniary reward could afford an adequate remuneration—tend to prove that the good of the Church, and the welfare of the rising genera- tion, and not considerations of individual ease or private inter- est, have influenced his conduct and given activity to his exer- tions. ‘**'Mhe mode in which the Bishop’s subscription to the Milnor professorship has been liquidated, has been heretofore so fully explained in official communications from the board of trustees, and the receipt of it so amply acknowledged in the resolution of the board, of the 11th of September last, that 86 BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. it looks more like a work of supererogation, than an act of pos- tive duty, to recur to it at this time. As Dr. Milnor has, how- ever, mentioned it in his communication, as one of the points in relation to which Mr. West had charged the Bishop with mismanagement, we avail ourselves of this occasion for again stating the facts of the case. ‘‘¢ Bishop Chase advances money, out of his private funds, to carry on the purposes of the college; and the trustees, from time to time, acknowledge themselves justly indebted to him. The Bishop, in order to complete the Milnor professorship, subscribes one thousand dollars, but instead of paying it to the persons appointed for a time to hold and manage the funds, ~ the college assumes the debt created by the subscription of Bishop Chase, and the trustees become obligated to pay faith- fully the interest of the said sum of one thousand dollars to the Milnor professor himself, forever ; and for their obligation thus to do, the Bishop gives the trustees credit on their obliga- tion to him for one thousand dollars. Thus Bishop Chase’s money, to the amount of sixty dollars per annum, the lawful interest of the subscription, helps to support the Milnor profes- sor, that being the object in view; and whether this be by having ihe trustees of Kenyon college, or the worthy gentle- men. selected from St. George’s Church, New York, perform the good deed, appears to be of but little consequence. ““«'The report alluded to by Dr. Milnor, that some of the mem- bers of the board of trustees, who concurred in requesting the Bishop to continue his agency, did so because the confusion and complication of the pecuniary concerns of the college were such that no one could be found who would be willing to take charge of them in such a state, we must beg leave to remark, is altogether groundless, so far as we know or believe. The accounts of the Bishop had all been examined and approved, and everything connected with the institution had been ex- plained to our entire satisfaction, when his resignation was received. No other motive, therefore, could have induced the board earnestly to solicit his continuance in the discharge of his arduous duties, than that assigned in their communication —their unanimous conviction that he was better qualified than any other person to direct and manage the extensive BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. 87 and complicated concerns of the institution; and that the acceptance of his resignation, at that time, would endanger its best interests. They spoke the language of truth and sincer- ity, and could never have imagined that their belief in the peculiar adaptation of the Bishop to the work for which God in his Providence had evidently fitted him, and their entire confidence in his superior qualifications, as well as in his integ- rity, could ever be converted into an engine of assault against his character. “«We may, in conclusion, be permitted to remark, without overstepping the bounds of that charity ‘‘ which hopeth all things,” that the assertions of the Rev. G. M. West, on any question in which his feelings are interested, ought to be received with a great degree of allowance. ‘There have been for some years past, as we have learned, in the hands of a worthy clergyman of New York, (Rev. Dr. Wainright,) docu- ments seriously affecting his character, both as a man and as a minister; and without giving implicit credit to all that has been or, may be said to his prejudice, the correctness of his unsupported assertions ought, at least, to be weighed in the balance of probability before they are admitted to be true. ¢¢ Joun P. ae ““¢Joun BatLuacue, Trustees of ““¢ Jostan Barzer, Kenyon College. ‘“¢¢ BeEZALEEL WELLS, ““* Columbus, January, 18, 1831.’ “CERTIFICATE OF REV. JAS. M’ELROY, TWO YEARS A CHIEF AUDITOR OF ACCOUNTS OF KENYON COLLEGE. “<Tn the autumn of 1828 I joined Bishop Chase, with the view of rendering him what assistance I could in his disinter- ested and arduous labors. “¢ He signified to me that it was his intention to lay before the donors to Kenyon college a statement of how their dona- tions had been expended, and that it was his wish that I should prepare it. I willingly acceded, and entered upon an examination of all the financial transactions that had taken place on his part as agent for the trustees of Kenyon college. 88 BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. I spent six months in this examination, and on the Ist of March, 1829, balanced the books of the institution. ‘“*¢'To convince every one acquainted with accounts that Bishop Chase, or his book-keeper, had not been careless in keeping his accounts, and that the transactions were regularly recorded, it is only necessary to state that the expenditures, as noted in the books, agreed to a cent with the amount of cash received by Bishop Chase on account of the college, the amount of subscriptions received in produce, and the debts due from the college. ‘‘¢Tn the spring and summer of 1830, I again spent my leisure hours at the books of the institution, and assisted the book-keeper to bring them up to September of 1830, and found the transactions regularly recorded, much to his credit. I resided two years in Kenyon college, and during this time had free access to all Bishop Chase’s accounts, and to the store accounts, and I never had reason to think for a moment that Bishop Chase, or his clerks, did not pay the most consci- entious attention to them, and keep them strictly correct. ““¢ James M’Exroy, “* Minister of Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio. OC Jan. 22, 1.0312 77 It would be more curious than profitable to follow the course of G. M. West. Though exposed, he felt no shame, but claiming to be Bishop by virtue of the laying on of hands at Mr. Banning’s, he stood forth as the apostle of primitive Episcopacy in Liverpool, England, and gained many hearers ; till at length the bubble burst, and after having been exposed and dismissed with dishonor from the Methodists, Episcopa- lians, and Presbyterians, he at length became so notorious as to lose the power to deceive, and sunk into merited obscurity. Before opening the scenes which follow, as a worthy sequel of West’s conduct, the writer is constrained to revert to BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. 89 FIRST PRINCIPLES. No one sentiment ever more effectually immortalized a human being, than the following has done the name of Rich- ard Hooker : “Of law,” saith he, ‘there can be no less acknowledged than that her seat is in the bosom of God—her voice the har- mony of the world. All things in heaven and earth do her homage; the least as feeling her care, the greatest as not exempted from her power. Both angels and men, and crea- tures of what condition soever, though each in different sort and manner, yet all with uniform consent, admiring her as the mother of their peace and joy.’’* Law, thus considered as the representative of righteousness, when giving every one his due, and acting for the good of the whole—for future as well as present inhabitants of the earth —has been respected by all civilized beings, and in no nation has it obtained a greater sway than in that which we call our parent land, and whence we draw our jurisprudence. In that land this law of righteousness hath obtained the venerable name of the common law of England—the law in which all have a common interest, and to which all are obliged to sub- mit; the king on his throne, and the mechanic at his trade, must alike bow submissive to its supreme authority. When Prince, afterwards King Henry the Fifth, broke the law, and insulted the judge, he was imprisoned and suffered his penal- ties, as if the humblest peasant. This common law, or law of righteousness, is paramount to what is termed statute law, because it is antecedent to all human legislators and legislation. It reigns where God alone reigneth, in the hearts and consciences of men. What but this binds man to man, to do unto others as he would have others do to him? What but this compels one generation to fulfil the will of another, when devising estates for the benefit of posterity? What but a ¢rus¢ in this great basis of all law prompts men to industry in acquiring wealth, and to acts of benevolence in bequeathing it to others? On what do they rely in thus spending and ending their lives in deeds of benefi- * Life of Hooker, p. 51. 90 BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES, cence, but the great principle of common law, that the trustees to whom they commit their wealth are obliged, in the very nature of civil compacts, to use it forever as the donors desire. ~Were this principle lost or disregarded, what a savage state would ensue? It is this great principle of common law which has enshrouded eleemosynary institutions with a mantle of sanctity, of which none but men of vice or ignorance have ever attempted to dispel them. Look to the reports from our higher courts and the opinions of our most learned judges. In these what is there that strikes the eye of a discriminating observer so forcibly, as the maternal, never-dying care, with which justice has guarded every covenant professing to benefit posterity. The moment a deed of charity is conceived in the mind of man, and so brought into being that in its face may be read the features of good will to future generations, that moment the same is named and recorded, and consigned to the bosom of justice, who draws her sword to defend its rights. In this defence the sympathies of all that is good and great among civilized men are engaged. So that he who would attempt, by the hand of violence or the arts of intrigue, to invade the sanctity or divert the destined course of this con- secrated being, has the interests of the human race arrayed in arms against him. All eleemosynary foundations, on this great principle of common law, assume the nature of con- tracts. No legislature can anriul or alter them. And when, through mistaken zeal, or perverted views, or excited feelings, this has been attempted, the stern voice of justice has seldom failed to rebuke and chastise the offenders. Witness the course of Dartmouth college. This institution was founded on donations from England, gathered by Eleazer Wheelock. The legislature of New Hampshire attempted to interfere and control the destinies of the property, contrary to the will of the donors. An appeal was had to the courts of justice, and what said our chief justice, Marshall? He nulli- fied the enactments of New Hampshire, on the ground that they had violated the great principles of common law which /we have here named,—that eleemosynary institutions, as -sacred contracts made for the benefit of the human race ‘ between one generation and another, cannot be violated. The BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. 91 donor’s will must prevail, and be obeyed. This was the opinion of the friend of Washington, and the father of the United States’ courts of justice. Of the same sentiment have been all great and good men. ‘That venerable prelate, Arch- bishop Whitgift, in his animated address to Queen Elizabeth, on her majesty’s inquiring how she should dispose of certain lands belonging to the Church, said, with great emphasis: ‘Dispose of them, for Jesus’ sake, as the donors intended. Let neither falsehood nor flattery beguile you to do otherwise, as you expect comfort at the last great day. Church lands,” continued that great and good man, ‘‘ when added to an ancient inheritance, have proved like a moth fretting a gar- ment, and secretly consumed both—or like an eagle, that (with the victim) stole a coal from the altar, and thereby set her nest on fire, which consumed both the young eagles and herself that stole it.” The great principle on which all donations to Ohio were asked and given, was that there should be a theological sem- inary, and the Bishop, for the time being, should be the head of it; that is, have a controlling influence, according to the canons, over the whole. This was the foundation laid at the bottom, antecedent to all legislation on the subject. It was the first idea that struck the mind of every donor. It formed the basis of his motives of giving, and the conditions of his gift. It was the heart and soul of the contract between the donors and the donee; a contract, which neither the legis- lature, nor the Diocese of Ohio, nor any other human power, could righteously annul. Yet this plain and fundamental principle was set aside by the Diocese of Ohio. A college (it was alleged) had been annexed to the seminary ; into this col- lege the seminary had been merged and lost, so as to dismiss the principle above named. The institution, they affirmed, must be governed by a presi- dent having no Episcopal character. If as a Bishop he even presumed to control any disorders in the professors or the stu- dents, however lawfully he might act in obedience to the canons and constitution of the Church, his conduct must be vy viewed as arbitrary, and inconsistent with the spirit of the age. VOL. I. 9 92 BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES, The fermentation of resistance to the principle mentioned began among the teachers, at the instigation of a leading pro- fessor. The flame, in breaking out, was fanned by the breeze which West had raised on Gambier hill. The same person had kept up the fire among the combustible matter in New York, and notwithstanding the writer’s “‘ Defence against West,”’ the suspicions that something was wrong grew in magnitude, as they did in falsehood, till nearly all of a certain class of persons were infected. To aid in this work there was a brisk correspondence between Gambier, New York, and Cin- cinnati. At the last-named place there lived a gentleman, once a doctor of medicine, who seemed to take up the matter of resistance to Episcopal authority in great earnest. He had been to Gambier the year before, and found fault with the Bishop’s management, and sympathized most deeply with the poor teachers, in that they were under Episcopal control, which it was his principle always to resist. 'The convention was to meet in September, and great pains were taken to elect such delegates as would suit the purposes of the malcontents. On Gambier hill there was much disturbance; though the meetings among the teachers were mostly in secret, yet their effects were soon visible in the disrespectful conduct of many of the pupils to the Bishop and his family. It was reported by the professors that it was the intention of the Bishop to turn them all away, and great pains were taken that the scholars would pledge themselves to go too. That they all deserved to be turned away, could not be doubted, and from a consciousness of this truth doubtless it was that they expected it; but that the college should be ruined in such an event they all seemed determined, and therefore they took great pains to prejudice the minds of the students, and engage them all to go with their teachers. The most artful means were used. 'They were detained after recitations and addressed on this subject, with a view to gain their sympathies in favor of the teachers, and prejudice them against the Bishop. Any one acquainted with human nature, and the influence of the instructors over the minds of their pupils, may easily suppose they could not fail to be successful. In this respect, perhaps, the world never witnessed a more complete ascen- > BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. 93 dency of designing men on the minds of unsuspecting youth. At length there appeared great boldness on the part of the teachers against the Bishop. They found fault with him for almost everything. 'The magnitude of Rosse chapel was ‘made the subject of great censure among the professors. “The compartment for the chancel,’ they said, ‘‘ was too large, and too much in the style of the English cathedrals,” and then it was to be under the rectoral power of the Bishop. One of them went so far as to tell the Bishop, that “this chapel was the cause of all his troubles.’ The writer was amazed at this observation, till then not knowing that any had complained of him on this score. At length the conduct of the professors and teachers became very disrespectful; they wrote him insulting notes; at length, to close all, they ad- dressed him jointly, in a most unbecoming letter, written in very bad taste, and accusing him of “exercising arbitrary power,” and signed the same, not with their individual names, but with these words, ‘‘The professors of Kenyon college,” and published it to the world. > 94 BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. CHAPTER VLT. CONVENTION oF 1831—THE ADDRESS—THINGS LAWFUL AND THINGS UNLAWFUL SET FORTH IN IT—AN INVESTIGATION OF THE CHARGES OF THE PROFESSORS DEMANDED—-REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON THE ADDRESS—-CONDUCT AND REFLECTIONS ON HEARING IT—RESIGNA- TION—COMMITTEE OF “ REGRETS ”—SOLILOQUY. A crave accusation of exercising arbitrary power, made by the professors of a public institution against the president thereof, and the same published in the newspapers, was so unusual a thing in well-regulated society, especially in the Episcopal Church, wherein there is supposed to be retained something like order and respect for age and station, that the writer of this memoir could not but suppose that the Con- vention of Ohio would take some notice of it, with a view to have justice done. Accordingly, he made the “ Professors’” accusation the subject matter of his conventional address,— having it in view to try the justice of the charge before that body, so far as to convict the accusers of slander; which if not done, and himself found in the fault, to appeal to a higher court to be tried by his peers. To this end, and with this view, he had written his address. But just before the day on which the Convention should meet, the writer, in crossing the timbers laid for the floor of Ross Chapel, made a mis- step, and fell between two joists having sharp corners; his leg sustaining his whole weight, and the corner of the lower edge of one joist cutting across, his ankle was wounded nearly to the bone. The pain was excruciating, and not- withstanding all timely applications, the flesh of the whole limb became inflamed ; and the effort to walk was almost insufferable. In this condition, however, the writer had to attend and open the Convention. Considering the nature of his intended address, he desired the doors to be closed. That address was as follows :— BISHOP CHASE’S REMINISCENCES. 95 THE BISHOP’S ADDRESS.
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https://github.com/leolpico/garage_heritier/blob/master/src/LP/UserBundle/LPUserBundle.php
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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BSD-3-Clause, MIT
| 2,016 |
garage_heritier
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leolpico
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PHP
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Code
| 18 | 64 |
<?php
namespace LP\UserBundle;
use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Bundle\Bundle;
class LPUserBundle extends Bundle
{
public function getParent()
{
return 'FOSUserBundle';
}
}
| 4,009 |
US-201315029534-A_2
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,013 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 3,710 | 5,176 |
In some embodiments, the wire line logging tool body 470 is suspended inthe wellbore by a wire line cable 474 that connects the tool to asurface control unit (e.g., comprising a workstation 454). The tool maybe deployed in the borehole 412 on coiled tubing, jointed drill pipe,hard wired drill pipe, or any other suitable deployment technique.
Turning now to FIG. 24, it can be seen how a system 564 may also formpart of a portion of a drilling rig 502 located at the surface 504 of awell 506. The drilling rig 502 may provide support for a drill string508. The drill string 508 may operate to penetrate the rotary table 410for drilling the borehole 412 through the subsurface geologicalformations 414. The drill string 508 may include a Kelly 516, drill pipe518, clamp or collar 598, and a bottom hole assembly 520, perhapslocated at the lower portion of the drill pipe 518.
The bottom hole assembly 520 may include drill collars 522, a down-holetool 524, and a drill bit 526. The drill bit 526 may operate to createthe borehole 412 by penetrating the surface 504 and the subsurfacegeological formations 414. The down-hole tool 524 may comprise any oneof a number of different types of tools including MWD tools, LWD tools,and others.
During drilling operations, the drill string 508 (perhaps including theKelly 516, the drill pipe 518, and the bottom hole assembly 520) may berotated by the rotary table 410. Although not shown, the bottom holeassembly 520 may also be rotated by a motor (e.g., a mud motor) that islocated down-hole. The drill collars 522 may be used to add weight tothe drill bit 526. The drill collars 522 may also operate to stiffen thebottom hole assembly 520, allowing the bottom hole assembly 520 totransfer the added weight to the drill bit 526 and, in turn, to assistthe drill bit 526 in penetrating the surface 504 and subsurfaceformations 414.
During drilling operations, a mud pump 532 may pump drilling fluid(sometimes known by those of ordinary skill in the art as “drillingmud”) from a mud pit 534 through a hose 536 into the drill pipe 518 anddown to the drill bit 526. The drilling fluid can flow out from thedrill bit 526 and be returned to the surface 504 through an annular areabetween the drill pipe 518 and the sides of the borehole 412. Thedrilling fluid may then be returned to the mud pit 534 where such fluidis filtered. In some embodiments, the drilling fluid can be used to coolthe drill bit 526, as well as to provide lubrication for the drill bit526 during drilling operations. Additionally, the drilling fluid may beused to remove subsurface formation cuttings created by operating thedrill bit 526.
In some embodiments, systems 164, 464, 564 may include drill collars522, a down-hole tool 524, and/or a wire line logging tool body 470 tohouse one or more apparatus 100, similar to or identical to theapparatus 100 of FIG. 1. Components of the system 164 in FIG. 1 may alsobe housed by the down-hole tool 524 or the wire line logging tool body470.
Thus, for the purposes of this document, the term “housing” may includeany one or more of a drill collar 522, a down-hole tool 524, or a wireline logging tool body 470 (all having an outer surface and an innersurface, used to enclose or attach to magnetometers, sensors, fluidsampling devices, pressure measurement devices, temperature measurementdevices, transmitters, receivers, acquisition and processing logic, anddata acquisition systems). The down-hole tool 524 may comprise a loggingwhile drilling (LWD) tool, or an MWD tool. The wire line logging toolbody 470 may comprise a wire line logging tool, including a probe orsonde, for example, coupled to a logging cable 474. Many embodimentsmay, thus, be realized.
For example, in some embodiments, a system 464, 564 may include adisplay 496 to present processed/calculated and measured NMR data, aswell as database information, perhaps in graphic form. A system 464, 564may also include computation logic, perhaps as part of a surface loggingfacility 492 or a computer workstation 454, to receive signals fromtransmitters and to send signals to receivers, and otherinstrumentation, to determine properties of the subsurface geologicalformations 414.
Thus, a system 464, 564 may comprise a down-hole tool body, such as awire line logging tool body 470 or a down-hole tool 524 (e.g., an LWD orMWD tool body), and portions of one or more apparatus 100 attached tothe tool body 470, the apparatus 100 to be constructed and operated aspreviously described. The processor(s) 130 in the systems 464, 564 maybe attached to the housing 104 or located at the surface as part of asurface computer (e.g., in the surface logging facility 154) as shown inFIG. 1.
The apparatus 100; housing 104; field 112; subsurface geologicalformations 114, 414; images 118; data acquisition system 124;processor(s) 130; database 134; logic 140; transceiver 144; memory 150;logging facilities 154, 492; systems 164, 464, 564; surface 166; data170; rotary table 410; borehole 412; computer workstations 454; wireline logging tool body 470; logging cable 474; drilling platform 486;derrick 488; hoist 490; logging facility 492; display 496; drill string508; Kelly 516; drill pipe 518; bottom hole assembly 520; drill collars522; down-hole tool 524; drill bit 526; mud pump 532; mud pit 534; hose536; receiver(s) R; and transmitters(s) T may all be characterized as“modules” herein.
Such modules may include hardware circuitry, and/or a processor and/ormemory circuits, software program modules and objects, and/or firmware,or combinations thereof, as desired by the architect of the apparatus100 and systems 164, 464, 564 and as appropriate for particularimplementations of various embodiments. For example, in someembodiments, such modules may be included in an apparatus and/or systemoperation simulation package, such as a software electrical signalsimulation package, a power usage and distribution simulation package, apower/heat dissipation simulation package, and/or a combination ofsoftware and hardware used to simulate the operation of variouspotential embodiments.
It should also be understood that the apparatus and systems of variousembodiments can be used in applications other than for loggingoperations and, thus, various embodiments are not to be limited. Theillustrations of apparatus 100 and systems 164, 464, 564 are intended toprovide a general understanding of the structure of various embodiments,and they are not intended to serve as a complete description of all theelements and features of apparatus and systems that might make use ofthe structures described herein.
Applications that may include the novel apparatus and systems of variousembodiments include electronic circuitry used in high-speed computers,communication and signal processing circuitry, modems, processormodules, embedded processors, data switches, and application-specificmodules. Such apparatus and systems may further be included assub-components within a variety of electronic systems, such astelevisions, cellular telephones, personal computers, workstations,radios, video players, vehicles, signal processing for geothermal toolsand smart transducer interface node telemetry systems, among others.Some embodiments include a number of methods.
For example, FIG. 25 is a flow chart illustrating several NMR methodoperations 2500 according to various embodiments of the invention. Atoperation 2502, an NMR tool is lowered down a borehole to produce astatic magnetic field (B₀) in a material body. The tool may comprise apair of first and second antenna coils attached to the tool around anantenna core, the turns of the first and second antenna coils beingunaligned with either a longitudinal axis of the tool or an orthogonalaxis substantially transverse thereto. The tool may further comprisecircuitry that drives the pair of first and second antenna coils inconcert to produce a radio frequency field (B₁) in said material body.At operation 2504, the first and second antenna coils are concurrentlydriven with the circuitry to produce the radio frequency field (B₁) andpolarize nuclei in the material body. At operation 2506, nuclearmagnetic resonance signals are received from said polarized nuclei.
In some embodiments, the first and second antenna coils of the tool havea common longitudinal axis and are wound around a common antenna core.In some embodiments, the first antenna coil includes a spirally woundcoil configuration around the antenna core, wherein the second antennacoil includes an oppositely wound spiral configuration around the commonantenna core.
In some embodiments, the turns in the first antenna coil are separatedfrom corresponding turns in the second oppositely wound antenna coil byan angle (α). The angle (α) may be in the range of 20 to 160 degrees, or70 to 110 degrees. In some embodiments, the angle (α) exceeds 90degrees.
At operation 2508, the angle (α) is selected to minimize a power draw ofthe tool, or maximize one or more of SNR/echo, SNR*√{square root over(Gradient)}, SNR/time, or SNR/√{square root over (power)} of the tool,for a predetermined configuration of the magnet arrangement and commonantenna core of the tool.
In some embodiments, the first and second antenna coils may beconfigured to provide substantially orthogonal radio frequency fields insaid material body. In some embodiments, the first antenna coil may beenergized by radio frequency power having a 90 degree phase differencefrom the radio frequency power energizing the second antenna coil,whereby a circularly polarized RF magnetic field is generated by thetool. At operation 2510, the first antenna is decoupled from the secondantenna coil.
With reference to FIG. 26, another embodiment may include method 2600 ofmaking a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging tool. At operation2602, an arrangement of one or more magnets for generating a staticmagnetic field (B₀) in a material body are provided for the NMR loggingtool; at operation 2604, a pair of first and second oppositely-woundantenna coils attached to the tool around an antenna core are providedfor the NMR logging tool, wherein the turns of the first and secondantenna coils are unaligned with either a longitudinal axis of the toolor an orthogonal axis substantially transverse thereto, and wherein theturns in the first antenna coil are separated from corresponding turnsin the second oppositely wound antenna coil by an angle (α); atoperation 2606, the angle (α) is selected to minimize a power draw ofthe tool, or maximize one or more of SNR/echo, SNR*√{square root over(Gradient)}, SNR/time, or SNR/√{square root over (power)} of the tool,for a predetermined configuration of the magnet arrangement and commonantenna core of the tool; and, at operation 2608, circuitry that candrive the pair of first and second antenna coils in concert to produce aradio frequency field (B₁) in said material body is provided for the NMRlogging tool.
It should be noted that the processes and methods described herein donot have to be executed in the order described, or in any particularorder. Moreover, various activities or operations described with respectto the processes and methods identified herein can be executed initerative, serial, or parallel fashion. The various elements of eachprocess and method (e.g., the methods shown in FIGS. 25-26) can besubstituted, one for another, within and between the processes andmethods. Information, including parameters, commands, operands, andother data, can be sent and received in the form of one or more carrierwaves.
The present subject matter, therefore, provides advantages. First, toolpower consumption can be lowered while maintaining the (B₁) fieldstrength or, in other examples, tool power consumption can be maintainedto deliver either more pulses of (B₁) or stronger (B₁) pulses. Theincreased power available in the transmitter can increase the utility ofa tool. Aspects, such as shorter measurement time and enhanced echoing,become possible and the effect of measurements on productive drillingtime can be minimized.
Upon reading and comprehending the content of this disclosure, one ofordinary skill in the art will understand the manner in which a softwareprogram can be launched from a computer-readable medium in acomputer-based system to execute the functions defined in the softwareprogram. One of ordinary skill in the art will further understand thevarious programming languages that may be employed to create one or moresoftware programs designed to implement and perform the methodsdisclosed herein. For example, the programs may be structured in anobject-oriented format using an object-oriented language such as Java orC#. In another example, the programs can be structured in aprocedure-oriented format using a procedural language, such as assemblyor C or hardware description language, such as VHDL. The softwarecomponents may communicate using any of a number of mechanisms wellknown to those skilled in the art, such as application programinterfaces or interprocess communication techniques, including remoteprocedure calls. The teachings of various embodiments are not limited toany particular programming language or environment. Thus, otherembodiments may be realized.
For example, FIG. 27 is a block diagram of an article 700 ofmanufacture, such as a computer, a memory system, a magnetic or opticaldisk, or some other storage device, according to various embodiments.The article 700 may include one or more processors 716 coupled to amachine-accessible medium such as a memory 736 (e.g., removable storagemedia, as well as any tangible, non-transitory memory including anelectrical, optical, or electromagnetic conductor) having associatedinformation 738 (e.g., computer program instructions and/or data), whichwhen executed by one or more of the processors 716, results in a machine(e.g., the article 700) performing any actions described herein,including the methods of FIGS. 25-26, operating the apparatus of FIG. 1,and the systems of FIGS. 1, 23, and 24. The processors 716 may compriseone or more processors sold by Intel Corporation (e.g., Intel® Core™processor family), Advanced Micro Devices (e.g., AMD Athlon™processors), and other semiconductor manufacturers.
In some embodiments, the article 700 may comprise one or more processors716 coupled to a display 718 to display data processed by the processor716 and/or a wireless transceiver 720 (e.g., a down-hole telemetrytransceiver) to receive and transmit data processed by the processor716.
The memory system(s) included in the article 700 may include memory 736comprising volatile memory (e.g., dynamic random access memory) and/ornon-volatile memory. The memory 736 may be used to store data 740processed by the processor 716.
In various embodiments, the article 700 may comprise communicationapparatus 722, which may, in turn, include amplifiers 726 (e.g.,preamplifiers or power amplifiers) and one or more antenna 724 (e.g.,transmitting antennae and/or receiving antennae). Signals 742 receivedor transmitted by the communication apparatus 722 may be processedaccording to the methods described herein.
Many variations of the article 700 are possible. For example, in variousembodiments, the article 700 may comprise a down-hole tool, includingthe apparatus 100 of FIG. 1. In some embodiments, the article 700 issimilar or identical to the apparatus 100 or system 164 of FIG. 1.
The accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, show by way ofillustration, and not of limitation, specific embodiments in which thesubject matter may be practiced. The embodiments illustrated aredescribed in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art topractice the teachings disclosed herein. Other embodiments may beutilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logicalsubstitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scopeof this disclosure. Therefore, this Detailed Description is not to betaken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various embodiments isdefined only by the appended claims, along with the full range ofequivalents to which such claims are entitled.
Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred toherein, individually and/or collectively, by the term “invention” merelyfor convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope ofthis application to any single invention or inventive concept if morethan one is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments havebeen illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that anyarrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substitutedfor the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to coverany and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments.Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments notspecifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in theart upon reviewing the above description.
The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R.§1.72(b), requiring an abstract that will allow the reader to quicklyascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted withthe understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit thescope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing DetailedDescription, it can be seen that various features are grouped togetherin a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure.This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting anintention that the claimed embodiments require more features than areexpressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claimsreflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of asingle disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are herebyincorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing onits own as a separate embodiment.
What is claimed is:
1. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging toolcomprising: an arrangement of one or more magnets that generate a staticmagnetic field (B₀) in a material body; a pair of first and secondantenna coils attached to the NMR logging tool around an antenna core,wherein turns of the first and second antenna coils are unaligned witheither a longitudinal axis of the NMR logging tool, or an orthogonalaxis substantially transverse thereto, and wherein the turns in thefirst antenna coil are separated from corresponding turns in the secondantenna coil by an angle (α), the angle (α) being selected in order tominimize a power draw of the NMR logging tool; and circuitry that drivesthe pair of first and second antenna coils in concert with one anotherin order to produce a radio frequency field (B₁), that is circularlypolarized, in the material body.
2. The NMR logging tool of claim 1,wherein the first and second antenna coils have a common longitudinalaxis and are wound around a common antenna core.
3. The NMR logging toolof claim 2, wherein the first antenna coil includes a spirally woundcoil configuration around the antenna core, and wherein the secondantenna coil includes an oppositely wound spiral configuration aroundthe common antenna core.
4. The NMR logging tool of claim 1, wherein theangle (α) is in a the range of 20 to 160 degrees or 70 to 110 degrees.5. The NMR logging tool of claim 1, wherein the angle (α) exceeds 90degrees.
6. The NMR logging tool of claim 2, wherein the angle (α) isselected in order to maximize one or more of SNR/echo, SNR*√{square rootover ( )}Gradient, SNR/time, or SNR/√{square root over ( )}power of theNMR logging tool, as a part of a predetermined configuration of a magnetarrangement including the common antenna core that is part of the NMRlogging tool.
7. The NMR logging tool of claim 1, wherein the first andsecond antenna coils having the turns that are unaligned with either alongitudinal axis of the NMR logging tool, or an orthogonal axissubstantially transverse thereto are configured in order to providesubstantially orthogonal radio frequency fields in the material body. 8.The NMR logging tool of claim 1, wherein the first antenna coil isenergized by radio frequency power having a 90 degree phase differencefrom radio frequency power that is energizing the second antenna coil.9. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging method comprising:lowering an NMR logging tool down a borehole in order to produce astatic magnetic field (B₀) in a material body, the NMR logging toolcomprising a pair of first and second antenna coils attached to the NMRlogging tool around an antenna core, turns of the first and secondantenna coils being unaligned with either a longitudinal axis of the NMRlogging tool or an orthogonal axis substantially transverse thereto, andwherein the turns in the first antenna coil are separated fromcorresponding turns in the second antenna coil by an angle (α), theangle (α) being selected in order to minimize a power draw of the NMRlogging tool; and the NMR logging tool further comprising: circuitrythat drives the pair of first and second antenna coils in concert withone another in order to produce a radio frequency field (B₁) that iscircularly polarized, in the material body; concurrently driving thefirst and second antenna coils with the circuitry producing the radiofrequency field (B₁) that is circularly polarized, and therebypolarizing nuclei in the material body; and receiving, with a receiver,nuclear magnetic resonance signals from the polarized nuclei in thematerial body; and storing the received nuclear magnetic resonancesignals with a machine-readable memory medium.
10. The NMR loggingmethod of claim 9, wherein the first and second antenna coils have acommon longitudinal axis and are wound around a common antenna core. 11.The NMR logging method of claim 10, wherein the first antenna coilincludes a spirally wound coil configuration around the antenna core,and wherein the second antenna coil includes an oppositely wound spiralconfiguration around the common antenna core.
12. The NMR logging methodof claim 9, wherein the angle (α) is in a range of 20 to 160 degrees or70 to 110 degrees.
13. The NMR logging method of claim 9, wherein theangle (α) exceeds 90 degrees.
14. The NMR logging method of claim 10wherein the angle (α) is selected in order to maximize one or more ofSNR/echo, SNR*√{square root over ( )}Gradient, SNR/time, or SNR/√{squareroot over ( )}power of the NMR logging tool, as a part of apredetermined configuration of a magnet arrangement including the commonantenna core that is part of the NMR logging tool.
15. The NMR loggingmethod of claim 9, wherein substantially orthogonal radio frequencyfields in the material body are provided by the arrangement of the firstand second antenna coils.
16. The NMR logging method of claim 15,wherein the first antenna coil is energized by radio frequency powerhaving a 90 degree phase difference from a radio frequency powerenergizing the second antenna coil, whereby a circularly polarized RFmagnetic field is generated by the NMR logging tool.
17. The NMR loggingmethod of claim 9, wherein the first antenna coil is decoupled from thesecond antenna coil after concurrently driving the first and secondantenna coils with the circuitry.
18. A method of arranging thecomponents of a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging tool in orderto provide circular polarization with the NMR logging tool, the methodcomprising: placing, in the NMR logging tool, an arrangement of one ormore magnets that generate a static magnetic field (B₀) in a materialbody, of an NMR logging tool; positioning a pair of first and secondoppositely-wound antenna coils that are attached to the NMR logging toolaround a common antenna core, wherein turns of the first and secondoppositely-wound antenna coils are unaligned with either a longitudinalaxis of the NMR logging tool or an orthogonal axis substantiallytransverse thereto, and wherein the turns in the first antenna coil areseparated from corresponding turns in the second oppositely woundantenna coil by an angle (α); selecting the angle (α) in order tominimize a power draw of the NMR logging tool, as a part of apredetermined configuration of the arrangement of the one or moremagnets including the common antenna core that is part of the NMRlogging tool; and providing, circuitry configured to drive the pair offirst and second oppositely-wound antenna coils in concert with oneanother in order to produce a radio frequency field (B₁), that iscircularly polarized in the material body..
| 6,092 |
2175090_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,883 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,335 | 2,853 |
Staytox, Associate Justice.
Upon the former appeal it was decided by the commissioners of appeals, to whom the case was referred by agreement of parties, that the deed from Antonio Officier to J. E. Bump was properly admitted to record upon proof by the sole subscribing witness thereto of its execution, such authentication having been made before a proper officer and evidenced by a proper certificate.
This question having been so.decided, it does not become necessary now to consider the question.
A certified copy of that deed having been tendered in evidence with affidavit accounting for the non-production of the original deed, and of other deeds which constituted links in the chain of the plaintiffs' title, this copy was objected to upon the sole ground that an affidavit had been filed by one of the defendants, stating that it was believed that the original deed from Officier to Bump was a forgery. Ho other objection seems to have been offered to the evidence.
That deed purported to have been executed on 13th July, 1843, and to have been proved for record by P. Edmunds, the only subscribing witness thereto, before Oscar Parish, clerk of the county court for Galveston county, on the 14th of July, 1843, on which day it was recorded in the records of deeds for that county, in Book 0, p. 238. The objection to the certified copy of the deed having been made, the "plaintiffs then temporarily withdrew the offer of said certified copy, and introduced as witness in behalf of plaintiff, Oscar Parish, who testified as follows: That he was county clerk of Galveston county continuously from the organization of said county, in 1839, until after the end of Confederate war, when he was turned out of the office by the federal military authorities. That in 1843, and prior thereto, he knew Antonio Officier intimately; that Officier was a carpenter who dealt some in real estate, and he, the witness, generally did Officier's conveyancing, drawing his deeds and papers; that he was familiar with Antonio Officier's signature in .July, 1843, and had frequently seen him write his name; that on yesterday he, the witness, examined Book 0, p. 238, of records of Galveston county, and found there in his, witness', own handwriting as then clerk, the record of the instrument of which the certified copy of deed from Antonio Officier to J. Bump is a copy; that bis examination of said record book further shows that the instrument wras proven for record before him as said clerk by P. Edmunds, the only subscribing witness thereto; that if there had been any question, at the time he recorded said instrument' in his mind, as to signature of Antonio Officier being genuine, he should certainly not have recorded it. That he, the witness, has no recollection of said instruments or any facts connected with proof for record, or recording of it, other than he gets from the record entry as made by him at the time.
"That he, Farish, knew the grantee in the instrument well in July, 1843, and Antonio Officier knew Rump well; that Rump was at that time a justice of the peace, and of fair character. That Officier died in 1848. That he, Farish, knew P. Edmunds at the time well; that Edmunds was doing considerable business in real estate, both as agent and on his own account, and his signature is of record to many instruments executed in those days, both as a principal and as a witness. Edmunds came to Texas from Virginia, and I, being from Virginia, knew that he had been accused of forgery there, but do not know that it was generally known in Texas. Edmunds afterwards became a complete sot and died a drunkard's death, some time between 1855 and I860, or thereabouts, and for a number of years before he died became as low and disreputable as a man could be."
Plaintiffs then again offered the said certified copy of deed for property in suit, Antonio Officier to J. Rump, in connection with the evidence of Oscar Farish. Defendants renewed their objection, and the court allowed the certified copy in connection with Farish's testimony to go to the jury.
It is urged that the court erred in admitting the testimony of Farish and the certified copy of the deed from Officier to Rump. We are of the opinion that there was no error in the admission of this evidence.
The grantor and grantee in the deed, as well as the subscribing witness thereto, were shown to be dead, and it would seem that there was no better evidence of the fact that the deed once existed, and that it was executed by Officier, and witnessed and proved for record by Edmunds. It was impossible to prove the execution of the deed by either party to it, or by the subscribing witness, for they were all dead. It is not shown that any person living knew more of the execution of the deed than did Farish, who was the officer who took the proof to authenticate the deed for record. He knew the parties and their signatures, and that he recorded a deed purporting to be made by Officier to Bump, and proved up before him for record by Edmunds, more than thirty-eight years before he testified, and then had no cause to suspect that it was not in fact the deed of Officier. His testimony was not so strong as would have been that of a subscribing witness, or of some other person who actually saw Officier execute the deed; but this furnished no reason for excluding it, if it tended in a remote degree to prove any issue in the case.
If his testimony had tedded to prove no other facts than that he once had in his possession a paper which he correctly transcribed into the record of which he was the custodian; that the paper purported to be a deed for the property in controversy, from Officier to Bump; that it was authenticated for record before him by a subscribing witness, and that this all occurred in the year 1843,— his evidence would have been relevant.
Of the rule which requires the best evidence of which the case from its nature is susceptible, it has been said: " This rule does not demand the greatest amount of evidence which can possibly be given of any fact; but its design is to prevent the introduction of any which, from the nature- of the case, supposes that better evidence is in the possession of the party. . In requiring the best evidence applicable to each particular fact, it is meant that no evidence shall be received which is merely substitutionary in its nature, so long as the original evidence can be had. The rule only excludes that evidence which itself indicates the existence of more original sources of information." 1 G-reenl. Ev., 82.
There was no objection urged against the introduction of the certified copy of the deed, except that an affidavit had been made and filed by one of the defendants, stating that he believed the deed to be a forgery.
The deed was made in the year 1843, as is rendered certain by the proof that it was in that year recorded in the county where the land is situated, and where all of the parties to it lived.
The statute provides that any instrument which is permitted or required to be recorded, which is recorded, shall be admitted in evidence without proof of its execution, if it is filed and notice thereof given as the statute requires, unless- the opposite party, or some other person for him, shall, within three days before the trial of the cause, file an affidavit stating that he believes such instrument to be forged. R. S., 2257.
The statute simply relieves parties from the necessity of making proof of the execution of deeds, which but for the statute it would be necessary for them to make before the deeds or other instruments of writing could be received in evidence. It does not impose any burden upon a party w'ho desires to use an instrument in evidence, against which an affidavit of forgery has been filed, greater or other than the common law rules of evidence would have imposed upon the party offering the instrument.
When the affidavit of forgery is filed, the party is simply remitted to the common law method of proving the execution of the instrument before it can be used in evidence.
The deed in question, under the decision heretofore made in this case, was duly recorded; a certified copy of it was filed in the papers with the requisite notice; an affidavit of the loss of the original deed was filed, to which no exception was taken, and the statute in such case provides that " a certified copy of the record of any such instrument shall be admitted in like manner as the original could be." R. S., 2257.
The deed in question purported to have been executed more than thirty-eight years before the certified copy was offered in evidence.
That a deed thirty years old, coming from the proper custody, free from suspicion, which has been acted upon so as to give some corroborative proof of its genuineness, will be admitted in evidence without proof of its execution, is well settled, and the great weight of authority is to the effect that possession under such a deed is not essential. Stroud v. Springfield, 28 Tex., 649; Bass v. Sevier, decided at the present term; 1 Greenl., 570; 1 Wharton's Law of Evidence, 732, 733; Starkie on Evidence (9th ed.), 521.
The deed must come from the proper custody, among other reasons, mainly that its delivery may be evidenced by the possession of a person claiming under it. The fact that it was recorded raises the presumption that it was delivered.
The record made in 1843 evidences with more certainty than the original deed would, if produced, that the deed was more than thirty years old; for skillful, indeed, would be the spoliation of a record book which could not be detected. It comes free from suspicion upon any just ground, with strong facts corroborative of its genuineness.
The grantor and grantee, as well as the subscribing witness, were all residents of this city at the time the deed purported to be executed, and continued to be so for many years after that date; at that time the population of the place did not exceed two thousand five hundred; the deed was placed upon the public records the next day after the date thereof; it, was proved for record before an offi cer to whom all the parties were known; the grantee conveyed the property to another citizen of the place October 1, 1844, by a deed which was recorded on November 9, 1844; after the date of the deed from Officier to Bump no taxes were ever paid by Officier upon the property; taxes were paid upon the property, or at least it was rendered for taxation, by the grantee of' Bump, while Officier was living; so far as the record shows, Officier never set up any claim to the property after the date of the deed to Bump, although he lived about five years after that date; no claim was ever set up to the property by the heirs of Officier until 1874, and not then until they were advised by a lawyer that there was a broken link in the chain of title to appellee, and his anxiety had induced him to offer a sum of money to the heirs if they would perfect what was thought to be a defective record.
The certified copy of the deed, coming surrounded with such facts., was properly admitted in evidence, for under the common law rules of evidence the deed would prove itself; and under given circumstances the statute of this state, as before said, declares that " a certified copy of the record of any such instrument shall be admitted in like manner as the original could be." When offered, being more than thirty years old, it stood as would a deed of less age after- it had been proved by one or more of the subscribing witnesses, and' upon those who sought to attack its genuineness rested the burden of proof. Starkie on Evidence, (920), 592.
The court fairly instructed the jury, if they believed from the evidence the deed to be a forgery, they should find for the defendants, and did not err under the facts in instructing the jury that " a deed over thirty years old is evidence without any other proof."
If the court had instructed the jury that such a deed was conclusive evidence, or had otherwise violated the rule which forbids the court to charge upon the weight of evidence, it would have been error; but there is nothing of the sort in the charge complained of. It was simply a statement to the jury, in effect, that they might consider the certified copy of the deed, and give to it such weight as in their judgments it was entitled to.
The statement of facts and bills of exceptions show that the court admitted in evidence " a certificate under the hand and seal of the comptroller of the state of Texas, of all property-rendered by Antonio Officier, J. E. Bump and J. H. lilies for taxation from 1842 to 1848, inclusive, as shown by the records of G-alveston county, on file in comptroller's office."
This is assigned as error, but the grounds of objection do not ap pear in the bills of exceptions, and we might, therefore, disregard the assignment.
[Opinion delivered February 16, 1883.]
The presumption from the record is, that the statement was one which the comptroller was authorized to make, and that it was proper evidence. R. S., 2260.
The judgment is affirmed.
Affiemed..
| 27,370 |
US-201615137603-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,016 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 778 | 895 |
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the second classifier comprises the heuristic rule used to form annotations for training the trained classifier.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the ratio of the number of items in the majority class to the number of items in the rare class in the data exceeds one hundred.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein using the combination of the trained classifier and second classifier comprises using the second classifier to classify all of the further plurality of items and using the trained classifier to classify only those items classified in the rare class by the second classifier.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the second classifier requires less computations per classification than the trained classifier.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the trained classifier is trained without knowing whether items designated as being in the rare class by the heuristic rule are truly in the rare class.
7. The method of claim 1 further comprising dividing the data into homogenous sets based on geography and land cover, wherein training a classifier comprises training a separate classifier for each homogenous set.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein classifying a further plurality of items comprises for each item determining attributes for the item and classifying the item using the classifier trained for a homogenous set containing items with similar attributes.
9. A method of improving computer-based classification of highly skewed data, the method comprising: receiving highly skewed data comprising members that are in either a first class or a second class wherein the data is highly skewed because the ratio of the number of members in the first class to the number of members in the second class is greater than one hundred; classifying each member in the highly skewed data using two separate classifiers such that a member is classified in the second class only if both classifiers place the member in the second class; identifying connections between the members; and for each member connected to a member classified in the second class, reclassifying the connected member as either being in the first class or the second class.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein receiving the highly skewed data comprises receiving the highly skewed data without an indication of the true class of any of the members in the data.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein the members comprise people and the classes comprise sick people and healthy people.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein identifying connections between the members comprises identifying people who have come in contact with each other.
13. The method of claim 9 wherein the members comprise network activities and the classes comprise security breaches and normal network traffic.
14. The method of claim 9 further comprising: applying a heuristic to the highly skewed data to generate a weak class label for all the members; and using the weak class labels for the members in the set of members to train one of the two separate classifiers.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the other of the two separate classifiers comprises the heuristic.
16. The method of claim 13 wherein classifying each member in the highly skewed data using two separate classifiers comprises classifying each member using the heuristic and using the trained classifier to classify only those members classified in the second class by the heuristic.
17. The method of claim 9 wherein each member comprises an area on the globe, the first class comprises unburned areas and the second class comprises burned areas.
18. A computing device comprising: a memory storing values for a plurality of objects; a processor performing steps comprising: assigning imperfect labels to at least some of the plurality of objects; training a classifier based on the imperfect labels; classifying each object using the trained classifier and a second classifier; for each object classified in a first class, identifying a connected object and reclassifying the connected object.
19. The computing device of claim 18 wherein classifying each object using the trained classifier and the second classifier comprises classifying an object in the first class only if both the trained classifier and the second classifier classify the object in the first class.
20. The computing device of claim 18 wherein the second classifier comprises a heuristic that assigns the imperfect labels to the objects.
21. The computing device of claim 18 wherein the plurality of objects comprise objects of the first class and objects of a second class and wherein the ratio of the number of objects of the second class to the number of objects of the first class is greater than one hundred..
| 5,507 |
https://github.com/jmlopez/Integrator/blob/master/Source/Integrator/Registration/Dsl/PoliciesExpression.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,010 |
Integrator
|
jmlopez
|
C#
|
Code
| 57 | 185 |
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
namespace Integrator.Registration.Dsl
{
public class PoliciesExpression
{
private readonly IList<IConfigurationAction> _actions;
public PoliciesExpression(IList<IConfigurationAction> actions)
{
_actions = actions;
}
public PoliciesExpression Add(IConfigurationAction alteration)
{
_actions.Fill(alteration);
return this;
}
public PoliciesExpression Add<T>()
where T : IConfigurationAction, new()
{
if (_actions.Any(x => x is T))
{
return this;
}
return Add(new T());
}
}
}
| 5,904 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondiam%C4%81li%20Parbat
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Kondiamāli Parbat
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kondiamāli Parbat&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 206 | 343 |
Bukid ang Kondiamāli Parbat sa Indiya. Nahimutang ni sa distrito sa Koraput ug estado sa State of Odisha, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa habagatan sa New Delhi ang ulohan sa nasod. metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Kondiamāli Parbat, o ka metros sa ibabaw sa naglibot nga tereyn. Mga ka kilometro ang gilapdon sa tiilan niini.
Ang yuta palibot sa Kondiamāli Parbat kabungtoran sa habagatang-kasadpan, apan sa amihang-sidlakan nga kini mao ang patag. Ang kinahabogang dapit sa palibot dunay gihabogon nga ka metro ug km sa habagatan-sidlakan sa Kondiamāli Parbat. Dunay mga ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Kondiamāli Parbat medyo hilabihan populasyon. Hapit nalukop sa durowan ug kabugangan ang palibot sa Kondiamāli Parbat. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Kondiamāli Parbat, mga lasang talagsaon komon.
Ang klima nga savanna. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Mayo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Disyembre, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Agosto, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Disyembre, sa milimetro.
Saysay
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Kabukiran sa State of Odisha
Kabukiran sa Indiya nga mas taas kay sa 1000 metros ibabaw sa dagat nga lebel
Mga artikulo sa posisyon itarong ni bot
| 35,247 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35936600
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
Florian Koch, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3326982
|
English
|
Spoken
| 301 | 985 |
wpf fade in animation working just one time
I have created a fade in and out animation, triggered by property changes in the viewmodel. This is working fine when fading in and out the first time, but each time I repeat this only the fade out is displayed, meaning the control remains invisible until it flashes to opacity 1 and then fades out.
XAML:
<DataTemplate x:Key="MessageTemplate">
<DataTemplate.Triggers>
<DataTrigger Binding="{Binding FadeInAnimationState}" Value="Active">
<DataTrigger.EnterActions>
<BeginStoryboard>
<Storyboard>
<DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames Storyboard.TargetProperty="Opacity">
<EasingDoubleKeyFrame KeyTime="0" Value="0"/>
<EasingDoubleKeyFrame KeyTime="0:0:0.25" Value="1"/>
</DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames>
</Storyboard>
</BeginStoryboard>
</DataTrigger.EnterActions>
</DataTrigger>
<DataTrigger Binding="{Binding FadeOutAnimationState}" Value="Active">
<DataTrigger.EnterActions>
<BeginStoryboard>
<Storyboard>
<DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames Storyboard.TargetProperty="Opacity">
<EasingDoubleKeyFrame KeyTime="0" Value="1"/>
<EasingDoubleKeyFrame KeyTime="0:0:1" Value="0"/>
</DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames>
</Storyboard>
</BeginStoryboard>
</DataTrigger.EnterActions>
</DataTrigger>
</DataTemplate.Triggers>
<StatusBarItem>
...
</StatusBarItem>
</DataTemplate>
...
<ContentPresenter ContentTemplate="{StaticResource MessageTemplate}" Content="{Binding}"/>
The Viewmodel properties responsible for trigggering the animation:
private DisplayState _messageState;
private DisplayState MessageState
{
get { return _messageState; }
set
{
_messageState = value;
if (value == DisplayState.Displayed)
{
FadeOutAnimationState = AnimationState.Inactive;
FadeInAnimationState = AnimationState.Active;
}
else
{
FadeInAnimationState = AnimationState.Inactive;
FadeOutAnimationState = AnimationState.Active;
}
}
}
public AnimationState FadeInAnimationState
{
... // getter and setter with NotfiyPropertyChanged
}
public AnimationState FadeOutAnimationState
{
... // getter and setter with NotfiyPropertyChanged
}
And the call (debug):
MessageState = DisplayState.Displayed;
await Task.Delay(duration);
MessageState = DisplayState.Hidden;
await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
What am I doing wong?
You need to remove your storyboards after you are done with them. Something like:
<DataTrigger.EnterActions>
<RemoveStoryboard BeginStoryboardName="FadeIn" />
<RemoveStoryboard BeginStoryboardName="FadeOut" />
<BeginStoryboard Name="FadeIn">
<Storyboard>
...
</Storyboard>
</BeginStoryboard>
</DataTrigger.EnterActions>
(and same for FadeOut, give it a name)
Or, you can do it on the ExitActions:
<DataTrigger.EnterActions>
<BeginStoryboard Name="FadeIn">
<Storyboard>
...
</Storyboard>
</BeginStoryboard>
</DataTrigger.EnterActions>
<DataTrigger.ExitActions>
<RemoveStoryboard BeginStoryboardName="FadeIn" />
</DataTrigger.ExitActions>
Otherwise the last storyboard will keep "pushing" its last value so you won't see any changes
just wanted to comment that the name has to be at the <BeginStoryboard>-Tag ^^ thx for your answer, works perfectly
| 35,948 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karze%C5%82%20Pieca
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Karzeł Pieca
|
https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karzeł Pieca&action=history
|
Polish
|
Spoken
| 208 | 509 |
Karzeł Pieca (również ESO 356-4) – karłowata galaktyka sferoidalna znajdująca się w konstelacji Pieca w odległości około 460 000 lat świetlnych od Ziemi. Galaktyka ta jest członkiem Grupy Lokalnej oraz satelitą Drogi Mlecznej. Karzeł Pieca został odkryty w 1938 roku przez Harlowa Shapleya w Boyden Observatory podczas jego pobytu w Afryce Południowej.
Karzeł Pieca zawiera 6 gromad kulistych, z których największa NGC 1049 została odkryta wcześniej niż galaktyka, do której należy. Karzeł Pieca oddala się od Drogi Mlecznej z prędkością ok. 53 km/s. Galaktyka ta nie ma wyraźnego jądra.
Karzeł Pieca zawiera głównie gwiazdy II populacji. Zespół astronomów korzystający z teleskopu VLT pod kierownictwem Else Starkenburg z Kapteyn Astronomical Institute na Uniwersytecie Groningen w Holandii odnalazł w tej galaktyce najstarsze znane gwiazdy. W kilku odkrytych gwiazdach zawartość metali jest nawet 10 tysięcy razy mniejsza niż w naszym Słońcu. Są to najniższe odnotowane kiedykolwiek wartości. Wiek nowo odkrytych gwiazd nie jest dokładnie znany. Zespół astronomów podejrzewa, że gwiazdy te składają się z materii lekko przetworzonej przez grupę pierwszych należących do gwiazd III populacji, która powstała ok. 400 milionów lat po Wielkim Wybuchu.
Zobacz też
Ruprecht 106
Przypisy
Bibliografia
Linki zewnętrzne
Gromady kuliste Karła Pieca
Podgrupa Drogi Mlecznej
Galaktyki satelitarne
Gwiazdozbiór Pieca
Karłowate galaktyki sferoidalne
Obiekty astronomiczne odkryte w 1938
| 40,322 |
8144797_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 17 | 23 |
Petition for a writ of certiorari to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit denied.
| 43,988 |
US-202318478580-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,023 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,229 | 8,864 |
The decision manager module 128 is then configured to communicate with at least the modules 126 and 130 to determine an adjusted maximum storage amount (e.g. new space quota limit) for each directory 105-1, . . . 105-N and provide same to the disk quota setting module 122 which is configured to provide the adjusted storage amount to the data repository 106 for updating the system settings 118 and to apply the new space quota limit for each directory 105 having its maximum storage amount adjusted. In this way, the adjusted maximum storage amount for each directory 105 as computed by the decision manager module 128 accounts for both forecasted storage demands (e.g. as provided by module 126) and the relative forecasted storage needs of all directories within a cluster of the distributed file system 104 (e.g. as provided by module 130).
For example, as described herein, the trends and behaviour module 126 may establish based on the projected storage demands, a desired adjusted storage amount for each directory. In one example, the desired adjusted storage amount for a particular directory (e.g. 105-1) is equal to forecasted storage demand data at the pre-defined expected future time, as generated according to the methods described herein.
As also described herein, the coordinator and optimizer module 130 establishes the forecasted demand weighting factor as input to the decision manager module 128 and thus the decision manager module 128 is configured to apply the forecasted demand weighting factor to the desired adjusted storage amount (or forecasted storage demand data) to obtain the new space quota limit for each said directory 105 and apply same, via the disk quota setting module 122, to the distributed file system 104 for subsequent enforcement thereof.
The disclosed embodiments are not limited to these examples of actual or forecasted storage demand data.
Referring again to FIG. 1A, the storage management device 102 may also include a scheduler 132 which is configured to periodically trigger the operations of modules 120, 124 and/or 122. For example, the scheduler 132 may periodically instruct the trends and behaviour module 126 to retrieve the actual demand data 121 for one or more directories 105 (e.g. via the disk usage monitoring module 120 extracting the storage history data 116) and generate the forecasted storage demand data (e.g. as will be described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7 ) to determine whether adjustment of the maximum allowable storage thresholds is necessary for one or more storage directories 105. The scheduler 132 may have a pre-defined time interval or may be dynamically defined timing based on the machine learning engine 124 indicating optimal time intervals for re-evaluating the forecasted storage needs.
Referring again to FIG. 1A, the environment 100 further comprises a content delivery system 108 which may be a web server, an application server, cloud container, or an application platform for communicating with the storage management device 102 and determining output data related to the forecasted storage demands, maximum storage amount, and/or new space quota limit to display on the client device 110.
Referring again to FIG. 1A, shown also are the content delivery system 108 and the client device 110 which may communicate across the communications network 112 and/or directly via 112C. The content delivery system 108 comprises user interface data 138, Integration REST API 140, an emailer module 142 and a messenger module 144. The emailer module 142 and the messenger module 144 are configured to provide instructions for notifying users of the client device 110 about events occurring in the storage management device 102 such as predicted changes to the storage uses needs of one or more directories 105, including sending emails via the emailer module 142 or sending a text message via the messenger module 144 (e.g. for use in any one or more of the following ways: to be presented on the client device 110 via the user interface 146, display unit 148, for use by one or more applications 150 for example for receiving subsequent feedback from a user of the client device 110 regarding changes).
Referring again to FIG. 1A, client device 110 comprises a user interface 146, a display unit 148, software application(s) 150, and a processing device 152. The processing device 152 configured to execute one or more instructions to implement the operations described herein for the user interface 146, the display unit 148, and applications 150. The client device 110 may receive content from the content delivery system 108 relating to one or more changes in storage usage demands and/or projected storage usage demands of the directories 105 and, according to some aspects, request a confirmation response from the client device 110 as to whether the allocated storage size for the one or more directories 105 associated with a change should be adjusted accordingly.
User interface 146 may also support user interactions with the distributed file system 104 such as initial configuration (e.g. storage size settings) of project storage directories 105. The user interface 146 also presents updates and receives feedback for details of an existing project, different parameters of system settings (e.g. relating to system settings data 118), assigns projects to user groups 154, and other administrative tasks requiring administrator of user input. The content delivery system 108 and the client device 110 including the user interface 146 could be local or web-based served from a web server, application server, or a cloud contained. In one aspect, the user interface 146 provides a graphical interface via the display unit 148 for presentation to a user, e.g. an administrator of the computing environment 100 such as to configure various system settings.
Referring now to FIG. 1B shown is a block schematic diagram of a computer device, e.g. a storage management device 102 of FIG. 1A for automatically managing storage resources for a big data platform (e.g. distributed file system), in accordance with an embodiment.
As illustrated, the storage management device 102 comprises one or more processors 134, and one or more input devices 156. Input devices may be a keyboard, a key pad, buttons, pointing device, microphone, a camera or an IR sensor (receiver). The storage management device 102 further comprises one or more output devices 158 as well as at least one an optical output device. Output devices may include a speaker, light, bell, vibratory device, etc. An optical output device may be a display screen, or an IR transmitter or a projector. The storage management device 102 may have more than one display screen. It is understood that a display screen used in the storage management device 102 may be configured as an input device as well, for example, a gesture based device for receiving touch inputs according to various known technologies (e.g. in relation to input capabilities: resistive touchscreen, a surface acoustic wave touchscreen, a capacitive touchscreen, a projective capacitance touchscreen, a pressure-sensitive screen, an acoustic pulse recognition touchscreen, or another presence-sensitive screen technology; and in relation to output capabilities: a liquid crystal display (LCD), light emitting diode (LED) display, organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display, dot matrix display, e-ink, or similar monochrome or color display).
The storage management device 102 further comprises one or more communications units 136 (e.g. antenna, induction coil, external buses (e.g. USB, etc.) for communicating via one or more communication networks to one or more other computing devices, e.g. 104, 108, and 110.
The storage management device 102 further comprises one or more storage devices 160. The one or more storage devices 160 may store instructions and/or data for processing during operation of the storage management device 102. The one or more storage devices 160 may take different forms and/or configurations, for example, as short-term memory or long-term memory. Storage devices 160 may be configured for short-term storage of information as volatile memory, which does not retain stored contents when power is removed. Volatile memory examples include random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), etc. Storage devices 160, in some examples, also include one or more computer-readable storage media, for example, to store larger amounts of information than volatile memory and/or to store such information for long term, retaining information when power is removed. Non-volatile memory examples include magnetic hard discs, optical discs, floppy discs, flash memories, or forms of electrically programmable memory (EPROM) or electrically erasable and programmable (EEPROM) memory.
The storage devices 160 store instructions and/or data for the storage management device 102, said instructions when executed by the one or more processors 134 configure the storage management device 102 to perform various operations and methods as described herein.
Instructions may be stored as modules such as the scheduler 132 for triggering performing forecasting of storage demand data, the machine learning engine 124 for performing the forecasting of expected storage demands (e.g. via the trends and behaviour module 126) of each of the directories 105 of the distributed file system 104 of FIG. 1A such as based on actual storage demand data and adjusting maximum allowable storage amount (e.g. storage quota limit) allocated to one or more of the directories 105 of FIG. 1A when the forecasted storage demands for said directories is inconsistent with the maximum storage amount currently allocated to the respective directory.
Instructions may further be stored for the coordinator and optimizer module 130 configured for determining a forecasted demand weighting factor (also referred to as the aggregate correction coefficient) for each one of the directories (e.g. 105-1) based on the forecasted storage demands of the remaining other directories (e.g. 105-2 . . . 105-N). Instructions may further be stored for the decision manager module 128 which utilizes the forecasted storage demand data as provided by the trends and behaviour module 126 to determine a desired storage amount for a particular directory (e.g. 105-1) and then apply the forecasted demand weighting factor thereto to generate the new space quota limit for the particular directory. Instructions may further be stored as the disk quota setting module 122 configured to retrieve the new space quota limit for the particular directory (e.g. 105-1) and apply it to the data repository 106 and/or directly to the distributed file system 104 for enforcement of storage amounts of 105-1 to be limited to a maximum defined by the new space quota limit.
Other modules are not shown such as an operating system, software applications, etc.
Communication channels 162 may couple each of the components 134, 136, 156, 158, and 160 for inter-component communications, whether communicatively, physically and/or operatively. In some examples, communication channels 162 may include a system bus, a network connection, an inter-process communication data structure, or any other method for communicating data.
The storage management device 102 may be a tablet computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop computer, a tabletop computer, a portable media player, an e-book reader, a watch, a personal computer or a workstation, or a computer system or computer platform including one or more cloud computing or virtual machine(s) or computing container(s) running on such a computer system or platform, or another type of computing device. In at least some aspects, the data repository 106 may include structured or unstructured data records identifying and characterizing one or more project storage directories 105-1 . . . 105-N, and associated user groups 154-1 . . . 154-N.
FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of operations 200 of an adaptive system for predicting and managing storage usage demands utilizing a storage management device 102 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, comprising at least one processor 134 in communication with at least one memory (e.g. storage devices 160) and at least one communication subsystem (e.g. communications unit 136). The at least one memory stores instructions, which when executed by the at least one processor 134, configure the storage management device 102 to perform operations, including operations 200.
At step 202, the storage management device 102 communicates with the distributed file system 104 and specifically, the project storage directories 105 to obtain actual past storage usage data of a particular directory, such as a first directory 105-1 of the distributed file system 104. This information may also be continuously stored and updated within storage history data 116. In one aspect, step 202 may be triggered by a scheduler 132 or by receiving an instruction from a user of the storage management device 102 (e.g. via the input device(s) 156) to initiate a storage demand forecast.
For simplicity, one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, describe tracking past storage usage and forecasting future storage usage of “a first directory”, by way of example of a particular directory. The first directory 105-1, is a non-limiting example and the present disclosure is not limited to these embodiments. For example, it would be understood by a person skilled in the art, that the systems and methods described herein may be similarly applied to any other particular directory (e.g. 105-2, 105-3 . . . 105-N) of the project storage directories 105 configured to operate as described herein.
At step 204, the storage management device 102 further communicates with the distributed file system 104 to detect a space quota limit characterizing a current allowable storage capacity for the first directory 105-1. The space quota limit defines a maximum limit on total storage for the first directory 105-1 (e.g. total number of bytes used by files within the first directory). Additionally, the space quota limit for the first directory 105-1 is associated with a pre-defined expected future time which characterizes a maximum amount of time for expecting use of the resources of the first directory 105-1. For example, the expected future time, may characterize a project timeframe for which user group 154-1 is expected to access and/or store resources of the directory 105-1.
At step 206, the storage management device 102 utilizes a trained machine learning model (e.g. as provided by the trends and behaviour module 126) to determine, in real-time, projected storage usage data of the first directory representing a future storage usage for the first directory over a future time period from the current time. The actual past storage data is input into a trained machine learning model (e.g. trends and behaviour module 126) for determining a storage usage trend of the first directory and projecting same to determine a forecasted or projected storage usage demand data up to at least the expected future time.
In at least one aspect, training a machine learning model, to provide the trained machine learning model for the trends and behaviour module 126 includes using past space or storage usage training data representative of space usage data points of the first directory and selected ones of the remaining other directories pre-defined as being related to the first directory over a pre-defined time past period.
At step 208, the storage management device 102 determines an aggregated correction coefficient (e.g. via the coordinator and optimizer module 130) characterizing a forecasted demand weighting factor providing an indication of aggregated projected storage usage needs of remaining other directories (e.g. 105-2 . . . 105-N) of the plurality of directories relative to the first directory (e.g. 105-1). For example, such a weighting factor may indicate that several of the directories (e.g. 105-2, 105-3, and 105-4) also have increased forecasted storage demands as compared to the currently allowable storage amount for said directories (e.g. 105-2, 105-3, and 105-4) and therefore, since there is limited available overall storage capacity in the entire distributed file system 104 then each of the directories 105-1, 105-2, 105-3, and 105-4 may only be increased up to a portion of the forecasted storage usage demand data at the expected value (e.g. aggregate correction coefficient of 0.8 assigned to each of 105-1 . . . 105-4).
In one aspect, the weighting by the pre-defined aggregation coefficient is further based upon an obtained value for total disk storage availability of a cluster defined by the plurality of directories of the distributed file system. For example, the total disk storage availability indicates the total amount of disk storage currently available for use by the plurality of directories 105 and indicative of degree of possible change between the space quota limit and the new quota limit.
In a further aspect, the aggregated correction coefficient in step 208 is further calculated from first projecting respective storage needs of each of the plurality of directories (e.g. 105-1 . . . 105-N) using the trained machine learning model of the trends and behaviour module 126 to determine a respective projected storage usage data for each of said directories and thereby a respective expected storage usage amount at the expected future time. Subsequently, the aggregated correction coefficient for each of the plurality of directories is determined and indicates a ratio of possible increase or decrease of respective space quota limit for each of the directories 105 based upon the respective expected storage usage amount and the total disk storage availability for all of the plurality of directories 105.
At step 210, the storage management device 102 is configured to determine whether to adjust the space quota limit to a new quota limit in response to an inconsistency (e.g. a difference beyond a defined value) between an expected value of the projected storage usage data at the expected future time and the space quota limit, e.g. as currently allocated to the first directory 105-1. The new space quota limit is calculated for the first directory 105-1 (e.g. via the decision manager module 128) as a function of the expected value (e.g. indicative of forecasted storage demand at the end of the project timeframe requiring use of the first directory 105-1) and weighted by the aggregated correction coefficient. In some aspects, only when the difference between the expected value of the projected storage usage data at the expected future time relative to the space quota limit exceeds a pre-defined threshold amount then the new quota limit is calculated.
For example, when the inconsistency indicates that the space quota limit is insufficient based on the projected storage usage data predicting that the space quota limit will be reached prior to the expected future time needed for accessing the directory, then the machine learning engine 124 increases the space quota limit to the new quota limit.
In yet another example, when the projected storage usage data at the expected future time has a value below the space quota limit by at least a pre-defined amount, then the machine learning engine 124 decreases the space quota limit to the new quota limit. Conveniently, in this manner, this increases the space available for another directory within the cluster.
At step 212, the storage management device 102 is configured to apply, e.g. via the disk quota setting module 122 the new quota limit as determined in step 210 to the first directory 105-1 (e.g. as applied to the data repository 106 for subsequent access by the distributed file system 104 or applied in real-time directly to the storage directory 105-1 for immediate enforcement).
In one or more embodiments, operations performed by the storage management device 102 of FIGS. 1A and 1B for predicting and managing storage usage demands of each of the project storage directories 105 of the distributed file system 104, can include but are not limited to: predicting or forecasting storage usage of each particular directory (e.g. from the plurality of project storage directories 105) based at least on past storage usage of that directory. This prediction is performed at each iteration of the machine learning model of the machine learning engine 124 configured for the cluster (e.g. all of the project storage directories 105). Subsequently, after the forecasted and current storage usage of each of the directories from the plurality of project storage directories 105 have been evaluated (e.g. at each particular iteration), then an aggregated correction coefficient (also referred to herein as a global coefficient of adjustment) is computed for the whole cluster. This computed aggregated correction coefficient will be applied to each prediction function of storage usage of each directory 105, on the next iteration of the machine learning model of the machine learning engine 124. In at least some aspects, the aggregated correction coefficient may be initially pre-defined to a set value until after the first iteration of the machine learning model where it is then subsequently computed as per the methods disclosed herein for subsequent iterations.
Referring to FIG. 3 , shown is a flowchart of example operations 300 that may be taken by the trends and behaviour module 126 of FIGS. 1A and 1B when executed by the at least one processor 134, according to one embodiment.
At step 302, the module 126, operating as a trained machine learning model, obtains actual past storage demand data (e.g. actual demand data 121) for a particular directory (e.g. first directory 105-1). The actual past storage demand data comprises past storage usage data representing storage usage at the first directory 105-1 over a defined time period extending from a past time to the current time. The past storage usage data may be obtained for example by periodically obtaining electronic storage readings (e.g. determining total number of bytes used up by each of the files in the first directory) from the first directory 105-1. In addition, in one aspect, the past storage demand data comprises data indicating a maximum storage amount for the first directory 105-1, the expected future time of the first directory and/or total available storage size for the entire cluster (e.g. all of the directories 105). Additionally, the actual demand data 121 may include other directory 105-1 details as provided by data such as directory details 114, storage history data 116 and/or system settings data 118, including but not limited to: directory name and identification information (e.g. as provided by directory details 114), and date and time information representing the particular future time period desired to forecast (e.g. as provided by system settings data 118).
Preferably, the past storage demand data is continually obtained (e.g. in real-time) such that as more storage usage data points occur for the first directory, they are used as input to the machine learning model of the trends and behaviour module 126, thereby improving the accuracy of the forecasted storage usage demand data.
At step 304, the module 126 calculates an interpolated curve representing a function of the actual past storage usage data extending from the current time to the past time (e.g. using a regression model and/or other machine learning prediction algorithm). In one aspect, the interpolated curve is a smoothing curve calculated using moving average of small number of data points and represents the dynamic trend of the disk usage for the first directory.
At step 306, the module 126 calculates a moving average curve of the interpolated curve of step 304. The moving average curve is calculated using a time window with a pre-specified number of points and based on the interpolated curve. The moving average curve provides a smoothing operation such that the greater the number of points the smoother the curve.
At step 308, two slopes (or rates of changes) are calculated from the interpolated curve and the moving average of the interpolated curve respectively. A first derivative of the interpolated curve (dU/dt) is calculated defining a first slope indicating a rate of change of the projected storage usage over time, where U is the disk usage. Additionally, a first derivative of the moving average of the interpolated curve (dUavg/dt) defining a second slope indicating an average rate of change of the projected storage usage over time.
At step 310, the trends and behaviour module 126 determines the projected storage usage data of the first directory (e.g. at the expected future time defining the duration of the expected use of the first directory) as a function of the first derivative of the interpolated curve and the first derivative of the moving average.
At step 312, the trends and behaviour module 126 determines whether the projected storage usage data at the expected future time is inconsistent with the allocated maximum storage amount for the first directory. If inconsistent, i.e. the projection of dU/dt reaches a pre-defined threshold (e.g. the allocated maximum storage amount for the first directory) before the project timeframe, the trends and behaviour module 126 raises a flag to feedback decision manager module 128 to instruct adjusting the size of the allocated storage for the first directory.
If the projected amounts from step 310 doesn't reach the pre-defined threshold (e.g. the allocated maximum storage amount for the first directory) before the project timeframe defining the maximum timeframe, then no flag is raised and the maximum allowable storage amount (e.g. space quota limit) is not adjusted. In one aspect, the prediction indicates increasing the space quota limit to the new quota limit when the space quota limit is insufficient based on the projected storage usage data indicating that the space quota limit will be reached prior to the expected future time.
In one aspect, the calculated first derivative of the interpolated curve (step 308) is used to project a first expected storage usage amount at the expected future time in the future time period and the calculated first derivative of the moving average (step 308) is used to project a second expected storage usage amount at the expected future time in the future time period, and the new quota limit provided in step 312 is an average of the first and the second expected storage usage amount further weighted by the aggregated correction coefficient (see step 210 of FIG. 2 ).
In at least one aspect, the space quota limit and the new quota limit provide different values for restricting a maximum number of bytes of disk space allowed to be used by files under a tree rooted at the first directory 105-1 for respectively the current time and the expected future time (e.g. future time 30 in FIGS. 6 and 7 ), upon applying the new quota limit.
Any suitable machine learning model may be used for the purposes described herein (e.g. for one or more modules of the machine learning engine 124), including any existing machine learning models known to those skilled in the relevant arts or any suitable yet to be developed machine learning model. In some embodiments, the machine learning model is a supervised regression model such as a support vector regression (SVR) model. In other embodiments, the machine learning model is a neural network (NN) architecture such as a convolutional neural network (CNN), or recurrent neural network (RNN) including for example, a long short-term memory (LSTM) model.
In one exemplary aspect, the interpolated curve of the actual past storage usage data extending from a current time to a past time as provided by the trends and behaviour module 126 is modelled as a polynomial regression. Furthermore, in one aspect, linear regression of a first derivative of the interpolated curve (e.g. calculating the first derivative of the interpolated curve and/or the first derivative of the moving average of the interpolated curve of the first directory) is performed by the trends and behaviour module 126 and utilized to predict an estimated projected storage usage data of the first directory.
Additionally, in at least one aspect, the coordinator and optimizer module 130 utilizes a supervised neural network to model the expected project demands of the directories 105 such as to determine the aggregated correction coefficient, as described herein.
Further example flowcharts of the various operation of the machine learning engine 124 of FIGS. 1A and 1B are depicted in FIGS. 4 and 5 , in accordance with one or more disclosed embodiments.
Referring to FIG. 4 , shown is an example flowchart of operations 400 which may occur for the storage management device 102 and particularly, the trends and behaviour module 126, in accordance with an embodiment. Also FIGS. 6 and 7 show example graphs for determining trends and behaviour as performed via one or more of the operations 200, 300 and/or 400 of FIG. 2-4 . Referring again to FIG. 4 , at block 402, the scheduler 132 triggers a new disk usage scan of a particular project X (e.g. corresponding to directory 105-1) and once the scan is completed at block 404, the data points of storage usage for each directory (e.g. 105-1 . . . 105-N) of each business project is obtained. The storage dataset 21 in FIGS. 6 and 7 depict actual storage space usage data for a particular directory (e.g. 105-1) taken over time. These may be stored as storage history data 116 in FIG. 1A. At block 406, the trends and behaviour module 126 then computes an interpolated function 22 (as depicted in FIGS. 6 and 7 ), based on the storage dataset 21. The role of the interpolated function is to smooth the variations of the dataset and is performed over a small-window moving average, almost identical with an instant moving average of the trend of the curve. The interpolated function 22 of the curve also allows subsequent computing of the rate of change of the curve, both instant and moving average.
At block 408, the trends and behaviour module 126, computes a rate of change of storage usage 23 (see FIGS. 6 and 7 ) for the particular directory, on the most recent reading of the interpolated curve, also shown as dU/dt. This rate of change represents the most recent trend of the disk usage for the particular directory and is able to predict the immediate direction of the trend.
For further detection of the trend, at block 410, a moving average curve 24 is determined from the interpolated function 22 of the curve. The moving average curve 24 further smooths the trend of the actual disk usage, and also provides a base of reference to compare it against the most recent rate of change dU/dt.
Based on the moving average of the interpolated curve 24, at block 410, the trends and behaviour module 126 computes a rate of change of the moving average curve 25, or dUavg/dt. This rate of change provides a base of reference of the general trend of the disk usage.
The next step performed in block 410 by the trends and behaviour module 126 is to compare the rate of change of the moving average dUavg/dt 25, with a recent or instantaneous rate of change of the interpolated curve dU/dt—also known as rate of change of storage usage 23 and with the existing space allocated quotas (e.g. space quota limit 27 and/or space quota threshold 26). In at least some aspects, the new space quota limit 33 may represent the adjusted version of one or both of the space quota limit 27 and the space quota threshold 26. In at least some aspects, the space quota threshold 26 in FIGS. 6 and 7 may represent a limit which triggers notifications to be sent out by the content delivery system 108 indicative of an early warning that the space quota limit 27 is close to being reached.
At block 410, the comparison also includes additional consideration to the expected time allocated to a project for the particular directory e.g. project storage directory 105 of FIG. 1A. For example, a master disk on the HDFS, associated to a business directory 105, usually has also an expected time allocated for that project or directory and is associated with at least one project storage directory (e.g. 105-1). In the example where the timeframe for a project is unlimited such as a permanent project, the rate of change curves 23 and 25 may predict when the disk usage will reach an allocated space or disk quota limit 27 shown as respectively a predicted first time 28 and a predicted second time 29. In the example of a limited timeframe associated with a project and use of the storage directory (e.g. 105-1), the limited timeframe characterized by the expected future time 30 is shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. The rate of change computed as dU/dt—also known as rate of change of storage usage 23 can predict a future timing, e.g. how soon (or late) the disk usage for the particular directory (e.g. 105-1) will reach the space quota limit 27, shown as predicted first time 28. By the same analogy, the rate of change of the moving average curve 25, also known as dUavg/dt will predict how soon (or late) the disk allocation of the particular directory (e.g. 105-1) will reach its space quota limit 27 shown as the predicted second time 29. For example, in the case of a slower rate of change for both the rate of change of the moving average 25 and the latest instant rate of change—also shown as rate of change of storage usage 23, the predicted first time point 28 and second time point 29 of reaching the space quota limit 27, are well behind the expected future time 30 of the project (characterizing the expected use timeframe for the project). Also, when comparing the future predicted first time value of the curve 25 dUavg/dt with the future predicted second time value of the rate of change of storage usage 23 curve calculated from dU/dt (e.g. In one example, at block 412, there may be no need for the trends and behaviour module 126 to emit any event or alarm, or to take any further action. The module 126 will at block 414 simply wait for the next trigger to execute the operation again at block 406.
Referring again to FIGS. 4 and 7 , in one example, one or more of the most recent data points of the storage dataset 21 reflecting storage usage as a function of time (e.g. indicating the storage usage of the particular directory, 105-1) of the dataset as shown in graph (FIG. 7 ) may display a sudden spike compared with the general trend. The interpolated function 22 of the curve also reflects the trend clearly. The most recent rate of change slope—dU/dt—also known as rate of change of storage usage 23 reflects even better the most immediate trend, is steeper than the rest of the curve.
For a base reference, the moving average of the curve 24 is computed and also the rate of change of the moving average 25 (e.g. slope) is computed by the trends and behaviour module 126 at block 410.
The trends and behaviour module 126 analyzes all of the computed values (e.g. perform operations 406, 408 and 410) discussed above. If the predicted storage usage demand defining a predicted quota is higher or lower than the currently set pre-defined quota limit as computed in block 416, then the decision manager module and the coordinator and optimizer module are flagged at block 418. For example, while the dUavg/dt value has a smaller increase compared with the first example described previously and illustrated by FIG. 6 , now, in the example illustrated in FIG. 7 , the slope or rate of change of the moving average curve 25 can predict that the available disk allocated to the particular directory (e.g. shown as space quota limit 27) will run out of space well ahead of the expected timeframe of the project, also known as expected future time 30 (e.g. predicted first time 28 for the slope of the usage curve dU/dt characterizing the time when the slope of the usage curve characterized by the rate of change of storage usage 23 will reach the current space quota limit and predicted second time 29 for the slope of the moving average of the usage curve dUavg/dt characterizing the time when the slope of the moving average curve 25 will reach the current space quota limit 27).
Notably, in FIG. 7 , as shown by the graph 700, the most recent and instant rate of change of storage usage 23 curve, calculated by dU/dt (indicating rate of change of usage over time and projected into a future time from the current time), now has a steep value, much different than the one of the curve depicting the rate of change of the moving average 25. The rate of change of storage usage 23 curve predicts an imminent running out of space within an earlier timeframe, e.g. predicted first time 28, much earlier than the expected timeframe characterized by the expected future time 30 of the project, or even the predicted second time 29 as shown from the trend of the curve 25 of moving average rate of change dUavg/dt.
In the example depicted in FIG. 7 , the trends and behavior module 126 is configured to notify the decision manager module 128 and the coordinator and optimizer module 130 if the forecasted storage demand differs from the pre-defined defined aggregated correction coefficient characterizing an adjusted weight to be applied to the currently allocated space quota limit 27 to obtain the predicted new space quota limit 33. For example, if the other directories (e.g. 105-2 . . . 105-N) in the cluster of the distributed file system 104 are not in an emergent case like the one in this example (e.g. 105-1), the aggregated correction coefficient defining the adjustment weight factor has a value of 1, that means no adjustment is made to the value predicted by the trends and behavior module 126.
Based on the newly adjusted and recommended value of the space quota (e.g. depicted as new space quota limit 33), the decision manager module 126 will adjust to the new space quota limit 33 for the particular directory 105-1.
The exact value of the new space quota limit 33 characterizing the adjustment can be as a function of, e.g. between the predicted first time 28 value (predicted by the forecasted trend of the rate of change of storage usage curve 23 calculated as dU/dt) and the predicted second time 29 value (predicted by the forecasted trend of the rate of change of moving average of storage usage curve 25—dUavg/dt). This depends of the initial settings of the system, and to a certain degree, the self-learning of the system.
For example, referring to FIG. 7 , since both the predicted first time 28 and the predicted second time 29 of reaching the space quota limit 27 occur well before the expected future time 30 in FIG. 7 and indicate an increased storage space quota demand, the decision manager module 128 may be configured to determine an adjusted curve 34, a function of the slope of the storage usage (e.g. rate of change of storage usage 23 curve) and the slope of the moving average curve of storage use (e.g. rate of change of moving average of storage usage 25 curve), in order to determine the new space quota limit 33.
In the case of FIG. 7 , the adjusted curve 34 is located somewhere between the curves 23 and 25. That is, the adjusted curve 24 is a weighted function of the curves 23 and 25 each adjusted by respective pre-defined adjustment coefficients or k-factors, and has a linear trend indicating it reaches a higher quota limit than the originally allocated space quota limit 27. Notably, the new space quota limit 33 exceeds the allocated space quota limit 27 at the expected future time 30. Put another way and as seen in FIG. 7 , the slope of the usage curve, also known as the rate of change of storage usage 23 will reach the new space quota limit 33 at a predicted first new time 32, the slope of the moving average curve 25 will reach the new space quota limit 33 at a predicted second new time 31 and preferably, the adjusted curve 34 will reach the new space quota limit 33 at a point in time anywhere between the predicted first new time 32 and the predicted second new time 31 (e.g. at the expected future time 30). As will be described, this new space quota limit 33 may be further adjusted based on an aggregate weighting coefficient provided by the coordinator and optimizer module 130.
The decision manager module 126 will make a decision of whether to automatically adjust (or not) space quota limits 27 of the workspace triggered by the trends and behaviour module 126. If there are no other constrains, e.g. total availability of the disk space at the cluster level, or other workspaces having spike increases in the disk usage at the same time, competing for the shared resources of the cluster, then the decision manager module 126 will adjust the quota to a new value (e.g. the new space quota limit 33).
Preferably, the weight coefficient (also referred to as the k-factor) of the new value of the quota (e.g. for a particular directory 105-1) is either preset in the data repository 106 of FIGS. 1A and 1B, system settings data 118, or is dynamically and real-time computed based on at least the following two main factors by the coordinator and optimizer module at block 420: a) the dU/dt and dUavg/dt values from the trends and behaviour module 126 (e.g. curves 23 and 25 in FIGS. 6 and 7 ), and b) from correlating the usage statistics of all the other remaining workspaces or directories (e.g. 105-2 . . . 105-N) relative to the whole cluster (e.g. 105), their trends, their instant and average behaviour (e.g. as computed by the trends and behaviour module 126 such as to provide curves for rate of change of storage usage 23 and rate of change of moving average of storage usage 25 for each of the directories). The above-mentioned weight coefficient factor (also referred to as aggregated correction coefficient) for each directory to be adjusted are presented by the coordinator and optimizer module 130, back to the decision manager module 126.
The decision manager module 126, in one embodiment, and as depicted in block 422 of FIG. 4 is configured to make decisions, based on the input from the modules 126 and 130, as to whether to adjust the space quotas for each particular directory (e.g. 105-1 . . . 105-N) or not further specifically based on at least one or more of the following factors: the total storage available in a cluster (e.g. 105); the storage demand needs as projected by the remaining other directories; the current projected storage need (e.g. curve 23 and 25) for the particular directory having an inconsistency in the projected storage demand to the currently allocated storage quota limit.
In the embodiment of FIG. 4 , at block 422 of FIG. 4 , the decision manager module 126 will automatically execute the operation of adjusting the disk quotas for all the relevant projects (e.g. project storage directories 105) configured in the system as based on the projected needs for each of the directories 105, and the considerations mentioned above (e.g. comparison of projected storage needs to allocated storage quota and current/projected needs of other remaining directories in the cluster of the distributed file system 104), in real-time. Also, the decision manager module 126 dynamically computes the new space quota limit 33, based on the process steps implemented by the trends and behaviour module 126, as well as the weighting provided by the coordinator and optimizer module 130 and any further considerations of the remaining other directories projected storage needs. The new space quota limit 33 is then applied to the respective directories at block 424 by the disk quota setting module 122.
| 35,224 |
https://github.com/DripEmail/custom-dynamic-weather/blob/master/.gitignore
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
custom-dynamic-weather
|
DripEmail
|
Ignore List
|
Code
| 2 | 9 |
vendor/
coverage.*
| 28,489 |
https://github.com/jdossgollin/2018-robust-adaptation-cyclical-risk/blob/master/src/codebase/statfit/stationary.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
2018-robust-adaptation-cyclical-risk
|
jdossgollin
|
Python
|
Code
| 96 | 511 |
import os
from . import StatisticalModel
from ..path import data_path
from ..util import compile_model
class LN2Stationary(StatisticalModel):
def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
self.model_file = os.path.abspath(
os.path.join(data_path, "ln2-stationary.stan")
)
model_param: dict = {
"mu_sd": kwargs.pop("mu_sd", 1),
"mu_mean": kwargs.pop("mu_mean", 10),
"sigma_mean": kwargs.pop("sigma_mean", 1),
"sigma_sd": kwargs.pop("sigma_sd", 1),
"n_warmup": kwargs.pop("n_warmup", 1000),
"n_chain": kwargs.pop("n_chain", 1),
}
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.param.update(model_param)
self.model_name = "LN2 Stationary"
def _calculate_one(self, data):
stan_data = {
"y": data,
"N": self.N,
"M": self.M,
"mu_sd": self.param.get("mu_sd"),
"mu_mean": self.param.get("mu_mean"),
"sigma_mean": self.param.get("sigma_mean"),
"sigma_sd": self.param.get("sigma_sd"),
}
sm = compile_model(filename=self.model_file, model_name="LN2-Stationary")
fit = sm.sampling(
data=stan_data,
iter=self.param.get("n_mcsim") + self.param.get("n_warmup"),
chains=self.param.get("n_chain"),
warmup=self.param.get("n_warmup"),
)
fit_dict = fit.extract(permuted=True)
return fit_dict["yhat"]
| 14,055 |
versosdefilinto01nascgoog_123
|
Portuguese-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,806 |
Versos de Filinto Elysio..
|
Francisco Manuel do Nascimento
|
Portugueuse
|
Spoken
| 8,580 | 11,972 |
O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição.
| 41,074 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/56425857
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 42 | 100 |
pymssql | pymssql.pyx not found
Importing pymssql fails resulting in the following error:
Unable to open 'pymssql.pyx': File not found
(path_to_project_folder/src/pymssql.pyx).
I'm using python 3.6, Win10. The package was installed without errors to a separate anaconda environment.
What am I missing here?
| 47,836 |
|
<urn:uuid:9c645278-9ae0-4167-b29d-fedaefd2474e>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.cea.fr:443/cea-tech/english/Pages/resources-and-skills/x1x-micro-nanotechnology-for-healthcare.aspx
|
cea.fr
|
English
|
Spoken
| 237 | 346 |
You are here : Home > Resources and skills > Technologies for healthcare > Micro and nanotechnology for healthcare
OUR KNOW-HOWCEA Tech institute Leti pioneered DNA chips for diagnostics two decades ago. Today, the institute possesses unrivalled know-how in MEMS and NEMS for healthcare applications. Leti’s broad knowledge of 200 mm silicon technology, lensless imaging, microfluidics, biochemical sensors, and signal processing position the institute to offer its partners—manufacturers and clinical practitioners—integrated, miniaturized solutions in the form of labs-on-chip. The institute’s experience with biomaterials for healthcare has led to the development of nanovectors for targeted drug delivery and enhancements to other therapies (cell encapsulation, wound monitoring, etc.).Several startups have been created to develop and commercialize the institute’s portable microsystems, in particular in the field of medical diagnostics.
Nano-biotechnology PLATFORM
Acoustic waves manipulate microscopic objects contact-free
Researchers at Leti, a CEA Tech institute, came up with a novel way to manipulate microscopic objects: evanescent acoustic waves. Their findings were published in Nature Communications Physics and the technique could have a bright future in biotechnology.
10 September 2019
Automated biological sample preparation with PEP’s
The PEP’s automated biological sample preparation kit has been released. The result of three years of research and development backed by the people at Y.SPOT and financed by the Carnot Network, the kit won an “Innovation Best Team Practices” award in the Products and Services category from the Paris Innovation Directors’ Club on September 5, 2019.
| 35,588 |
https://blender.stackexchange.com/questions/129462
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
https://blender.stackexchange.com/users/4937, https://blender.stackexchange.com/users/67931, rob, user2343124
|
English
|
Spoken
| 133 | 170 |
Shortcut to select next row of vertices?
I know how to select one vertex and then hold down control to select a vertex somewhere down the line and thus select all in between these vertices. Is there a shortcut to move to the next rank of vertices without having to repeat the process? I am wondering if there is a shortcut to get selection B sequentially after selection A is achieved? (and simultaneously deselecting A)
Thank you.
I think you would have to develop your own Python script.
Ok. thanks. I have a lot of programming skills but have not jumped into Python (beyond changing some menu commands so they will have shortcuts in the Blender menu.)
Switch to a Text view and start with the Templates - Python - Bmesh Simple Editmode
| 801 |
https://github.com/shubhamranjan/DistributedLock/blob/master/DistributedLock.Tests/AbstractTestCases/Redis/RedisExtensionTestCases.cs
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
DistributedLock
|
shubhamranjan
|
C#
|
Code
| 98 | 421 |
using Medallion.Threading.Tests.Redis;
using NUnit.Framework;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Medallion.Threading.Tests.Redis
{
public abstract class RedisExtensionTestCases<TLockProvider, TDatabaseProvider>
where TLockProvider : TestingLockProvider<TestingRedisSynchronizationStrategy<TDatabaseProvider>>, new()
where TDatabaseProvider : TestingRedisDatabaseProvider, new()
{
private TLockProvider _provider = default!;
[SetUp]
public void SetUp() => this._provider = new TLockProvider();
[TearDown]
public void TearDown() => this._provider.Dispose();
[Test]
[NonParallelizable, Retry(tryCount: 3)] // timing-sensitive
public async Task TestCanExtendLock()
{
this._provider.Strategy.SetOptions(o => o.Expiry(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1)).BusyWaitSleepTime(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(50), TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(50)));
var @lock = this._provider.CreateLock(Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
await using var handle = await @lock.AcquireAsync();
var secondHandleTask = @lock.AcquireAsync().AsTask();
_ = secondHandleTask.ContinueWith(t => t.Result.Dispose()); // ensure cleanup
Assert.IsFalse(await secondHandleTask.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2)));
await handle.DisposeAsync();
Assert.IsTrue(await secondHandleTask.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5)));
}
}
}
| 30,881 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97420256
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:20th-century Jamaican women writers
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 66 | 186 |
Category:20th-century Jamaican women writers
Wikimedia category
Category:20th-century Jamaican women writers instance of Wikimedia category
Category:20th-century Jamaican women writers category combines topics Jamaica
Category:20th-century Jamaican women writers category combines topics 20th century
تصنيف:كاتبات جامايكيات في القرن 20
تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:كاتبات جامايكيات في القرن 20 نموذج من تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:كاتبات جامايكيات في القرن 20 التصنيف يجمع المواضيع جامايكا
تصنيف:كاتبات جامايكيات في القرن 20 التصنيف يجمع المواضيع القرن 20
| 47,849 |
correspondencepa00onta_33
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,882 |
Correspondence, papers and documents, of dates from 1856 to 1882 inclusive, relating to the northerly and westerly boundaries of the province of Ontario
|
Ontario. Legislative Assembly
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,404 | 9,078 |
The testimony, therefore, appears to be abundant that the height of land boundary was what the English had no right to claim. Assuming that to be so, the question is, — What line north of the height of land is to be regarded as the Company’s southern boundary? The language of the Charter, by reason of its ambiguity, affords no assistance in this inquiry. The validity of the Charter has always been questioned on the ground of its ambiguity, as well as for other reasons. Assuming that the northern boundary is on one side the shore of Hudson’s Bay, say between 51° and 52° of latitude, and on the other at least as far north as the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods, say latitude 49° 23' 55"; if these points were clearly in the Hudson’s Bay Territory, the northern boundary would perhaps be a line drawn from one of these points to the other. We claim that our boundary is farther north than this, but cannot be south of it. Are these points in what was the territory of the Company? And is the Provincial boundary no farther north? If, by reason of the Charter being so old, and having been acted upon in some sort, and of its validity to some extent being implied in certain statutory references to the Company, the instrument cannot be treated as absolutely void, it must, as regards its construction and operation, on well-known and well-settled principles, be interpreted most strongly against the Company, and in favour of the Crown. The object of giving the Charter, as the Charter itself declares, was to encourage discoveries by the Company; and the validity or operation of the instrument is to the extent only of giving (so far as the Crown could give) to the Company whatever of unknown territory the Company, within a moderate and reasonable time, should occupy; and all that the Company could be entitled to was what the Company had, in this manner, acquired for themselves and for the Crown previous to the cession of Canada in 1763 by France to England; or what, previous to that time, the Company had been in possession or enjoyment of as their own with the concurrence of the Crown. It is a familiar rule that Crown Grants are construed most favourably to the Crown, the grantor. The rule is thus stated in Chitty on Precedents, page 391: "In ordinary cases between subject and subject, the principle is that the grant shall be construed if the meaning be doubtful, most strongly against the grantor, who is presumed to use the most cautious words for his own advantage and security. But in the case of the king, whose grants chiefly flow from his royal bounty and grace, the rule is otherwise; and Crown grants have at all times been construed most favourably for the king where a fair doubt exists as to the real meaning of the instrument, as well in the instance of grants from His Majesty as in the case of transfers to him." The rule is not new but was in existence at the time of this Charter and before, and was, perhaps, more stringently acted upon then than it is in the case of modern deeds. Independently of this consideration, legal opinions are uniform that, in the case of an old and ambiguous charter like this, the instrument operates as far as possession and enjoyment have been had under it, and no further. I may cite some decided cases bearing on this point. Blankley vs. Winstanley, 3 Term Reports, 288, is one of them. In that case it was observed by one of the learned judges as follows: — "With regard to the usage: usage consistent with the meaning of the Charter has prevailed for one hundred and ninety years past, and if the words of the Charter were more disputable than they are, I think that ought to govern this case." There are cases in which this Court has held that a settled usage would go a great way to control the words of a charter. Such was the case of Cape vs. Handley, in which the Court went much further than is necessary in the present case; and it is for the sake of quieting corporations that this Court has always upheld long usage where it was possible, though recent usage would not perhaps have much weight. So in Wadley vs. Bayliss, 5 Taunt., 753, the case of an award under the Inclosure Acts, it was laid down that “the language of the award being ambiguous, it was competent to go into evidence of the enjoyment had, in order to see what was the meaning of those who worded it.” The rule is thus applied by Sir Arthur Pigott, Mr. Spankie, and Mr. Brougham, in the opinion printed at page 198 of the Book of Documents: — “In such a long tract of time as nearly one hundred and fifty years now elapsed since the grant of the Charter, it must now be, and must indeed long since have been, fully ascertained by the actual occupation of the Hudson’s Bay Company, what portion or portions of lands and territories in the vicinity, and on the coasts and confines of the waters mentioned and described as within the Straits, they have found necessary for their purposes, and for forts, factories, towns, villages, settlements or such other establishments in such vicinity, and on such coasts and confines, as pertain and belong to a Company instituted for the purposes mentioned in their Charter; and necessary, useful or convenient to them within the prescribed limits for the prosecution of those purposes.” In 1857 the Crown Lawyers pointed out (page 202) that the question of the validity and construction of the Company’s Charter cannot be considered apart from the enjoyment that had been had under it. Again, the Company were certainly not entitled to any of the territory which France owned at the time of the cession, and ceded to England; it is preposterous to suppose that the Charter intended to grant, and did effectually grant to the Company, as against the world, all the territory southerly and westerly of the Bay, to the then unknown height of land (unknown to the Crown and to the Company), though such territory should be, as it was, to the extent of unknown hundreds of thousands of square miles — a third of the continent; that the Charter was intended to give, and did give to the Company, the right to shut up this enormous territory from the Crown and from all British subjects — and from other nations also — for all time; that if the Company should do nothing to discover, settle, or acquire it for a hundred years or more, nobody else could; and that any portion of it which England should, a hundred years afterwards, acquire by war with another nation, and by the employment of the resources of the whole empire, in Europe as well as America — accrued, when so acquired, and was intended to accrue, to the Company for their own private benefit. Such a claim cannot be in accordance with a sound interpretation of any authorities which can be found. It is clear, and indeed has been repeatedly admitted by the Company themselves, that until long after the date of the cession, the Company had no possession of any part of the interior of the country, and that their possession was confined to certain forts on the Bay and two factories not very distant. Henley House was one of these factories, on the Albany, erected in 1744; and France had at the same time forts on the same river. At all events, with these exceptions, no possession of any part of the territory away from the shore was had by the Company until long after the cession. I have said that the Company have admitted that to be so. A Committee of the British House of Commons was appointed in 1749 to inquire into the state and condition of the countries adjoining Hudson’s Bay, and of the trade carried on there; and evidence was given before this committee that, at that time, the only forts and settlements of the Company were on the Bay. (Book of Documents, 395.) Those opposed to the Company at that time were complaining of this, and urging that the Company had not attempted to settle the country. Again, in a statement by the Hudson's Bay Company, the material part of which is printed in the Book of Documents, page 402, there is this admission: "As long as Canada was held by the French, the opposition of wandering traders (Coureurs des Bois) was insufficient to induce the Company to give up their usual method of trading. Their servants waited at the forts built on the coast of the bay, and there bought by barter the furs which the Indians brought from the interior. But after the cession of Canada to Great Britain in 1763, British traders, following in the track of the French, penetrated into the countries lying to the north-west of the Company’s territories, and by there building factories, brought the market for furs nearer to the Indian seller." That means British traders unconnected with the Company. "The Company, finding their trade seriously affected, extended the field of their operations, and sent parties to establish themselves in the interior." I need for my purpose nothing more than this statement by the Company themselves. It is an express admission that the French did settle in the territories referred to; that the Hudson's Bay Company confined themselves to the forts on the Bay; and that after the Treaty of 1763, British traders unconnected with the Company commenced to move; that they were first to move; and that it was not until the Company found their trade seriously affected by the acts of these other traders that the Company extended their operations. Then, at page 412, Book of Documents, there is a letter from Mr. Goschen, then chairman of the Company, telling the result of his researches into the books and papers of the Company. Amongst other things, he says: “At the time of the passing of the Quebec Act, 1774, the Company had not extended their posts and operations far from the shores of Hudson’s Bay. Journals of the following trading stations have been preserved bearing that date, namely, Albany, Henley, Moose, East Main, York, Severn, and Churchill.” The solicitors employed by the Dominion to search the records of the Hudson’s Bay Company, wrote as follows (see page 414, Book of Documents): — “From a perusal of the Company’s Journals, we find that it was not the practice of the Company’s servants to go up country to purchase peltry from the Indians; but the Indians came down to York and other forts on the Bay and there exchanged their furs, etc., for the Company’s merchandise.” So that the Company not only did not establish stations, but did not go up the country. “It appears that the peddlers (French traders — Coureurs des Bois, as they were called), from Quebec, had, for some time prior to the year 1773, gone up into the Lake Superior district, and by so doing had cut off the Indians and bought their furs.” Sir John Rose says (his statement is at page 414 of the same book): “I may mention that I do not think that any further research would have thrown more light on the matter than the Ontario Government is already in possession of. I employed a gentleman for several weeks to search at the Colonial Office and Foreign Office, as well as the Rolls’ Office and Hudson’s Bay Archives, and every scrap of information bearing on it was, I think, sent out either to Mr. Campbell or to Mr. Scott (Dominion Ministers) some months ago. I believe that any further search would be attended with no result.” Thus, during the whole period from 1670 to the passing of the Quebec Act, the Hudson’s Bay Company had been in no sort of possession of more than their forts and factories on and in the immediate neighbourhood of the Bay. The Dominion Ministers truly affirmed in 1869, that “the evidence is abundant and conclusive to prove that the French traded over and possessed the whole of the country known as the Winnipeg Basin and ‘Fertile Belt,’ from its discovery by Europeans down to the Treaty of Paris, and that the Hudson’s Bay Company neither traded nor established posts to the south or west of Lake Winnipeg until many years after the cession of Canada to England.” The Company’s first post — viz., Cumberland House, on Sturgeon Lake — in the vicinity of the region in question, was not built until 1774, and they did not establish any post within this tract of country before 1790. There has been printed in the Book of Documents, 230, the judgment of the Hon. Mr. Justice Monk, of Lower Canada, in a case of Connolly vs. Woolrich, and the substance of it is this : — He shows, in regard to the French, that as early as 1605, Quebec had been established and had become an important settlement ; that before 1630 the Beaver and several other companies had been organized at Quebec for carrying on the fur trade in the west, near and around the great lakes and in the North-West Terri- tory ; that the enterprise and trading operations of these French companies, and of the French colonists generally, extended over vast regions of the northern and north-western portions of the continent ; that they entered into treaties with the Indian tribes and nations, and carried on a lucrative and extensive fur trade with the natives ; that in the prose- cution of their trade and other enterprises these adventurers evinced great energy, courage and perseverance ; that they had extended their hunting and trading operations to the Athabasca country (say 58° north latitude and 1110 west longitude); that some portions of the Athabasca country had, before 1640, been visited and traded in, and to FRENCH OCCUPATION OF NORTH AND NORTH-WEST, 1629-1763. Some extent occupied by the French traders in Canada and their Beaver Company (which had been founded in 1629); that from 1640 to 1670 these discoveries and trading settlements had considerably increased in number and importance; that Athabasca and other regions bordering upon it belonged to the Crown of France, at that time, to the same extent, and by the same means, as the country around Hudson’s Bay belonged to England, viz., by discovery, and by trading and hunting. Judge Monk mentions 1670, because it was the date of the Charter of the Hudson’s Bay Company. These were the conclusions to which Judge Monk came judicially. It may be added, that if the Athabasca country belonged to France at so early a period, so would the whole intermediate country between Athabasca and Hudson’s Bay on the east, and between the Athabasca country and the St. Lawrence on the south, because with these parts the French were more familiar, and traded to a much larger extent than farther north. Between 1670 (the last date named by Judge Monk) and 1763, the French established posts or forts in that North-West Territory which they had previously explored, hunted over, and traded with, namely, on Lake Winnipeg, Lake Manitoba, on the Winnipeg River, the Saskatchewan River, and so west to the Rocky Mountains, where Fort la Jonquière was established by St. Pierre in 1752. All these lakes and rivers are connected by the Nelson River with Hudson’s Bay, and are in the territory which, in the following century, the Hudson’s Bay Company claimed under their Charter; but confessedly they had constructed in it no post or settlement of any kind until long after 1763. The subjects of France had also, on the northerly side of the dividing line, Fort Abitibi, which was north of the height of land, and was built in 1686. It was situated at a considerable distance north of the height of land, and upon the lake of the same name, from which the River Mistissipi flows into Hudson’s Bay. The French had also Fort St. Germain, on the Albany, which was built in 1684; and still higher up on the same river Fort La Maune, established about the same period; and, to the east, Fort Nemiscau, on the lake of that name, situated on the River Rupert, midway between Lake Mistissinac and the Bay; this fort was built before 1695. Of none of these did the English Government or the Company ever complain. The French had also another fort on the Albany, being that mentioned in one of the memorials of the Company as having been built in 1715. The facts enumerated form another conclusive ground against such a claim as is now set up by the Dominion as purchasers from the Company. The matter is made clear in another way; that is, by the maps which the Company has furnished for the purposes of the present arbitration. We applied to them for what maps they had, and they furnished seven, only two of which seem to be of importance. One of the two, dated 1748, bears the Royal Arms and the Arms of the Company, and seems to have been prepared by the Company in view of the Parliamentary inquiry of that period, and for the purpose of showing the limits which the Company then claimed. The line which this map gives as the Company's southern boundary is considerably north of the height of land, even as shown on this map; for the line is therein made to cut Frenchman's River, and several other rivers shown on the map as flowing into Hudson's Bay. The Company does not by the map claim to the height of land even so far as these comparatively small rivers are concerned. Their southerly line on the map runs to the eastern shore of a lake called Nimigon, thence to and northerly along the easterly shore of Winnipeg, and thence northerly to Sir Thomas Smith's Sound in Baffin's Bay. I am entitled to say that this map demonstrates that the Company, in 1748, did not claim to the height of land, even as the height of land was then supposed to be situated, and did not claim Lake Winnipeg. The other of the two maps is Mitchell's engraved map, described as published by the author, February, 1755. This copy appears to have been much used and worn; I suppose, therefore, that it is the map to which the Company chiefly referred when they had occasion to examine any map of their territory. There is on it an irregular line marked "Bounds of Hudson's Bay by the Treaty of Utrecht," and the coloring on the two sides of that line is different. This line may therefore be taken as showing the. extent of the Company’s claim in 1755 and long after. Can there be any doubt that this is a fair conclusion to draw? On what principle can it be said that this map, which has been in the possession of the Company for over a century, should not be taken as showing, not what the bounds were, but what the Company regarded as their bounds? The line is about one-third of a degree north of the Lake of the Woods, and extends to the limit of the map in that direction, being in about the 98th degree of longitude. Chief Justice Harrison — The height of land does not appear to have been known at the time the first of these two maps was prepared. The Attorney-General — But these rivers are marked on the map, and the territory marked as the Company’s does not extend to the sources of them. Chief Justice Harrison — Those rivers are undoubtedly to the north of the height of land. The Attorney-General — In regard to the territory which the Company knew when these maps were prepared, they did not claim to the height of land. On this map of Mitchell’s the Company claimed a more southerly boundary than in the other map, but even in this map the line they claimed cut some rivers which flow into Hudson’s Bay, instead of extending to their sources. The claim to go to the sources of the rivers is inconsistent with both maps, although the Company claimed larger bounds by the one than by the other. The Lake of the Woods is marked, and the line they claim by the map is north of the Lake of the Woods. Chief Justice Harrison — There does not appear to be an interval of more than seven years between these two maps. The height of land is marked in some places upon Mitchell’s map. The Attorney-General — Yes; but the map throughout negatives the idea that the Company then claimed to the height of land. After the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), which gave to the British all lands, etc., “on the Bay and Straits, and which belong thereto,” the Company, on the 4th August, 1714, proposed, for the first time, that the Mistassini line should go as far south-westerly as 49° north latitude . . . and that that latitude be the limit;” as to how far to the west this line of 49° was to be followed nothing was then agreed. In 1719 and 1750 the Company proposed the line of 49° generally, but both times the proposition was rejected by the French. This line would have given to the Company a boundary greatly more limited than the boundary of the height of land, which began to be claimed nearly three-quarters of a century later. It has already been said that the Company could not take advantage of their Charter for the purpose of making any addition to their territory by exploration or settlement after the cession of 1763. The practical result would be nearly the same if this right should be deemed to have ceased at a somewhat later date, viz., the date of the passing of the Quebec Act, 1774, or even the date of the Treaty of 1783, for the Company made no further settlement between 1763 and 1783, except Cumberland House; it is doubtful whether its locality belongs to the Winnipeg or the Churchill system. Both the Act of 1774 and the Treaty of 1783 obviously require that the Company's southern boundary should be deemed a fixed line, not liable to extension by the mere act of the Company. These considerations are submitted as showing that the legal rights of the Company did not extend beyond their forts on the shore or in the neighbourhood of Hudson's Bay, and such adjacent territory as these forts may under the circumstances have given them a right to; and that Ontario is entitled to have its northerly boundary line drawn accordingly. If the evidence fails to satisfy the Arbitrators of the right of Ontario to this extent of territory, I refer them to the possible alternative lines mentioned at page 423 and following pages of the Book of Documents; and I will not detain the Arbitrators now by the statement and discussion of these other lines. If there should seem to the Arbitrators to be too much doubt on the subject to enable them to determine with absolute precision the northern boundary of the Province, a boundary should be assigned, which would give to the Province the full territory which the commissions to the Governors definitely provided for, and such further territory to the north as may be just and reasonable in view of the whole case. ARGUMENT OF MR. HODGINS, Q.C., BEFORE THE ARBITRATORS, 1878. 327 Argument of Mr. Hodgins, Q.C. Mr. Thomas Hodgins, Q.C., for the Province of Ontario, next addressed the Arbitrators. He said : In the printed documents submitted by the Government of Ontario, three territories are mentioned, the localities and limits of which must in some measure be ascertained, in order to arrive at a proper solution of the question where the boundaries of Ontario should be traced. These territories are, (1) The Indian Territories; (2) the Territories claimed by the Hudson’s Bay Company, and (3) the Territories known as Canada or New France. The Indian Territories may be shortly described as those extensive tracts of land lying to the westward and northward of Canada and the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Territory, not actually taken possession of by any civilized government prior to 1763. These Indian Territories are, as we contend, the lands described by Sir Alexander Mackenzie in his Travels in North America, published during the early part of the present century, and appear on the map as the Athabascan and Chippawayan Territories. These territories were specially reserved under the sovereignty of the Crown for the use of the Indians by the King’s Proclamation of the 7th October, 1763, which established the Provinces of Quebec, East and West Florida, and Grenada, “within the countries and islands ceded to the Crown” by the Treaty of Paris of the 10th February, 1763. That Proclamation describes them as "the lands lying to the westward of the sources of the rivers which fall into the sea from the west and north-west;"; and as "such parts of our dominions and territories as, not having been ceded to us, are reserved to the Indians, or any of them, as their hunting grounds and again, as "lands which not having been ceded to or purchased by us, are still reserved to the said Indians as afore-said." They are also described in the first section of the Act of 1803, which extended the jurisdiction of the Courts of Lower and Upper Canada over crimes and offences committed within certain parts of North America, in the following words: — "Indian Territories or other parts of America, not within the limits of the Provinces of Lower or Upper Canada, or either of them, or of the jurisdiction of the Courts established in those Provinces, or within the limits of any civil government of the United States of America." No more clearly defined locality is given to these territories in any of the State Papers relating to North America; but Lord Selkirk in his Sketch of the British Fur Trade in North America, published in 1816, refers to them thus: — "This vague term, 'Indian Territories,' has been used without any definition to point out the particular territories to which the Act is meant to apply." "There are, however, extensive tracts of country to which the provisions of the Act unquestionably do apply, viz., those which lie to the north and west of the Hudson’s Bay Territories, and which are known in Canada by the general name of 'Athabasca.' It was here that the violences, which gave occasion to the Act, were committed; and these are the only districts in which a total defect of jurisdiction described in the preamble of the Act was to be found." The other territories are those which, prior to the cession of Canada in 1763, formed the possessions of the King of England, and are claimed as the "Hudson’s Bay Company’s Territory," and the possessions of the King of France, and known as "Canada or New France." That portion of this latter territory lying west of the Ottawa and Lake Temiscaming, and of "a line drawn due north to the boundary line" or "shore" "of Hudson’s Bay" — excepting the portion south of the great lakes, and west to the Mississippi, ceded to the United States in 1783 — now forms the territory of the Province of Ontario. ARGUMENT OF MR. HODGINS, Q.C., BEFORE THE ARBITRATORS, 1878 : Taking first the question to which Sovereign the southern limits of Hudson’s Bay belonged, it will be found that after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, the English Ministers asserted that the whole of Hudson’s Bay, including of course the southern shore inland to line 49, belonged to Great Britain. On the other hand, the representatives of the Crown of France contended that their earlier discoveries, their prior possession, and their settlements, had made that southern shore part of the territory of Canada. Certainly up to 1700, the Hudson’s Bay Company conceded to the French the sovereignty of the southern portion of James’ Bay south of the Albany River on the west, — or line 53° north latitude. But subsequently a gradual advance was made in the territorial claims of the Hudson’s Bay Company, as follows : — To the Canute or Hudson River in 52° N. latitude ; to Lake Miskosinke or Mistoveny in 51° N. latitude ; although no new possessory rights were acquired by Great Britain or the Company in the disputed territory between 1700 and 1713. After the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, the claim presented by the Company to the English Government advanced the boundary to the line 49° N. latitude. That Treaty restored — not surrendered — to England “the Bay and Straits of Hudson, together with all lands, seas, sea coasts, rivers and places situated in the said Bay and Straits which belong thereto,” all of which with the fortresses there erected, “either before or since the French seized the same,” were to be given up within six months from the ratification of the Treaty. It further provided that the conterminous limits of the territories of the two nations, at Hudson’s Bay, should be determined within a year by Commissioners to be named by each Government ; so as to fix “the limits between the said Bay of Hudson and the places appertaining to the French — which limits both the British and French subjects shall be wholly forbidden to pass over or thereby to go to each other by sea or land.” This Treaty, notwithstanding the exclusion, gave to the French a right to use the shores of the Bay, whatever meaning may be attached to the following words : “It is, however, provided that it may be entirely free for the Company of Quebec, and all other the subjects of the Most Christian King whatsoever, to go by land, or by sea, whithersoever they please, out of the lands of the said Bay, together with all their goods, merchandises, arms, and effects of what nature or condition soever,” except munitions of war. The Commissioners were appointed, but never determined the question of boundary. The British Commissioners, inspired by the Hudson’s Bay Company, claimed for the first time as the boundary, the line 49° north latitude. This the Commissioners of the French King resisted, contending that the territory claimed was part of Canada. Now at that time the Hudson's Bay Company had not any territorial occupation, beyond a few small posts or a widely-scattered fringe of settlements, about three or four, on the shores of the Bay, and from which their trade with the Indians was carried on. This fact appears in the evidence taken by a Committee of the House of Commons in 1749. Historically, the same fact is stated by writers and officers of the Company who dealt with the question from personal knowledge. In Robson's Account of Hudson's Bay, published in 1753, it is stated: — "The Company have, for sixty years, slept at the edge of a frozen sea. They have shown no curiosity to penetrate further themselves, and have exerted all their art and power to crush the spirit in others." (p. 6.) Further on, in speaking of the Indians, he shows how the French had gone inland, and had — unmolested by the Company — established forts and trading settlements with the Indians, and which, according to the acknowledged rules of international law, had given the French King proprietary and sovereign rights over the territory thus occupied by his subjects. "The French," he says, "live and trade with the Indians within the country at the heads of the rivers that run down to the English factories." "In consequence of this narrow spirit of self-interest in the Company, the French have been encouraged to travel many hundred miles overland from Canada, and up many rivers that have great waterfalls, in order to make trading settlements; and there they carry on a friendly intercourse with the natives. EARLY FRENCH POSSESSION AND ASSERTION OF TITLE TO HUDSON'S BAY. 329 at the head of most of the rivers westward of the Bay, even as far as the Churchill River, and intercept the Company’s trade.” “There are fine improvable lands up the rivers of the Bay, and no British settlements or colonies are made or attempted to be made there.” (p. 7.) Bowen’s Geography, published in 1747, says: “The bottom of the Bay is by the French pretended to be part of New France ; and indeed, to cross the country from St. Margaret's River (meaning the St. Maurice or the Saguenay), which runs into the river of Canada or St. Lawrence, to Rupert's River, at the bottom of Hudson's Bay, is not above 150 miles. The French have a house or settlement for trade near the southern branch of Moose River, about 100 miles above the factory, where they sell their goods cheaper than the Company do: although it be very difficult and expensive to carry them so far from Canada. The French get all the choice skins, and leave only the refuse for the Company. The French have also got another house (Fort Nemiskau) pretty high up, upon Rupert's River, by which they have gained all the trade upon the East Main, except a little the Company get at Slude River, the mouth of which is about thirty leagues to the north of Rupert's River. And further on, referring to the absence of English trade with the interior, the writer says that "The English who trade here have no plantations or settlements within land, but live near the coast within their forts, in little houses or huts." Governor Pownall, in his Report on the French posts in North America, states that by their influence with the Indians, the French had been admitted to a landed possession and had become possessed of a real interest in and a real command over the country. The French Government, prior to the Treaty of Utrecht, claimed the whole of that territory; and after the Treaty they continued to claim it as part of "Canada." They contended: — "The term 'restoration,' which has been used in the Treaty, conveys the idea clearly that the English can claim only what they have possessed; and as they never had but a few establishments on the sea coast, it is evident that the interior of the country is considered as belonging to France." The French King, Louis XIV, in a letter to M. De la Barre, dated the 5th August, 1683, claimed that the actual possession of the territory about the Bay had been taken in his name prior to the possession of the English. 330 ARGUMENT OF MR. HODGINS, Q.C., BEFORE THE ARBITRATORS, 1878 : Some shrubs and performed other necessary ceremonies. They made known to the Indian nations, in their language, that they subjected them to the French nation, and that they should acknowledge in future King Louis XIV., for their Monarch and Sovereign Lord. In witness whereof, the said minute was signed by Father Albanel, Sieur de St. Simon, and by Sebastian Provero ; and the chiefs of each Indian nation, to the number of eleven, made their hieroglyphical marks. A similar surrender by the Indians on the west side of Hudson’s Bay took place at Sault Ste. Marie. In these statements we have not only the actual taking possession, but we have that act of Indian surrender which has been recognized by the Crown of England for years ; the actual surrender of the Indian territory by a document signed by the chiefs of those Indians who were the occupants of the territory about Hudson’s Bay, acknowledging that they surrendered the territory to the King of France, in the same manner as the Indian territories have been and still are surrendered to the Crown in Canada. The Treaty of Utrecht did not surrender any portion of the territory of Canada or New France, it only restored the Bay and Straits of Hudson ; therefore whatever should be included in that description was ceded to the Crown of England. The English could not claim more territory than that named in the Treaty, and as “Canada” was not named or ceded, no part of it, as such, became the property of the Crown of England. The word used by the French was restauratio. The rule of interpretation in regard to such Treaties is, that where the Treaty is alleged to be capable of two interpretations, that which is most favourable to the ceding power shall govern. Such was the decision of the United States Supreme Court in the case of the United States vs. Arredondo. In that case there was a difference between the American and Spanish copies of the Treaty; but the Court held that the version which was most favourable to Spain, the ceding power, should govern. In giving judgment, the Court said : “A Treaty of cession is a deed of the ceded territory; the Sovereign is the grantor; the act is his, so far as it relates to the cession; the Treaty is his act and deed.” “The King of Spain was the grantor; the Treaty was his deed; the exception was made by him; and its nature and effect depended upon his intention expressed by his words in reference to the thing granted, and the thing reserved, and excepted in and by the grant.” “We must be governed by the clearly expressed and manifest intention of the grantor, and not the grantee, in private — a fortiori in public — grants.” Examining this Treaty by the light of this decision, we find that the French King “restored” only that which had been originally English territory — on the Bay and Straits of Hudson; not by name any territory of Canada or New France. The French King being the ceding power, could not be held bound by a larger cession than the words of the Treaty covered. This view was strongly and effectively maintained by the French Commissioners. In M. For Peters U.S., p. 691, X Book of Documents, p. 370 MERGER OF FRENCH SOV’TY. IN ENGLISH CROWN NOT TO ENSURE TO H.B. CO. to Hudson’s Bay, because if all the rivers which empty into this Bay, or which communicate with it, belong to it, it might be said that all New France belonged to them, — the Saguenay and the St. Lawrence communicating with the Bay by the lakes. That this being incontestable, it is for France to regulate the limits in this particular quarter, and that of the little which she may cede, she will always cede that which is her own, as the English cannot pretend to anything except a very small extent of the country adjoining the forts which they have possessed at the foot of the Bay.” And consistent with these views, it appears that after the Treaty the French erected a fort at the head of the Albany River. The Hudson’s Bay Company claimed that the boundary should be at the 49th parallel, while the French insisted it should be at the 55th parallel. The object of the Company being, as stated by Chief Justice Draper, “to establish an arbitrary boundary and to secure the fur trade from the French. ” The negotiations between the Commissioners appear to have ended about 1720, probably because during that year several of the chief Ministers of State whose names appear in these papers — notably Mr. Secretary Craggs, the Earl of Sunderland, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and others— became implicated in corrupt transactions with the South Sea Company, which caused their expulsion from Parliament the following year. Their successors in the Government appear to have allowed the negotiations to lapse. “Nothing was done,” wrote the Duke de Choiseul in 1761. The next chapters in this history are the capture of Quebec and the Treaty of Paris of 1763, by which Canada was ceded to England. By the Articles of the Capitulation of Montreal between General Amherst and the Marquis de Vaudreuil in 1760, and the Treaty of 1763, France ceded to England “in full right, Canada and all its dependencies, and the sovereignty and property acquired, by treaty or otherwise,” and declared that “a line drawn along the middle of the River Mississippi” should be the limits of the British and French Territories. Neither in the capitulation between General Amherst and the Marquis de Vaudreuil, nor in the Treaty of 1763, is there any reference to the territories about Hudson’s Bay. But I take this ground now: By this capitulation, by this treaty, the English King succeeded to the sovereignty, to the prerogative rights, and to the assertion of title, over the territories which the French King claimed about Hudson’s Bay. In addition to his own prerogatives as King of England, he became clothed with the prerogatives which had pertained to the King of France as the Sovereign over this territory; and this double prerogative was to be exercised in such a way as would best maintain the public right of the people to whose allegiance he had succeeded. The claim to the territories about Hudson’s Bay had been in contest between the King of France and the Hudson’s Bay Company. It now became a question of territorial right between the King of England, as representing the possessory rights and sovereignty of the King of France, on the one side, and the Hudson’s Bay Company on the other. Succeeding, therefore, to the French sovereignty over this territory and people, the Crown of England had the right to claim as against the Hudson’s Bay Company, and all others, the French sovereignty, as if the French authority had not been suppressed, and as if the French authority was itself seeking to enforce its territorial claims. Viewed in the light of this claim of the double sovereignty which it thus had, the subsequent proceedings of the Crown of England in regard to the boundaries of Upper Canada, should weigh with the Arbitrators in determining what effect and what interpretation should be given to these subsequent proceedings as political acts of state. The interpretation, I take it, of this double sovereignty, must be that which was the largest and most advantageous for the public rights of the Sovereign and people. This doctrine of succession to sovereign rights has received judicial interpretation in regard to the property and territory, and sovereign rights, of a displaced power. And the judicial interpretation which I shall quote is cited with approval in the last edition of Wheaton on International Law, as being a fair and proper exposition of public law on that question. In the case of the United States vs. McRae, Vice-Chancellor (now Lord Justice) James, says: “I apprehend it to be the clear, public, universal law, that any Government which de facto succeeds to any other Government, whether by revolution or restoration, conquest or re-conquest, succeeds to all the public property, to everything in the nature of public property, and to all rights in respect of the public property of the displaced power, — whatever may be the nature or origin of the title of such displaced power.” “But this right is the right of succession, is the right of representation; it is a right not paramount but derived, I will not say under, but through the suppressed and displaced authority, and can only be enforced in the same way, and to the same extent, and subject to the same co-relative obligations and rights, as if that authority had not been suppressed and displaced, and was itself seeking to enforce it.” The same doctrine had been previously recognized in England, in the case of the King of the Two Sicilies vs. Wilcox, United States vs. Prioleau, and in Canada in the case of United States vs. Boyd. The Supreme Court of the United States has in various cases affirmed the same doctrine: that the new government takes the place of that which has passed away, and succeeds to all the rights and property of the original sovereign.
| 6,423 |
https://github.com/logankeyes1212/project3/blob/master/client/src/utils/API.js
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Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
project3
|
logankeyes1212
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 64 | 181 |
import axios from "axios";
export default {
// Gets all players
getPlayers: function() {
return axios.get("/api/players");
},
// Gets the player with the given YahooName
getPlayer: function(YahooName) {
return axios.get("/api/players/" + YahooName);
},
// Deletes the book with the given YahooName
deletePlayer: function(YahooName) {
return axios.delete("/api/players/" + YahooName);
},
// Saves a Player to the database
savePlayer: function(playerData) {
return axios.post("/api/players", playerData);
}
};
| 29,311 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/50690809
|
StackExchange
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Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
|
Robert Shields, https://stackoverflow.com/users/27905, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4782592, nitind
|
English
|
Spoken
| 617 | 820 |
GitHub + Eclipse Workflows
I am sure this is a RTFM thing, but after a few days of research I still cannot determine the correct (or best) workflow for this.
I have an Eclipse Workspace with a number of Java Projects in it and a number of C++/Arduino projects.
I want to start using GitHub as an online repository (easily reachable from outside my private LAN dev environment) for my projects
I was thinking I would like a separate C++/Arduino and Java GitHub repos. More could come for Python, PowerShell, etc. (But I will happily entertain other recommendations for repo structures).
Outside of the actual mechanics of using Egit, I cannot figure out the most appropriate workflow/folder structure for accomplishing this. Should I create local Git repos and push to GitHub as a remote? Should I use GitHub's web interface to import the entire Eclipse Workspace? Should I work directly with the Eclipse Workspace or have separate Git folders?
I guess the crux of my problem is that after reading a few related posts on this site I get conflicting advice about creating a local repo from the Eclipse workspace vs. a separate local repo. I think I need to understand this distinction first before I ultimately determine the best overall workflow.
I apologize for the broad nature of this question, but I hope that the community can help me narrow the workflow process design (or the question itself).
Two things up front:
Never put your entire workspace in source control; projects: yes, workspace: no. The .metadata folder contains data specific to that location and your machine, and that's ignoring any potential security risks with making it public.
eGit works with your git clones' own metadata, so if you're more comfortable doing certain things from the command line, go for it. I know I am, but I still appreciate the UI and decorations that eGit provides. Just make sure any automatic refresh/update preferences on the Workspace or Git preference pages are turned on.
You probably want the repository to contain multiple projects, rather than having a separate repository for each one. That way histories and changes that belong together are together. Nest the layout however you like, but remember that you're not constrained to a single repository for everything, either.
I don't know that there's a best practice for this, especially with projects that already exist, but projects should themselves be relocatable. My recommendation, after backing it all up:
Make the Github projects, clone their repos locally. I do it this way, from the command line, to save me any headaches with the history, remotes, and refs. I don't think you can modify the repository metadata in this method, though.
Move the workspace projects into the local clone. You can delete them from the workspace (be sure not to delete the underlying files), physically move the directories while outside of Eclipse, and then import them as projects back in from the Git Repositories View--unless they're Maven projects, in which case it's better to use M2E's import wizard.
Stage, commit, and push the projects up to the remote origin. For Java projects, don't forget to set the JRE System Library in the Java Build Path to use an Execution Environment. It's a simple bit of indirection that makes them more portable across machines.
I appreciate very much your detailed answer. It was helpful and well-written. I wonder if it was intentional that you started with "Two things up front" and then listed 3 things. If so, I wish I had bonus points to give you.
Ha, no, I think I added the third one because I remembered other questions about that and didn't realize it "broke" the structure.
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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts%20du%20Bhoutan
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CC-By-SA
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Districts du Bhoutan
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https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Districts du Bhoutan&action=history
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French
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Spoken
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Le Bhoutan est divisé en 20 districts ou dzongkhag.
Districts
Nom
Le terme employé en dzongkha est (rdzong-khag selon la translittération Wylie).
Liste
Annexes
Dzongdey
Dungkhag
Gewogs du Bhoutan
Liste en rapport avec le Bhoutan
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congressrecindex135unit_522
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By Mr. PEASE, 3617—Call added, 6616 H.R. 1104—A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to increase the amount of the earned income tax credit for taxpayers with school age or preschool age children, and for other purposes: to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. PETRI (for himself, Mr. Murphy, Mr. Penny, Mr. Tauke, Mr. Bartlett, Mr. Stenholm, Mr. Michel, Mr. Sundaulst, Mr. Smith of Vermont, Mr. Armey, Mr. Fawell, Mr. Orandy, Mr. Ballenger, Mr. Ireland, Mr. Green, Mr. Hiler, Mr. Boehler, and Mr. Henry), 2817—Call added, 2800, 4034, 4990, 10050 H.R. 1106—A bill relating to the establishment of reciprocity with respect to exports of United States metallurgical coal and imports of foreign steel products; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. RAHALL, 2617 H.R. 1106—A bill to amend the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 to exclude receipts and disbursements of the Social Security trust funds from the calculation of Federal deficits and maximum deficit amounts under the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985; to the Committee on Government Operations. By Mr. RUSSO, 2617 H.R. 1107— A bill to amend title n of the Social Security Act to provide that the aggregated period of an Invalid marriage deemed valid under such title and a subsequent valid marriage (including any reasonable intervening period) shall be treated as a sufficient period of marriage for treatment as a surviving divorced, simulate; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. SABO, A bill to provide for additional information to be supplied to the Congress before its consideration of the recommendations of the Commission on Base Realignment and Closure; Jointly, to the Committees on Armed Services; Rules. By Mr. SAXTON (for himself, Mr. Clourter, Mr. Madigan, Mr. Lewis of California, Mr. Hamilton, Mr. Hopkins, Mr. Brown of California, Mr. Bruce, Mr. Porter, Mr. Campbell of (Colorado, Mrs. Boxer, Mr. Smith of New Jersey, Mr. Gallo, Mr. McCloskey, and Mr. Peloski), 3617— Co-sponsors added. 3568, 4034, 6086 H.R. 1109— A bill to amend the National Trails System Act to designate the California National Trails System Act to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. By Mr. SHUMWAY (for himself, Mr. Lightfoot, Mr. Wheat. Mr. Bereuter, Mrs. Myers of Kansas, Mr. Burroughs, Mr. Bashan, Mr. Lagonursino, Mr. Hansen, Mr. Oallegly, and Mr. Hergar, 3617—Coaponora added, 4480, 6376, 6616, 10060, 13833, 16436, 10833, 31480, 38816, 38018, 31346. H.R. 1110—A bill to amend title in the Sootal Society Act to provide for payment of hospitals under the Droprospective payment system on the basis of a blend of hospital-spoolflc rates and a national rate, depending on the degree of variation of costs within spoolflo diagnosis-related groups; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. SKXI/TON (for himself, Mr. Chapman, and Mr. Bemenon), 3617—Organdy, 4084, 7840, 13810, 34814 H.R. nil—A bill to revise certain Government procurement procedures with respect to contracts for the procurement of spare parts in order to reduce Federal procurement costs and to improve the ability of small businesses to compete for such contracts; Jointly, to the Committee on Government Operations; Armed Services; Small Business. By Mr. SLAUOHTHS of New York (for herself, Mr. Conte, Mr. Murphy, Mr. Faslo, and Mrs. Boxer), 3617—Organdy, 3600, 4084, 6683, 10043, 10088 HJl. 1113—A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code 1986 to impose a manufacturer's excise tax on the sale of chemicals which deplete the osone layer in the strata-sphere and of products containing such chemicals; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. STARK (for himself, Mr. Schneider, Mr. Hochbmeckner, Mr. Henry, Mr. (Oejdenson, Mr. Kastenmeler, Mr. Brown of California, Mr. de Lugo, Mr. Berman, Mr. Torres, Mr. Conte, Mr. Pelosl, Mr. Atkins, Mr. AuColn, Bir. Beilenson, Mr. Waxman, Mr. Edwards of California, Mr. Fawell, Mr. Frank, Mr. Bonlor, Mr. Dwyer of New Jersey, Mr. Sikorski, Mr. Morrison of California, Mr. Lehman of California, Mrs. Collins, Mrs. Boxer, Mr. Kanjorski, Mr. Ford of Michigan, Mr. Kosker, Mr. Ford of Michigan, Mr. Boser, Mr. Owens of New York, Mr. Oakar, Mr. Lewis of Georgia, Mr. Soheuer, Mr. Wolpe, Mr. Downey, Mr. Kildee, Mr. Fauntroy, and Mr. Martines, 3617—Originated. 3668, 4034, 4303, 4B00, 6173, 679, 679, 6466, 7438, 7644, 8308, 8710, 10443, 11343, 13181, 18180, 30408. HJL 1113—A bill to authorize appropriations for the Office of Environmental (Guilty for fiscal years 1980, 1900, 1901, 1903, and 1983; to ensure consideration of the impact of major Federal actions on the global environment, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. By Mr. STUDDS (for himself, Mr. Davis, Mr. Young of Alaska, and Mr. Weldon). 3617—Committee added, 0073, 10068—Reported with amendments (H. Rep. 101-319), 18837—Resumed. Anonded and passed Resumed. 3306—The amended, 2106-—Referred to the Committee on Envigation and Public Works, 34017 H.R. 1114—A bill. To prohibit certain railroad employees from leaving their post in the event of a train accident: to the Committee on Energy and Commerce. By Mr. WELDON (for himself, Mrs. Bentley, Mr. Lagomarsino, Mr. Whittaker, Mr. Fawell, Mr. Fogletta, Mr. Dwyer of New Jersey, Mr. Lightfoot, Mr. Chapman, and Mr. Homway). 3817—Consumers added. 8344 H.R. 1116—A bill for the relief of Herman L. Loggarbam: to the Committee on Armed Services By Mr. Bliley. 3818 HOUSE BILLS HJL ma-A bill to establish a salary of five Presidential primaries at which the public may express its preference for the nomination of an individual for election to the office of President of the United States; to the Committee on House Administration. By Mr. ANDREWS. 3780 HJL 1. 1117— A bill to amend the Public Health Service Act to provide for certain services to pregnant adolescent parents, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Energy and Commerce. By Mr. LELAND (for himself, Mrs. John- son of Connecticut, and Mr. Waxman), 3790— Cosponsors added. 6333. 7644, 7649. 7766, 8710, 9661, 12181, 13278, 14476 H.R. 1118— A bill to provide for the striking of medals In commemoration of the cen- tennial of the Chicago Symphony Orches- tra: to the ConmUttee on Banking, Fi- nance and Urban Affairs. By Mr. ANNUNZIO. 3790— Cosponsors added. 16818 H.R. 1110— A bill to amend the Uniform Time Act of 1966 to permit Colorado to Observe daylliftt savings time during additional periods In order to Improve air Quality In urban areas; to the ConmUttee on En- ergy and Conunerce. By Mr. BROWN of Colorado, 3790 H.R. 1130— A bill to provide for a resumption of the gold standard: to the CV>mnodttee on Banking, Finance and Urban Afblrs. By Mr. DANNEBIEYER, 3798 H.R. 1131— A bill to provide for the issuance of bonds payable in gold coin; to the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban AfEalrs. By Mr. DANNEMEYER, 3799 HJl. 1133— A bill to provide an affordable, se- cure and decent home suitable living en- vironment for every American family, and for other purposes: to the Committee on Wanking, Finance and Urban Affairs. By Mr. DELLUM8, 3790— Cosponsors added, 19667,38863 H.R. 1133— A bill to fteese all spending in the budget of the U.S. Government at fiscal year 1989 levels and to amend the Con- gressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 to exclude Social Se- curity trust funds from the definition of deficit; to the Committee on Government Operations. By Mr. OORGAN of North Dakota, 3790— Cosponsors added, 13404 H.R. 1134— A bill to direct tha Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to transfer Indian skeleton remains to Indian tribee to provide for appropriate interment; to the Committee on House Administration. By Mr. DOROAN of North Dakota. 379- Categories added. 7644, 7686, 14476, 31689 H.R. 1138— A bill to authorize the municipal organization known as the United States Air Force Singing Sergeants to participate in the production of a recording for commercial sale, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Armed Services. By Mr. ORADISON, 3700 H.R. 1138— A bill to suspend temporarily the duty on self-folding collapsible umbrellas: to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. ORADISON, 3790 H.R. 1137— A bill to ensure the proper budgetary treatment of credit transactions of Federal agencies and to improve management of Federal credit programs; Jointly, to the Committee on Banking, Finance and urban Affairs: Government Operations; Rules: Ways and Means. By Mr. ORADISON (for himself, Mr. Aimey, Mr. Beilenson, Mr. Buechner, Mr. Green. Mr. Hoofbton. Mrs. Johnson of Connecticut, and Mr. Regula. 3790 HJL 1138— A Bill to amend the Carl D. Forks Vocational Education Act of 1904 to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 1900 and succeeding fiscal years, and for other purposes: to the Committee on Education and Labor. By Mr. Hawkins (for himself and Mr. Goodling). 3790— Jobs added. 6383. H.R. 1139— A Bill to exclude general usage settlements from co-operative income and resources under Federal means-tested programs: to the Committee on Government Operations. By Mr. HOCHBRUCHNER, 3700— Commissioners added. 4118. 4308, 4000, 6616, 6383. 0806, 7438, 8710, 14003. 18180. 33088. Rules suspended. Amended and passed. Hooas, 39944— Laid on table, 38048. Approved with amendments (H. Rept. 101-378), 80083. H.R. 1130— A bill to amend the National Apprenticeship Act to require minimum funding for certain outreach recommendations and training programs, to restore increases in force within the Bureau of Apprenticeships and Trial of the Department of Labor and to limit decreases in such force, and for other purposes; to the Senate on Education and Labor. By Mr. OBERSTAR, ACTS— Censures added. 11819. 35408. H.R. 1131— A bill to amend a section 601 and 910 of title 17. United States Code, to clarify that damages can be obtained against States and instruments of copyright and exclusive rights in mask works; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. KASTENMEIER (for him— if Mr. Moorhead) (both by request). 3790- CotvoOMon added. 3344. 3668. 6883, 7644. 8846, 9661, 11463. 16860 A bill to provide for a 30-percent pay increase for offices and positions covered by section 236 of the Federal Salary Act of 1987 (other than Members of Congress), and to provide that a study be conducted to determine whether appropriate pay relations exist between the Senior Executive Service and the three highest grades of the General Schedule: to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. By Mrs. MORELLA. 3790 H.R. 1133— A bill to provide for public financing of general election campaigns for the House of Representatives, to limit total contributions to a general election candidate who agrees to accept amortization from the House of Representatives from the Trusts Committee to provide a tax credit for contributions to candidates for the office of Representative, and for other purposes: jointly, to the Committees on House Administration: Ways and Means. By Mr. PENNY (for himself, Mr. Bates, Mr. Udall, and Mr. Pease), 3100-Consumers added, 8800, 7544 HIL 114— A bill to amend the XIX of the Social Security Act to prohibit States, as a condition of Medical Medicine, from administering in its medical recovery; standards (other than those of medical graduates of medical colleges) Agataat foreign medical graduates; to the Committee on Bacteriology and Commerce. By Mr. SOLARS, 3780-Omega added. 646, 6806. 7488. 7814. 7040. 8710. 8400. 8861. 10443. 16880. 3^44 HJL 1136— A bill to modify the restrictions on the export of Alaskan North Slope oil; jointly, to the Committees on Foreign Affairs; Energy and Commerce; Interior and Interior Affairs; Armed Services. By Mr. THOMAS of California, 279-Composed added. 588 HJL 1136— A bill to amend the Communications Act of 1884 to reform the radio broadcast license renewal process, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Energy and Commerce. By Mr. RINALDO (for himself, Mr. Tanke, Mr. Tauslin, and Mr. Boacher), 289&-Composed added, 588, 6886, 6883. 7544. 8073. 9408. 10161, 11343, UBIO. 13846. 16436. 19332, 19783, 31317, 33393, 33300, 34130, 26146. 36344. H.B. 1187— A bill to amend the Agricultural Act of 1949 to provide for the modification of the milk price support system contingent on the results of a producer referendum; to the Committee on Agriculture. By Mr. KASTENMEIER (for himself and Mr. Obey). 3899—olyn added. 11243. 19667. 20306. 39070 H.B. 1138— A bill to amend the Agricultural Act of 1949 to remove the authority to reduce the level of price support for milk for calendar year 1900; to the Committee on Agriculture. By Mr. OBEY (for himself and Mr. Kastenmeier), 2899—olyn added, 10789. 13379.16438 H.R. 1139— A bill to authorize the Secretary of Agriculture to Issue a nationwide marketing order applicable to milk and milk products, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture. By Mr. KASTENMEIER (for himself and Mr. Obey), 3899—olyn added. 11243. 19668 H.R. 1140— A bill to amend Title XVIII and XIX of the Social Security Act with respect to coverage of, and reimbursement for, nursing services under the evaluations and evaluations Programs; jointly, to the Committees on Ways and Means; Energy and Commerce. By Mr. BOTBAL (for himself, Mr. Wilson, Mr. Traficant, Mr. Nelson of Florida, Mr. Jones of North Carolina, Mr. Jones of North Carolina, Mr. Bates, Mr. Faustroy, Mr. Carroll, Mr. Fogellette, Mrs. Bentley, Mr. Hatcher, Mr. Atkins, Mr. Dymally, Mr. Mrike, and Mr. Fuster). 3889—Audio added, 3102. 3244. 6616. 10ia. 30403, 30408 H.R. 1141—A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow an additional 80-percent deduction for the costs to employers of providing family leave in certain cases involving a birth, an adoption, or a serious illness of a child, spouse, or dependent of the employee; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. BULK (for himself and Mr. O'Connell). 3809—Call added, 6616. 8916 HJl. 1143—A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 with respect to the treatment of certain deductions allowed to members of reserve units of the Armed Forces or the National Guard; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. CHAMPLAIN (for himself and Mr. Montfort). 3899—Coaponsors added, 8888.7544.9488. 10342. 10789, 18189 HJL U4S—A bill to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to construct and test the Land and Water Control Project. Mexico and Texas, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Interior and Interior Affairs. By Mr. COMBS (for himself and Mr. Carpentier), 3889—Call added, 25146 HOUSE BILLS H.R. 1144—A bill to amend the McCarran-Ferguson Act to limit the exemption. With respect to the business of personal motor vehicle insurance, and for other purposes; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. COURTER, 2899 H.R. 1145— A bill to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act to permit the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to change a State's priority list of wastewater construction projects if the Administrator determines that Federal funds for such projects have not been equitably distributed within such State; to the Committee on Public Works and Transportation. By Mr. COYNE, 2899 H.R. 114e— A bill to direct the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to make grants to the city of Pittsburgh, PA, to pay the costs of constructing the uncompleted portion of the Saw Mill relief sewer; to the Committee on Public Works and Transportation. By Mr. COYNE, 2899 H.R. 1147— A bill to provide for the preservation of the U.S. Postal Service; to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. (TRANE, 2899 H.R. 1148— A bill to limit United States contributions to the United Nations; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. By Mr. (mANE (for himself, Mr. Stump, Mr. Burton of Indiana, Mr. Robinson, Mr. Lewis of Florida, Mr. Fields, Mr. Hastings, Mr. Bliley, Mr. Craig, Mr. Slaughter of Virginia, Mr. Dannemeyer, and Mr. Parrls), 2899—Charged, 4113, 5516. 10161 H.R. 1149— A bill to allow Members of Congress to use the franking privilege to disseminate copies of the Constitution of the United States; to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. CRANE (for himself, Mrs. Boggs, and Mr. Ford of Michigan). 2899—Cosponors added. 5086. 5895—Reported (H. Rept. 101-38), 7434— Failed of passage under the suspension of the rules, 7738 H.R. 1150— A bill to repeal the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 which limits The benefits to consumers from the effect of the corporate rate reduction on deferred tax reserves of public utilities; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. DOROAN of North Dakota, 2899—Categories added. 5172, 6883, 8208, 12494, 15860, 17096, 19963, 21589 H.R. 1151—A bill to require that $35 million of the amount appropriated for fiscal year 1990 for the Department of Defense for operation and maintenance be spent only for environmental cleanup and restoration of the former Naval Training Outer, Balnbridge; to the Committee on Armed Services. By Mr. DYSON. 2899 H.R. 1162— A bill to provide for a study by the Secretary of Health and Human Services to develop recommendations for correcting the disparities in the computation of social security benefits— commonly referred to as the "notch problem"—which were caused by the enactment—in 1977— of the present formula for computing primary Insurance amounts under title n of the Social Security Act; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. ERDRBICH, 3889 H.R. 1153— A bill to amend chapter 13 of title 31, United States Code, to provide for an automatic continuing resolution for the U.S. Government; Jointly, to the Committees on Appropriations; Rules. By Mr. OEKAS (for himself, Mr. Doman of California, Mr. Penny, Mrs. Bentley, Mr. Porter, Mr. Billbray, Mr. Machtley, Mrs. Meyers of Kansas, Mr. Weldon, Mr. Hansen, Mr. Nielsen of Utah and Mr. Armie), 2899 —enguid added, 3693, 4891, 11919, 14906 H.R. 1154— A bill to prohibit the Importation of assault weapons and certain accessories; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. GIBBONS, 3899—enguid added, 5066, 6332, 7644 H.R. 1155— A bill to amend the Water Resources Development Act of 1986 to provide Federal cost sharing for water supply projects, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Public Works and Transportation. By Mr. HOPKINS (for himself, Mr. Roe, Mr. Whittaker, Mr. Rogers, Mr. Hubbard, Mr. Running, Mr. Lightfoot, Mr. Leach of Iowa, Mr. Pallone, Mr. Fuster, and Mr. Rangel). 3899—enguid added. 3692, 21499 H.R. 1166— A bill to suspend temporarily the duty on a certain chemical intermediate; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. JACOBS, 2899 H.R. 1167— A bill for the relief of Henry Johnson; to the Committee on Armed Services. By Mr. LELAND (for himself, Mr. Hunter, and Mr. McNulty). 3899—olyn added, 8073. 10050. 17096 H.R. 1158— A bill for the relief of Dorris Miller; to the Committee on Armed Services. By Mr. LELAND (for himself, Mr. Hunter, and Mr. McNulty). 2899—olyn added. 8073. 10050. 17096 H.R. 1159— A bill to amend the National Trails System Act by designating the Juan Bautista de Ansa National Historic Trail, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. By Mr. MILLER of California (for himself, Mr. Minete, Mr. Kolbe, Mr. Waxman, Mr. Richardson, Mr. Roe, Mr. DeFazio, Mr. Martines, Mr. Stump, Mr. Fogl Let us, Mr. Torres, Mr. Rhodes, Mr. Pelos, Mrs. Boxer, Mr. Mraxek, Mr. Edwards of California, Mr. de Lugo, Mr. Kyi, Mr. Slkorskl, Mr. Lehman of California, Mr. Hunter, Mr. Royal, Mr. Lagomarstno, Mr. Herman, Mr. Towns, Mr. Bellenson, Mr. Bosco, Mr. Udall, Mr. (Joelho, and Mr. Dixon), 2899—Orgaid, 16850, 37806,38018 H.R. 1169—A bill to suspend temporarily the duty on octadecyl Isocyanate; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. Moollhan, 2900 H.R. 1161—A bill to amend Utle 39, United States Code, to provide that any person who receives an unsolicited sexually oriented advertisement through the mails may receive the sender to disclose the source from which the recipient's name or address was obtained: to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. OWENS of Utah, 3800-Co8ponson added, 688S, 8846, 13986 H.R. 1163— A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide that the extension of time for payment of the estate tax on property valued under section 2033A of such Code shall not be terminated by reason of a disposition of the property to a member of the Qualified heir's family; to the Committee on Ways and Means. HOUSE BILLS By Mr. PANBTTA. 3B0D H.R. has— A bill to amend title XVII of the Social Security Act to include types of service as home health service under the medical program, to amend the Domestic Voluntary Service Act of 1973 to clarify the purposes, goals, and administration of the senior companion program, and to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to establish an income tax credit for maturing. In my household for dependants who are 66 years of age or older: Jointly, to the Committees on Ways and Means: Energy and Commerce; Education and Labor. By Mr. PANVITA. 3800-Cooper added, 2100 Hit. 1164—A bill requiring port-of-entry interviews of certain aliens apprehended in territorial waters of the United States; Jointly, to the Committees on the Judiciary; Merchant Marine and Fisheries. By Mr. PEPPER, 3000—Computer added. 7648 H.R. 1166—A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to repeal the provision terminating the exclusion for benefits under educational assistance programs and to repeal the provision limiting such exclusion to benefits for undergraduate education; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. PICKER. 3900-Categories added, 4489, 5172, 6332, 11343. 13633 H.R. 1166— A bill to extend the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1966 and to provide authorizations for the Appalachian Highway and Appalachian Area Development Programs: to the Committee on Public Works and Transportation. By Mr. RAHALL (for himself, Mr. Mollohan, Mr. Staggers, and Mr. Wise), 3900—Categories added. 8883, 8846. 10060, 10443. H.R. 1167— A bill to provide additional funding for the Appalachian development highway system; to the Committee on Public Works and Transportation. By Mr. RAHALL (for himself, Mr. Mollohan, Mr. Staggers, and Mr. Wise). 3900—Categories added, 6883, 8846. 10060, 10443. H.R. 1168— A bill to amend the XVm of the Social Security Act to ensure that Medi-care-dependent, small, Northeast Hospital receives at least their reasonable costs for inpatient hospital services tarnished under the Personnel Program, and for other purposes: to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. ROBERTS. 3800-C!aspers added. 6616 HJl. 1189— A bill to amend the Higher Education Act of 1966 to Improve needs analysis in the student aid programs under that act: to the Committee on Education and Labor. By Mrs. ROUKEMA. 390(»-Coaponson added. 16703. 16666. 16818. 19666. 30076. 31346 HJl. UTfr— A bill to authorize the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development to establish a demonstration program to insure mortgagee with no downpayment for modernization first-time homeboying families: to the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs. By Ms. SCBHASDER, 3800—Organd added. 4080, 6173, 6946. 8806. 7814 HJt 1171—A bill to amend the Federal Cigarette and Advertising Act to require that cigarettes and cigarette advertising bear a label stating the addictive quality of nicotine; to the Committee on Energy and Commerce. By Mr. SLATTBRT (for himself, Mr. Thomas A. Lank, Mr. Fogelotte, Mr. Parker, Mr. Kannedy, Mr. Bates, Mr. Goodling, Mr. Donald K. Lukans, Mr. Levin of Mifflgau, Mr. Carroll, Mr. DeCar, Mr. Doman of California, Mr. Pepper, Mr. Hackaby, Mr. Vento, Mr. Wyden, Mr. Hansen, Mr. Frank, Mr. Maddy, Mr. Tiohman of Florida, Mr. Andrews, Bfr. Synar. BCr. Wheat. Bir. Bereu- ter. BIr. Stndds. Bfr. Stndds. Bfr. Slkorskl, BIr. Bry- ant. Bin. Colllna. BIr. Cooper, BIr. Ja- coba. BIr. Evans. BIr. Atkins. BIr. Bliasek, Bir. Fiah, BIr. Weiss, BIr. Solan. BIr. Oon- yen. BIr. Shays, and Bir. Torricelli), 3B0(V-Caponson added. 4800 HJl. 1173— A bill to amend the Trademark Act of 1946 to prohibit the registration of any trademark comprised of the name of a municipality or other political sub- division of any State of the United States: to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Bfr. SBIITH of Florida. 3900-Caapon8on added, 3693, 4113, 5173. 5376 H.R. 1173— A bill to amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to make available lands to reimburse localities which an impacted by substantial in Ores in all cases applying for political action; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. Smith of Florida (for himself, Mr. Fassett, Mr. Johnston of Florida, Mr. Lehman of Florida, Mr. Pepper, Mr. Bennett, Mr. Gibbons, Mr. McCollum, and Mr. Shaw), 3900— Responsible added, 3803. 5275. 2S916. 36877 H.R. 1174— A bill to establish a National Blan Commission, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. By Mr. TORRICELLI (for himself, Mr. Dwyer of New Jersey, Mr. Atkins, Mr. Bfrasek, Mr. de Lugo, Mr. Towns, Mr. Brown of California, Mr. Petri. Mr. Evans, and Mr. Engel), 3900-Ck>8ponson added. 6333. 9408, Ue04 H.R. 1175— A bill to amend title XVm of the Social Security Act to permit payment for services of physician assistance in all settings; Jointly, to the Committees on Ways and Means; Energy and Commerce. By Mr. WYDEN, 3900-<3aponson added, 7849, 10343. 14076, 16308. 19668, 33393. 36680 H.R. 1176— A bill to amend title XVm of the Social Security Act to provide for coverage of social worker service. In rural health clinics under the Medloara program; Jointly, to the Committees on Ways and Means; Energy and Commerce. By Bir. WYDEN (for himself, Bir. Levin of Bloghan, Mr. Tauke, and Bir. Synonym) 3900-Caponson added, 6046. 6808. 7649, 10843. 14076. 33393 H.R. 1177— A bill for the relief of Catherine Anne Hingles: to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Bir. BIARIIN of New York. 3901— Reported with amendments (H. Rep. 101-196), 16817— Recommitted to the Committee on the Judiciary, 37716 H.R. 1178— A bill for the relief of Earl B. Chappell, Jr.; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Bir. FICXSTT, 3801 H.R. 1179— A bill to establish a corps of administrative law Judges to preside at certain Federal proceedings, and for other purposes: to the Committee on the Judiciary. Judicial. By BIr. MURPHY (for himself. BIr. Kan- Jorskl. BIr. (tonsales. Bfr. Clay. BIr. Mnr- tha. Bir. Tatroo. Bir. Daoika. Hi. Maa- ton. Bir. Towna. Bir. Itefioaat. lir. Bit- s'* Jf' J?*^ J^-™»W' ^ BoeWart. Bir. Biarttaoa. Bir. Barrla. BCr. Hsoiy. BIr. Bahall. Bir. StaUlagB. Bir. Bnatamanto. Bir. Bryant. Bir. Stsoholm. Bir. BioCoidy, BIT. Oarola. Bir. Owani of New York, Bir. Bonlor. BIr. Clingar, BCr. Ftaoatroy. BIr. Walgren. BIr. Paster, BIr. Watklna. and BIr. OaUo). 3006-Coapaasan added. 6946 H.R. lUO— A bill to amand and aztsnd oar- tain laws relating to hooatag. oommn- nity and nelghbortiood dsvalopmeBt and preservation, and related pragrama. and for other porpoeea; to the CoounlUae oo Banking. Finance and Urban Aflaln. By BIr. GONZALEZ (for hlmsalt BIr Faontroy. Bis. Oakar, BIr. Veoto. Bir. Garcia. BIr. Sohnmer. BIr. Frank. BIr. Lehman of California, BIr. Bionlson of Connecticut. Bis. Kaptor. BIr. Toma. BIr. Klecska. BIr. KaaJorakl. Bir. BoMiard. BIr. Kennedy, BIr. Flaks. BCr. BCftana. BCs Pelosl. BIr. LaFaloe, Bir. McDermott, and BIr. Neal of Blasaaohusetta). 8066— Co- sponson added. 8945, 6468, 8863. 7844. 7786, 3306, 8710, 10161, 14076, 16437, 34743. 36615. 36689,36877 HJl. 1181— A bill to amend the United Statea Housing Act of 1987 to expand the capa- bility of resident management corpora- tions to porohaae public hooalng; to the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban AflUn. By BIr. ARMEY (for himself and BIr. Faontroy), 3008— Coapoaaon added, 6066, 7436, 7544, 8073, 11301, 11B19, 13379. 13633 14694. 18333. 30443. 21407. 3S339. 38338 H.R. 1183— A bill to amend the United States Housing Act of 1937 to provide for maxi- mum economic renta ^jplloable to all residenta of public hoosiag; to the Com- mittee on Banking. Finance and Urban AfSaln. By BIr. FAUNTROY (for himself and BIr. Armey). 3096— Coppon added. 11819 H.R. 1183— A bill to amend part D of the Utle IV of the Job Training Partisan Act to direct the Secretary of Labor to grant $86,000,000 out of funds appropriated for such part for employment training and entrepreneurial activities, advertised by real estate managers corporations and tenant organizations at public housing projects: to the Committee on Education and Labor. By Mr. FAUMY (for himself, Mr. Weber, Mr. Lewis of Georgia, and Mr. Armey). 3086— Coppon added. 11818 H.R. 1184— A bill to so amend temporarily the duty on sanitation, seeds, and parts thereof of unappropriated fertilizers: to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. ANDREWS (for himself, Mr. Pickle, and Mr. Archer). 3086— Coppon added. 6806 H.R. 1186— A bill to Established national standards for the mastery of construction and preservation of certain principles in order to conserve and protect water resources, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Energy and Commerce. By Mr. ATKINS (for himself, Mr. Brown, 2953 H.R, 1186— A bill to amend the Defense Production Act of 1960, as amended, to prohibit the Department from acquiring transportation services from countries which are signatories to the Warsaw Pact; Jointly, to the Committees on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs; Armed Services. By Mrs. BENTLEY, 3098 HJl. 1187— A bill to establish a Federal Council on Women; to the Committee on Government Operations. By Mrs. BOXER (for herself, Mr. Edwards of California, Mr. Dakar, Mr. de Lugo, Mr. Frank, Mr. Foglletta, Mr. Martinez, Mr. Fuster, Mr. Akaka, Mr. Scheuer, Mr. Towns, Mr. Owens of New York, Mr. Pelosl, and Mr. Savage), 3098—Obad, 10342, 11343, 13935, 14475, 15160, 18672, 20004, 28239 H.R. 1188—A bill to establish certain provisions with respect to the discouragement of commercial dealings; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mrs. BOXER (for herself, Mr. Hyde, Mr. Capron, Mr. Pelosl, Mr. Fauntroy, Mr. Atkins, Mr. Henry, Mr. Hert Mr. McGrath, Mr. Bereuter, Mr. DeFazio, and Mr. Paxon), 3098—Obad, 5275, 5516, 10243, 11243, 12935, 16203 H.R. 1189—A bill to add Casco Bay, Maine to the list of estuaries that receive priority consideration under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act; Jointly, to the Committees on Public Works and Transportation; Merchant Marine and Fisheries. By Mr. Brennan, 3098—A bill to amend chapter 44 of title 18, United States Code, to include semi-automatic assault weapons and large capacity ammunition feeding devices, and for other purposes; Jointly, to the Committees on the Judiciary; Ways and Means. By Mr. Stark (for himself, Mr. Faslo, Mr. Edwards of California, Mr. Lehman of California, Mr. Waxman, Mr. Matsul, Mr. Martinez, Mr. Boxer, Mr. Boxer, Mr. Brown of California, Mr. Dymally. Mr. Dellums, Mr. Roybal, Mr. Berman, Mr. Mlneta, Mr. Bates, Mr. Bates, Mr. Pelosl, Mr. Bellenson, Mr. Miller of California, Mr. Levine of California, Mr. Shays, Mrs. Morella, Mr. Green, Mr. Rangel, Mr. Hoyer, Mr. Felghan, Mr. Moody, Mr. Smith of Florida, Mr. Donnelly, Mr. Hochbinecker, Mr. Yates, Mr. Weiss, Mr. Coyle, and Mr. Fascell, 3099—Co-sponsors added. 5066, 5379, 5895, 5945, 6332, 6456, 688S, 7436, 7755, 8308, 8846, 9408, 14076, 17096, 21496 H.R. 1191—A bill to authorize the States to prohibit the export of unprocessed logs harvested from lands owned or administered by States; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. By Mr. DeFAZIO (for himself, Mr. AuColn, Mr. Cnig, Mr. Stallings, and Mrs. Unsoeld). 3099—(^sponsors added, 10668 B.R. 1183—A bill to authorize the conveyance to the Columbia Hospital for Women of certain parcels of land in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes; Joint To the Committees on Government Operations: District of Columbia. By Mr. VELLMARK (for himself, Mr. Fauntleroy, Mr. Rataall, Mr. Schneider, Mr. Stark, and Mrs. Morland), 3089 H St. 1198— A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to treat rural electric or talcum cooperatives in the same manner as other cooperatives for purposes of the book income preference under the minimum tax; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. DORGAN of North Dakota, 3099— Caspers added. 13962, 14017, 14992, 15850, 17096, 18672, 25498 H.R. 1194— A bill to establish procedures to ensure housing and neighborhoods free of drug trafficking and related acts of violence; to the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs. By Mr. FAUNTROY, 3099—Agriculture Added, 11819 H.R. 1195—A bill to establish certain requirements with respect to the Superconducting Superbehavior project; to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. By Mr. Hall of Texas (for himself and Mr. Barton of Texas), SOOfr-Colphins added, 3244 H.R. 1196— A bill to suspend until January 1, 1993, the duty on lohexol; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. Ford of Tennessee, 3099— Cosponors added, 6458, 6883, 8453 H.R. 1197— A bill to provide the penalty of death for certain killings of Federal law enforcement officers; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. GALLEGLY (for himself, Mr. Mr. Dreler of California, Mr. Coble, Mr. Hiler, Mr. Costello, Mr. Barton of Texas, Mr. Blaz, Mr. Lewis of California, Mr. Weldon, Mr. Broomfield, Mr. Smith of New Hampshire, Mr. Solomon, Mr. Robinson, Mr. Ireland, Mr. Hansen, Mr. Burlesque, Mr. Payne of Virginia, Mr. Wolf, Mr. Nelson of Utah, Mr. Doman of California, Mr. Hunter, Mr. Rowland of Connecticut, Mr. Inhofe, Mr. Neal of North Carolina, Mr. Harris, Mr. Lowery of California, Mr. Lippinski, Mr. DeWine, Mr. Kyi, Mr. Moorhead, Mr. Shaw, Mr. Armey, Mr. Martinez, Mr. Lent, Mr. Packard, Mr. McGrath, Mr. Hastert, Mr. Pickett, Mr. Duncan, Mr. Walker, Mr. Roe, Mr. Tauzlin, Mr. Hefley, Mrs. Patterson, Mr. Willis, Mr. Rhodes. Mr. Parrts, Mr. Fawcett, Mr. Burton of Indiana, Mr. Buechner, Mr. Stump, Mr. Flippo, Mr. Fields, Mr. Schaefer, Mr. Kolbe, Mr. Houghton, Mr. Baker, Mr. Billley, Mr. Herger, Mr. Holloway, Mr. Davis, Mr. McCrery, and Mr. Pashayan, 3099— (Jos sponsors added, 10161, 13181, 30306, 31589, 22292, 30035 H.R. 1198— A bill to amend the country of origin marking law requiring that imported manhole rings of frames, covers, and assemblies thereof be marked on the top surface; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. GREEN, 3099 H.R. 1199— A bill to amend the 38, United States Code, to Improve recruitment and retention of nurses in the Department of Veterans' Affairs by providing greater flexibility in the pay system for those nurses: to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs. By Mr. KENNEDY (for himself, Hi. Ridge, Mr. Staggers, Mr. Brennan, Mr. Rowland of Connecticut, Mr. Robinson, Mr. Florio, and Mr. Evans). 3089—Joined, 3692. 4489. 5375. 6616. 6333. 6806. 7644, 7614. 8073. 8710. 9483. 10869. 11301. 13494. 13935- Reported with Amendments (H. R. No. 101-106), 12933—Rules suspended. Amended and passed House, 13512—Referred to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, 14146 H.R. 1300—A bill to extend for three years the period during which qualified mortgage bonds and mortgage credit certificates may be Issued; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. DONNELLY (for himself, Mr. Downey, Mr. Rangel, Mrs. Johnson of Connecticut, Mr. Flippo, Mrs. Kennelly, Mr. Coyne, Mr. Crane, Mr. Frenzel, Mr. Vander Jagt, Mr. Andrews, Mr. McGrath, Mr. Chandler, Mr. Guarlnl, Mr. Matsul, Mr. Dorgan of North Dakota, Mr. Minto, and Mr. Machtley), 3099—Claimed, 3692, 4303, 5172, 5338, 6945, 6806, 7436, 710, 9483, 10161, 10669, 11819, 14017, 14906, 14203, 20205, 20648 H.R. 12 A bill to establish a program to provide funds for employment of unemployed individuals to repair and renovate educational facilities, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Education and Labor. By Mr. KILDEE, 3099 H.R. 1202— A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide for the exclusion from gross Income of a certain portion of amounts received as annuities, pensions, or other retirement benefits by individuals who have attained age 65; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. KILDEE, 3099 H.B. 1203— A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to repeal the provisions which include unemployment compensation in gross Income; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. KILDEE, 3099 H.B. 1203— A bill to clarify that certain technical assistance grants shall be treated for Federal tax purposes as being made for a charitable purpose; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. KILDEE, 3099 H.R. 1204— A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1966 to provide a deduction for adoption expenses. and for other purposes; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. Lehman of Florida (for himself, Mr. Wolf, Mrs. Schroeder, and Mr. Rangel), 3099—Online added, 5516, 7649, 10668. 14992. 20305. 30774. 31590, 34336. 25916, 26589, 30408 H.R. 1306—A bill to amend the Public Health Service Act to prohibit the Secretary of Health and Human Services— and any officer or employee of the Public Health Service) from disclosing to the Congress, without the consent of the patient involved, patient identifying information in medical records acquired or created by the Public Health Service; to the Committee on Energy and Commerce. By Mr. LIGHTFOOT, 3099—Gamali to amend the Public Health Service Act and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to establish programs to assist the Food and Drug Administration in recruiting distinguished scientists and individuals in health professions as employees, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Energy and Commerce. By Mr. LIGHTFOOT, 3080—Caponson added, 30403 HJt 1308—A bill to amend the Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970 to provide for drug and alcohol testing for railroad employees; to the Committee on Energy and Commerce. By Mr. THOMAS A. LUKEN (for himself and Mr. Whittaker), 3009—Gams added. 3868—Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 101-196), 16817—Rules suspended. Amended and passed House. 17039—Referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Commerce. Transportation. B.R. 1309— A bill to exclude Members of Congress from the quadrennial pay adjustment procedures under the Federal Salary Act of 1967; to provide that cost-of-living adjustments for Members may not exceed 3 percent a year; and to establish certain requirements relating to any legislation which would adjust the rate of pay for Members: Jointly, to the Committees on Post Office and Civil Service; House Administration; Rules. By Mrs. MEYERS of Kansas. 3099 H.R. 1310— A bill to prevent the mailing of unsolicited sexually oriented advertisements, and for other purposes; Jointly, to the Committees on Post Office and Civil Service; the Judiciary. By Mr. RIDGE (for himself, Mr. Atkins, Mr. Ballenger, Mr. Barton Mr. Campbell of Colorado, Mr. Chandler, Mr. Cleney, Mr. Clement, Mr. Cleney, Mr. Cleney, Mr. Coble, Mr. Coble, Mr. Coble, Mr. Cone, Mr. Craig, Mr. Dannemeyer, Mr. Darden, Mr. Davis, Mr. DeFazlo, Mr. DeFazlo, Mr. DeFazlo, Mr. Derrick, Mr. Doman of California, Mr. Emerson, Mr. Erdreich, Mr. Flippo, Mr. Frank, Mr. Erdreich, Mr. Flippo, Mr. Frank, Mr. Frisch, Mr. Gekas, Mr. Gallo, Mr. Johnson of South Dakota, Mr. Jones, Mr. Kolter, Mr. LaFollette, Mr. Leath of Texas, Mr. Lent, Mr. Lewis of Florida, Mr. Lippins, Mr. McDade, Mr. McEwen, Mr. McGrath, Mrs. Meyers of Kansas, Mr. Montgomery, Mr. Moorhead, Mr. Murphy, Mr. Nelson of Utah, Mr. Owens of New York, Mr. Oxley, Mr. Packard, Mrs. Patterson, Mr. Payne of Virginia, Mr. Penny, Mr. Pickett, Mr. Porter, Mr. Ray, Mr. Rhodes, Mr. Rinaldi, Mr. Robinson, Mr. Roe, Mrs. Roukema, Mr. Rowland of Connecticut, Mrs. Salki, Mr. Savage, Mr. Schaefer, Mr. Shaw, Mr. Shumway, Mr. Skean, Mr. Slattery, Mr. Slaughter of New York, Mr. Denny Smith, Mr. Smith of Texas, Mr. Denny Smith, Mr. Smith of Texas. Smith of Florida. Mr. Spratt. Mr. Stallings. Mr. Tallon. Mr. Tanks, Mr. Thomas of Georgia, Mr. Torres, Mr. Valentine, Mr. Vander Jagt. Mr. Volkmer, Mr. Watkins, Mr. Whitaker, Mr. Wolf, Mr. Wolpe, Mr. Wyden, Mr. Tatron, and Mr. Taton of Florida, 3099. Obtained, 7544. 146B4. 30774 HJl. 1211— A bill to reestablish that the Director of the Office of Management and Budget include a reference to Baston, Pennsylvania. In the official title of the metropolitan statistical area of which it is a part: to this Committee on Post Offices and Civil Service. HOUSE BILLS By Mr. RUTTER. 3100 H.R. ma— A bill to establish a program of demonstration grants to local educational agencies to promote the Inadequate distribution of plans to reduce class size; to the Committee on Education and Labor. By Ms. SCHNEIDER. 3100—GGGG added. 7766 H.R. 1213— A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1906 with respect to health benefits for retired workers; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. SCHULZE. 3100 H.R. 1314— A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1966 to provide a fixed rate of Interest on the postponed estate tax attributable to a reversionary or remainder interest in property included in the estate; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. SCHULZE (for himself, Mrs. Boggs, Mr. Murtha, and Mr. Anthony). 3100 H.R. 1215— A bill to amend title 18, United States Code, to eliminate special privileges accorded prison industries in the purchase of goods by Federal agencies; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. SENSENBRENNER (for himself and Mr. Kleczka). 3100—olyn added. 4203. 6332 H.R. 1216—A bill to provide Federal assistance and leadership to a program of research, development, and demonstration of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies, and for other purposes; Jointly, to the Committees on Science, Science, and Technology; Energy and Commerce. By Mr. SHARP (for himself, Mrs. Lloyd, Mr. Moorhead, and Mr. Morrison of Washington), 3100—olyn added. 5895. 6332. 7436. 7544. 8710. 10050. 11343. 11604. 14993. 18673. 33292. 3e96^Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 101-308), 25916—Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 101-306, part 3), 38845—Rules suspended. Amended and passed House, 29965—Laid on table, 39979 H.R. 1217—A bill to establish a Science, Mathematics, and Research Technique Scholarship Program; to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. By Mr. SL AUGHTER of Virginia (for himself and Mr. Walgren). 3100—Obtained. 5066. 6275. 6332 H.R. 1218—A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to require principal campaign committees to pay the same rate of tax as other political organizations; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. SADITH of Texas, 3100 H.R. 1219—A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1966 to repeal the employee benefit plan nondiscrimination rules added by the Tax Reform Act of 1966; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. SOLOMON, 3100 H.R. 1230—A bill to suspend for a 5-year period the duty on certain brown, orange, and violet dyes; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. Spratt, 3100 H.R. 1321— A bill to stimulate employment through the creation of rural enterprise. Bones designated by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, and for other purposes: Jointly, to the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs: Ways and Means: the Judiciary. By Mr. Stanosland. SlOO— Okay, 4113, $3.75, 6332. 7436, 9861, 11343. 14983, 21407, 33414 H.R. 1233— A bill to increase the pensions for banking land: to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. Staub. 8100 H.R. 1333— A bill to authorize appropriations to carry out the National Council and Administration Marine Fisheries Program Act through fiscal year 1983; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. By Mr. Studt. 8100— Roles suspended. Passed House. 7408— Reports (H. Rapt 101-33), 7494— Referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 7078 H.R. 1234— A bill to authorize appropriations to carry out the Anadromous Fish Conservation Act through fiscal year 1983; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. By Mr. STUDDS (for himself, Mr. Jones of North Carolina, and Mr. Young of Alaska), 3100— Rules suspended. Passed House, 7406— Reported (H. Rep 101-33). 7434— Referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. 7878 H.J. 1226— A bill to authorize appropriations to carry out the Interjurisdictional Fisheries Act of 1966 through fiscal year 1988; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. By Mr. STUDDS (for himself, Mr. Jones of North Carolina, and Mr. Young of Alaska), 8100— Rules suspended. Amended and passed House, 7407— Title amended. 7408— Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 101-84), 7434— Referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 7678 H.R. 1226— A bill to amend the Federal Aviation Act of 1968 to prohibit the taking of landings of subsonic aircraft exceeding certain noise limits: to the Committee on Public Works and Transportation. By Mr. TORRINGTON (for himself, Mr. Florio, Mrs. Roukema, Mr. Oourter, Mr. de Lugo, and Mr. Foglletta), 8100— Sponsors added. 6172. 11604 H.R. 1237— A bill to prohibit a State Gram Imposing an Income tax on the pension Income of individuals or individuals; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mrs. VUCANOVICH (for himself, Mr. Blibray, Mr. Doman of Callfomia, Mr. Hansen, Mr. Lewis of Callfomia, Mr. Skeen, Mr. Kolbe, Mr. Stump, Mrs. Bentley. Mr. DeFasio, and Mr. Millar of Chile. 3100—Calendar added, 12181. 19833, 34130, 38877, 38846, 31245 H.R. 1338-A bill for the relief of Howard W. Waite; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mrs. BOXER, 3101 H.R. 1339-A bill for the relief of James B. Stanley; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. JOHNSTON of Florida. 3101 H.R. 1230—A bill for the relief of Josephine Carayana and Marie Carayana; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. McORATH. 3101 H.R. 1281—A bill to direct the President to establish an emergency board to investigate and report requesting the duties between Eastern Airlines and its colleagues, bargaining units to the Committee on Public Works and Transportation. By Mr. ANDERSON (for himself and Mr. Obsener), 883-^sports with amendments. Mantages (H. Bspt 101-8), 4088— Coagnoaors addsd. 4084— Made quolal order (H. Bss.
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LUDWIG HERRIG
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Vierzehn Gedichte vou C. M. Wieland. 75 Und von Libanons Ceder zum Ysop der Maaer herunter Alles was lebet und sprosst in Classen und Arien geordnet, Aber für dieses Geschöpf ist in der Leiter der Wesen Keine bequeme Stelle zu finden. Man lässt es deswegen Wie es ihm selber gefallt, im Raum vom Himmel zur Erde Zwischen Engeln und Vieh mit des Aethers Schmetterling flattern. Wird mir auch in der SPrache der Menschen der Ausdruck gehorchen, Eine so fremde Bildung für ihre Augen zu bringen. Wie die Homer'sche Spren und die Sünde des Himmlischen Milton Zwar von oben mit weiblichem Hals und funkelnden Augen Eine reitzende N}'mphe den lüsternen Blicken verheissen, Aber -sich um die Hüften in grässlich verschlungene Zöpfe Blutiger Schlangen und Hydern lind bellender Hunde verliehren: Eben so zeiget diss Thier von oben das schimmernde Antlitz Eines Cherubs, und schleppt den Schweif von Schlangen im Staube . . 1 ter sich nach. Ein seltsam Gemisch von Himmel und Hölle und schön! Der Seher der ihm zu begegnen verdammt ist^ in der Mitte von Liebe und Hass und zweiffeit und schauert blumichten Band crystallener Brunnen gebücket sich selbst in dem fliessenden Spiegel betrachten. daselbst in tiefle Beschauunff entzücket und bewundert an sich die Bildung des Engels Augs für seine unflätige Helfle selber entzündet, enthüllt es die Flügel und rauschet olken empor, und wähnt den OIvmp zu ersteigen. Warum solltet ihr zürnen? Ein Krüppel verdienet nur Mitleid, Weder Gelächter noch Hass. Zu dem so sing ich ja Menschen, Selber ein Mensch. Das Klügste ist hier, einander den Schaden Frey zu gestehn und den Arzt aus falscher Schaam nicht zu fliehen. Eitel ist unter der Sonnen was unsern Blicken begegnet. Unbeständig wie sie.* Der Frühling verdorrt vor dem Sommer Und ein lachender Tag wird bald von trüben verschlungen. Siehe, wie diese Rose gleich einer Nymphe sich brüstet, Unter den Blumen so schön, als unter den Gratien Venus, Morgen wird sie im Stral des glühenden Mittags verschmachten. Diese vielarmichte Fichte, die wie ein Wald sich emporhub, Morgen wird ihr gigantischer Sturtz die Gegend erschüttern. Selbst den marmornen F^els zermorscht das eiserne Alter. Aber von allen Geschöpfen ist keines so unbeständig. Als dies seltsame Ding, das, Müh zu ersparen Plato gar listig ein Federlos Thier auf zween Beinen erklärte. Leichter war es die geistige Luft in der Faust zu verschliessen, Leichter des Blitzes Pfad und der Winde Flucht zu bezeichnen. Als das menschliche Hertz und seinen Gang zu bestimmen. Alles übrige bleibt, wie die Natur es gebildet, Biss es zerstört wird. Wen hat die woUustathmende Rose Jemals mit dem Geruch der giftigen betrogen? Wenn hat der Sonnichte Adler verzagte Tauben gehecket, Oder wenn hat man wohl honigte Feigen von Disteln gelesen. Aber der Mensch ist immer das Wiederspiel von sich selber, Immer täuschet in ihm die Würkung die Ursach, ^ Durch 10 Zeilen der Band abgerissen. 2 Diese zwei Worte sind dnrchgestrichen. *** Und wie Sonnenstaub flüchtig. 76 Vierzehn Gedichte von C. M. Wieland. Und mit jeglichem Tag scheint er ein anderes Wesen. Heute so sanfl wie ein Lamm, und morgen ein grimmiger Tyger Izt ein Menschenfreund, izt Aristid, in Kurtzem ein Nero Itzo beherzt, izt feig ; in einem eintzigen Tage Geitzig^Terscbwendrisch, gesch^tzig, verschwiegen, behutsam und sorgloss Goitloss und fromm. Izt schmiegt er sich gleich den Schlangen im Staube Morgen schielt er auf dich vom stoltzen Auge herunter. Liebet dich Phryne, Amint? Sag, wird es morgen nicht wittern Wenn du das kanst, so errath, ob Phryne dir morgen noch lächelt S. 4. Und doch ist es nicht allemal Bossheit, wenn Thaten und Worte Sich bey den Menschen entzweyhen, oft ist es Schwäche des Geistes Ach die Stunden der Menschen, sind nicht wie im Garten der Unschuld Siphas Stunden, von einer Mutter gesäugete Schwestern. Oumals schwellet das Hertz von edlen kühnen Entschlüssen Schimmernd, in himmlischem Ansehn vor unsrer Seele verbreitet Winkt uns die Tugend, dann glühen die Adern, von brünstiger Liebe Fordern den Feind heraus und trotzen allen Gefahren. Wie ein erzürnter Buhier, von seiner Thais entfernet Ihre Fesseln zerreisst und starke EntSchliessungen schnaubet Biss ein besiegendes Lächeln ihn in den Gehorsam zurükzwingt. Redlich sind in den goldnen Minuten, in denen die Seele Freyer athmet, ihr zärtlich Gefühl für die Tugend und redlich Ihre Gelübde. Doch warum sind immer die besten Gedanken Auch die flüchtigsten? Gleich ätherischen Wolkengestalten Die an SommerÄuroren • des Tages Ankunft vertreibet, Gleissen sie nur fürs Aug und fliehn wie liebliche Träume. Tugenden, schützende Engel der Menschen, so nennt der Verstand euch Seyd ihr nicht mächtig genug auch unser Hertz zu gewinnen oder seyd ihr zufrieden, dass wir in kurzer Erhitzung Euer phantastisches Bild, Empfindung-Wolken! umarmen? Oder seyd ihr nur streitbar wenn Spmnen den Panzer verweben. Freylich wird es uns leicht wie Epictetus zu reden. Wenn wir aus Einsiedleyen auf diese Welt herabschielen. Leicht ists, wenn sich die Seel ungestört in sich selber zurükzieht Biss zur Entzückung die Tugend um ihre Schönheit zu lieben. Weisheitvoll straft der Jüngfing den Uebermuth der Tyrannen Brennt von Menschenlieb und hasset die Sclaven der bclaven. Ganz von der alten Tugend plutarchischer Helden erfüllet Athmet er zürnend nach Freyheit und SPottet der goldenen Kerker Und der Reitze des Hofes, und tritt im Geist auf die fJäupter Jener glänzenden Sclaven, die um die Despoten** sich schmiegen. Gieb ihm, o Herrscher der Welt, den Zepter jenes Tyrannen. Plötzlich werden die Wüsten wie Rosen unter ihm aufblühn Und die Seufzer des Volks wird lautes Jauchzen verschlingen. Musen, eilet ihm zu, ihr Weisen, ihr Dichter Und ihr Händel und Raphaels, fliegt zum Weisen im Purpur. Unter ihm werden Saturnische (Zeit) Tag' und ein ewiger Friede Ihre goldenen Schwingen weit über die Erde verbreiten.« * Welche an FrtLblingshimmeln. *• (Auguste.) 1 Es ist sehr fraglich, ob nicht zwischen Seite S und 4 eine Lage ausgefallen ist, so wie das Ende offenbar fehlt. über die Anordnung der Vokale. (Nachtrag.) In dem obigen konnte eine Reihe von Beftrebnngen aus dem An- fange unferes Jarbunderts keine befondere Berfickßcbtigung finden ; der Vollftändigkeit wegen mögen diefelben indes hier noch hinzugefügt werden. Ich knüpfe daran zugleich noch einen Bericht Über einige wichtigere Arbeiten der neuesten Zeit. Heinrich Gustav Flörke (geb. zu Alten Ealdau bei BQtzow 1764, geft. zu Rostock 1835), Die Tonleiter der Vokale. Neue Ber- linifche Monatsfchrift hrsg. von Biester. Sept. 1803. (Nachträge Nov. 1803, Febr. Juni 1804.) Der Verf. bemerkte, dass die Mund- böle, für die verfchidenen Vokale eingeteilt, beim Flüstern eine ganz beftimmte Tonhöhe zeigt, welche ein vortreffliches Mittel an die Hand gebe, den Vokal wider aufzufinden und auszufprechen, wenn man auch gar nicht wGsste, wie er eigentlich ausgefprochen worden wäre. Das Verhältnis der Tonhöhen für die je eine Octave abftehen und die übrigen Vokale damit Akkorde bilden. * Er teilt die Vokale in offene: a, ä^ «, t, halboffene: o, ö und hole: u, ö. Von a ausgehend erhält man durch allmähliche Erhebung der Zunge gegen den Gaumen und Andrüokung der Wangen gegen die Zäne ä, e, i, — ü erhält man, wenn man den Ton des ä mit dem 78 Über die Anordnung der Vokale. Mande pfeifen will und dann die Stimme ertönen laset. — Uy wenn man den Ton, welcher eine Oktave unter dem a ligt, pfeifen will und dann die Stimme tönen lässt; o und ö halten das Mittel zwifdien den offnen und den holen Vokalen. Die deutfchen Diphthongen aiy au, aü entftehen, wenn man die einfachen Laute gefchleift ausfpricht, d. h. one merklichen Abfatz, fo das8 ße Geh an iren Grenzen in einander verlieren. One Gmnd hat man die alte Schreibweife aü verlassen und daffir du eingefört. Louis Henri Ferd. Olivier (geb. zu la Sarra, Canton Waadt, 1759, gel^. zu Wien 1815), Ortho-epo-graphifches Elementarwerk. Dessau 1804, ordnet die Vokale auf zwei gegeneinander genügten geraden Linien, je nach der Größe der Mundöffnung an, und fetzt an die Spitze des Winkels, von den übrigen Vokalen gefondert, e (a): " ^'' o oh „ > ^ . 5 5h fl Die oberen a, eh, a, oh, u bezeichnen diejenigen Vokallaute, deren Tonform zunächst durch die Öfihung oder Geß:altung des Mundes beftimmt ist, fie heißen darum Grund laute. — Die nntem d, t, ö, öhy ü bezeichnen diejenigen Vokallaute, die bei eben derfelben Mundöffnung als die oberen bloß durch eine befondere Veränderung in der Lage der Zunge hervorgebracht werden, Re heißen ihm daher Um- laute. — Der Vokal an der Spitze e (9) bezeichnet den natfirlichen Höifslaut oder das Schwa, welches ein durchaus für fich abgefonderter Vokallaut ist. (Vgl. du Bois-Reymond, Eadmus. S. 189«) Nach der Tonhöhe ordnet er die Vokale abfteigend: t, ehj öh, ö, ö, äy (7, 0, oh, u, e, Aug. Ferd. Bernhardi (geb. zu Berlin 1769, gell, dafelbst 1820), Anfatigsgründe der Sprachwissenfchaft, 1805. Der Verf., der uns in die Zeit der Romantiker fürt, gründet das Vokalfjstem ausfchließlich auf die Bewegungen der Lippen. Inder Empfin^Jung als folcher ist nach B. nichts zu unterfcheiden als die Dauer derfelben und der Grad; jener wird im artikulirten Tone über die Anordaang der Vokale. 79 durch Länge und Kürze, difer durch Höhe und Tiefe ausge- druckt. Empfindung ist innere, gleichartige, fich nach außen drängende Bewegung. Dm difes gleichartige darznftellen, bedarf es eines mannig- faltiger Modifikazionen an fich fähigen Organs. Ein folches find die Lippen, deren mannigfache Modifikazionen eine fer große Einheit haben, denn es ist nur ein Erweitern und Verengern, ein Verlängern oder Verkürzen. Die fchnelle Empfindung wird fich nach der Äußerung drängen ; dis kann aber nicht anders als dadurch gefchehen, dass der Weg von der Brust zu der Spitze der Lippen durch Zusammenziehung der lez- tem verkürzt wird. Die langfame Empfindung dagegen verlängert den zu durchlaufenden Weg durch Vorltoßen und Spitzen der Lippen. Endlich die natürlich einhergehende Empfindung wird die Lip- pen in irer natürlichen Lage lassen. Mit der wechselnden Öffnung der Lippen wird zugleich die Höhe nnd Tiefe des Tones beistimmt: tiefster Vokal — ü — fpitzer Mund, Mittelvokal — A — grader Mund, höchster Vokal — I — breiter Mund. , zwifchen U und A ligt — O — ) , ., , , _ ,. ^ } runder Mund, zwifchen A und I ligt — E — ) Alle dife reinen Punkte find ganze und volle Töne ; ße werden aber zu halben, wenn man I und E umbengt und Re verknüpft, fo dass man mit E Iteigt nach dem Schema: T, E offen, Ä, ö, Ü. Die Vokalfkala ist danach vollftändig: I, offenes E, gew. E, Ä, A, Ö, 0, Ü, ü. Die größte Tätigkeit der Lippen ligt «n den Endpunkten U und I und da der Eonfonans durch die relativ größere Tätigkeit der Sprach- werkzeuge gebildet wird^ fo wird fich wol an jedem Ende ein Konfo- nans anknüpfen können. Die langen Vokale rechnet Bernhardi fchon zu den Diphthon- gen; durch Widerholung unter einem Spiritus entliehen tV, ee^ aa^ oo, uu. Sind die zu verfchmelzenden Vokale heterogen, dann gelingt die Verfchmelzung nur fcheinbar und ^e wird durch eine fer fchnelle Ans- fprache für das Or bewirkt; dann entliehen uneigentliche Diphthongen: 80 Über die Anordnung der Vokale. alle durch die Endpunkte der Vokalfkaia fich bildende, dem Konfo- nanten änliche Vokale. C. F. V. A r e t i n ' « Neuer literarifcher Anzeiger 1808, No. 22 ent- hält: „Streifzöge in das Gebiet der Sprache und Schrift.** 14. Lfrg. Der Verf. fagt: Zwei Dinge find es, die bei der Bildung der Vo- kale beruckfichtigt werden müssen : a) die größere oder kleinere Ent- fernung der Kinnladen von einander (nach der Reihe a, e, i, o, u)\ h) die Torwarts und hinauf» und die rückwärts und hinabgehende Be- wegung der Zunge (die Zungenfpitze zieht fich zurück in der Ordnung 2, tf, a, 0, u). Danach conl^ruirt er krumme Linien, die die Form des Sprachkanals befchreiben. a ist der Stammvokal, der bei der natur- lichen öfihnng des Mundes entfteht und von den indifchen Gramma- tikern als allen Konfonanten eingeboren angenommen wird. Er ftelU dann folgendes Dreieck auf: a: tasten^ Harfe, — a: AsUy rächen, — ei tiett, Hemd. — i: bair. niL — i: fitzen, mich. — o*: Götter, Mörder. — u: Süncte, rüm- pfen, — 0* (ä): engl, not^ fox. — o: Sonne^ Ort. — u: engl. Lunn, buU — m: Schlund^ herum. Das fog. (% u m m e «, fagt er, ist nicht hierher gerechnet, da es nicht in dife Reihe gehört und gleich fam nur den ungebildeten Vokal und den Träger der Konfonanten, fo wie der einfache Hauch den un- gebildeten Konfonanten und den Träger der Vokale vorteilt. Hier ist wol zum ersten male das engl, u (but) in das deutfehe Vokaldreieck eingereiht, und zwar zwifchen o und m, wohin es etymo- logifch gehört (= dem u^ meiner Thefen), wovon die heutige Aus- fprache allerdings zimlich weit abweicht. August Boeckh (geb. zu Karlsruhe 1785, Prof. zu Heidelberg, feit 1810 zu Berlin, gellt. 1867) veröffentlichte in den Studien heraus- gegeben von C. Daub und Fr. Creuzer, Bd. IV, Heidelberg 1808: „Vom Übergange der Buchilaben in einander^, — Gefammelte kleine Schriften, Bd. III, herausg. von F. Afcherfon, 1866. über die Anordnung der Vokale. 81 Boeckh ging dabei von dem Gedanken aus, der Organismus des Alphabetes lasse (ich fOglich unter der für alle Organismen angenom- menen Form einer in fich felbst zurücklaufenden Linie d^rftellen. Da- nach ordnet er das Alphabet in einen Kreis: Der Vokal, fagt er änlich wie Bernhardi, ist der Ausdruck der Empfindung, nach außen fich drängende, fiieOende Bewegung, derEon- fonant das ftarre, feste, dauernde . . . jener ist der Träger der GefGle, der gleiehfam nur die Farbe des Begriffs und die Höhe und Tiefe der Empfindung bellimmt, difer ist für den Begrifi* felber bezeichnender. Unter den Vokalen gibt die natürlichste gewönlichste Öffnung des Mundes zum Hauche, fobald ein Schall damit verbunden ist, das reine A, die Wurzel und den Stamm der Vokale. Der Mund wird dabei weder gefpitzt noch breit gemacht, die Kinnladen liehen in einer mittleren Entfernung und die Zunge zeigt nur ein mittleres Vordringen im Munde. Offenbar ligt daher A in der Reihe der Vokale in der Mitte : I, E, A, O, ü. Das A trennt die hellen Vokale Ä, E, I und die dunkeln A% 0, U. Das eine Extrem bildet fich bei der breitesten Öffnung der Kinnladen und Lippen und dem weitesten Vordringen der Zunge, das andere U bei der zugefpitzten Öffnung der Lippen und Kinnladen und möglich- ster Zurückziehung der Zunge. In der Mitte zwifchen A und I ligt das Ey zwifchen A und U das O fowol nach dem Tone als nach der Bildung der Organe. Dass von A durch E nach I und durch O nach U ein deter Übergang fei von Mitteltönen, zeigen unzälige Beifpile. Ö und Ü ligen zwifchen O und E, U und I, gehören alfo gar nicht in die Peripherie des vokalifchen Halbkreifes, fondern find kolla- terale Abweichungen. Archiv f. n. Sprachon. LXVI. 0 82 Über die Anordnung der Vokale. Als weitere Zwifchenlaute vermutet Boeckh hier: griech. a zwifchen a und ä [a* meiner Thefen], €i zwifchen e und i [mein T], 17 zwifchen e und ei [mein e% (p zwifchen o und <7 [mein o*]. Vi zwifchen ö (gr. v, 7) und t [mein t°]. Es ist danach hier bereits ein Yerfuch gemacht zwifchen den beiden Hauptreihen und der Mittelreihe des Hellwagfchen Dreiecks noch Übergangsvokale anzunemen, was fpäter von Brücke und mir weiter ausgefürt ist. — Die zu den beiden Enden ligenden Vokale U und I erfordern zu irer Ausfprache unter den einfachen die größte Tätigkeit des Mundes und nähern fich dadurch der zur Hervorbringung der Konfonanten erforderlichen Hemmung. Was der geistreiche Verfasser über die Verfuche die Bedentfam- keit der Laute zu erforfchen fagt, ist noch heute von hohem Interesse, doch kann ich hier nicht darauf eingehen. J, G. Radlof (geb* zu Lauchftädt 1775), Trefflichkeiten der fGdd. Mundarten 1811, S. 14, nannt« a, o, u volle Reiblaute; ä, o, u fchwächere; e, i fpizige. Hermann Hupfeld (geb. 1796 zu Marburg, feit 1843 Nach- folger von Gefenius in Halle, geit. 1866) veröffentlichte eine Abhand- lung: „Von der Natur und den Arten der Sprachlaute, als phjfiolo- gifche Grundlage der Grammatik.^ Jahns Jarbficher, 1829, I. An- geregt dazu wurde er durch Boeckhs Abhandlung und befonders durch Grimms Grammatik. Auch er fiht a als den Urvokal an, der weder hell noch dunkel ist, fondern beides, „ungefar wie das Licht noch keinen Farbenunterfchid zeigt, aber den Keim dazn in (ich trägt, und daher in dem femitifchen Uralphabet und der Dewanagari gar nicht bezeich- net, fondern zu jedem Buchitaben hinzugefprochen wird.^ Die Ab- weichung von da nach zwei Seiten hin, nach der dunkeln und hellen, fQrt von felbst zu u und t, an welche (ich bei weiterer Annäherung der Organe die Halbkonfonanten w und j anfchließen. So entltebt naturgemäß das Dreieck: a i/\n In Bezug auf die Einreihung der Zwifchen vokale fchließt er (ich über die Anordnung der Vokale. 88 ganz an Chladni an. Die Enfllehung der Umlaufe durch Einwirknng eines nachfolgenden i wird erläutert durch die Figur: • a In den Diphthongen ai^ au (ei, <m) ßht Hupfeld bereits den End- vokal als Halbkonfonanten an. Oskar Wolf, Orenarzt in Frankfurt a. M., in feinem Buche: Sprache und Or, Braunfeh weig 1871, p. 60 u. 71, ordnet die Vokale nach der Weite der Hörbarkeit, im Freien in einer Allee von ihm zur Nachmittagszeit gemessen : " A O Ei(Ai) E I Eu Au ü 860 350 340 330 300 290 285 280 Schritt. Eduard Boehmer, jezt Professor in Straßburg, De sonis gram- maticis, Romanifche Studien Bd. I, 1875, S. 295 f. gibt folgendes Vokaldreieck : i i < e e c a a ce^ OB V V a o u Dazu zwei Zwifchenvokale, e und o, fiber die er folgendos be- merkt: „Trigono snperiori inscribenda vocalis fusca Francogallica e^^ inferiori o^ fuscum Dacoromanum.'* Zur Erläuterung dienen folgende Beifpile, wobei cl. = clausuro, ap. = apertum, lg. = longum, br. = breve: ü d. lg« fr. jour^ four^ boue^ jouerons; it. uno; d. huh. — u cl. bn 84 Über die Anordnung der Vokale. fr. joottr, hijouy fou^ bout, souper; it. unto; d. hund. — ü^ ap. Ig. — u^ ap. br. d. kumme, V cl. lg. fv. ßcre, piqüre^ tue, d. kün. — v cl. br. fr.jtute^ menu, tu ; d. künden. — v^ ap. lg. — v ap, br. d. kümmeL i cl. lg. fr. machine y dime^ tle^ amie; it. vino, d. kien^ — i cL br. fr. pipey midif imite^ finiy ami; it. vinto; d. kind. — i^ ap. lg. — i^ ap. br. d. kinn, ö cl. lg. fr. mole, eau^ rose, it. ora (i. e. hora), dona, d. k4)L — o cl. lg, fr. aussi, totale rosee; it. dover, quando^ d. kdrdbi. — ö^ ap. lg. (r.fort; it. ora (i.e. aura). — o ap. br. (r.foljconnu; it, donna; d. konnte, öe cl. lg. fr. Heue, heureuse in secunda, d. könig. — oe cl. br. fr. lieu, keureua in secunda; d. unköniglich. — ce^ ap. lg. fr. peur^ soeur. — oe ap. br. fr. aeul, hoeuf, heureux; d. können. e cl. lg. fr. geleey epee in secandis; it. bevi et bei (lat. bibis); d. keren. — e cl. br. fr. serai in secunda, epee in prima; it. legge (lat. legit) ; d. ümkeren. — e^ ap. lg. fr. mesj reine, — e^ ap. br. fr. bel^ pklerin; it. belli ei bei legge (lat. belli, legem). a lg. fr. iäche, las, male, äme; d. kan. — a br. fr, combat; d. kedt. — a lg. fr. parattre. — ^ br. fr. comparaison. — a lg. fr. ma- dame in secanda. — a br. fr. dejä^ lä, ma, mal, ami. ö^ lg. dac. ta'dtro^ in priore. — o br. dac. te^Stro^ in posteriore. e^ lg. — e^ br. fr. beaoin. brevissimum : fr. cheval. Das a , welches B o eh m er an die Spitze des Vokaldreiecks geft«llt hat, ligt etwas höher als das it. a, welches fönst gewönlich an die Spitze gebellt wird, etwas nach dem engl, a in^a^ zu, wie man es vilfach in dem Namen der franzöfifchen Hauptstadt Paris hört Das zweite a in madame ist nicht bloß ftärker betont und länger als das erste, fondern hat auch einen etwas höheren Klang. Boeh mer iltelltdann auch ein Erhöhungs- und Ernidrigungszeichen und ein Vor- und Rückfchiebungszeichen auf: ^Quum vero ex alia in aliam vocalem transitns infinit! sint, litera in diagrammate scripta medium dicionis cuiusque locum ostendit. Pronuntiationem media al- tiorem solitus eram scribere e. g. ce% depressiorem or^; ac similiter, si in eodem gradu sonus dextrorsum (ut figurate loquar) a medio declinat, scribebam e. g. oe + x, si vice verso sinistrorsum, oe — x.^ * * Es fei hier noch gelegentlich bemerkt, dass Boehmer p. €S8 als Gegenfatz zu dor/al die Artikulation mit der Zungenfpitze (ffcatt meines über die Anordnung der Vokale. 85 An Boehmer fchließen fich £ ugen Pr jm und Albert Socin , der ncu-aramäifche Dialekt des T.ür 'abdln. Göttingen 1881. Die Verfasser Tagen über ir Transfkriptionsfystem : „Wir hielten im allgemeinen an folgenden zwei Hauptpunkten des Lepsinsfchen Systems fest: 1) alle diakritifchen Zeichen mit Ausname der Quanti- täts- und Tonbezeichnung unter den Vokal zu fetzen, 2) uns die Be- ziehungen der Vokale zu einander fo ForzuHellen dass die drei reinen Vokale die drei Spitzen des Dreiecks bilden, auf dessen Seiten und in dessen Inneren die Übergangsbewegungen von einem Vokal zum an- dern fich vollziehen." Sie Heilen danach folgendes Dreieck auf: e. Q^ o o e 9 o o i i. U u Es ist fchade dass die Verfasser nicht die Boehmerfche Stellung des Dreiecks beibehalten haben. „Neben den Umlauten ^ o, \i (fagen Qei) bezeichnen wir mit einem Punkte : a (das zweite a In fr. madame) 9, ^, Mittelftufen zwi- fchen difen und den entfprechenden einfachen Vokalen, ebenfo mit i. die Mittelftufe zwifchen i und ^|, mit e. die zwifchen e (frz. 6) und q. Die Trübung der Vokale fowol wie irer Umlaute wird durch den nach rechts offenen Haken ausgedrückt: fo a e i^ o u ^^ o^ \i^. Die Aus- fprache difer acht Laute ist durch Ire Stellung in der Lautpyramide gegeben: fo ist a als ein nach o hin gehendes a zu fprechen [unfer a^], o w a »? o „ [o'] ^, r, o „ u » K] ftc w 9 »? ft w [«T apical und Sievers früheren oral^ jetzigen coronal) acuminal nennt, was je- doch von niemand fönst angenommen zu fein fcheint. 86 Über die Anordnung der Vokale. o^ als eio nach a hin gehendes o za fprechen [unfer <r], «c »^ Ö » U « [öl \ n ^ f^ i rj PT ^ » ft w ö » [^ *]• Der horizontale Strich ober dem Vokal drQckt die Länge, das Zeichen " nach dem Vokal das lange Anhalten dej^felben aus. — Zur Bezeichnung der unbeftimmten Vokale der drei Klassen haben wir i^, e^, o^ gewält, die beiden leztem, weil ße innerhalb irer Klasse difen beiden Vokalen dem Gehör und der Ausfprache nach am nächsten Aehen [i^, e^, o^]. Diphthonge find ai, ^i, ou; äi, äu, äo, äo, Oe. .^ A. Grabow, Über die Mufik in der deutfchen Sprache, 1876, ordnet die Vokale nach der Tonhöhe, die fie beim flQsternden G^fange annemen, in folgende Reihe: u (brück), u (bruck)^ o (of), o (or/), ä (engl. not)f a {bart, Jiart), ö {öffne), a (engl, man), ö (ßfen), ä (nähe), B (= tonlofem a, e^), ü Qücke), C Qeer^ herr), fi (blühe), e (lehre, be)^ i (ritt), i (dir). Vgl. meine Schrift: Zur Lere von den Klängen der Konfonanten S. 6. An die fundamentalen Arbeiten von Helmholtz fchlieOen fich die umfangreichen Beobachtungen an, welche FelixAuerbach (jezt Docent in Breslau) in dem phyfikalifchen Inftitute der Berliner Uni- verfität unter Helmholtz Leitung angeftellt hat. Sihe Annalen der Phyfik. N. F. Erg. Bd. VIII, 1876, und dazu Grützner, Phyfio- logie der Stimme und Sprache, S. 177 ff. Tech m er, Phonetik S. 39 f. Auerbach hat die Partialtöne der in verfchidenen Tonhohen gefungenen Vokale mit Hilfe der Refonatoren namentlich in Bezug anf ire relative Stärke unterfucht. Er ist dabei zu dem Ergebnis gekom- men, dass aligemein der erste Partialton (der Grundton) der ftärkste ist: „Beim dumpfein U nimmt die Intenfität am fchnellsten ab, fchon beim 7. Partialtöne beträgt ?\e nur noch 1% Proc. der Gefamtiltärke; beim hellen U und beim fcharfen O ist die Intenfität erst beim 8., bei A beim 11., bei E beim 12. und bei I gar erst beim 14. Partialtöne auf den entfprechenden Bruchteil herabgefunken. Die Vokale Ü, Ö, Ä entfprechen in difer Beziehung ungefär refp. den Vokalen O, A", A." über die Anordnung der Vokale. 87 Nach der Größe der Mundöffnung ordnen fich die Vokale in Zeigender Reihe: Ü, Ü, Ü, O, ö, I, E, A^Ä, A; tiach dem Volumen der Mundhöle ebenfalls in fteigender Reihe: I, E, Ü, Ö, O, Ü, Ü, A% Ä, A. In den Annalen der PhyGk, N. F. Bd. HI, p. 164 gibt Auer- bach die Eigentöne des Mundes an, wie ße fich bei der Perkussion für die verfchidenen Vokale ergaben : U Oü O A*» A (voll) A (fcharf) Ä E I yengl. Ö Ü f" ü^' a' c" f g" c'' g' f" e' ps' e' bis g' bis b^ bisd" bisa' bis b bis a' bis f F6r die Dreiecksanordnung der Vokale fprechen übrigens auch die Unterfuchungen von Hermann Grass mann (geb. zu Stettin 1809, geft. dafelbst 1877), einem genialen Forfcher, der fich auf mathematifchem und fprachwissenfchaftlichem Gebiete einen Namen gemacht hat. Schon in dem Programm des Stettiner Gymnafiums 1854 fagte er im Anfehl uss an die Unterfuchungen von Robert Willis: ^Die Stimmbänder fetzen zugleich die in der Mundhöle befindliche Luft in Schwingungen ; es entftehen dadurch leife Nebentöne, welche je nach der Form, die man der Mundhöle gibt, verfchiden ausfallen und welche der Reihe der harmonifchen Töne angehören, die den Ton der Stimm- bänder zum Grundton hat. Auf dife Weife entftehen die Vokale. Ein aufmerkfames Or hört leicht beim Übergange von u durch ü zu i eine Reihe leifer harmonifcher Nebentöne, welche von c^ bis zu C5 fortfchreiten können, und welche man bei denfelben Mundftellungen auch für fich hervorbringen kann. Beim Vokal a klingt eine ganze Reihe der harmonifchen Nebentöne mit, welche das Or in der Regel noch bis zur 4. Oktave vom Grundton aus warnemen kann, fo dass alfo beim a ein voller Akkord von Nebentönen mitklingt. Hierdurch ist zugleich der Übergang von a durch 0 zu u, fowie der von a durch e zu I, oder durch ö zu ü erklärt." Ausfurlicher fprach fich Grassmann in der Abhandlung: Über die phyfikalifche Natur der Sprachlaute, Annalen der Phyfik, N. F. Bd. I (1877) S. 606—29, aus. Er bemerkt zunächst dass unter allen Vokalen die der Reihe u, ö, i am leichtesten akustifch festzu- ftellen feien. Die einfachen Töne der Stimmgabeln und bauchiger 88 Über die Anordnung der \'oka1e. Oläfer „zeigen auf das entfchidenste den Charakter difer Reihe, die tieferen bis etwa zu c^ hinauf den eines in der Tiefe dumpfen, dann immer heller werdenden, zulezt dem ü fich nähernden u, von c^ bis etwa zu «4 den eines te, von da ab bis zu einer beliebigen Höhe den des t. Denfclben Charakter zeigen höchst deutlich die Töne, welche man durch Pfeifen mit dem Munde hervorbringen kann . . . Flüstert man die Vokale difer Reihe u, ü^ 2, fo entftehen Geräufche, die den entfprechenden Pfeifentönen fer nahe ligen. . . . Oft geht bei ener- gifchem Flüstern difer Yokalreihe unwillkürlich das Geräufch in den entfprechenden Pfeifenton über.^ Für den Grundton c ßnd die Partialtöne: c 1 2 gl 3 <^9 4 u 5 gj bj Cj dj 6 7 8 9 «3 10 X 11 g3 3C bj 12 13 14 ha 15 ü «4 16 eis, 17 ^4 18 dis, e, f, X X g4 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 g'8|- 25.. • 1 [i-] ( „Singt man den Grundton c und macht dazu die Mundftellung, mit welcher man den Ton Cj^ pfeifen würde, fo wird von den Ober- tönen, die die Stimmbänder außer dem Grundton erklingen lassen, der Ton Ol bedeutend verftärkt, wärend die übrigen Obertöne fast er- löfchen. Der vokalifche Klang, den man dabei vernimmt, ist ganz der eines fchönen dunkeln u. Ganz das entfprechende gefchiht, wenn man die Mundhöle einrichtet, wie ße bei dem Pfeifen eines der folgen- den Partialtöne ftattfinden würde, wobei der Vokalklang allmählich die verfchidenen Abftufungen des u, ö, t durchläuft.^ „Singt man ftatt des c einen aiidern Grundton, fo verändert (ich zwar die Reihe der Partialtöne, aber der Charakter der Vokale der Reihe u, ä, t bleibt an die abfohlte Höhe der Partialtöne gebunden, in der Art dass auch hier die einzelnen Partialtöne bis etwa zu c^ hinauf den Charakter des u lifern, von da ab bis e^ den des u, und von da ab den des i.^ Ich habe in meinen Thefen über die Schreibung der Dialekte ver- fucht, den allmählichen Übergang von u durch ü zu i etwas näher dadurch zu fiziren, dass ich ftatt der drei Stufen u, ä, i deren fnnf : über die Anordnung der Vokale. 89 Uy u\ ä, t", i hingeftellt habe. Die Zeichen u\ i^ find zugleich die des Brückefchen Yokaidreiecks. Über den Vokal a Tagt Grassmann: „Beim Vokal a ergibt fich, dass die Obertöne bis zum 8., oder bei hellerer Ausfprache auch wol bis zum 10. Partialtone hin in fast gleicher Stärke ertönen, und fomit ein voller Akkord, z. B. über c der Akkord c q g^ c^ e^ g^ b^ c^ (d^ tfj) erklingt. Lfisst man alfo Aber dem Grnndton c die Reihe der Vokale von u durch o und a^ zu a ertönen, fo treten zu dem Obertone C| nach und nach die Obertöne g^ c^ etc. bis c^ (oder e^) hinzu, one dass die tieferen Obertöne yerfchwlnden. Es befitzt alfo der Vokal a keinen charakteristifchen , die andern öberwigenden Oberton, fondern ftlr ihn ist die ganze Reihe der Obertöne bis zur 3. Oktave des Grund- tons charakteristifch." Aus difer Natur des a würde fich villeicht die große Zal der feinen Nüancirungen, welche das a in verfchidenen Dialekten und Sprachen wie etwa der englifcben erfärt, erklären, indem dabei nur der eine oder andere der Obertöne etwas verftärkt oder gefchwächt zu werden braucht, wodurch das a fich in feinem Klange etwas nach dem u oder ü oder i hinneigt. „Alle übrigen Vokale, fagt Grassmann weiter, lassen fich aus difen durch Übergänge ableiten : durch den Übergang eines der Vokale der Reihe t/, ö, t in a oder umgekert.^ Grassmann fucht dann nach den Grund/atzen feiner Ausdenungs- lere von 1844 und 1862 durch Rechnung die Stelle zu fixiren, die irgend ein mittlerer Vokal bei einem folchen Übergange erhält. „Man kann hiernach, wenn man U, I, A, oder irgend drei Vokale, von denen einer nicht als zwifchen den andern ligend erfcheint, durch drei Punkte einer Ebene darftellt, jeden andern Vokal durch einen genau beftimm- tcn Punkt difer Ebene darftellen.<< Ganz fo einfach fcheint mir freilich die Löfung der Aufgabe doch nicht' zu fein. F. Auerbach (Annalen der Phyfik N. F. Bd. IV, 1868, S. 508 — 1 5) hat Grassmanns Vokaltheorie mit Hilfe der Refonatoren, welche Grassniann wol mit Unrecht zu difem Zwecke verworfen hatte, einer genauen Prüfung unterzogen. Er bemerkt zunächst, dass wenn man den Mund in die Stellung bringt, bei welcher man c^ pfeifen würde, und nun c fingt, dumpfes u entfteht. Daraus fei aber nicht zu fchließen, dass nur difer Ton mitklingt ; bei aufmerkfamer Beobach- 90 Über die Anordnung der Vokale. tung höre man auch andere Partialtöne neben dem q. Auch bei a trete ein Partialton immer als der ftärkste hervor. Daraus ergebe fich der Satz: ^Unfere Vokalklänge erfüllen den im endlichen ligenden Teil einer Dreiecksflächc, deren anendlich entfernte Ecken drei idealen Klängen entfprechen, nämlich 1) dem idealen u-Klange (Grundton and erster Oberton), 2) dem idealen t-KIange (Grundton und lezter Ober- ton), und 3) dem idealen a-Klange (Grundton und fämtliche Obertdne)." Über die gefchärften (KlopHocks abgebrochene) Vokale fagt Grassmann: „Wenn auf den Vokal zwei Konfonanten, namentlich zwei gleiche Eonfonanten (^, mm etc.) folgen, fo ändern alle Vokale außer a iren Charakter, indem fie nämlich dem a nm eine Stelle näher rücken. Wir nennen dife Vokale gefcharfte. Die Vokale in flumm, dünn, ftill haben den Charakter eines etwas zugefpitzten o, ö, e\ ferner die Vokale in voll, völlig , hdl haben durchaus nicht mer den Charakter des o, Ö, e, fondern den einer MittelHufe zwifchen difen Vokalen und dem a, alfo den Charakter a^^ d„, ä, und zwar eines d, wie wir es als langen Vokal gar nicht kennen.^ Ich bemerke dazu dass auch bei den nafalirten Vokalen^ die ftets aus gefchlossenen Silben hervorgegangen find, im allgemeinen eme meist zimlich ftarke Annäherung an a ftattfindet. Alle dife Zwifchen- ftufen treten in unferer Dreiecksanordnung an den inen entfprechenden Stellen klar und beftimmt hervor. Ganz feit übrigens die Einwirkung auf a auch wol nicht. In dem phjfiologifchen Abfchnitt meiner eng- lifchen Stenographie von 1863 habe ich zwei Dreiecke neben einander geftellt: eins fiir die gedenten und eins für die gefchärften Vokale. Ich will hier noch kurz anflQren, was Grassmann über die Diphthongen und Halbvokale fagt. Über die Diphthongen heißt es: „Wir haben in der jetzigen deutfchen Sprache nur drei Diphthongen, die ich mit aif au, aä be- zeichne, und von denen wir den ersten ai und ei, den lezten äu und eu fchreiben, one irgend einen phonetifchen ünterfchid dadurch zu be- zeichnen. Beim Gefange werden dife Diphthongen fast in irer ganzen Dauer als a gefungen und erst ganz am Schlüsse der Übergang in den lezten Laut der Diphthongen bewirkt, alfo von a durch ä, e zu t, oder durch a^, o zu u, oder durch ä^^ ö zu ö. Dagegen lassen wir beim Sprechen, wenigstens in Norddentfchland, das a fort und fprechen au = Oo — o — M, au = (Xq — ö — ö, at = d — e — ?." In den verfchidenen Mundarten, wie z. B. in den fchweizerifchen, über Hie Anordnung der Vokale. 91 ist indes die Spannweite der Diphthongen verfchiden, und manche Dia- lekte unterfcheiden deutlich ai und ei, au und oii. An die Vokale fchließen fich aufs engste die Halbvokale m, i?, ng; /, r undy, v wenn Re vokalifch ausgefprochen werden (nach E. Sievers' Bezeichnung i^, n^. Grassmann Tagt über die Halb- vokale: „Boi i°®Q tritt, wie bei den Vokalen, kein Geräufch hervor, fondorn nur der Grundton mit feinen Obertönen, fo dass man mit jedem derfelben, one einen Vokal zu Hülfe zu nemen, ebenfo deutlich eine Melodie fingen kann wie mit den Vokalen. Ir wefentlicher Unterfchid von den Vokalen befteht nur darin , dass der Grundton fchwächer ist als dort, wogegen die Obertöne kräftig hervortreten. — Das engl, w fltellt feiner Ausfprache nach den Halbvokal u^ und der Laut, der z. B. im engl, use dem u- Vokale vorhergeht, den Halbvokal i^ gel reu dar. Ebenfo erfcheint der Halbvokal u^ im Deutfchen in der Verbindung qu, Akustifch möglich wäre auch der Halbvokal ü^ der jedoch nirgends gebräuchlich zu fein fcheint.^^ Das franz. u in Wörtern wie cuir ist doch wol hierher zu ziehen. Dife i , u^, ü^ dürften in meinen Thefen wol noch hinzuzufügen fein. Änlich erfcheint auch ein halbvokalifches e, auch ein o. Die von König mit Hilfe feiner manometrifchen Kapseln her- geftellten Flammenbilder (Annalen der Phyfik, Bd. 146, 1872 ^ Grützner a. a. O. 186), fo wie die mit dem Phonautographen von Scott und König von Hensen (bei Grützner, S. 188) und von Schneebeli (Arch. des sc. phys. et nat. LXm, Gendve 1878) hcr- geftellten Schwingungskurven zeigen für das a auffallend complicirtere Formen als die in der Nähe der u-s-Reihe ligenden Vokale, was fich wol im allgemeinen mit Grassmanns Anfichten würde vereinigen lassen. Die an Edisons Phonographen von den Engländern Fle- ming, Jenkin und Ewing (The Nature XVH, 1878, p. 384), von M.Mayer (ib. p. 469), von Grützner (Phyfiologie der Stimme und Sprache, S. 184) angeftellten Beobachtungen zeigen, dass bei verfchidener Drehungsgefch windigkeit der Walze die Klangfarbe der Vokale im allgemeinen unverändert bleibt, was für den überwigenden Einfluss namentlich des ersten Obertones fpricht, doch bietet die Theorie des Phonographen noch mannigfache Schwirigkeiten. 92 Über die Anordnung der Vokale. Im ganzen fcheinen danach alle mit den neuen akustifcfaen Ap- paraten angefteliten Unterfuchungen, foweit wir fie ftir jezt zu über- fehen im ftande find, die Richtigkeit der phyfiologifchen und akustifchen Grundlagen, auf welchen die deutfchen Forfcher die Dreiecksanordnung der Vokale aufgebaut haben, zu beftätigen; doch fchlieOt das natOrlich nicht aus, dass /ich nicht auch neue Seiten der Betrachtung, die zu andern Anordnungen fören, darbieten Tollten, wie folche namentlich von den englifchen Forfchern in den Vordergrund geftellt find. Fricke, Orth. 1877, reduzirte das Dreieck, etwas verfchoben, auf acht Normalftellen : fpitze: 6 i mittlere: ä ö ü volle: a 0 u Bei den vollen foU der Luftftrom dicht über der nidergelegten Zunge binAreichen, bei den fpitzen unter dem Gaumen^ bei den mitt* leren dazwifchon. Man vergleiche dagegen v. Meyer, Unfere Sprach- werkzeuge, 1880. S. 289. Moriz Trautmann inder Anglia, Bd.I (1878), p. 592 ordnet die Vokale, fich im ganzen an Sievers anfchließend : i2 e« e e« a ö« ö ö« ö u« u l_Ä« 1 0 1 i^ .. fl .- Indes der Bewegung der Organe nach ligt zwifchen u und i un- mittelbar nicht a, fondem ä, da der Übergang von u nach a Bewe- gungen in wefentlich anderer Richtung erfordert als der von a nach t, i weshalb die Dreiecksordnung a ü, wie wir fchon widerholt bemerkt n haben, entfchiden den Vorzug verdient vor der von Trautmann ge- wälten. Von den Sieversfchen Exponenten t* i^ . . • ö* ö^ , . . u* u^ hat Traut mann den Exponenten 1 als entberlich fortgelassen, nach dem über die Anordnang der Vokale. 93 Grundfatze, dass von je zwei Modifikazionen immer nur je eine einer befondern Bezeichnung bedarf. Die Herausgeber des feit lange vorbereiteten Schweizer Idio- tikons, von welchem jezt (Fröhjar 1881) das erste Heft, bearbeitet von Fridrich Staub und Ludwig Tobler, vorligt, haben (ich nach fer umfangreichen Beratungen Ober das zu befolgende phonetifche Trans- fkriptionsfystem zu folgenden Vokalzeichen entfchlossen : a*, c*, t*, 0*, ö\ tt^, w* reine Ausfprache wie im deutfchen und italienifchen Alphabete [= a, «, t, o, Ö, u, ü meiner Thefen]. a^ nach o hin fpilend, engl, a^ [mein a°]. e^ frz. e, e [mein «*]. t^ trfib, gegen e hin [mein i']. 0^ nach a hin fpilend, engl, o^ oder o^ [mein o*]. ö^ zwifchen ö^ und <J, engl, u^^ frz. eu in peur^ beutre [mein ö*]. tt^ tröb, gegen o fpilend [mein u^], ü^ trfib, gegen ö fpilend [mein ö**]. (B zwifchen a und e, 'engl, a* [mein a*]. Daffir ^ in den Stichwörtern und den Belfpilfätzen, wo es galt, das mit i wechselnde e befonders zu markiren. «o (auch flo "• f« w.) reduzirter Vokal der Vor- und NachfilLen [mein 9 oder «J. le, Mtf, ä« wirkliche Doppellaute (wegen technifcher Urfachen fo gefchriben ftatt ice^ u. f. w.). ueij üei Triphthonge. ai, ceif e^ provinzielle Variazionen für den alten Diphthong (nein). eH neuer Diphthong aus älterm i (frei). a^Uy (EU provinzielle Variazionen für den alten Diphthong (Baum), aä, ö^ü Umlaut dazu (Bäum), o^u neuer Diphthong aus älterm ü (Sau). ö^ü Umlaut dazu oder ffir altd. tu (Säu^ neu). ä% «•, f", 5% d", 5", e* Vokale mit ausklingender Produktion. *e Vokal mit furtivem Vorfchlag. FOr » ist ein etwas anders geformtes Zeichen, änlich dem Sievers- fchen 4y aufgeftellt. Die Abweichung von den fönst angewandten Zeichen ligt im wef entlichen in der Hinznftigung des Exponenten 1 und in der Erfetzung der von BrOcke angewandten und von mir etwas 94 Über die Anordnung der Vokale. weiter auflgedenten Yokalexponenten (refp. Kräaters ZorOckfchiebungs- und Böhmers Aperturzeichen) durch den Exponenten 2. Schon Hupfeld, Über den historifch-grammatifchen Wert der bessern deutfchen Volksmundarten, Jahns Jarbflcher 1829, I, 363, Tagte: ,,Ein gemeinfchaftlicher Vorzug der fchweizerifchen und fchwa- bifchen Mundart ist der, dass die alten hd. Diphthongen uo (ua), Um- laut ue (aus got 6) und ia oder ie (got. fti), welche die SchriftTprache und die ndd. Dialekte in ü, Umlaut ü und i zufammengezogen und dadurch mit den urfprQnglichen Denlauten t2, ö, i vermifcht haben, durch ein nacbfcblagondes a (d, e) oder o: w* (t?, <2®), Uml. ä' (ö*), »• (i*) nachempfinden lässt, z. B. Rü^ (nom. pr.), gd% MuHer^ Grü'ss, grhl^sseny Günter; Li^cht^ Li^'be, di^nen.^*' Nähere Auskunft wird die erst fpäter zu erwartende ausförliche Einleitung zum Idiotikon geben. Möge das große Werk, welches einen reichen Schatz allgemein zugänglich macht und ein fchönes Seitenftuck zu Schmellers bairifchem Wörterbuch bildet, einen glQck- lichen Fortgang nemen! F. 6. Fleay hat im Mai 1880 in der English Spelling Reform Association einen Vortrag gehalten, in welchem er Beils System durch Streichung der mized-Reihen für das gewönliche Bedürfnis der euro- päifchen Hauptfprachen zu vereinfachen gefucht hat. Vgl. Zeitfcbrift fQr Orth. I, 186 ff. Indem er den umgekerten Gravis als Zeichen der gefchlossen^n Laute verwendet, erhält er folgendes Schema: Unround Round Wide narrow narrow wide (High l.i 4.i^ 7.^^ 10. q Front JMid 2. e 5.e^ 8.oe^ 11. CB (Low 3. 8ß 6.» 9.0^ 12. a High 22. A 19.A^ 16.0^ IS.'^o Back Mid 23. a 20. a^ 17.0^ U. 0 Low 24.UI 21.UI, 18. u 15. u 1. engl. pit. — 2. engl, pet^ fr. jette^ d, feit. — 3. engl. paf. — 4. fr.yim, engl. /ee2. — 5. fr. eUy it. e chiuso, engl./a<e, when purely pronounced. — 6. iL e i^rto. — 7. dän. Zy*, schwed. y, d. ß. — 8. d./cliön, dän./öfe, fr. feu. — 9. d. Götter, dän. störH. — 10. dän. Ober die Anordnung der Vokale. 95 synd. — 11. fr. Jeune^ dän. ö, — 12. The widened sound of 9. — 13. engl, hot, — 14. it. o aperto, fr. komme. — 15. engl, füll, — 16. engl, fall, — 17. d. Sokrij engl, note^ wben parely soanded. — 18. engl. /oo/, fr, paule. -— 19, 20. The narrowed soands of 22, 23. — 21. gael. ao. — 22, d. Mann^ fr. las, — 23. it mattOf fr. cÄott«, eng], fcUher. — 24. engl, mention, — 25. engl, nuf; unaccented Ger- man e (cf. no. 12). Ordnen wir diTe Zeichen in folgender Weife: SB se e e i i e e^ ce CB^ y y^ 0 0^ o o^ u u^ A A^ a a^ ui in^, fo haben wir die vier Bellfchen Hexaden, welche übrig bleiben, wenn wir die beiden roixed-Hezaden fortlassen. y illeicht wäre das Abzeichen besser den offneren Lauten gegeben. Die Hanptabweichung von Sweet beftebt im Gbrigen darin, dass der eine engl, u als nnround, der andere als round anffasst, wie Ober- haupt die Stellung des engl, u ein Punkt ist, aber den die verfchi- denen Forfcher noch keineswegs vollkommen einig find. Zum Schlüsse fei noch bemerkt, dass in neuster Zeit merfache Verfuche gemacht worden find, analog den von Ari hinn frodi in Is- land eingefurten Vokalzeichen, ftatt der ümlautzeichen ä, d, ü Modi- fikazionen von a, o, u einzufdren, welche die lästigen öbergefetzten Punkte entberlich machen. Ich erwäne hier Kräuters Verfuch, bei Frommann VII. Fig. 1, für <!, d Verfchlingungen von e mit a und o, und für ü mit Ari y zu fetzen; ferner Fr ick es Vorfchlag durch- ftrichener a, o, u, und feinen fpäteren, in neuster Zeit an verfchidenen Orten empfolenen, der mir den Vorzug zu verdienen fcheint, die Modilikazionen durch Einbiegung des ersten Schrifitzugcs zu gewinnen : u B u Entfprechende Majuskelformen würden fich dazu one jede Schwirigkeit bilden lassen. Vgl. Reform 1877. No. 2 f. Sollten folche Formen durchdringen, fo müssten wir dis allerdings als einen erfreulichen Fortfehritt begrüßen. Es würde dazu beitragen, der Überzeugung von der Notwendigkeit einer Fortbildung des latei- nifchen Alphabets in der Richtung des Pitman-EUisfchen und des Lundellfchen Alphabets in weiteren Ereifen Eingang zu verfchaffen. 9(5 Über die AnordnuDg der Vokale. Trotz des Warnungsrufes, welchen Ellis im Jare 1870 ergehen ließ: „As I am one of those unfortunate indimduaU who have tried to in- troduce a new alphabtt with new letters^ I may he aUowcd to say, from my own experience, that there is no present hope of stich a scheme succeed- ing, The expense tvhick attends the provision of new typeSy and tke training of new compositorSy is enough of itsdf to stop ü^ (vgl. Zeiifchr.
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PAGE TEN THE MOON COUNTY JOURNAL and OUR MINERAL WEALTH FRIDAY, APRIL 29, 1921. APPOINTMENTS TO IHRIA BOARDAREMADE Appointment of L. L. Henry of Globe, Joseph Lord of Phoenix and Herbert H. Hodgson of Morenci to be members of the industrial commission of Arizona was announced last Friday afternoon by Governor Campbell. Mr. Henry was appointed for the six-year term, Mr. Lord for the four-year term and Mr. Hodgson for the two years. In each case the term of office begins with the date upon which the act creating the industrial commission was approved, March 17, 1921. The new industrial commission will meet today for the purpose of electing a chairman and secretary. Quarters for the commission will be provided in the house chamber on the third floor of the Capitol. Under the act passed by the last legislature creating the commission, each member will receive a salary of $4000 a year. They will act as mediators in labor disputes; supervise and regulate employment; have concurrent jurisdiction in the enforcement of all labor laws, and regulate insurance companies engaged in business relating to the workmen's compensation. It is intended that the law under which the commission operates shall practically do away with personal injury suits except in cases of employees in hazardous occupations who prior to injury elect to sue under the employers' liability law. Test Suit to Be Brought While it is understood that the law is acceptable to both the corporations and labor, it will not be accepted until the courts have decided upon its constitutionality. This question will be brought out in a test suit which will be filed in the superior court by F. C. Struckmeyer within the next few days. In addition to duties already outlined, the commission will establish and conduct free employment agencies and license and supervise private employment agencies. It will collect and publish statistical and other information relative to employees and employers and give advice as to places in need of employees. It will investigate any place reported as unsafe or unhealthy. As a nucleus for the compensation fund, the state will advance $100,000, to be repaid in 15 years. This money will be used for the purpose of insuring employers against liability incurred through injuries received by workmen and for insuring persons entitled to compensation provided in the law. Repayment of the original fund loaned by the state will be made by means of premiums charged to various industries according to hazards and penalties collected for violation of law. Every employer of three or more workmen, except domestic servants or those engaged in agricultural labor where no machinery is used, must insure either with the state compensation fund or a recognized insurance company, or if financially able, arrange to insure self. Persons engaged in hazardous occupations are given the option to elect prior in an injury whether they will accept compensation as provided in the law or sue under the employers' liability law. Provides High Compensation Compensation features of the new law become effective from May 31. Provision also is made for accident benefit fund which provides for medical attention or surgical treatment. After compensation has been awarded by the commission, no appeal can be made except to the supreme court of the state. The schedule of compensation is said to be the highest now in existence in the United States. . This schedule follows: Total disability. (1) permanent, (2) temporary. (1) Sixty-five percent of average monthly wage, minimum $30 per month, maximum $84.50 per month, during life of injured person. (2) Sixty-five percent of average monthly wage, for 100 months; minimum $30, maximum $84.50, if no dependents in the United States; minimum, $40, maximum, $94.50, if persons totally dependent in the United States. Partial disability. (1) permanent, (2) temporary. (1) Fifty-five percent of difference between his average monthly wages before the accident and the monthly wages he is able to earn thereafter. (2) Sixty-five percent of difference between his average monthly wages before the injury and wages earned thereafter, not to exceed $50 per month for 60 months. In addition, special schedule for loss of certain members, etc. based on 55 percent of average monthly wage, minimum $30 per month, maximum $71.50 per month. Death. In all cases, medical aid, funeral expenses. Widow receives 35 percent of average monthly wage during life or until remarriage, with two years' compensation in one sum upon remarriage. Widower, if dependent, same as widow. Widow or widower, if there are children, same as above, and in addition 15 percent of wage for each child until the age of 18 years. Orphans, first child 25 percent of average wage, and 15 percent rent for each additional child. Maximum in these cases 66 2-3 percent of average monthly wage of deceased employee. Paid to children until they die, marry or reach the age of 18, or if over 18 and incapable of self-support, until they become capable of self-support. Parents, if wholly dependent, 25 percent for one, 15 percent additional for two. Brothers or sisters, if wholly dependent, 25 percent for one, 35 percent for more than one. If only partially dependent, 15 percent divided among such dependents. In all others cases, questions of total or partial dependency determined by commission. The Men Appointed Following are the men who form the new commission: L. L. Henry, who was appointed for the long term, is a practicing attorney of Globe, having been a resident of that city for the past 17 years. Mr. Henry was born in Iowa in 1868. He graduated from the law department of Iowa state university, and in 1869 removed to New Mexico, practicing at Aztec and at Gallup. In 1869, he removed to Globe, where he has held the positions of district attorney and city attorney. Mr. Henry has at no time represented any of the operating mining companies, but his long experience in the office as a practicing attorney was well-known. He has been acquainted with the questions arising out of adjustments of compensation for the first year and the commission not only recognized legal ability but also a familiarity with the problems which will come before it for determination possessed by few lawyers. Politically, he has long been a Republican. "Mr. Tenney is married and has two children, a son, who is now studying dentistry at the university of southern California, and a daughter who will graduate this year from the high school. He plans to move to Phoenix at once, his family following him in the early autumn. In the midst of the Democratic member of the commission, Mr. Tjml was for the past three years federal mediator for Arizona under the United States department of labor, with his headquarters at Phoenix. His work has been that of assistant to Hywell Davies, labor administrator for Arizona, and he has been actively engaged in the mediation of industrial disputes in Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and California. Mr. Tjml was born in Yorkshire, England, his parents removing to this country when he was a year and a half old. At the age of 13, he began work as a trapper boy in the coal mines at a armington, N.Y., and for the past three years has been actively connected with the organized labor movement. At the time he went to work in the mines, he became a member of the United Mine Workers of America and he has taken an active interest in the affairs of that organization ever since. Following 15 years of work in the coal mines of Illinois, he became the editor of the Peoria Herald, published at Peoria and he was for three years president of the Peoria association of the United States. In March, 1918, Mr. Lord was appointed federal mediator for Arizona and until July of that year established headquarters in Phoenix, although his work has taken him to practically all of the metal mining operations of the Rocky Mountains. Mr. Lord comes of a family which has long been active in the affairs of organized labor. His father, Samuel Lord, began work in the mines in England at the age of six years. He was a pioneer in the Knights of Labor movement and in other early miners' organizations. Mr. Lord is a brother of James Lord, one of the foremost labor leaders in the United States and president of the mining department of the American Federation of Labor. During the war, James Lord was at the head of the mining division of the United States employment force, which had in charge the recruiting of labor for war work from the mining industry. The mining department of the American Federation of Labor, of which he is president, numbers almost one million emempers. Mr. Lord, who makes his home in Phoenix, is married and has four daughters, the third member of the commission, is the son of Capt. J. P. Hodgson, manager of the Morenci branch of the Phelps-Dodge corporation at Morenci. Mr. Hodgson is an years of age. His preparatory education was secured at the schools of northern Michigan. Early in life he acquired a taste for mining, and in his school, he was a model for the school. He was a model for the school. He was a model for the school. Mr. Morrison succeeded in winning the University of Wisconsin where he took a course in mining. Senior year of his college course, he University of Arizona, where he graduated in 1917 with the degree of bachelor of sciences, graduated in 1917 following his graduation from the University of Arizona. Mr. Hodgson went to the University of Arizona and after obtaining a commission there became an officer of field artillery, serving as this capacity for two years, a portion of which time was spent overseas. Since his return to America, he has occupied the position of safety engineer for the Phems and other areas. Dodge corporation, the branch. AMERICAN LEGION Endorsement of the American Legion's program for relief to disabled, which was adopted by the investigating committee, named by President Harding, was voted at the regular session of the Maine legislature. A memorial resolution was passed requesting Congress to adopt the Legion's legislative recommendations. After it was announced that there were 3,000 former service men in Los Angeles, Cal., out of work and that an average of 500 men apply for employment to the American Legion headquarters there daily, the Merchants' and Manufacturers' Association of that city decided that it was time to act. A campaign of relief has been started and the funds will be administered by the chairman of the American Legion Interpost Council. Three to one is the score of the legislative program of the American Legion in Iowa. The following Legion measures passed: Bonus bill providing fifty cents a day, with a maximum of $350 to be voted upon at the general election in November 1922; Tax exemption of $500 for veterans of World War, $1,800 for Spanish-American War Veterans, and $3,000 for those who fought in the Civil War, and veteran's preference on all political appointments, state, county, city and schools for both World War and Spanish-American War fighters. A legion boxing bill was passed in the house, but was defeated in the senate of the Iowa legislative body. George Sylvester Viereck's boast that he can control 6,000,000 votes in the interest of Germany has been denied by letters from twelve leading citizens of Teutonic extraction in Louisville, Ky., to the Jefferson post of the American Legion post in that city. The letters, together with a resolution condemning Viereck as an advocate of un-American principles, have been made public by the post. Louisville Legionnaires will hold an All-American meeting on Decoration Day, May 30. When the fire department dashed down the main street and red flares burned brightly in the stillness of the night, the solid citizens of Appleton, Wis., rushed out of their homes in alarm. What they discovered was that the local post of the American Legion was starting its membership campaign. Bands began to play and illuminated floats appeared. Boy scouts marched in a parade with the Legion members. The effect of the night attack was so strong that 600 members were on hand. btained the next day. Although he was arrested and convicted of a misdemeanor, a twenty-year-old wounded veteran of the World War, is to receive through the offices of the American Legion of Detroit, Mich., an education as an electrical engineer. The boy had enlisted at the age of seventeen and was twice wounded during the St. Mihiel drive. He had always wanted an education, he told the judge, but was compelled to leave school when he was six years old because of the separation of his parents. The judge placed him on probation to a representative of the Legion, who is arranging for the youth to enroll in an engineering course under the Government provisions for vocational training of wounded veterans. When the Government salvage depot employment office at Toledo, O., failed to employ a reasonable number of ex-service men, the Lucas County Council of the American Legion investigated the situation and obtained a promise of adjustment from the captain in charge of the depot. The legion's investigation showed that, out of 261 employees, 97 were ex-service men, 50 were ineligible at the time of war, and 114 had never been in the service. A French "Medal Commemorative of the World War" awaits Americans and French citizens who went to France to serve with the horizon blues during the period of hostilities, according to a letter to National Headquarters of the American Legion from Brigadier General L. Collardet, French military attaché at Washington. He requests that persons eligible for the decoration apply to the French government. Embassy at the national capital. The Bronx County, N.Y. American Legion will on Memorial Day dedicate a tree to each of the 760 Bronx men and women who made the supreme sacrifice. Around each of the Lindens on Grand Concourse the City of New York will place an iron guard, to this will be a fixed bronze plate, conceived by the Bronx Legion and paid for by its members. Playing Safe "They kept bothering me for a recipe," yawned the prominent movie actress, "so I finally gave them one for fresh huckleberry pie." "Why fresh huckleberry pie?" "Nobody will be able to try it for some months." Film Fun. SCHOOL YEAR The University will conduct a summer session this year at Flagstaff and Bisbee, cooperating at the former place with the Northern Arizona Normal School and at the latter with the Bisbee Public Schools. The length of the session at Flagstaff will be ten weeks, that at Bisbee six weeks. While the chief purpose of these summer sessions is to serve teachers and school officials of the state, courses are offered in other than professional subjects in teaching and all courses carry credit applicable to University graduation. The University Summer Session at Flagstaff This session will be ten weeks in length, opening June 20th and closing August 26th. The entire session is divided into two five-week halves and all courses carry definite units of credit for each five-week term. The Northern Arizona Normal School holds a ten weeks session between these dates, offering an extensive program of work for teachers. Students desiring information as to such courses should address the president of that institution. Dr. L. B. McMullen. Location Flagstaff is situated at the foot of the San Francisco peaks in the heart of the great Coconino National Forest and at an altitude of 6900 feet. The beautiful forest of pine, the cool summer climate, and the various points of scenic and historic interest contribute to make it an ideal location for a summer school. (Special attention will be given to weekend excursions to points of geographic, geological, and archaeological interest which abound in this region. Fees and Expenses An incidental fee of $10.00 is charged for the summer session whether students register for the entire session or for either half of it. For late registration, an additional fee of $2.00 is required. The prices charged by the Northern Arizona Normal School for room and board are approximately $30.00 per month of four weeks. Reservations of a room in the dormitory should be made early by addressing the Northern Arizona Normal School. Courses of Study and Credit The courses offered by the University faculty carry the usual credits assigned them in the catalogue of the University unless otherwise specified in the course itself, as described in this circular. A number of these courses will meet twice daily in order to cover the required work. The Normal School offers a large range of professional courses for teachers, for a number of which University credit is given. Practice teaching opportunities for those preparing to teach in high schools will be offered under University provision. Those who wish to practice teaching in the elementary grades should make their arrangements for such by writing the Normal school. The maximum amount of credit work that may be done in the ten weeks session is ten units. or five units for either half. The University Summer School at Bisbee The fourth annual summer session at Bisbee will open June 13th and close July 22nd. The courses offered are planned to meet the needs of teachers preparing for high schools, junior high schools, and rural school work. Teachers desiring to work toward a University degree will find their needs met in that all courses of work carry a University credit. Practice teaching opportunities in junior high school grades will be available. Location Bisbee is a city of some 25,000 people situated in the mountains of southwestern Arizona at an altitude of 5300 feet. The summer climate is quite well adapted to study and its excellent public school system affords unusual opportunities for the study of the various features of progressive educational procedure. It would indeed be difficult to name a city more up-to-date in its educational policy. Bisbee is reached by the main line of the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad, passengers changing at Os-Dorn for the side trip to Bisbee. Fees and Expenses charged for the six weeks session and $2.00 additional for late registration. Living expenses in Bisbee are approximately those of any western mining city. A number of women students may be accommodated at the Y.W.C.A. and at private homes. Requests for accommodations should be addressed to the Director of the Summer Session, University of Arizona, Tucson. Courses and Credits The courses offered are based chiefly upon a preliminary census, the needs of the public school teachers of Bisbee and surrounding territory. Added to these will be four special courses for teachers in schools. Persons not finding in circular the courses they desire should address the Director of the Summer Session, making known the wishes. It is possible that additional courses may be thus offered, if sufficient demand. The maximum credit for the weeks is six units. Certain courses will recite twice daily to cover this work. All courses receive credit of University rank. BOYS AND FLOORS Know that kid of Mrs. Jones? When he's turned loose in her living room, it's like parking a couple of billy goats. Don't know what she'd do if it wasn't for Rubber Floor Varnish. It's the saving grace, I tell her, because no matter how much rumpus has been raised, her floors still look dressed up. "No argument about it, Ma'm, Rubber Floor Varnish saves a powerful lot of work and worry. Made in 8 serviceable colors and clear. Write for color cards and floor finishing information. Sold by leading dealers. ARIZONA STORES CO. KINGMAN, ARIZONA A pipe's a pal packed with P. A.! Seven days out of every week you'll get real smoke, joy, and real smoke content. ment if you'll get close-up to a jimmy pipe! Buy one and know that for yourself! Packed with cool, delightful, fragrant Prince Albert, a pipe's the greatest treat, the happiest and most appealing smoke you ever had handed out! You can chum it with a pipe and you will once lH you know that Prince Albert is free from bite and parch! (Cut out by our exclusive patented process!) Why every puff of P. A. makes you want two more; every puff hits the bullseye harder and truer than the last! You can't resist such delight! And, you'll get thesmokesurprise of your life when you roll up a cigarette with Prince Albert ! Such entic ing flavor you never did know ! And, P. A. stays put be cause it's crimp cut and it's a cinch to roll ! You try it ! friiNGE Albert the rftitional jq? smoke Print Albtrt U U In teppy nd bast, tidy rid tint, handtomt pound and half pound tin hamtdor and Inth pound crystal glass humidor with spongo molstentr top. Copyrlrht 1921 .pj R. J. RernMda Tobacco Co. Wlnston-Salen W. C..
| 6,721 |
6028532_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 313 | 380 |
Nardelli, J.,
concurs in a memorandum as follows: I agree with the conclusion of the majority that the hearing court properly denied defendant’s motion to suppress on the merits. I also agree that the People’s renunciation of the statutory presumption did not warrant dismissal of the indictment and that by pleading guilty defendant waived his present challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence before the Grand Jury. However, I do not agree with defendant that the hearing court should not have permitted the prosecution to renounce reliance upon the statutory automobile presumption (Penal Law § 265.15 [3]) for the first time after the close of the suppression hearing.
The People’s decision to waive the presumption was simply a tactical one. At the hearing, there was testimony from the cab driver that he actually observed the defendant enter the cab with the weapons. Accordingly, the People could have noted that defendant had no automatic standing since the additional evidence supported the charge without the use of the statutory presumption. Instead, they forthrightly disclaimed use of the presumption, which actually weakened their case. We must *659not forget that if defendant had not pleaded guilty, upon the trial of the action, the People would have been bound by their waiver of the presumption that defendant, as an occupant of the automobile, possessed weapons found in the automobile. Thus, the People chose a course in which they had to prove “actual” possession by the testimony of the cab driver. This tactical choice made by the prosecutor a year after the Grand Jury presentation did not invalidate the evidence the Grand Jury had heard. Nor did it somehow deceive the Grand Jury. When the evidence was presented to the Grand Jury, the prosecutor was relying on the presumption and defendant does not show or even allege that there was a plan, conscious or otherwise, to disavow such presumption.
| 9,449 |
https://github.com/q315523275/FamilyBucket/blob/master/src/ErrorCode/Bucket.ErrorCode.Listener/BucketErrorCodeListener.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
FamilyBucket
|
q315523275
|
C#
|
Code
| 51 | 185 |
using Bucket.ErrorCode.Abstractions;
using Bucket.Listener;
using Bucket.Values;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Bucket.ErrorCode.Listener
{
public class BucketErrorCodeListener : IBucketListener
{
public string ListenerName => "Bucket.ErrorCode";
private readonly IDataRepository _dataRepository;
public BucketErrorCodeListener(IDataRepository dataRepository)
{
_dataRepository = dataRepository;
}
public async Task ExecuteAsync(string commandText)
{
if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(commandText) && commandText == NetworkCommandType.Reload.ToString())
await _dataRepository.Get();
}
}
}
| 25,728 |
https://github.com/developersociety/django-glitter-events/blob/master/glitter_events/models.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
| 2,019 |
django-glitter-events
|
developersociety
|
Python
|
Code
| 226 | 1,017 |
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from taggit.managers import TaggableManager
from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone
from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
from glitter.assets.fields import AssetForeignKey
from glitter.mixins import GlitterMixin
from glitter.models import BaseBlock
@python_2_unicode_compatible
class Category(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=100, db_index=True)
slug = models.SlugField(max_length=100, unique=True)
class Meta:
ordering = ('title',)
verbose_name_plural = 'Categories'
def __str__(self):
return self.title
def get_absolute_url(self):
return reverse('glitter-events:category-event-list', kwargs={
'slug': self.slug,
})
@python_2_unicode_compatible
class Location(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=32, db_index=True)
slug = models.SlugField(max_length=32, unique=True)
location = models.CharField(max_length=128, unique=True)
class Meta:
ordering = ('title',)
def __str__(self):
return self.title
def get_absolute_url(self):
return reverse('glitter-events:location-event-list', kwargs={
'slug': self.slug,
})
@python_2_unicode_compatible
class Event(GlitterMixin):
category = models.ForeignKey('glitter_events.Category')
title = models.CharField(max_length=100, db_index=True)
slug = models.SlugField(max_length=100, unique_for_date='start')
address = models.CharField(max_length=128, blank=True)
locations = models.ManyToManyField(Location, blank=True)
image = AssetForeignKey('glitter_assets.Image', null=True, blank=True)
summary = models.TextField(help_text='A short sentence description of the event.')
start = models.DateTimeField(help_text='Start time/date.')
end = models.DateTimeField(help_text='End time/date.', blank=True, null=True)
date_url = models.DateField(db_index=True, editable=False)
created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
tags = TaggableManager(blank=True)
class Meta(GlitterMixin.Meta):
ordering = ('start',)
def __str__(self):
out = '{start} - {title}'.format(
start=timezone.localtime(self.start).strftime('%Y-%m-%d - %I:%M%p'), title=self.title
)
return out
def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.date_url = self.start.date()
super(Event, self).save(*args, **kwargs)
def get_absolute_url(self):
return reverse('glitter-events:detail', kwargs={
'year': self.date_url.year,
'month': str(self.date_url.month).zfill(2),
'day': str(self.date_url.day).zfill(2),
'slug': self.slug,
})
class UpcomingEventsBlock(BaseBlock):
category = models.ForeignKey(
'glitter_events.Category', null=True, blank=True, on_delete=models.PROTECT
)
tags = models.CharField(max_length=255, blank=True)
class Meta:
verbose_name = 'upcoming events'
| 43,824 |
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnar%20Valstad
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Bjørnar Valstad
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bjørnar Valstad&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 212 | 423 |
Bjørnar Valstad (* 27. April 1967) ist ein ehemaliger norwegischer Orientierungsläufer.
Valstad wurde 1999 und 2004 Weltmeister sowohl auf der Langdistanz als auch mit der norwegischen Staffel. Nach dem Doppeltriumph 2004 beendete er seine Karriere, in der er bei Weltmeisterschaften neben den vier Gold- auch zwei Silber und drei Bronzemedaillen gewann. Bei Europameisterschaften, die seit 2000 wieder ausgetragen wurden, gewann er 2000 Bronze und 2002 hinter dem Schweizer Thomas Bührer und zeitgleich mit dem Schweden Emil Wingstedt Silber auf der Langdistanz. Bei den World Games 2001, den ersten bei denen Orientierungslauf auf dem Programm stand, gewann er mit Hanne Staff, Tore Sandvik und Birgitte Husebye Gold in der Mixed-Staffel. 2002 gewann er den Gesamt-Weltcup.
1999 und 2002 gewann er in der Staffel des Osloer Klubs Bækkelagets SK die Jukola-Staffel, 1995 mit NTHI. Valstad lief auch für die Vereine Nydalens Skiklub und Stjørdals/Blink. Bei norwegischen Meisterschaften gewann er zehn Titel sowie vier weitere Titel mit der Staffel.
Valstad ist mit Hanne Staff verheiratet und hat mit ihr zwei Kinder (Stand 2009).
Platzierungen
Weblinks
Valstad auf World of O Runners
Bjørnar Valstad im Store norske leksikon
Orientierungslauf-Ergebnisse der World Games 2001
Orientierungsläufer (Norwegen)
Weltmeister (Orientierungslauf)
Norwegischer Meister (Orientierungslauf)
Sieger bei den World Games (Orientierungslauf)
Norweger
Geboren 1967
Mann
Teilnehmer an den World Games (Norwegen)
| 2,519 |
sceltacollezione00ered_0_1
|
Italian-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,837 |
Scelta collezione di stampe dalla metà del secolo XV sino a tutto il XVIII : proposta agli amatori della incisione : dalla erede Mayer di Padova
|
Erede Mayer di Padova | Majer, Andrea, 1765-1837
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 8,641 | 16,855 |
SCELTA COLLEZIONE DI STAMPE PROPOSTA AGLI AMATORI DELLA INGISIOrTE SCELTA COLLEZIONE DI STAMPE bALLA METÀ DEL SEGOLO XV SINO A TUTTO IL XVIII PROPOSTA DALLA EREDE MAYER DI PADOVA PADOVA TIPOGRAFIA CARTALLIER 1S37. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/sceltacollezioneOOered_0 vita del Cav. Andrea Majer ci mostrò Tuomo sempre inteso alla coltura dello spirito, ma con quella vicenda eh' era tutta propria del suo carattere; quindi talora tutto consacrato al- le Lettere, talora alle Arti del Bello, passando in queste, secondo che gli talentava, dalla musica al- la pittura, dalla pittura alle stampe. Addentrato alquanto negli anni fece tema esclusivo delle sue collezioni V intaglio, e non risparmiandola a cu- re ed a spese giunse a tale, che per dovizia, per isceltezza d' incisioni poteva gloriarsi di un certo primato. In fatti, se stiamo al numero, la sua rac- colta è più copiosa della così riputata del Marche- se Manfredini , mentre questa eccede di poco le settecento, laddove il Mayer andò oltre le no- vecento; e se calcoliamo i pregi intrinseci ^ la parte antica, che era la più difficile a combinarsi, è di assai più copiosa e più scelta. I nomi de- gF intagliatori, e i pezzi capitali, che s'incontre- ranno scorrendo il Catalogo, mostreran non esa- gerato un tal vanto. Il Manfredini è più ricco d'intagli moderni; ma T epoca in cui videro la luce abbastanza ci addita come un raccoglito- re non avesse a durare molta fatica per farne r acquisto. Era facile a vedersi che il Majer avrebbe este- so l'indice di questo suo tesoretto; ma che si sa- rebbe prestato con quel senno e quella perizia che lo distingueano; cioè a dire, circoscrivendosi alla indicazione dell' incisore, air epoca in cui fio- ri, alle stampe che fece di pubblico dritto, o che gli venne di unire alla sua collezione. Talvolta notò che la prova era rara o rarissima; circo- stanza che non potea omettere perchè la rarità decide necessariamente del prezzo più alto. Tal- volta dichiarò che l'intaglio era avanti le lette- re; ma più per additare un fatto, che per ac- crescere il pregio dell'esemplare da lui posseduto. Era egli di avviso che le differenze del prima, o dopo le lettere, fossero un recente artifizio della 5 venalità calcografica ^ fermamente tenendo che una stampa è bella quando sia impressa a do- vere. Non altrimenti la sentivano gli stessi inciso- ri; benché profittassero della ilkisione degli acqui- renti, per avvantaggiare la loro vendita di alcune decine di franchi. Morghen come artista magni- ficava a cielo le prove avanti le lettere, ma nei simposii amichevoli rideva alle spalle dei racco- glitori che se ne mostravano cosi passionati. Il Majer, pochi giorni prima di pagare alla natura Tinevitabil tributo, chiamata sua figlia adottiva, cioè la figlia del cuore, le disse che non ultimo fra gli oggetti del paterno retaggio, cui stava per conseguire, pel suo valore e pel pregio, era la Collezione delle stampe. Aggiungeva esse- re suo intendimento che la vendita avesse a se- guire col dovuto decoro: e perciò non a parte a parte, ma in tutta la sua integrità, calcolando che se pochi, attesi i tempi e le moltiplicate raccolte, avessero aspirato alF acquisto, pure ci sarebbe chi tenero di questo ramo delle Arti Belle si af- fretterebbe a farne tesoro. Ordinava da poi che per agevolare ed estendere T invito, pubblico si rendesse il Catalogo la mercè della stampa. 6 La giovane erede tenne in conto d' inviola- bile precetto quanto raccolse dal labbro del Ge- nitore, e riavuta da quella mestizia, eh' è compa- gna indivisibile della perdita delle persone più care, accelerò Y impressione del prospetto lascia- tole, con animo di diffonderne il più che poteva le copie. Non si è creduto opportuno di fissare il prezzo di ogni stampa, nò tampoco il comples- sivo di tutte. Giova sperare che non sarà diffici- le il convenire, mentre quelli che si presente- ranno, non istranieri al valore delle incisioni, il quale va sempre nella ragione diretta della loro antichità, della prestanza del bulino, della rarità ec. troveranno non esagerata V inchiesta di tale i^accolta inchiesta da cui, a tenore delle circostan- ze, si potrà declinare alcun poco, per concludere con reciproca soddisfazione il contratto. 1 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed amie della nascita degli Incisori titolo e BO^gcìio ìneila stampa 1 2 3 4 5 6 iisque 9 10 AB AVIBUS ovvero GASPAFwE OSELLO PATAVINO fioriva nella metà del secolo XVI. nativo di Cittadel- la, un tempo Pro- vincia di Padova. U ultima Cena. Lambertus Lombardus invent. a destra vicino al margine: Gasp. F. i564. La Flagellazioue di spine. Gasp. Ab Avibus Gittadelensis fecil. Gli Arrampicatori. a destra in una tavoletta: MDXXIIII. A. V. in altra tavoletta nel mezzo: Michael Angelus Bonarotus inveiitor. Ercole che soffoca Anteo. in una tavoletta le iniziali A. V. Il margine inferiore è tutto occupato da un cartello vóto di parole. La scuola del Disegno del Bandinelli> colla marca: A. V. i53i. I quattro Evangelisti. Giulio Romano inv. A.V. i5i8. Magnanimità di Scipione nel restitui- re la sposa e la dote a Lucejo prin- cipe spagnuolo sposo di lei. composizione di molte ligure, senza nomi, ma generalmente assegnata ad Agostino Ve- neziano. /ÌGOSTIINO VENEZIANO nato a Venezia nel i^go. 8 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascila degli Incisori titolo ^ sospetto ideila stampa 11 AGOSTINO VENEZIANO Venere che accarezza Amore.) il quale la minaccia con un bastone. 12 Psiche trasportata nelF Olimpo da due Amori. 13 Bacco ubbriaco portato sulle braccia dai Satiri. sopra un sasso a destra l'anno i535, ed il mo- nogramma A. Y. 14 La B. V. ai piedi della Croce. Pao: Ver. inv. cioè Paolo Veronese inventore. il nome dell'incisore non si vede, perchè trovasi nel margine inferiore che manca nel mio esemplare. 15 I Supplizii. Rei Condannati in un Er- gastolo a varie specie di supplizii. con un' iscrizione latina appiedi della stampa. in un sasso a sinistra leggesi I. R., cioè Giulio Romano, che è il nome dell' Inventore. ♦ A. V. i835., cioè Agostino Veneziano che è quello dell'Incisore. 16 (jrli ocneletri. Una tra le stampe capi- tali di questo incisore. bellissima prova di una rara freschezza e conser- vazione, colla solita marca A. V. in due luo- ghi nel corpo della stampa. 17 AGRICOLA Beata Vergine col Bambino e s. Gio- vanni in un paese. Peint par Rafael — Grave par Agricola. 9 Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori ALBERTO DURO nato in Norimberga nel i^']o, morto nel 1628. Sitola e $0^^^tto irrita stampa Il suo ritratto in mezza figura rivolto a sinistra. neir angolo sinistro superiore in uno scudo 1 5 2 . — in legno — rara. Ritratto di Erasmo di Rotherdam. colla solita marca. i536. — rarissima. Adamo ed Eva. a sinistra in una tavoletta appesa ad un ramo di un albero. Albertus Durerus Norìcus faciebat iSgG. S. Girolamo nella sua cella seduto al tavolino che scrive al lume di una finestra. in una tavoletta a destra la solita marca. Melancolla. stampa rinomata di Alberto Duro, in cui non leggesi alcuna marca. Il Cavallo della morte. in una tavoletta a sinistra la solita marca. Il gran Cavallo con un soldato di die- tro in piedi. sopra un sasso a destra la solita marca, ed in al- to nel mezzo l'anno i5o5. S. Uberto alla caccia, colla solita marca. 10 Nome patria ed anno della nascita deo^li Incisori Sitala e sa^^etta ìr^lla stampa ALBERTO DURO Stampa chiamata TOzio. colla solita marca. Flagellazione alla colonna. colla solita marca. Una Ninfa nuda sdrajata.^ed un Satiro che con la mano destra le afferra un braccio.^ tenendo colla mano sini- stra uno scudo. a basso nel mezzo la solita marca. La B. V. col Bambino in braccio. a sinistra la solita marca. — 1620. Il Cavaliere e la Dama, colla solita marca. La Sacra Famiglia con due Angeli che tengono in mano una corona sopra il capo della 31adonna. colla solita marca. — in legno. Martirio di una Santa. colla solita marca. — in legno. Ercole cne sbrana un Leone. colla solita marca. — in legno. Donna svenuta^ circondata da uomini e donne in alto di assisterla. colla solita marca. — in legno. Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori Sitolo t 0o^^^tto ìrclttt stampa ALBERTO DURO Battaglia con guerrieri a cavallo ed uo- mini a piedi che fuggono. colla solita marca. — in legno. Martirio dei Santi Giapponesi. colla solita marca. — in legno. Serie di cinque Santi^ figure intere di pari dimensioni.) detti i Profeti^ colle date i5i4-i523- i526. colla solita marca. Rarissimi e delle più studiate incisioni di Alberto Duro. La B. V. seduta dietro una siepe col Bambino in braccio^ e due Angeli che le sostengono sopra il capo una corona reale. colla solita marca. La B. V. seduta col Bambino in brac- cio che tiene in mano una pera 5 detta la Madonna del Pero, colla data i5i4.. e la solita marca. La B. V. seduta che allatta il Bambino, colla solita marca. iSia. La B. V. seduta vicina ad un albero, che tiene il Bambino in piedi sulle ginocchia. colla solita marca. 1 5 1 5. 12 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori Sitolo t soggetto Àrdila stampa 46 ALBERTO DURO La B. V. seduta a piedi di un albero col Bambiao in braccio^ e tenendo nella mano destra una mela* detta la Madonna del Pomo. colla solita marca. 1 5 1 1. 47 Due donne in piedi; quella a destra lia un bambino sulle braccia che tie- ne una mela nelle mani e sembra presentarlo alla compagna. colla solita marca. 48 L'Ostessa ed il Guoco^ clie ha un pic- cione vivo sulla spalla sinistra^ e tie- ne colla mano destra alcune stovi- glie di cucina. colla solita marca. 49 Stemma del Gallo in piedi in atto di cantare., appoggiato sullo stemma in cui scorgersi un leone" in piedi colle griffe inarcate. Una delle più belle incisioni di Alberto Duro. 50 Un piccolo Cavallo condotto da un Alabardiere che ha delle piccole ale ai piedi. colla solita marca. i5o5. 13 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori ®itolo e èOj^QetXo ìfelia stampa 51 ALBERTO DURO Ritratto di Alberto Duro posto in un cercliio^ nel cui contorno leggesi : Albertus Diirerus Norìcus inter ' Pictores omnium aetatum facile Princeps. Questa incisione apparteneva al Gabinetto del Consigliere Bianconi, il quale vi appose un' annotazione, in cui dice di non poterla attri- buire, sia per l'eccellenza del disegno, sia per l'incisione, che al solo Marc' Antonio. Copia del suddetto Ritratto in senso ■ Il III Ill'T?*' r opposto^ colle lettere dell Lpigraie scritte a rovescio. 53 • Tanto l' originale clie la copia sono della più gran rarità. vurisio niosiraio ai popoio. colla solita marca. La B. V. seduta dietro una siepe ab- bracciando il Bambino. colla solita marca. 54 S. Sebastiano trafitto dalle frecce, colla solita marca. 55 S. Cristoforo veduto di faccia col Barn- jjiuu ìjuiit; oudiic Cile iraYcrod ii nu- me^ volgendosi dalla sinistra alla de- stra. stampa in legno. 14 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori Slitola t Qo%%tXXo Àrdila stampa 56 ALBERTO DURO G. C. nudo in piedi a sinistra», legato colle funi alla colonna; la B. V. e una delle Marie genuflesse in atto di adorarlo. in alto a destra la solita marca coli' anno i5og. 57 La faccia di G. G. dipinta sopra un drappo sostenuto da due Angeli. in mezzo a basso in una tavoletta la solita mar- ca coiranno i5i3. 58 Il Salvatore condotto dai soldati al Tri- bunale di Caifas. in legno. 59 G. C. nudo seduto sopra di una pietra, a cui un giudeo presenta una canna. idem. bIJ G. C. in piedi con la Maddalena ingi- nocchiata^ ed accompagnata da due donne.) in atto di chiedergli perdono dei suoi peccati. 61 La Santissima Trinità. Il più stimato fra gì' intagli in legno dell'Autore, colla solita marca abbasso nel mezzo della stampa — superbo esemplare. 62 G. C. flagellato alla colonna, colla solita marca. / 15 ^ 2 a* 63 usque 75 76 77 78 79 80 Nomo patria ed anno della nascita dejrli Incisori ALDEGRA- VER ENRICO nato in Vestfalia i5o2, morto i555. 81 titolo t $o^{|dto ^f^la stampa Le forze di Ercole. seguito di i3 stampe — i55o. colla marca David e Bersabea. colla solita jnarca. David portante la testa di Golia infd- zata ìq una picca, colla solita marca. Ercole bambino che strozza i due ser- penti^ con un distico latino a basso della stampa. colla solita marca, i55o. Un uomo nudo») incatenato ambe le mani ad una colonna. iVltro uomo a sinistra disteso in terra^ ed afTcrrato per il collo da un manigoldo., con va- rj astanti che gli gettano dei sassi. a destra in alto in una cartella la solita marca. Lasciva femmina nuda., per aria sopra di una stella colle ali spiegate.^ e te- nendo nella mano sinistra il manico di una bandiera, e nella destra una torcia accesa. Ada mo se duto. ^ a cui Eva in piedi por- ge il pomo. colla solila marca. i54». 16 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori Sitola e soggetto Mia stampa 82 ALDEGRA- YER EiNRICO Il suo Ritratto. nel margine superiore leggesi un distico latino, in cui si dice che l' originale fu dipinto da lui medesimo nell'età di 28 anni. A destra scorgersi la solita sua marca, e nel margine inferiore è notato l'anno MDXXX. 83 ALIAMET GIACOMO nato ad Abbeville morto 1788. L'antico Porto di Genova. Berghem pinx. — Aliamet sculp. 84 ALLEI GIACOMO nato a Parigi 1668, B. V. seduta col Bambino adorato da- gli Angeli^ e s. Giuseppe in ginoc- chio. Simon Cantarini pinx. — Allet sculp. 85 ALDORFER Assalonne che uccide il fratello. nato in Aldorf i^^g. morto i558. colla marca o l> Il Banchetto del ricco Epulone», con Lazzaro disteso in terra sulla porta delle sala^ chiedendo un pezzo di pane. in una cartella appesa ad una colonna: Alde- graver de Susatto fecìt: ed in altra cartella a sinistra la solita marca e l'anno 1626. 87 Ritratto di 3Iartin Lutero. colla solita marca. 88 S. Cristoforo col Bambin Gesù sulle spalle. colla solita marca. 17 Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori ANDREANI ANDREA nato a Mantova i54o, morto iGaS. Sitolo t so^^^tto ìfdia stampa Ajace che si uccide. colla marca Jf^ Andrea Andreani 1608. — Intaglio a chiaro-scuro. Deposizione nel Sepolcro. a chiaro-scuro. Andrea Andreani Mantovano al sig. Giuseppe Medici — i585. Una Ninfa legata ad un albero. ^ Ligotius pinx. Francisco III. Etruriae Duci. Andreas Andreani sculp. i585. — a chiaro-scuro. Il Ratto della Sabina. disegnata dal gruppo di Gio: Bologna esistente in Firenze con una inscrizione in latino 1684. idem. Una Santa confortata da un Angelo e legata ad un Albero da due Ma- nigoldi^ uno dei quali tiene una ver- ga colle mani alzate in atto di per- cuoterla, ed un'altra donna distesa per terra. intaglio a chiaro -scuro. Jacopus Ligotius Inven. — Andreas Andreani i585. La B. Y. con varj Santi. colla solita marca: in Mantova MDCX. idem. 3 18 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori Sitolo z sog^gato trilla stampa 94 ANDREA ANDREANI Deposizione nel SepolcrOc^ colle tre Ma- rie, e M. V. svenuta. Raffael da Reggio Tnv. — Andreas Andrea Man- tuan. i585. — a chiaro-scuro. 95 ANTONIO n» TRFNTO COSÌ chiamato dalla Patria. Fioriva nel principio del secolo XVI. La morte dei ss. Pietro e Paolo, intaglio a chiaro-scuro. 96 Una Santa in piedi che mostra una gloria di Angeli ad un vecchio clie colle mani giunte le si raccomanda. idem. y 97 Una Ninfa ed un vecchio. idem. 98 AQUILA PIETRO nato in Palermo iG8i Il Ratto delle Sabine. Pietro Berettini pinx. — Petrus Aquila dehn. et s. 99 ARDELLMAG nato in Irlanda i i o. L'Angelo e Tobia. Rembrandt pinx. — Mac Ardell sculp. 100 usque AUDRAN GERARDO Le Rattaglie di Alessandro. Dipinte da Le Brun. 103 nato a Lione i63i, morto 1703. seguito di quattro stampe. 19 Nome patria ed anno della nascita deg^li Incisori Sditalo t soggetto ìrrlla stampa AUDRAN GERAUDO U Adultera. Poussin pinx. — G. Audran sculp. Martirio di s. Protasio. Le Gueur inven. — Grave par G. Audran. Il Transito di s. Francesco. Haunlbal Garache pinx. — G. Audran sculp. Lapidazione di s. Paolo a Listri. Raphael pinx. — G. Audran sculp. Il Gudizio di Salomone. Peint par Cojpd. — Gravè par G. Audran. 11 Uatto di (jammede. Titien pinx. — G. Audran sculp. AUDRAN CARLO B. V. col Bambino, s. Giovannino e s. Calterina. nato a Parigi iBg^, morto iG-j/J- Tilianus pinx. — K. Audran fecit. 20 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori j^^^tto ^ella stampa RAT FrHOTT Il Bao-iio. G. GIAC03I0 Vernet pinx. — Balechou sculp. nato ad Arles 1770. 112 La Calma. Peint par Yernct. — Grave par Balechou. 113 La Tempesta. Vernet pinx. — Balechou sculp. 114 S. Genevieffa. Vanlo pinx. (sic) — Balechou sculp. 115 La Filatrice col molinello. Aved pinx, — Balechou sculp. 116 BALLIU Tumulazione del corpo di s. Pietro. PILI nO nato ad Anversa 1614. 117 G. C. flagellato alla colonna e con- fortato dagli Angeli. Thomas Inv. — Balliu sculp. 118 Rinaldo ed A rmida. Vandick pinx. — Balliu sculp. 119 Cristo morto disteso sui ginocchi della B. V. stampa chiamata /a Pietà del Caracci. a basso, a sinistra, Annibal Caracci pinx. a destra, P. de Balliu fecit et excudit. 21 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori ®itola t %o%%tX\^ ìrella stampa 120 li 1)11/11 1 Scolare di Poilly. Fioriva verso la metà del secolo XVII. \j. X aoio e ociid in prigione^ e la. con- versione del Carceriere. Picart pinx. — Barbery sculp. 121 BAROCCI Il Perdono di S. Francesco. nato in Urbino 1628, morto 1G12. nell'angolo destro a basso: Federiciis Barocius Urbinas Inventor, iiicide- bat i58i. 122 BARON nato in Tolosa i63i. La famiglia Gornaro in orazione nella sua cappella domestica. Titianus pinx. — B. Baron sculp. 1-^32. — rara. BARTOLAM- MEO DA BRESCIA nato a Brescia dopo la metà del secolo XV. Cristo morto in grembo alla madre con altre quattro persone. in alto della stampa leggesi BAR. BRI. F. 124 BARTOLOZZI FRANCESCO nato a Firenze 1 -jSo. La Ldizia. Annibal Caracci pinx. F. Bartolozzi delin. et sculp. 125 La morte di Lord Chatam in Parla- mento. 126 La Circoncisione. Gaercino dip. — Bartolozzi disegnò ed incise. 127 Il Salvatore e T Adultera. Agoslinus Caracci pinx. — F. Bartolozzi sculp. 22 Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori B\RTOLOZZI FRANCESCO BARTSH nato a Vienna l'jo'-j BASIRE nato in Inghilterra dopo la metà del Secolo XVIII. BAZIN rsIGOLO' nato in Francia ver so la metà del Seco lo XVII. BEATRIGFr- TO NICOLA nato in Jhionville 1 5oo. Sxtolo e 50Q^etto[ìftlla stampa Ritratto del Cardinal Bembo. Titlanus pinx. — Bartolozzi sculp. U anima che vola in cielo. Peters pinx. — Bartolozzi sculp. stampa a granito. La riunione della pia Famiglia in cielo. Paitend by Hamilton. — Engr. bv Bartolozzi. a granito. La Caccia del Cinghiale. d'Après le Tableau de Inyers. Pilade ed Oreste. Vest pinx. — James Basire sculp. Erodiade colla testa di san Giovanni Battista. Peint par le Guide — Gravè par Bazin. La B.V. col Bambino e s. Giovannino. Antonio Coreggio pinx. — N. Bazin sculp. Bassorilievo rappresentante una vitto- ria di Tra j ano sui Dacii. colla m.arca SB 23 Ci ta S £ 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 Nome patria ed anno della nascila degli Incisori lìEATRIGET- TO NICOLA BEAU (r.E) PIETRO nato a Parigi i -^44 BEAUVAR- LET GIACOMO nato a Abe ville i-jSS BEHAM SEBALD nato a Norimberga i5oo, morto i55o Sitola e eoQQcno Mia stampa Ratto di Ganimede. da Michelangelo. Il Baccanale degli amori. Michel Angelo Bonarotti inven. i535. Caduta di Fetonte. da Michelangelo. Ritratto di Neclier. Le dar. delin. — Le Beau sculp. Diana ed Ateone. Rottenhamer pinx. — Beaiivarlet sculp. La piacente melanconia. Vien pinx. — Beauvarlet sculp. La Lettura Spagnuola. Vanloo pinx. — Beauvarlet sculp. La castità di Giuseppe. J. Nattier pinx. — Beauvarlet sculp. Magnanimità dell' Impera tor Tra j ano., colla narrazione del fatto nelFalto della stampa. colla marca 24 Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori f itolo e$o^^ciio Mia stampa BEHAM Adamo ed Eva cìie gli porge il pomo : SEBALD in mezzo di loro un albero con un serpente a faccia umana attortiglia- to al tronco. colla solita marca. Il Figliuol Prodigo cLe pascola i porci, colla solita marca. Adamo ed Eva cacciati dal Paradiso terrestre. colla solita marca. Copia di un Niello antico, rappresen- tante un mascherone barbato con una corona in capo, colla solita marca. La Pazienza. in una tavoletta a sinistra Sebaldus Beham No- ricus pictor faciebat i5j5. Dieci delle imprese di Ercole apparte- nenti ad una serie composta di 12. stampe ciascuna, colla solita marca. Serie di otto stampe rappresentanti ciascuna d^e copie di contadini che ballano. Il titolo della serie suddetta in alcuni cataloghi viene chiamato le Nozze del villaggio. colla solita marca. 25 o S t ^ 2 Cu 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori BEHAM SEBALD Sitola t BOQ^tXXo ìr^lla stampa Altra stampa nelle stesse dimensioni rappresentante una rissa di conta- dini. colla solita marca. Uomini e donne seduti a mensa, men- tre sopravvengono altre tre persone al cui apparire uno dei commensali che mostra di essere il Padrone si alza in piedi per accoglierli. nella stessa dimensione e colla solita marca. Il COSÌ detto Alfabeto Romano, nella fascia leggesi i545. — colla solita marca. , Stampa intitolata il piccolo buffo. in una paletta che tiene in mano scorgesi la so- lita marca, e sotto l'anno i54-2. Un uomo ed una donna nudi, con al- tro nudo uomo per di dietro che li insegue con un bastone. in una tavoletta a sinistra leggasi l'anno i54.^. colla solita marca. Dalila che taglia i capelli a Sansone addormentalo sulle sue ginocchia. in una tavoletta a sinistra l'anno i548. colla solita marca. Il Bagno. nell'alto in mezzo del soffitto la solita marca. — rarissima. — in legno. 26 Niimeso progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori litolo e BOQQctto ìfdla stampa 1T5 BEHAM SEBALD Donna in piedi nuda che la morte af- ferra dietro le spalle. in alto a sinistra la solita marca di questo inci- sore: a destra l'anno i544' in una cartella a destra leggesi: Omnem in ho' mine venustatem movs aholet. 1T6 T)17 T T A TVT/"' 17 GIACOMO nato a Ghalons i6io. Cristo morto in grembo alla madre. Bellange sculp. 177 Una Santa in piedi ed altre due donne di dietro. — Pi. sinistra un x\ngelo sporge la testa fuori di un avello. Crespin de Vos pinx. — Bellange sculp. 178 BELLA (della) STEFANO nato a Firenze i6io, morto i66o. Il ponte nuovo di Parigi. Stef. della Bella Florentinus. 179 La Fuga in Egitto. Della Bella inv. et fecit. 180 Pastori con capre. Della Bella invent. et sculp. 181 BERTELLI LUCA nato aVenezia, inci- sore del Secolo XVI. Disputa di G. C. con Dottori. Dominus Campagnola invent. Lucas Bertelli f. — rara. 27 ir, 5 bc S 182 183 184 185 186 187 Nome patria ed anno (Iella nascita clcfrll Incisori BERYICII CARLO nato a Parigi i ^^50. BERTRAND KÒEL Incisore francese, nato neirnltlma me- tà del Secolo xvni. BLOEMAERT CORNELIO nato a Gorcnni in Olanda ì%n. Sitola e BOQ^etto ideila stampa UEducazioDe di Achille. Regnault pinx. — Bervich sculp. Il Ratto di Dejanira. Peint par Guido Reni — Grave par Bervich. La domanda accettata. Leplcier pinx, — Bervich sculp. Il Ritratto di Luigi XVL Peint par Gallot peintre da Roi. Grave en 1790 par Charles Bervich. avanti la spezzatura della piastra. Ritratto di Napoleone^ mezza figura di grandezza naturale , visto fino a mezzo il corpo. Peint par David. — Gravè par Bertrand. S. Pietro che resuscita la Tabita. Gian: Francesco Barbieri Invent. Bloemaert sculp. S. Francesco inginocchiato dinanzi un Crocefisso, assorto in estasi e tenen- do la mano destra appoggiata ad un cranio da morto. G. Beni pinx. — G. Bloemaert sculp. 28 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori Sitolo e BOQ^etto ìfdla stampa 188 BL0E3IAEIÌT CORNELIO Il Pontefice Alessandro seduto a sini- stra ed il Pontefice Pio II. seduto a destrar, nel mezzo statua della Giusti- zia posta sopra un piedestallo: a bas- so alcune figure emblematiche. A CL1U.LC1 i . JJiUcIllclcl L oClilU* 189 Un Santo colle mani giunte, ed il ca- po rivolto al Cielo. 190 La Beata V. che porge il Bambino a s. Francesco^ s. Giuseppe e vari An- geli. Giro Ferri inven. e delin. — C. Bloemaert sculp. 191 L'adorazione dei Pastori. Piptrn ria f^nrtnna niriT — C^i Tilopmaert SCuId. 192 Martirio di un Santo vestito cogli abiti sacerdotali. 193 L'adorazione dei Pastori. nel margine a sinistra G. Bloemaert sculp. sopra un piedestallo posto nel corpo della stam- pa a destra Raph. Urbinus Inv., ed in un ovale pendente da un tronco di colonna il busto di un uomo barbato con sotto T inci- sione I. B. F. se suaque D. D. D., che indi- cano il nome di Giovanni Battista France- schi Autore dell'indirizzo all'Imperatore Ferdinando III. posto nel margine inferiore. 29 o o > B ^ ^ 2 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 No UIC patria ed anno della n asoli a degli Incisori Sitola c soQ^elto ìfdla stampa BOLDRINO NICOLÒ nato a Vicenza nel principio del secolo XVI. BOLSWEUT (a sciielte) nato in Olanda i5GG. U adorazione dei Pastori. stampa in legno dietro un disegno di Tiziano, nell'angolo a sinistra la marca S. Maddalena nuda in faccia ad una croce con tre angeli. Titianus invent. — rara. Venere e Cupido. Titianus Invent. — Boldrinus Vincenlius faciebat. idem rara. Un scimmione e due scimmie atteggia- ti ad imitazione del famoso gruppo di Laocoonte. Celebre parodia di Tiziano — idejn — rarissima. U Assunta. Rubens pinx. — Bolswert sculp. L'Assunta — composizione diversa dal- la precedente. Rubens pinx. — Bolswert sculp. La caccia dei Leoni. Rubens pinx. — Bolswert sculp. G. C. tra i due Ladroni. Rubens pinx. — Bolswert sculp. 30 Niimoro progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori ®ttota e so^$tìto ìfdla stampa 202 BOLSWERT (a schelte) Gesù tra i due Ladroni — composizio- ne diversa dalla precedente. Rubens pinx. — Bolswert sculp. 203 La coronazione di spine. Yandick pinx. — Bolswert sculp. 204 Adorazione del Bambin Gesù. Yandick pinx. — Bolswert sculp. 205 L'educazione della B. V. Rubens pinx. — Bolswert sculp. 206 B. \. col Bambino. idem. C\ w 207 La sacra Famiglia. idejn. 208 La sacra Famiglia — composizione di- versa dalla precedente. Rubens pinx. — Bolswert sculp. 209 Emblema della Ss. Trinità. idem. 210 Gesù sulla Croce. idejn. 211 La continenza di Scipione. idem. 31 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori Sttolo t soj^^tto Àrdila stampa 212 BOLSWERT (s. sciielte) Sileno ubbriacor, con due Baccanti. Vandick pinx. — Bolswert sculp. 213 Marcia di Sileno. Rubens pinx. — Bolswert sculp. 214 usquc 218 219 Cinque e^rau paesane:!. idem. Gesù mostrato al popolo. idem. 220 U innalzamento della Croce. Vandick pinx. — Bolswert sculp. 221 Gestì sulla Croce. Vandick pinx. — Bolswert sculp. 222 S. Francesco Saverio. idem. 223 S. lofnazio Loiola. c } idem. 224 S. Teresa. idem. 325 Altra sacra Famiglia. Vandick pinx. — Bolswert sculp. 326 Gestì morto in grembo alla Madre. Vandick pinx. — Bolswert sculp. 32 Xome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori BOLSWERT A SCHELTE BONASO?sE GIULIO nato a Bologna i 5 1 o. titolo e soggetto irrita stampa Adorazione dei Re Mao:i. Rubens pinx. — Bols\^ ert sculp. Il Trionfo della Chiesa. Rubens pinx. — Bols\^ ert sculp. La Relio:ioue che abbatte T Eresia. R'abens pinx. — Bolswert sculp. L'Annunciata. Rubens pinx, — Bolswert sculp. La gran Pesca miracolosa. Rubens pinx. — Bolswert sculp. La ^risur r e z ione di^La z z a r o. Rubens pinx.^ — Bols\^ ert sculp. La B. y. in cielo cbe tiene il Bambina in piedi fra i ginoccbi. — S. Gio- vannino genuflesso che col pollice della mano destra sembra additarla allo spettatore. S. Girolamo a destra disteso sul terreno in atto di dormi- re tenendo nella mano destra un Crocefisso ed un teschio umano per terra posto sopra un cappello da Car- dinale. F. P. I. A . cioè Franciscus Parmensis invent., e sotto I. Bonasoni imitando pinx. et celavit (sic.) 33 Nome patria ed anno (Iella nascita degli Incisori lìtola t %Q%%ti{o ìr^lla stampa BONASONE II Giudizio Universale. GIULIO di Michel' Angelo. nell'orlo inferiore della stampa: JULIUS, BonasonnsBonom. e propria Michael- angeli plctura ecc. Ritratto di RafìTaello. nel margine inferiore — BapJiaelis Urh'inaiis pictoT'is eminentissuni effigìem Julius Bojia- sonius Boìiomiensìs Exemplari sumptam coelo expressit — raro. S. Cecilia. dal celebre quadro di Raffaello. Il Cavallo di Troja. Boi. Invent. i545. — Ju. Bonasone fecit. Bacco a cavallo dell' asino. a basso, Bonahso (sic) ferit. Testa di Priapo. Raph, d' Urbino inv. Bassorilievo antico rappresentante un triclinio. Romae 00. DXLVIII. Clelia che passa il Tevere a nuoto. Julius Bonaso pinxit (sic) et celavit. Ercole che combatte Tldra. 5 34 O o > ^ O 243 244 usqne 247 248 249 250 251 Nome patria ed anno della nascita desili Incisori BONATI nato a Cassano. Fio- riva in Roma dopo la metà del secolo XYIII. BOSSE ABRAMO nato a Tours i6io, morto i6"8. BOUL ANGER GIOVANNI nato aTrojes i6i5. BOURGMAin GIOVANNI nato in Augusta 14:3. BREBIETTE PIETRO nato a xSantes i5g6 BRIÌN (le) CARLO nato a Parigi i6i8 morto iGf)o. Sitolo e so^^^tto ìfella stampa Venere ed Amore. Bon. incis. I quattro Elementi in quattro fogli se- parati. Beata Vergine seduta., col Bambino in piedi. Mignard pinx. — Boulanger sculp. questo autore passa per inventore dell'incisione a granito. Venere e Mercurio. sola stampa impressa in metallo da questo Au- tore.— rai'a. La B. V. seduta a piedi di un albero col Bambino che appoggia i piedi sopra la culla. S. Giovannino clie colla mano sinistra lo abbraccia, e s. Giuseppe a destra appoggiato ad un sasso su cui scorgonsi due figure scolpite. Raphael Inv. p. s. — Brebiette fecit in Roma. Presentazione al Tempio. Le Brun dipinse ed incise — rara. 35 Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori 252 253 BRUYN (le) NICOLA. nato in Anvei-sa BRY TEODORO 254 255 256 Sitolo e soggetto iella stampa BLISINCK nato in Francia 1590. UEtà delForo. Composizione di Abramo Bloemart. Nicola le Brujn sculp. — rara. Il trionfo di Cristo. copia a bulino ridotta a piccola dimensione del- la celebre stampa in legno inventata e dise- gnata da Tiziano, e pubblicata in Roma nel i5og da Calisto Ferrante, di cui parla il Va- sari nella vita di Tiziano — rara. Ballo Veneziano. nel margine inferiore Teodoro de Bry — rara. Il Ballo di Sardanapalo. rarissima. Baccanale di Amori clic danzano in- torno ad un tino. a sinistra Pierre Busink Invcn. intagl. in legno, ed a chiaro - scuro. 36 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori Sttoto t 0o^^f tto ìretla stampa 257 GIUSEPPE nato in Italia. Fioriva nella seconda metà del secolo XVII. Ct C^i sprinto PI r*pnTi ri 0 1 n rlicrli Annctnlì e da una turba di pargoletti colle loro madri — col motto: Sinìte -parvulos venire ad me. G. Gades inven. et incid. 258 CALLOT JACOPO nato a Nancj iSa^, morto lODÒ. La fiera deir Impruneta. DVXX. in Firenza (sic) prima edizione colle tre armette — rara. 259 Le tentazioni di s. Antonio. rara. 260 Il Pastore di Nancy. rara. 261 La Lavanda dei piedi. Jac. Callot fec. 262 L'Albero degli impiccati. 263 GAMPVGNO- LA DOMENICO nato in Padova 1482. ^ iTiT*r>lnmn in iiTirt nnQpno'iirì mofinnp— chiato d'innanzi un Crocefisso* tre Leoni in diversi atteggiamenti. intaglio in legno dietro un disegno di Tiziano. — rara. 264 S. Girolamo clie si affaccia fuori della irrotta in atto di smdare due leo- ni che inseguono dei viandanti che fu» oro no. nel margine inferiore. — Domingus (sic) idem, rara. o > w IO s t 3 te 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 jNonie Patria ed anno della nascita deirli Incisori CAMPIGLIA GIOVANNI nato a Luca 1692. CANTAR IN [ SIMEONE nato a Pesaro iG 1 2, CARACCI AGOSTINO nato a Bologna i558 morto 1G02. 273 CARAGLIO GIACOMO nato a Verona 1612, morto i55i. fiitolo t ea^^etta ìretla stampa Ritratto di Rembrandt. Gio: Domenico Gampiglia fece. Sacra famiglia. La Crocifissione^ in tre fogli. Tintoretto pinx. — Ag. Garacci sculp. rara. Il gran s. Girolamo. rarissima. U incendio di Troja. F, Barocius inv. — -A. Garacci f. i5g5, Il Ritratto di Tiziano. Il matrimonio di s. Caterina. Paolo Veronese dip. — A. Garacci ine. L' Annunziata. colla iscrizione: Titianus jìguravit ad Caesarem exemplar. — Jacobus Caraglius fec. — rara. Erodiade col carnefice che le porge la testa di s. Gio: Battista. senza nome di Pittore. — 1. G. F. 38 Nome Patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori CARAGLIO GIAG03I0 CARS LORENZO nato a Lione. CHASTEAU GUGLIELMO nato ad Orleans i635, morto iG85. GASTIGLIO- INE BEN^EDETTO denominato il Rem- brandt dell'Italia, nato a Genova 1616. morto i6"o. Sitalo t sa^^etto ì^f Ita stampa Battaglia in cui vedesi un uomo a terra chieder perdono ad un Cavaliere che lo minaccia. a basso, nel mezzo della stampa, le^gesi: R. I. Jacobus Ver. f. cioè Rafaello inventò, Gio: Giacomo Cara2:iio Veronese fece. Una ninfa nuda che esce dal bagno ed una sua compagna che la sta asciu- gando con un pannolino. Con quattro versi francesi. Francois le Moine pinx. — L. Cars sculp. La Manna degli Ebrei. Poussin pinx. — G. Ghasteau sculp. 1680. La Resurrezione di Lazzaro. Un vecchio colle mani giunte veduto fino ai oriiiocchi. Mezza figura che ride — ha in capo un berrettone. 3Iezza figura di vecchia in abito da Mo- naca. 39 o o > Ir. £ ìi ^ 2 281 282 283 Nome Patria ed anno della nascita decfli Incisori 284 285 CASTIGLIO- NE BENEDETTO CATHELIN CAUCHER- KEN CORNELIO nato in Anversa 1625. CAVALLERIS G. BATTISTA Sitolo t soQQtUo ìfdla stampo 286 GHAVEAU FRANCESCO nato a Parigi 1618, morto iG-yG. 287 288 CHEASMAN allievo di Bartolozzi Inglese che fioriva a Londra nel 1 '^82. CHERAU FRANCESCO nato a Blois 1680, morto i'72Q. Mezza figura di uomo con barba ed uu turbante in testa. Ritratto deir Abate Terrai. Peint par Roslin. — Grave par Cathelin. L'Emblema della Carità. Vandick pinx. — Gaucherken sculp. Slosè colle tavole della legge. Raph, d'Urbino Tnv. — Gio : Batt: Cavalleris incid. Il Miracolo dei cinque pani nel deserto. Raph. inv. — Gio: Ball: Cavalleris Lauretanns incidebat. La cena in Emaus. Tit. pinx. — Chaveaii sculp. Venere con Cupido. Cheasman sculp. — F. Bartolozzi dìrex. S. Giovannino nel deserto. D' aprés Raphael — Grave par Cherau, 40 Nome Patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori CHERAU FRAAGESGO GIAMBERLA- ]\0 LUCA nato in Urbino i586. GLEMENS FEDERICO nato a Gopenague GLERC (le'ì SEBASTIANO nato a Metz lu'j", morto 1714. Siitota c so^^etto trilla stampa GLOUET PIETRO nato in Anversa 1606. Ritratto del cardinal Polio^nac. Ritratto di Renaudot. Zane pinx. — Gherau sculp. Cristo e la Maddalena ossia il noli iìic tangere. a basso, a sinistra, Federicus Baroccius Urbi- nas inventor et pinx. — ed a destra, Lucas Ciamberlanus Urbinas IV. Doctor delincavit et sculp. anno iGog. La morte di lord Montgommery. Peinted bj Tombali. — Engravé bv Clemens. L'ingresso di Alessandro in Rabilonia. L'x\ccademia delle scienze. La R. V. seduta col Rambiuo Gesù sui o^inocchi e s. Giovanninor. ambe- due nudi^ che si abbracciano. a destra, Vespaslan (forse il nome del pittore) e S. L. F. cioè Sebastianus Le Clero fecit. La Discesa di Croce. Rubens pinx. — Clouet sculp. 41 j Numero 1 progressivo Nome patria etl anno della nascila degli Incisori Sitola e so^^dto ìfMa stampa 297 GLOUET PIETRO Uu paese. idem. 298 COCIIIN CAIiLO NICOLA nato a Parigi i688, morto i'j54. La sommersione di Faraone. ridotta in piccolissime dimensioni dalla stampa in legno di 1 2 fogli, inventata e disegnata da 1 iziano. — vara. 299 Labano e Giacobbe. Restaut pinx. — Cochin sculp. 300 COLLAERT GIAN GIAGOMO nato in Anversa 1 nonio di un generale romano. egli è veduto di faccia in una biga tirata da f^. cavalli, circondato da soldati a cavallo ed a piedi. Stradanus invent. — JJ. Collaert sculp. 301 GOLLYER GIUSEPPE inglese, nato dopo la metà del secolo XYIII. Fiera in un villaggio. Tcniers pinx. — Engravéd by Coli ver. 302 GORIOLANO G. BATTISTA nato in Bologna ver- so il i6oo. L^Erodiade. Goriolano fecit. 303 CO UT COllKELIO nato in Olanda i536, morto iS-jS. L'Apoteosi di Carlo V. Titian pinx. — G. Cori sculp. 42 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascila 1 1 • T degli Incisori Sitalo e $OQ^etto ìfdla stampa 304 CORT CORNELIO Lucrezia e Tarquinio. Titian pinx. — G. Cort sculp. 305 La Maddalena penitente. Titian pinx. — G. Gort sculp. 306 Il Martirio di s. Lorenzo. idem. 307 Prometeo legato allo scoglio, e Tavol- tojo che gli rode il fegato. idem. — rara. 308 Ruggero a cavallo delF Ippogrifo che viene a liberare Angelica dal mostro marino. 309 S. Girolamo seduto in un paese, a sini- stra con un Leone. idem. 310 CO Y PEL nato a Parigi 1662, morto lyS'j- Il Democrito. Coypel pinx. — ed excudit. 311 CRANAK LUCA nato in Bamberga La B. V. seduta che porge il Bambino ad una Santa. a sinistra s. Giuseppe in piedi, e più basso un uo- mo che insegna a leggere a due fanciulli. Varii gruppi di femmine con altri fanciulli, ed a destra tre figure di vecchi che conversano insieme. a basso, in una tavoletta, le iniziali LG. — ram. 43 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori 312 CRANAK LUCA Un vecchio airagonia^ ed un sacerdote alla sponda del letto con un Croce- fisso in mano. Due Angeli librati suir ali sopra il capezzale^ appiedi del letto un Santo col capo circon- dato di raggi che lo benedice^ ed al- cuni astanti inginocchiati che reci- tano preci. a destra, sul pavimento, le iniziali LG. RI 3 «J _L O S. Maria Egiziaca nuda portata in aria 1 1 • A 1 * da un gruppo di Angeli. colla marca ^ . — rarissiìna. ai due angoli nell'alto scorgonsi due stemmi uno con due pugnali incrociati e l'altro con par- te di corona reale nnstn ner traver<;o oi4 CUNEGO DOMENICO nato in Verona. Ritratto di una fanciulla della famiglia Strozzi. Titianus pinx. — D. Cunego incis. 315 S. Andrea. Guido Gugnacci dip. — Ganego incis. 316 Mezza figura di uomo che tiene una penna nella mano destra. 317 Ebe che porge da bere in un vaso al- l'aquila di Giove. — 44 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori Sitala z 0a^^^tta ì^tiia stampa 318 GUNEGO DOMENICO Una giovine donna in piedi^ ed un gio- vine seduto dirimpetto ad essa aven- do una lampada accesa dietro la schiena. Ella sta disegnando sopra una muraglia l'ombra dei contorni della testa del giovine progettata dai raggi della lampada. su di essa muraglia, nel margine, leggonsi alcune parole inglesi che significano origine della pittura. daAllan pinx. l'j'^S — Dom. Cunego sculp. 177^. 45 progressivo Nome patria ed anno della'nascita degli Incisori Sttola e BO^getto ìfeila stampa 319 DADO La Incoronazione della B. V. (maestro del dado) Incisore italiano , uno dei migliori al- lievi di Marc'Anto- nio, di cui ignorasi Iti ItUllld C 1 UHIIU della nascita. Ra : in, cioè Raphael Invcntor. nell'angolo destro a basso la marca 1jB|. 320 La fuga per mare di Cleopatra. colla solita marca. 321 Enea che fugge da Troja portando An- chise sulle spalle e tenendo a mano il piccolo Julo. Raphael Urb. inv. — colla solita marca. 322 Vittoria di Scipione^ ossia la battaglia di Zama. colla solita marca. 323 L'ingresso di Scipione in Cartagine. colla solita marca. 324 DALLLÈ GIOVANNI nato ad Abbevi-le 1 -00, morto i ■^63. La Maddalena. Pittura del Coreggio. — Grave par Daullé. 325 DENON D031ENIC0 nato a Parigi i -j^o, morto 1824. La calunnia di Apelie. Raph. Inv, — Denon sculp. 46 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori Sitola e soQ^etto ideila stampa — 1 326 DESNOYERS LIÌIGI AGOSTINO nato a Parigi 1779- La B. V. detta la bella giardiniera. Raph= pinx. — Desnover sculp. 32T Belisario. Gerard pinx. — Desnojers sculp. 328 La B. ^ . di Foligno. Rapii, pinx. — Desnovers delin. et sculp. 329 Ritratto di Jefferson presidente degli Stati Uniti di America. C. Rouch. delin. — Ag, Desnovers sculp. 330 Ritratto di Napoleone il Grande in pie- di e vestito col manto imperiale. avanti la dedica. Girard pinx. — Desnovers sculp. 331 DENTE MARCO DA riA > riii.>L>A Incisore, discepolo di Marc' Antonio di cui si ignora l'anno della nascita e della morte. Strao^e de^li Innocenti. Bacius Plorentlnus ossia Bacio Bardìnelli. nell'angolo destro, a basso, lamarca ^ che significa Bavenas sculpsit. 332 Sbarco di soldati con il massacro di IllUltC IJCliSVJUC a destra un Pontefice che sembra presiedere a questo massacro circondato da Preti, ed un Chierico dinanzi a lui colla croce innal- berata. 4T o o > ^- w Nome O co £ ^ patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori DENTE 333 334 335 iiSqne 338 339 340 341 DESPLACES LUIGI nato a Parigi 1682, morto i73(). Sitolo e soQ^etto ìfeila stampa Combattimento di soldati J3acj e Ro- mani. Giove in trono seduto a cui alcuni de- voti inginocchiati porgono doni e sacrificii. in disparte suonatori di tromba che accompa- gnano la cerimonia. Dio crea la luce. colla marca R. Quattro soggetti di Mitologia. Il Gruppo di Laocoonte. questa stampa è l'unica in cui egli abbia segna- lo il suo nome in luogo della solita sua cifra. Essa inoltre e pregevolissima perchè rappre- senta il detto gruppo nello stesso stato in cui fu ritrovato, onde vi si possono riconoscere tutte le parti che in appresso furono restau- rate. MARCUS RAVENNAS. — /-am^ima. Orazione nell' Orto. sul fodero della spada di uno degli Apostoli ad- dormentati leggesi la solita cifra RS. Deposizione di Croce. Jovvcnet pinx. — Desplaces sculp. 48 Numero progressivo Nome patina ed anno della nascita degli Incisori Sitota c 00^0etto ìneila stampa 342 DESPLACES LUIGI Leda col Gio;uo. Fouchè pinx. — Desplaces sculp. 343 DESRO- CHERS STEFANO incisore francese del secolo XVII. Giove e Danae. Coreggio pinx. — Desrochers sculp. 344 DIETRICY CRISTIANO GUGLIELMO nato a Weimar 1-^12, morto 1 774- Il Ciarlatano. Dietricy fecit 1707. 345 Gesù che risana gli ammalati. Dietricy 1 7G5. 346 Famiglia di pastori ed un Satiro. Dietricy 1730. 347 UT Y Axr Ul AUlN C ì \ TV ATT incisore inglese a fumo, nato nella metà inferior del secolo XVIII. La tigre sdrajata. — Stampa celebre a turno. Johan Dixon sculp. 348 Ritratto di Carlo Toursend cancellie- re e scacchiere. Rejnolds pinx. — Dixon sculp. 349 DOLENDO ZACCARIA nato a Lejden 1669, morto 1647- La Torre di Babel. Monden inv. — Za : da Dolen. sculp. 49 Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori DORIGNY NICOLÒ nato a Parigi iQS''], morto DORIGNY MICHELE nato a s. Quintino iGi'], morto iGG5, DREVET PIETRO IL FIGLIO nato a Parigi 1697 morto i^Sc). Iit0l0 e 50i^Qttto ideila stampa La Trasfigurazione. Raphaelus pinx. — Nicolò Dorigny sculp. avanti il ritocco di Strange. Belisario. La Madonna di s. Andrea della Valle a Roma. Garolus Maratta pinx. — N. Dorigny sculp. L'Assunzione di M. V. Vouet pinx. — M. Dorignj sculp. La presentazione al Tempio. Bologne pinx. — Gravè par P. Drevet. Ritratto di Bossuet. Rigand pinx. — P. Drevet sculp. Abramo ed Isacco^ ossia il sacrificio d Abramo. Cojpel pinx. — P. Drevet sculp. L'ultima Gena. Raphael Urbin. inven. — P. Drevet sculp. S. Paolo che conferisce la cresima a Cristiani di Efeso. Poussin pinx. — P. Drevet sculp. 4 50 Nome patria ed anno della nascita desìi Incisori DUFLOS ANTONIO nato a Parigi i^^^- DUPUIS CARLO nato a Parigi i685, morto DUPUIS NICOLÒ nato a Parigi JG96, morto i'57o. €xtola e so^^etto ìftlla stampa La cena in Emaus. Pittura di Paolo Galiari nella Galleria del Duca d' Orleans. Santa Cecilia che sta suonando l'arpa, ed in faccia un Angioletto nudo in piedi che tiene con ambe le mani un libro aperto e sembra accompa- gnarla col canto. Mignard pinx. — Duflos sculp. Lo sposalizio della B. V. Garolus Vanloo pinx. — Garolus Dupuis sculp. Ritratto di un uomo vestito di nero con un gran cappello rotondo in te- sta ed un collare bianco, veduto fino a mezzo corpo. Rembrandt pinx. — N. Dupuis sculp. London. 51 Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori EARLOM RICCARDO incisore a fumo, nato a Londra 1-528. EDELINGK GERARDO nato in Anversa 162 -j, morto a Pari- gi 1707. tìtolo t io^^tiXo ìr^lla stampa B. V. col Bambino, s. Calterina e due Angeli. Stampa a fumo — Earlom sculp. Ritratto di mad. Helliot. Jac. Galliot pinx. — G. Edelinck sculp. Ritratto di Tiziano. Edelinck sculp. Ritratto di Pascal. Edelinck sculp. Ritratto di Mansard. Namur pinx. — Edelinck sculp. Ritratto di Furetiére. De Sere pinx. Ritratto di Gliampaigne. Ghampaigne pinx. — Edelinck sculp. Ritratto di Crispin^ famoso comico fran- cese. Netscher pinx. — G. Edelinck sculp. Ritratto di Abramo Bloemaert. Edelinck sculp. — Drevet escudit. 52 o 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 Nomo patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori EDELTNCK GERARDO Silolo e so^g^etio ìndia atampa La Maddalena penitente. Le Brun pinx. — G. Edelinck sculp. Luigi XIV a cavallo, preceduto dal- PAugelo sterminatore che atterra i suoi nemici,) parte in figura umana e parte di differenti mostri — stam- pa conosciuta sotto il nome della gran Tesi della pace. Le Brun invent. — G. Edelinck sculp. Alessandro che visita la famiglia di Dario. Le Brun pinx. — G. Edelinck sculp. Cristo cogli Angeli. Le Brun pinx. — Edelinck sculp. La sacra Famiglia. Raphael pinx. — G. Edelinck sculp. Il Diluvio universale. Alessandro Veronese pinx. — Edelinck sculp. •a sacra ramiglia. Altra sacra Fi Maratta pinx. — G. Edelinck sculp. 53 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori ® ito lo e 0o^^^tto ìfdla stampa FABRIS incisore italiano. Fioriva in Londra verso la line del cprnln \\ 111 L* Ecce-Homo. Guercino pinx. — Engraved hy Fabris scolar» di Bartolozzi. 379 FACIUS GIORGIO nato a Ratisbona 1 " 5o. La famiglia di Vest. Painted hy Berj — Yest Engraved bj Facius. 380 FARINAIO PAOLO nato a Verona i --3 2, S. Rocco col cane, ed un Angelo in ginocchio. Paolo Farinate Fe. 381 FARYAT BE.NEDETTO nato a Lione iC4^- Il battesimo nel Giordano. C. Maratta pinx. — A. Faryat sculp. 1728. 382 FAUCCI CARLO nato a Firenze 1729. Un Santo in piedi che sta leggendo un libro. Un giovine pure in piedi dietro il medesimo. Carducci pinx. — Carlo Faucci incise. 383 Un Baccanale. Rubens pinx. — Carlo Faucci sculp. 1763. 384 FEBRE (le) VALENTINO nato a Bruxelles 16^2. 31artirio di s. Pietro. Tir. pinx. — V. le Febre delin. et sculp. 385 FEVRE (le) incisore francese. Ritratto di Casimiro Perrier. Horsent pinx. — Le Feyre sculp. 54 I Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori Sitala e soggetto ìfdla 0tampa 386 FIALETTI ODOARDO nato a Bologna 1 5 t 3. Martirio di s. Sebastiano. Tintoretto pinx. — Fialetti fccit. 387 FICQUET STEFANO nato a Parigi 1731. Ritratto di Gorneille. Le Brun pinx. — Ficquet sculp. 388 Ritratto di Gian: Giacomo Rousseau. De la Tour pinx. — Ficquet sculj). 389 FISCHER GIUSEPPE incisore Inglese del Gesù che disputa coi Dottori. Ribeira pinx. — Jos. Fischer sculp. 390 FLIPART G. GIACOMO morto 1782. La sposa di Contado. Peint par Greuse. — Grave par Fllpart. 391 I doni paterni. Creuse pinx. — J. J. Flipart sculp. della sua seconda ìuaniera. 392 Il Paralitico a letto circondato ed assi- stito dalla sua famiglia — avanti let- tere. Creuse pinx. — Flipart sculp. 393 FOLO GIOVANNI nato a Bassano verso il 1770, morto a Ra- venna Venere addormentata con Giove sotto la figura di un satiro. Gasneraux dlpinx. — Folo incid. 55 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori Sitolo e BOj^^etto ìfdla stampa 394 FOLO GIOVANNI Venere sdrajata sul lido del mare ve- duta per ischiena^ cou varii amorini. Nocchi dlpiu. — Folo incis. 395 Adamo ed Eva. Tiziano dipin. — Fole incis. B. V. col Bambino. Raphael Sanctius pinx. — Jo: Folo sculp. 396 FONTANA G. BATTISTA nato a Verona 1 624. S. Pietro Martire. Tit. pinx. — Fontana sculp. 397 La battaglia di Spoleti che esisteva nel- la sala del M. Consiglio di Vene- zia., perita nell'incendio di detta sala nel iSyG. nell'angolo, a destra: Tit. Invent. — Julius Fon- tana veroncns. incldebat. la presente stampa e T unica memoria che ades- so rimanga di cosi subHme composizione, giu- dicata dal Vasari il più bel quadro che vi fosse in quella sala. 398 , FRANCO G. BATI ISTA nato in Venezia 1498. Il Diluvio. stampa in legno. Fernando Bertelli excudit. 399 PUF Y GIACOMO nato a Lucerna 1681, morto l'jSa. L'Aurora di Casa Rospigliosi. Guido Reni pinx. — Jacobus Frey sculp. 56 Numero progressivo Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori fxtola e $o$$ttto Mia stampa 400 FREY GIACOMO La sacra Famiglia. cooia della celebre stamna dì "Frlfilìnlr /lo P^r faello. 401 S. A.ndrea. G. Maratta pinx. — Jacobus Frey delin. et sculp. 402 B. V. col Bambino che dorme e s. Gio- vannino. Raphael pinx. — F. Frey sculp. Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori GAILLARD incisore Francese, nato dopo la metà del secolo XVIII. GALLE FILIPPO nato ad llarlem 1537, morto 1612. GALLE CORNELIO IL VECCHIO nato in Anversa 1670. Sitolo t 0O{j^etto ìfMa stampa La maledizione paterna. Peint par Greuse — Gravé par Gaillard. Consacrazione del re Salomone. Floris inven. — F. Galle sculp. L'uomo disceso dal mare, debellato da una moltitudine di armati. La caccia del cervo. Stradanus pinx. — Ph: Galle. I quattro Dottori della Chiesa. Rubens inv. — G. Galle sculp. B. V. col Bambino. Rubens pinx. — G. Galle sculp. Soggetto preso dalle Metamorfosi di Ovidio. Rubens pinx. — Goni. Galle sculp. Il Redentore con quattro Santi. Quellinus inven. — G. Galle sculp. Il sacrificio di Abramo. Rubens pinx. — G. GalU sculp. 58 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 GALLE CORNELIO IL GIOVINE nato in Anversa i6oo. GALLE TEODORO nato nel i 56o. GARAVA- GLIA GIOVITTA Lombardo, discepo- lo di Longhi, morto a Firenze. GEIGER ANDREA nato in Vienna 1770. GHESCIIABT incisore a fumo, vi- vente a Vienna sua patria. GHEYN GIACOMO nato in Anversa 16 IO. GHIST GIORGIO nato in Mantova Venere che allatta gli Amori. Rubens pinx. — G. Galle sculp. La caccia della Lepre. Jordaens inven. — Teodorus Galle sculp. La Madonna della Semola. Raffaello dipinse — G. Garavaglia incis. 1828. Una donna nuda addormentata^ ed un frate che sta esaminandola con com- piacenza. Peint par Rubens. — Geiger sculp. La morte di Catone. Caravaggio pinx. — Gheschabt sculp. stampa a fumo. La Vanità. essa è rappresentata sotto la figura di una fem- mina seduta alla toilette mirandosi con com- piacenza in uno specchio, meni re un Amori- no entra per una finestra nella stanza. J. Ghejn fec. et excudit. Venere ed Adone. Ju. Rom. inven. — G.M.fec. — Teod. Ghisi.diseg. 59 Nome patria ed anno della nascita degli Incisori GIUSI GIORGIO SEitolo e sc^^etto Mia stampa Amore e Psiche. Ju. Rom. Inv. — G. M. 1574.
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Шаблон:Бивша насеља на подручју Новог Сада
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Specific intermediates and compounds of the invention prepared by Scheme 17 are described in detail below.
Synthesis of S17-1
Intermediate S2-3 (2.09 g, 6.22 mmol) was added to H₂SO₄ (conc., 25 mL) at 50° C. After 30 min, HNO₃ (conc., 1.18 mL) was added in 0.2 mL portions every 2 min. Starting material still remained by LC/MS, so an additional portion of HNO₃ (conc., 0.50 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt and was poured onto ice (100 mL). The reaction flask was rinsed with water (50 mL) and this was added to the ice mixture. This was extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL), and the combined extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material, benzyl bromide (1.0 mL, 8.4 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ were heated to 70° C. in acetonitrile (40 mL). After 2 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and was diluted with water (50 mL) This was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL), and the combined extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material was purified by column chromatography (Biotage 20 g column, 0 to 10% EtOAc in hexanes gradient), yielding 972 mg (41%) of the product as a yellow solid. R_(f)=0.45 in 50% EtOAc/hexanes. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.46-7.24 (m, 5H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 381.28 (M+H).
Synthesis of S17-2
Zinc powder (870 mg, 13.3 mmol) was added in ˜200 mg portions to a solution of intermediate S17-1 (507 mg, 1.33 mmol) in acetic acid (4 mL) and THF (16 mL) over ˜10 min. After 1 h, the material was filtered through Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The material was dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL) and was washed NaHCO₃ (saturated, aqueous solution, 2×50 mL). The organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material, di-t-butyldicarbonate (762 mg, 3.49 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (14 mg, 0.12 mmol) were heated to 70° C. in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL). After heating overnight, an additional portion of di-t-butyldicarbonate (300 mg, 1.37 mmol) was added. After 30 min, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), and was washed with water (3×20 mL) and brine (20 mL). The organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material was purified by column chromatography (Biotage 10 g column, 0 to 14% EtOAc in hexanes gradient), yielding 464 mg (78%) of the product as a white, waxy solid. R_(f) 0.37 in 20% EtOAc/hexanes. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.46-7.29 (m, 5H), 4.85 (s, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 18H); MS (ESI) m/z 551.42, 553.42 (M+H).
Synthesis of S17-3
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (300 mg, 7.16 mmol) was added in to a solution of S17-2 (395 mg, 0.716 mmol) in methanol (5 mL), THF (5 mL) and water (50 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to 50° C. After heating overnight, the reaction mixture was brought to pH ˜2 with 1 N HCl and was extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material, phenol (126 mg, 1.33 mmol), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (153 mg, 0.998 mmol), diisopropylcarbodiimide (0.156 mL, 0.998 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.347 mL, 2.00 mmol) were stirred for 2 h in N,N-dimethylformamide (1 mL) and methylene chloride (5 mL). An additional portion of phenol (126 mg, 1.33 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. After 3 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure. Di-t-butyldicarbonate (725 mg, 3.33 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (8 mg, 0.07 mmol) were added, and the reaction mixture was heated to 70° C. After 30 min, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL), and was washed with water (3×30 mL) and brine (30 mL). The organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material was purified by column chromatography (Biotage 20 g column, 0 to 10% EtOAc in hexanes gradient), yielding 319 mg (78%) of the product as a thick, colorless oil. R_(f)=0.37 in 15% EtOAc/hexanes. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.39-7.30 (m, 8H), 6.98 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.00 (s, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 18H); MS (ESI) m/z 613.49, 615.49 (M+H).
Synthesis of 517-4
Lithium diisopropylamide (10 wt % suspension in hexanes, 0.60 mL, 0.40 mmol) was added in 0.020 mL portions to a −78° C. solution of intermediate S17-3 (76.2 mg, 0.124 mmol), TMEDA (0.070 mL, 0.58 mmol) and S3-1 (35 mg, 0.072 mmol) in THF (2 mL). At this point, a reddish colored solution persisted, and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 0° C. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of ammonium chloride (saturated, aqueous solution) and was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material was purified on a Waters Autopurification system equipped with a Sunfire Prep C18 OBD column [5 vim, 19×50 mm; flow rate, 20 mL/min; Solvent A: H₂O with 0.1% HCO₂H; Solvent B: CH₃CN with 0.1% HCO₂H; gradient: 80-100% B; mass-directed fraction collection], yielding 40 mg (55%) of the desired product as a yellow solid. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 15.46 (s, 1H), 7.56-7.24 (m, 10H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 4.93 (dd, J=36.0 Hz, J=9.8 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (dd, J=16.5 Hz, J=5.48 Hz, 1H), 3.14-3.05 (m, 1H), 2.65-2.42 (m, 9H), 2.17 (d, J=14.6 Hz, 1H), 1.40 (s, 18H), 0.81 (s, 9H), 0.26 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 1001.86, 1003.86 (M+H).
Synthesis of S17-5-1
Intermediate S17-4 (84.1 mg, 0.0.0839 mmol) was stirred in 4 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. Approximately ⅓ of the material was dissolved in pyridine (0.25 mL), and t-butylacetylchloride (0.0039 mL, 0.028 mmol) was added. After 2 h, additional t-butylacetylchloride (2 drops) was added, and the reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. After 30 min, complete diacylation was observed by LC/MS. Na₂CO₃ (1 M aqueous solution, 1 mL), methanol (1 mL), and THF (1 mL) were added and heating was continued at 40° C. After heating overnight, the pH was adjusted to ˜7 with 1 M aqueous HCl, and this was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material was purified on a Waters Autopurification system equipped with a Sunfire Prep C18 OBD column [5 μm, 19×50 mm; flow rate, 20 mL/min; Solvent A: H₂O with 0.1% HCO₂H; Solvent B: CH₃CN with 0.1% HCO₂H; gradient: 80→100% B; mass-directed fraction collection], yielding 7.6 mg (30%) of the desired product as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 15.47 (s, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.54-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.32 (m, 8H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 4.94 (dd, J=59.8 Hz, J=11.0 Hz, 2H), 3.88 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 3.23 (dd, J=16.5 Hz, J=4.88 Hz, 1H), 3.12-3.02 (m, 1H), 2.65-2.42 (m, 9H), 2.36-2.14 (m, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H), 0.82 (s, 9H), 0.27 (s, 3H), 0.13 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 899.75, 901.74 (M+H). Compound 127
Aqueous HF (0.4 mL, 48%) was added to a solution of S17-5-1 (7.6 mg, 0.0084 mmol) in CH₃CN (0.6 mL) in a plastic vial. After 18 h, the reaction mixture was poured into a solution of K₂HPO₄ (4.8 g) in water (10 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×15 mL). The combined EtOAc extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material was dissolved in methanol (1 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (1 mL), and palladium on carbon (Degussa, 10 wt %, ˜15 mg) was added. An atmosphere of hydrogen was introduced, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Example 19 Antibacterial Assays
The antibacterial activities for the compounds of the invention were studied according to the following protocols.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Assay
Frozen bacterial strains were thawed and subcultured onto Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) or other appropriate media (Streptococcus requires blood and Haemophilus requires hemin and NAD). Following incubation overnight, the strains were subcultured onto Mueller Hinton Agar and again incubated overnight. Colonies were observed for appropriate colony morphology and lack of contamination. Isolated colonies were selected to prepare a starting inoculum equivalent to a 0.5 McFarland standard. The starting inoculum was diluted 1:125 using MHB for further use. Test compounds were prepared by dilution in sterile water to a final concentration of 5.128 mg/mL Antibiotics (stored frozen, thawed and used within 3 hours of thawing) and compounds were further diluted to the desired working concentrations.
The assays were run as follows. Fifty μL of MHB was added to wells 2-12 of a 96-well plate. One hundred μL of appropriately diluted antibiotic or compound was added to well 1. Fifty μL of antibiotics or compound was removed from well 1 and added to well 2 and the contents of well 2 mixed by pipetting up and down five times. Fifty μL of the mixture in well 2 was removed and added to well 3 and mixed as above. Serial dilutions were continued in the same manner through well 12. Fifty μL was removed from well 12 so that all contained 50 μL. Fifty μL of the working inoculum was then added to all test wells. A growth control well was prepared by adding 50 μL of working inoculum and 50 μL of MHB to an empty well. The plates were then incubated at 37° C. overnight, removed from the incubator and each well was read on a plate reading mirror. The lowest concentration (MIC) of test compound that inhibited the growth of the bacteria was recorded.
Example
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 [Abt] 32 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.06 0.03 0.015 grow − − − − − + + + + + + + [abt] = antibiotic concentration in the well Grow = bacterial growth (cloudiness)
Interpretation: MIC=2 μg/mL
Protocol for Determining Inoculum Concentration (Viable Count)
Ninety μl of sterile 0.9% NaCl was pipetted into wells 2-6 of a 96-well microtiter plate. Fifty 50 μl of the inoculum was pipetted into well 1. Ten μL from was removed from well 1 and added it to well 2 followed by mixing. Ten μL was removed from well two and mixed with the contents of well 3 and so on creating serial dilutions through well 6. Ten μL was removed from each well and spotted onto an appropriate agar plate. The plate was placed into a CO₂ incubator overnight. The colonies in spots that contain distinct colonies were counted. Viable count was calculated by multiplying the number of colonies by the dilution factor.
Spot from Well 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dilution Factor 10² 10³ 10⁴ 10⁵ 10⁶ 10⁷
Bacterial Strains
Fifteen bacterial strains, listed below, were examined in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays.
STRAIN ORGANISM DESIGNATION KEY PROPERTIES Staphylococcus aureus SA100 ATCC 13709, MSSA, Smith strain Staphylococcus aureus SA101 ATCC 29213, CLSI quality control strain, MSSA Staphylococcus aureus SA191 HA-MRSA, tetracycline-resistant, lung infection model isolate Staphylococcus aureus SA161 HA-MRSA, tetracycline-resistant, tet(M) Staphylococcus aureus SA158 Tetracycline-resistant tet(K) aaaureusaureus Staphylococcus epidermidis SE164 ATCC 12228, CLSI quality control strain, tetracycline-resistant Enterococcus faecalis EF103 ATCC 29212, tet-I/R, control strain Enterococcus faecalis EF159 Tetracycline-resistant, tet(M) Enterococcus faecalis EF327 Wound isolate (US) tet(M) Enterococcus faecium EF404 Blood isolate (US) tet(M) Streptococcus pneumoniae SP106 ATCC 49619, CLSI quality control strain Streptococcus pneumoniae SP160 Tetracycline-resistant, tet(M) Streptococcus pyogenes SP312 2009 clinical isolate, tet(M) Streptococcus pyogenes SP193 S. pyogenes for efficacy models; tetS; sensitive to sulfonamides Haemophilus influenzae HI262 Tetracycline-resistant, ampicillin-resistant Moraxella catarrhalis MC205 ATCC 8176, CLSI quality control strain Escherichia coli EC107 ATCC 25922, CLSI quality control strain Escherichia coli EC155 Tetracycline-resistant, tet(A) Escherichia coli EC878 MG1655 tolC::kan Escherichia coli EC880 lpxA Escherichia coli EC882 impA Escherichia coli EC200 MDR uropathogenic; serotype O17:K52:H18; UMN 026; trimeth/sulfa-R; BAA-1161 Enterobacter cloacae EC108 ATCC 13047, wt Enterobacter cloacae EC603 Urine isolate (Spain) Klebsiella pneumoniae KP109 ATCC 13883, wt Klebsiella pneumoniae KP153 Tetracycline-resistant, tet(A), MDR, ESBL⁺ Klebsiella pneumoniae KP457 2009 ESBL⁺, CTX-M, OXA Proteus mirabilis PM112 ATCC 35659 Proteus mirabilis PM385 Urine ESBL⁺ isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA111 ATCC 27853, wt, control strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA169 Wt, parent of PA170-173 Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA173 PA170 ΔmexX; MexXY-(missing a functional efflux pump) Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA555 ATCC BAA-47, wild type strain PAO1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA556 Multiple-Mex efflux pump knockout strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA689 Blood isolate (US) Acinetobacter baumannii AB110 ATCC 19606, wt Acinetobacter baumannii AB250 Cystic fibrosis isolate, MDR Stenotrophomonas maltophilia SM256 Cystic fibrosis isolate, MDR Burkholderia cenocepacia BC240 Cystic fibrosis isolate, MDR *MDR, multidrug-resistant; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus; MSSA, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus; HA-MRSA, hospital-associated MRSA; tet(K), major gram-positive tetracycline efflux mechanism; tet(M), major gram-positive tetracycline ribosome-protection mechanism; ESBL⁺, extended spectrum β-lactamase
Results
Values of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for the compounds of the invention are provided in Table 2.
TABLE 2 MIC Values for Compounds of the Invention Compared to Sancycline, Minocycline and Tigecycline. SA161 SA101 SA100 MRSA, SA158 EF103 EF159 SP106 SP160 Cmpd 29213 13709 tetM tetK 29212 tetM 49619 tetM 100 C C C C B C C B 101 A A B B B B A B 102 B B C C C C B C 103 C C B C B B C B 104 C B B B B B C B 105 C C C C C C C C 106 C C C C C B C B 107 C C B B B B C C 108 B B B B B B B B 109 A B C B B C B B 110 A A B B B B B B 111 C C NT B B B C B 112 B B B B B B C B 113 B B C C C C NT C 114 B B B B B B C B 115 C B B B B B C B 116 C C C C C C C C 117 C C C C C C C C 118 C C C C C C C C 119 C C B B B C C B 120 C C C C B C C B 121 B B B B B C B C 122 C C C C C C C C 123 C B C C C C C C 124 A A B B B B B B 125 B B B C B B B B 126 B B B B B B C C 127 C C C C C C C C 128 C C C C C C C C 129 B B B B B B B B 130 C C C B B B C B 131 C C B B B B C C 132 C C C C B C C C 133 C B B B B B C B 134 C C C C C C C C 135 C C C B B B C B 136 C B B B B B C B 137 C C C C C C C C 138 C C C C C C C C 139 C B B B B B C C 140 C C B B B B C B 141 B B B B B B C B 142 C C C C B B C B 143 B B C C B C B B 144 A B B C B C A B 145 C C C C C C C B 146 C B C C B C C C 147 B A B C B C A B 148 C B B B B B C C 149 C C C C B B C B 150 A A B B B B B B 151 B B B B B B A B 152 B B C B C C B C 153 B B B B B B B B 154 B B B B B B C C 155 C C C C C C C C 156 A B B B B B B B 157 C B B B B B C C 158 C C C C C C C C 159 C C C C C C C C 160 B B C B B C B B 161 C C C C C C C C 162 B B B B B B C B 163 C C C C B B C B 164 C C C C C C C C 165 C C B C B B C B San. 0.5 1 NT 4 8 8 0.25 8 Mino. 0.06 0.06 8 0.03 1 16 <0.015 2 Tige. 0.06 0.06 0.125 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.0156 0.0156 EC107 EC155 AB110 PA111 EC108 KP109 KP153 Cmpd 25922 tetA 19606 27853 13047 13883 tetA 100 C C C C C C C 101 B B A A B B B 102 B C C A B B C 103 B C C C C B C 104 C B C C C C C 105 C C C C C C C 106 C C C C C C C 107 C C C C C C C 108 B B C C B B B 109 B C C A B B C 110 B B A B B B B 111 C C C C C C C 112 C C C C C C C 113 B C B C B B C 114 B B B B B B B 115 C C C C C C C 116 C C C C C C C 117 C C C C C C C 118 C C C C C C C 119 B C C C C C C 120 B C C C C C C 121 B C C C B B C 122 C C C C C C C 123 B C C C B B C 124 B B A B B B B 125 B C C A B B C 126 C C C C C C C 127 C C C C C C C 128 C C C C C C C 129 B B C C B B B 130 B B C C B B B 131 C C C C C C C 132 B C C C B B C 133 B B C C B B B 134 C C C C C C C 135 B B C C C C B 136 C C C C C C C 137 C C C C C C C 138 C C C C C C C 139 C C C C C C C 140 B B C C B B B 141 C C C C C C C 142 B C C C C B C 143 B C C C B B C 144 B C B A B B C 145 B C C C C C C 146 B C C A B B C 147 B C C A B B C 148 C C C C C C C 149 C C C C C C C 150 B B B C B B C 151 B B C C B B B 152 B C C B B B C 153 B C B C C C C 154 C C C C C C C 155 C C C C C C C 156 B B C C C B B 157 C C C C C C C 158 B C C C B B C 159 B C C C B C C 160 B C B C B B C 161 C C C C C C C 162 C C C C C C C 163 B C C C C C C 164 C C C C C C C 165 C C C C C C C San. Example 20 In Vitro Studies of Selected Compounds 108, 124, 141, 133 and 151 Antibacterial Activities
The antibacterial activities of Compounds 108, 124, 141, 133, and 151 were evaluated against panels of E. faecalis, S. pneumoniae, and S. aureus clinical isolates in the antibacterial assay protocols described above.
MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ are the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations required to inhibit the growth of 50% of organisms or 90% of a collection of organisms respectfully. Both values, as well as the MIC range (the lowest and highest MIC value observed for a collection of organisms), were determined for the isolates listed in Table 3.
Results
TABLE 3 S. pneumoniae MRSA E. faecalis 19 isolates 30 isolates 24 isolates Compound MIC₅₀ MIC₉₀ Range MIC₅₀ MIC₉₀ Range MIC₅₀ MIC₉₀ Range 124 1 4 <=0.016-8 0.5 2 0.25-4 4 4 0.008-4 151 0.063 0.25 <=0.016-0.25 1 2 0.5-8 0.5 2 0.031-4 133 0.13 0.25 <=0.016-0.25 1 2 0.5-8 1 2 0.25-4 141 4 4 0.25-8 4 4 2-4 8 8 1-8 108 0.0312 0.125 <=0.016-0.13 0.5 2 0.5-8 0.5 2 0.063-4 tetracycline 32 >32 0.031->32 0.25 >32 0.25->32 >32 >32 0.5->32 tigecycline <=0.016 <=0.016 ≦0.016 0.13 0.13 0.063-0.25 0.063 0.13 <=0.016-0.13 doxycycline 4 16 <=0.016-16 0.25 8 0.063-8 8 16 0.063-16 Activity of Compounds Against E. coli Recombinantly Expressing tet(M) or tet(K)
The first tetracycline antibiotics were discovered more than 50 years ago, and represented a significant advance in the treatment of many gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections. However, following their initial widespread use, a high incidence of tetracycline resistance among many bacteria led to tetracyclines being relegated to second- or third-line therapy. The two main acquired tetracycline-resistance mechanisms are ribosomal protection and active drug efflux. Ribosomal protection is mediated by one of 14 classes of proteins that remove tetracycline and related compounds from their binding site in the 30S ribosomal subunit and include proteins like Tet(M) and Tet(O) (see on the world wide web at faculty.washington.edu/marilynr for complete list). Tetracyclinje-specific efflux pumps can be arranged into 26 classes and include tet(K) and tet(L) found predominantly in gram-positive bacteria and tet(A) and tet(B) found primarily in gram-negative bacteria.
Construction of DH10B(pBAD-tetM) and DH10B(pBAD-tetK)
To determine if novel tetracyclies were equally active in the presence or absence of tetracycline-resistant mechanisms Tet(M) and Tet(K), recombinant E. coli strains were constructed to express either protein upon arabinose induction. Genes encoding tet(M) and tet(K) were cloned by PCR from tetracycline-resistant S. pneumoniae (SP 160) and S. aureus (SA158), respectively, using primers enabling cloning into the NcoI and XhoI sites of arabinose-inducible expression vector, pBAD/Myc-His (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Constructs were transformed into E. coli DH10B for expression. Recombinant strains were pre-induced under optimized conditions with L-arabinose prior to use as inocula in CLSI standardized MIC assays. Optimal pre-induction of DH10B(pBAD-tetM), expressing tet(M), and DH10B(pBAD-tetK), expressing tet(K), was with 1% L-arabinose at 35° C. and 0.1% L-arabinose at room temperature, respectively. MIC assays were incubated overnight at 35° C.
Results
As shown below unlike tetracycline and doxycycline, of the compounds tested, the activities of compound 151, compound 108 and compound 133 are minimally affected by expression of (tet)M and unaffected by expression of (tet)K. As expected, the activities of non-tetracycline antibiotics (levofloxacin, amikacin and ceftriaxone) were unaffected by tet-gene expression whereas the MICs of tetracycline and doxycycline in the presence of tet(K) expression were >8- and 4-fold higher respectively than when tet(K) was not expressed. Similarly, the MICs of tetracycline and doxycycline were impacted when the ribosomal protection protein Tet(M) was expressed. Thus, compounds 151, 108, and 133 are equally active as measured by whole cell activity in the presence of either type of major tetracycline-resistance mechanism.
TABLE 4 Potency of compounds in the presence of Tet (K) efflux Compound Uninduced TetK Induced TetM Ratio 124 8 16 2 151 1 1 1 108 4 2 0.5 133 2 1 0.5 141 >32 32 na Tetracycline 4 >32 >8 Doxycycline 2 8 4 Levofloxacine 0.0156 0.0156 1 Amikacin 8 8 1 Ceftriaxone 0.125 0.25 2
TABLE 5 Potency of Compounds against TetM ribosome protection Compounds Uninduced TetM induced Ratio 124 4 16 4 151 0.5 1 2 108 2 2 1 133 0.5 2 4 141 32 32 1 Tetracycline 4 >32 >8 Doxycycline 4 32 8 Levofloxacine 0.0156 0.0156 1 Amikacin 4 4 1 Ceftriaxone 0.0625 0.125 2
In Vitro Transcription/Translation Assay
Compound stocks prepared and diluted in sterile deionized water were assayed for inhibition of coupled in vitro transcription/translation using an E. coli S30 extract system with a firefly luciferase readout from Promega (Cat #L1020, Madison, Wis.). Briefly, compounds were diluted into water and added to reaction mix aliquoted to back-walled 96-well microtiter plates (Cat #3650, Costar, Corning, N.Y.). An appropriate three-point titration was used for each compound, and reactions were run in duplicate. The final total reaction volume was 20 μl. Plates were incubated at 37° C. for one hour and then placed on ice for 5 minutes to arrest transcription/translation. Luciferase substrate (25 μl, Promega Cat #E1500) was added to each well and luminescence was detected on a BMG LabTech LUMIstar-OPTIMA instrument. Positive assay control values, from reactions without inhibitor, were averaged per plate to determine percent inhibition of luciferase production. Results were plotted using Microsoft Excel and fifty percent inhibition values (IC50) were determined.
Results
Representative compounds of this class, compounds 151, 108 and 133 were shown in Table 6 to have sub-μg/ml IC50 values (0.7, 0.62, 0.6 μg/ml, respectively) in an in vitro transcription/translation system, supporting an anti-translation mechanism of action.
TABLE 6 In vitro transcription/translation assay Compound TnT IC50 124 >4.5 151 0.89 108 0.6 133 0.56 141 >4.5 Tetracycline 1.7 Doxycycline 2.63 TIG 0.3 Levofloxacine Amikacin Ceftriaxone
Representative compounds of this class, compounds 109, 125, 132, 120, 149, 119 and 151 were shown in Table 7 to have sub-μg/ml IC50 values in an in vitro transcription/translation system, supporting an anti-translation mechanism of action.
TABLE 7 Transcription/Translation (TnT) assay data. TnT IC₅₀ Compound (μg/mL) 109 0.76 147 1.1 125 0.93 132 0.78 120 0.36 149 0.71 119 0.58 151 0.70 104 5.3 114 2.8 141 3.4 Tetracycline 2.0 Tigecycline 0.47
Example 21 In Vitro Studies of Compounds 109, 123, 144, 151, 108 and 133 Antibacterial Activities
The antibacterial activities of Compounds 109, 123, 144, 151, 108, 133 were studied according to the antibacterial assay described above. The antibacterial activities of Compounds MIC values were determined according to CLSI methodology. Recent clinical isolates were obtained from Eurofins-Medinet. Antibiotics were obtained from standard commercial sources.
Results
Results showed that, unlike tetracycline whose activity was severely abrogated by these mechanisms, the antibacterial activity of Compounds 108, 151 and 133 compounds remained potent against tet(M) and tet(S) strains of E. faecalis (≦4 μg/ml)), tet(M) strains of S. pneumoniae (≦0.25 μg/ml), tet(M) strains of S. aureus (≦8 μg/ml), and tet(K) strains of S. aureus (≦1 μg/ml).
TABLE 8 Representative Compounds and Spectrum of Activity E. S. aureus E. faecalis S. pneumoniae E. coli coli ATCC MRSA, ATCC ATCC ATCC TnT 29213 tetM tetK 29212 tetM 49619 tetM 25922 tetA Compound μg/ml μg/ml μg/ml μg/ml μg/ml μg/ml μg/ml μg/ml μg/ml μg/ml tetracycline 1.7 0.25 64 16 8 64 0.063 16 1 >64 doxycycline 2.6 0.13 8 2 4 4 0.06 4 1 32 minocycline 3.1 0.06 8 0.03 1 16 ≦0.016 2 0.5 8 109 0.9 0.031 16 2 1 32 0.031 8 0.13 >32 123 n/a 1 32 32 32 >32 1 32 2 >32 144 n/a 0.031 8 8 4 32 0.016 8 0.25 >32 151 0.7 0.25 2 0.13 0.25 2 0.063 0.5 0.5 8 108 0.62 0.25 2 0.13 0.5 2 0.031 0.25 2 8 133 0.6 1 2 0.5 0.5 2 0.5 1 1 8
Example 22 In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Compound 109 and 151 Antibacterial Activity
Compound 109 and Compound 151 were tested for antibacterial activity according to the protocols described above. MIC, MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ values were determined according to CLSI methodology. S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae isolates were obtained from Eurofins-Medinet and are recent clinical isolates. S. aureus strains were collected from various geographical sources.
TABLE 9 MICs (μg/ml) against screening panel of bacterial pathogens. S. S. S. E. E. S. S. aureus aureus MRSA aureus faecalis faecalis pneum pneum ATCC ATCC (tet)M SA158 ATCC EF159 ATCC SP160 Cmpd. 29213 13709 SA161 (tet)K 29212 (tet)M 49619 (tet)M 109 0.03 0.13 32 1 1 32 0.03 8 151 0.25 0.5 2 0.125 0.25 2 0.016 0.125 Tetra- 0.5 1 32 >32 16 >32 0.25 >32 cycline Doxy- 0.5 0.13 8 2 4 8 0.25 8 cycline S. E. E. P. Enterobacter Klebsiella Klebsiella coli coli aeruginosa cloaceae pneum pneum ATCC EC155 A.baum ATCC ATCC ATCC KP153 Cmpd. 25922 (tet)A AB110 27853 13047 13883 (tet)A 109 0.13 >32 0.5 8 1 0.5 >32 151 0.5 8 2 32 2 2 8 Tetra- 2 >32 1 32 2 4 >32 cycline Doxy- 1 32 2 >32 4 2 32 cycline
TABLE 10 MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ analysis (μg/ml) S. aureus (n = 20) S. pneumoniae (n = 20) H. influenzae (n = 12) MIC MIC MIC Cmpd. range MIC₅₀ MIC₉₀ range MIC₅₀ MIC₉₀ range MIC₅₀ MIC₉₀ 109 ≦0.016-1 ≦0.016 ≦0.016 ≦0.016-8 2 4 0.063-4 0.5 2 151 0.063-0.5 0.13 0.25 ≦0.016-0.063 ≦0.016 0.063 0.25-2 1 1 Tetracycline 0.06-32 0.13 0.25 0.13->32 >32 >32 0.25-16 0.5 16 Doxycycline ND ND ND ≦0.016-16 8 8 0.5-4 1 4 Oxacillin/ 0.06-64 8 64 ≦0.016-8 8 8 2-32 4 16 Amoxicillin
Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Compound 109 and Compound 151
The pharmacokinetic properties of Compound 109 and Compound 151 were determined in Sprague-Dawley rats (n=5 and 3, respectively) after a single dose of 1 mg/kg or IV/10 mg/kg PO using PHARSIGHT® WinNonlin, version 5.2 modeling software. The oral bioavailability of tetracycline in rats is 12.1%.
Results:
The following pharmacokinetic parameters for Compound 109 were obtained after IV dosing: AUC 1087 ng*h/mL, Cl 919 mL/h/kg, Vz 4177 mL/kg, and T½ 3 h. The oral bioavailability in the rat was 13%.
TABLE11 Pharmacokinetics of Compound 109 and Compound 151 in Sprague-Dawley rats. 151, IV (n = 3) 151, PO (n = 3) 109, IV (n = 5) 109, PO (n = 5) Parameter Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Half-life (hr) 4.30 0.10 5.21 0.42 3.14 0.51 4.51 2.59 Tmax (hr) 0.22 0.24 0.83 0.29 0.08 0.00 1.40 0.55 Cl_(obs) (mL/hr/kg) 202.34 14.07 — — 918.65 68.61 — — Vz_(obs) (mL/kg) 1256.14 102.39 — — 4176.97 861.89 — — AUC_(last) (hr · mg/mL) 4872.33 359.13 394.91 92.72 1086.51 86.55 1247.57 206.78 Cmax (ng/mL) 2404.67 1534.79 69.77 4.88 602.80 286.03 192.20 32.22 % F. 0.80% 12.74%
Mouse Systemic Infection Models
Compounds were screened for antibacterial activity in vivo in a mouse systemic infection (septicemia) model. In the model, CD-1 female mice (18-20 grams) were injected IP with a inoculum that results in 0% survival within 24 to 48 hours. The bacterial dose required to achieve this effect was previously been established through virulence studies. At one hour post infection, mice received either 3 mg/ml IV or 30 mg/ml PO. Typically, six mice were treated per dose group. Animal survival was assessed and recorded for 48 hours. Percent survival at 48 hours was recorded for each compound.
a.) S. aureus Septicemia Model
S. aureus ATCC 13709 (Smith) was mixed with 5% mucin and inoculated by intraperitoneal injection at 2.1×10⁶/mouse. One hour post-challenge, mice received intravenous treatment with either compound 109, compound 151, tetracycline or tigecycline at concentrations ranging from 0.05-10 mg/kg. The PD₅₀ in mg/kg was calculated as survival after 48 hours.
b.) E. coli Septicemia Model
E. coli ATCC 25922 at was mixed with 5% mucin and inoculated by intraperitoneal injection at 2.0×10⁷ cfu/mouse. One hour post-challenge, mice received treatment with compound 109, compound 151, tetracycline or tigecycline in concentrations ranging from 30 to 0.3 mg/kg. Survival was assessed after 48 hours and PD₅₀ values were calculated.
Results
The PD₅₀ of Compound 109 and Compound 151 in the mouse septicemia model was <0.3 and 0.36 mg/kg against S. aureus and 4.3 and 17.0 mg/kg against E. coli, respectively.
TABLE 12 S. aureus ATCC 13709 E. coli ATCC 25922 MIC PD₅₀ MIC PD₅₀ Compound (μg/ml) (mg/kg) 95% C.I. (μg/ml) (mg/kg) 95% C.I. 109 0.25 <0.30 — 0.13 4.3 4.1-4.6 151 0.5 0.36 0.36-0.56 0.25 17.0 4.1-30 Tetracycline 0.5 0.35 0.34 -0.37 1 17.0 7.3-26.8 Tigecycline 0.13 0.35 0.24-0.47 0.13 2.1 1.8-2.4
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
1. A method of treating a bacterial infection in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula I:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, phenyl and C₁-C₆ alkoxy, wherein each C₁-C₆ alkyl and C₁-C₆ alkoxy represented by X is optionally substituted with halo, unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy or halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy; Y is selected from hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, (C₀-C₆) alkylene-N(R¹)(R²) and phenyl, wherein each C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₀-C₆ alkylene and C₁-C₆ alkoxy represented by Y is optionally substituted with halo, unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy or halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy; each of R¹ and R² is independently selected from hydrogen, and C₁-C₆ alkyl; and Z is selected from hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, phenyl, —N(R³)(R⁴), (C₁-C₆) alkylene-N(R⁵)(R⁶), wherein R³ is selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-phenyl, phenyl, —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-(C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl), —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-N(R⁵)(R⁶), —C(O)—(C₀-C₆ alkylene)-N(R⁵)(R⁶), —C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —C(O)H, —C(O)-phenyl, and —S(O)₂—R⁵; R⁴ is selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl; or R³ and R⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a (4-7 membered) heterocyclic ring optionally containing one additional heteroatom selected from S, O or N; and R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, and phenyl; R⁶ is selected from hydrogen and C₁-C₆ alkyl; or R⁵ and R⁶ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a (4-7 membered) heterocyclic ring optionally containing one additional heteroatom selected from S, O or N, wherein each (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₁-C₆) alkylene or a (4-7 membered) heterocyclic ring in the group represented by Z is optionally substituted with fluoro, —OH, or —CH₃; and wherein each phenyl in the group represented by X, Y, Z, R³ and R⁵ is optionally substituted with halo, unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, cyano or nitro, wherein Y and Z are not simultaneously hydrogen.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is of Formula II:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein Z is selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, phenyl and N(R³)(R⁴), wherein the phenyl in the group represented by Z is optionally substituted with halo, unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, cyano or nitro.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein Y is selected from hydrogen, chloro, fluoro, —N(CH₃)(CH₃), —OCH₃, the phenyl and (C₁-C₆)alkyl, wherein phenyl in the group represented by Y is optionally substituted with halo, unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, cyano or nitro.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein: Z is selected from hydrogen, —NH₂, —NH(CH₂)₂CH₃, —NH(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —NHCH₂CF₃, and —NHCH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₃.
6. The compound method of claim 5 wherein: Y is selected from hydrogen, chloro, fluoro, and —N(CH₃)(CH₃). 7-10. (canceled)
11. The method of claim 1, wherein for the compound of Formula I, X, Y and Z are as defined in the table below: Compound # X Y Z 100
101
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
112
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the compound is selected from any one of Compound 101, 109, 110, 124, 125, 144, 146, 147, 150, 151, and 156, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 13-14. (canceled)
15. The method of claim 1 or claim 11, wherein the infection is caused by a Gram-positive organism.
16. The method of claim 1 or claim 11, wherein the infection is caused by a Gram-negative organism.
17. The method of claim 1 or claim 11, wherein the infection is caused by an organism selected from the group consisting of rickettsiae, chlamydiae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
18. The method of claim 1 or claim 11, wherein the infection is caused by an organism resistant to tetracycline.
19. The method of claim 1 or claim 11, wherein the infection is caused by an organism resistant to methicillin.
20. The method of claim 1 or claim 11, wherein the infection is caused by an organism resistant to vancomycin..
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mila%20J%20discography
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Mila J discography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mila J discography&action=history
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The discography of Mila J, an American R&B singer, consists of one studio album, five mixtapes, sixteen extended plays (EP), sixteen singles and eighteen music videos.
Albums
Studio albums
Collaborative albums
Mixtapes
Miscellaneous
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Guest appearances
Videography
Music videos
Notes
References
Rhythm and blues discographies
Hip hop discographies
Discographies of American artists
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1452176_2013_4
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SEC
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Public Domain
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None
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| 7,442 | 10,193 |
In the TAMIL Share Purchase Agreement TAMIL represented to us that it was an “accredited investor” as defined in Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act, and was also not a “U.S. Person” within the meaning of Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act. TAMIL also represented that it was not acquiring the shares under the TAMIL Share Purchase Agreement for the benefit of any U.S. Person, that it will be the sole beneficial owner of the shares and that it has not prearranged any sale to any persons in the United States. TAMIL was outside of the United States when it entered into the TAMIL Share Purchase Agreement and is expected to be outside of the United States at such time as it purchases the shares under that agreement. On the basis of the representations and warranties that TAMIL has made to us in the TAMIL Share Purchase Agreement, we believe that the sales of shares of our Common Stock under the TAMIL Share Purchase Agreements will be exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act.
TAMIL has advised us that it is related to Trinity.
Trinity Purchases from XOptics and Regency
We believe that, during 2013, Trinity acquired 1,750,000 shares of our Common Stock from XOptics and Regency. The shares acquired from Regency have the benefit of the registration rights that we granted to Trinity in the applicable purchase agreements and related agreements. We further believe that Regency applied a substantial amount of the proceeds from resales it made to Trinity to Regency’s purchases of shares of our Common Stock from us..
Acquisition of SPHSA
On June 12, 2013, we completed the acquisition of SPHSA and SPHSA’s wholly-owned subsidiary, SPMSA. The terms and conditions of the acquisition were set forth in the Acquisition Agreement, dated August 16, 2012 (the “Acquisition Agreement”), between our subsidiary, SPI, and SPHSA. On December 12, 2012, as part of the Share Exchange, we assumed the obligations of SPI under the Acquisition Agreement. As a result of acquisition, both SPHSA and SPMSA have become our wholly-owned subsidiaries. The financial statements of SPHSA and SPMSA will be fully consolidated with our financial statements, beginning with our financial statements for the quarter ended June 30, 2013. In addition, we now expect to be able to directly control the intellectual property of these entities.
The purchase price for the shares of SPHSA was ZAR 4,000 (approximately $500.00 as of the date of the Acquisition Agreement) per share. The Acquisition Agreement provides that we will settle the purchase price in our shares in the ratios of (i) 1,000 shares of our Common Stock and (ii) 1,000 common shares of our Common Stock for each ZAR 4,000 in principal amount of loans owed by SPHSA to its shareholders.
As a result of the acquisition of SPHSA, we issued 9,864,811 shares of our Common Stock to the former shareholders of SPHSA, after giving effect to conversions of shareholder loans. Of those shares 8,389,836 were issued to Roger Kebble, a shareholder of SPHSA, after giving effect to the conversion of his loans to SPHSA under the terms of the acquisition, and the remaining 1,474,976 shares of its Common Stock were issued to the other 35 shareholders of SPHSA. Transferability of the shares was restricted under the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
Our acquisition of the shares of SPHSA was subject to several conditions imposed by the Reserve Bank of South Africa (“SARB”), the governmental agency which is responsible for administration of that country’s exchange control laws and regulations. With respect to this transaction, SARB required that all shares of our Common Stock that were issued in exchange for the shares of SPHSA be held in custody by a South African bank so that the proceeds of all sales of shares are remitted to South Africa. The custodian bank agreed that it would place orders for the sales of the shares, remit the proceeds of sales only to shareholder banks accounts in South African banks and ensure that the sale process conforms to the sale process as approved by SARB. SARB also required that we place restrictive legends on the share certificates representing the shares of our Common Stock issued to the shareholders of SPHSA, that we complete the registration of the resale of those shares of our Common Stock with the Commission within five months after their issuance and that the former shareholders of SPHSA complete the resales of their shares of our Common Stock within 180 days after our registration statement is declared effective.
Consulting and Employment Agreements
For a more complete discussion of those agreements under which our directors and officers provide their services, see “Item 11. Executive Compensation-Employment and Consulting Agreements.”
Transactions with Other Parties
RD Active Subscription Agreement
On November 26, 2012, SPI entered into a Subscription Agreement (the “Additional Subscription Agreement”) with RD Active Capital Limited, a United Kingdom-based investment manager (“RD Active”), in which RD Active agreed to purchase up to 300,000 new common shares over the period ending January 31, 2013 and under which RD Active had the right to purchase up to 2,700,000 new common shares from the Company during the period ending March 29, 2013 as long as RD Active has purchased the initial 300,000 common shares which it agreed to purchase. All common shares are to be purchased and sold at an issue price of US $1.00 per share. RD Active agreed to purchase the 300,000 new common shares on an installment basis, with 100,000 shares to be purchased on or before each of November 28, 2012, December 21, 2012 and January 31, 2013. On March 28, 2013, we and RD Active agreed to extend the termination date for the Additional Subscription Agreement to April 12, 2013, and on April 12, 2013 we further agreed to extend the ending date to May 31, 2013. As of May 31, 2013, when the agreement had terminated, RD Active and its other purchasers, including Regency, had purchased an aggregate of 1,159,500 shares.
As required by the Share Exchange Agreement, we assumed the obligations of SPI under the Additional Subscription Agreement. Specifically, we agreed that the following terms and conditions will govern the exchange of shares acquired by RD Active and its other purchasers: (i) we will not have any issued and outstanding securities other than our Common Stock and our Nonvoting Convertible Preferred Stock; (ii) shares of our Common Stock will continue to be quoted on the OTCBB or another comparable interdealer quotation system as long as we file all reports with the Commission that are required to be filed; and (iii) the remainder of the shares to be acquired under the Additional Subscription Agreement will be shares of our Common Stock and SPI will no longer have any obligations to issue its common shares.
As part of the Additional Subscription Agreement, we agreed that we would use our best efforts to register for resale to the public all of our Common Shares that RD Active and any other purchasers under the Additional Subscription Agreement have purchased. Each purchase of shares under the Additional Subscription Agreement was subject to the accuracy of certain representations and warranties made by the purchasers of the shares. Among the representations and warranties made, RD Active represented that it has no offices or presence in the United States of America and none of the accounts that it manages are beneficially owned by citizens or residents of the United States of America.
The Additional Subscription Agreement provided that for purposes of the Securities Act, the shares sold under the Additional Subscription Agreement are restricted securities and may not be resold to any person who is a “U.S. person” as defined by Regulation S under the Securities Act. Moreover, RD Active agreed not to sell or transfer the shares without our prior written consent or in a transaction which has been notified to us and does not involve any U.S. person or any means of commerce in the United States until one year and four days after the Share Exchange. Similarly, any shares which were not included in the registration statement which we were obligated to file may not be sold without our prior written consent or in a transaction of which the Company has been notified and does not involve any U.S. Person or any means of commerce in the United States.
The shares of our Common Stock that we issued to RD Active and the other purchasers under the Additional Subscription Agreement bear legends restricting their transferability until such shares have been sold as part of a registered public offering.
Minaurum Share Purchase Agreement
On September 2, 2013, we entered into the Share Purchase Agreement, dated that July 25, 2013, with Minaurum Limited (“Minaurum”), an existing shareholder, for the purchase of 100,000 shares of our Common Stock at an aggregate price of $100,000. Minaurum performed its obligations under the agreement by purchasing the shares upon full execution of the agreement. We also entered into a Registration Rights Agreement, dated the same date, with Minaurum, under which we are obligated to file with the Commission a registration statement for the resale of the shares of our Common Stock that we issued to Minaurum and to use our best efforts to cause that registration to become effective as promptly as possible after its filing. We filed such registration statement on Form S-1 on February 3, 2014, which registration statement has not yet been declared effective. We also are obligated to use our reasonable best efforts to keep the registration statement that we have filed continuously effective until all of the shares covered by the registration statement have been sold or may be sold under Rule 144 without volume or manner of sale restrictions, including the filing of such post-effective amendments as may be necessary. The Registration Rights Agreement provides that we are to bear all fees and expenses incident to the performance of or compliance with the agreement whether or not any shares are sold pursuant to the registration statement. These costs and expenses include all registration and filing fees (including the fees and expenses of our counsel and independent certified public accountants), as well as all internal expenses incurred in connection with the registration. In addition, if prior to filing the required registration statement, we file a registration statement for the resale by other shareholders of shares of our Common Stock, including that which we are required to file for the former shareholders of SPHSA under the terms of the Acquisition Agreement referred to below under “Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions-Financing Agreements with Other Persons--Acquisition of SPHSA,” we are required to notify Minaurum Limited of our determination to file a registration statement and include in the registration statement any shares purchased by Minaurum that Minaurum requests.
Item 14.
Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Rosen Seymour Shapss Martin & Company LLP (“RSSM”) served as the our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, from and after the closing of the Share Exchange, and is expected to serve in that capacity for the 2014 fiscal year. RSSM served as the independent certified public accounting firm for SPI for 2011 and 2012. Total principal accounting fees for professional services rendered for us and for SPI by RSSM for the twelve months ended December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, are summarized as follows:
Seale & Beers CPAs (“Seale”) served as the our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011 and for the fiscal year 2012 until the closing of the Share Exchange. Total principal accounting fees for professional services rendered for us by Seale during these periods are summarized as follows:
Audit Fees. RSSM’s 2011 audit fees were for professional services rendered in connection with the audit and review of SPI’s audited 2010 and 2011 consolidated financial statements included in our current report on Form 8-K filed on December 13, 2012 and its review of SPI’s 2010 and 2011 quarterly financial statements. RSSM’s 2012 audit fees were for professional services rendered in connection with the audit of SurePure’s 2012 consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 10-K and RSSM’s review of SPI’s quarterly financial statements during 2012. We believe that the 2011 and 2012 audit fees of Seale & Beers were incurred for its audit of the 2010 and 2011 year-end financial statements of SurePure and for its review of the financial statements included in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q during 2011 and 2012 and for services normally provided by our independent registered public accounting firm in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements. RSSM’s 2013 audit fees were for professional services rendered in connection with the audit of SurePure’s 2013 consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 10-K and RSSM’s review of SPI’s quarterly financial statements during 2013.
Tax Fees. There were no tax fees for professional services related to tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning within the United States that were paid to RSSM.
Board of Directors Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures. At its regularly scheduled meetings, the board of directors, in lieu of an established audit committee, considers and pre-approves any audit and non-audit services to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm. The board of directors has the authority to grant pre-approvals of non-audit services.
The board of directors has not, as of the time of filing this annual report on Form 10-K with the Commission, adopted policies and procedures for pre-approving audit or permissible non-audit services performed by our independent auditors. Instead, the board of directors as a whole has pre-approved all such services. In the future, our board of directors may approve the services of our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to pre-approval policies and procedures adopted by the board of directors, provided the policies and procedures are detailed as to the particular service, the board of directors is informed of each service, and such policies and procedures do not include delegation of the board of director’s responsibilities to our management.
The board of directors has determined that the provision of services by RSSM described above is compatible with maintaining RSSM’s independence at our independent registered public accounting firm.
Part IV
Item 15.
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
Financial Statement Schedules
Required information is included in the footnotes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit
No.
Description
3.1
Articles of Incorporation of SurePure, Inc., as amended. (1)
3.2
Bylaws of SurePure, Inc. (2)
10.2
Amended and Restated Share Exchange Agreement, dated December 12, 2012, by and among SurePure, Inc. (formerly SOEFL Inc.), XOptics (PTY) Limited and the holders of all shares in SurePure Investment Holdings AG (3)
10.3
Acquisition Agreement, dated August 16, 2012, between SurePure Investment Holding AG and SurePure Holdings South Africa (Pty) Ltd. (3)
10.4
Amendment to Acquisition Agreement, dated November 26, 2012 (3)
10.5
2012 Nonqualified Stock Option Plan. (3)
10.6
Subscription Agreement, dated July 23, 2012, between SurePure Investment Holding AG and Trinity Investment Management (Pte) Limited. (3)
10.7
Termination Letter, dated November 22, 2012, from SurePure Investment Holding AG to Trinity Investment Management (Pte) Limited. (3)
10.8
Employment Agreement dated July 1, 2012, between SurePure Marketing South Africa Ltd. and Guy Kebble. (3)
10.9
Consulting Agreement, dated July 1, 2012, between SurePure Operations AG and Guy Kebble. (3)
10.10
Employment Agreement, dated July 1, 2012, between SurePure Operations AG and Stephen Robinson. (3)
10.11
Employment Agreement dated July 1, 2012, between SurePure Marketing South Africa Ltd. and Stephen Miller. (3)
10.12
Consulting Agreement, dated July 1, 2012, between SurePure Operations AG and Stephen Miller. (3)
10.13
Agreement of Lease dated February 8, 2012, between Anglo African Development (Pty) Ltd. and SurePure Marketing South Africa (Pty) Ltd., effective March 1, 2012 until February 28, 2014, for the premises located at One Lagoon Beach, Unit 204, Lagoon Beach Milnerton, South Africa. (3)
10.14
Memorandum of Agreement of Lease, dated April 25, 2012, between HY Jack Property Holdings CC and SurePure Marketing South Africa Ltd., effective May 1, 2008, for the premises located at 4 Acteon Street, Unit 2, Paarden Eiland, South Africa. (3)
10.15
Agreement of Extension of Lease, dated April 19, 2012, between HY Jack Property Holdings CC and SurePure Marketing South Africa Ltd, effective January 5, 2012 until November 11, 2012, for the premises located at 4 Acteon Street, Unit 2, Paarden Eiland, South Africa. (3)
10.17
Form of Indemnification Agreement. (3)
10.18
Subscription Agreement, dated November 26, 2012, between SurePure Investment Holding AG and RD Active Capital Limited. (4)
10.19
Share Purchase Agreement, dated May 24, 2013, between SurePure, Inc. and Trinity Asset Management (Proprietary) Ltd. (5)
10.20
Waiver under the Share Purchase Agreement, dated May 24, 2013, between SurePure, Inc. and Trinity Asset Management (Proprietary) Ltd. 31.2*
Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1**
Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2**
Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101***
The following materials from SurePure, Inc. Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2013 and 2012, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 and August 24, 2005 (inception) to December 31, 2013, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 and August 24, 2005 (inception) to December 31, 2013, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, and (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 and August 24, 2005 (inception) to December 31, 2013 and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
__________________
(1) Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3 to Form S-1 filed on March 23, 2009, Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed on July 29, 2011 and Exhibit 3.3 to Form 8-K filed on December 16, 2011.
(2) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the registration statement of SOEFL Inc. on Form S-1, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 23, 2009.
(3) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on December 12, 2012.
(4) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on April 1, 2013.
(5) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 29, 2013
(6) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 26, 2013.
(7) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on September 5, 2013.
(8) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on September 26, 2013
(9) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on October 30, 2013
(10) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on November 12, 2013
(11) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form8-K filed with the Commission on November 25, 2013
(12) Incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed with the Commission on December 21, 2012.
* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith.
*** Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, the Interactive Data Files on Exhibit 101 hereto are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise are not subject to liability under those sections.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature
Title
Date
/s/ Guy R. Kebble
Chief Executive Officer; Director
March 27, 2014
Guy R. Kebble
(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Stephen M. Robinson
Chief Financial Officer; Director
March 27, 2014
Stephen M. Robinson
(Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
EXHIBIT INDEX
The following exhibits are filed as part of, or are incorporated by reference into, this annual report on Form 10-K:
Exhibit
No.
Description
3.1
Articles of Incorporation of SurePure, Inc., as amended. (1)
3.2
Bylaws of SurePure, Inc. (2)
10.2
Amended and Restated Share Exchange Agreement, dated December 12, 2012, by and among SurePure, Inc. (formerly SOEFL Inc.), XOptics (PTY) Limited and the holders of all shares in SurePure Investment Holdings AG (3)
10.3
Acquisition Agreement, dated August 16, 2012, between SurePure Investment Holding AG and SurePure Holdings South Africa (Pty) Ltd. (3)
10.4
Amendment to Acquisition Agreement, dated November 26, 2012 (3)
10.5
2012 Nonqualified Stock Option Plan. (3)
10.6
Subscription Agreement, dated July 23, 2012, between SurePure Investment Holding AG and Trinity Investment Management (Pte) Limited. (3)
10.7
Termination Letter, dated November 22, 2012, from SurePure Investment Holding AG to Trinity Investment Management (Pte) Limited. (3)
10.8
Employment Agreement dated July 1, 2012, between SurePure Marketing South Africa Ltd. and Guy Kebble. (3)
10.9
Consulting Agreement, dated July 1, 2012, between SurePure Operations AG and Guy Kebble. (3)
10.10
Employment Agreement, dated July 1, 2012, between SurePure Operations AG and Stephen Robinson. (3)
10.11
Employment Agreement dated July 1, 2012, between SurePure Marketing South Africa Ltd. and Stephen Miller. (3)
10.12
Consulting Agreement, dated July 1, 2012, between SurePure Operations AG and Stephen Miller. (3)
10.13
Agreement of Lease dated February 8, 2012, between Anglo African Development (Pty) Ltd. and SurePure Marketing South Africa (Pty) Ltd., effective March 1, 2012 until February 28, 2014, for the premises located at One Lagoon Beach, Unit 204, Lagoon Beach Milnerton, South Africa. (3)
10.14
Memorandum of Agreement of Lease, dated April 25, 2012, between HY Jack Property Holdings CC and SurePure Marketing South Africa Ltd., effective May 1, 2008, for the premises located at 4 Acteon Street, Unit 2, Paarden Eiland, South Africa. (3)
10.15
Agreement of Extension of Lease, dated April 19, 2012, between HY Jack Property Holdings CC and SurePure Marketing South Africa Ltd, effective January 5, 2012 until November 11, 2012, for the premises located at 4 Acteon Street, Unit 2, Paarden Eiland, South Africa. (3)
10.17
Form of Indemnification Agreement. (3)
10.18
Subscription Agreement, dated November 26, 2012, between SurePure Investment Holding AG and RD Active Capital Limited. (4)
10.19
Share Purchase Agreement, dated May 24, 2013, between SurePure, Inc. and Trinity Asset Management (Proprietary) Ltd. (5)
10.20
Waiver under the Share Purchase Agreement, dated May 24, 2013, between SurePure, Inc. and Trinity Asset Management (Proprietary) Ltd. 31.2*
Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1**
Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2**
Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101***
The following materials from SurePure, Inc. Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2013 and 2012, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 and August 24, 2005 (inception) to December 31, 2013, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 and August 24, 2005 (inception) to December 31, 2013, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, and (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 and August 24, 2005 (inception) to December 31, 2013 and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
__________________
(1) Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3 to Form S-1 filed on March 23, 2009, Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed on July 29, 2011 and Exhibit 3.3 to Form 8-K filed on December 16, 2011.
(2) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the registration statement of SOEFL Inc. on Form S-1, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 23, 2009.
(3) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on December 12, 2012.
(4) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on April 1, 2013.
(5) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 29, 2013
(6) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 26, 2013.
(7) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on September 5, 2013.
(8) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on September 26, 2013
(9) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on October 30, 2013
(10) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on November 12, 2013
(11) Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form8-K filed with the Commission on November 25, 2013
(12) Incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed with the Commission on December 21, 2012.
* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith.
*** Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, the Interactive Data Files on Exhibit 101 hereto are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise are not subject to liability under those sections.
SurePure, Inc. and Subsidiaries
(A Development Stage Company)
Consolidated Financial Statements
Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 and
From August 24, 2005 (inception) to December 31, 2013
SUREPURE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
(A Development Stage Company)
CONTENTS
December 31, 2013
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Board of Directors
SurePure Inc. and Subsidiaries
New York, New York
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of SurePure, Inc. and Subsidiaries (“SurePure” or the “Company”) (a development stage company) as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ deficit, other comprehensive income (loss) and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2013, and for the period from August 24, 2005 (inception) to December 31, 2013. The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall consolidated financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of SurePure, Inc. and Subsidiaries at December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the results of its consolidated operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2013, and for the period from August 24, 2005 (inception) to December 31, 2013 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As shown in the consolidated financial statements, the Company has experienced significant losses and negative cash flows, resulting in increased accumulated deficits during its development stage. These conditions raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans regarding those matters are described in Note 15. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
/s/Rosen Seymour Shapss Martin & Company LLP
CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS
New York, New York
March 27, 2014
SUREPURE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
(A Development Stage Company)
Consolidated Balance Sheets
December 31, 2013 and 2012
See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
SUREPURE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
(A Development Stage Company)
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 and August 24, 2005 (inception) to December 31, 2013
See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
SUREPURE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
(A Development Stage Company)
Consolidated Statements of Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 and August 24, 2005 (inception) to December 31, 2013
See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
SUREPURE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES (A Development Stage Company)
Consolidated Statements of STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012
See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
SUREPURE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
(A Development Stage Company)
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 and August 24, 2005 (inception) to December 31, 2013
See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
SUREPURE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
(A Development Stage Company)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012
1. Organization and Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business
SurePure Investment Holding AG (“SPI”) was incorporated in Switzerland in 2007. From 2007 to December 12, 2012, SPI was the holding company of the SurePure Group (the “Group”), which included subsidiaries and other entities whose activities primarily benefit the Group. On December 12, 2012, SPI entered into an Amended and Restated Share Exchange Agreement with SurePure, Inc. (“SurePure US” or the “Company”) pursuant to which SurePure US acquired SPI in a share exchange (the “Share Exchange”) and became the holding company for the Group, including SPI. Although SurePure US was the legal acquirer of SPI, SPI is treated as the acquirer for accounting and financial reporting purposes and under this method, and SurePure US has retained SPI’s financial reporting history.
Under the Share Exchange, each share of the capital stock of SPI was exchanged for one share of SurePure US common stock, par value $.001 per share (“Common Stock”), and, in the case of one shareholder of SPI, one share of Nonvoting Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $.01 per share (the “Nonvoting Convertible Preferred Stock”).
As more fully described in Note 11 of these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, on June 12, 2013 the Company completed the acquisition of SurePure Holdings South Africa (Pty) Ltd. (“SPHSA”). In the acquisition, SPHSA issued one share of its common stock in exchange for each ZAR 4,000 of SPHSA shareholder loans in the aggregate amount of ZAR 27,459,245. These newly issued 6,865 common shares and the previously issued 3,000 common shares were then exchanged for shares of Common Stock at the rate of 1,000 shares of Common Stock for each share of SPHSA common stock. As a result of this acquisition, SPHSA has become a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and is no longer treated as a variable interest entity.
The Group has developed the technology for using shortwave ultraviolet light (“UV-C”) to purify turbid liquids such as wine, fruit juice and milk. Although initially designed to treat food-grade applications, it has successfully been applied to liquids such as bovine blood plasma, water, brines and sugar syrup solutions. The Group holds international patents for this technology. The Group has been engaged in raising capital, continuing research and development of its technologies and processes and developing markets for its products.
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation
These consolidated financial statements include the accounts and results of operations of the Company and its subsidiaries. The entities that were formerly accounted for as variable interest entities (“VIE’s”) are now accounted for as wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidation. As a development stage entity, the Company is devoting most of its efforts to establishing its business; therefore, the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), and cash flows present cumulative amounts since inception.
SUREPURE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
(A Development Stage Company)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012
The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries are as follows:
⋅ SurePure Operations AG (“SPO”), which markets the products of the Group and earns its revenue by selling or otherwise distributing equipment utilizing the Group’s technology globally. SPO owns a patent for the Group’s technology in various countries;
⋅ SurePure Latin America Maqinas de Purificasao UVC Ltda. (“SPLAM”), which conducts no operations currently;
⋅ SurePure Participations AG (“SPP”), which was a minority stockholder of SPI and is part of the common holding structure of the Group. SPP has no operations and all of its expenses have been and will continue to be paid by SPI. Formerly a VIE, SPP became a subsidiary as a result of the Share Exchange on December 12, 2012; and
⋅ SurePure Holdings South Africa (Pty) Ltd. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, SurePure Marketing South Africa (Pty) Ltd. (“SPMSA”), which holds the South African patent, manufacture the products of the Group and earn revenue from selling or otherwise distributing equipment utilizing the Group’s technology. Formerly VIE’s, these entities became subsidiaries as a result of their acquisition on June 12, 2013.
The Group’s reporting currency is the United States Dollar (“USD”) and these consolidated financial statements are presented in USD or “$.”
Use of Estimates
Generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Income Taxes
The Group accounts for income taxes using the liability method. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized based on the tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities, as measured by current enacted tax rates. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce the deferred tax assets to an amount that will more likely than not provide a future tax benefit.
GAAP requires that, in applying the liability method, the consolidated financial statement effects of an uncertain tax position be recognized based on the outcome that is more likely than not to occur. Under this criterion, the most likely resolution of an uncertain tax position should be analyzed based on technical merits and one that will likely be sustained under examination. There are no uncertain tax positions requiring adjustment to or disclosure in these consolidated financial statements.
SUREPURE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
(A Development Stage Company)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012
Accounts Receivable
The Group performs regular credit evaluations of customers to which it provides sales on credit terms, and adjusts credit limits based on the customer’s payment history and reassessments of their creditworthiness. The Group continuously monitors its collections and establishes a provision for estimated doubtful accounts, if necessary. No allowance for doubtful accounts was deemed to be necessary at December 31, 2013 and 2012.
Property, Equipment and Related Depreciation
Property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Cost includes the price paid to acquire the asset and any expenditures that substantially increase the asset’s value or extend the useful life of an existing asset. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the property and equipment. Major repairs and betterments that significantly extend original useful lives or improve productivity are capitalized and depreciated over the period benefited. Expenditures for routine repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. When property and equipment are retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts and any gain or loss is recognized in operations.
Depreciation is provided over the following estimated useful lives:
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets consist of patents in various countries around the world for the Company’s UV-C purification technology. The patents were initially recognized at their cost and are being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of twelve years beginning with the acquisition of the patents in 2008. The patents expire in October 2020.
The Group evaluates the carrying value of its intangible assets for impairment at least annually or when events or changes in circumstances are identified by management that indicate that such carrying values may not be fully recoverable. The evaluation involves estimating the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be derived from the assets to assess whether or not a potential impairment exists. As a result of its evaluations, management determined that it was not necessary to recognize a loss on impairment of its intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. During the period from inception to December 31, 2013, impairment losses on intangible assets of $537,631 were recognized.
SUREPURE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
(A Development Stage Company)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Financial instruments include accounts receivables, accounts payable and loan payable. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the carrying values of the financial instruments approximated their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments.
Revenue
Revenue is earned from sales and licensing of equipment that uses the Company’s patented technology and is recognized, net of returns and discounts, when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. These criteria are usually met upon delivery of the product to the customer, which is also when the risk of ownership and title passes to the customer.
Research and Development
Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred.
Equity-Based Compensation
The Company measures compensation cost for all stock options granted based on fair value on the measurement date, which is typically the grant date. The fair value of each stock option granted is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option valuation model. The fair value of each share is based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. Equity-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each stock option or stock grant expected to vest with forfeitures estimated at the date of grant based on the Company’s historical experience and future expectations.
Foreign Currency Translations
These consolidated financial statements are presented in USD, which is the Group’s reporting currency. The consolidated financial statements of the Group members have been translated into USD in accordance with GAAP. All assets and liability accounts on the consolidated balance sheets have been translated using the exchange rate in effect at the consolidated balance sheet date. Equity accounts have been translated at their historical rates when the capital transaction occurred. Income and expenses have been translated at the average exchange rates for the periods presented. Adjustments resulting from the translation of the Group’s consolidated financial statements are included in the consolidated statement of other comprehensive income (loss). Actual transaction gains and losses are included in the consolidated statements of operations as incurred.
The functional currencies of the companies included in the Group are their respective local currencies. Accordingly, the Group is exposed to transaction gains and losses that result from changes in various foreign currency exchange rates.
Applicable functional currencies are:
SPI, SPO, and SPP
Swiss Francs - CHF
SPLAM
Brazilian Real - BRL
SPHSA and SPMSA
South African Rand - ZAR
SUREPURE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
(A Development Stage Company)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012
Exchange rates used for conversion of foreign items to USD at the end of each of 2013 and 2012 and the average exchange rates for those years were:
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
GAAP has established a framework for measuring fair value that is based on a hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques according to the degree of objectivity necessary. The fair value hierarchy of the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value is divided into three broad levels of objectivity:
Level 1 inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. They are based on best information available in the absence of level 1 and 2 inputs.
The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value as required by GAAP:
Cash: The carrying amount is the fair value because it is the basic financial instrument used to express fair value.
Accounts receivable and accounts payable: The carrying amounts approximate fair value because of the short-term duration of those instruments.
Loans payable: The carrying amount approximates fair value based on current market conditions and interest rates available to the Group for similar financial instruments.
Earnings (Loss) per Share
Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share are computed by dividing net income or loss by the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue shares of Common Stock, such as options, convertible notes and convertible preferred stock, were exercised or converted into shares of Common Stock or could otherwise cause the issuance of shares of Common Stock that then would share in earnings (losses). Such potential issuances of additional shares of Common Stock are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share. Except as disclosed in Notes 7 and 12 of these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company has no securities or other contracts to issue shares of Common Stock that could cause any dilution of earnings. In addition, when there is a loss, diluted loss per share is not computed because any potential additional common shares of Common Stock would reduce the reported loss per share and therefore have an anti-dilutive effect.
SUREPURE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
(A Development Stage Company)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012
2. Property and Equipment
Property and equipment consists of the following:
Depreciation expense was approximately $4,600, $8,000 and $97,300 for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 and for the period from inception to December 31, 2013, respectively.
3. Intangible Assets
Intangible assets consist of the following:
Amortization expense was approximately $16,700, $16,700 and $100,100 for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 and for the period from inception to December 31, 2013, respectively.
4. Due to Officers/Stockholders
Due to officers/stockholders consists of unpaid salaries, accrued leave and advances from two executives and one employee/stockholder totaling $725,699 and $247,259 at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The Company’s chief executive officer has not been paid a portion of his salary since September 30, 2013 and as of December 31, 2013 was due $42,219. The Company’s chief financial officer has not been paid any of his salary or reimbursed any of his business expenses since October 2012. The amount owed to the chief financial officer as of December 31, 2013 was salary of $399,786 and expenses of $101,194.
| 31,244 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13498162
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Cosa pectinata
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 1,334 | 3,395 |
Cosa pectinata
soort uit het geslacht Cosa
Cosa pectinata wetenschappelijke naam Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata taxonomische rang soort
Cosa pectinata is een taxon
Cosa pectinata moedertaxon Cosa
Cosa pectinata WoRMS-identificatiecode voor taxon 504683
Cosa pectinata GBIF-identificatiecode 4594333
Cosa pectinata IRMNG-identificatiecode 10532868
Cosa pectinata Australian Faunal Directory-identificatiecode Cosa_pectinata
Cosa pectinata Catalogue of Life-identificatiecode YT9H
Cosa pectinata verkorte naam
Cosa pectinata OBIS-identificatiecode 504683
Cosa pectinata Open Tree of Life-identificatiecode 2852664
Cosa pectinata
Art der Gattung Cosa
Cosa pectinata wissenschaftlicher Name Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata taxonomischer Rang Art
Cosa pectinata ist ein(e) Taxon
Cosa pectinata übergeordnetes Taxon Cosa
Cosa pectinata WoRMS-Taxon-ID 504683
Cosa pectinata GBIF-ID 4594333
Cosa pectinata IRMNG-ID 10532868
Cosa pectinata AFD-ID Cosa_pectinata
Cosa pectinata CoL-ID YT9H
Cosa pectinata Kurzname
Cosa pectinata OBIS-Kennung 504683
Cosa pectinata OTT-ID 2852664
Cosa pectinata
especie de molusco
Cosa pectinata nombre del taxón Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata categoría taxonómica especie
Cosa pectinata instancia de taxón
Cosa pectinata taxón superior inmediato Cosa
Cosa pectinata identificador WoRMS 504683
Cosa pectinata identificador de taxón en GBIF 4594333
Cosa pectinata identificador IRMNG 10532868
Cosa pectinata identificador en el Directorio de Fauna Australiana Cosa_pectinata
Cosa pectinata identificador Catalogue of Life YT9H
Cosa pectinata nombre corto
Cosa pectinata identificador Open Tree of Life 2852664
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata nome scientifico Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata livello tassonomico specie
Cosa pectinata istanza di taxon
Cosa pectinata taxon di livello superiore Cosa
Cosa pectinata identificativo WoRMS 504683
Cosa pectinata identificativo GBIF 4594333
Cosa pectinata identificativo IRMNG 10532868
Cosa pectinata identificativo Catalogue of Life YT9H
Cosa pectinata nome in breve
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata nom scientifique du taxon Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata rang taxonomique espèce
Cosa pectinata nature de l’élément taxon
Cosa pectinata taxon supérieur Cosa
Cosa pectinata identifiant des taxons - World Register of Marine Species 504683
Cosa pectinata identifiant Global Biodiversity Information Facility 4594333
Cosa pectinata identifiant Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera 10532868
Cosa pectinata identifiant Australian Faunal Directory d'un taxon Cosa_pectinata
Cosa pectinata identifiant Catalogue of Life YT9H
Cosa pectinata nom court
Cosa pectinata identifiant Ocean Biodiversity Information System 504683
Cosa pectinata identifiant Open Tree of Life 2852664
Cosa pectinata
species of mollusc
Cosa pectinata taxon name Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata taxon rank species
Cosa pectinata instance of taxon
Cosa pectinata parent taxon Cosa
Cosa pectinata WoRMS-ID for taxa 504683
Cosa pectinata GBIF taxon ID 4594333
Cosa pectinata IRMNG ID 10532868
Cosa pectinata Australian Faunal Directory ID Cosa_pectinata
Cosa pectinata Catalogue of Life ID YT9H
Cosa pectinata short name
Cosa pectinata OBIS ID 504683
Cosa pectinata Open Tree of Life ID 2852664
Cosa pectinata
вид мекотело
Cosa pectinata име на таксон Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata ранг на таксон вид
Cosa pectinata екземпляр на таксон
Cosa pectinata родителски таксон Cosa
Cosa pectinata IRMNG ID 10532868
Cosa pectinata кратко име
Cosa pectinata
вид моллюсков
Cosa pectinata международное научное название Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata таксономический ранг вид
Cosa pectinata это частный случай понятия таксон
Cosa pectinata ближайший таксон уровнем выше Cosa
Cosa pectinata идентификатор в Мировом реестре морских видов 504683
Cosa pectinata идентификатор GBIF 4594333
Cosa pectinata идентификатор IRMNG 10532868
Cosa pectinata код Australian Faunal Directory Cosa_pectinata
Cosa pectinata код Catalogue of Life YT9H
Cosa pectinata краткое имя или название
Cosa pectinata код Open Tree of Life 2852664
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata taxon nomen Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata ordo species
Cosa pectinata est taxon
Cosa pectinata parens Cosa
Cosa pectinata nomen breve
Cosa pectinata
вид молюсків
Cosa pectinata наукова назва таксона Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata таксономічний ранг вид
Cosa pectinata є одним із таксон
Cosa pectinata батьківський таксон Cosa
Cosa pectinata ідентифікатор WoRMS 504683
Cosa pectinata ідентифікатор у GBIF 4594333
Cosa pectinata ідентифікатор IRMNG 10532868
Cosa pectinata ідентифікатор AFD Cosa_pectinata
Cosa pectinata ідентифікатор Catalogue of Life YT9H
Cosa pectinata коротка назва
Cosa pectinata ідентифікатор OBIS 504683
Cosa pectinata ідентифікатор Open Tree of Life 2852664
Cosa pectinata
especie de moluscu
Cosa pectinata nome del taxón Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata categoría taxonómica especie
Cosa pectinata instancia de taxón
Cosa pectinata taxón inmediatamente superior Cosa
Cosa pectinata nome curtiu
Cosa pectinata
speiceas moileasc
Cosa pectinata ainm an tacsóin Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata rang an tacsóin speiceas
Cosa pectinata sampla de tacsón
Cosa pectinata máthairthacsón Cosa
Cosa pectinata ainm gearr
Cosa pectinata
specie de moluște
Cosa pectinata nume științific Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata rang taxonomic specie
Cosa pectinata este un/o taxon
Cosa pectinata taxon superior Cosa
Cosa pectinata identificator Global Biodiversity Information Facility 4594333
Cosa pectinata nume scurt
Cosa pectinata
espécie de molusco
Cosa pectinata nome do táxon Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata categoria taxonómica espécie
Cosa pectinata instância de táxon
Cosa pectinata táxon imediatamente superior Cosa
Cosa pectinata identificador World Register of Marine Species 504683
Cosa pectinata identificador Global Biodiversity Information Facility 4594333
Cosa pectinata IRMNG ID 10532868
Cosa pectinata nome curto
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata naukowa nazwa taksonu Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata kategoria systematyczna gatunek
Cosa pectinata jest to takson
Cosa pectinata takson nadrzędny Cosa
Cosa pectinata identyfikator Światowego Rejestru Gatunków Morskich 504683
Cosa pectinata identyfikator GBIF 4594333
Cosa pectinata identyfikator IRMNG 10532868
Cosa pectinata nazwa skrócona
Cosa pectinata identyfikator Open Tree of Life 2852664
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata tên phân loại Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata cấp bậc phân loại loài
Cosa pectinata là một đơn vị phân loại
Cosa pectinata đơn vị phân loại mẹ Cosa
Cosa pectinata WoRMS-ID 504683
Cosa pectinata định danh GBIF 4594333
Cosa pectinata ID IRMNG 10532868
Cosa pectinata tên ngắn
Cosa pectinata
lloj i molusqeve
Cosa pectinata emri shkencor Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata instancë e takson
Cosa pectinata emër i shkurtër
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata tieteellinen nimi Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata taksonitaso laji
Cosa pectinata esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Cosa pectinata osa taksonia Cosa
Cosa pectinata WoRMS-tunniste 504683
Cosa pectinata Global Biodiversity Information Facility -tunniste 4594333
Cosa pectinata IRMNG-tunniste 10532868
Cosa pectinata Catalogue of Life -tunniste YT9H
Cosa pectinata lyhyt nimi
Cosa pectinata Open Tree of Life -tunniste 2852664
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata taksonomia nomo Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata taksonomia rango specio
Cosa pectinata estas taksono
Cosa pectinata supera taksono Cosa
Cosa pectinata mallonga nomo
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata nem brefik
Cosa pectinata
speco di molusko
Cosa pectinata kurta nomo
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata instancia de Taxón
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata nomine del taxon Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata rango taxonomic specie
Cosa pectinata instantia de taxon
Cosa pectinata taxon superior immediate Cosa
Cosa pectinata ID WoRMS 504683
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata izen zientifikoa Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata maila taxonomikoa espezie
Cosa pectinata honako hau da taxon
Cosa pectinata goiko maila taxonomikoa Cosa
Cosa pectinata WoRMS-en identifikatzailea 504683
Cosa pectinata GBIFen identifikatzailea 4594333
Cosa pectinata IRMNG identifikatzailea 10532868
Cosa pectinata Catalogue of Life identifikatzailea YT9H
Cosa pectinata izen laburra
Cosa pectinata Open Tree of Life identifikatzailea 2852664
Cosa pectinata
especie de molusco
Cosa pectinata nome do taxon Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata categoría taxonómica especie
Cosa pectinata instancia de taxon
Cosa pectinata taxon superior inmediato Cosa
Cosa pectinata identificador WoRMS 504683
Cosa pectinata identificador GBIF 4594333
Cosa pectinata identificador IRMNG de taxon 10532868
Cosa pectinata identificador AFD Cosa_pectinata
Cosa pectinata identificador Catalogue of Life YT9H
Cosa pectinata nome curto
Cosa pectinata identificador OBIS 504683
Cosa pectinata identificador Open Tree of Life 2852664
Cosa pectinata
espècie de mol·lusc
Cosa pectinata nom científic Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata categoria taxonòmica espècie
Cosa pectinata instància de tàxon
Cosa pectinata tàxon superior immediat Cosa
Cosa pectinata identificador WoRMS 504683
Cosa pectinata identificador GBIF 4594333
Cosa pectinata identificador IRMNG de tàxon 10532868
Cosa pectinata identificador AFD Cosa_pectinata
Cosa pectinata identificador Catalogue of Life YT9H
Cosa pectinata nom curt
Cosa pectinata identificador OBIS 504683
Cosa pectinata identificador Open Tree of Life 2852664
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata nome taxológico Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata categoria taxonômica espécie
Cosa pectinata instância de táxon
Cosa pectinata táxon imediatamente superior Cosa
Cosa pectinata identificador WoRMS 504683
Cosa pectinata identificador GBIF 4594333
Cosa pectinata nome curto
Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata nom scientific Cosa pectinata
Cosa pectinata reng taxonomic espècia
Cosa pectinata natura de l'element taxon
Cosa pectinata taxon superior Cosa
Cosa pectinata identificant WoRMS 504683
Cosa pectinata identificant GBIF 4594333
Cosa pectinata nom cort
Cosa pectinata
| 10,320 |
https://github.com/andrewsantarin/react-auto-controlled/blob/master/rollup.config.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
react-auto-controlled
|
andrewsantarin
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 136 | 484 |
import babel from "rollup-plugin-babel";
import commonjs from "rollup-plugin-commonjs";
import nodeResolve from "rollup-plugin-node-resolve";
import peerDepsExternal from "rollup-plugin-peer-deps-external";
import { sizeSnapshot } from "rollup-plugin-size-snapshot";
import sourcemaps from "rollup-plugin-sourcemaps";
import typescript from "rollup-plugin-typescript2";
import pkg from "./package.json";
const input = "src/index.ts";
const external = Object.keys(pkg.peerDependencies || {});
function createPlugins({
useSizeSnapshot
} = {
useSizeSnapshot: false,
}) {
const plugins = [
peerDepsExternal(),
nodeResolve(),
babel({
exclude: "node_modules/**"
}),
commonjs({
include: ["node_modules/**"]
}),
typescript(),
sourcemaps()
];
useSizeSnapshot && plugins.push(sizeSnapshot());
return plugins;
}
export default [
{
input: input,
output: [
{
file: pkg.main,
format: "cjs",
exports: "named",
sourcemap: true
},
{
file: pkg.module,
format: "es",
exports: "named",
sourcemap: true
}
],
external: external,
plugins: createPlugins({
useSizeSnapshot: true,
})
},
{
input: input,
output: {
file: "example/src/react-auto-controlled/index.js",
format: "es",
banner: "/* eslint-disable */",
sourcemap: true
},
external: external,
plugins: createPlugins(),
}
];
| 25,564 |
https://github.com/rqzheng2015/modern.js/blob/master/packages/server/prod-server/src/server/index.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
modern.js
|
rqzheng2015
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 579 | 1,732 |
import { IncomingMessage, ServerResponse, Server as httpServer } from 'http';
import path from 'path';
import {
serverManager,
AppContext,
ConfigContext,
loadPlugins,
ServerConfig,
} from '@modern-js/server-core';
import {
logger as defaultLogger,
SHARED_DIR,
OUTPUT_CONFIG_FILE,
} from '@modern-js/utils';
import type { UserConfig } from '@modern-js/core';
import { ISAppContext } from '@modern-js/types';
import {
ModernServerOptions,
ServerHookRunner,
ServerConstructor,
ModernServerInterface,
} from '../type';
import { metrics as defaultMetrics } from '../libs/metrics';
import {
loadConfig,
getServerConfigPath,
requireConfig,
} from '../libs/loadConfig';
import { debug } from '../utils';
import { createProdServer } from './modern-server-split';
export class Server {
public options: ModernServerOptions;
protected serverImpl: ServerConstructor = createProdServer;
private server!: ModernServerInterface;
private app!: httpServer;
private runner!: ServerHookRunner;
private serverConfig: ServerConfig;
constructor(options: ModernServerOptions) {
options.logger = options.logger || defaultLogger;
options.metrics = options.metrics || defaultMetrics;
this.options = options;
this.serverConfig = {};
}
/**
* 初始化顺序
* - 获取 server runtime config
* - 设置 context
* - 创建 hooksRunner
* - 合并插件，内置插件和 serverConfig 中配置的插件
* - 执行 config hook
* - 获取最终的配置
* - 设置配置到 context
* - 初始化 server
* - 执行 prepare hook
* - 执行 server init
*/
public async init() {
const { options } = this;
this.initServerConfig(options);
await this.injectContext(this.runner, options);
// initialize server runner
this.runner = await this.createHookRunner();
// init config and execute config hook
await this.initConfig(this.runner, options);
await this.injectContext(this.runner, options);
// initialize server
this.server = this.serverImpl(options);
await this.runPrepareHook(this.runner);
// create http-server
this.app = await this.server.createHTTPServer(this.getRequestHandler());
// runner can only be used after server init
await this.server.onInit(this.runner);
return this;
}
/**
* Execute config hooks
* @param runner
* @param options
*/
private runConfigHook(runner: ServerHookRunner, serverConfig: ServerConfig) {
const newServerConfig = runner.config(serverConfig || {});
return newServerConfig;
}
private async runPrepareHook(runner: ServerHookRunner) {
runner.prepare();
}
private initServerConfig(options: ModernServerOptions) {
const { pwd, serverConfigFile } = options;
const distDirectory = path.join(pwd, options.config.output?.path || 'dist');
const serverConfigPath = getServerConfigPath(
distDirectory,
serverConfigFile,
);
const serverConfig = requireConfig(serverConfigPath);
this.serverConfig = serverConfig;
}
/**
*
* merge cliConfig and serverConfig
*/
private async initConfig(
runner: ServerHookRunner,
options: ModernServerOptions,
) {
const { pwd, config } = options;
const { serverConfig } = this;
const finalServerConfig = this.runConfigHook(runner, serverConfig);
const resolvedConfigPath = path.join(
pwd,
config?.output?.path || 'dist',
OUTPUT_CONFIG_FILE,
);
options.config = loadConfig({
cliConfig: config,
serverConfig: finalServerConfig,
resolvedConfigPath,
});
}
public async close() {
await this.server.onClose();
await new Promise<void>(resolve =>
this.app.close(() => {
resolve();
}),
);
}
public listen(port = 8080, listener: any) {
this.app.listen(process.env.PORT || port, () => {
if (listener) {
listener();
}
this.server.onListening(this.app);
});
}
public getRequestHandler() {
return (req: IncomingMessage, res: ServerResponse, next?: () => void) => {
const requestHandler = this.server.getRequestHandler();
return requestHandler(req, res, next);
};
}
private async createHookRunner() {
// clear server manager every create time
serverManager.clear();
const { options } = this;
// TODO: 确认下这里是不是可以不从 options 中取插件，而是从 config 中取和过滤
const { plugins = [], pwd, config } = options;
const serverPlugins = this.serverConfig.plugins || [];
// server app context for serve plugin
const loadedPlugins = loadPlugins(plugins.concat(serverPlugins), pwd);
debug('plugins', config.plugins, loadedPlugins);
loadedPlugins.forEach(p => {
serverManager.usePlugin(p);
});
// create runner
const hooksRunner = await serverManager.init({});
return hooksRunner;
}
private async injectContext(
runner: ServerHookRunner,
options: ModernServerOptions,
) {
const appContext = this.initAppContext();
const { config, pwd } = options;
serverManager.run(() => {
ConfigContext.set(config as UserConfig);
AppContext.set({
...appContext,
distDirectory: path.join(pwd, config.output?.path || 'dist'),
});
});
}
private initAppContext(): ISAppContext {
const { options } = this;
const { pwd: appDirectory, plugins = [], config } = options;
const serverPlugins = plugins.map(p => ({
server: p,
}));
return {
appDirectory,
distDirectory: path.join(appDirectory, config.output?.path || 'dist'),
sharedDirectory: path.resolve(appDirectory, SHARED_DIR),
plugins: serverPlugins,
};
}
}
| 3,283 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14693613
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Rimba Samak
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 486 | 1,254 |
Rimba Samak
plaats in Zuid-Sumatra
Rimba Samak gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Pangkalan Lampam
Rimba Samak land Indonesië
Rimba Samak is een desa
Rimba Samak geografische locatie
Rimba Samak Indonesische plaats-identificatiecode 16.02.19.2013
Rimba Samak tijdzone UTC+7
Rimba Samak Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/12hhh6r85
Rimba Samak desacode 1602131011
Rimba Samak
Ort in Pangkalan Lapam, Ogan Komering Ilir, Indonesien
Rimba Samak liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Pangkalan Lampam
Rimba Samak Staat Indonesien
Rimba Samak ist ein(e) Desa
Rimba Samak geographische Koordinaten
Rimba Samak administrativer Code für Indonesien 16.02.19.2013
Rimba Samak Zeitzone UTC+7
Rimba Samak Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/12hhh6r85
Rimba Samak Desanummer in Indonesien 1602131011
Rimba Samak
desa di Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir, Sumatera Selatan
Rimba Samak terletak di daerah administratif Pangkalan Lampam
Rimba Samak negara Indonesia
Rimba Samak adalah Desa di Indonesia
Rimba Samak koordinat tempat
Rimba Samak kode administratif Indonesia 16.02.19.2013
Rimba Samak zona waktu UTC+7
Rimba Samak penanda Google Knowledge Graph /g/12hhh6r85
Rimba Samak kode wilayah Badan Pusat Statistik 1602131011
Rimba Samak
village indonésien
Rimba Samak localisation administrative Pangkalan Lampam
Rimba Samak pays Indonésie
Rimba Samak nature de l’élément desa
Rimba Samak coordonnées géographiques
Rimba Samak code administratif d'Indonésie 16.02.19.2013
Rimba Samak fuseau horaire UTC+07:00
Rimba Samak identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/12hhh6r85
Rimba Samak code de desa 1602131011
Rimba Samak
pueblo de Indonesia
Rimba Samak país Indonesia
Rimba Samak instancia de desa
Rimba Samak coordenadas
Rimba Samak código de ciudades de Indonesia 16.02.19.2013
Rimba Samak se encuentra en el huso horario UTC+07:00
Rimba Samak identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/12hhh6r85
Rimba Samak
aldeia da Indonésia
Rimba Samak país Indonésia
Rimba Samak instância de desa
Rimba Samak coordenadas geográficas
Rimba Samak código de vilarejo da Indonésia 16.02.19.2013
Rimba Samak fuso horário UTC+7
Rimba Samak identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/12hhh6r85
Rimba Samak código de desa 1602131011
Rimba Samak
village in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra, Indonesia
Rimba Samak located in the administrative territorial entity Pangkalan Lampam
Rimba Samak country Indonesia
Rimba Samak instance of village in Indonesia
Rimba Samak coordinate location
Rimba Samak administrative code of Indonesia 16.02.19.2013
Rimba Samak located in time zone UTC+07:00
Rimba Samak Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/12hhh6r85
Rimba Samak Statistics Indonesia area code 1602131011
Rimba Samak
kampung di Indonesia
Rimba Samak terletak di entiti wilayah pentadbiran Pangkalan Lampam, Ogan Komering Ilir
Rimba Samak negara Indonesia
Rimba Samak contoh desa
Rimba Samak koordinat lokasi
Rimba Samak kod pentadbiran Indonesia 16.02.19.2013
Rimba Samak terletak dalam zon waktu UTC+7:00
Rimba Samak ID Graf Pengetahuan Google /g/12hhh6r85
Rimba Samak kod kawasan Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia 1602131011
Rimba Samak
gampông di Kabupatèn Ogan Komering Ilir
Rimba Samak
village in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia
Rimba Samak country Indonesia
Rimba Samak instance of desa
Rimba Samak coordinate location
Rimba Samak Google Knowledge Graph identifier /g/12hhh6r85
Rimba Samak
village in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia
Rimba Samak country Indonesia
Rimba Samak instance of desa
Rimba Samak coordinate location
Rimba Samak Google Knowledge Graph identifier /g/12hhh6r85
| 50,254 |
https://github.com/mail2nsrajesh/sahara-dashboard/blob/master/sahara_dashboard/content/data_processing/clusters/wizard/views.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
sahara-dashboard
|
mail2nsrajesh
|
Python
|
Code
| 262 | 885 |
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
# implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse_lazy
from django import http
from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
from django.views import generic
from horizon import forms
from horizon import views as horizon_views
from sahara_dashboard.api import sahara as saharaclient
from sahara_dashboard.content.data_processing.utils \
import helpers
import sahara_dashboard.content. \
data_processing.clusters.image_registry.views as imgviews
import sahara_dashboard.content.data_processing.clusters.wizard \
.forms as wizforms
class ClusterGuideView(horizon_views.APIView):
template_name = 'cluster_wizard/cluster_guide.html'
page_title = _("Guided Cluster Creation")
def show_existing_templates(self):
try:
plugin = self.request.session.get("plugin_name", None)
version = self.request.session.get("plugin_version", None)
data = saharaclient.nodegroup_template_find(
self.request, plugin_name=plugin, hadoop_version=version)
if len(data) < 1:
return False
return True
except Exception:
return True
class ResetClusterGuideView(generic.RedirectView):
pattern_name = 'horizon:project:data_processing.clusters:cluster_guide'
permanent = True
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
if kwargs["reset_cluster_guide"]:
hlps = helpers.Helpers(request)
hlps.reset_guide()
return http.HttpResponseRedirect(reverse_lazy(self.pattern_name))
class ImageRegisterView(imgviews.RegisterImageView):
success_url = reverse_lazy(
'horizon:project:data_processing.clusters:cluster_guide')
def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
context = super(ImageRegisterView, self).get_context_data(**kwargs)
context['action_url'] = ('horizon:project'
':data_processing.clusters:image_register')
return context
class PluginSelectView(forms.ModalFormView):
form_class = wizforms.ChoosePluginForm
success_url = reverse_lazy(
'horizon:project:data_processing.clusters:cluster_guide')
classes = ("ajax-modal")
template_name = "cluster_wizard/plugin_select.html"
page_title = _("Choose plugin and version")
class NodeGroupSelectView(forms.ModalFormView):
form_class = wizforms.ChooseTemplateForm
success_url = reverse_lazy(
'horizon:project:data_processing.clusters:cluster_guide')
classes = ("ajax-modal")
template_name = "cluster_wizard/ngt_select.html"
page_title = _("Choose node group template")
| 32,776 |
congressionalrec52cunit_536
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,726 | 11,238 |
We were met then by the cry that that is paternalism and un- constitutional. The Government can not go into this i>artner- ship with farmers. It makes no matter how depressed, and how sorely pressed they are, we can not do it. Oh. gentlemen con- sistency is a jewel. Now. the very men who stood before us and refused one single particle of help In that line, come hero and ask this House to go into partnership in a private enterjjrise in- corporated as such and fortified with a charter, by making it an apjiropriation of $5,408,000. and agreeing to take shares in the profits. . Now. I want to sa^ this, Mr. Chairman, I am not alaw- jer, but I defy any lawyer m this House or elsewhere to point to one scintilla of law authorizing such an appropriation or part- nership either under the Constitution or the Revised Statutes or any precedent for it in this country from Colonial days up to I understand this House and the Senate loaned $1,000 000 to New Orleans, and to Philadelphia $1,500,000. That was' a dif- ferent proposition. Whether you had the consUtutional riffht to do that or not is another question. But here is a partnership in a private enterprise. I want, Mr. Chairman, to ask who ia doing the " howling" now? Just a few days ago the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. Taylor! in a noted speech on the tin-plate question, said that the great trouble with the farmers of this country was that they were calam- ity howlers, knocking at the doors of Congress with their - im- practicable and unconstitutional"' requests. Now Mr Chair- man, who is howling around the doors of Congress to-day' Chi- cago and the Northwest that lies around and contiguous to her are howling after what, charity? No. To become a partner with tbe Government in a speculation that no man on earth can tell whether it will profit a cent or lose a million in it. No man can tell. Mr. Chairman, for twenty-seven years the farmers of this ?"?V . ^v *^® ^^Siag and delving, and kept their mouths shut, but when capital concentrated and combined, when trans- portation concentrated and combined, when manufacturers com- bined, when all other occupations and callings combined, the larmer was brought to the absolute necessity of combination, or ttond as hewers of wood and drawers of water;' and because they did combine and stand against the money combinations, the transportaUon wmbinatlons, aod the manufacturing comhJl nations, and the mining combinations, for all these enterprises to-day are moved and controlled by combinaUons alone, they wei-e hooted at and sneered at. and called " C4Uamity howlers,^' and the gentle»aan from the State of Ohio IMr. .Joseph D Tay- lor] recently said that "if the farmers would talk less and work more they could get along better." That U the kind of consola- Uon we get. That is the kind of greeting wo meet with when we come toConpessm this matter and ask for what we believe New Orleans or Philadelphia comes here, either for a loan of moneyor a partnership business, we find advocates for it on our right, on our left, in our front, and in our rear, from both sides of the House. it ^^'^^^m^ ?*y ^ *^® gentleman from Ohio [Mr. Taylor] that if ho will take the statistics of this country and carefully note them, and then say upon the floor of this Hou*', and say honestly and candidly, that they have not worked and talked bit little 1 would be glad to hear him. Not a single prc<luct of the eirth, XT* «">fe"'« Pi-oduct of the shop or mines. South, East. West^ nr w*?ri iH^'^'^-^r ?^«t people l»l><)r at the plow, 'at th4 anVil^ ?har thA wnrl^/*''^' ^"^ ^" 8o wonderfully increa^d in volume that the world stands marveling at the fact. Instead of three u>!? "■ "1'""^'' ^^*u^/ ^""'^ ^" ^^e antebellum days, this iS ?i^{4u K *?** ''!''^' ^** ''"° ^^^ •'^P o' cotton up to 9,000.. W)0 bales wheat, oats, and everything else in proportion. Yet we are told that if the farmers would do better thjyshoud talk less and work more. "' ri'vr'^o-a? r""^"!,^^f°H-' '7™ ^^^'^ language as fell from his [Mr. Taylors] lips, that the farmer is made up of hair, bones, Sid muscks and no brains, and is not expected to have akv, but t tit somebody else must carry the brainsfor him. Thatday^as passed n this country. They are (farmers) asserting their rightTand they mtend to knoc-k at the dooi-s of the fegisUture of thS country for even-handed justice, whether in fhe face of such talk as that coming either from the genUeman from Ohio or the gentleman from Illinois. There is another jwirt of this bill to which I object, and that is this peculiar coinage. Why should we have this remarkable c.mage of 10.(K)0,,X)0 half-dolla^sof theordinarj we^ht^Sd fine? ness^^ And they are to have a stamp alongside of it, on top. or ^^.iilf^^*' «o™«rh««*. tobe engraved, t^atwillfix It for £me purpose. For what purpose? Souvenir : The Government going into the souvenir business! W horn are these souvenirs for? Why, they are for the people that consistency ought to obtain among members of Congress m well as m the pulpit and at the prayer meeting, for thfr^l^ that we are sworn servants of the people. AndVt wo heardit ?S«f ?hr»n '«^^<*»f « »&« ^y men upon this floor to this House that the silver dollar was "a dishonest dollar" when it was offered to the laborers of this country under the freeK^oinage act. Now members who were loud-mouthed against the fTeo coinage of silver are anxious to have that same coin put into circulation, which is worth no more or no less than the <^in pro- vided for in the free-coinage act, turned upon Chicago to bo paid to people now engaged in work there. w""* P^Xl?- ^^^ *^ey propose a lighter dollar. Jllr^ri^f^.^'V'^' kV-t'"^^ they^,ropose even a lighter Tv K , *u^ '* *'*rJi®' **"^ ^ wanted to give them the benefit of the whole thing. To whom is it to be paid? It is to be paid to the men w-ho build the houses, to the men who stand cwd at night, to the men, in a word, who by their labor earn their daily wages, and are, if there be an honest dollar issued by the Gov- ernment, above all others entitled to the same Now, gentlemen, I want to ask those of you on this floor who voted against free silver to stand uj) here-you wUl have to do it wh.;n you get before your constituents, and you had better learn now to make excuses. [Laughter.] I want some of you to stand up here and state what excuse you will have when you iro to the country and are compelled to say: •' I vot«>d against the sil- ver dollars going out to help the farmers and laborers of Geor- gia because it would be a fraud: but I deliberately put them off ujwn the laboring men and the poor people of Chicago ' I want you to answer that. Yes, you propose to provide ten million "souvenirs." It is not in the amendment,! confess; but, reading between the lines, I can read this: "We will give Chicago ten million half-dollar souvenirs with peculiar inscription and engravings; they will not pay them out; they will sell them at a premium and instead of gettmg five million dollars they will perhaps g,-t t^-n millions," I can read that between the lines, and a great deal more just like It. \ ou think it is all right to vote against free silver. When the planter's cotton is selling at deentsand he is almost bankrupt, aod when the wheat-grower is down at (he bottom^ f I *l ■"! I .'5 ! * It ■ •» ' Hi '^l If 'I j ^98 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— HOUSE. t. tion: th3 daje ?lat] on hid t w da prupo >e bellad 3nna •e and when we are be^jred by milliona of Democr* ts licans t4j give them more monej-, or at least a ( by which to measure values, you refuse their pt "Oh, no: that is dishonest: it ia a fraud u|X)n t^ farmers of the country to put out this silver doll it comes to ChicajTo it is all rij,'ht. G.-ntlemen, the other da^,-, or you are wronjf now. and you a«. Mr. OAThS. I'erhaps thev were wrong both ti ter.J Mr. LIVINGSTON. Yes, I think they werd timtti. Now. Mr. Chairman. I want to t-ay oandit not be cs much of a patriot as the jrentleman who flcor a little while ago. 1 may nt»t have the kind which some men in this country have, but I thaiic this kind of j.atriotism. and I intend to preach it 1 I am ameml>er of this House, and I int »nd to where as long as I am able to do so— the sen American citizen is entitled to a fair chance and exact jiistic • from the legislation of this country, kind of patriotism I have. Mr. Chairman, this is a .^ixvies of class legisic along the line of the class legislation that we have. five years past: legislation for the benefit of the f riment of the many; legislation for the bc-nefit of ter^trises without reference to the public good. been cursed with it: our statute books are loa led for twenty-five years past, and when do we I think thia is a gtK<d place to start. We have kept faith with Ch icago. We have gi v 000, and we have in tliis bill a provision for $4l:i,< •re under contract to furnish. Noiv. why not sto: I tind in this bill, int -nded. I suupos •, U) concill folks, a sort of sugai-eo:ited pill, a jxtlitical [Laughter.] I find in the fir^t part of the Senate provision for an international monetary conference suJjstance to us. •' Well, boys, vou want free silve: going to fix it right up for you. We will get an monetary conference which will settle it all right man. I am opposed to that proposition, and I will I am an American. If I was a rebel once. I am now, and I believe we ought to have an American lean Constitution, and American currency. I wan of you gentlemen who ai-e in favor of an interm conference what you think about having an in conference. (Laughter.] Come, now. let us got th do you say about it? Mr. JOHNSON of North Dakota. Reciprocity Mr. LIVINGSTON. Vou propose an internatioilal conference. For what purpose? To settle what land of metal shall constitute a dollar. You say t that is that England is intei-csted in that question IS interested in that question, that(iermany is inte question. I know it: but are not England, France interested in the tariff question? Why, they a'r* times more interested in that than they are in the tion. Why not then call an international tariff con vou ever think of it gentlemen? If the plan is instance it is as well in the other. Is It true -I appeal to members on this floor— is we ha\e conducted this Crt)vernment for over one 1 as anTndependent republic under our own flag sitt. own vine and fig tree, and that to-day weare compel Europe for a currency? I tell you when you get U you will have to go to Europe for a tariff also. Be" and there is no stopping place; so you had better Jiu W hv should wo require that France, or Germany or •By foreign country should recognize our money om other unless we are commeix-iallv dependent upon tl Are we independent? Yes; that was demonstrate* war. You shut us up by the blockade; you would n or in; we could obtain neither provisions nor cloth fought you four long years, and we did a pretty too. Talk about independence! There never* was country with so much innate independence as this to-daj-. Yet gentlemen propose that we dicker w ajad France for a currency. If that is to be the pol there for a tariff, too. ^ Mr. Chairman, I am in favor of the provision as it the tsenate for^he closing of this Exixwition on Su not agree with my friend from Alabama [Mr Whel f »ot a religious question: it is not a matter that has ♦u*^^ }^^ Baptists, the Methodists, the Presbyter other rehgiQus denomination. This is a quesUon of much so as the principle of morality inculcated in t commandment or the eighth. There is no diCferenc b snalt not steal is no more binding on a man, wheth e and Repub- dctuble standard 30U say: laborers and r;"' but when u were wrong not deny it. 1 aes. [Laujjh- wrong both y that I may occupied the of patriotism God I have ere as long as pr jach it every- timept that every to equal and That is the it follows fortwenty- to the det- >articular en- Uongress has wn with it — to unload? tlig .'rnatioi la itern iti at goo I jtO ) mt gool wi h li<y n lay HEEJ .ER t le July 16, Ro- n her $1,088.- 00. which we light here? ate us silver plaster, unendment a You say in , now we are nternational Mr. Chair- ell you why. in American ^ , an Amer- to ask some 1 monetary onal tariff up. What am<)untstothat. monetary amount and e reason for that France sted in that ^ndGermany a thousand money ques- •enceV Did in the one fL-S ift r til riJi it true that d years g under our sd to look to that point that course right now. i^ngland, or way or the Hem? during the let us out ng; but we job at it, a nation or qountry has (.Germany , let us go i'omes from I can ;]. This iiny thing to i ans, or any morals, a3 seventh "Thou r he be a Christian or non-Christian, than the other commandment member the Sabbath day to keep it holy." Mr. Chairman, there is not, I am proud to say. a State within the limits of this Union that has not in its'constitution or statutes a clause forbidding all ordinary lalwr on the Sabbath tlay. Vet, we, the members of the great Congress of a ifreat, country coming from these different localities, where this kind of morality IS not only taught but enforced-wo propose as na- tional legislators to violate a fundamental principle underlying our Government, recognized at our homes and in our resi>ective \T \?^ involving the safety and jwace of the nation. Mr. MANSUR. Will the gentleman i)ermit me to ask him a question? " Mr. LIVINGSTON. Yes, sir. Mr. MANSUR. I was engaged for many years of my life as a criminal pi-osecutor, and I do not know of any State that has in its Constitution such a provision as the gentleman mentions though I believe there is a statute of that kind in force in all of them. If the gentleman can refer to the Constitution of a sin- ^ Mr T T v*i vf'c'w^v"''^^/' P;?; »^"»- I ^^«"l«i like him to do so. 3lr. l^lVl^GbrON. Mr. Chairman. I am not a lawyer, and am not responsible for any little technical mistake of this kind .am willing to accept the gentleman's correction, and to say that there is such a provision in the statutjs of every State in the Lni'in. ^ Mr. MANSUR. that. I believe, is prol)ably true. Mr. LIVINGSTON. Whether it is in the organic law or not M * ?^ "i*'" ^^ * ^^^*'*^' statue, in force in every State. Mr. DICK'ERSON. That lx>ing the case, are vou not willin.r to allow the statutoiy provision in force in Chicago with rcfer'- ence to the i-egulation of Sunday to control this matter'-' ^ Mr. LIVINGSTON. No, sir; and I will give you the reason f 'nr ^J^^KERSOX. Then you are ready to deprive the State of Illinois of the exercise of a right which you accord to everv other. •' Mr. LIVINGSTON. No, sir; I am not. Gentlemen can not intimidate this House by such a projiOsition a, ihat. Hure ai-e thL' facts of the ca^e. The (iovernment of the United States has appropriated 9l,r,i>i\mno aid tliis Exi>osition. and is to put within It.-, Inmts her own buildings and her own exhibits. If the doors are left oi>en it is tie United States Government that does if- If thc'y are closed, th.- United States Government must do it I admit that if the United States had no buildings or exhibits , tho.e-if this Exposition were not in any way under the sanction of the Governmont-it would be, in my opinion, not only un- Mr%'ifru'P^l^l?5v"^'?'''"u'*'"?"-^ '" "^^'^'^^'^ ^^ith this business. Mr. DICkB.RbOiN. As the Government has its own separate buildings, if the gentleman proposes to apply the princinle he advocates, why not close the doors of the GoVernmc^nt Sings the rest o Jn'^*" authorities, if they choose, leave the doors of ' .i\''; "iV^T^F^^""'- Bee*"^' '^ the gentleman knows, wo can not divide the responsibility in that way M ,'■■ Pt vfi-rSiw ^1'''°^ ^'^'^''^ "^"'^^ ^ '^o ^'•""blc at>o"t it. «n i :,,!^ l^GSTO^. ^ ou can not close part (,f the buildings I on Jsunday and keep a part opjn. You can not go into that sort of arrangement If the ,x.ople of Chicago ask the Government to give tliem help in this way, they must submit to such restric- makes'** Congress may see fit to put ujwn the contribution it ' But. Mr. Chairinan, there is another rea.son why lamonijoscd Uonhut^Fn^r^^T'^V^^''-''^^'^- ^' '' "«^ onl'y class legisla- tion but, in my humble opinion, unconstitutional. I do not pro- fess to be a lawyer, but I believe I will be sustained in this post ! tion V such lawyers of this House as the gentleman from Texas IMr. Ct-LBERSONJ. I do not believe there is the scratch o^^ S'?hi" J]^ ?'""l"'r ^*V ^'l^' l>f '•mitsorauthorizesanexpenditure of this kind. Not only that, but this bill makes a peculiar dis- crimination against certain localities, which is altogether wrong. In Georgia we have in circulation MM per capita: in Illinois ciX"" rJnTr^*'^°^ '^ir P^^^^Pita; in this ^Disirict $6 i2? ?ft^o?^^K -^'°*'" y**" *^^ ^ *^^ '^^« »" of these differences. .Lr ^''- 11-''*^^* appropriation, it nearly all goes to Chi- K;.^? '•'' ^^\«^AV you absolutely increase tht circulation Z"r"Si^;iUer'°^ ' ^'^''^'''' "^"^ discriminating against all vJ^'ln^^,^" ^^^ constant practice by Congress for many Wfl ^'''^,.^^^: f-o\ernment being the agent to distribute the tax money collected, it should look well to a fair and equitable dis- .3w!a-**''i'!?®,°-^^^*??'^/^ make appropriations for many pur- po^ inc uded im bU s for appropriating money and thus help to equalize the money in circulation. i<,thT;^n; ^J^^'T"^'."^ *'*' '°^°*^ ^° ^'° O"*" silver- and hero is tne pomt that I want some gentleman who favors that propo- sition to answer-if we are to coin our silver dollars that you 1892. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— HOUSE. 6299 claim ai-e dishonest dollars, why not distribute them evenly and propt>rly throughout the entire country? Why will you make Chicasjo a pet to receive the whole of them?' 1 appeal to mem- bers of this body that you do not supjwrt these Senate amend- ments. I api)cal to you to reject them, first, because it is unauthorized: second, b cause it is a precedent forgoing into a kind of mutual partnership busine?8 b.-tween the Government and a private en- terprise: and. thiini, because it will leave us muddled with Chi- cago or their Itepresentatives here for the next fiftv years be- fore a settlement can )>e had, and in the end, whether we get much or whether we get little of the proceeds, it will be an un- fortunate alliam^. It is unauthorized. It is a discriminatitm against the working jjeople and the taxpayers of this cwmtry: it is taking their money without their consent to distribat.' it "in a certain locality wholly unauthorized, and the principle is wholly at variance with the sentiment of our jjcople and the doctrines of t»ur (iov<.'rnment. I retcrve the remainder of my time. Mr. HENDERSON of Iowa. Mr. Chairman, I want to address this House from the standpoint of a common American citizen- ship 1 shall not attempt to follow any gentleman who lias oc- cupii-d his time in making a partisan s})eech. no matter upv>n which side of tlio question he may have spoken. I appeal to this House to consider the fact that we are discussing a ques- tion that touches th.' reputation and the honor of the American people and this great Government. Theie is but one question involved in this debate, and it is that question that I have already indicated— the honur of the American itejiublic. I do not cAre whether you want to make a loan or issue the *"..- OOO.OiX) of silver half dollars, or in what particular form your ob- jections are made. After all the onlyqu stion here involved is, shall we make a success of this great International Exposition^ to be given under the American flag and under the invitation of the American Government. For fiirms of faith let caDtini; zealcHj* fight: Hi« cant bv mtohk who^e lift- is in the right. For the ]>artieular form in which it is done I care nothin-^ Like others I might have my preferences. But, Mr. Chairman^ we have before us simply the question of pursuing the i)olicy which we have already inaugurated, and makiuif a success of thiji great International Ex|)osition. It is due to ourselves, it is due to our i>.ople that this shall ho done. It is not in any sense of the word a partisan (luestion. I am proud for my country to be Able to stand on the floor of the House of Rej)re»entative8 and say that when this bill was jjassed— the act of April '2') 18SX)— there were i-ecorded 202 votes in favor of it and but 48 votes against it. Of the two jwlitical ]>arties a decided majority of both was in favor of holding this great Ex|)o4tion. Such distinguished IXMnocrats as Bl.\.\chakd. Bo\txer Buckalew, Carlisle. Carlth. Catchlvos, Cr.un, Cum- MiNGS, Fithian, Governor Flower. Hatch, Ha^-es, Hooker of Mississippi. MANSUR, McAdoo. McCrkary. Mctchlek. Outh- WAITE. and others supported and voted for the proposition Mr. Chaii-man, the policy is settled that we are to have a great It was settled, as 1 have said, by a majority vot •- a Expi«ition. , .^ , „^ „^ pre|X)nderating majority of both f)olitical parties. " Let us then go harmoniously on, with hearts b sating only with ]>atriotic im- puls s, and consider what is our duty on this (KX.'asion. R'fcrence has been made to the form. My distinguished friend from Kentucky, Governor McCreary, sj)oke of it as a copart- nership. My friend and associate on the Committee on Appro- priations who has just sioken(Mr. LiviXGSTOXJ referred to it as a partnership, and told us to draw a distinction between that and the loan of the Government to the New Orleans Exjjosition There is no distinction in principle. Mr. MiXL'REARY. Will you allow me to i^ad a section of the bill m response to that? Mr. HENDERSON of Iowa. I will ask my friend to wait until I am through. I would prefer that. Mr. Mccreary. I have no more time at my disposal. Mr. HENDERSON of Iowa. I presume there will be no trouble about time. If I commence yielding, my thirty minutes will soon be gone, and I am trying to reserve a part of it to enable other gentlemen to b • heard. Mr.McCHEARY- I only desire to support what I said bv reading from the bill. ^ Mr. HP:XDERS0N of Iowa. And you only switch a man off his hno of thought in that way. Now, I say that there is no distinction in principle between these appropriaUons; and the only distinction that can be really found IS that under the pending proposition the Government may get back more than it lends to this great Exposition. That is the only real distinction. It is stated in the minority report that we inade a loan of »1, 000,000 to Louisiana; and it has been said also in that report that we lost the million of dollars. La a •j>eech on this floor I supported the loan to Louisiana. In one s^nse the mUlionof dollars was lost. No dollar of it was ever paid back to the Treasury directly, but Mr. Chairman, not one dollar of It was lost to this country. It was like the broad cast upon tho waters, to be found after many days. I visited New Ork-ans dur- ing that Exposition. It wa, my first visit South since 18»m, and I went there with my heart full of the same feelings that I had when on this floor I advocated and Biinixjrtjd that Exposition. And I tell you, mv countrymen, that in the commingling of our people, m the demonstraUon ithere. and the exhibition of the fruits of industry, the g oat fruit-* that oome f:-om every hand bemg htmorable that does work, it was a quickener to the thought of this nation, and the million dollars los* was nulliuns of dollars found to the Republic. That is my belief. What were New Orleans or Philadelphia, with their great exiiositujns. coinparvjd to the one which we are considering* Th " subcommitt-o sent to < 'hicago which vi-it'd ev- ry building and looked over that vast field doited with palaces *t j receive the tribut s of the world, were unanimous in their report in say- ing that It is something unparalleled in history. Your children and mine and our children s childi-en will came and go, and un- der no flag will there Ix; such anexiHisilionas is to open in Mav lh»3, in this country. ^ ' We in States a:id cities put forth every oflfort to attract thi at- tention of the world to our development, to our civilization to our progress, and to our industry. Where can such an adver- tisement be found? And I us3 almost a gnts^ term, but a true one. The nations that will come from every land and across every sea to look at that great Exixisition, will gol>ack honoring the flag that floats over our heads t »-dav . They will go back im- pressed with the spirit that aniniat/s the'll spublic. They will go back carrying Udings to the nuims that will open wider and wider the markets of the world to us. .M y friends, this is a com- mon inter. St. and 1 pray that we may lift it outside of the nar- row channels of partisan debat -. It has be in as.sertA.'d that we are ta'dng the proJucts of labor to do thus work, that we are tresjMisiing upon tho rights of the farmer and th.- toiler throughout the land. First, in a narrow sens', let me say from jK^rsonal observation, and an insi>oction of the report of our visiting committee will verify it, that an overwhelming majority of all the dollars sjxnit in connection with this great ent-rprtse will go into the jxxjkets of the laboi^ ing men. Nmety uer cent at least of it will bo put into the hands of the men who rear these groat structures, who prei;are the homes for the exhibition of industries. Lal>or will reap the reward. And here, while it is in my mind, referring to a Uiou^ht just expressed abgut the distribution of these half-dollars 1 say that no coin or money of any kind will leave our NaUoual Tro**- •-"^?-*^fLr*^^ *'*',*** P^'*'«*^^ij" »"tl generously distribut -d as these *.).<iOO,000. And every citizen of this country or of any other , country getting posjsession of one of these half-dolhii's will h-»ld I It as a treasure-a precious memento of tlie advancement of j civilizatipn aad the grandeur of thj American Republic. Mr. LIVINGSTON. May I suggest to my friend that it will simply amount to $-,.000,001) in the tr>e of the stocking that wUl never bj used. It will take five millions of silver and put it into sU>cking-t03s. never to be used. Do you think that is ri^hf-' Mr HENDEIiSO.Vof Iowa. Every dollar will pay for the toil of labor, and thes^ dollar will be made of the injured im- lierfect coin in the Treasury, now lying idle. Mr. D.WIS. Worth about sixty cents on the dollar, do you say.' ' Mr. HENDERSON of Iowa. No matter what it Ls worth. Mr. DAVIS. Do you say tliat because the money will be paid to lawjr? ' Mr. HENDERSON of Iowa. Under our laws thes • dollar* will go forth oquipi)cd with all the power and majesty of anv other coin of the country. ^ Mr. DAVIS. Except t . bondholders. Mr. HENDERSON of Iowa. They will perform their func- tions, and will have a double attraction to the American i>eop]e. Mr. DINGLE Y. B.yond that, they ar.. redeemable aU-very treasury of the United States at par. Mr. DAVIS. Ingi-eenbacks. Mr. HENDERSON of Iowa. There will be precious few that the Treasury of the United States will have a chance to redeem. Biit that is the " form of the faith." I am after the eternal sunlight that should blaze ujwn this question, not the petty *• forms of faith," to use my illustration that I gave before. As to the farmers. I do not know what may be the exparienoo of other genUemen on this floor, but I have had more apiieals from the fawners of my district in favor of this great Exjx.sition, and of giving it proper governmental aid, than I have had in respect to any other question except the antioption bill alone. They favor it; and only yesterday I received a letter from an in- telli^fent person in my district, sayin^f " Help the great Ezpoal- COXGRESSIONi .L RECORD— HOI SE. That ii sjme II up the at ranging thU hey s, &^k e ay. ion Oc- pts pe; ise: M epos t thit w )r .1^) tl tioD, and do not hare any string tied to your help." counsel that I receive. Now. as to the amount. The report of the minority and obaerrations that have b3«n made yesterday and to-day. su the total receipts from the time that the Fair opens unti work is done, and hold up the amounts, variously estimate^ from twenty-two million to twenty-five million dollars, around that sum. and say it is claimed by the friends of measure that llT.<X)0,».iO») will be required to do the work, strike a balance of $25,000,000 receipts, and I17,000,0(X) ex_ and say here is a balance. How do they dare come here anc for •5,0iA»,<Jtit'J? My friends, you lose sight of this simple fact, for the purpose of opening the Exposition on the 1st of l'*y3. not a dollar can be received until the great Ex_ opens. They may receive something at the dedication in tob.T: but, practically, until the Exposition opens, no recei can com" in. We show in our report, which was made to this House order Vj openthe doors of the Exjxjsition. and finish that so that receipts can begin on May 1, that 81.'j..>i6,(XK).t».') wil needed. We showed you in our investigation that $10,763, would be r.'ceiv»»d from diflferent sources. That money, w has been rai-+ed by the citizens of Chicago, showing that must from 8>me source come %4.T'<2.'<19.76 in order to the work and open the Fair on the 1st of May, 189.3. We took the different estimates that had been made, a^d a sort of average. R^'ference has been made to the report of Higginb itham. chairman of the committee on finance, remember, his figure^ of the rec-eipts. and as to the amount raised. w»jro the most generous of any one who wa« f^fore Bubeommitt^'e. But. as one gentleman said, Mr. Higginbotham was one was plac.-ing the stock: he was painting in the brightest co what could be accomplished. We did not take his extraordi estimat 's. We tried to strike an average. But we found on most careful estimate that, in round numbers, $r),0<X),'XJ0 w be ntjeded. Chicago had done more by several hundred sand dollars than Congress required her to do in the act of J 2r>. !«**>. Then here we stand, with an admitted deficit of OOO.OOi). a'id the ^ates must be opened. Is there a gentlem this fiitor who will content himself by saying. " Let this Ex tion fail b.sfore we will give a dollar ''? I do not believe the"r|e one such representative of the people here, and yet this $o,000 iniistV)ohad. Chicago has raised $10.()U0,00O— nearly $11, (XK), in round numlers. Where shall the rest come from? We have it before the receipts begin to pour in. When they poui as some indicate, the Government will get ba«k all her and more: but that is not the question. l.ttU comi^ete strtuck Mr. s I ur t) J 01 a -•er In- out nt. I or I r- ' ler >ut f^a like soiith, t. is he ti- aboij t 1 I say. as a representative of this country, that this $.'>,OO0, (XK) must be had. Do not belittle it by talking about Chieagc Chicago private enterprise. No exposition given on earth cf.- had its government throw its arm around it as closely as this ternational Exposition has had from the arms of theGovemm^nt We have dictated everything by law. Chicago raised her i. 0«»0,0OUand the Federal Commission provided by law jiicked the cloth, cut the cloth, and said you must make this garm< gentlemen: and it can not be made for le^ than $15.ouo.0«J $17,000,0!N». The Government fixed the cost of this mighty ment. Chicago has raised all that this Government a-sked to raise. Chicago the sole beneficiaryl Her benetits are petty, juiltry drippinirs in this great enterprise. It is the mighty stream and sea of blessings that will pour a flood over this Republic, blessing every State, north, so east, and west; and the little hotel items that are talked ah and street-c-ar matters, are but a bagatelle in the presence of majestic question. And hero let me tell you another fact, that grvat bulk of these Jll.OfXJ.OOo was raised by big, patriotic c lens in Chiea;;ro, who get but very little benefit out of the tlohds of people who will go there. But you, my countrymen, nei. you nor I, your wife or child, will go there unless we are to benefited by the excursion. That tells the story. If this Ex sition is t^ be iwitrtmizod. it will be patronized by those who pect to receive an equivalent for what is expended. Now, one word more. Suppo^e you do not give this mont I pray for the honor of my country that no such calamity is ing to fall upon us. SupjH^se you do not do it. What tlfien? am frank to say, gentlemen, that if the House of Representati proves recreant to the high duty of the hour, Chicago, so m ane^>red at in a few quarters, in'mv opinion, single-handed alone, will save the reputation of tne Republic. But I do not want to lift Chieago up and tear my country do She is eoual to the occasion and I believe will save txs from < S^-aoe. Chicago! I have seen her one night in sorrow and ashes, and the next morning an imperial city by her sea, cMal- longing the admiration of the world. [Applause.] Do not sn ser at thoee people who have done so much, who have given the fen- JULY 16, in k, be 99 ich ere ho ors i^ary the < uld tl ou- A >ril lai: on ji r>Bi- is 000 fW, iqust in, mohey the I tire country so much of their money and their services to add glory to our flag and to spread abroad the prosperity of the land that we all love." f .\pplause.] Mr. Chairman, how many minutes have I remaining of my time? The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman has three minutes. Mr. HENDERSON of Iowa. I yield that time to the gentle man from Illinois [Mr. Taylor], tobe used when he deems proper. Mr. TAYLOR of Illinois. I will reserve the time. Mr. SAYERS. I yield ten minutes of my time to the gejitle- man from Mississippi, Mr. Hooker. Mr. HOOKER of Mississippi. Mr. Chairman, I have listened, with great pleasure to the argument made by my friend from Illinois [Mr. Hopkins] this morning and also to the one just con- cluded by my distinguished friend from lowafMr. Henderson], and I admire the patriotism manifested by both those gentle- ! men.theirspirit and their temper, but I want to call the attention ! of the House to the language of the law which has been referred I to by the gentleman from Iowa in order that wo may see just '< what was the character of that legislation to which he directed attention and in reference to which he recited the yeas and nays ; in part. Let me first remark, however, that all of us who wera here at the time remember that when the first proposition waa made for a World's Columbian Exposition there was a great con- test in this House as to where it should be located. In that con- test five of the great cities of the country. New York, Chicago, j St. Lduis. Cincinnati, and Washington were engaged. ' I favored the location of the Worlds Fair at the seat of Gov- ernment, because I thought it would dispense with the necessity of removing the Government exhibits from the places provided ' by law for their safe-keeping. I favored it further because thia city was the seat of government and, in my judgment, the proper place to which the people of the world should be invited. Th* House, however, decided otherwis ', and the question narrowed ; itself down to a question l>etween the great metropolitan city ol j New York on the seaboard and the great city of Chicago re- I motely situated in the interior. I In that contest Chicago prevailed, and, by a vote of the House befot-e the passage of the law to which I am about to refer, Chi- cago was selected as the place, the selection being made in large I measure in deference to the expressions of opinion of that vast I army of people residing upon the upper waters of the Mississippi and following it to where it Hows into the Gulf of Mexico. After- wards the House came to make provision by law for the conduct of the Exposition. My friend from Massachusetts [Mr. Candler] was the chairman of the World's Fair Committee, and he re* ported from that committee the bill which was subseauently passed by the House, the seventeenth section of which bill cod- tains this proviso: ProruUd. That the United States shall not be liable on account of the erection o( biillillngs. exp-nses of the Coramisslon, or any of its offlceni o» employes, or on account of any expenses Incident to or lo'owlng out of said Exposition for a sum exceeding In the ai^t^regate 11.500.000. There is the law as it was enacted by Congress. At that time it was accepted as the law governing the case, and the House by an appropriation donated this sum of $1,500,000. Now, a E reposition comes to us that an arid itional amount shall be given y the Government, in contravention of that solemn enunciation of opinion and enactment made by the representatives of the American people. When propositions r>?lating to other matters have lieen made here with regard to the power of the Ck)ve^;nment to loan money, I have had occasion to say that the Constitution clothes the Government of the United States with the power to levy taxes, duties, imposts, and excises up.m the American people to pay the debts and provide for the defense of the country, but tnat nowhere in that entire instrument, from its preamble to its sig- nature by George Washington, is there to be found any provi- sion vesting in the Government of the United States the power to lend money to anybody for any purpose or on any account. The y>ropo^ition before us is a proposition to coin money to be used in this Exposition in the shajxi of " souvenirs " or in any other way that may be determined, and to incrousj the amount of the Government loau by $.'i,(X)0,()00, making, with the $1,500,- 0<X) already appropriated for th- Government buildings and ex- hibit, six and a half million dollars. When the act from which I have read was under discussion a distinguished Representative of the State of Illinois, the present chairman of the Ways and Means Committee of the House, and other Representatives fn>m that State, assured the House that what-^ver other moneys might be required would be raised by the bity of Chicago, and the law was framed in conformity witn those assurances and presented to the House by the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. Candler] and while it was under dis- cussion here when the gentleman from New York [Mr. Belden] was making some remarks implying doubt as to whether Chi- tfer be ?x- y. I o i I ; res ' oh )nd I rn. is- I in f 1892. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— HOUSE. 6301 cago would raise the amount of money that would be required, he was Interrupted by a distinguished Representative from the State of Illinois, coming, I believe, from the city of Chicago [Mr. Lawler] who u^ed this language. 1 make this statement .ind will verify It again, t ha t If »6.000,010 or llCOtWOOO. or B5.000 WH) are necessary to make the World's Fair a success in C'hlea'jit, it will be riil^od within the next six months. This was the declaration of not one Representative alone, but. as I understood, having been here myself, a j>art and parcel of that Congress, and voting on this proposition, it was dis- tinctly enunciated that when the Government had furnished its own exhibits and transjwrted them to Chicago— when the Gov- ernm nt had erected its own buildings for the purjx-se of receiv- ing thosj exhibits (and I am told this Gk)vernment building has now bjen erected at a cost of $400,000, and is a very creditable structure) the distinct understanding was that so far as the Gov- ernment and the jieople of the United States, the taxpayei-s, w>re concerned they were to pay no more than the one million and a half which was donated by the act I have referred to. It was said by my friend from Illinois [Mr. Hopkins] that these commissioners, consisting of two from each State, were con.stituted the agents of the CJovernment of the United States; and he invoked the principle of law that the agents having niaj)])ed out a Columbian Exi)09itionof greater projiortions than had been exi)ected, therefore the Government of the United States is bound to make the appropriations to carry out that proj- ect. Sir. such a statement is in contravention of the great pi in- ciple which lies at the foundation of the law of agency. The agent, acting within the scope of the authority giveu by the principal, can bind him: but never can behind him when acting outside of the scope of his authority. So far from there bidng an unlimited grant of power to these commissioners, there was a sp cific restriction of their power within the limits indicated by the proviso. That proviso must be construed strictly, and can never in any court of justice be construed so as to enlarge the power. (Here the hammer fell.] Sir. HOOKER of Mississippi. Will the gentleman give me just one moment more? Mr. SAYERS. I yield the gentleman one minute more. Mr. HOOKER of Mississippi. I wish to read a prophesy which was made on this floor by my friend, Mr. John Ilandolph Tucker, of Virginia, when we were debating here the question of making a loan in aid of the Centennial Exi>o8ition at Philadel- j»hia. It had been said then by a gentleman here from Chicago that an appropriation of one million and a half dollars to the Centennial Exposition would be (estimating our population at 45,000,000) only 3i cents per capita. In answer to that, my dis- tinguished friend from Virginia, then a member of Congress— now succeeded by his able and talented son. standing in the place which the father so much honored— made a prediction which has become history. His language was: My friend before me from Illinois, who l)elonRS to that department Jn thte aviary In which we are assembled denominated the spread-eaKle, and who delivered so flue a speech this morning, axks 'Where is the man who will not give three and a half cents for the glorv and honor of his country^" ILatighter.] Why. sir. that Is all very fine, btit I will remind my friend and 1 win remind this House of those most el<xjuent words uttered by one of the most eloquent men who ever spoke the English tongue, in his great speech on American taxation. I will remind them that Edmund Burke said -No man ever donbted the commodity of tea would bear the Imposition of three pence." "Would twenty shillings.'" said he, "have ruined Mr. Hampden's lortune? No, but the payment of half twenty shillings on the principle It was demanded would have made him a slave! " And I say. sir. to make me or my constituents pay one cent uiwn the principle this bill demands— that is. that you c,-\a go outside of the C< institution to do It— will make my pe'>ple slaves. And Edmund liurke added that It was not the weight of the duty but the weight <>f the preamble that claimed the right to Impose It that the Americans were unable and imwllllng to bear. That Is the principle h»»re.
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US-95536897-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 1,997 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
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Information recording medium which indicates information according to the wobbling of a track and information recording and reproducing apparatus
ABSTRACT
An optical disk comprising a substrate 4, and a plurality of tracks 269 to 273 formed on the substrate 4, wherein the plurality of tracks 269 to 273 include groove tracks 270, 272 consisting of a plurality of grooves mutually space apart by a fixed space, and land tracks 269, 271, 273 consisting of areas between the groove tracks, wherein the borders 14, 15 between the groove tracks and the land tracks represent information using the waveforms from their wobbling patterns, wherein the period of the wobbling waveforms of the borders 14, 15 are constant on each border, but the wobbling waveforms of the opposite portions of the borders across the track are shifted in phase by a predetermined phase difference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information recording medium foroptically recording or reproducing information, and an informationrecording and reproducing apparatus for recording or reproducinginformation on the information recording medium.
2. Prior Art
Optical disks are known, such as compact disks and magnetooptical disks,which optically record information by changes in the reflectance factoror changes in the polarization direction of reflected light, forexample. A track 261 is formed in a spiral form on the surface of anoptical disk as shown in FIG. 26. Along this track on the optical disk,information marks caused by the changes in the reflectance factor or thechanges in the polarization direction of the reflected light are formedto record information on a surface of an optical disk 260.
A circuit of the track 261 is divided into an integral number of blocks262. Each block 262 is divided according to a predetermined disk formatinto a plurality of areas, on each of which user data and controlinformation for use in recording or reproducing user data is recorded.The blocks are also called sectors.
As an example of disk formats, the format of a rewritable magnetoopticaldisk 130 mm in diameter and with a recording capacity of 1.3 GB,standardized by ISO (International Standardization Organization) will bedescribed with reference to FIG. 25. In FIG. 25, the numbers given belowthe information areas denote the numbers of bytes of the related itemsof information.
The capacity for one block (sector) 262 is 1410 bytes. One blockincludes at its leading end a preformatted header segment 250 of 63bytes. In the format of FIG. 25, information in the preformatted header250 is recorded with information marks consisting of prepits formed atthe time of manufacture of the optical disk. Information other than thatin the preformatted header segment 250 is not preformatted, but isrecorded with rewritable information marks.
The preformatted header segment 250 includes a sector mark segment (SM)256 to record information to indicate the leading end of this block, aVFO segment 257, an address mark segment (AM) 258, an addressinformation segment (ID) 259, and a PA segment 267. The addressinformation segment (ID) 259 has recorded therein information toindicate the location of this block 262 on the optical disk 260, and hasa self-clocking function to generate a clock signal from its owninformation during reproduction. The VFO segment 257 has recordedtherein information to designate a specific frequency for pull-in whengenerating a clock signal for the address information segment 259. TheAM segment 258 has recorded therein information to indicate that thereis an address information segment (ID) 259 in the subsequent segment. Ineach preformatted header, a VFO segment 257, an AM segment 258, and anaddress information segment 259 are arranged twice in succession, andthe PA segment 267 is provided to adjust the length of the informationmarks in the whole area of the preformatted header segment 250.
Behind the preformatted header segment 250, an ALPC-GAPS segment 251 isprovided. The ALPC-GAPS segment 251 includes a FLAG segment 265 to showwhether or not data has been recorded in a data field 254, an ALPCsegment 266 for recording information to control the power of the laserin recording, and GAP segments 264 as buffer portions placed between thesegments.
Following this, a data field 254 for recording user data is provided.The data field 254 also has a self-clocking function. Before the datafield 254, a VFO segment 252 and a SYNC segment 253 are provided. In theVFO segment 252, a specific frequency is recorded for pull-in forgenerating a clock signal in synchronism with data when reproducing datafrom the data field 254. In the SYNC segment 253, information abouttiming for demodulating information during reproduction is recorded.
In the data field 254, RESYNC segments 268 and data segments 267 arealternately provided. The RESYNC segments 268 are provided to re-attainsynchronism when loss of synchronism occurs between data and clockduring the self-clocking operation. Data 267 consists of information1040 bytes long, which includes user data of 1024 bytes, a CRC segmentto check if user data is read correctly, and a DMP segment to show whereerror data is when error data occurs due to corruption of data, and ECCcodes of 160 bytes added to correct the error data. When recording, twobytes of RESYNC 268 are added for every 30 bytes of data 267.
In the rear of the data field 254, a buffer segment 255 is provided. Theclock for recording information has a fixed frequency, and thereforewhen a variation occurs in the rotating speed of the motor to drive theoptical disk or when the center of the track 261 deviates from thecenter of rotation, the linear velocity of the laser beam for writing onthe track 261 varies, but the buffer 255 absorbs this variation.
In the conventional format standardized by ISO, in one block 262 of 1410bytes, the user data capacity at which the user can record data is 1024bytes in the data field 254. Therefore, the recording efficiency of userdata is 1024/1410, namely, 72.6%. The remaining 27.4% is accounted forby the address information segment 259 and control signals of VFOsegments 257, 252, when reproducing so that the recording efficiency ofuser data is not so high.
For this reason, to improve the recording efficiency of user data,JP-A-49-103515 discloses a technique by which the track is made tofluctuate with minute waves, and address information of the track isrecorded by the variation of the frequency of the waves. Specifically,the track is formed during the manufacture of the optical disk such thatthe center of the track is made to fluctuate minutely (by wobbling) inthe width direction of the track, the frequency of this wobbling isvaried along the longitudinal direction of the track, by which theaddress information of the track is represented. Since the addressinformation is recorded by the wobbling of the track, it is notnecessary to record the address information with the information marks,and accordingly the area for recording user data with the informationmarks can be increased. Thus, the recording efficiency of user data canbe enhanced.
However, the above technique in JP-A-49-103515 is unable to use a trackwidth smaller than the diameter of the beam spot of the laser beam inreproduction. The reason for this is that if the track width is narrowerthan the beam spot, the leakage of information from adjacent tracksincreases, making it difficult to reproduce information correctly.
In literature titled International Symposium on Optical Memory 1995(ISOM '95) TECHNICAL DIGEST Fr-D4 "A NEW DISC FOR LAND/GROOVE RECORDINGON AN MSR DISC, a land/groove track structure was proposed in which, asshown in FIG. 1, grooves 3 are formed mutually separated by a fixedspace on the surface of the optical disk, and while those grooves 3 areused as tracks, lands 2 between the grooves 3 are also used as tracks.In this structure, since the tracks on the lands 2 are adjacent to thetracks in the grooves 3, there is a level difference corresponding tothe depth h between the adjacent tracks. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 1,the diameter of the reproducing beam spot 1 of the laser beam is largerthan the track width in the reproduction process, and also when thereproducing beam spot 1 extends over the adjacent tracks on both sidesof the track from which data is reproduced, with the phases of reflectedbeams from the adjacent tracks, a phase difference corresponds to thedifference in the height h of the tracks, thus making it possible toprevent the leakage of information from the adjacent tracks. Therefore,the track width can be made smaller than the beam spot diameter, so thatthe track density can be increased. Also in this literature, as shown inFIG. 1, another technique was revealed in which the border between theland 2 and the groove 3 is made to wobble, and address information isrecorded with the wobbling frequency. Also, a structure was proposed inwhich the track width is smaller than the reproducing beam spot, andthere are always two borders between the land 2 and the groove 3 withinthe reproducing beam spot 1, and therefore address information isrepresented by wobbling only one of the two borders.
However, in the structure in that literature as shown in FIG. 1, sincethe part wobbles is the border between the land and the groove, thewobbling motion of the border is shared by the track on the land sideand the track on the groove side. Therefore, not only when the center ofthe reproducing beam spot 1 is located on the land side 2 but also whenthe beam spot is located on the groove side, the wobbling motion of thesame border is detected, and accordingly address information specifiedby the wobbling frequency is produced. Hence, it is impossible to decidefrom the address information reproduced by wobbling whether thereproducing beam spot 1 is on the track of the land side 2 or on thetrack of the groove side 3. If for some reason the tracking servo failsto keep track and the reproducing beam spot shifts to the adjacenttrack, this cannot be detected from address information, with the resultthat there is a possibility that information of the adjacent track isreproduced and recorded by mistake.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A first object of the present invention is to provide an informationrecording medium which stores address information in such a manner thatinformation can be securely recorded or reproduced on the target track,while increasing the track density.
A second object of the present invention is to provide an informationreproducing apparatus for reading information from such an informationrecording medium in this patent application.
To accomplish the first object mentioned above, the present inventionprovides an information recording medium as shown below, that is:
an information recording medium comprising:
a substrate;
a plurality of tracks formed on said substrate, said plurality of tracksincluding a plurality of groove tracks consisting of a plurality ofgrooves formed mutually spaced apart by a fixed space, and a pluralityof land tracks formed in areas between adjacent groove tracks,
wherein said grooves are so formed as to represent information bywobbling waveforms of borders wobbling between said groove tracks andsaid land tracks, wherein the period of the wobbling waveforms of saidborders is fixed, and wherein the phases of the wobbling waveforms ofsaid borders are such that the waveforms of the opposing portions of theadjacent borders facing each other across each said track are out ofphase with each other by a predetermined phase difference.
To accomplish the second object mentioned above, the present inventionprovides an information reproducing apparatus as shown below, that is:
an information reproducing apparatus comprising:
a rotating portion to rotate an information recording medium on whichinformation has been recorded by wobbling said borders on both sides ofa track with different phases;
a beam irradiating portion for irradiating a beam spot on said track ofsaid information recording medium;
a photodetector for receiving a reflected beam of said beam spot fromsaid information recording medium;
detection means for detecting a composite waveform including waveformson said borders on both sides from the received beam intensity of saidphotodetector;
reference signal generating means for generating two reference signalsrespectively synchronized with the phases of the wobbling of saidborders on both sides; and
information reproducing means for separately reproducing information ofthe wobbling waveform of said borders on both sides by multiplying saidcomposite waveform by said two reference signals respectively.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing the track structure of theland/groove method of the conventional optical disk;
FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing the wobbling waveforms of theborders of tracks 270, etc. of the optical disk according to a firstembodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing the wobbling waveforms of theborders of tracks 270, etc. of the optical disk according to the firstembodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing the principle of reproducingaddress information from the wobbling waveforms of the borders of thetracks 270, etc. of the optical disk of the first embodiment of thepresent invention;
FIG. 5A is an explanatory diagram showing a part of the structure of therecording and reproducing apparatus for recording or reproducinginformation on the optical disk according to the first embodiment of thepresent invention;
FIG. 5B is a block diagram showing a detailed structure of a circuit 41in FIG. 5A;
FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram showing the movement of the beam spoton an original disk of an optical disk according to a second embodimentof the present invention when exposing the original disk to light;
FIG. 7A is an explanatory diagram showing an example of the shape of thesync area 12 on the optical disk according to the first embodiment ofthe present invention;
FIG. 7B is an explanatory diagram showing an example of the shape of thesync area 12 on the optical disk according to the first embodiment ofthe present invention;
FIG. 7C is an explanatory diagram showing an example of the shape of thesync area 12 on the optical disk according to the first embodiment ofthe present invention;
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a light exposure system for producing anoriginal disk for the optical disk according to the second embodiment ofthe present invention;
FIG. 9A is a block diagram showing a detailed structure of the addressrecording control circuit 73 of the exposure system of FIG. 8;
FIG. 9B is a block diagram showing a detailed structure of thedeflection signal generator 91 of FIG. 9A;
FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram showing waveforms of signals used inthe circuits related to FIGS. 3 and 9;
FIG. 11A is a block diagram showing a circuit structure for reproducingaddress information on the optical disk according to a third embodimentof the present invention;
FIG. 11B is a block diagram showing a detailed structure of thesynchronous signal generator 41 in FIG. 11A;
FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing a more detailed circuit structure ofa part of the circuit of FIG. 11A;
FIG. 13 is an explanatory diagram showing waveforms of signals used inthe circuit of FIG. 15A;
FIG. 14A is an explanatory diagram showing a modulation rule used in themethod of recording or reproducing address information on the opticaldisk according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 14B is an explanatory diagram for explaining bit combinations onthe track borders, used in the recording or reproducing method of FIG.14A;
FIG. 15A is a block diagram showing a circuit structure for reproducingaddress information on the optical disk in the recording or reproducingmethod of FIG. 14;
FIG. 15B is a block diagram showing a detailed structure of thesynchronous signal generator 41 of FIG. 15A;
FIG. 16 is a block diagram showing a more detailed structure of a partof the circuit of FIG. 15A;
FIG. 17A is an explanatory diagram showing a modulation rule used in themethod of recording or reproducing address information on the opticaldisk according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 17B is an explanatory diagram showing examples of data each bit onthe track borders, modulated by the recording or reproducing method ofFIG. 17A;
FIG. 18A is an explanatory diagram showing an example in which timingdata 1800 is included in address information in the fifth embodimentshown in FIGS. 17A, 17B;
FIG. 18B is an explanatory diagram showing an example in which timingdata 1800 is included in address information in tie fifth embodimentshown in FIGS. 17A, 17B;
FIG. 19 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of addressinformation recorded by the recording or reproducing method of FIGS.14A, 14B;
FIG. 20 is a block diagram showing a circuit structure for detecting atrack shift signal from a detection signal of address information on theoptical disk according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 21 is an explanatory diagram showing waveforms of signals detectedby the circuit in FIG. 20;
FIG. 22 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a relationship betweenthe beam spot and the track shape on the original disk exposed by theexposure system in FIG. 9A, and showing on an enlarged scale the groovesformed on the information recording medium (disk) in the presentinvention;
FIG. PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
A first embodiment of the present invention will be described.
To begin with, an optical disk according to the first embodiment of thepresent invention will be described.
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 27, an optical disk 4 according to the firstembodiment is formed as an optical disk of the land/groove trackstructure which uses grooves 270, 272, etc. and lands 269, 271, 273,etc. as the tracks formed mutually spaced a fixed distance apart in aspiral form with respect to the center of the disk. As shown in FIG. 2,one circuit of the track 270, for example, is divided into an integralnumber of blocks 11, and each block 11 is divided into a synchronous(sync) area 12, a data area 16, and a CRC area 17. The blocks 11 may beprovided by a generally well-known method. For example, the CAV(Constant Angular Velocity) method may be used in which the number ofblocks 11 per circuit of the track is the same from the innermost trackto the outermost track of the optical disk 4, or the M-CAV (ModifiedCAV) method may be used in which the optical disk 4 is divided into somezones in the radial direction, and the same number of blocks 11 are ineach circuit of the tracks in the same zone, and the number of blocks 11per circuit of the track is greater for outer zones and smaller forinner zones.
Data in the data area 16, as shown in FIG. 27, is recorded withinformation marks formed along the track 270, etc. Address information13 on the tracks 270, etc. is recorded by wobbling the borders of thetracks 270, etc. of the data area 16. Therefore, data using informationmarks 274 and the address information 13 using wobbling of the border ofthe track are recorded simultaneously in the same area.
Meanwhile, the information marks 274 of the optical disk according tothe first embodiment are formed by heating the recording film 11 of theoptical disk 4 by condensing the laser beam on the surface of theoptical disk as described later, and the information mark differs inlight reflectance factor from that of the surrounding area. However, theoptical disk 4 according to the present invention is not limited to thetype in which the information marks 274 are formed as thermally formedtraces having a different reflectance factor from that of thesurrounding area. Optical disks may be used which apply other kinds ofinformation marks, such as a mark whose direction of polarizationdiffers from that of the surrounding area, or a mark formed by othermethods.
The sync area 12 is used to generate a reference signal and a clocksignal used when reading data in the address information 13 and the dataarea 16. The composition of the sync area will be described later. TheCRC area 17 has recorded therein information used to check whether userdata is read correctly. This information is the same as in the CRCsegment used in the conventional format in FIG. 25. Information in theCRC area 17 is recorded with the information marks 274. Note that in thefirst embodiment, also in the CRC area 17, like in the sync area 12,address information 13 is recorded by wobbling the borders 14, 15 of thetracks 270, etc.
In the first embodiment, address information 13 is recorded withdifferent wobbling waveforms, as shown in FIG. 27, which are generatedby wobbling the borders 14, 15 of the tracks 270, etc. of the data area16 and the CRC area 17 in different wobbling waveforms as shown in FIG.27. Address information 13 indicates where the borders 14, 15 arelocated on the optical disk 4. Therefore, even if there is only onegroove track 270, the wobbling waveform differs between the border 14 atthe inner circumference side and the border 15 at the outercircumference side of the groove track 270.
Specifically, as shown in FIG. 3, the borders 14, 15 of the tracks 270,etc. are partitioned, and each subdivision is denoted as one bit, anddata "0" or data "1" are represented by the wobbling waveforms.Meanwhile, the number of bits in each block is fixed regardless ofwhether the block is located at the track on the inner circumferenceside or at the track on the outer circumference side. The number ofperiods of the wobbling waveforms should be decided so that apredetermined number of waves are included in each bit area (fiveperiods in FIG. 3). The phase of the wobbling waveforms should bedecided so that in a given bit, the wobbling waveform of data "0" isidentical in oscillation period with the wobbling waveform of data "1",but those waveforms are 180 degrees out of phase with each other (aphase difference of 180 degrees). However, the phase of the wobblingwaveform on the border 14 on the inner circumference side of the groovetrack 270 or 272 should invariably be set to lag or lead by on that ofthe wobbling waveform on the border 15 on the opposite, outercircumference side of the track, by 90 degrees, in other words, thosewaveforms should have an orthogonal relationship. As the phases are setas described above, even seen from the land track 271, the wobblingwaveform on the border 15 on the inner circumference side lags or leadson that of the wobbling waveform on the border 14 on the opposite, outercircumference side by 90 degrees in phase, in other words, thosewaveforms have an orthogonal relationship. Because the adjacent bitsrepresent different pieces of data because the items of the wobblingwaveforms are set for each bit, when the adjacent bits representdifferent data, that is, when the adjacent bits represent "1" "0" or "0""1", the wobbling waveform is discontinuous on the border over the twobits.
FIG. 3 shows the wobbling waveforms of the borders 14, 15 of the tracks270, etc. In FIG. 3, the tracks 270, 271, and 272 are drawn in straightlines for the sake of convenience, and they are concentric on an actualoptical disk 4. As shown in FIG. 3, on the groove track 270, data "011"is represented on the border 14 on the inner circumference side, anddata "101" is represented on the border 15 on the outer circumferenceside by wobbling waveforms. Data "110" is represented by wobbling of theborder on the inner circumference side of the groove track 272, whiledata "111" is represented on the outer circumference side.
As has been described, by recording different items of addressinformation 13 on the track, which indicate the respective locations ofthe borders 14, 15 on the optical disk 4, it is therefore possible toread address information 13 of the borders 14, 15 on both sides of thetrack when reproducing the information marks 274. For example, by movingthe reproducing beam spot 1 along the groove track 270 to readinformation on the groove track 270, it is possible to read addressinformation "011" from the border 14 on the inner circumference side and"101" from the border 15 on the outer circumference side simultaneouslywith data by the information marks 274. By a combination of "011" and"101", it can be confirmed that the track irradiated by the reproducingbeam spot 1 is the groove track 270. If the tracking servo should failto keep track and it becomes obscure which track the reproducing beamspot 1 is irradiating, but so long as address information 13 which isdetected is a combination of "101" and "110", it can be known that thereproducing beam spot 1 is shifted to the land track side 271. Thus, itis easy to decide which the beam spot 1 is irradiating, the groovetrack, such as 270 or the land track, such as 271.
Meanwhile, the wobbling waveforms are formed by forming grooves, 270,272, and so on, such that the borders of the grooves assume wobblingwaveforms. This will be described later. Though FIG. 3 shows that thereare waveforms of five periods in one bit, the number of periods is notlimited to five, but may be any number.
For an actual structure of the sync area 12, any of the structures ofFIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C may be used. FIG. 7A shows a structure havingoptically identifiable marks 51, 52, 53 and 54. In this case, in thesync area 12, grooves, such as tracks 270, 272, are not formed in thesync area 12, and the sync area 12 is flush with the surface of landtracks, such as 271. The marks, such as 51, are pits formed on thesurface, and are formed simultaneously in the process of forming groovesfor groove tracks 270, 272 during the manufacture of the optical disk 4.Those marks 51, 52, 53 and 54 are arranged close to the borders 14, 15of the tracks, 270 etc., and are shared by the adjacent tracks. Forexample, the sync area 12 of the groove track 270 has the marks 52, 53,while the sync area 12 of the groove track 272 has the marks 53, 54. Thespace in the track-lengthwise direction of two marks, such as 51, 52etc. in the sync area 12 is formed so as to be synchronous with thewobbling waveforms of the address signal. Therefore, by dividing thefrequency of a signal obtained from the space between the marks, such as51, of the sync area 12, a reference signal synchronous with thewobbling waveform can be generated. In addition, two marks, such as 51,52 are arranged not in the center of the track 270 etc. but in thevicinity of the border 14, 15 so that those marks wobble to the left andright with respect to the center of the track 270 etc. Therefore, byusing a well-known sampling-servo method in order to find a leveldifference between the marks 51 and 52, a shift of the reproducing beamspot 1 from the track center can be known. Thus, according to a signalfrom the sync area 12, it is possible to correct the shift of addressinformation 13 from the track.
The sync areas 12 of structures in FIGS. 7B and C have groove tracks270, 272 formed therein to represent sync signals by the wobblingwaveforms at the borders 14, 15 of the tracks, such as 270. In the syncarea 12 in FIG. 7B, the border 14 on the inner circumference side andthe border 15 on the outer circumference side of the groove track 270etc. have wobbling waveforms of the same period and phase. The wobblingwaveforms in the sync area 12 are made to have a larger amplitude thanthat of address information 13 so that the wobbling waveforms in thesync area 12 can be detected easily. In this structure, regardless ofwhere the reproducing beam spot 1 is irradiating, the groove tracks 270,272, or the land track 271, or the intermediate regions, the sync area12 can be detected by detecting a region having the wobbling waveformsof the sync area. In the structure in FIG. 7B, the sync area 12 has alength for five periods equal to the length of other areas. In thestructure in FIG. 7C, in order to increase the proportion of the dataarea 13 in the block 11 by decreasing the length of the sync area 12,the wobbling waveforms of the sync area 12 are set as one period, butinstead of this, have a larger amplitude than in FIG. 7B.
Referring to FIG. 4, description will be made of the principle of themethod of detecting address information 13 represented by the wobblingwaveform from the optical disk according to the first embodiment of thepresent invention. To make it easy to understand the principle of themethod of detecting address information according to the presentinvention, description will be made with reference to the waveforms inFIG. 4 which schematically represents signal waveforms. As shown in FIG.5A, the reproducing beam spot is moved along a track, specifically, theland track 271, for example, and a reflected luminous flux is detectedby a two-piece detector 33, whose light receiving face is split in half.As a result, a detection signal of the two-piece detector 33, in otherwords, an output difference signal obtained from the left and rightlight receiving faces of the detector 33 is a composite waveformresulting from algebraically adding together a signal 415 or 416representing the wobbling waveform of the border 15 on the innercircumference side of the land track 271 and a signal 417 or 418representing the wobbling waveform of the border 14 on the outercircumference side of the track 271. The signals 415 and 416respectively correspond to the waveforms representing "0" and "1" on theborder 15 on the inner circumference side. Therefore, the signals 415and 416 are 180 degrees out of phase with each other. Similarly, signals417 and 418 correspond to the waveforms representing "0" and "1" of theborder 14 on the outer circumference side, so that the signals 417 and418 are 180 degrees out of phase with each other. Because the wobblingwaveform of the border 15 on the inner circumference side is 90 degreesout of phase with the wobbling waveform of the border 14 on the outercircumference side, in other words, because the two waveforms are formedso as to be orthogonal to each other, the signals 417, 418 areorthogonal to the signals 415, 416.
According to the present invention, synchronous detection is performedby generating a reference signal 420 for use in detecting signals 415,416 of wobbling waveforms on the border on the inner circumference sideof the track, and a reference signal 421 for use in detecting signals417, 418 of wobbling waveforms on the border on the outer circumferenceside of the track. The reference signals 420, 421 are orthogonal to eachother. By using a fact that the signals 417, 418 on the outercircumference side are orthogonal to the signals 415, 416 of wobblingwaveforms on the border on inner circumference side, the signals 415,416 of wobbling waveforms on the border on the inner circumference sideand the signals 417, 418 of wobbling waveforms on the border on theouter circumference side are separated and detected from a detectionsignal in the form of a composite waveform. The reference signals 420,421 are generated by a method, which will be described later, usingsignals from the sync area 12 on the optical disk 4.
To begin with, a detection signal and two reference signals 420, 421 aremultiplied respectively and integrated with respect to time. Thedetection signal is multiplied by the reference signal 420 for the innercircumference side, and integrated with respect to time. For the sake ofclarity, the signals 415, 416 from the inner circumference side and thesignals 417, 418 from the outer circumference side are respectivelymultiplied by the reference signal 420, and integrated with respect totime. When the reference signal 420 is multiplied by the signals 417,418 on the outer circumference side, since they are orthogonal to eachother, the multiplication results are as indicated by the signals 424,425, and they are reduced to zero by time integration. Morespecifically, the signals of the wobbling waveform on the outercircumference side of the track are reduced to zero by this process anddisappear. On the other hand, when this reference signal is multipliedby signals 415, 416 on the inner circumference side, since they aresynchronized, the multiplication results are as indicated by signals422, 423. When those signals are integrated, bit "0" becomes a signal ofnegative level and bit "1" becomes a signal of positive level, so thatthe phases of the wobbling waveforms on the border 14 can be convertedto amplitude levels. As described, the detection signal is subjected tosynchronous detection using the reference signal 420, and only theaddress information 13 in the wobbling waveform on the border on innercircumference side can be obtained as amplitude levels.
Similarly, the detection signal and the reference signal 421 for theouter circumference side are multiplied together, and integrated withrespect to time. When the reference signal 421 is multiplied by thesignals 417, 418 on the borders on the outer circumference side, sincethese signals are orthogonal to each other, the multiplication resultsare as indicated by the signals 426, 427, and when they are integratedwith respect to time, they are reduced to zero. In other words, thesignals of the wobbling waveform on the inner circumference side of thetrack become zero and become negligible. On the other hand, when thereference signal 421 is multiplied by the wobbling waveforms 415, 416,since these signals are synchronized, the multiplication results becomesignals 428, 429, and when integrated, bit "0" becomes a signal ofnegative level, and bit "1" becomes a signal of positive level, thephases of the wobbling waveforms on the border can be converted intoamplitude levels. As has been described, when the detection signal issubjected to synchronous detection by the reference signal 421, only theaddress information 13 in the wobbling waveform on the outercircumference side can be detected as amplitude levels.
By those processes, address information 13 recorded on the borders onthe inner circumference side and outer circumference side of the trackcan be separated and obtained. By comparing the respective items ofaddress information, it can be accurately known whether the reproducingbeam spot is located on the groove track 270 or 272, or on the landtrack 271, or on which track, 270, 272, or 271, the beam spot islocated.
The configuration of the whole recording and reproducing apparatus forreading address information according to the above-mentioned principlewill now be described with reference to FIGS. 5A, 5B, 28, and 29.
The recording and reproducing apparatus according to the firstembodiment includes an optical disk 4, an optical head 1292, an electriccircuit system, and a drive system as shown in FIG. 29. The optical head1292 incorporates an optical system for recording and reproducing datafrom the optical disk 4 (FIG. 28). The drive system includes a spindlemotor 1290 for rotating the optical head 1292, a tracking actuator 1291afor driving the laser beam 31 in the width direction of the track, and afocus actuator 1291b for driving the laser beam 31 in the optical axisdirection. The electric circuit system includes a signal processingsystem for supplying a signal to be recorded on the optical disk 4 tothe optical head 1292, and processing a signal read out from the opticaldisk 4, and a control system for controlling the drive system.
The optical disk 4 according to the first embodiment is 120 mm indiameter, and has two, front and rear substrates glued together. Arecording film 11 is placed between the two substrates. The substrate 10on the side on which a light beam from the optical head 1292 isirradiated is made of plastic 0.6 mm in thickness. Information isrecorded and reproduced by condensing and passing the laser beam 31through the substrate 10. On the surface of the recording film 11 on thesubstrate 10, there are provided groove tracks such as 270, 274, andland tracks such as 271 formed between the groove tracks such as 270,272 as mentioned above. A track pitch 280 is defined as the spacebetween the groove tracks, such as 270, and is 1.2 um in this firstembodiment. The recording film 11 is a film chiefly composed of Ge andis about 300 Angstrom in thickness, and formed on the substrate 10 byvapor deposition. The information mark 274 is an area having a differentreflectance factor from that of the surrounding area and formed byirradiating a laser beam 31 from the optical head 1292 onto therecording film 11 through the substrate 10, to thereby cause a thermalchange on the recording film 11.
The optical head 1292, as shown in FIG. 28, includes a semiconductorlaser 281 for emitting a laser beam 31, and a collimator lens 282, agalvano mirror 283, and objective lens arranged in succession along theoptical path of the laser beam 31 emitted from the semiconductor laser281. Arranged between the collimator lens 282 and the galvano mirror 283is a beam splitter 32 for separating the beam (of the laser beam 31)reflected by the optical disk 4 from the laser beam 31. The reflectedbeam separated by the beam splitter 32 is divided by another beamsplitter 284 into two luminous fluxes. An analyzer 286, a collectivelens 287, and a photodetector 288 are arranged on the optical path ofone luminous flux, and those elements constitute an information markdetecting optical system for detecting the information marks 274. Theother luminous flux, after being condensed by the collective lens 289,is further separated by another beam splitter 285 into two luminousfluxes, and on the optical path of one luminous flux, there are arrangeda cylindrical lens 290 and a four-piece divided detector 291, whichconstitute a focus error signal detecting optical system for detecting afocus error signal representing an extent of shift of the optical disk 4from the focus of the objective lens 34. On the optical path of theother luminous flux separated by the beam splitter 285, the two-piecephotodetector 33 is arranged. The detection signal of the two-piecephotodetector 33 is used for detection of address information 13represented by the wobbling of the borders, such as 14, of the tracks,such as 270, and also for detection of a track shift signal.
The output power of the semiconductor laser 281 is about 35 to 40 mWwhen recording the information marks 274 on the optical disk 4, or about3 to 5 mW when reproducing the information marks 274 and the addressinformation 13 from the optical disk 4.
Description will now be made of the operation of each element whenreproducing information from the optical disk 4. The laser beam 31emitted from the semiconductor laser 271 is collimated by the collimatorlens 282, and then deflected by the beam splitter 32, and furtherdeflected by the galvano mirror 283, and condensed by the objective lens34 to form a reproducing beam spot 1 on the optical disk 4 as shown inFIGS. 5A and 28. FIG. 5A shows the shape of the recording film 11 whenthe optical disk is seen from the side of the substrate 10, andtherefore in FIG. 5A, the shapes of the grooves and lands of the tracks,such as 270, are inverted.
The reflected beam of the laser beam 31 from the optical disk 4 againpasses through the objective lens 34, is reflected by the galvano mirror283, passes through the beam splitter 32, and is separated by the beamsplitter 284 into two fluxes. One luminous flux is condensed as itpasses through the analyzer 286 and the collective lens 287, anddetected by the photodetector 288. Output of the photodetector 288 isprocessed by an electric circuit to be described later, so that signalsfrom the information marks 274 are detected. The other luminous fluxseparated by the beam splitter 284, after being condensed by thecollective lens 289, is separated by a beam splitter 285, and oneluminous flux is condensed by the cylindrical lens 290, and detected bythe four-piece photodetector 33. Output of the photodetector 33 isprocessed by a well-known astigmatism process to obtain a focus errorsignal.
The other luminous flux separated by the beam splitter 285 is detectedby the left and right light receiving faces of the two-piecephotodetector 33. The parting plane of the photodetector 33 is parallelwith the longitudinal direction of the groove track 270. The signals ofthe left and right receiving faces of the two-piece photodetector areinput into a differential detector 38 and an adder 40. Output of thedifferential detector 38, like a signal 521 in FIG. 21, is in a shapeformed by superimposition of signals from wobbling of the borders 14, 15of the tracks 270, etc. on the track shift signal. Therefore, a bandfilter 39 is used to pass only the oscillation frequency of the signalsfrom wobbling of the borders 14, 15 of the tracks 270, etc. for inputinto synchronous detectors 42, 43. On the other hand, output of theadder 40 is input to a synchronous signal generator 41 to generatereference signals 420, 421 in FIG. 4.
More specifically, the synchronous signal generator 41 generatesreference signals 421, 422 using the circuit in FIG. 5B according to asignal from the sync area 12 of the optical disk 4. For example, if thesync area 12 has prepit marks of a mark string of 51, 52 in FIG. 7A, aprepit mark detecting circuit 46, shown in FIG. 5B, of the synchronoussignal generator 41 detects a signal corresponding to the mark string of51, 52 from output of the adder 40. This sync areas 12, as describedbefore, are provided at fixed intervals on the tracks, such as 270, sothat by using this signal to start the phased locked loop (PLL) 47,clock pulses with a frequency of a specified multiple of the repeatingfrequency of this signal are generated. The sync area 12 is synchronouswith the wobbling frequency of the borders 14, 15 of the tracks 270,etc. Therefore, by starting frequency division by a frequency divider 48in step with clock pulses generated by a PLL 47, the frequency divider48 generates reference signals 420, 421 which are equal both in wobblingfrequency and phase of the wobbling to the borders 14, 15 of the tracks270, etc.
For example, in the optical disk 4 on which the borders 14, 15 of thegroove tracks 272, etc. wobble in the wobbling waveforms shown in FIG.23, the output signal (hereafter referred to as a detection signal 231)of the band filter 39 when the reproducing beam spot 1 is scanning thearea 230 enclosed by a dotted line along the groove track 272 is shownin FIG. 24C. The detection signal 231 output from the band filter 39 hasa waveform (FIG. 24C) which is an algebraically added waveform of thewobbling waveform (FIG. 24A) of the inner circumference border 14 of thegroove track 272 and the wobbling waveform (FIG. 24B) of the outercircumference border 15 of the groove track 272. When this detectionsignal 231 is multiplied by a reference signal 420 from the synchronoussignal generator 41 by means of the synchronous detector 42 (FIG. 24D),a waveform shown in FIG. 24E can be obtained. The waveform in FIG. 24Ecan be divided into an in-phase component (corresponding to the innercircumference side wobbling waveform of the groove 2) of the referencesignal 420 and a component orthogonal to the reference signal 420 (thiscomponent corresponds to the wobbling waveform of the border 15 on theouter circumference side of the groove track 272) (FIG. 24F). Therefore,when the waveform of FIG. 24E is integrated by the synchronous detector42, the orthogonal component is reduced to zero, with the result thatonly the in-phase component appears, and in the case of FIG. 24F, theoutput level is on the positive side, and it is found that the signal isbit "1". Therefore, by comparing the level of output of the synchronousdetector 42 with a predetermined level using a comparator 44 anddeciding whether the output level is positive or negative, it ispossible to detect whether wobbling data of the inner circumference sideborder 14 of the groove track 272 is "0" or "1", and thus demodulate theaddress information 13.
Similarly, if synchronous detection is performed on the detection signal231 with the synchronous detector 43 by using a reference signal 421which is 90 degrees out of phase with a reference signal 420, aresulting waveform is as shown in FIG. 24G, and if this waveform isanalyzed, a waveform as shown in FIG. 24H is obtained. If this waveformis integrated by the synchronous detector 43, the orthogonal componentis reduced to zero, and only the in-phase component appears. In the caseof the waveform of FIG. 24H, the output level is positive, and a signalof bit "1" is detected. Therefore, by deciding whether the output levelis positive or negative by comparing the output level of the synchronousdetector 43 with a preset level by the comparator 45, it is possible todetect whether the wobbling data of the outer circumference side border15 of the groove track 272 is "0" or "1", and thus demodulate theaddress information 13. The demodulated address information is sent tothe formatter 1292 (FIG. 29) of the electric circuit system of therecording and reproducing apparatus, and is also sent through an SCSIinterface 1293 to a CPU (not shown) connected with the recording andreproducing apparatus.
| 31,947 |
8720439_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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Unknown
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Unknown
| 1,444 | 2,049 |
ORDER
WINGATE, District Judge.
Before the court is the defendant’s motion for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56(b)1 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure on plaintiffs claim under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-34. Having applied the standard set forth in Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986), this court is persuaded to grant the defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
To establish a prima facie case of age discrimination, plaintiff must show: first-. ly, that he was a member of the protected class; secondly, that he was qualified to perform the job; thirdly, that he was discharged; and fourthly, that he was replaced by a person outside the protected class. Normand v. Research Institute of America, Inc., 927 F.2d 857, 859 (5th Cir.1991). An employer may rebut a prima facie case of age discrimination by articulating some legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for its action. Texas Dep’t of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253-54, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 1093-94, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981). If the employer articulates legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for its actions, the presumption created by the plaintiffs prima facie case dissolves and the burden reverts to the plaintiff to' prove that the employer’s reasons were pretextual. Thornbrough v. Columbus & Greenville R.R. Co., 760 F.2d 633, 646 (5th Cir.1985).
In the case sub judice, plaintiff presents no evidence to construct a prima facie case. He merely asserts his age, that of his successor and his unsubstantiated belief that he was discharged on account of his age. He presents no evidence to challenge defendant’s proffered reasons for discharging him, as indicated by the following testimony elicited during plaintiffs deposition:
Q. You filed a charge of discrimination with the EEOC, I believe, on January 22,1993.
A. Yes.
BY MR. CHRISTY: One more sticker. (EXHIBIT 20 MARKED)
Q. (Mr. Christy) I show you Stahlke 20. Do you recognize this as a copy of the charge you filed?
A. Yes.
Q. Now, you state in your charge that you were — “In December I was fired and replaced by a 36 year old man. I believe that my age was the reason for my termination.
A. Yes.
Q. What basis did you have to make that statement?
*471A. The fact of one of the times I had gone to Jack — yeah, to Jack around Walt, and he had resented that. I could tell by his attitude, the different incidences of, hey, you’re supposed to treat and bow, so to speak, to executives and say “yes, sir.”
He did not like to be questioned about anything. Any of his decisions, he would not appreciate counsel. It was just, hey, do it. He had sights on being the next president of the company, which was talked about quite around. He had mentioned to several people about it.
And that he — he wanted someone around who was younger with less experience. I think he didn’t want me because of my age and my experience of knowing more than he did. And I mean that respectfully.
The fact that he was in human resources all of his life. He didn’t know anything about manufacturing. I had been in manufacturing all my life. I never aspired to get his position because I had told him, “I want to retire when I’m 65.” He knew that when he took that position. I told him I was going to retire at 65.
So, therefore, all these incidences that came up, he just brought someone in younger with less experience who was going to say, “Yes, sir.” He wants a yes man. And that’s a young man, and not me.
Q. What basis do you have to say that he wanted a younger and less experienced person around?
A. Based on all the incidences that I told you where I went around Jack — to Jack, and that he did not appreciate that, and the times that I said that — with Barbara, for example. I should say “yes, ma’am,” and do what she wanted. To Jerry Dagen,. I should have said, “yes, sir,” and done the suggestions that he made. And the fact that the interview, he said I will not cooperate with him. I’m bucking him. He felt that I was bucking him.
Q. And you’re saying it wasn’t your intention to undermine him when you did that?
A. Yes.
Q. But, nevertheless, he was taking it as such, right?
A. Right. And the day before he gave me that interview in July, the day before, it was very hard for him to say it, but I could see it on his face, and he was upset. He said, “Jack said if Bill wants those two people, give them to him.” And then the next day, I get the review, which is terse, and boom.
Q. Do you know what — do you know if he assumed the position on a regular basis when he first took over? Or was it — do you know if it was on an acting basis?
A. I don’t know.
Q. Do you know what, if any, role Mr. Mellema played in your termination?
A. No I don’t.
Q. Did Mr. Mellema ever say or do anything to you that would indicate that he was out to get rid of you for any reason?
A. No.
Q. Did he ever say or do anything that would indicate to you that he took age into consideration in making his decisions?
A. No.
Q. Do you know how old Jack Smith is?
A. In his sixties.
Q. Do you know how old Mr. Mellema is?
A. I have no idea.
Q. Are there any other facts that you’re aware of that would support your claim that you were let go because of your age?
A. No.
(Plaintiffs deposition, pp. 155-159).
Clearly, one discerns from the above colloquy that plaintiffs suppositions do not assert cognizable evidence of discrimination. His testimony concerning Jack Smith, his former supervisor and defendant Van Leer’s acting temporary president; and Andries Mellema, *472Van Leer’s new president, does not further his claim. Instead, plaintiff offers but con-clusionary remarks bereft of a concrete factual basis and the requisite vigor for a prima facie case. See United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO v. University of Alabama, 599 F.2d 56, 61 (5th Cir.1979) (holding that in order to successfully defeat a motion for summary judgment, more than mere allegations and conclusory statements must be offered); E.E.O.C. v. Exxon Shipping Co., 745 F.2d 967, 976 (5th Cir.1984) (“Pretext cannot be established by mere conclusory statements of a plaintiff who feels he has been discriminated against.”).
Defendant contends that its decision to terminate plaintiff was made only after careful consideration, absent any discriminatory animus, and predicated on plaintiffs performance problems. Plaintiff joined Van Leer in the mid-1970s, and by 1983 plaintiff had become the general manager of defendant’s Chicago facility. According to defendant, during plaintiffs stewardship, its Chicago facility was unprofitable. Defendant’s facility in Canton, Mississippi, however, was one of defendant’s most profitable plants. The Canton facility was run by Edward Psenicka. In an effort to make its Chicago facility profitable, Psenicka was named general manager of that facility and plaintiff was named general manager of the then profitable Canton facility. But, says defendant, under plaintiffs reign, its Canton facility was plagued with low units of production per man; a high percentage of scrap accumulation; customer complaints and high amount of overtime. When these problems surfaced, defendant says it demoted plaintiff to operations manager. Thereafter, defendant says it began to counsel plaintiff extensively in hopes of returning the Canton facility to its previous stature. Walt Reilly, vice president for defendant’s southern region, made monthly trips to Canton to discuss the facility’s production problems. Despite counseling, says defendant, plaintiffs performance did not improve and the performance figures of its Canton facility continued to decline. At that point, defendant asserts that it finally decided that plaintiff should be terminated, for poor performance only and not because of plaintiffs age. Plaintiff offers no evidence from which a jury could determine that defendant’s proffered reasons for plaintiffs termination was not worthy of credence. Plaintiff has presented no proof against defendant’s contentions which would establish a prima facie case. Hence, under the teaching of Celotex and Bwrdine, this action must be dismissed.
SO ORDERED AND ADJUDGED.
. (b) For Defending Party. A party against whom a claim, counterclaim; or cross-claim is asserted or a declaratory judgment is sought may, at any time, move with or without supporting affidavits for a summary judgment in the party’s favor as to all or any part thereof.
| 1,560 |
recueildophtalm04unkngoog_22
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French-PD-diverse
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,889 |
Recueil d'ophtalmologie : 3e-4e serie. 11e-33e annee
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None
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French
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Spoken
| 7,484 | 13,875 |
Une lésion corticale, sous-corticale ou nucléaire, s*accom pagnerait de phénomènes cérébraux concomitants et aussi de la paralysie des mouvements associés, qui serait dure jH l'anastomose que le noyau du moteur oculaire externe en voi^B au nerf du droit interne du côte opposé : or, aucun de ces symptômes n'existe dans le cas qui nous occupe, ^Ê Une lésion bulbo-pédunculo-protubéranlielle détermine^' rai t les symptômes en foyer spéciaux à cette région et nota ra ment rhémiplégie alterne, type intérieur de Millard-Guble qui fait ici totalement défaut et n'a jamais existé. C'est donc à une lésion périphérique que nous avoni affaire. Cette lésion étant d'origine purement traumatique, il est logique d'admettre qu'elle a été produite au point le plus vulnérable du tronc nerveux, dans son trajet à !a ba du crâne. Quel est donc ce point? Panas a bien montré que, dans première portion, depuis le bulbe jusqu'à la face posté rieure du rocher, le tronc nerveux était séparé du pi osseux sous-jacent par l'arachnoïde et la pie-mère; il montré aussi que, dans sa portion terminale, celle qui co] 1 1 e, le 1 PARALYSIE DU MOTEUR OCULAIRE EXTER.NE. 409 respofid aux sinus caverneux, à la fente sphéroïdale el à Torbite^ il se trouvait à une cerlaine distance des os et élaît contenu dans un dédoublement de la dure-mère. Au con traire j dans sa portion intermédiaire, ce nerf contourne la pointe du rocher et « embrasse étroitement l'angle supérieur de celui-ci près de son sonimel s, A ce niveau, il est situé sous le sinus pétreux inférieur, et rien ne sépare le tronc nerveux de Tos» sauf le périoste* Nulle part, fait remorquer Panas, le nerf n'est plus inti mement en rapport avec le squelette ; aussi i^^t endroit esL-il un véritable lieu d'élection pour les lésions du nerf. C'est donc, logiquement, au niveau de la portion moyenne du tronc nerveux, au lieu d'élection signalé par Panas, que nous localisons la lésion du nerf, présentée par te malade dons nous rapportons l'observation. Quel a été Tagent vulni5rant pour rocuio-moleur externe et quelle a été la lésion du squelette qtiî a déterminé la lésion du nerf? S'est-il produit un arrachement de la pointe du rocher par !e ligament pélro-occipîtal, comme le veut Felizet, ou un tas sement du sommet du rocher sur Tapophyse bas il aire, comme le veut Panas? Il est diflicile de le dire. D'ailleurs, peu importe. Ce qui est certain, c'est que celte paralysie de la Vh paire €stj selon toutes probabilités, conséi-utive i une fracture de (a pointe du rocher : nous en voulons pour preuve, outre les faits cliniques antérieurement publiés, les symptômes céré braux qui ont suivi le trauniatism(3, et la paralysie faciale qu'expliquent surabondamment les rapports du nerf de la VII*= paire avec le rocher. Cette notion étiologique si întcressanle est d'acquisition relativement récente. C'est Panas qui, le premier (Archives d'ophlatmologie, 1880-1881), a bien mis en relief, par une série de faits cliniques et une remarquable autopsie, la rela tion qui existe entre la paralysie de ce nerf et la fracture du rocher. La thèse de son élève Chevallereau, sur les paralysies oculaires consécutives à des trauraatismes cérébraux, en con tient quelques exemples. 410 RouviiLois. ^M après lui, Gangolphe, Lagrange, Oadal, etc«, etc., oui publié des observations qui oot été recueillies et discutées dans la si intéra*îsaate tlièse de notre ami le D' Ferroo. C'est donc une nouvelle observation à ajouter à celles qui esListent déjà, que nous pré^entoos ici. Elle conlirme une opinion aujourd'hui admise par les ophtalmologistes» mais peut-être incomplètement connue de la majorité des praticiens, à savoir que la paralysie trauma tique du moleur oculaire externe permet à elle seule, même en r absence de tout autre symptôme* de considérer comme très probable la fracture du rocher et de localiser celle-ci au sommet de la pyramide pétreuse. Voilà pour le diagoostic. Restent à considérer le traite ment et le pronostic. Le traitement n'a aucun profil à tirer de la notion de Vétiologie de la paralysie de Toc nlomoteur externe. Ea elTftt, on ne peut tenter qu'une thérapeutique symptoma-^ tique : c'est ce que nous avons laiL Notre malade a été soumis, dès son aiTivée, au traitement suivant : port d'un verre opaque devant l'œil gauche, cou rants continus, iodurc de potassium. Sous rinfluence de ce l^itement^ pendant un mois, il aurait remarqué une légèt^ amélioration dans la motilité de son œil, mais surtout une disparition compiéle des rnaux de tête qui l'avaient décidé h entœr à rhôpital. Cette cessation de la céphalée est due au port du verre opaque quij en éliminant l'œil de la vision, a fait disparaître k fausse orientaLion des images et h fatigue qui en résultait^ Aussi, lorsque nous avons proposé au malade la ténolomie du droit interne et Tavancenient du droit externe pour rétablir la vision binoculaire et la i^ctitude du regard, il s'y est refusé, se déclarant très satisfait du résultat obtenu. Peut être s'y serait-il néanmoins décidé s'il n'avait été forcé de quitter brusquement Thôpital pour des raisons d'ordre privé. Mais la notion de Fétiologie de cette paralysie de la Vr paire intervient pour le pronostic. 4 4 UN CAS d'ophtalmie BLENNORRHAGIQUEp 4H Si les suites d'une parai yitie de roculo-oioteur externe même incurable n'ont d'importance qu*au point de vue ophralniologique, quand il s'agît d'une paralysie relevant d'un autre mécatiisme, il n'en est plus de même quand cette paralysie n'est que le signe révélateur d'une fracture du crâne, Oo sait combien réservé doit être pour Tavenir le pro nostic des fractures du crâne, quel que soit leur siège. Aussi, le médecin-espert, civil ou militaire, en présence d'une paralysie de roculo-niottiur externe consécutive à un traumatisme crânien et révélatrice d'une fracture du rocher^ a le devoir d'être extrêmement circonspect dans ses anîrma lions relatives aux suites proches et surtout éloignées de Taccident, En cette question, comme en bien d'autres du reste, la patliogénie est aussi instructive au point de vue pra tique qu'intéressante au point de vue théorique. RoirviLLOis, UN CAS D'OPHTALMIE BLENNOHRHAGIfJUË COKSfDÉÏlÉ COMME ACClUEIfT LU TRAVAIL Le !>' BAILLIAUT t L. S.,., 15 ans 1/2, imprimeur, reçoit le 11 novembre, dans Tœil droii quelques gouttes dun liquide compost^ d'essence et d^cncre djnipriaierie (il élait occupé à netloyer à ressence une Inbfe couverte de Éacfies d'ericrc! d'imprimerie); il ne ressejit {|n'une lr*^s^lég;ère douleur; rœil ïig devient même pas rouge. ^ Le i% Toeil esl un peu collé; le 13 au matin, les paupières sont légèremenl tuméliées, il en sort déjà nn peu de pus. ^ Le 1-i, S.,, se préscnle à la cliuique du D' Dehenne où nous resaminons, L'œil est excessivement tuméfié; les paupières sont tendues, violacées; en les écartant on fait sourdre eu ^^ande quantité un pus jaunâtre et éj^ais; chémosis rou^e terne intense; la cornée est absolumenl întac4e« Après un neltoyai^e minutieux. 412 BJ^ILLÎART (les culs-de-sae au cyanure, on ne trouve aucune Irace de brûluî*e | ou de plaie de la conjonctive. Quelques goutteg de préie inées ; levées et exacnii abondance de gonocoques intra et extra-cellulaires». Les organes génitaux sont d'ailleurs sains, il n*exisle pas trace d'écouit^rnent urêlral. f Le malade nous arrive poi leur d un bulletin de déclaration d'accident. Sa maladie est donc pour lui un accident du travail. Ji 4 4 'M Cette observation nous a para intéressante à rapporter, k cause des conséquences qu'elle aurait pu avoir, au point de vue de la loi de 1898. Notre malade, ayant parraîtement et i^apîdeinent guéin sans le moindre leucome cornéen, les conséquences sont évidemment de très légèt^e importance, puisqu'elles se réduisent à la perte d'une vingtaine de , journées de U^avatL II en aurait été autrement si, soignée de^^M moins bonne beure, cette opbtalmîe avait entraîné une^l fonle de la cornée et la perte de Tœîlj comme cela arrive. malheureusement trop souvent. 11 est donc important de savoir sî cette oplhalmie doit être ' considérée comme un accident du travail. Dans son étude médico-légale sur les traumatismes oculaires» Baudry rap porte deux cas sensiblement analogues au nôtre. Deux ou vriers s'étaient présentés à lui, blessés tous les deux à l'œil droit, Tun par des poussières de meute d'émeri, le second pai' de riiuile à graissoj: les métiers. Où reconnut la nature go nococcique de raffection; Tun de ces deux ouvriers perdit même la vue de l'œil atteint. Dans son rapport à la Compa gnie d'assurances, Baudry lit observer que roplilalmie pum lenle ne pouvait être attribuée qu'a un contact infectieux de la muqueuse oculait^e, et que cette maladie ne pouvait avoir aucun 1 apport avec la pénétration de poussières d'émeri ou d'huile à graisser. « Le gonocoque n*ayant qu'une vitalité minime est détruit rapidement par rexposition à Tair et la dessiccation. U se cultive difficilement, et ne saurait se déve lopper dans l'huile; il y meurt rapidement par suite des propriétés plus ou moins acides et alcalines des huiles em ployées dans rindusliie. T& Baudry semble ainsi considérer ces UN CAS d'ophtalmie BLENNOftRttAGIQUE. 413 deux ophtalmies comme a'étant pas des accidents du travail. Schmeichler rapporte au contraire Tobservalion d'un ou vrier, qui ayant reçu un corps étranger de la cornée, se le Ht enlever par un camarade; celui-ci, atteint d'uréthrîte blennorrhagique, lui communiqua une ophtalmie gonococ cique. La perte de rœil étant survenue, l'ouvrier fui indem nisti comme victime d'un accident du travail. H est certain que la plupart des corps étrangers, solides ou liquides, tels que l'essence d'imprimerie dont il s'agit dans notre observation, ne véhiculent pas le i;onocoque; mais il n'en est pas moins vrai qu'ils peuvent iHre la cause indirecte de l'oplhalmie blennorrhagiqne Dans le cas de Schmeichler, la voie d'entrée du gonocoque (main d'un cama rade contaminé) est bien nette. Dans les deux cas rappor tés par le Prot Baudry et daos le nôtre, it est plus difficile de savoir coniment Tagent pathogène est parvenu jusqu'à TœiL Notre malade ne présentait aucun écoulement uré thraL liaudry signale la même absence d'écoulement pour un de ses deux cas; il ne dit pas s'il en était de même dans Taulre, Il est vraisemblable de penser que, dans ces trois derniers cas, comme dans celui de Schmeicider, Tinfection est faite par les mains de camarades infectés. Il est de règle, en efTet, lorsqu'un ouvrier reçoit quelque chose dans Toeil que ses camarades s'elTorcent d'abord de chercher et de reti rer le corps étranger. Ce ([ui est certain, c'est que le contact contaminant ne se serait pas produit sî le traumatisme (pro jection de corps liquides ou solides) n'avait pas eu lieu. Nous pensons donc qu'un tel accident, quelles que soient ses conséquences, doit être considéré comme accident du travail à condition toutefois : 1" que le traumatisme ait été nettement constaté; 2" que la victime ne soit pas atteinte d'un écoulement blennorhagique, l'infection oculaire pou vant évidemmenL dans ce cas se produire en dehors de tout accident; S'' que, d'après la durée moyenne de la période d'incubation de l'ophtalmie hlennorrhagique, on puisse faire remonter à l'accident l'origine de la maladie* D' Bailliart. SOCIÉTÉ D'OPHTALMOLOGIE DE PARIS Séance du 6 juiUpl !006 Présidence de M, RocHOi-DtviGîfEADO H. Cbah.locs, secrétaire annnei^ Jitk procèsver bal de la pré^ tédeaie séaijce. Le procès-veriml esl adoplt}, AL MoRAx, secrétaire gêner aly dépouille la correspondance qui comprend : i i° Une lettre du D'Enn(.|ueLopez, delà Havane, accompagnant ses volumes inlilulés : Oftaimolofjia cUnica; 2" Des letlres de MM. pQulard, Scederlînh, s'eicasant de nt pou j TOIT assisler à la séance; 3° Une lettre du D' Girsud accompa^nanl l'envoi de son volmne I inlilulé VŒU diathésique, Va^rh, 1906, MIL ,L ÙIATLLOnS et A« POLACK. Il««lile décollenicml d« In réllii« ^nérldepuiii dixaniii Ch^^rciidlte dlnflé^iKiliiêci {PréSetiltl^ lion de maiade). — Vous avez pu examiner lout k l'heure la malade qui von s fui présenlée par M. Parhiaudj en février 18%, C(imme cas de t double décollement de la rétine, ^néri dans ua œlL très amélioré dans l'autre », A cette occasion , M. Parinaud rap pela que la ponction de la sclérotique lui avait toujours donnt.^ les meilleurs résultats dans les cas de décollement de la rétine, ei que, cheîî un de ses opérés, ta guérison se maintenait depuis qua torze ans. Mme D,.,, que M* Parinaud avait opérée en iS96et 1897; n'a pas cessé depuis cette é^wque de venir à ta clinique où elle avait été guérie. Nous avons cru utile de vous la montrera nouveau, autant à cause de la persistance de sa jj^uérison^quede Tiulrrèt des lésions cboroldîennes que Ton constate actuellemenl, dans les régions où ta rétine avait été décollée. Nous avons retrouvé dans les catiiers de la ciiuic|ue l'observa tion de Mme D..., observation recneilHe par M* Morax; et grâce k ces no les j nous avous pu reconstituer l'observation qui suit Obseevation. — Mme D..., 40 ans> demeurant h Livry (Seine et-Oîse)i vient consulter le 13 septembre 1895, à la clinique de I i 4 SOCIÉTÉ d'ophtalmologie de r arïs. 415 M. Pariïïaïid, pour un Iro utile de la vision qu*e[ie a conslatée une <iuin2iiine auparavant. Antécédents héréditaires, — Père atteml de si rab 135 me. Antérédénîë per$onftels. — Toujoars hieiiporlanle. F*as de gros sesse; |>as dt! fauijses cnuclies; snjelle aux côphalées, surtout au momentde ses i^poques. Jamais de chule de cheveux; pas d'nngfine; laryngite pendant nii mois it y a douze ans; pas d*érup(ion cula llé€àcett€ époque, La matade n'a jamais eu de bronctiite, ni de symptômes d'afTec^ ItQns pulmonaires. Mme D,.., qui n'avait Jamais eu d'affection oculaire, aremarqu^^ fortuitenjeni, il y a <|uinze jours, un trouble considérable de tu ^sion de l'œil droit. ô.D, Q.a. it U iniû du prii-tnidr Ëununu État actuel (13 septembre ÎS95), — Mme D..» est emmétrope: les deux yens ont des pupilles égaies, k réflexes normaux. La len Item wulaire est normale, CD, — On constate un vaste soulèvement de la rétine oceupaiit la partie externe supérieure et inférieure de cette membrane. Le ftécollemetit est fiottarit; il s'accompapie de quelques plicatures au voisiiia«(e de la macula. Au voisinage dudécollement> il existe quelques foyers pigmentaires, V =^ compte les doigts à 1 m* 50* Le champ visuel est rétréci de 30° dans sa moitié interne et supé rieure (Fig. t), O.G. — A la partie inférieuî^^ léger soulèvemeiU llolliint et quelques foyers pijîmentaires. Le champ visuel est rétréci de ;i5^ ?i40*»enliaul(Fig, 1), itî ii^ptembre. — Ponction de la sclénitique. Repos au lit: ins lillations d'atropine. 416 SOCIÉTÉ d'ophtalmologie DE PABIS iS septembre* — La ré Une est partout réappliquée, le champ i visuel est fiiumal, V = 5/i5. ^4 ,septembre. ^ O.D. :V ^5/13; champ ?isael normal. O.G ; V^ 5/7; champ visuel normal* La malade quitte la clinique : on ' lui prescrit de garder le repos au lit, 8 octobre. —Champ visuel normal ; V = 5/22; O.G. : V ==5/1, Le champ visuel est rétréci à la partie supérieure jusqu^à 30. 21 octobre. ~ Ponction de la selérutique au galranù-cantère, qui est bien tolérée Bon résulta! immédiat qui ne s'est pas main tenu. L'usage du gai vano-cantère, employé dans le but de déve lopperun foyer de chorio-rétinite pour faire disparaître les derniers Testi^es dudécollemenl, a paru plutôt défavorable, i6 octùbre* — 0«D. Il n'y a plus trace de décollement; au niveau de la piqûre, lâche blanche nacrée* Y^^5/15; 0*G. : même aspect du décollement de la rétine. l!2 noremùre* — 0,D. : plus de décollement; V==;5/15; O.G : i léger décollement inférieur; V =^ 3/7 ; champ visuel rétréci à la ' partie supérieure à 20*'. 26 novembre. — O.D, : champ visuel normal ; V == r>/î5; 0.G* : le champ visuel reste rétréci à la partie supérieure à 25°. 10 décembre ^ — ^ O.D. : champ visuel normal ; V ^^ 5/25, Tacuiti^ est diminuée depuis huit jours; 0*G, : champ visuel toujours ré tréci. 17 décembre. — « Jusqu'à celte date, l'œil gauche, le inotn^ atteint, n'a pas été traité chirur^icalement et a servi d'cBÎl témoin pour apprécier l'influence du repos el des instillations d'atropine. Il n'y a pas eu d'amélioratioji. ï M. Parinaud fait une ponction des deux yeui au couteau de Gnpfe. 23 décembre. — La rétine est partout réappliquée. 1896, 4 féirier.— La malade estprésenlée à la Société d*Oph talmido^ie de Paris, el M. Parinaud conclut en disant : « Aujour d'hui le champ visuel est îtbsnlumenl normal, V= 5/5, et à Toph lalmoscope il n'y a plus trace de décollement. i> 25 férricr. — O.G, : normal; 0/D, : rétrécissement à 35-45* en haut, un peu de soulèvement à la partie externe. 24 mars. — O.D : rétrécissement en haut; V = 5/20 (fig. i). O.G, : V ^= 5/5 Ponction de Tœil droit au niveau de rancienne | plaie du galvano-cautère. Issue du vitré légèrement teinté. 14 arrit, — O.D* : champ visuel normal; V =^ 5/12; O.G. : V = 5/5. i9 juin. — 0-D, : champ visuel normal; V =5/5; 0.G : champ visuel normal, sauf eu haut ^55"*. Ponction accompagnée d'rasue du corps vitré. SOCIÉTÉ d'ophtalmologie DE PARIS, 417 ^juitteL — Réapplication parfaite de la rétine et champ visuel normaL i"2 septembre. — O.D. : champ visuel normal; V =: 5/15; 0,G, : Y = 5/7 iZ oûîoiire. — On prescrit ventousesi purj^alif el iodnre de potassium. 8 dévembre, — On voit très nellemetil les points de ponction, O.D, A la partie supcro-exlerne, dans un point très Jimilê, la réapplîcalion ne paraît pas encore complète. — 0",75 V ^^ 5/1 ti. PùHCtion à la partie supéro-externe du globe oculaire dreil. O.G,: Y^5/7. là décembre* — Au point de ponetiûn^ tache blanche recta n g n OJï. O.G. Fîfl^ S. — Lq Si mon Û.G., ehnmp visuel norittiTtl ; 0.[K| champ vl«tiet i'élr6cE du 30*. Lo 58 msT» ; O.D*, champ vijuiel nin'mnl. laîre el, au voisinage, un petit jïoint d'amas pigmontaires et dent petites héniorragies très circonscriles, iS97* 12 avriL — 0,D. : pùnclion en dedans et en bas, La malade reste couchée pendant quatre jours à la clinique^ et pen dant quinze jours chez elle. "^Sjuiii. — CD. : champ visuel normal; V := 5/15; O.G. : champ visuel normal; V := 5/7 âO septembre. — Même état qu'à l'examen précédent. iH9f). — La guérison des deux décollements persiste; les champs visuels sont normaux 0-D. : V = 5/15; OG. : V = 5/5, f905. — Mme D..* revient a[ia clinique, où nous l'examinons pour la première fois. Nous Tavons revue, cette année, à plusieurs reprises. L'examen suivant, d'après lerfuel M* Polack a exécuté les dessins que nous vous présentojiSj date du 25 juin. L'état général de la malade est resté hon> bien que Mme D*., se ftiG< POPHT, 27 418 SOCIÉTÉ d'ophtalmologie de paris. plaigne d*être toujours c très nerveuse » el d'aToir de fréquents maux de lête. Ëtle fatigue le moins pussiLte ses yeu^c, sêîfiti les reeammatidatîons rfui lui onl îoujoar^ été fftites. Depuis 1897, elle a pris, selon les proscri plions de M* Parhniud^ tantôt du bromure de potassium, taiït6t de Tiodure de pfitassiain, tantôt enlif» des.^. préparations mercurielles. Nous avons, du reste, continué à InL^* conseiller celte même médication hydrar^ynque. ¥tii 3. — Urne D... r 0 JJ.t ïxaiuitn ophtdmiifltioplqiw» le S>^Im ISfli J900^ ^2^ juin, — Les pupilles, égales, ont Feur réaction nor male; on ne constate aucune lésion des membranes eirternei aucun Ironblû des milieux. Examen ophtafmoscopiqut;. — Image renversée 0*D. (lîg, 3; La papille est nette; en dedans et en haut, elle est bortfée d'ni liseré de dépîgmentalion, de coloration jaunâtre^ ayant Taspect d'un staphylome poî^té rieur au débat, La région périmacu lai re est semée de tjuetques petites taches pigmentaires, les unes allon gées, les autres pins ou moins arrondies. La région maculai 1 — ] SOCIÉTÉ d'ophtalmologue de PARIS. 419 dv|ngtïieiitée prêsertle un as;i«cl: craifuelé, sans laciies îilrupKiquc^ proprement dites. A mesure qu'on apprLK^he de la péri t>lie rie, or» tjiperfoît tiù GiMé intefFiif de mimbreviâes tarhes; pi|:meiilînres très [variables de fonrie et ^f f^letïiluc, souvémU en(uurét*s d*uim auréole Ijaiuiati e. En bar^, on apori'ïifl ces tai-hes pij^ineiitairesf tfispcrsées I sous Ibrnii^ d'un f^rand lrî:itigk* irn^^iilkr, dont la hase lé^èremeTlt i çoiïve?£e est din!;;iVe vers la pupille, et dont lesonuïiel sa penJâta Fte*|* — MmaD... ; ÙX>., eirtnicn nplit*lrii!ïSco|>î'tii(î, ie 2^) juin iWW. périphérie, En baul ai m d^daas, les taches pigmentaires nom breuses, de forme et un di-mon^ton très Tunables^ reposent sur un fond dépigmenlé où Ton aperçoit, par places, les vaisseaux eho roïdiens, O.G, — La papil'h? qui .t ses bords nets présenie en hantel eit dedans un petit lii^crétiTs fin de graîns pignientaires. A tr^n^ d^ia mètres ptprîïaîrBs entiron du bord supérieur d^ h r.vHiUt, «■» aperroil une rraîn^e nettement dépigmenféi% d'un jatine (W^niré. disposée d^!î boirt à Tautre du c^^amp rétinien, EHeôslobN^fitede 430 SOCIÉTÉ D'OrUTALHÛLOGlE DE PARtS, bas eti haut et de dedans en dehors. Aux deux extrémités, el vers te milieu de celle Iraiiiée^ on a|ierçail des amas pigmentai res que longent de fins vaisseaux, soit a leurs extrémilés, soit sur leur parcours. Il est possible que cette zone iiidique ïa limite où s'ar rêtait le décollement de la rétine. Dans toute la région au>dessijs de cette ligne, on aperçoit de nombreuses taches pigmentaires de dimension^ de forme et de groupement variables, Cepeiidant elles Font plutôt disposées en forme de trian^Hesà limites assez vagues. Ces taches sont entourées d une zone légèrement dépigjnentée. Kn basi également, on constate, sur un fond dépigmenlé, un groupe isolé de tacfies pigmentai res. Dans les deux yeux^ mais surtout dans Pœit droit, on aperçoit quelques taches isolées^ d'un blajic nacré entouré de noir, qui tranchent par leur aspect sur Tensemhle des éléments pigmen- taires. Nous croyons que ces taches alrophîques sont tes cicatrices des pondions faites au couteau de de Grœfe et au galvano-cautère* 0,D-: V = 5/15; 0,G.; = 5/7. L*étude subjective des fonctions rétiniennes de Mme !>.,* a été faite à l'aide du périmètre ordinaire^ et du périmétre-pbotopto mètre. 4 O.ti. O.G. Fia, 5. - Champs vhttU ili] Mme D.,,« h iS juin 10Û6 : ■ -> = LiiiiîlD eu hlnnc. TorU Étude pêrimétrique (fig. 5). — Le champ visuel pris avec des index de 1 centimètre carré, à Téclairage d*un Jour moyen, moutre que le champ visuel peut être considéré comme presque intact pour le blanc. Il existe un léger rétrécissement en haut, eu bas et en dehors, pour rœil gauche. Les champs visuels^ pour le rouge SÛ€rÉTÉ d'ophtalmologie pE PARIS. 4SI et pour le verl, onl été trouvés ass>î3ç variables et il existe peut* être un lépjer rétrécissement emieeotrif|iic pour ces ron leurs. Ou sait, du resle^ combien cette reche relie est approximative. Fie»0, -^ A gaiidio, thamp ifiaiiçl ilt l'œil âtmi dti D' 0.„; a tlroil**, cUim|i visiifll de Vf^U droU de Mùie D.... Exniiicn nu |iérlmètrO'>plioloploniètri^ Examen au périmêtre-photoptomètre (fïg. 6). — Mme U... est examinée en même temps et dans les mêmes cûnditlons que Id D*" 0..,, dont Vœt en dehors d*une myopie de f^jl^i a tous les ca raclères d'un œil norniaL Yojci les miuîma lumineux perceptibles après adaptation complète dans Tobscuriié, avec la lumière blanche et des lumières monocbromatiques. Ces minima sont établis d'après la moyenne des expériences, et exprimés en millimètres carrés <]ui corres pondent à la surface d ouverlure du diaphragme du pholoplo mètre. Luroi^r« Mme D„, D^ O,,, DIanche 0,0<>8 0,008 Rouge 0,05^ 0,017 Verte. 0,001» 0,0085 Bleue.. ....... 0,014 0,015 On voit que la sensibilité lumineuse de Mme D... est à peu de chose près égaie k celle du D'' 0..., quand il s'agit de lumière blanche, verte et bleue, mais qu^elle est environ trois fois plus faible quand it s'aiîit de lumière rouge. Ce fait do diminution do sensibilité lumineuse pour le rouge seulement avec intégrité de cette sensibilité pour ta lumière blanche et pour des lumières monochromatiques très réfrangîhles mérite d'être signalé. Le D' Polack Ta encore plus netlemenl con staté chez un malade atteint d'amblyopie toxique, que lui avait 422 SOCŒTG D OPHTALMOLOGIE DE PARIS. amfîné le D^ 0*.., avec celle dilTéreace pourlaiiï que le malade du D' 0... présentait une achrocnatop&îe pour le rouge daus la vi^oa ilireele, L-uhJîs que noire malâdL' :i nn sens chroniatîque iioniuil. tl n'esl pas inadmissible que des troubles lé|ïersdans lu perceplion lumineuse piiisseul se traduire d'nijord par la diniinulion de la sensibililè lumineuse mtir le rnu|,'e, étant donné que ceïle lumière i est douée du pouvoir ptiotocliimique le plus faible. Is sen^ ebromatique de Mme D.«. parai l normal, diaprés les i déleriuiiiations péri m étriqués et les rechercbes failes avec Tap ! pareil d'Asher. L'étude de robservatiou de Mme D.*. nous semble devoir en IraineJ' quelques déduclions Louebanl la palbo^aMiie, le pronostic et le traiïrmefil du décoilenient de la rétine. L'exameJi du tond de l'œil montre que les amas pi^m entai res manquent dans la demi-fireoiifé renée inféro-externede IVÎI droit, el sont trét5 rares dans la dejni-circonfé renée in féro-ex terne de Tœil gauçbeeXque les régions ch»rjïées de pigmenl cDirespondenti d'une lacoti très précise h la ix*g;ion autrefois décollée de la rétine. Mme D.,. n'est pas myope : elle n'avait en aucnn Iraumatisine On constatait seulement, des t^Rppariliondu décollement, quelques iM^che^ pigtuenlaires à la périphérie de la zone déeallée* L'état actuel prouve que les deux yeux ont été atteinlg de choraïdUe Umiu:'e à nn se|,^ment de la membrane uvéale, qu'il y a dix ans, eeitc cboroidile s*e>il mauifesLée pnr un décollement de la rétine, al que, depuis, les lésions rhoroïdiennes ue se sont pas Irésélen ilue&. La recherche des antécédents de ia malade n'a pu faire dé couvrir la cause de cette cboroldite. Si nous [passons il rexamen des fonctions rétiniennes de Mme D..-^ nous remarquons que ses fondions sont restées sensiblement nnr maleSj et qnc s'il existe un très lé^er rétrécissement du clianip visuel, une diminution peu marquée de lacuité visuelle restée presque normale à l'œil i^auche, cet état n'est pas celui qu'an eût pu craindre d'après le pronostic ordinaire du décollement dt^ îa rétine. La rétine de rœil gaucbe est restée décollée pendant trois niot&j celle de VtnU droit pendant pius d'un an el demi, avec quelques alternaLives d'iimé liera lion el d'a^^^çravalion. On admet en général* croyous-nous, ifu'il faut beaucoup moin^ de temps poui altérer les fonctions rétiniennes d'une fas;ôn irrémédiable, Le faiit qui domine l'observa liun de Mme D.,. est la persislance' de la guérir>oJi, d'une dorée de dix années. Il semblerait i|ue dans les mémoires, dans les^liscusâions surit thérapeutique dn décollement de la rétine, on insisUït sur la durée des lx>ns résnllats obtenus par tant de méthodes din'éreiLles* 4 SOCIÉTÉ D'OPiiTALXOtOGti: OE PARIS. 42â I G<iJ]iii,dEi}ssaii article de rEiicyclopédie, ne cile^ comme résultats d'une longue durée, que ceux oblenus par U méthode de Deut ^hniaan, et il ajoute : « Malheureuïîement, Deulsdimann est à péu près seul ju^]u'ici à compter des succès avec sa méthode, et les résuîlitljs de plusieurs autres opérateurs qiï l*ûut essayée soûl loin d'être tiussi concltiantB j». Eu ISur» et ÎSDO, rriui portantes discussions sur le traitement du dé*:oUement de la rétine eurent lieu à h Société française d'Opblalmolojïie. MAJ, Terson^ Galezowski, Di^uoux, Abadie, Pa rt naudi Darier, llor, y pi*irent part. Mais on ne ci la guère que des guérisojis de date récente. Seul, M. Dor^ en 189ti, rapporta plu sieurs observât! opsL où la gnérison durait depuis un an* Il ci la également les cas de deux décollements guéris Tun depuis ûh anSj l'autre depuis vin^ît ans* M. Dor a bien voulu nous écrire tout récemment, à ce sujet, la lettre suivante : « Les bons résultats que j'ai commnnîc|ués à la Société Française en 1895 et 1896 se sont maintenu a jusqu'ici, c'est-à-dire depuis dix â onze ans. Le malade de l'observation IV, atteint d'une myopie de i 1 D,, a aclueliement encore une vision rie 1, ainsi que les ma lades des observations VI et XIV de mon mémoire. Le Iraite ment esL toujours le même: Decubilus dorsal, durant deux mois; ventouse Heurte loup tous les huit jours le premier mois, tous les quinze jours le second; une fois par semaine^ pointes de feu et injection salée à 20 p. t(M). tf'ai eu, depuis, plusieurs résultats positifs. Deux ^uérisons romonlant, Tune à quinze ans et Tautre h tj*enle ans, gué ri son s obtenues avec les ventouses Heurleloup et pilûcarpine, — M. Dor ajoute : « Quand une récidive n'arrive pas la première année, je crois qu*on peut considérer la î^uérison comme déliuitive ». 1] sérail intéressant que vous veuilliez bien joindre vos docu ments âc^s derjiîers; il en ressortirait peut-étj-e que la plupart des méthodes do traitement de décolleuieul de la rétine oui à leur ac-tir quelques très rares guérisons d'une longue durée» H serait égal eni eut intéressant de savoir si la guérison spon tanée du décollement de la rétine est durable, et si cette j^uérison j',»ccûmpagne d'une conservation des fonctions rétiniennes, non Jement dans la vision directe, ajais aussi dans la visiou péri phérique. M. Vàlcde. — Je demanderai à M, Morax qui a suivi beaucoup de malades de M. Parisaud, s'il a vu des réactions irritatives suivre les ponctions du décollement. Car je considère que la première règle k oiferver^ dans le choix d'un irailciueai du décolle 424 SOCIÉTÉ d'ophtalmologie DE PAMS. ment est dVli miner ceux qui sont susceplifales dVcfidents. C'est pourquoi Je ne fais plus ni Téleclrolysej ni rinjecliotï intra-orulaire qui en traînent dans quelques cias du synchysîs ou de ta cyclite. Puis je lui demanderai aussi si la proportion des cas de guérîson est notable, car nous avons tous vu des malades guérir avec tel ou tel trailemeiil, et on peut toujours se demander si la lliérapeiitique a tenu une grande place dans la marche favonible de la maladie. M. Daiïieiu ^ Je ne suis pas aussi pessimiste que M. Valude et je serai aussi sceptique que lui en disant que si sa malade a guéri, c'est peut-être bien à cause de son traite nient, d#nl l'effet! a pu ^tre retardé* Quoi qu'on en dise, les guérisons sponlantâes du décollement rétinien sont une trop rare exception pour qu'it nous soit permis, en bonne logique, de compter sur l'expectatioit? simple comme moyen thérapeutique. La difficulté n'est pas d'amener le recollement rétinien, une ponction simple le ramène souvenl, mais pour quelques jours seulement; il faut pouvuir rendre celle guérison durable ; pour cela il faut bien des facteurs, dont le principal est la personnalité du Ihérapeute qui sait von loir et sait inteiTcnir à propos et avec Tad cesse que comporte une opération que Ton serait tenté de-! croire très simple* VoyoK MM, Parînaudj Abadie, Dor, DeutschmanUj ils nous ont relaté de nombreuses observations de décollements gnéris, alors que la plupart de leurs imitateurs se plaignent de trop nombreux insuccès. C'est le tacl, Thahileté et la patience du chirurgien qui sont tout dans le traitement des décoUejnenls, Lesguérisons qui ont de longues années à leur actif sont In rares. J'ai revu, il y a quinze jours^ un malade, dont j'ai plusieurs lois cité le cas. Il est venu me trouver, en 18Ui, avec un œil perdu depuis dîit ans, par décollement rétinien, et Tautre pris depuii quelques jours seulement. J'eus le bonheur de le guérir en lui faisant des injections sous*conjonetivalesdc sublimé. La j^uérison fut complète et il resta au travers de la rétine une large strie atrophique, pigmentée par places, comme dans le dessin de M. Poilack, la vision =: 1/â avec — 7 D, Ce malade a une telle peur de voir revenir son décollement que, dèsqull voit le moindre trouble dans sou œil, il accourt me demander une injection sous eonjonctivale. Un deuxième cas a été opéré par moi, il y a douxe ans, par' ponction élecîrolytique et injection sous-conjouctîvale de sublimé. Le recollement est toujours complet, maislarétinej dans sa partie recollée, est complètement alro[ihiée et il reste toujours un seo tome étendu. Myopie 12 D. J*ai plusieurs autres malades guérisi] 4 -s ■A I SOCIÉTÉ d'ophtalmologie de paris. 425 mais ne les ayant pas re¥us depuis longtemps, Je ne saurais les citer. Les ifuérisons peuvent n'être que temporaires, tel le cas d'un employé du pari mutuel quij i^'uéri par une ponction éleclrolj tique et une injeclion sous-conjonctivals, fui ^^uéri coinpièlement pendant un an, et qui le serait peut-être encore s'il n'avait pas dû courir les hippodromes pour gagner sa vie. M. BocHON'Du VIGNEAU», ^ J'ai vu une malade opérée et guérie par Parinaud d'un décollement de la rétine. Celait une dame très bien portante, d*uue quarantaine d'années. Son œil droit était sain, rnyope de 7 dioptries; son œil gauche, d'une myopie à peu prés égale, avait été opéré quatre ou cinq ans auparavant d'un décolle mentde larétineparlaméthodedes ponctions. Parinaud n'avait Tait qu'une ou deux ponctions. La guérison, assez rapidement otîtenue, s'était parfaitement maintenue. Duns le segment inférieur de la rétine, quelques lâches pigmenlaires indiquaient la place de l'an cien décollement qui paraissait avoir occupé tjn tiers de la rétinei L'acuité n'était que de 0,3 h 0^4* De ce ca*:, de celui présenté par MM, Chaillous et Polackj de quelques autres encore, il résultt? que Parinaud oblenait plus de guérîsons définitives dans les décollements que la plupart des auteurs jfert ont ol>tenu. 11 faut bien qu'il y ait à cela une raison. C'est, pensons-nous, que Parinaud savait ponctionner exactement au niveau de la poche sons-rétinienne. Souvent on ponctionne trop en avant, on tombe vers la limite anlérieure du décollement^ ou même oji dehors de lui. Il n'y a évidemment rien h attendre de pai^Mfles interventions. Parinaud, sans doute, plaçait bien ses ponc tions. Nous ne voyojis pas quel autre élément de succès on pour rait invoquer* M. MoRAX. —J'ai revu avec le plus vif intériH la malade que MM. Chaillous et Polack nous ont présentée ce soir^ et que j'avais pu suivre autrefois pendant plusieurs années à la clinique de Pa rinaud, et che^ laquelle l'iienreux effet tics pondions sclérales s'est maintenu depuis lors. M. Valude nie pose à ce sujet une ques tion à laquelle je désire tout d'abord répondre. Les ponctions sclé rales peuvent-elles être nocives? J'en ai vu faire souvent pendant que j'assistais Parinaud. J'en ai moi-même fait au moins aussi fréquemment, et je puis dire que je n'ai jamais observé de com plications légères ou graves, succédant a ces pondions, faites, cela va sans dire, avec les mêmes précautions aseptiques par n'importe quelle Intervention oculaire. Je iTie souviens que Parinaud me signala uu cas où une hémorragie rétinienne se produisit et trou bla assez forlementla vision pendant les cinq premiers jours* Mais ultérieurement la résorption se lit et le résullat définitif fut si bon. 42H SOCIÉTÉ D'oPaTALMOLOGIË I>E FÀR15. quemon regretté nmllra croyait devoir attribuer parliellemeiit, loul au 111 01 11^, k Vhétnùrvupc la soudure si parfaite établie entre la choroïde et a rétine. C'est là le seul iiicîdeul c^uséculif a une sclérotoinîe dont j'*ii entendu parler. Je cousidère donc la sdéro tomie comme tine opération des plus bénignes, et je n'hésite jatDais h la pratiquer — En ee qui €oneerne son eiécntion^ Parlnaud s'elTorçail de Taire pcoétrer le coutenau dans Ja région correspoa daiil auilêcoUement, et il cherchait à ponctionner le plus en arrière possible. Pour cela, s'il s agissait par exemple d*nn décollement inféro-externe, le gîobe était attiré en haut et en dedans, la pau pière iniérieure était atiaissée à Paiile d'un crncbel k strubisute el le petit couteau de de Grmfe était introduit aussi loin que pos sible delà cornée, La poinle pénétrait de quelques mil Ij métrés , pui^ rin.Htrunieni subissait autour de son nxe une k^'ère rota! ion « (|ui avait pour but de faire bâiller la plaie scléralc el de permettre au liquide sous-rétiuieu de s'échapper sous la eonjonctive. l/e malade était placé peJJdant un temps variable dans le dëeubitus borizonlah Si le décollement se reproduisait, on refaisait une |>oncLion. et ainsi de suite, laut nue Texsudation sous-rélinienne persistait et que la ptience du taalade le iiermetlatt. Envisageons mainteuant la question de IVffrcacitédu trailenient ou, si vous le voulez, la part que Ton peut attribuer à la ponction dans le résultat tliérafieu tique, surtout lorgqu^il est semblable an cas du malade qui nous est présenté. Il est indiscutable que certains décollements guérisseol sponl*» nément, mais les cas observés; sont rares. Nous n en connaissons pas U pnctportion, et le nombre des malades traités d*une manière systématique et constante etst si faible que nous ne pourrions nous former une opinioii précise par la comparaison, le fxiurcenta^e des i^uérisoijs opératoires avec celui des |,^uérisons spontanées, D'iiutre part, nous n^avous aucune donnée expérimentale qui nous permette de juger sur les animaux la lbérapeutic|ue que nous appliquons chez rhomme. Je crois néanmoins qnll nous est pos sible d aj>précier Tulilité de notre intervention en nous plaçant à on point de vue un peu généraL Lorsqti'un éparïcbemtMit pleural sépare les deux feuillets de la plèvre, il n'est pas toujours indis pensable de révacuer pour que la guérison s'ensuive. Il n'en est pias moins certain que dans certaines conditions particulières» lorsque la fonction pulmonaire se fait mal, nous jugeons la pox*c liou nécessaire pour rétablir les ctmditions suffisantes au fonction nement pnhnnnaîre. Il ne s agit la évidemment que d'une com paraison très grossière, mais qui nous fera mieux comprendre le l>oinl de vue auquel on doit se placer pour juger de FelTet d'uoe ponction Bclérale. Lorsqu'un exsudât sépare la rétiue de la mem I sociËTi d'ophtalmologie de pajus. 427 I brarie vasculaire qui nouiTÎt les eellules visii£Ueâ, nous savons qa*il tilt résulte une modilicalion immédiate ei profaude de la foiiclion rétliiietuifî. Le i^t;i Disse méat même temporaire de la ré^pplicalîmi de la rctiiie sur la choroïdt^ peruieUra à la fonction ée se riiLiblir durani ce temps, et que Ja ponçtioa favorise la gué ri&oti défîiiiljve ou qu'elle n'inlervieniie p»5 dans sa réalmalion, î] n'eu esit pas munis rertaîu qu*elle augmentera les chances de conservation de la finicJion retiuierwie jusqu'au moment uiï le pro cessus itiilanimatoire qui commande le décollement, prenant Hn, la gué ri son de la lésion sera possible. Ceci dit, il faut aussi, à mon avis, tenir compte des types cli niques de décollement rétinien. Nous sommes très peu renseignés sur réliologie du docoll émeut. J! en est que nous voyons survenir dans la myopie Forte et pour lesquels nous nous eontentons, à tort, je crois, d'invoquer Texcès d'allongement des memtjranes ocu laires, îl en est d'autres, au contraire, qui se produisent dans des ^mmétropies. Le cas qui nous a été présenté appartient à cette catégorie de faits, et le^ lésions chorio-réliniennes éteudties, cou lemporaines et probablement antérieures au décollement, me semhtent bien établir l ^origine choroidienne du décollement. Ce n est pas en comparant les cas de décollement de la rétine, mais en comparant les faits clîniquemenl ou étiologiquement ana loguesj que nous parviendrons à avoir une idée précise du traite ment à leur appliquer. I M, KaLT. HémorrAfïle «n ffn*i»e ém dlmiae de la rt^fçloii polnlre ii<»iitërleiirc de In pctine. Cikn»|déralluu!i sni* In «trat^^ tare de In membrane lijrnloïilti e| dju e0ri»>» % itré, ^ — La malade <jue je présente à la Société montre, dans le fond de Tœil droit, pue vaste flaque hémorragique à contour parfaitement circulaire, dont le centre correspond à peu prés an p6Je postérieur du globe. Le diamètre de la flaque est d'environ quatre diarrj êtres papîl laîres. Vue h l'image droite, elle donne Taspect d'un disque rouge de la dimension d*uue petite pièce de monnaie, dont le Iwrd nasal passe exactement au cûulactdu bord papillairc externe. Les bords supérieur et inférieursonl encadrés à peu de distance pai* les gros Fâisseaux, à direction temporale, qui embrassent Ja région uucu Jaîre dafis leur concavité* Au pourtour du disque rouge court une étroile bordure blanc JAuniLtre dont la largeur est à peu près égale à celte de Tanneau pafiiliaire. A la partie inférieure du disque, Tun des gros vaisseaux décrit une courbe de court rayon, puis gravit un plan incliné qui ranaèae sur le bord du disque où il parait se perdre dans la masse rouge ; mais, se dégageant presque aussitôt de la masse rouge, en Âm SOCIÉTÉ d'ophtalmologie DE PARIS* le voit descendre la pente et continuer sa routa vers les portians temporales de la rétine* Le ^ros vaisseau veineux qui encadre le bord supérieur du disque rouge émet deux branches destinées à la région pé ri-mac n loire Ces deux petits vaisseaux gravissent également une pente qui les amène à fanneau blanc et enfin au disque rouge dans lequel ils se perdent. La flaque hémorragique est unique; je n'ai pas vu d*autres ei 4 Hémorrair^fl pu farmv^ dç dUqui; de b région polalrii {wilérk-urç. Lu coaLuur eil iiiari|uâ par im Hiiin«'3iJ cbir^ iravasalionsdans la rétine. J'ajouterai que la papille est parfaite ment uclle et que les vaisseaux qui s'en détachent ne présentent aucune altération apparente* Le trouble visuel, consistant dans un scotonie ceniral absolu,] est survenu brusquement dans la nuit, il y a cinq semaines. La malade, k^éedf^ 38 ans, est de bonne santé habituelle et avait] une visLOJi normale* Dans les antécédents, je n'ai trouvé que deux accès de migraine ophtalmique survenus au cours de ces deux derniers mois. Lesj urines sont normalus ; rien au cœur. 1 Le champ visuel a révélé dès îe début la particularité suivante : au centre, la vision est abolie, ainsi que dans un demi-disque de 20*' placé dans le champ visuel supérieur, tandis qu*elle réappa raît un peu au-dessous du point de fjïalion, dans toute retendue du champ visuel inrérieur. On peut en déduire que, sous Tinfluence de la pesanteur la masse sanguine extravasée s'est accumulée suri socïÉTÉ d'ophtalmologie ûe pahis. 429 uae plus i^rande épaisseur dans la moitié inférieure de la poche, et que la moitié supérieure de celle-ci est devenue perméable à la lumière. Celle perméabilité, indice de la résorption du sang épanché, a fail des progrès iiolables dans ces derniers jours, ■le voudrais entrer maintenant dans quelques détails sur les par lieu lari tés que présente cette observation. La situation de la masse épanchée se déduit clairement de rexamen ophlalmoscopique. Le sang recouvre parlLellemeiil les gros vaisseauï; il est donc Hmilé, en avant, par la membrane hya ioîdc qu'il fait bomber. Déplus, le tissu a été refoulé excentrique ment de façon a entourer la niasse sanguine d'un bourrelet jau nâtre. C'est san^ doute la couche des fibres nerveuses qui a fourni les éléments de ce bourrelet. Maïs pourquoi la forme circulaire du foyer hémorragique? En est-il lotij ours ainsi? Les cas semblablesà celui-ci sonl rares. J'ai sous les yeui une figure de TAttas de Uaab. Ici l'hémorragie a la forme d'un disque identique à celui de ma malade^ mais le rem plissage de la cavité est incomplet et laisse apparaître la macula et son ej) ton rage supérieur. La uappe sanguine s'est alimentée à des foyers diffus supérieurs. Dans r Encyclopédie d'O phi al m ologie, Du four et Gonin donnent une image assez semblable à la mienne ; mais la poche sanguine recouvre partiellement la papille et elle parait communiquer aiec une autre poche située un peu au-dessus d'elle et en grande partie vidée de son contenu. Dans les observai ion s qui viennent d'être citées aussi bien que dans la nôtre, les lacs sanguins pré-rétiniens se cantonnent au proche voisinage de la papille. Je ne pense pas qu'il y ait là simple coïn cidence* Si le saug peut s'accumuler ainsi en grandes plaques au-dessous de la menibrajie hyaloïde, n'esl-il pas permis de penser qu'au voi sinage du pôle postérieur Tadhérence entre cette membrane et la couche des fibres nerveuses est particulièrement lâche? En d'autres termes, les expansions de fibres de Mûller qui forment, en se réunissant, la limitante interne de la rétine seraient-elles moins nombreuses dans les régions avoisinant le pôle postérieur? Il est difficile de résoudre cette question par le seul examen des coupes; mais il est une constatation d'anatomie macroscopique que tout le monde peut faire. Sur un globe ocu laire normal, fraîchement énucléé, par exemple pour une tumeur orbilairei on retranche Thémisphère antérieur, puis avec une pince on cherche à arracher le carps vitré qui remplit la coupe pc^érieure* On remarquera que le tissu gélatineux n'a pas la 4S0 SOCIÉTÉ d'ophtalmologie DE PâïlIS, m^me eonsistance au ceîitre oij il est (iresque liquide et s*éc( ea dehors, Cfoe s^ur les bords oô îi est ferme et de plus tellement acïliérerit à la rétine r|a*ïl esl impassible de l'eii séparer sans arra cher cette dernière* Si l'on fiXi} mamtenan-f arec de Taeide o^mêif iie^ la irélaliiie devenue brunâtre pré.^enlera un vide central, uae §<ir de puits dont le fond esl formé par les réortons avoismant fe pôi postérieur, sur une lar^^etir de 6 millîmèlre^ eiif ïrou, Lexpérience pour réosstr doit être faite mir un œil uormal e absolu m eut frais. Sur m yeux de cadarre ou cooserFés rfmts des ftxateurs faibles, le corps vitré perd toutes ses adhérefïees posté rieures atec la rétîne, Dt' ceftfe e^çpc^rietice on peut certainement conchire que le c«rps vîti'é est antre chose qu'tme simple î^élatine et qull doif n<*e«s sairement se composer crunc trame fibreuse ou memferaifeuse, bien que celle-ci échappe à l^sanjeti niicroscopiqiîe.
| 32,871 |
https://github.com/JetBrains/ForTea/blob/master/Backend/Core/ForTea.Core/Psi/Formatting/T4CSharpCustomFormattingInfoProvider.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
ForTea
|
JetBrains
|
C#
|
Code
| 119 | 590 |
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using GammaJul.ForTea.Core.Psi.FileType;
using GammaJul.ForTea.Core.Psi.Formatting.SpaceTypeProviders;
using JetBrains.Annotations;
using JetBrains.Application.Settings;
using JetBrains.ProjectModel;
using JetBrains.ReSharper.Psi.CSharp.CodeStyle.FormatSettings;
using JetBrains.ReSharper.Psi.CSharp.Impl.CodeStyle;
using JetBrains.ReSharper.Psi.Impl.CodeStyle;
namespace GammaJul.ForTea.Core.Psi.Formatting
{
[ProjectFileType(typeof(T4ProjectFileType))]
internal sealed class T4CSharpCustomFormattingInfoProvider : DummyCSharpCustomFormattingInfoProvider
{
private IEnumerable<IT4BlockSpaceTypeProvider> Providers { get; }
public T4CSharpCustomFormattingInfoProvider(IEnumerable<IT4BlockSpaceTypeProvider> providers) =>
Providers = providers;
public override bool NeedsOldEngine => true;
public override FmtSettingsClassic<CSharpFormatSettingsKey> AdjustFormattingSettings(
[NotNull] FmtSettingsClassic<CSharpFormatSettingsKey> settings,
[NotNull] ISettingsOptimization settingsOptimization
)
{
var cSharpFormatSettings = settings.Settings.Clone();
cSharpFormatSettings.OLD_ENGINE = true;
return settings.ChangeMainSettings(cSharpFormatSettings, true);
}
public override SpaceType GetBlockSpaceType(
[NotNull] CSharpFmtStageContext ctx,
[NotNull] CSharpCodeFormattingContext context
) => GetSpaces(ctx);
public override SpaceType GetInvocationSpaces(
CSharpFmtStageContext context,
FmtSettingsClassic<CSharpFormatSettingsKey> formatSettings
) => GetSpaces(context);
private SpaceType GetSpaces(CSharpFmtStageContext ctx) => Providers
.Select(provider => provider.Provide(ctx))
.Where(provided => provided.HasValue)
.Select(provided => provided.Value)
// default(SpaceType) == SpaceType.Default
.FirstOrDefault();
}
}
| 21,725 |
3ECVX2WPQSA73UHWXJ6VZKKQZRKTP3SS_2
|
German-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,936 |
None
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 9,759 | 18,621 |
76138 76168 79068 79188 79268 79558 79978 80148 802 80598 81368 81578 81948 82058 82118 82178 82238 82558 82678 82778 82848 82918 83098 83368 83548 83608 83998 81378 85168 85338 85408 85508 85626 85688 85748 85858 85918 85978 86128 86168 86218 86278 86348 86428 86508 86578 86648 86728 86788 86868 86948 87038 87118 87178 87258 87338 87398 87478 87558 87638 87718 87778 87858 87938 88028 88098 88178 88258 88338 88398 88448 88528 88598 88668 88738 88798 88868 88948 89038 89108 89168 89238 89308 89368 89438 89518 89578 89638 89698 89758 89818 89878 89938 89998 91338 91408 91578 91718 91778 91838 91898 91948 92008 92058 92108 92158 92218 92268 92318 92378 92418 92468 92528 92578 92648 92718 92768 92838 92898 92958 93038 93098 93148 93208 93258 93318 93378 93438 93498 93548 93608 93658 93718 93778 93838 93898 93948 94008 94058 94118 94168 94218 94278 94338 94398 94448 94508 94558 94628 94678 94728 94778 94828 94878 94928 94978 95008 95058 95118 95168 95208 95258 95318 95368 95408 95448 95508 95548 95608 95658 95718 95778 95838 95898 95948 96008 96058 96118 96178 96208 96258 96328 96378 96418 96458 96508 96558 96618 96658 96718 96758 96818 96858 96918 96958 97008 97058 97118 97158 97218 97258 97318 97358 97418 97458 97508 97558 97618 97658 97718 97758 97818 97858 97908 97958 98008 98058 98118 98158 98218 98258 98318 98358 98418 98458 98508 98558 98608 98658 98708 98758 98818 98858 98908 98958 99008 99058 99118 99158 99218 99258 99318 99358 99408 99458 99518 99558 99608 99658 99708 99758 99818 99858 99918 99958. 7,50 RM (1 Ztr.). Sämtliche im Stück über 7,50 RM 66048 66118 s2 ist o6288 o6198 67008 o7228 67318 67378 67518 67618 67678 67758 68448 70608 70858 71258 71378 71448 71678 72028 72708 72768 73888 74138 76248 76598 79018 79078 79188 79278 79608 80008 80158 80328 81208 81378 81788 82008 82068 82128 82188 82378 82568 82688 82798 82858 82978 83128 83178 83848 84018 84428 85178 85348 85428 85518 85638 85698 85758 85868 85928 85988 86138 86518 86578 86958 87118 95278 97348 97408 97468 97528 97588 97648 97708 97768 97828 97888 Verzeichnis der bisher aufgekündigten, bis zum 19. Februar 1936 nicht eingelangten 49 Kur- und Neumärkischen Rittergeschäftlichen Reichsmark-Schuldverschreibungen (vormaligen 58 Kur- und Neumärkischen Rittergutschaftlichen Roggen-Schulderschreibungen). Zum 1. Oktober 1935 aufgekündigt: 75, RM (0 Ztr. Nr. 23226 23616. RM (1 Ztr.) Nr. 109801 109811 2. Altengeschäftlichen. 72946 Einladung zu der 25. ordentlichen Generalversammlung der Piano- und Orgelwerke Philipps Aktiengesellschaft in Aschaffenburg a.M. am 16. März 1936, vormittags 10 Uhr, in den Geschäftsräumen der Gesellschaft, Aschaffenburg, Hanauer Straße 658. Tagesordnung: 1. Vorlage des Geschäftsberichts des Vorstands und des Aufsichtsrats sowie der Bilanz und der Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung für das abgelaufene Geschäftsjahr. — 3. Beschlussfassung über die Genehmigung der Bilanz sowie der Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung. 4. Beschlussfassung über die Entlassung des Vorstands und des Aufsichtsrats 4. Wahlen zum Aufsichtsrat. 5. Wahl eines Bilanzprüfers. Die Aktionäre, die in der Generalversammlung ihr Stimmrecht ausüben wollen, haben gemäß § 22 der Satzung Hinterlegung bei einem ihrer Aktionäre bis spätestens am dritten Werktag vor dem Tage der Generalversammlung bei der Kreditbank der Gesellschaft in Aschaffenburg, Hanauer Straße 688, bei einer Effekten girobank oder bei einem deutschen Notar zu hinterlegen und bis nach abgehaltener Hinterlegung zu lassen. Im Falle des deutschen Notars muss der Hinterlegungschein die Bestimmung enthalten, dass die Herausgabe der Aktien nur gegen Rückgabe des Scheines erfolgen darf. Der Hinterlegungschein ist spätestens einen Tag vor Ablauf der Hinterlegungsfrist nach der Gesellschaft einzureichen. Aschaffenburg, 22. Februar 1936. Piano- und Orgelwerke Philipps A.G. Der Vorstand. Jakob Vock. 72983 Herr Dr.-Ing. Robert Hartmann zu Frankfurt, Main, ist durch den Tod aus dem Aufsichtsrat unserer Gesellschaft ausgegangen. Berlin, den 24. Februar 1936. Deutsche Überseeische Bauka. W. Graemer. Nr. Ts 2. Unternehmen ausgegangen. Eisenwerk L. Meyer jun. & Co. Aktiengesellschaft, Harzgerode. 72957 11. Technische Büchdruckerei und Verlagsanstalt, Berlin. E A. Prag und die Brauerei Gesellschaft, Gumbinnen. Sie entspricht Sie Andenaten, dieselbe Werk Brauerei Gesellschaft, Ulm a. D. berichtet - Vorschriften an ihr zu der Dienstag, denn Jahresbilanz für das Geschäftsjahr vom 1. Oktober - 3. Dezember 1934 bis Diplomtaufmann Alfred Wüdnigsberg. Pr. in Sühnen diese Generalversammlung vom 20. November - 2. Dezember der Dividendenchein Nr. 3 der Vorzugsaktien - Demgemäß kommt - 2 ordentliche und Kapitalertragssteuer sofort zur Einlosung 6, - bzw. RM 60, - abzüglich 2 g einge - Gesellschaftskasse, Ulm, zwar bei folgenden Stellen: Vorlegung des Geschäftlichen Buchstaben 266 Gewerbebank Ulm e G. m. b H., u Bleichwaren 8 der - Commerz und Privat Bank, e. l. l. sch - nung für 1935. Gebäude: - 495 - 2240 28 405 - 2 gart gesellschaft, Filiale Augsburg 12 Einhebung der Bank e. aft t ent n n den en en Stadt mit intern B. - 8 i Vorständ und des EILLLL Is bi schieden. Die - aus dem Aufsichtsrat ausge - Aufsichtsrat - Earl W. Schneider, Dresden. - wurde in den Aufsichtsrat Herrn Bankdirektor E l Bilanzprüfer. Abschreibung 7 2 - Aktien, die - Klag und Erklärung. Herman M - Abschreibung - Aktien späteste bis am 2 März, 1936 - Bekanntmachung 120 im Geschäftslokal der eingefasst - 43 430 49 Herr Direktor d - wurde - jeder, sofort sie Mitglieder ein - Ausländer veden e - 2 schen Getreide u einer deutschen Abschreibung e 4 - 2 2 24 430 2 ist durch Tod aus unserem Aufsichtsrat am Dienstag, den 17. März 1936 - Aktuell. h. Bank und - während - Zugtiere und Därgerate - 125 000 - Geschäftsstunden hinterlegen. im Fall der - 2 il d he Bilanz und Gewinn - be nehmen drohender - gesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft, - nung für 1935 neben dem Notar über die Abschreibung. 847 8 000 Frankfurt a. M. In den Auffichts n Berichten des Vorſtands und e urſhrin ——— ne u äte e i ugan 2 2 —2—2 222 22 S — in der eneralver j 8 rzu. — — i friſt bei der rclcha —— Abſchreibung 22 Hans Schneider zu Frankfurt a. M.4 re irt Wirtſchafisi eeetreten. — Der Vorſite nde des eu ſns Zuga — 222 d do — —————— s —— zum Aufſichtsrat — rats: — — 2 i6a s1 (71060]. eennnn 2 — — E o — 1 1934 — lreo4 Wirtſchaftseinb — 22 aga, Allona. Abirennung des Mainzer Geſchäfts L nii und fliegende Kantinen. Bilanz am. Dezember 1935. — — — Emdillierwerte Aktieugeſelſch — ꝛ nensanderung. Einladu 9 aft. — Bermögen. RM 8. Verſchiedenes. e Abſchreibung. — do edie Zulaninn en der einadnne an — — 5 — — — e teee Tage sordunng; * — ctonto .24000— zweiten Werkta — ; Effekten und Anteile: Beſtand. — ͤ ——— des Ichtesabſchiuſſes und Sholheldarlehen Beſiond. 2 Aape q ſtoffe. 24 800 — 1 — oder bei der Main⸗ 31. Tezember 1985 — de 2223 m L 2 ai — — ſowie Veſchlußfaſſung 32 — Beſtand. — — * 1432109 Wiainz, den 12. Februar 1836. erwendung des Reinge— Venſ ibung Ê — Sonſtige Forderungen. z sad vs Traine K Bauff, Aktiengeſellſchaft. 2. Ehlleſtung von Vorſtand und Auf — — —— — — 541 09 3. Aufſichtsrat de lenhn Guthaben bei Notenbanken und o bol so Andere Banlguthaben .·. 15 11 Sien n o a eines Bilan diets 323 —— ee Bermö gen n nn n ——* e dnne en it n — ui e , bei den im Geſet vordeſchri — 2— 30 — 22000 — 2 d eſetz geſchriebenen Begebungsdisagi 2 Verluſt in 1035 2 6063,76 „heg Sorderungen auf Grund von den üblichen Kaſſenſtunden der nd lr — Teil 2 (Forderung —— — 95 Zentſchen Bank * d Abſchreibung .6422256 10 oso 41 000 mener Bürgſchaft Reichs⸗ Forderun —— 4 S g an eine Konzern⸗ íßi igcouto⸗ Aufwand für Kundengeſamterwerb .. · — mark 35, ) * — * — —— — — F —— — a iniMi. Poſt⸗ — — oon Srdindtichteiten. —2 B * Wechſelgi 2 mblapital Hiate —— — elgiro RM 16 880, Berbindlichkeiten a. Grund — 1.7. 1934. 10 168 93 — Sprottau, und 2656 180 V — 35 06 derie de — erh ier Kaſſe in Sprottau Grundkapital: — Verbindlichkeiten gegenüber Sprottau, den 24 Februar 1936 Vorzugsaktien. .. u 1800 — ichs — Der Auffichtsrat der Wilhelmshütte Gesetzlicher Reservesfonds 23 — durch Reichsbank 346 96 Eisen- und Emaillierwerke Rückstellung für Transaktionskosten Verbindlichkeiten Aktieneigner Rückstellung für Außenseitendrift .. 127 voo Rechnungsabgrenzungspositionen 50 000 E— Zuweisung odt / d m — Anleihen: Obligation von 1931 — 52 — 2 Forderungen. 1 72048 Nicht begebener Teilbetrag — n Werpflichtung aus über vier durch Laden wir die Akteionäre Begebener Teilbetrag — nomineller Betrag auf Grund von Warenlieferung und Erfüllung der Gesellschaft zu der am Rückszahlungsagio — RM 35, Zahlungen und Leistungen 402607 wochen Verbindlichkeiten: Aufwertungsdarlehen. 102 263 50 Gewinn- und Verbindlichkeiten aus für dritte 2 — — inden en. »2222224 104 648 04 für 35. zur Ausübung des s »2 — — — Ê—2 — — 8 758 99 n an Autoren Reichs- — 8 —— 84 260 66 g Aufwand RM nate dj jenigen Millionäre deren Rechnung Verbindlichkeit 1 —— 2 142 1501 59 337 046 20 ohne und Gehälter V 414 844 75 60 345 96 — — — En — Aglutrechnung 11 r, bei der Gesellschaft — 3 — —— — 443 64 — n ne c mnn —— Dortmund oder bei 2 Obligationen von 1931.. * gen aus der Aus- Stahlwerken A. — — ——— — Lösung des Wertbericht- Verlustvortrag — 19 3 a) ein Nu in Düsseldorf: Rückständige Dividenden, Obligationen — 103 917 50 tigungskontos 179 4 vortrag at o —— der zur Bürgschaften RM. 168 a Obligationsschein usw. ... —.iLs sbo ob Andere Unterschiede —* — — — hen immten Aktien ein— RM lõ s80. — 2 * Forderungen .. 115 88 — Gewinn- und Verluste — —— d) ihre — d Verlustkonto: aa0 s6 0 22 * — 2 Verwaltungsunkosten. .. 230462 n Vorstands Umlaufende Genußrechte RM ——— lle nerigen zweendungen i dos ber den Vermögensstand und die —— — So Bi Haben. — Die Anleihe von 1031 ist durch — ¶ 366 48007 — Ertrag. — — — 4797 88 M erflossene ä u icherungs treiebs ag vom 1. 1. 111268 — — * 4 o3 — sichergestellt. Hypothek auf dem Brauerei⸗ 8 E Verlust in i — un⸗ und Verlustrechnung fi ãftsi Mhelordentliche zuweilen — ſichtsrat — g für das Geschäftsantliche ¶Zuweilen u n —— iõözã bis ao. 52 abgeschrieben ist ooo vertin re 2 Beschlussfassung über die abgeschrieben Trausm are-Verlag i Außendände. Aktien gung des Ja res. Aufwand. 235 15 ien gesellschaft. Gewinn⸗ * —— i — 28 — das verfloßene Geschäftsjahre Aüschreibung — Benachrichtigung meiner pflichtgemäßen Prüfung auf Grund des Jahres sowie Schreibungen auf Anlagen. — —— 36 doo 2a Wertberichtigungskentos 178 416 34 der Bücher und Schriften 3. B 8 e Gewinnverteilung. Andere Abschreibungen —2 2222222 22 14s 298 15 Verlust in 1935 .. z Verlag Alliierten der Transmare⸗ Beschlussfassung über die Erteilung Zinsen — 182 22dsa Verlag Aktiengesellschaft Berlin sowie der Entlassung an die Mitglieder Vestigten — z z e 2 2 e ⸗ 2 — 2 ⸗ 2 106 371 53 956 431 o1 Vorstand erteilten Aufklärungen und des Vorstands und des dier und — — 360Altona, im Februar 1936 — —— — c — 3 Der Vorstand. Klempan. Jahresabschluss und der Geschäfts- n de ν ge⸗Reingewinn. ⸗ — o 36 033 Nach dem abschließenden Ergebnis Alan — Gesellschaft vertrags. — 2 2 2 —Ê— 2— 24 315 69 meiner ü ü j — 68 zum Aufsichtsrat. — —und Srß n edn * ede eν * —— de Vergütung 2122 16 68 mir vom Vorstand erteilten Sfin ne — — 3 rat. Ertr und L dedne enn unteruns tet nach Abzug der die dben zu Rechnung und ver⸗ —— — des Gesellschaftsvertrags. Außergewöhnliche Erträge — z gesetzlichen Vodit d e en — 1 2 2 Februar 1936. —E g9 — 2û 492 75 Altona, den E Februar 1936 * lung der — Verlag Aktien⸗ * erke Brüninghaus m Alfred Wenßien, Wirtschafts gefälligkeits, Berlin, vom, Februar engesessen nim, den 17. Januar 1936. ĩza dis h er Aufsichtsrat ſebt si prüfer. dn t die eeri dſ E Der Vorstand. — — — Der Liquidator: Fahlbush. 1 — — Nr. 1 vom 26. Februar und am 30. Juni 1935 Neusaler Raffinerieusabrik Paul Bilang zum 31. Dezember 1882. Gesellschaft werden. Dezember 1935. An hinein der am Dienstag, der 26. — RM — vom 9. September Grund in Jnde. 555 100 Wert 1936, 16 Uhr, in den Grundstücken 660, Altiva. RR 5 und Gesetz vom 18. Februar 1935. Gesellschaftsräumen der Gesellschaft in Neusale. Abzug schriftlicher und mündlicher Mitteilungen über die Rechte auf 2 Salz Oder), Hüttenweg 11. Statut der Gesellschaft — Abschreibung. 16 — Industrieobligationen — gegenwärtige Generalversammlung und Bohrgebühr — Abgang. 1000 Ladung 10 — ist die geladen. Tagesordnung. A 9, Landwirtschaft: Genugtuung der Genugtuungsrechte der 43 — Verklagung der Bilanz und der Schreibereinschreibung 20 320 — Grundstücke — Berliner Straßehaus. Abschreibung 16 701 473 700 — dritten zur Verlustrechnung. Das Gebäude 33 17146 22 Gesellschaft in der letzten Kalenderjahre 66 sowie des Berichts Abschreibung 2700 38 100 Abschreibung — Westlichen Berliner Vorort — A — Augusta Ab 3 e a B — Gang — S e über Genehmigung 102 975. 3298, — 2 Abschreibung 288 800 — en schen und der Handels- und Bichlussaffung über Entlassung dem laufvermögen — 13848 — 600, — und der Aufsichtsrat — Schweister — 59 — 2754 — erfolgt. ) durch Ankauf Zugang. 2010 Beschreibung — Kautionsforderung — Zugang 250 1550 — 2 Baar geldige. Wandlung v. Kapitalgesellschaft — IVE — a Schuldner. — 25 e 22. n ne und c Zäune 6 22 — Passiv 2286104 — i353 Aachener Thermalwasser — Zur — Grundkapital — tenennen — Mrn. schr. 31117224 1042 8 Sammlung sind diejenigen Aktionäre — Reservefonds .. 8 Gewinn- und Verlustkonto: Dezember 1934. 2 Inventar. Recht. welche bei Gesellschaftsversammlung 26 600 Wert des Fonds 213 Altiva — Zugang. 36 158,11 Kasse oder bei der. Bankhäuser Meyer - Awwal RM 8500, - Reinverlust 1935 ? 5 15 - RM - Ott & Co., Neusatz (Sder) & Gewinnvortrag 1034 28454 6 Lagevermögen:; - 182 Gönnenz (EGder), E. I. g T 104 54 Grundstücke per 1. 1. 1934 Abschreibung i ai sor - D Passiv m 12 Patente 24000 - Niesky S S Brüderunit., G 3 42 tva. - E Gewinn und Verlust Aktienkapitali. - Abschreibung 270 22 Geschäftsstunden bren zum 31. - Ruckstellung - Geschäftgebäude mit Fak - Beteiligungen - Zinsverlegungs Scheine Hypotheken (Mietwohnungen, Brücken und Lagerbauten * 5 gen. 190 - Lichsbank spätestens am 14. 3. Aufwand. RMH Grundstücke) - per 1. 1. 1934 Zugang W 900 36 hinterlegt, haben. Im al. m a. Anlagen .. 121 795 - Hypotheken und Renten - Abschreibung 119 948, Do Mo Hinterlegung der Allien bei einem Notar eingeschrieben. .. 432236 Schulden (handelsrechtlich) 22 175 lb Abschreibung 3828 116 122 Abgang 25 0 lI4 1900 Umlaufsvermögen: ee Hinterlegung, spätestens einen Alle übrigen Aufwendungen. 2466 Roh- Hilfs- und Betriebs- Ablauf d. Hinter- - Gewinn 113 466 94 29 200, - Stoffe - c - frist bei der Gesellschaft ein- Ergebnis 28 645 36 und Verlustrechnung Zugang. 3054 56 2 Fertigware.. 8 089 z - Eso Miet- u Pachtei g. per 31. Dezember 1935. - 360 - 18. Februar Kin .. 2s 165 93 - Abgang - R * - Zinsen und e 3 Abschreibung 1263 55 25 - dtiwe gesamt - Nach dem abschließenden - Jahresende Anzahlungen. 2740. (Kreis meinert pflichtgemäßes Kostinventar per - 894 83 2 5 - Zugang U Leiistungen. erteilten Aufklärung en (Landwirt - und - RM - Abgang. - Grundstücke 865 abschließend und der Gesellschaft Unkosten 1553 - Forderungen an abhängig 222 7050 tb 50, - Geschäftsbericht den geschrieben 1660 65 50 - und unverrechneten Do Abschreibung 2080270 112 ge rrn nhh. Gut- 30 250 45 Geschäft u. Wohngeb - Suu Erträge. 818 ina bei Rotenbanten Ab schreibung 20 — Esperanz, de — n aus Mietswohnung und Betriebs — 2 — edcg no — —— Ab schreibung 200 40 800 Bilanz per 31. Dezember 1934. Verlust: Vortrag 112B5 Forderungen auf Grund Verlust: 39 Monaten · Al o Reinverlust 1935 ... von Warenlieferungen und Verlustvortrag a. 1933/34 64 45657 Zugang sos o Altiva. RM Leistungen —— —— — Verlust in 1934 /35 .. 35 741 * —5 diets wohngrundstücke 67 102 18 Berlin, d — —— Forderungen · 2 db D7 Ab schreibung in, den 31. Januar 1936. Kassenbestand einschließlich gäng 123 od o einschließlich WPa siv — —AIn ; dẽ d o a— Vortrag. Guthaben bei Noten— Allientantva. Ab schreibung 288 — — oαr — Industrie u. — und Post- 1 Reservefonds I gefertigtes 2 000 000 3Invent g 1I658007) 120650 — Grundstücke und übriges A ahen 584 e gesetzliche dg S * Gebäude. 3z 328,96 v r. E. Schuster. andere Bankguthaben. n Reserven — 250 000 berechnung 3595— Ab schreibung 1520 m——a Nach dem abgeschlossenden Ergebnis Verlust— o 3 Kraftwagen Inventar: 22 — — Prüfung auf Grund 703 87 6 —— — — — —— Hypotheken mflauvermögen: Umlauf. 3998, — Verbindungen und sorten erteilten Auf— — — S gen 3 e e unn ν — eiten a. Grund —— 4 209 26 —— D Gesellschaftsbericht d er Grundkapital... — — ——— e d n rthne —— d e ν ννr Grundstücke einschließlich Reichsbank anlegen 331. Baranowski erteilt aufgeteilt sind. Hypotheken Verbindungen — 416 099 61 und Postische Guthaben. Kaffenberg 22* 1849 Berlin-Wilmersdorf, 31 Genehmigungen 34 776 14 Grundbestand 5 rf, 31. Jan. 1936. Verb n 8 Avale RMs 50õ, Oskar Nitschke, Wirtschaftsprüfer. — —* Ausst. Posten, die der 2 62 280 — 212112 622. — —— Abgrenzung dienen .. 32 355 Grundk — * oñ e bha Aktien võ ooo, I— — ——— ——— Passiva. — — 2 —— — Absetzung einer Gewinn— und berichtet — Reichsmark Gewinnruf das e i A E 1100— i z s o00 zum — * — —— auf Grund von Warenlieferungen zeptverbindlichkeiten Aus — Rentenleist. Endende Steuern und Abgaben inkludieren 8.1800 Euro, zehn Prozent auf den tatsächlichen Betrag für 213.000 Euro. Ein Teilgrundstück und Geschäftsbücher sind festgelegt. 21.000 Euro sind den bußfälligen Herabsetzungen zuzuschreiben. Ebenso 1.038 Gewinn; und Berlustrechnung, die die gebundenen Wertpapiere betreffen, „so weit sie die erzielte Ergebnisse betreffen“. 21.000 Euro sind so für den Rohertrag und den tatsächlichen Aufwand vorzubesetzten. 124.677 Euro sind die Sozialabgaben, 36.354 Euro sind die Löhne und Gehälter, 515.68 Euro sind die Sozialabgaben, 94.655 Euro sind die Vorauszahlungen, 22.668 Euro sind die Abstellungen auf die Anlagen, und 101.882 Euro sind die allgemeinen Kosten. Der Erlös ist in Wahrheit die eingebrachten Zinsen, 4.883.91 Euro, sowie die Abstellungen, 2.648.16 Euro. Nach dem abgeschiedenen Zugang zu den Buchwerken und Grundleistungen des Betriebs, beträgt der Rohertrag 6.116 Euro und der Verlust 388.45 Euro. Der vermutlich geheime Landwirt des Betriebes aus 1933, 7.838.10 Euro, und Nachweisungen auf Reinverluste. Der vermutlich geheime Landwirt des Betriebs aus 1933, 7.838.10 Euro, und Nachweisungen auf Reinverluste. Der Voranschlag des Betriebes, nach Berlin, den 26. Januar 1934, zeigt einen Verlust von 163.314 Euro. Der Voranschlag des Betriebes, nach Berlin, den 3. Februar 1934, zeigt einen Verlust von 163.314 Euro. — 5 22 — ELL — 1 2 2 Zinnsen zum Deutscher Gesellschaften. 9 Albatrosswerke Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin-Johannisthal, Liquidation getreten. Die Gläubiger fordern, ihre Ansprüche anzumelden. Berlin-Johannisthal, 15. Februar 1936. Der Liquidator: E. W. Herbell. TGo. Bayerische Celluloidwarenfabrik vorm. Albert Wacker A.G. i. V., Nürnberg. Bilanz per 30. November 1934. Aktiva. Immobilien: 33 24 Abschreibungen. Debitoren, Kasse und Postchecks. Stand 1. 12. n 1 und Verlustvortrag: 833 Verlust 1933 34 Passiva. Stammaktien 1459 4120 21d 79 1 300 000 z dd — 50 — 26 o os õda iss ds 2 30 2 213 196 79 Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung per 30. November 1934. Einnahmen. Mieteinnahmen. Verlustvortrag: — — — RM 1459 23120 3 290 50 186 16 10 000 — 12 843 05 527 56 36 590 83 14 036 06 36 I 36 5 633 22 1450 231 20 Nürnberg, den 30. November 1934. Der Liquidator: G. Herrmann. aus Nürnberg Geschäftsräumen. Rheinische Maschinenfabrik, Windhoff Aktiengesellschaft. Die Aktiengesellschaft wir hierdurch zu der am Freitag, den 20. März 1936, 18 Uhr, in unserer Gesellschaft zu Rheine i. W. stattfindenden 23. ordentlichen Generalversammlung eingeladen. Tagesordnung: 1. Vorlegung des Geschäftsberichts, Bilanz und Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung über das Geschäftsjahr 1935 sowie Genehmigung der Bilanz. 2. Bestimmung des Vorstands, des Aufsichtsrats und des Verwaltungsausschusses. 3. Verschiedenes. Zur Teilnahme an der Generalversammlung ist nach § 15 der Satzungen jeder Aktiengesellschaft berechtigt, welcher sich als solcher vor der Generalversammlung dem Vorstand gegenüber oder in der Generalversammlung vor Vorstellung der Präsenzliste durch den Vorsitzenden gegenüber durch Vorlegung der Aktien oder der Belegung über die Hinterlegung der selben bei einer Bank oder einem Notar mit Nummerngabe ausgewiesen hat. Maschinenfabrik, Windhoff Aktiengesellschaft. Der Vorstand. F. Windhoff f. ee Lorenz Pfannenberg Söhne A.G. Wir laden die Aktionäre unserer Gesellschaft hiermit zu der am Sonntag, den 28. März 1936, nachmittags 15 Uhr, im Sitzungszimmer der Brauerei stattfindenden ordentlichen Generalversammlung mit folgender Tagesordnung ein: 1. Bericht des Vorstands und Aufsichtsrats. 2. Genehmigung der Bilanz-, Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung. 3. Entlassung des Vorstands und Aufsichtsrats. 4. Beschlussfassung über die Gewinn- Vermessung 5. Neuwahl des ausgescheidenden Aufsichtsrats 6. Wahl des Wirtschaftsprüfers. 7. Allgemeines. Aktionäre, welche ihr Stimmrecht ausüben wollen, haben ihre Aktien oder die darüber lautenden Hinterlegungscheine und ein Nummernverzeichnis der zur Teilnahme bestimmten Aktien bei der Gesellschaftskasse oder bei der Stadt- und Kreissparkasse in Zerbst bis spätestens 26. März zu hinterlegen. Zerbst, den 26. Februar 1936. Der Vorstand Pfannenberg. Charlottenburger Wasser- und Industrieverke GmbH Aktiengesellschaft. September 1935. Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung für das Geschäftsjahr 1934/35. Aufwendungen. Löhne und Gehälter, vorübergehend Bilanz- Löhne 19290 Ruhegelstiftung 161 163 Soziale Abgaben, vor Weiterverrechnung über Bilanz 112 507 76 Be 1909 318 48 Sonstige Steuern, Stempel, öffentliche Abgaben 276 239 12 Erträge 1309 000 Ab schränkungen an Anlagen 88 287 57 Zuweisung an Fonds für soziale Zwecke 150 000 Zinskosten 274 180 25 Sonstige Aufwendungen (ohne Roh-, Hilfs- und Betriebsstoffe) 865 661 33 Überschuss: Gewinnvortrag aus dem Jahre 1933/34 201 128 06 Reingewinn im Jahre 1934/35 13462 275 03 661 403 09 10 584 954 35 Erträge. Gewinnvortrag aus dem Jahre 1933/34 201 128 06 Lieferungserträge aus Wasserversorgung im Jahre 1934/35 (abzüglich Roh-, Hilfs- und Betriebsstoffe) 10 095 975 25 Erträge sonstige 32 808 32 Außereuropäische 161 024 26 Sonstige 94 018 46 10 383 826 29 11 110 584 954 35 Nach dem abschließenden Ergebnis unserer pflichtgemäßen Prüfung auf Grund der Bücher und Schriften der Gesellschaft sowie der vom Vorstand erteilten Ausklingen und Nachweisen entspricht die Buchführung, der Jahresabschluss und der Geschäftsbericht den gesetzlichen Vorschriften. Berlin, im Januar 1936. Deutsche Treuhand-Gesellschaft. Horschig, Wirtschaftsprüfer. Kober, Wirtschaftsprüfer. Die Auszahlung der Dividenden für das Geschäftsjahr 1934/35 erfolgt vom 24. Februar 1936 ab gegen Einreichung der Dividendencheine Nr. 57 bei den Bankhäusern: Deutsche Bank und Disconto-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Dresdner Bank, Berlin. Frenkel, Berlin, Mendelssohn & Co., Berlin; in Amsterdam, im Rahmen der bestehenden gesetzlichen Vorschriften, bei: Lippmann, Rosenthal & Co., Spiegelstraat 8, Amsterdamse Bank, Heerengracht 5097, De Twentsche Bank, Spuistraat 138/44, mit RM 5,50 auf die Aktien über je RM 100,-- mit RM 22,-- auf die Aktien über je RM 400,-- mit RM 66,-- auf die Aktien über je RM 1200,-- unter Abzug von 1096 Kapitalertragsteuer. Berlin, den 22. Februar 1936. Der Vorstand. Dr. Koch. 7 Giese. 255. Charlottenburger Wasser- und Industrieverker Aktiengesellschaft. Bekanntmachung über die Zusammensetzung des Aufsichtsrats. Nach der in der ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 22. Februar 1936 erfolgten Wahl setzt sich der Aufsichtsrat unserer Gesellschaft zusammen aus den Herren Dr. Ing. e. h. Dr. rer. pol. h. c. Emil Georg v. Stauß, Vizepräsident des Deutschen Reichstages, Preußischer Staatsrat, Berlin, Vorsitzender; Dr. H. Pilder, Direktor der Dresdner Bank, Berlin, stellv. Vorsitzender; Dr. jur. Herbert v. Breska Syndikus der Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft, Berlin; Dr. jur. Georg Eschstruth, Rechtsanwalt und Notar, Berlin; Baurat Alfred v. Feilitzsch, Berlin; Wilhelm Grimme, Obermagistratrat beim Magistrat Berlin; Alfred Kurzmeyer, Einzelprokurist des Bankhauses Mendelssohn & Co., Berlin; Karl August v. Laffert, Oberleutnant a. D. Bayrische Celluloidwarenfabrik vorm. Albert Wacker A.-G. i. V., Vortrag aus 1934. Verlust 10358. Passiva. Stammaktien Vorzugsaktien und Wandelschulden. Anzahlung auf Hauptheir Verbindlichkeiten. Währungsausgleichskonto. RM 649700 36 51 782 630 1481 082 43 488 2226 719. 28 Kauf 1300 000 3000 270 990 588 819 1500 20 000 21094. Nürnberg. Bilanz per 30. November 1935. Aktiva. Immobilien: Stand am 26 700 Abgang 24000 Abnahme 10000. Kassa und Posten der Rechnungsabgrenzung. Verlust: 2226 719 Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung per 30. November 1935. Aufwendungen. Besitzsteuer Sonstige Steuern Hausinstandhaltungskosten Zinsen Unkosten: Gebühren Gehälter und Löhne. Soziallasten Stadt. Sonstige Unkosten Abgeschrieben an Gebäudewert. Verlustvortrag 1934 1. Miete Verlustvortrag: E M 112 1934 I Verlust 1938 58. Erträge. Entnehmen RM 11 806 548 4820 43 690 3 309 489 B 658 2 465 10000 1481082 1563 60 30 298 1481 082 243 488 156 860 60 Nürnberg, den 30. November 1935. Der Liquidator: G. Herr. Vermögenswerte. Ru Anlagevermögen: Grundstücke: Bestand am 1. 19. 1934 114501 897 28 10208814512 168 116 4010 332 02 Gebäude: Geschäfts- und Wohngebäude: Bestand am 1. 10. 1934 633 530 49 — 9220 9 νÊ @ Werkgebäude und andere Baulichkeiten: Bestand am 10. 1934 42 3970 655 72 8 128 320 05 Abſchreibung — 3 8 15 000 — 4083 975 Filter und Reinwasserbehälter: Bestand am 1. 10. 1934 10 2 — — 146 805 86 7 046 913 65 Maschinen und maschinelle Anlagen: Bestand am 1 10. 1934 — 6 226 502 85 — 971 948 10 ——— 2 898 762 81 431 85 — — 68 481 75 1 155 656 07 Rohrleitung: Bestand am 1. 19 1934. 6 — 698 266 02 — — — 91 306 80 37 346 467 90 Hafen Brücken und Gleise.. .. —— 18 — — —. 28 067 26 Vorbereitungen 23 28 067 26 Geschäftseinrichtung und Utensilien: Bestand am 5 — 45 220 31 Abſchreibung. 45 220 31 Neubauten — 1 59 761 90 Beteiligungen: Anteil an Teltower Kreiswasserwerke G. m. b. H. 503 000 — Sonstige Beteiligungen — 2— 4 Umlaufsvermögen: Bestände — 463 883 57 Se — — 574 925 81 Wertpapiere für Pensionsfonds. .. 415 896 45 Eigene Gesellschaftsanteile (nom. 2 000 öoõ RMj) 15 325 00 Ausstehende Forderungen: Forderungen für Lieferungen und Leistungen. 11 1880 93 953 Forderungen an abhängige Gesellschaften. 15 89 986 77 — 5 005 — Sonstige 2625 104 35 6 101 036 65 c — 396 25 Kassenbestand, Reichsbank, Postcheck. ..... 25 994 61 — — — 2139 606 01 Bankguthaben für Pensionsfonds .. ... 18 002 96 Uebergangspositionen: Unverrechnete Kreditkosten. .. 109 202 52 Rechnungsabgrenzung .. .. 34 023 29 87 850 634 23 — Verpflichtungen. Atzen — * — — 60 000 000 Gesetzlicher Reservefonds: Bestand am 1. 10. 1934. 3 330 401 85 —— 172 959 35 3 653 391 20 Stücken 1116 Wertberichtungen — 2 000 000 — Erneuerungsfonds: Bestand am 1. 10. 1934 186 17 166 — Neuzufuhrungen 1 132 309 00 9 926 166 Fonds für soziale bis 1940 in ausländischer Währung. 14 130 864 90 Weitere Verpflichtungen in ausländischer Währung 2 315 938 73 Nicht eingelöste Teilzahlungscheine. 1 403 — An n ſunden 44 337 63 — Verbindlichkeiten für Lieferungen und Leistungen 15 9 291 88 — tenn 47 143 62 Mandate und Salden 12 2 300 10 Nach nicht eingelösene Zahlungsgläubiger (Barausſicht). .. .. EII Uebergangspositionen: Rechnungsabgrenzung. .. 33 906 54 Gewinn: Gewinnvortrag aus dem Jahre 1933/34 201 128 06 Reingewinn im Jahre 1934/35... 134 622 75 90 3663 408 09 — — 87 850 634 23 Berlin; Dr. Eduard Schalfejew, Ministerialdirektor a. D., Vorsitzendemittelglied der Deutschen Continental-Gas-Gesellschaft, Dessau; Dr. jur. H. A. Simon, Chef-Syndikus der Deutschen Bank und Disconto-Gesellschaft, Berlin. Der Aufsichtsrat. Sandoz A.G., Chemisch-Pharmazeutische Fabrik, Nürnberg. Die diesjährige ordentliche Generalversammlung findet am Montag, den 16. März 1936, vormittags 11 Uhr, in den Geschäftsräumen der Sandoz A.G., Nürnberg, statt. Tagesordnung: 1. Vorlage der Bilanz sowie des Geschäftsberichts 1935. Beschlussfassung über Bilanz, Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung 1935. Entlassung des Vorstands und des Aufsichtsrats. Aufsichtsratswahl. Wahl des Wirtschaftsprüfers. Der Vorstand. Fritz Augsberger. Rou Chemische Fabriken Oker und Braunschweig Aktiengesellschaft, Oker am Harz. Wir laden hiermit unsere Aktionäre zu der am 28. März 1936, vormittags 10 Uhr, im Verwaltungsgebäude der Stadt Bad Salzuden, stattfindenden Generalversammlung ein. Nach Generalversammlungsbeschluss vom Februar 1936 sind die Herren Direktor Karl Groschart, München, Rechtsanwalt Franz Schandelmaier, Freiburg, im Aufsichtsrat gewählt. Die beiden Gefolgschaftsmitglieder, die Herren Friedrich Simon, Freiburg i. Br. Johann Steinlein, Freiburg i. Br., sind gemäß Gesetz zur Ordnung der nationalen Arbeit ausgeschieden. Der Vorstand. Pinnau Aktiengesellschaft für Mühlenbetrieb, Königsberg, Pr. Die Aktionäre unserer Gesellschaft werden hiermit zu der Dienstag, den 24. März 1936, vormittags 12 Uhr, in Königsberg, Pr., im Sitzungssaal der Deutschen Bank und Disconto-Gesellschaft Filiale Königsberg stattfindenden ordentlichen Generalversammlung eingeladen. Tagesordnung: 1. Vorlage des Jahresberichts und der Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung für 1935. 2. Genehmigung der Bilanz und der Rechnungsabschlüsse vom 31. Dezember 1935 und Beschlussfassung über Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung. 3. Entlassung des Vorstands und des Aufsichtsrats. 4. Wahl des Vorstands und des Aufsichtsrats. 5. Wahl eines Bilanzprüfers. Die Ausübung des Stimmrechts ist davon abhängig, dass die Aktien spätestens am dritten Werktag vor dem Tag der Generalversammlung während der üblichen Geschäftsstunden bei der Gesellschaft oder bei der Braunschweiger Staatsbank in Braunschweig oder bei der Commerz- und Privat-Bank A.G. in Braunschweig oder bei dem Bankhaus Gebrüder Löbbbecke Co. in Braunschweig oder bei einem Notar hinterlegt werden. Zweite Beilage zum Reichs- und Staatsanzeiger Ar. 48 vom 26. Februar 1936. S. 2 R. S. 98 72981 Elbenschloss Brauerei, Altona-Niedertenden. Dritte Aufforderung zur Unfungssperre Staatsaktien. Identischen Generalversammlung der Aktionäre unserer Gesellschaft vom 27. November 1935 ist die Reduktion des Grundkapitals unserer Gesellschaft von nom. Reichsmark 60000 auf nom. Reichsmark 41005 unter Ausgabe von nom. RM 2000 in 44 größeren Schuldverschreibungen vordragen, dass das Stammkapital von RM6000000 auf Reichsmark 4000 herabgesetzt wird und dass für je nom. RM 1200 bisherigen Stammaktienkapitals je zwei Stammaktien über je nom. RM 400, und je eine Schuldverschreibung über nom. RM 400 ausgegeben werden. Nachdem der vorgestellte Beschluss im Handelsregister eingetragen worden ist, fordern wir hiermit die Aktionäre unserer Gesellschaft zum dritten Male ihre Aktien neben Gewinnanteilscheine Nr. 54 ff. zum Zweck der Durchführung des vorgestellten Beschlusses bei der Berenberg Bank in Hamburg, Hamburg, deren Altonaer Filiale, Altona, und der Deutschen Bank und Disconto-Gesellschaft, Filiale Hamburg, Hamburg, spätestens bis zum 1. April 1936 einschließlich einzureichen. Einreichungsstellen werden über die Einreichungsquittung erteilen und später den auf die Aktien entfallenden Betrag - bei Stammaktien und Teilschuldverschreibungen - ausreichen. Soweit der bei den Einreichungsstellen eingereichte Aktienbetrag nicht durch 1200 teilbar ist, werden die Einreichungsstellen versuchen, den Spitzenausgleich zu vermitteln. Aktien, die bis zum 1. April 1936 einschließlich nicht um 1. April 1936 eingereicht werden, sowie nicht verwertbare Spitzenbeträge, gegen welche die Ausreichtung einer anderen Münze nicht möglich ist, werden nach Ablauf der Frist für kraftlos erklärt. An Stelle kraftlos erklärter Aktien werden für je nom. RM 1200, des bisherigen Stammaktienkapitals, sowie für je nom. RM 400 Teilschuldverschreibungen neuen Stammaktien verkauft. Der Erlös wird den Berechtigten zur Verfügung stehen, bzw., soweit diese nicht bekannt ist, zugunsten der Berechtigten im Amtsgericht Altona-Blankenese eingezogen. Die neu ausgegebenen, auf den Inhaber lautenden Teilschuldverschreibungen finden mit 4 Prozent jährlich vom 1. Oktober lich. Die Rückzahlung der Schuldverschreibungen soll 20 Jahre durch Auszahlung erfolgen, und zwar in 20 gleichen Jahren; das Recht vorgezahlter Tilgung bleibt der Gesellschaft vorbehalten. Die erste Rückzahlung findet am 1. Januar 1937 statt; der Rückzahlungsbetrag beträgt 103 Prozent des Nennwerts. Der Umtausch ist für die Aktionäre provisionsfrei, wenn die Aktionen am Schalter einer Umtauschestelle eingetragen werden. Wird der Umtausch im Wege des Briefwechsels veranlasst, so wird die übliche Provision in Rechnung gestellt. Altona-Nienstedten, im Februar 1936. Der Aufsichtsrat, Günther, Vorstand. Der Vorstand, Brinkmann — Actienbrauerei Greußen, 72947 Greußen i. Thür. Die Aktionäre unserer Gesellschaft werden zu der am Freitag, den 26. März 1936, 15:30 Uhr, in unseren Geschäftsräumen in Greußen stattfindenden ordentlichen Generalversammlung eingeladen. Tagesordnung: 1. Bericht des Vorstands Aufsichtsrat über das Jahr vom 1. Oktober 1934 bis 30. September 1935, Vorlegung der Bilanz mit Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung und Antrag auf Genehmigung derselben. Beschlussfassung über die Verteilung des Reingewinns. Verteilung der Entlastung an Vorstand und Aufsichtsrat. Aufsichtsratswahl. Wahl des Bilanzprüfers 1935/36. und des Geschäftsführers für Fittingsfabrik, Stahl- und Eißen-Gießerei Friedr. Eduard Gerhards A.G., Gelesen a. Bilanz am 30. Juni 1935 Harz. Aktiva. R RM RM Anlagevermögen: Grundstücke 81 000 Wohngebäude 127 900 Abwriteung 1900 126 000 Fabrik- und Kontorgebäude 2209099 Zugang 2 e 2 e 61320 220 673 20 Abwriteung 1717320 213 500 Maschinen- und Gießereieinrichtung 111002 453 90 112 455 Abwriteung 16 dc 96 400 Werkzeuge, Betriebs- und Geschäftsinventar 4242 langgg 36165 365 65 Abwriteung 6 32 65 333 Kurzlebige Wirtschaftsgüter: Zugang 3 307 85 Abwriteung Anschlussgleis oh, Hilfs- und Betriebsstoffe 17 459 1 153 Eingangsgüter fertigg orderungen auf Grund von Warenlieferungen 189 5102 Forderungen an abhängige Gesellschaften 42 Sonstige Forderungen. 20 764 06 Wechselschalter; 1 252 Kassenbeschand, Reichsbank- und Postchecks Guthaben. Posten der Rechnungsabteilung RM 40. Gewinn und Verlustrechnung vom 1. Juli 1934 bis 30. Juni. Aufwendungen. RM 9. Verlustvortrag 265 4101. Umlagerungen. Abgaben 268 70. Anlagen 28 469 60. Ab.AdapterView. Außerordentliche. 265 401, vor. Gewinn und aufwendige Aufwendungen. 128 53467. 264 600 789 54237. Braunschweig, den 10. Januar. Nach dem abschließenden Ergebnis meiner pflichtigen Schriften der Gesellschaft sowie nachweislich entsprechen die Buchführung und der Geschäftsbericht den gesetzlichen Vorschriften. Der Jahresabschluss und der 1936. Dr. Höweler, Wirtschaftsprüfer. Erich Joh. aeee - Hüherische Spiegelglasfabrik Vechmann-Kupferraffinerie - 3 Stücke Verwaltungsgesellschaft. Mit beschränkter Haftung in Neuhaußen, Erzgeb., ist eine Geschäftsschicht worden. Die übrigen Grundstücke werden hiermit aufgefordert, sich mit den Gebäuden: - rund 52 Stücke Geschäfts- und Wohngebäude. 480 000, Abschreibung 1399. Liquidation, Neuhaußen, Außerordentliche Abschreibung 232 900 246 000, -236 000 Georg Schertl. Martin Lorenz. Der Band 666 000, - Abschreibung - 72458. Durch Beschluss der Gesellschafter der Wanne und Öfen. 45 000. Maschinen und maschinelle Anlagen. 2 214 000. Zugang - in 4 Orten: hundert und abgeschrieben - 40 018 361 233 000. Mark - Werkzeuge, Betriebs- und Geschäftsinventar. Die Gläubiger der Gesellschaft werden aufgefordert, sich bei ihr zu melden. Die Geschäftsführung der Abschreibung Gesellschaft mit Beschränkung und Roh-Hilfs- und Betriebsstoffe, Berlin, den 2. Januar 1936 - Forderungen auf Grund von Warenlieferungen und Bauxit Chemische Fabrik G. im. b. S. Leistungen in Liquidation an Mitglieder des Vorstands. Dr. Horst Wagner ehemaliger - Guthaben bei Notenbanken Gesellschaft und Postschekdguthaben. Unsere Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst, Sonstige Bankguthaben. Gläubiger wollen sich jetzt konzentrierte Pflanzenkosten Getilgt durch Einanspruchnahme des Sanierungsgewinns G. im. b. S. in Bad Cannstatt. nach Absetzung der außerordentlichen Abschreibung. Die Kreditgesellschaft für den Passiva. Kolonialwarenhandel m. in Grundkapital: Hamburg ist aufgelöst. Wir stellen 200 Stimmen ERBI an. Für Kosten der Kapitalherabsetzung. Die Liquidatoren. Der Kredererückstellungs 4 40 000 - Einlagen, die sie an die Kreditgesellschaft Gesetzlicher Reservenfonds. haben, bis zum 1. April 1936 anzurechnen. Für Kosten der Kapitalherabsetzung. Die Liquidatoren. Verbindlichkeiten auf Grund von Warenlieferungen und Braunshweiger Privatbank Leistungen. Verbindlichkeiten gegenüber Banken. Bilanz per 31. Dezember 1936. Noch nicht erhobene Dividende. Posten, die der Rechnungsabgrenzung dienen. Bankguthaben. Verlust. Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung am 31. Dezember 1934. Soll. Kapitalkonto. Löhne und Gehaltszahlungen - Entweder un ohnverwendungsbetrieben - Abschreibungen auf Anlagen. per 31 Dezember 1935 Zuweisung zur Erneuerungsrücklage. Sonstige Abschreibungen. Ruheinnungen und einigen namentlich Sachen und Sandlungen, sonstige Aufwendungen. Zinsenkont. Ausgleich des Verlustes 1934. Außerordentliche Abschreibungen auf Grundstücken und Verkäufen. Für Grandte Träger nach Abzug der Aufwendungen für Roh-, Hilfs- und Miet- und Pachteinnahmen. Ennee c ç ß 342232 erst 2120 30061. Genossenschafts quittung der Herabsetzung des Stammaktienkapitals im Verhältnis - 1080 000 - an en. aus 9 des 71467. Beleg des neuen Grundkapitals. - - Rie 8 108 000 1188 000. Laut Reichsgesetz vom 18. Dezember 1935 ist unser Unternehmen in Liquidation. Nach dem abschließenden Ergebnis unserer pflichtgemäßen Prüfung auf Grund der Gesellschaft ist in Liquidation getreten. Zum Liquidator - Bücher und Schriften der Gesellschaft sowie der vom Liquidator erstellten Nachweis ent sprechen der Buchführung, der Jahresabschluss und der Hauptstadt Hannover, Herr Dr. Heine hat den Nachweis der Buchführung, der Jahresabschluss und der Hauptabschluss vorgelegt, die den Vorschriften der "Allgemeinen" entsprechen, sind bis zum 1. Mai 1936 anzugeben. Aktien Gesellschaft Wirtschaftsprüfung Hannover, den 5. Februar 1936. Kempter, Wirtschaftsprüfer. Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrats ist der Herr Dr. Adolf von Grafenstein. Die Mitglieder des Aufsichtsrats bestehen nun aus den Herren: Dr. Adolf von Grafenstein, Genossenschaftsvertrieb und Darius Aufsichtsrat; Herr Eckert, Bankdirektor in Darmstadt; Herr Behring in Nürnberg; Herr Hans Sandreuter in Fürth i. B., 30. Januar 1936. Die Eintragung der Kapitalherabsetzung in der Handelsregister ist vorgenommen. Die Mitglieder der Belegschaft sind: Dr. Ernst Miebach, Herr Paul Bechmann, Herr Anton Kaltenhaus, und Herr und Frau. Die Genossenschaftskasse wird mit Wirkung vom 29. Februar 1936 aufgelöst. Herr Kreutziger & Henke G.m.b.H., in Leipzig, Bahnstraße 10, wird aufgelöst. Die Befriedigung von Gläubigern, die ihre Forderungen nicht binnen 1. Monaten nach der Bekanntmachung des Bekanntmachenden oder zu erkennen sind, kann verweigert werden. Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Gläubiger, die ihre Forderungen nicht binnen 2 Monaten nach der Bekanntmachung des Bekanntmachenden oder zu erkennen sind, können sich bei der Gesellschaft m.b.H. Kreutziger & Henke G.m.b.H. anmelden, kann verweigert werden. Die Liquidation ist beendet. Die Liquidatoren: Herr Müller, Herr Brückner, Charlottenburg, Kantstraße 4. — preis monatlich zuni Deutschen Erste Beilage Erstcheint an jedem Zeitungsgebührgeld, 9 erhalten bei der Anzeigenstelle Alle Postanstalten nehmen Bestellungen an, in Berlin für Selbstabholer die Anzeigenstelle 868, Wilhelmstraße 32. Einzelne Nummern kosten 16. Die werden nur gegen Barzahlung oder vorherige Einzahlung des Betrages inklusive des Portos abgegeben. Wochentag abends. Bezugsabonnement 5 .A einschließlich 0,30 HA aber ohne Bestellgeld; für Selbstst 095 AMA monatlich. 1. Handelsregister. Altena, Westt. 72488 Handelsregistereintragung vom 13. Februar 1936 zu H.-R. A 70 (Carl Gustav Klincke, Altenaßß: Das Geschäft ist im Wege der Nachlassregulierung und mit dem Recht, die bisherige Firma beizubehalten, auf den Oberingenieur Paul Köster-Emden in Altena übergegangen. Der Übergang der im Betrieb des Geschäfts begründeten Forderungen und Verbindlichkeiten ist beim Erwerb des Geschäfts durch Paul Köster-Emden ausgeschlossen. Amtsgericht Altena. Arnstadt. [72484 Im unser Handelsregister Abt. A ist unter Nr. 803 am 19. Februar 1936 die Firma Hugo Keßler in Arnstadt und als deren Inhaber der Kaufmann Keßler in Arnstadt eingetragen worden. Arnstadt, den 19. Februar 1936. Das Amtsgericht. Aschaffenburg. [72485] Bekanntmachung. Unter der Firma „Haus Brönner“ mit dem Sitz in Kahl a. M., Wiesenweg 111, betreibt der Landesproduktehändler Hans Brönner in Kahl a. M. seit 1. 9. 1933 den Groß- und Kleinhandel mit Mehl und Landesprodukten. Desse Ehefrau Margareta geb. Beng ist Prokura erteilt. Aschaffenburg, den 19. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht — Registriergericht. Aschaffenburg. Bekanntmachung. 1. Unter der Firma „Hitzel & Engelert“ mit dem Sitz in Aschaffenburg, Innere Dammersstraße 3, betreiben der Schneidermeister Josef Hitzel und der Kaufmann Stefan Engelert, beide in Aschaffenburg, seit 1. 2 1936 in offener Handelsgesellschaft die Herstellung und den Vertrieb von Herren- und Burschenkonfektion Spezialität: Anfertigung bei Stoffeinsendung. 2. Unter der Firma „Wilhelm Schuhmacher“ mit dem Sitz in Kleinostheim, Bahnhofstraße 381, betreibt der Kaufmann Wilhelm Schuhmacher in Kleinostheim seit 15. 12. 1925 den Groß- und Kleinhandel mit Landesprodukten, Kohlen, Kunstdünger und Obst. 3. „Bayerische Disconto- und Wechselbank Aktiengesellschaft Filiale Aschaffenburg“ in Aschaffenburg (Sitz niederlassung: Nürnberg): Die Zweigniederlassung Aschaffenburg ist aufgehoben und deren Firma erloschen. Aschaffenburg, den 19. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht — Registriergericht. [72487] [72486] Ead Polzin. Bekanntmachung. Im unser Handelsregister A Nr. 137 ist bei der Firma „Lederhandlung Hermann Marks, Bad Polzin“, als Einzelkaufmann der Lederhändler Friedrich Schmechel in Bad Polzin eingetragen. Die Prokura der Dorothea Marks in Bad Polzin ist exlöschen. Bad Polzin, 17. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht. Baldenburg. [72488] In das Handelsregister Abt. A des unterzeichneten Gerichts ist heute bei der unter Nr. 7 eingetragenen Firma „Walter Haun, Baldenburg“, eingetragen worden, dass der Kaufmann Ernst Haun in Baldenburg jetzt Inhaber der Firma ist. Amtsgericht Baldenburg, 10. Febr. 1936. Bamberg. [72489] Bandelsregistereintrag. Georg Geus, Sitz Bamberg. Inhaber Geus, Georg, Bezirksdirektor in Bamberg: Versicherungsberatung und Werbung aller Art. WMech. Schäftefabrik Horn, Moritz Gorn, Sitz Bamberg: Firma erlöschen. Deutscher VPfadfinder -Bundes Werke WMoritz Horn, Sitz Bamberg: Firma erloschen. — Bamberg, den 20. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht. — Registergericht. Berlin. 172400 In das Handelsregister Abteilung A des unterzeichneten Gerichts ist heute — worden: Unter Nr 82364. Knorr Juwelen- u. Edelmetallgrosshandlung, offene Gesellschaft, Berlin. Offene Handelsgesellschaft Hugo Handelsgesellschaft seit dem 1. Januar 1935. Gesellschafter sind: Erna Knorr geb. Klenke, beruf. Kauffrau, und Dr. Ferdinand Ackenheil, Edelmetallgroßhändler, beide in Berlin. — Nr. 82365. Walter Käding, Berlin. Inhaber: Karl Walter Käding, Fabrikant, Berlin. — Bei Nr. 467156 Leopold Beneš vorm. Julius Israel jr.: Die Firma lautet jetzt: Leopold Beneš. — Nr. 57662 Oskar Koch, Sargfabrik: Die Firma lautet jetzt: Oskar Koch. — Nr. 77033 Alfred Jacobsen: Die Firma lautet jetzt: Fakuda Fabrikation künstlerischer Damenwäsche Alfred Jacobsen. Nr. 71495 Arthur Fabiau & Co. Kommanditgesellschaft: Max Rückert ist nicht mehr Liquidator. Zum alleinigen Liquidator ist fortan der Rechtsanwalt und Notar Dr. Joachim Albrecht Graf Westarp, Berlin, bestellt. Berlin, den 18. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht Berlin. Abt. 551. Berlin. [72491] In das Handelsregister Abteilung A des unterzeichneten Gerichts ist heute eingetragen worden: Bei Nr. 52098 Meißner & Co.: Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Der bisherige Gesellschafter Alfred Meißner ist alleiniger Inhaber der Firma. — Erloschen: Nr. 5361 Off-Indien-Saus Felix Tarnowsky, Nr. Aa 7 Max Philipp, Nr. 65340 Sans Ploeger und Nr. 71094 K. Richard Sauerbeck. Berlin, den 18. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht Berlin. Abt. 552. Berlin. [72757] In das Handelsregister Abteilung 4 des unterzeichneten Gerichts ist heute eingetragen worden: Unter Nr. 82366. Drogerie M. & G. Roitscheidt, Berlin. Offene Handelsgesellschaft seit dem 1. April 1935. Gesellschafter sind: Emil Roitscheidt, Kaufmann, und Margot Roitscheidt geb. Gnielinski, verehel. Kauffrau, beide in Berlin. — Nr. 82367. Gustav Berger Ziegelprodukte, Berlin. Inhaber: Gustav Berger, Kaufmann, Berlin. — Nr. 82 368 Ernst Jürgens K Co., Berlin. Inhaber: Ernst Jürgens, Kaufmann, Berlin. Das unter der Firma Ernst Jürgens & Co. Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Sitz Berlin, betriebene Geschäft ist nach dem Eintrag in das Handelsregister worden (vgl. 564 H.-R. B22 340). — Bei Nr. 70399 Alexander Rogge: Der Charlotte Wittkopp, Berlin, ist Einzelprokura erteilt. — Unter Nr. 82 369. E. Bieske Kommanditegesellschaft Königsberg i. Pr. mit Zweigniederlassung in Berlin unter der Firma E. Bieske Kommanditegesellschaft Zweigniederlassung Berlin. Kommanditgesellschaft seit dem 6. Dezember 1935. Persönlich haftende Gesellschafter sind: Dr. Ing. Eich Bieske, Kaufmann, und Hellmuth Bieske, Konsul, beide in Königsberg Pr. Vier Kommanditisten sind beteiligt in Kommanditegesellschaft ist durch Umwandlung der E. Bieske Alleingesellschaft, Sitz Königsberg i. Pr und deren hierster unter der Firma E. Bieske Aktiengesellschaft Zweigniederlassung Berlin betriebenen Zweigniederlassung entstanden (zu vgl. 32. H.-Ras. 638 des Amtsgerichts Königsberg i. Pr und HR. B 44832 des Amtsgerichts Berlin). — Bei Nr. 1139 Gebr. Rausch: Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Die Firma ist erloschen. — Erloschen: Nr. 4806 Emma Knopke, Ww., Nr. 11936 Moritz Freyer Agentur & Kommission in Getreide Futtermittel, Nr. 209 S. Förster. Berlin, den 18 Februar 1936. Amtsgericht Berlin. Abt. 551. Berlin. [72768] In das Handelsregister Abteilung A des unterzeichneten Gerichts ist eingetragen worden am 17. Februar 1936: Bei Nr. 11528 B. Goldberg, Nr. G638 Arminius Apotheke Georg Ruben, Nr. 18390 Richard Fraenkel Nr. 18874 L. A. Gomperts, 20623 Julius Kurth, Nr. 22508 Ludwig Nr. 28179 John, Negenhardt & Co., Nr. 30292 Max Kronheim K Col, Nr. 38239 Kaufmann E. Ehrenpreis, Nr. 39671 Arion Theater- und Musikverlag Berlin Max Leichtmann, Nr. 40083 Café Nord Max Unterberg, Nr. 41232 A Becker & Co., Nr. 41813 Hans Anzeigenpreis für den Raum einer fünfgespaltenen 3 mn hohen und 56 min breiten Zeile 1,10 H. Anzeigen nimmt die Anzeigenstelle an. Beauftragte Anzeigen müssen 3 Tage vor dem Einreichenstermin bei der Anzeigenstelle eingegangen sein. Berlin ist zum Vorstandsmitglied bestellt. — Die 20541 Cohn « Daniel, Nr. ILL Wig Bowman, Nr. 25217 H. L. Davidsohn, worden: Bei damaligen Straße 33 Grundstücksgesellschaft Hildebrandt Inh. Matthias Könnegk, Nr. 44 133 Martin Kirschberg, Nr. 46 1386 Hermann Alexander Jacoby, Nr. 49629 E. Börtcher « Söhne, Nr. 51513 Elias Assiran, Nr. 54 442 Bondy « Sinason, Nr. 54872 Julius Kollerscher, Nr. 55213 Alfred Bornstein Bankkommission, Nr. 55168 Georg Bracht, Nr. 57055 von der Becke & Co. Kommanditgesellschaft, Nr. 57518 Bertold Sorp, Nr. 58387 Edward D. Feldman, Nr. 61920 SHirsch Ehrlich, Nr. 63532 S. Chaitowitz & Co., Nr. 64916 Julius Fabian Deutsche Marmorwaren, Nr 68476 Rudolf Serzfeld; am 18. Februar 1936; Nr. 70802 Arthur Buchholz, Nr. 70898 Martin Brash, Nr. 71033 Sennig & Hennigens, Nr. 71035 Max Jacobson Agenchy, Nr. 72516 Fritz Holderheim, Nr. 72726 Elektromotoren Handels Gesellschaft Hengst & Co. Nr. 73459 Max Butterfas, Nr. 73485 Bruno Kroner, Nr. 3716 M. Gersfel, Nr. 74434 Berliner Südfrucht-Vertrieb u. Fruchtentafelungs-Fabrik Rudolf Möbitz, Nr. 74878 Myrtil Frank, Nr. 74828 Haus der Süße Daniel Paufker, Nr. 77072 Michael Dahm Maschinenvertrieb, Nr. 77231 David Bochner, Nr. 77599 „Berolina“ Chokladladen-Großhandlung Nachem Leininger, Nr. 18084 „Das Geschenk“ Erich Grimm, Nr. 78302 Binner & Stolz, Nr. 78885 Saller & Co. Kommanditgesellschaft und Nr. 79394 Joseph Andritzki: Die Firma ist erloschen. Berlin, den 19. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht Berlin. Abt. 551. Berlin. In das Handelsregister Abteilung A des unterzeichneten Gerichts ist heute eingetragen worden: Unter Nr. 82370 Earl Mundt, Berlin. Inhaber: Earl Mundt, Kaufmann, Berlin. — Nr. 82371. Lackfabrik „Loburit“ L. Adolf Busch, Berlin. Inhaber: Lorenz Adolf Busch, Kaufmann, Berlin. Das unter der Firma Lorenz Busch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Sitz Berlin, betriebene Geschäft ist nach Umwandlung auf Lorenz Adolf Busch übertragen worden. gl. 5663 HR, BEä-SI-GUIE-LIU-KO.: Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Die Firma ist erloschen. — Erloschen: Nr. 30546 Konstanz Vetter, Reg. 258 Albert Martin und Nr. 30751 Georg D. Schlesinger. Berlin, den 19. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht Berlin. Abt. 552. LL 172492 In das Handelsregister B ist heute eingetragen: Nr. 29930 Gebrüder Borchardt Wäsche Fabrik Aktiengesellschaft: Friedrich Holtmann ist zum Vorstand ausgeschieden. Berlin, den 19. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht Berlin. Abt. 561. Berlin. 1724093 In das Handelsregister B ist heute eingetragen: Nr. 22248 Schwäbische Straße 7 Grundstücks-Aktiengesellschaft: Durch Generalversammlungsbeschluss vom 25. Januar, 1936 ist die Umwandlung der Gesellschaft auf Grund des Gesetzes vom 5. Juli 1934 durch Übertragung ihres Vermögens unter Auschluss der Liquidation auf den Hauptgesellschafter, den Kaufmann Ugo Benjamin, beschlossen worden. Die Firma ist erloschen. Als nicht eingeklagene wird veröffentlicht: Den Gläubigern der Gesellschaft steht es frei, so weit sie nicht Befriedigung verlangen können, binnen sechs Monaten seit der Ser Beurkundung Sicherheitsleistung zu verlangen. — Rr. 49 398 Hartwig Fantorowiez Aktiengesellschaft: Marx Göller ist nicht mehr Vorstandsmitglied. — Kaufmann Max Kaphahn in Prokura des Rudolf Paxmann ist erloschen. Berlin, den 19. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht Berlin. Abt. 562. In das Handelsregister B des unterzeichneten Gerichts ist heute eingetragen Rr 714f Berlin Potsdamfährtei Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Durch Gesellschaftsbeschluss vom 29. Januar 1936 ist die Gesellschaft aufgelöst. Zum Liquidator ist bestellt: die bisherige Geschäftsführerin. — Bei Zentralhandelsregisterei — im Reichsanzeiger und Preußischen Staatsanzeiger zugleich Zentralhandelsregister für das Deutsche Reich Berlin, Mittwoch, den 26. Februar 1936. Inhaltsübersicht. 1. Handelsregister. — 2. Güterrechtsregister. — 3. Vereinsregister. — 4. Genossenschaftsregister. — 5. Musikregister. — 6. Urheberrechtseintragrollen. — 7. Konkurse und Vergleichssachen. — 8. Verschiedenes. 1936 Nr. 7372 Grundstücksgesellschaft Berlin, Potsdamer Straße 32 Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Durch 29 Januar 1936 ist die Gesellschaft aufgelöst. Liquidator ist bestellt: die bisherige Geschäftsführerin Käthe Lewy geb. Wollersheim in Berlin-Grunewald. Bei Nr. B 189 Eltax-Batterie Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Laut Beschluss vom 21. September 1935/ 1. November 1935 ist der Gesellschaftsvertrag bzgl. § 5 Geschäftstretungsbeauftragung abgeändert. Sind mehrere Geschäftsführer bestellt, so wird die Gesellschaft durch zwei Geschäftsführer oder durch einen Geschäftsführer mit einem Prokuristen vertreten. Gustav A. Richter ist als Geschäftsführer abbeaufsichtigt. Zu Geschäftsführern sind bestellt: Dipl. Kaufmann Adolf Lohse zu Berlin, Oberingenieur Kurt Schenkel zu Berlin. Dem Kaufmann Reinhard Nettelbeck, Berlin-Nikolassee, ist Prokura erteilt worden derart, daß er gemeinen-schaftlich mit einem Geschäftsführer zur Vertretung der Gesellschaft befugt ist. Die Prokura des Vitalis Barski ist erloschen. — Folgende Gesellschaften sind auf Grund des Gesetzes vom 9. Oktober 1934 (RGBl. J, 919 aufgelöst: Rr. 6023 Buchhandlung für deutsche Lehrer GmbH. Nr. 33269 Fettindustrie-Gesellschaft m.b.H. 2 37 62 Apisdorf u. Co. Tabak und Zigarettenfabrik GmbH. Nr. 38571 Berliner Tiefbaugeellschaft m.b.H. Berlin, den 19. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht Berlin. Abt. 563. Berlin. In das Handelsregister B des unterzeichneten Gerichts ist heute eingetragen EEä- Boersch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Zweigniederlassung Berlin. Sitz der Hauptniederlassung Kassel. Gegenstand des Unternehmens: Herstellung moderner Straßenbeläge, insbesondere Herstellung von Zellstoffstraßen, ferner sonstige Tiefbauwerke und Herstellung und Verkauf von Straßenbaustoffen. Stammkapital: 30 000 Reichsmark. Geschäftsführer: Regierungsbaumeister a. D. Fritz Boersch, Essen-Bredeney, Diplomingenieur Beinz Lesser, Kassel. Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung. Der Gesellschaftsvertrag ist am 5. Januar 1935 abgeschlossen und am 9. Februar 1935 abgeändert. Jeder Geschäftsführer hat Alleinvertretungsrecht. Als nicht eingetragen wird noch veröffentlicht: Als Einlage auf das Stammkapital hat der Gesellschafter Fritz Boersch, Essen-Bredeney, Maschinenaggregate zum Trockenen und Mischen von Straßenbaustoffen mit Teer und zur Herstellung von Teerbeton, bestehend aus einer Trockenröhre und Mischer nebst Teerkocher für eine Leistung von 10 Tonnen stündlich und dem erforderlichen Zubehör, in die Gesellschaft eingebracht. Der Wert der Sacheinlage ist mit 15900 RM auf den Stammanteil angerechnet. — Vr. 16822 DKW-WMoabit Kraftfahrzeugvertriebsgesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Berlin. Geschäftszweck des Unternehmens: Vertrieb von Kraftfahrzeugen jeder Art, insbesondere von DKW Kraftfahrzeugen im Bezirk Moabit. Stammkapital: 20 000 RM. Geschäftsführer: Buchhalter Rudolf Kölmel in Berlin. Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung. Der Gesellschaftsvertrag ist am 17. Dezember 1935 abgeschlossen. Sind mehrere Geschäftsführer bestellt, so wird die Gesellschaft durch zwei Geschäftsführer oder durch einen Geschäftsführer in Gemeinschaft mit einem Prokuristen vertreten. — Zu Nr 49 i und 49 822: Als nicht eingetragen wird noch veröffentlicht: Bekannmachungen der Gesellschaft erfolgen durch den Deutschen Eisen. Nr 23 807 „Wohnbau“ Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Dem Otto Rohloff, Berlin-Schmargendorf, ist Prokura erteilt derart, daß er berechtigt ist, die Gesellschaft gemeinsam mit einem anderen Prokuristen zu vertreten. Bei Nr. 36 385 Dipl.Ing. Rudolf Tobias & Co. Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Durch Beschluss vom 24. Januar 1936 ist der Gesellschaftsvertrag durch Einfügung eines § 7a, betreffend die Zulässigkeit der Einziehung von Geschäftsausleihen, ergänzt. Bei Nr. 160 „Transbau“ Gesellschaft für Transportbahnen und Baugeräte mit beschränkter Haftung; Durch Beschluss vom 16 Januar 1936 ist der Gesellschaftsvertrag bezüglich der Begriffe 6 und 9 abgeändert. Die Gesellschaft wird durch einen oder mehrere Geschäftsführer vertreten. Frau Herta Meckel ist nicht mehr Geschäftsführer; Zum Geschäftsführer ist Kaufmann Heinrich Ehrich, Künzingen, bestellt. — Bei Nr. 4 598 Junkers Flugzeug- und Fahrradwerke Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Zweigniederlassung Berlin. Dem Dr. Walter Staudinger und dem Bruno Marxquardt, beide in Dessau, ist Prokura erteilt derart, daß jeder berechtigt ist, die Gesellschaft gemeinsam mit einem Geschäftsführer oder mit einem anderen Prokuristen zu vertreten. Die Prokura des Dr. Georg Schwarz ist erloschen. 48756 Verwaltungs- und Revisionsgesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Werner Komoll ist nicht mehr Geschäftsführer. Kaufmann Kurt Dix in Berlin ist zum Geschäftsführer bestellt. — Bei Nr. 49275 Lebensmittel und Import-Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Abteilung Berlin: Wilhelm Albert Johann Mann ist nicht mehr Geschäftsführer. Die Prokura des Ferdinand Franz Karl WMalecki ist erloschen. — Bei Nr. W 723 Georg Jacobowitz, Baugeschaft Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Durch Gesellschaftsbeschluss vom 29. Januar 1936 ist die Gesellschaft aufgelöst, zu Liquidatoren sind bestellt die bis-herigen Geschäftsführer Kaufmann Arthur Rücke, Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Diplomingenieur Erich Schimmelburg, Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Baumeister Willhelm Winkel, Berlin-Lichterfelde. Sind mehrere Liquidatoren vorhanden, so wird die Gesellschaft durch zwei Liquidatoren vertreten. Bei Nr. 4934 Paul Schulz & Söhne Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Durch Gesellschaftsbeschluss vom 27. Dezember 1935 ist die Umwandlung der Gesellschaft auf Grund des Gesetzes vom 5. Juli 1934 in eine offene Handelsgesellschaft mit der Firma Paul Schulz & Söhne und dem Sitz in Berlin-Lichterfelde unter Ausschluss der Liquidation beschlossen worden. Die Firma ist erloschen. Als nicht eingetragen wird noch veröffentlicht: Den Gläubigern der Gesellschaft steht es frei, soweit sie nicht Befriedigung verlangen können, binnen sechs Monaten seit dieser Bekanntmachung Sicherheitsleistung zu verlangen. Nachstehende Firmen sind erloschen; Nr. 771 Stadion Filmgesellschaft mbH., Nr. 450566 Städtisches und Kreis-Kraftwerk, Spandau, Gubs. — Ferner ist am 14. 2. 1936 eingetragen: Bei Nr. 49815 Zellwoll-Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Gesellschaft mbH.: Geschäftsführer: Direktor Richard Eugen Dörr in Mölln-Lauenburg. Berlin, den 19. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht Berlin. Abt. 564. 9 BERLIN. 72760) In das Handelsregister ist heute eingetragen: Nr. 31 960 Berliner Stadtschafts-Bank Aktiengesellschaft: Prokurist: Dr. rer. pol. Dietrich Kemßies in Berlin-Charlottenburg. Ex vertritt gegenwärtig mit einem Vorstandsmitglied Dr. Wolfgang von Kries und Hans Reichel sind nicht mehr Vorstandsmitglieder. Ernst Betz, Verwaltungsdirektor, Berlin, Albert Uebel, Stadtoberinspektor, Berlin-Schöneberg, sind zu Vorstandsmitgliedern bestellt. — Nr, 36 005 Deutsche Effecten- und Wechsel-Bank-Gesellschaft Benario ist nicht mehr Vorstandsmitglied. — Nr, 383384 Akuba Aktiengesellschaft für Industrien werte und Nr. 41462 Continentale Kreditanstalt Aktiengesellschaft: Die Gesellschaft ist auf Grund des Gesetzes vom 9. Oktober 1934 (R.-G.-Bl. 1, 914) gelöscht — Das Erloschen nachstehender berufskläriger Firmen: Nr. 26 894 Berliner Aktiengesellschaft und Nr. 12 187 Düsseldorfische Lebensversicherungs-Aktiengesellschaft in Berlin soll in das Handelsregister eingetragen werden. Zentralhandelsregister Beilage zum Reichs- und Staatsanzeiger Nr. 48 vom 26. Februar 1936. S. 2 — 933 und 12. November 1934 ist Gesellschaft — Sta abgeändert. 2 — Hital ist nach Herabsetzung von 480 000 Reichsmark auf 260 000 Reichsmark weitere 200 000 Bei Nr. 22473 Grundstücksgesellschaft Steglitz Schloßstraße 31 mit beschränkter Haftung: Durch Gesellschaftsbeschluss vom 23. Januar 1935 ist die Umwandlung der Gesellschaft auf Grund des Gesetzes vom 5. Juli 1934 nebst Durchführungsverordnungen in eine Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts beschlossen, welche aus folgenden Gesellschaftern besteht: 1. dem Kaufmann Jalob Tuteur in Berlin, 2. dem Kaufmann Ernst Kerssten in Berlin. Die Firma ist erloschen. Als nicht eingetragen wird noch veröffentlicht: Den Gläubigern steht es frei, soweit sie ihre Befriedigung verlangen können, binnen sechs Monaten seit dieser Bekanntmachung Sicherheitsleistung zu verlangen. Bei —— — Grundstücksgesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Durch Gesellschaftsbeschluss vom 27. Januar und 12. November ist die Umwandlung der Gesellschaft auf Grund des Gesetzes vom Juli 1931 in eine Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts, welche aus folgenden Gesellschaftern besteht: 1. Frau Lieselotte Kroeschner geb. Kroch zu Berlin, 2. deren Ehemann Kaufmann Dr. jur. Kurt Kroeschner, ebenda, durch Übergabe ihres Vermögens unter Auschluss der Liquidation beschlossen worden. Die Firma ist erloschen. Als nicht eingetragen wird noch veröffentlicht: Den Gläubigern der Gesellschaft steht es frei, soweit sie nicht Befriedigung verlangen können, binnen sechs Monaten seit dieser Bekanntmachung Sicherheitsleistung zu verlangen. Bei Nr. 31780 Grundstücksgesellschaft Selchowstraße 21 mit beschränkter Haftung: Durch Gesellschaftsbeschluss vom 5. Februar 1936 ist die Gesellschaft aufgelöst. Zum Liquidator ist bestellt der bisherige Geschäftsführer. Bei Nr. 37048 Bates Engineering Co. Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Die Prokura für Alexander Gelbcke ist erloschen. Alexander Gelbcke, Diplomkaufmann, Berlin, Rudolf Bude, Ingenieur, Berlin-Steglitz, sind zu Geschäftsführern bestellt. Bei Nr. 19091 „Großimpex“ Großhandels Import-Export Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Rudolf Heumann ist nicht mehr Geschäftsführer. Kaufmann Dr. Gerhard Schreiterer in Düsseldorf ist zum Geschäftsführer bestellt. Bei Nr. 192367 Berliner Finanzierungs- und Grundstückswirtschafts-Verwaltungs-Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: Durch Gesellschaftsbeschluss vom 1. Februar 1936 ist die Kapitalzahlung auf 60 000 Reichsmark herabgesetzt. Heute: Niederfassische Tageszeitung Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, Zweigstelle Braunschweig. Gegenstand - Tätigkeit ist der Betrieb von Verlagsgeschäften aller Art, insbesondere die Herausgabe der Tageszeitung „Niederfassische Tageszeitung“. Die Gesellschaft fand auch Druckereibetriebe erwerben, Zweigniederlassungen gründen und sich an gleichartigen oder ähnlichen Unternehmen beteiligen. Gesellschafterbeschluss vom 13. Januar 1986. Der Geschäftsführer Wilhelm Buse ist ausgegangen. Der vereidigte Direktor Hellmuth Raabe in Hannover ist zum Geschäftsführer bestimm. Die Alleinvertretungsbevollmächtigung des Geschäftsführers Walter Witlenberg ist erloschen. 2. Bei der Firma M. P. C. medizinische, pharmazeutische, chemische Präparate Dr. v. Morgenstern & Sir. Rößoe, Kommanditgesellschaft in Braunschweig: Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst. Die Firma ist erloschen. Amtsgericht Braunschweig. Eruschsal. [72502] Handelsregistereintrag B. Band 1 O. Z, Firma Rudolf Wimmer G. m. s. H, Oestringen: Die Gesellschaft ist auf Grund des Gesetzes vom 10. 10. 1934 (R.G.Bl. 1 Seite NM) gelöst. Bruchsal, den 18. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht J. Brühl, Bzæ. Köln. Im unser Handelsregister Nr 16 ist bei der Braunkohlen-Brikettwerk Lucretia, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung in Brühl, am 18. Februar 1936 folgendes eingetragen worden: Durch Beschluss der außerordentlichen Gesellschafterversammlung vom 15. Februar 1936 ist der Gesellschaftsvertrag im 87 durch Zufügung eines Absatzes, betreffend die Einziehung von Geschäftsanteilen, geändert. Amtsgericht Brühl (Gez. Köln). Burg, Bæ. Magdeburg. [72504] In das Handelsregister Abt. A Nr. 370 ist heute bei der Firma Wilhelm Umlauft, Inhaber Paul Umlauft in Burg, eingetragen worden: Die Firma ist geändert in Wilhelm Umlauft, Bäckerei-Bedarfsgeschäft, Burg b. M. Jetzt offene Handelsgesellschaft seit dem 1 Oktober 1934. Gesellschafter sind die Witwe Martha Umlauft geb. Bonin und der am 7. Oktober 1917 geborene noch minderjährige Kaufmann Wilhelm Umlauft, gesetzlich vertreten durch seinen Vormund, den Buchrevisor Schäpköwitz, sämtlich in Burg. Zur Vertretung der Gesellschaft ist nur die Witwe Martha Umlauft geb. Bonin ermächtigt. Burg b. M., den 20. Februar 1936. Das Amtsgericht Chemnitz. [72766] Gesellschaft aufgelöst. Zum Liquidator ist bestellt die bislangige Geschäftsführerin Bei Nr 9822 Alt Berlin Grundstückswerterungs-gesellschaft m.b.H.: Die Liquidation ist beendet. Die Firma ist erloschen. Berlin, den 20. Februar 1936. Amtsgericht Berlin. Abt. 563. Bernstadt, Schles. [72496] In unserem Handelsregister Abt. A ist unter Nr. 114 die Firma Ernst Häusler Klempnerei und Installationsgeschäft mit dem Sitz in Bernstadt, Schles., und als Inhaber die verwitwete Frau Ida Häusler, geb. Bönß, in Bernstadt, Schles., eingetragen worden. Amtsgericht Bernstadt, Schles., 18. 2. 1936. [72497] Bitterfeld. In das Handelsregister A ist heute unter Nr. 46 die Firma Aloys Bierwirth, Quedlinburg, mit Zweigniederlassung in Bitterfeld, unter der Firma: Gardinenhaus Aloys Bierwirth, Vertreibung von Erzeugnissen vögländischer Gardinenfabriken. Quedlinburg, Zweigniederlassung Bitterfeld, eingetragen worden. Alleine Inhaber ist der Kaufmann Aloys Bierwirth in Quedlinburg. Bitterfeld, den 17. 2 1936 Amtsgericht. Locholt. — Im Handelsregister Abt. A Nr. 41 ist am 2. Februar 1936 bei der Firma Wegmann Franz, Krechting, eingetragen: Der Sitz der Firma ist nach Bocholt verlegt. — Amtsgericht Bocholt. — Bottrop. 72499 5 In unserem Handelsregister A ist heute ein der unter Nr. 6 eingetragenen St Mathilde Koppel, Bottrop, das Erlöschen der Firma eingetragen worden. Bottrop, den 19. Februar 1836. Das Amtsgericht. Boxberg, Baden. 172500 Handelsregistereintrag vom 18. 2. 1936 zur Firma Wilhelm Wörner, Weinhandlung in Borberg: Offene Handelsgesellschaft. Die Gesellschaft hat am 1. 2 1936 begonnen. Die Gesellschafter sind Kaufmann Robert Mack und Kaufmann Emil Wörner in Boxberg. Wilhelm Wörner ist aus der Gesellschaft ausgeschieden. Das Amtsgericht Boxberg Gaden). Braunlage. — In das Handelsregister ist am 20. Februar mit beschränkter Haftung Zweigbrucharbeiter 1986 eingetragen; 1. Bei der Firma erstäschlich Beobachter d c 8 g Braunlage. Die Firma lautet In das Handelsregister ist heute eingetragen worden: 1. auf Blatt 11212 die Firma Rudolf Böhme in Siegmar-Schönau und der Kaufmann Rudolf Hermann Böhme dieselbe als Inhaber (Großhandel mit Schokoladen- und Zuckerwaren, Adolf-Hitler-Straße 26). 2. auf Blatt 71, betr. die Firma Clara Müller in Chemnitz: Die Firma ist erloschen. 3. auf Blatt 2e, betr. die offene Handelsgesellschaft in Firma Heinrich Bach Co, in Liquid. in Chemnitz: Die Firma ist erloschen. 4. auf Blatt 574, betr. die Firma Gebrüder Kahn in Chemnitz: Die Gesamtprokura von Friedrich Walter Wegehaupt ist erloschen. 5. auf Blatt 5699, betr. die Firma Aug. Wasmuth Co. in Chemnitz: Die Firma ist erloschen. 6. auf Blatt 6655, betr. die offene Handelsgesellschaft in Firma Emil Potzelt in Chemnitz: Die Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst, die Firma erloschen. 7. auf Blatt 884 betr. die Firma Maschinenfabrik Einsiedel Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung in Einsiedel: Der Gesellschaftsvertrag ist durch Beschluss der Gesellschafterversammlung vom 1. Februar 1936 in §§ 11 (Vertretung der Gesellschaft) und 13 (Ort der Versammlungen) abgeändert worden. Durch die Änderung des § 11 des Gesellschaftsvertrags sind die Bestimmungen über die Vertretung der Gesellschaft ergänzt worden.
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https://github.com/junhogan/Personalized-PageRank/blob/master/HelperFunctions.h
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BSD-3-Clause
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Personalized-PageRank
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junhogan
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#ifndef SPEEDPPR_HELPERFUNCTIONS_H
#define SPEEDPPR_HELPERFUNCTIONS_H
#define MSG(...) { std::cout << #__VA_ARGS__ << ":" << (__VA_ARGS__) << std::endl; }
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>
#include <chrono>
#include <fstream>
#include "BasicDefinition.h"
extern double getCurrentTime();
inline uint32_t parse_integer(const std::string &_str, size_t &_end) {
uint32_t rtn = 0;
for (_end = 0; !isdigit(_str[_end]);) { ++_end; }
for (; isdigit(_str[_end]); ++_end) {
rtn *= 10;
rtn += _str[_end] - '0';
}
return rtn;
}
inline uint32_t parse_integer(const std::string &_str, const size_t &_start, size_t &_end) {
uint32_t rtn = 0;
for (_end = _start; !isdigit(_str[_end]);) { ++_end; }
for (; isdigit(_str[_end]); ++_end) {
rtn *= 10;
rtn += _str[_end] - '0';
}
return rtn;
}
inline double parse_double(const std::string &_str, const size_t &_start, size_t &_end) {
size_t rtn = 0, scale = 1;
for (_end = _start; isspace(_str[_end]); ++_end);
if (!isdigit(_str[_end])) { printf("Error in parsing double.\n"); }
for (; isdigit(_str[_end]); ++_end) {
rtn *= 10;
rtn += _str[_end] - '0';
}
for (; isspace(_str[_end]); ++_end);
if (_str[_end++] != '.') {
printf("Error in parsing double. Expecting Dot. \n");
exit(1);
}
for (; isdigit(_str[_end]); ++_end, scale *= 10) {
rtn *= 10;
rtn += _str[_end] - '0';
}
return rtn / (double) scale;
}
inline void
show(const std::vector<PageRankScoreType> &pi, const unsigned int &_numOfVertices, unsigned int &_num_to_show) {
if (_num_to_show > pi.size()) {
_num_to_show = pi.size();
}
std::priority_queue<PageRankScoreType,
std::vector<PageRankScoreType>,
std::greater<> > top_k_queue;
for (VertexIdType id = 0; id < _numOfVertices; ++id) {
if (top_k_queue.size() < _num_to_show) {
top_k_queue.push(pi[id]);
} else if (top_k_queue.top() < pi[id]) {
top_k_queue.pop();
top_k_queue.push(pi[id]);
}
}
printf("Top Page Rank Scores.\n");
std::vector<PageRankScoreType> top_k_list;
while (top_k_queue.empty() == false) {
top_k_list.emplace_back(top_k_queue.top());
top_k_queue.pop();
}
while (top_k_list.empty() == false) {
printf("%.13f\n", top_k_list.back());
top_k_list.pop_back();
}
}
template<class FLOAT_TYPE>
inline void
save_answer(const std::vector<FLOAT_TYPE> &_means, const VertexIdType &_numOfVertices, const std::string &_file_name) {
std::ofstream file(_file_name);
if (file.is_open()) {
std::vector<IdScorePair<FLOAT_TYPE>> pairs(_numOfVertices, 0);
for (VertexIdType id = 0; id < _numOfVertices; ++id) {
pairs[id] = {id, _means[id]};
}
std::sort(pairs.begin(), pairs.end(), IdScorePairComparatorGreater<FLOAT_TYPE>());
file.precision(std::numeric_limits<FLOAT_TYPE>::max_digits10);
for (const auto &pair : pairs) {
if (pair.score > 0) {
file << pair.id << "\t" << pair.score << "\n";
}
}
file.close();
} else {
printf("ERROR IN " __FILE__ " LINE %u\n", __LINE__);
printf("FILE NOT EXISTS.\n%s\n", _file_name.c_str());
exit(1);
}
}
struct Param {
std::string graph_file;
std::string query_file;
std::string answer_folder;
std::string index_file;
std::string meta_file;
std::string graph_binary_file;
std::string algorithm = "PowItr";
std::string output_folder;
std::string estimation_folder;
double epsilon = 0.5;
double alpha = 0.2;
double l1_error = 0.000'000'01;
unsigned int num_top_k = 1;
unsigned int query_size = 0;
bool with_idx = false;
bool is_top_k = false;
bool is_undirected_graph = false;
bool specified_l1_error = false;
bool output_estimations = false;
};
extern Param param;
extern Param parseArgs(int nargs, char **args);
template<class T>
inline void show_vector(const std::string &_header, const std::vector<T> &_vec) {
if (_vec.empty()) {
std::cout << "Empty Vector." << std::endl;
} else {
std::cout << std::endl << _header;
bool identical = true;
const T &elem = _vec.front();
std::for_each(_vec.begin(), _vec.end(), [&](const T &e) { identical &= (e == elem); });
if (identical) {
std::cout << "\tSize of the Vector: " << _vec.size() << "\t Value of Each Element: " << elem;
} else {
std::cout << std::endl;
std::copy(begin(_vec), end(_vec), std::ostream_iterator<T>(std::cout, "\t"));
}
std::cout << std::endl;
}
}
#endif //SPEEDPPR_HELPERFUNCTIONS_H
| 25,456 |
bpt6k75931486_2
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French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
L'Homme libre : journal quotidien du matin
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None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 8,166 | 13,635 |
Nos. relations avec l'Italie L'entrevue de Boulogne a mis fin à la tension franco-britannique. Mais ne devons-nous pas cheicher à avoir une explication aussi franche avec les Italiens avant d'aller à' Gênes ? M. Jules Sauerwein croit le moment venu de mettre fin à un malentendu qui n'a, que trop duré. Certes, il ne croit pas que M. Schanzer soit la personnalité nettement désignée pour discuter un accord avec le gouverne. ment français. Il écrit, dans le Matin, à son sujet : Disons-le franchement. Les origines da M. Schanzer et le rôle qu'il a joué comme délégué de l'Italie à la conférence de Washington ne sont pas à premiers vue des raisons pour un gouvernement français de lui faire confiance avant tout entretien. A Washington, M. Schanzer a brillamment représenté son pays en utilisant les fautes de. la France sans aucune générosité. Néanmoins, notre confrère ajoute : Il faut qu'à Gênes nous soyons en confiance aveç l'Italie autant qu'avec l'Angleterre. Alors, mais alors seulement, 13s divers groupements européens, les Etats baltes et les Etats de la Petite Entante d'une part, l'Allemagne, les neutres et les soviets d'autre part croiront qu'il existe une politique alliée. Cette explication, que les circonstances rendent nécessaire, peut avoir la plus heureuse répercussion sur les relations des deux pays. C'est peufcétïe enfin l'occasion de mettre fin à cette ère de défiance dont les premiers responsËwies, reconnaissons-le, sont les négociateurs français de 1919, mais que les mouvements de l'opinion italienne ont contribué à entretenir depuis. Plusieurs occasions de détente se sont déjà présentées, mais les Italiens n'ont jamais voulu les utiliser, préférant créer de multiples incidents sans aucune raison. La presse étrangère 6 93uajdjuo3 VI tîJi'opfsojd inQ Ce ne sera probablement pas M. Tittoni, nous dit le Giornale d'Italia, et cela en raison d'une question de procédure. , Jusqu'à ce matin, écrit ce journal, il était admis que la conférence de Gênas serait présidée par M. Tittoni, mais un obstacle a surgi. En effet, la Consulta a averti M. Facta que le protocole signé à Cannes dit explicitement qu3 chaque Etat doit être représenté à Gênes par le chef de son gouvernement ou un membre de son gouvernement, c'est-à-dire par un ministre. A la suite de cette communication, M. Facta s'est rendu lundi après-midi chez M. Tittoni, qui s'est déclaré prêt à renoncer à la mission qui lui avait été confiée, ce à quoi M. Facta à répliqué qu'il ne lui semblait pas opportun de prendre une décision immédiate et il a prié M. Tittoni de fui laisser le temps d'envisager une autre solution. La bonne date La date de la conférence de Gênes fixée par M. Lloyd George et adoptée par la France, sans que l'Italie qui invite, cepen, dant, ait été consultée, paraît d.evoir lui convenir. La Tribuma dit, en effet, à ce sujet : * Il n'y a aucune. raison pour que le gouvernement italien n'accepte pas la date du 10 avril pour la conférence de Gênes, d'autant plus que ce délai permettra aux membres de la délégation italienne de bien s'assimiler les données techniques préparées par le précédent cabinet. Il conviant pourtant de faire observer, en ce qui concerne l'Italie, que la préparation à la conférence peut êtrs considérée comme achevée tant au point de vue politique que sous lès rapports des dispositions matérielles. L' ItaZifl paraît çncore plus vite prête d'aller à Gênes que ne le fut M. Lloyd George lui-même. Claude Villechaud NOuVeLLeS /3R.È tlEs A L'ETRANGER Plus de 100 milliards de francs sont dùâ e" l'Angleterre. ':"" Au 31 mai, les alliés et des Dominions britanniques devaient à la Gnande-Bretagne, 1,963,353,492 livres sterling du fait des emprunts de guerre et des avances pour secouirg. Du travail pour les chômeurs ajnglais. r : Le gouvernement britannique croit avoir tioisvé une solution à la crise du chômage,, il ! proposerait aux nations de l'Amérique du Sad de faire exécuter par les chômeurs angiais, tous les grands travaux de ports, de elientiris de fer, de canaux, de routes projetés par ces pays et qu'ils ne peuvent exécuter faute de travaiileurs de métier, L Angleterre avancerait le montant dés ; laires et serait garantie par l'obtention d'un droit de péage sur les routes, canaux ° cons ^s par les immigrés an, glaJLs -" Les candidats à la présidence du Reich. De nouvelles candidatures à la orésn dence du Reich sont amionoées de Berlin. Le centre présenterait i'ancien chancelier Fehrenbach. Les démocrates songeraient au président de l'Etat de .Wurtemberg, Mr Me-ber. Encore du matériel de guerre alJesn t, Un détachement de troupes italiennes 4 découvert dans un bois, à l'ouest de Poinich-Krawarn, dans le cercle de Ratibor enfouis dans .île sol, un canon de 77 avec son avant-train, des certaines d'obus, tI'aÜt mitrailleuses avec de canons de rachats ge, une tran.taine de caisses de munitions. des ïluîs ei.l i s et des grenades. Kadek opère en Allemagne. Une réunion secrète se serait tenue à Berlin les 13 et 14 février. dans l'appartement de M. Oscar ROM, entre les 52 représentants du parti communiste au Reicihstag et M. Radek. Ce dernier aurait demandé qu'une grève générale fut déelanethée dans les premiers jours du mois prochain. La panique qui en résulterait pourrait, amrme le. délégué russe, être infinÑnent profitable W paxAétariat. Des Français attaqués près de Dantzig Deux commerçants français de Caiais, MM. Breteilles ipère et-fils, ont été aJtbaq,ué. et grièvement blessés par des mail-andrlns sur la route de Zopott à Dantzig. Une singulière note bolcheviste. Le gouvernement des Soviets a adressé au gouvernement polonais une note te priant de publier et d'appliquer l'apte d.'aaamstie proclamé par les bolcheviks et touchant les militaires qui luttaient dans lei armées anti-soviétistes. > Fonck au Maroc. Le député aviateur Fonck, aocompagné du lieutenant aviateur LetourneaCii 'sont arrivés ce matin à Tanger. Ils étudieront les possiibiltés d'un service de transporta quotidien par hydravions à travers le détroit de Gibraltar; entre Algésiras et Tanger. Ils ipartiront ce soir pour C.' Une délégation strasbourgeoise à Bruxeiles. Une délégation du gouvernemenî * et dë;r la municipalité de Strasbourg est attendue à.,ruxeMes, où elle arrivera demain jeudis Vendredi matin, les Strasbourgeois se ront reçus par de bourgmestre Max. Ii 1 hôtel de ville. EN FRANCE Dactylo désespérée. Quai des Tuileries, une dactylographe; Claire Albert, 19 ans, cité Moynet, 4, s'est jetée lundi soir à 11 heures, dans la Seine. Un agent de la brigade fluviale l'a l'etlirée saine et sauve. Le euiseur pendu. Hier, M. Léon Deguingan, âgé de 56 ans, cuiseur, demeurant 86, avenue de Verdun, à Issy-les-Moulineaux, a été trouvé -pendu dans sa chambre. On croit que la misère est la cause de ce suicide. , -■ Le couronnement des reines. t Le comité des fêtes du 1er arrondissement (procédera dimanche prochain 5 marat en matinée, au couronnement de sa reine-f dans les salons de l'hôtel ContIDenW, ., 7, La dot de 5.000 francs sera remise en présence des reines de Paris, Mortel accident d'avion. Un avion du centre d'Istres, piloté par Ici sergent Louis Ostrowski. s'est abattu dans un champ au Pontet, près de Marseille. L'aviateur qui, entre autres blessures, a la colonne, vertébrale brisée, a été transporté à d'hôpital militaire d'Avignon. Son état est désespéré. Conférence. Le parti républicain démocratique et se* cial donnera, aujourd'hui, salle dés Ingénieurs, 19, rue BLanche, une grande conférence, sous la présidence. de M. J. Non" lens, sénateur, ancien militaire. M. René Lafarge, député de la Corrèze, et André-François Ponoet, directeur de le Société d'études et d'informations économi. ques, y ,parlera de la situation économique et financière de l'Europe et de la conîS rence de Gênes. La Semaine Théâtrale rrttéâtre de I'OEuvré : Ubu-Roi. — Théâtre Daunou : Le Bonheur de ma femme. 00 Q Cela devait arriver. Il parait qu'Ubufl!)i ne séduit plus les nouvelles générations. Qui dit cela ? Les vieilles, parbdeu ! Je suis allé à l'OEuvare, et j'ai pu constater que le succès de la célèbre farce, dont on a tant parlé sans la connaître, est très vif. Bien entendu, le public des premières représentations ne s'est pas insurgé, n'a pas bué et sifflé l'ouvrage comme il y a vininq ans. Il le connaît ; d'abord par une sorte de tradition orale M une vulgarisation de tous les instants. Le père Ubu est devenu une figure populaire et on lui impute généraleanent toutes les sottises que débitent,.sur un ton péremptoire, les hommes politiques, certains .militaires et surtout les bureaux. Encore mieux t il paraît que Jarry, l'auteur d'Ubulioi, n'aurait. pas inventé son modèle ; il n'aurait fait que transcrire, développer et corser certain état d'esprit puhiic et des manières alors en honneur chez les collégiens de son temps qui furent, entre parenthèses, de fameux collégiens. Personne ne devrait s'oppo("r sérieusement à cette version qui fait d,e Jarry une sorte d'Homère goguenard, voyou, et tout ce qui s'ensuit, dans un genre affectant aujourd'hui une bonne partie de notre formation inteJiectueilc. /,,- Ubu est une vieille connaissance, par un autre côté,qui n'est pas le moins appréciable. Qui ne s'est plu à le faire revivre sous les traits d'une marionnette ? On pourrait citer un grand nombre de manifestations artistiques, privées, dont le père Ubu a constitué le personnage central, le héros. Quelques-unes méritent cependant d'être retenues, ce sont les plus récentes, er l'on verra, tout à l'heure, quelles déductions il convient d'en tirer. En 1913, André Dupont, un écrivain dont le style abondait en originalités, et qui s'efforçait de tenir haut le flambeau qui commençait à mourir aux mains de Léon Bloy vieillissant et de Tailhade un peu désabusé, jetait avec quelques amis les bases d'un théâtre consacré aux marionnettes. Le premier soin de cette compagnie de lettrés fut de découper Ubu-Roi en menues scènes vivantes. On élagua. On laissa tomber certaines répliques devenues à In longue indigentes, ayant perdu tout sel. Bref, l'œuvre de Jarry fut adaptée méticuleusement. C'est vers la fin de la guerre, que mon camarade A. t'Serstevens et moimême, tirâmes un Ubu-Roi des deux pièces de Jarry Ubu-Roi et Ubu Enr chaîné. A aucun moment, il ne vint à l'idée de l'un d'entre nous que l'œuvre de Jarry, conçue en farce, et destinée à frapper les auditeurs par la violence du vocabulaire, l'expression de sottise ou de crua/uté du personnage principal el l'actualité do i int^i^ue politique, constituât un tout et que ce fût un attentat de l'entourer de l'atmosphère d'actualité convenable. Le docteur Saltas, exécuteur testamentaire de Jarry, l'a d'ailleurs fort bien compris, et afin que nul n'en ignore, il a fait prendre rang à Ubu parmi les grandes créations dont s'honorent l'humanité et les lettres. On a repris le docteur Saltas sur ce point. On a eu tori L'ami de Jarry, qui vient d'assumer la publication de son chefd'œuvre (1) et sa représentation, n"ambitionnait que de situer Ubu parmi ces maîtres de l'adaptation et de la farce que furent Aristophane, Shakespeare,. Molière. Il ne s'agissait pas, ici, de mettre Jarry en balance avec qui que ce fût. L'œuvre du critique, et le docteur Saltas en est un fort bon, est de dégager l'homme de sa légende, ou de l'y inclure à jamais et de frotter le vernjs d'actualité qui recouvre telle création pour en montrer le rouage éternel, la vérité permanente. Or, depuis 25 ans, l'influence de Jarry est considérable, et l'on ne peut lire une chronique littéraire ou philosophique, entendre une harangue politique, voir traiter des affaires européennes, sans que le personnage d'Ubu s'impose au journaliste, à l'écrivain, au dessinateur. Au cours de 'la guerre, un excellent esprit, un maître de la critique procédant par le sarcasme, avoue sa filiation ubuesque en ressuscitant le père Ubu. Il s'agit de M. Ambroise Vollard, qui est bien l'homme le plus pittoresque qui se puisse actuellement rencontrer en liberté. Il fait intervenir Ubu au milieu (1) Ulm-Roi avec le croquis 4e l'auteur <Fasquelle, éditeur). 1! de la Société, des Nations, en pleine conférence de la paix, il l'affecte à l'aviation, au service de santé, partout, faisant du personnage le reflet énorme, monstrueux, l'anticipation personnifiée des conséquences incalculables qui suivront inévitablement les bévues en apparence anodines relevées au compte des bureaux. Ainsi, Ubu Roi est une œuvre vivante et, comme telde, assoiffée de vie. C'est une œuvre gloutonne, elle réclame un apport continuel, une participation incessante. La sottise vit, évolue, règne, et s'exprime par les mille pores de l'actualité. L'œuvre par excellence, qui la capte comme une bête monstrueuse, et la fait grouiller et pulluler, doit lui assurer une nourriture quasiquotidienne. Je me souviens qu'à l'époque où nous fîmes, avec t'Serstevens, une adaptation d'Ubu-Roi, certains acteurs faisaient sombrer dans le ridicule les alexandrins boursouflés de poètes néo-classiques, qu'ils étiraient intermii nablement, y mêlant ce que Jules Lemaître appelait, en parlant de MounetSully, des reniflements sublimes. Les Chroniques parisiennes ne traitaient que de cela, et le pastiche .allait bon train.Magnifîque époque en somme.Nous eûmes alors l'idée de faire déclamer par un messager pénétré de charme académique et suranné, la bataille qui, dans la pièce de Jarry, se déroulait, détaillée et un peu longue pour une pièce de marionnettes comportant, comme on sait, un nombre restreint de personnages. Ce fut une cocasserie inouïe. Le messager interrompait ses amples tirades déclamées -à voix haute, pour lâcher, à mi-voix, des invitations à le. laisser parler d'un tout autre style, le tout se terminant par un : « Je fous le camp » bien senti, les ennemis étant annoncés, et la scène s'achevant par une débandade. Voilà l'esprit dans lequel les àcteujs de l'OEuvre devaient jouer. Ils ont préféré accomplir uir rite. C'est un point de vue qui se défend Tort bien, puisque la soirée a été brillante, grâce à la maîtrise de René Fauchois et à la fantaisie de Pierly. On n'a pas ri tout le temps et cela se conçoit Ubu contient des répliques terribles et, pour ma part, je ne trouve rien de plus impressionnant que cette danse du scalp qu'exécute, autour de Bordure, son rival enchaîné, le père Ubu triomphant. N'estil pas dit dans Ubu Enchainé : « Ce qui fait rire les petits enfants risque de faire peur. aux grandes personnes » ?. Au théâtre Daunou, on a repris le Bonheur de ma femme. C'est une pièce fort réussie que l'on retrouve avec plaisir sur une scène très parisienne, dirigée avec beaucouop de goût et un tact exquis par Jane Renouardt; On se souvient qu'il s'agit d'un aimable garçon rendu furieux parce qu'il se trouve hors d'état de faire suivre son mariage de consommation. Je ne sais si je me fais bien comprendre. Sa jeune femme en est cause. Elle a trop bon caractère, elle rit toujours. Au fond c'est parce qu'elle est trop heureuse, et il .suffit qu'on parle de divorce pour la chagriner, l'empêcher de rire, et la renchagriner, définitivement, à l'exécution dre apte, à l'exécution des contrats. M.,.Vicior Boucher a le naturel que l'on sait, M. Barrai, en évêque italien, est caricatural à souhait. Jane Renouardt est l'une des rares açtricL dont la beauté illustre une intelfigenee ** incontestable, et un instinct du théâtre * accompli. Paul Lombard. ARTS ET LETTRES Gourmont danseur Dans le quatrième fascicule de l'Imprimerie Gourmontienne. M. Théodore Stanton nous dépeint Rétmy de Gourmon-t vers la trentième année, fréquentant SLes saloiis de la colonie américaine de Paris et, particulièrement, avenue IvMber, chez une belle Américaine, restée --veuve très jeune,avec ses trois filles, dont -la plus âgée était plus beilile encore que sa mère. Remy de Gourmont était devenu l'assidu de ce salon : « Il est assez difficile peut-être aujourd'hui, raconte HStanton, pour les amis d'une date plus arwaenme que l'époque dont je parle, de voir Remy de Gourmont valsant avec les jeunes filles de la colonie américaine de Paris. Mais il l'a fait et as.. sez bien..; » , Le cas Morger L'anniversaire de la naissance de Murger sera célébrée le 24 du mois prochain. C'est peut-être un peu exîcessif de célébrer cet écrivain, dont le talent (ne soyons pas mé. chants) ne se recommandé pas par des qualités spéciales, M. Gabriel ReuiïMrïl remarque, en outre, qu'il fit'le plus grand mal à toute une jeunesse dévoyée par la lecture de ses ouvrages, dans lesquels il représentait comme attrayante une bohème misérable et stérile. Il n'a campé que. ; de faux écrivains et de faux p'enur,S..qUi,; croyaient, que l'originalité réside dans une certaine coupe de barbe, de cheveux et d'habits. De pauvres bougres, mais dont l'exemple a été désastreux. * L. Afyéritan, , Le mariage de la, Princesse Mary La cérémonie a donné lieu une grande manifestation populaire Londres, 28 février. — Dès les premières beiges du jour, des dizaines de milliers • d'habitants de la banlieue sont arrivésvpar tes trains, lès autobus et les tramways et ee sont joints à la foule qui stationnait déjà tout le long du parcours que doit suivre le cortège nuptial. Les troupes forment la haie. De "ïûêfûoîre d'Anglais, Londres n'a vu n tel enthousiasme et une telle cohue depuis le couronnement du roi Edouard VII. C'est qu'en effet la princesse Mary est, iavec le prince de Galles, l'enfant chérie des Anglais et la démonstration populaire d'aujourd'hui a donné de l'originalité à une cérémonie qui, par ses rites et son élégance, avait surtout le caractère d'un mariage mondain de très grande allure. Le cortège royal a quitté le Palais de Buckingham au milieu des acclamations. Le roi et la princesse occupaient le dernier carrosse et les acclamations ont re doublé à leur passage. Dans l'abbaye de Westminster, ont pris place les ministres, les ambassadeurs, les Dfficier généraux de la marine et de l'arJnée. M. Lloyd George a fait son entrée le dernier. Le vicomte Lascelles portait l'uniforme de grenadier Au moment où les acclamations de la foule en dehors de l'abbaye ont annoncé l'arrivée du cortège royal, le vicomte Lascelles, portant l'uniforme de grenadier et les insignes de l'ordre de la Jarretière, à fait son entrée et a pris place près de l'autel, suivi peu après par la Reine, la Reine douairière et les princes. Le roi et la princesse sont arrivés à J'abbaye à 11 heures 28. Le temps, quoique un peu nuageux, est beau. La princesse Mary était pâle et quelque peu émue lorsque, acocmpagnés du roi et puivie de ses demoiselles d'honneur, elle a pénétré dans la nef de l'abbaye de Westminster. Elle s'est dirigée vers le chœur où lé vicomte Lascelles est venu se placer à sa droite. La princesfee et le vicomte étaient visiblement émus, notamment au début du Service ; mais c'est d'une voix ferme qu'ils orit,'^)joiidû aux paroles sacramentelles. M. Lloyd George était en tenue de Cour 3e gala*: costume bleu, richement brodé d'or aux parements et aux revers des manches. Le premier ministre était d'ailleurs éclipsé par MM. Winston Churchill, Balfour et Asquith, tous trois en uniforme de pères-iloyeaas de Trinity House, institution tqui ..contrôle. les phares et le pilotage en Grande-Bretagne. L'organiste Guilmant a tenu les grandes orgues Toute l'aristocratie anglaise, les ministres et diplomates étaient présents à Westminster où le mariage a été -célébré avec la pompe -et la magnificence religieuses haibitriedles. La princesse Mary avait choisi elle-même le programme de musique,-notamment la bénédiction religieuse de -Saint-Saëns et la marche nuptiale de MejideJssihan, exécutées par J l'organiste français Guilmant. La vicomtesse Lascelles fleurit le cénotaphe du Tommy inconnu En sortant de Westminster, la princesse Mary, désormais vicomtesse Lascelles, a fait arrêter son càrrosse devant le cénotaphe, ot a offert, dans un touchant geste d'hommage aux morts de la grande guertre, une partie de son bouquet de chrysanthèmes et de myosotis blancs que le serfîe'ri1 major de service a déposée au centre du monument. Lord Lascelles, qui avait revêtit l'uniforme dû corps -des grenadiers auquel il appartint pendant la guerre, a salué militairement et la princesse est rentrée au palais, de plus en plus acclamée par une foule qui atteignait à certains endroits jusqu'à 20 rangs de profondeur. Dans l'après-midi, il y a eu une grande réception au Palais Royal, puis les jeunes mariés sont partis en voyage de noce à 4 heures, se rendant dans les terres du vicomte Lascelles. Dans quelques jours, ils se rendront à Paris et à Florence. L'AFFAIRE DE LA B.I.C. Hier, M. Rich:a.ud a convoqué dans son cabinet plusieurs administrateurs de la Banque Industriedle de Chinie. La conversation a porté sur M. Pernotte, au sujet d'une gratification de 200.000 francs. La demande de mise en liberté provisoire formulée par l'avocat, il y a plusieurs jours, a été l'ejetée. Le Protectorat anglais sur l'Egypte a vécu Le statu quo est maintenu en ce qui concerne la sécurité des communications britanniques Le Caire, 28 février. — Une déclaration du maréchal Allenby proclame l'abolition du protectorat anglais sur l'Egypte qui est déclarée Etat souverain et indépendant et maintient provisoirement le statu quo pour la défense du territoire égyptien, pour la sécurité des communications impériales, ainsi que pour la protection des étrangers et le maintien de l'ordre au Soudan. Le gouvernement britannique fait une déclaration unilatérale M. Lloyd George a fait à la Chambre des Communes la déclaration tant attendue sur l'Egypte. « N0115 avons, dit-il, depuis longtemps reconnu et déclaré que le protectorat a cessé d'être une forme de relations satisfaisante entre d'Empire britannique et l'Egypte et nous avons également déclaré que, par suite de la position géographique particulière de-l'Egypte, on ne peut mettre fin au protectorat a moins que les intérêts impériaux britanniques ne soient pleinement sauvegardés. « C'est ce que Adly pacha et ses collègues ont été les premiers à admettre. Mais la difficulté de concilier ces intérêts avec les aspirations égyptiennes n'a pu être surmontée au cours des négociations de l'été dernier. A présent, aucun gouvernement égyptien ne pourrait aller jusqu'à engager son pays à accepter une forme de relations avec la Grande-Bretagne de nature à fournir à cette dernière des garanties adéquates sur cette question. « Le gouvernement britannique a, en conséquence, résolu de faire une déclaration unilatérale. » L'Angleterre est prête à conclure un accord avec l'Egypte La déclaration du Premier comprend les principes suivants : 1° Le protectorat prend fin et l'Egypte est libre d'élaborer telles institutions nationales qui pourront répondre aux aspirations de son peuple •* 2° La loi martiale sera abrogée aussitôt qu'un bill d'indemnité aura été voté. > 3° Cette clause définit les relations spéciales entre le gouvernement britannique et l'Egypte. Elle déclare que les quatre questions suivantes sont laissées à la discrétion du gouvernement britannique : a) la Sécurité des communications de l'Empire britannique en Egypte ; b) la défense de 'l'Egypte contre toute agression étrangère ou ingérence directe ou indirecte ; c) la protection des intérêts étrangers en Egypte et la protection des minorités ; d) le Soudan. M. Lloy-d. George conclut : « Nous sommes prêts à conclure un accord avec le gouvernement égyptien sur ces questions, dans un esprit de conciliation aussitôt Qu'une occasion favorable se présentera. Mais jusqu'à ce qu'un tel acçord nous donnant satisfaction ainsi qu'au gouvernement égyptien, soit intervenu, le statu quo doit demeurer intact. » La grande majorité du Parlement a approuvé la déclaration du Premier ministre. On arrête l'ex-amie du gestionnaire Poulain Elle vivait à Villemomble avec son mari -Germaine Michaux, épouse Poirot, a été arrêtée par la sûreté générale à Villemonblé et a été écrouée au dépôt pour abus de confiance, faux et usage de faux. Germaine Michaux est l'ex-maîtresse de Poulain, directeur du service de ravitaillement municipal de Versailles, inculpé de détournements, actuellement en fuite. L'arrestation de Germaine Michaux a eu lieu au domicile du mari. Elle était rentrée à son foyer depuis quelques jours, après avoir obtenu le pardon de son époux. De ses explications, il ressort que Poulain se rendit avec elle à Marseille. Tout d'abord, elle crut à une fugue que Poulain avait accomplie par amour pour eille. Mais lIes fréquents changements de domicile auxquels l'obligeait son amant à Marseille, éveillèrent §es soupçons. Elle lui en demanda le pourquoi. Poulain finit par lui avouer ses détournements et lui proposa de partir à l'étranger. C'est alors qu'elle se décida à rompre avec ce dernier et à implorer le pardon de l'époux délaissé, qui l'accorda bientôt. Le Sénat aborde l'examen de la loi sur les loyers On accueille fraîchement le rapport de M. Morand qui foule cyniquement aux pieds le droit des locataires Le Sénat a abordé hier la discussion générale du projet sur les loyers. Cela a débuté par un interminable exposé de M. Morand, rapporteur qui tout d'abord se lamente sur un ton funèbre des avantages concédés aux. locataires par les lois antérieures et en particulier par celle de 1918. Cette loi n'a pas seulement fait perdre de l'argent aux malheureux propriétaires mais elle a en outre perverti la moralité publique en autorisant des dérogations à des contrats qui devraient être intangibles. Et c'est elle encore, qui est la cause non pas seulement initiale mais permanente de la crise des loyers N'autoriset-elle pas en effet les locataires à demeurer tranquillement dans leur logis d'avantguerre, même si leur famille a été plus ou moins réduite, s'il ne reste plus qu'une ou deux personnes au lieu de cinq ou six ? Il est évident, déclare sentencieusement M. Morand que ce. logis est devenu trop vaste pour les survivants : ne devraient-ils pas être obligés de déménager ? Mais ailleurs ils paieraient plus cher un logement plus étroit, n'importe ; ils auraient'dû se restreindre. Le Sénat écoute avec stupeur ces macabres facéties ; mais comme la courtoisie est obligatoire au Luxembourg, on se contente bientôt de ne plus prêter l'oreille aux considérations dont, après la loi de 1918, le rapporteur agrémente les six autres lois sur les loyers. Car il y en a eu sept jusqu'à présent. Celle-ci sera la huitième ; M. Morand se flatte qu'elle sera la dernière, et il insiste complaisamment sur le qualificatif de « loi définitive » qui est épinglé à son fronton. Il lui découvre naturellement toutes les qualités. Cependant il convient qu'elle ne peut être .qu'une loi de transition, la seule solution désirable étant le retour pur et simple au droit commun. , Entre temps, M. Morand fait une allusion discrète à l'article 10 de la loi de 1919 qui réprime là spéculation illicite sur Ces loyers. La Commission n'a pas osé l'abroger complètement : mais, en fait, il ne serait jamais plus applicable, les propriétaires obtenant, grâce au texte de la Commission, licence de tripler, voire de quadrupler le prix des loyers. Hâtons-nous de dire que cette disposition ne semble pas devoir être accueillie par la Haute Assemblée. Surenchère. Si favorable que soit aux propriétaires le projet de la Commission, M. de Las Cases estime néanmoins qu'il ne va pas assez loin./Pourquoi ne pas revenir tout de suite au droit commun, à la loi de l'offre et de la demande ? Si on paie les logements plus cher, cela engagera les capitalistes à construire. Et ainsi se trouvera supprimée tout naturellement la crise des loyers par l'accroissement du nombre de logements. M. LAFFERRE Avec M. Lafferre, voici un autre son de cloche. Il ne faut, dit celui-ci, toucher qu'avec ménagement aux droits acquis des locataires. On veut les faire participer aux charges des propriétaires : le sénateur de l'Hérault trouve la prétention excessive et il proposera Un amendement. D'autre part l'abrogation de la loi sur la spéculation illicite est inadmissible ; ce serait inciter les propriétaires à provoquer artificiellement la hausse du taux de l'intérêt. Ce qu'il faut encourager, favoriser, c'est l'accord amiable entre propriétaires et locataires. On applaudit. Là-dessus, M. Louis David s'affiche partisan résolu du texte de la Commission. Puis M. Brager de la Ville Moysan se désole parce que la Commission ne s'est pas ralliée à un texte qu'il avait proposé. M, PENANCIER M. Penancier obtient un très joli succès en faisant avec humour la critique de certaines dispositions du projet. Que prétendon faire ? Une loi qui abroge toutes les précédentes sur la matière et qui d'autre part permette à tous les locataires si cela leur plaît de rester dans leur appartement, moyennant une certaine augmentation de loyer. Sur ces principes, tout le monde est d'accord. Mais quelle sera la quotité de cette augmentation? Les ilocataires veulent payer le moins cher possible et les propriétaires exiger le plus possible. La difficulté est malaisée à résoudre. La Commission propose d'abord que les propriétaires puissent réclamer 8 0/0 de .revenu net sur la valeur actuelle de leurs immeubles. CeJa est insoutenable. Presque tous les locataires regimberont. De Hà, des milliers de conflits. Et pour résoudre tous ces conflits. la Commission n'a rien trouvé de mieux que de confier au seul tribunal de première instance le soin de les juger. Il faut d'une part laisser aux Commissions arbitrales le soin de se prononcer sur les affaires pendantes devant elles. D'autre part, il faut, comme l'a voulu la Chambre maintenir au juge de paix le droit de juger les litiges qui sont de sa compétence. Ces observations furent très applaudies. M. Boivin-Champeaux intervint le dernier pour soutenir le texte de la Commission dont il est le .président. — J'ai reçu des injures des deux côtés. déclara M. Boivin-Champeaux et j'ai même reçu des-menaces de mort ! — Je suis prêt à vous protéger, déclare M. Barthou. — Je ne suis pas ému de ces menaces riposta le président de la Commission et nous sommes tout disposés à examiner tous les amendements. On remet à aujourd'hui, la suite du débat. m , Informations Parlementaires Palais-Bourbon Pour combattre la crise du logement. MM. Levasseur, Aubriot et Rozier, etc. ont déposé hier une proposition de loi tendant, en vue d'encourager la construction d'immeubles d'habitation, à exonérer des taxes et impôts fonciers nationaux, départementaux et communaux, les propriétaires pour une durée de quinze apnées à dater du 1er janvier 1922. Le renouvellement des conseils généraux. — La .Commission d'administration générale de la Chambre a fixé le renouvellement des conseils généraux entre le 10 mai et le 15 juin prochain. Dans les Commissions. — Ont été nommés membres des commissions : de l'hygiène, M. Fournier-Sarlovèze ; des spéculations de guerre, MM. Jean Molinié et Thomas. Dépôt à Paris, 20, boulevard Poissonnière. - M. Schanzer à Paris Le nouveau ministre des affaires étrangères d'Italie a eu hier un cordial entretien avec M, Poincaré A 21 h. 30 il repartait pour l'Italie M. Schanzer, ministre des affaires étrangères d'Italie, accompagné du sénateur Albertini, membre de la délégation italienne à Washington et de son secrétaire particulier, .M. Bocio. est arrivé hier aiprès-midi à Paris à 15 heures 35 par la gare SaintLazare, par le train du Havre, venant de Washington. Le 'comte Bonin-Longare avait été à sa rencontre au Havre. Nous avons pu nous entretenir un instant avec M. Sdhanzer qui nous a dit : « J'ai fait un bon voyage. Ne me demandez pas l'interview, il ya longtemps que j'ai quitté l'Europe et je n'ai pas encore pris mes fonctions. Je ne puis donc rien vous dire. » Mais M ajouta aussitôt chaleureusement : l' Ce que je ipuis vous affirmer cependant, c'est ma caïUiale amitié ipour la France et mon bien vif désir de cultiver cette vive amitié, laquelle, selon moi, est non seulement nécessaire à nos deux pays, mais encore au niaintien de la paix et au relèvement de l'Europe. M. Schanzer est monté ensuite en automobile avec le comte Bonin-Longare, M.Scha.nzer fut ensuite reçu par M. Poincaré à 5 heures 30. Le président du conseil lui avait enivoyé un représentant chargé de le saluer et de lui dire qu'il désirait vivent s'entretenir avec lui. M." Schanzer fut reçu au ministère des affaires étrangères. La conversation ne dura pas très longtemps, une demi-heure à peine. Elle permit à M. Poincaré de faire à M. Schanzer un rapide exposé dei la situation politique après la Conférence de Boulogne. Le président du conseil manifesta le désir de voir (bientôt de nouveau à Paris M. Scbanzey, pour examiner, d'accord avec lord Curzon,ila question orientale. Les deux ministres totmlbèrent d'aiocord pour choisir le 15 mars comme date de cette prochaine conférence. Nous pouvons ajouter que, tout en exprimant à M. Pointcaré ses sentiments de sympathie et de bonne volonté personnelles, M. Schanzer s'est montre, au cours de l'entretien, très réservé dans .ses paroles, invoquant qu'il avait besoin, avant de manifester une opinion sot les problèmes internationaux, de recueillir le sentiment de ses collègues. M. Schanzer a quitté Paris à 21 h. 30. LES fLAISIRS M:S SETJX Et ceE IUESIppit MOLIERE A L'ODEON A la fin de cet te semaine, M. Gémier quittera la Cigale et s'en ira de l'autre côté de l'eau prendre l'entière direction de l'Odéon. A partir de lundi prochain, seul maître de la maison, it fera poursuivre plus activement les répétitions de Molière, la première pièce qu'il monte et que depuis longtemps déjà il a mis au travail. Luimême, comme on le sait, interprétera le rôle de Molière au cours des six tableaux de Vœuvre de MM. Jean José Frappa et Dupuy Mazel qui présente un raccourci de l'existence du grand routeur comique. Toute la troupe de VOdéon fera partie de la distnbution de la pièce dont la mise en scène est particulièrement importante. L'HABILLEUSE. Les Théâtre. A l'Opéra Ce soir, à 8 heures, Rigoletto (Mmes J. Campredon, Arné, MM. Duclos, Rambaud, Gresse; Narçon). Orchestre : M. Vigna; Suite de Danses (Mlle Zambelli, M. Albert Aveline). Orchestre : M. Henri Busser. A la Coniédle-Praiiçats« Ce soir, à 8 h. 45, le Marquis de Priola, comédie en 3 actes, en prose, de M. Henri Lavedan.. Demain, matinée à 1 h. 30 (abonnement billets blancs) Marion Delorme; en soirée, à 8 h. 15 (abonnement), l'Etincelle. le Paon. ', ,1 ropéra-oinilqué Ce soir, à "6 heures, Manon (Mlles Myrtal (début), Sonia Pavloff, MM. Charles Friant, Baugé, Allard). Chef d'orchestre ': M. Catherine. — M. Stroesco, complètement rétabli,reparaîtra demain soir dans le rôle de Pelléas et Mélisande. Au Théâtre Edouard-VII (Malgré le succès persistant du Misanthrope, les engagements antérieurs obligent le théâtrç Edouard-VII à'ne plus gent jouer que seize fois la pièce, y compris les matinées des jeudis et dimanches. Le grand comédien Lucien Guitry, qui est acclamé tous les soirs, ne jouera donc plus que jusqu'au 12 mars inclus. Au Grand-Guignol Aujourd'hui matinée, le Baiser dans la Nuit, Une Nuit au Bouge, Nounouche, immense succès, Au Vieux-Colombier Retient la date du mercredi 8 mars, en matinée, à 2 heures, pour la répétition générale du spectacle russe qu'il a accueilli sur sa scène et qui comporte l'Amour, livre d'or, comédie en 3 actes du comte Alexis Tolstoï, traduction Dumesnil de Gramont, et la Mort joyeuse, de Nicolas Evreinof, traduction Denis Roche. Au Théâtre des Ternes Vendredi 3 mars, à 8 h. 30, première à ce théâtre du Tampon du CapMton, vaudeville en 3 actes de MM. Mouézy-Eon, Vercourt et Béver, avec Mmes Lili Charton, G. Bir, L. Chanet, MM. Léo Rivière, P. Robert, Weiss, Lacoste, Villaret et René Lenglet. Au Théâtre Oluny Vendredi 3 mars, a 8 h. 30, première a ce théâtre de Lulu, garde ton cœur, vaudeville en 3 actes de MM. E. Arnaud et André Heuzé, avec Mmes Lulu Watier, Myrtho, L. David, K. Pierson et Yo Maursl, MM. Coradin, Béver, Géo Flandre, Le Gosset, Lavialle, Loisoi. Au Théâtre Michel On sait que Paris ou le Bon Ju.ge a été un des plus grands sinon le plus grand succès d'opérette légère avant la guerre. Les rôles principaux ont été créés par Mlle Alice Bonheur Germaine Gallois, MM. Charles Lamy et Victor Henry. A la reprise que nous offrent en répétitions générales, vendredi après-midi et soir, MM. Trébor et IBrigon, il ne: reste de la distribution primitive que '('charles Lamy, l'inimitable Paris. Le rôle d'Alice Bonheur sera tenu par notre grande étoile d'opérette Edmée Favart, le rôle de Germaine Gallois par Mlle Huber et le personnage créé par Victor Henry sera repris par M. Georgé. Samedi, première à bureaux ouverts. , Les Concerts Aux Coneerls-Colonno Samedi 4 mars, à 5 heures précises, au Châtelet, 19e Concert-Colonne du samedi, avec le concours de M. Ferruccio Busoni : Oberon, ouverture, Weber. — Concerto en ut mineur pour piano (cadences Busoni), Mozart (allegro,larghetto, finale) : M. Ferruccio Busoni. — Nocturnes : a) Nuages, b) Fêtes, Cl. Debussy. — Concertino (romanza scherzozo) Ire audition, F. Busoni : M. Ferruccio Busoni. — Rapsodie rwrwégienne-, Ed. Lalo : a) Introduction et allegro, b) Presto. Dimanche 5 mars, à 2 h. 39, 19e Con cert-Colonne du dimanche, avec le concours de M. Ferruccio Busoni : Poème des rivages, suite symphonique en 4 tableaux (2e et dernière audition), V. d'Indy : I. Calem et Lumière, II. la Jole du Bleu profond, III. Horizons verts, IV. le Mystère de l'Océan, — Concerto en ut majeur pour piano, de Mozart, M. Ferruccio Busoni ; a) Berceuse élégiaque, b) Rondi arlecchinsaco (Ire audition à Paris), F. Busoni; ténor solo, M. Saibatier. — Deuxième Concerto en la pour pianos Liszt : M. Ferruccio1 Busoni. Joyeuse marche, Chabrier. Les concerts seront dirigés par M. Gabriel Pierné. Fifilles de Loth, opérette grivoise; soirée à 9 heures. Les Music-Han. Aux Foltes-Bergèn Inutile d'exalter le triomphe sans précédent dans l'histoire du music-hall de la nouvelle revue Folies sur Folies. Tout Paris en parle déjà en des tèrmes qui rendent Inutile tout commentaire. A Ba-Ta Clan Matinées jeudi, samedi, dimanche avec la splendide et joyeuse revue De toutes lescouleurs, immense succès. Louez au Roq. 30-12. Au Moulin Bleu Matinée à 3 heures aujourd'hui au Moulin-Bleu (42, rue de Douai), avec les Consultez le Programme CE SOIR: OPERA. A 8 11. Rigoletto. COMEDIE-FRANÇAISE. A 8 h. 45. Le M» quis de Priola. OPERA.cOMJQUE. A 8 h. Manon. ODEON. — A 8 h. 30. — Les Misérables. GAITE-LYRIQUE. A S h. 25. Lw BrUrands TRIANON-LYRIQUE. A 8 ù. 30 Véronique. 1 ALBERT-Ier. — A 8 h30. — Un Million dans uni main d'enfant. AMBIGU. — A, 8 h. 80, La Flamme. ANTOINE. — A 8 h. 30. -L'Heure du Berger. ARTS (Théâtre des). A 8 h. 30. L'AUtre FIls. APOLLO. Relâche. A 8 '•30 ATHENEE. -. A 8 h. 3D, :k Paradis ferme CAUMARTIN. A 8 h. 30. Le Poulaîller. CAPUCINES. A 9 h. — Simone est comme Ca. CHAMPS-ELYSEES (Théâtre). A 9 h. SynCOo' CAPUCINES. (Théâtre). A 9 h. Synca, Synco. CHATELET. — A 8 h. 30, Jean qui rit. CIGALE. A S h. 30. — Batignolles-Cigale-Odêo*. CLUNY. A 9 b. Le Tampon du Caplston. DAUNOU. — A 9 heures. — Le Bonheur de lM Femme. DEZAZET. — A 8 h. 30 — ï Ire au flanc. DEUX-MASQUES. A 9 h. La BftTi La Peot EDOUARD-II. A 8 h. 30. Le Misanthrope. FEMINA. — Relâche. GRAND-GUIGNOL. A 8 h. 49. — Une Nuit an■ Bouge. GYMNASE. — A 9 heures. — Le Voleur. , MARIGNY. — A 8 h. 30. — My LOTe. MAR.TAL. — A 8 h. 30. — Ça c'est chifc MATHURINS. — Relâche. MICHEL. — Relâche. MOGADOR. — A 8 h. 30. — Monsieur l'Amour NOUVEAU-THEATRE. A 8 h. 30. Un Homme. etc.. etc. NOUVEAUTES (Théâtre ddnik — A 8 h. ID. CIo médlenne. PALAIS-ROY AL. — A 8 ho 80. — Le Chasseur de chez Maxlm's. PORTE-SAINT-MARTIN. — A 8 heures. Cn.. de Bergerac. POTINIERE. — A 9 h— Bahco. RNATSSANCE. — A 8 h. 30, — La Danseuse T'Oup. SARAH-BERNHARDT. A 8 h 15. L'Aiglon. SCALA. A 8 h. 30. La Dame de chaz Maxim 's. TERNES— Lulu garde ton cœur. THEATRE 'DE PARIS. — A 8 h. 30. — La Poau& lon. VARIETES. — A 8 h. 30. La rerne des Varl" VAUDEVILLE. — A 8 h. 30. — La Chair humaine. ALHAMBRA — A 8 h. 30 Attractions.. BA-TA-CLAN. — A 8 h. 30. — De toutes les comeart. BOITE A FURSY. — A 8 h. 45. — Faites des «w fants. CASINO DE PARIS. — A 8 h. 30. — Paris en l'alf, CIRQUE DE PARIS. A 8 h. 30. Attractions. CONCERT MAYOL (Tél. Gut. 32-07). — PariS-S6W dales. DEUX ANES. — A 9 heures. Ah 1 non. EDEN. — A 8 h. 30. Un coup de "téléphone. FOLIE S-BERGEREi Folles sur folies. LA LUNE ROUSSE. A 9 h. — Pour désarmer. MOULIN BLEU. A 8 h. 30. — La Mille de Loth, NOCTAMBULES. A 9 h. — C'est chic. WOLVEAU-ciHtiUB. — A 8 h. 3o. — Attractions. OLnlPIA. A 8 h. 30. AttraeUent. PERCHOIR. Paris la cuit. rm QUI CHANTE. -. A S beurea. — Dé-dfebUMOfc Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée Circuits automobtles de printemps autour d'Avignon Pour permettre au public de visiter commodément et à peu de frais les incomparables curiosités archéologiques de la région. d'Avignon, la Compagnie des chemins de fer de Parie-Lyon-Méditerranée va remettre en marche, chaque jour, à partir du 19 mars et jusqu'au 5 juin prochain, le CiTcuit automobile des Baux, excursion d'une journée, dont l'itinéraire s'établit, au départ d'Avignon, par Tarascon, Arles, Les Baux, Saint-Rémy et Maillane. Prix de l'excursion : 30 francs. Déjeuner à Arles. Sera mis en marche, également au départ d'Avignon, les mardi, jeudi et samedi de chaque semaine, du 21 mars au 3 juia inclus, le Circuit du Pont du Gard. Itinéraire : Avignon, Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, Pont du Gard, Nîmes. Uzès. Prix : 35 francs. Déjeuner à Nîmes. — 60 — » RADIEUSEAURORE 1 Grand roman d'aventures 1 Par JACK LONDON « v DEUXIEME PARTIE CHAPITRE XVIII — Non, je ne pensais pas à fumer, je pensais à vous. Qu'est-ce qu'un homme doit faire quand il désire une femme et qu'il veut lui demander de l'épouser ? C'est ce que je veux faire. Je ne peux pas faire de phrases, je le sais. Mais je peux m'exprimer en anglais ffanc et c'est assez bon pour moi. Vous occupez ma pensée presque tout le temps maintenant. Et ce que je veux savoir, c'est. c'est si vous voulez de moi. Voilà ! — Je. 'J'aurais préféré que vous ne me le demandiez pas, répondit-elle doucement. Il vaut peut-être mieux que vous sachiez plusieurs choses avant de me donner votre réponse, continua-t-il, ne remarquant point que la réponse était déjà donnée. De ma vie, je n'ai oourli après une femme ; néanmoins, on raconte le contraire.Les sottises que vous avez lues sur moi dans les Journaux et dans les livres me donnant comme un assassin de femmes sont fausses. Il n'y a pas un iota, de vrai. J'ai pris plus que ma part des cartes et de la boisson, mais les femmes," je ne m'en suis jamais occupé. Il y en a une qui s'est suicidée, je ne savais pas qu'elle m'aimait tant ; autrement, je l'aurais épousée, non pas par amour, mais pour l'empêcher de se tuer Elle était des plus passionnées, bien que je ne lui aie jamais donné le moindre encouragement. Je vous dis tout cela parce que vous avez lu ces histoires et que je veux vous dire moi-mêmè la vérité. « Un meurtrier de femmes, s'écria-til. Eh bien Miss Mason, je ne crains pas de vous dire que les femmes ont couru après moi. Vous êtes la première dont je n'ai pas eu peur. C'est étrange. Je vous adore, et cependant vous ne m'effrayez pas.C'est peut-être parce que vous n'êtes pas comme les .autres femmes que je connais. Vous ne m'avez jamais poursuivi. Meurtrier de femmes ! Moi qui les ai toujours évitées autant que je tiens ferme/contre le vent et que, ne tombant jamais, je ne me casse rien. Quand je vous ai rencontrée, et même longtemps après, je ne songeais pas à me marier. Dès le début, je me suis accordé avec vous, mais je n'aurais jamais imaginé que eelairait jusqu'au mariage Eh bien ! voilà des rfuits que je ne dors plus parce que je pense à vous et que je vous désire. Il s'arrêta et attendit. Elle avait tiré du panier la dentelle et la mousseline et elle cousait pour ca-lmer sans doute ses nerfset son esprit. Comme elle ne le regardait pas, il la dévora des yeux.Il considéra ces mains fermes et adroites qui pouvaient courir sur la machine à écrire presque aussi vite qu'un homme parle, qui pouvaient coudre des parures délicates et qui, sans nul doute, pouvaient jouer sur ce piano qui était là, dans un coin. Un autre détail très féminin le frappa : ses pantoufles ; elles étaient petites, mordorées. Il n'avait point imaginé qu'elle pût avoir un petit pied. Ne lui avant vu que des chaussures de ville et des bottes de cheval, il ne s'attendait pas à cela. Et sur ces pantoufles mordorées qui le fascinaient, ses yeux se reposaient constamment. On frappa à la porte et elle répondit. Daylight ne put s'empêcher d'entendre la conversation. On la. demandait &ll téléphone. — Dites-lui de resonner dans dix minutes, l'entendit-il répondre, et le prénom masculin lui causa une violente morsure de jalousie. « Eh bien, décidat-il, qui que ce soit, Daylight le poursuivra pour le ruiner ». Et il s'étonna qu'une femme comme Dede ne fût pas mariée depuis longtemps. Elle revint en lui souriant et reprit sa couture. Les yeux de Daylight se promenèrent des mains fermes aux pantoufles mordorées et il fut convaincu qu'il n'y avait, au monde, que peu de sténographes comme celle-là. Peut-être était-ce parce qu'elle était de bonne famille et qu'elle avait été bien élevée. Cela expli quait ses appartements, sa toilette et la. façon dont elle la portait. 1 — Les dix minutes sont en train de fuir, dit-il. * Je ne peux pas vous épouser. Vous ne m'aimez pas Elle secoua la tête. — Vous ne m'aimez pas. un tout Ijetit peu ? Cette fois, elle fit un signe de tête en laissant errer sur ses lèvres un sourire amusé. Rien de méprisant dans ce sourire, car le côté risible d'une situation lui échappait rarement. — Eh bien, c'est commencé, nous n'avons qu'à continuer, déclara4-il. Vous m'avez plu dès le début, mais voyez où j'en suis. Vous souvenez-vous m'avoir dit que vous n'aimiez pas ma façon de vivre ? Eh bien ! je l'ai modifiée. Je nti joue plus comme autrefois. Je me suis lancé dans ce que vous appelez légitime, changeant deux minutes en une seule, faisant vivre trois cent mille personnes où cent mille vivaient auparavant. Et l'année prochaine, à pareille époque, deux millions d'eucalyptus pousseront sur les collines.M'aimez-vous plus qu'un petit peu Elle leva les yeux de son travail et le regarda en lui répondant ; — Je vous aime beaucoup, seulement. Il attendit qu'elle complétât sa phrase comme elle se tut, il continua : — Je n'ai pas une opinion exagérée de moi-même et je sais sans me vanter que je serai un très bon'mari.Je ne vous surveillerai pas, je ne vous ennuiérai pas, je devine ce qu'est l'indépendance pour une femme comme vous. Eh bien ! vous resterez indépendante étant mariée Au cun lien. Vous suivrez votre caprice et rien ne sera trop beau (pour vous. Je vous donnerai tout ce que vous pourrez désirer. — Excepté vous-même, répliqua-t-elle interrompamt d'un ton presque dur. L'étonnement de Daylight ne fut que momentané. — Je ne comprends pas très bien. Je] serai franc, loyal et je vivrai honnêtement. Je ne veux pas partager mes affections. — Ce n'est pas cela que je veux dire, reprit-elle. Au lieu de vous donner vousmême à votre femme, .vous vous donnerez aux trois cent mille habitants d'Oakland, à vos chères voies ferrées, à vos bacs, aux deux millions d'arbres des collines, aux affaires, et..: et à ce qu'elles amènent. — Vous verrez que non, s'écria-t-il. Je ferai ce que vous voudrez. — Vous croyez, mais 11 en sera autre-I ment. (Elle devint subitement nerveuse) Arrêtons cette conversation.Cela ressemble trop à un marché. Combien en offrez vous ? — J'en offre tant, — J'en demande plus, et ainsi de suite. Je vous aime, mais pas suffisamment pour vous épouser, et je ne vous aimerai jamais assez pour vous épouser. Qu'en savez-vous ? répliqua-t-il. Parce que je vous aime de moins en moins. ; Daylight resta abasourdi. Un réel chagrin se peignit sur sa figure, — Oh ! vous ne comprenez pas, criat-elle avec rage, car elle commençait à perdre son sang-froid. Ce n'est pas ce que je veux dire. Je vous aime vraiment à mesure que je vous connais, je vous aime davantage. Et, en même temps, à mesure que je vous connais, je tiens de moins en moins à vous épouser. t"' Cette phrase énigmatique augmenta, la perplexité de Daylight. — Ne comprenez-vous pas, ajouta-t elle rapidement. J'aurais préféré l'Elam Harnish nouvellement arrivé du Klon, dike, la première fois que je l'ai vu, il y a longtemps, que d'épouser l'homme qui est en ce moment devant moi. Il secoua lentement la tête. — C'est trop compliqué pour moi. Plus vous connaissez et vous ainîez un homme, moins vous tenez à l'épouser. A force de se connaître, on se méprise. Je devine que c'est cela que vous,voulezdire. < — Non, non, cria-t-elle. Mais on frappa à la porte et eljô n4 put continuer.. — Les dix minutes sont passées, dit Daylight. Ses yeux, vifs et observateurs comme ceux d'un Indien, se promenèrent dans cette pièce qu'elle venait de quitter.
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Open Culture
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SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE. This morning, 10:30. This Evening, 10:45. ARRIVALS. September 9-Charles Edward, ss, Whitwell, from Nelson. DEPARTURE. September 9-Charles Edward, ss, Whitwell, for One day (September 9-Charles Edward, ss, Whitwell, for Wellington. The Stormbird sails for arrival this morning of the Wharfboat of the Union Company's large steamers. This vessel, one of three, all of the same kind and tonnage, was purchased a few years ago from the Westport Coal Company, and is employed in the coal trade between Westport and East Coast ports. Should she be successful in working the port safely, we are informed that the Union Company intend having all three properly fitted up for stock and placed in the Wauganui and West Coast trade. They are expected to carry about 150 head of cattle and 500 sheep, besides 40 and 50 tons of general cargo. She has also fine passenger accommodation. This should be gratifying in evidence for the farmers of the district, and should be encouraging to members of the Harbour Board and others who have the improvement of our river at heart. EXPECTED ARRIVALS. MEETING OF RATEPAYERS: A thoroughly representative meeting of ratepayers of the Kaitoki Biding of the Wanganui County was held at the Wanganui School Room on Saturday evening last, having been called by the member representing the riding on the Council (Mr. E. R. Morgan for the purpose of considering the proposal of the above Council, to impose an extra general rate of in the point as well as any other business in connection with the riding. The chair was taken by Mr. B. A. Campbell, who explained to the meeting the purpose for which it was called. He then called upon the member for the County Biding to address the meeting. Mr. Morgan asked for the attention of those present for a short time, while he endeavoured to put before them the position of the affairs in connection with the riding and count; as well as to excuse any defects he might make in the manner of address, being said to speak his first attempt. He (M. Morgan) would only go as far back as 1887, because it was from that year the Committee, appointed by the Council for the purpose of considering and adjusting the accounts of the four lower ridings had taken their data. Previous to that time there was nothing definite to work upon, but since then the Committee, appointed by the Council for the purpose of considering and adjusting the accounts of the four lower ridings had taken their data. Previous to that time there was nothing definite to work upon, but since then the Committee, appointed by the Council for the purpose of considering and adjusting the accounts of the four lower ridings, had taken their data. 12s 7d, and in this sum is included a sum of £11 17s 4d bank interest. Such sum should not justly be chargeable to the riding, inasmuch as the riding had a credit balance to its account, and consequently was not the cause of any overdraft on the County's account. Notwithstanding which, however, the riding has the handsome amount of £206 0s lid, as well as the 1889 and 1890 rate of £297 7s sd, which was just being collected, and has not been taken into account in the ad justment before mentioned. In the face of those figures, the speaker thought it would be very unfair indeed to thrust mother rate upon them, and against their will too. Mr. Morgan then gave the ratepayers some local information, and stated his willingness to answer any question as to the mind of the Council, he told them that body [i.e., the majority] were very determined about the matter, but he would state further that he thought it was very fair for gentlemen who represented ridings which were not included in the pro proposed to be rated to vote, and by their vote put a rate on a community that was so strongly opposed to the rate is at present proposed, although he would have taken the responsibility of noting in favor of the rate if the whole County had been included. One in two more questions were asked and answered, and the Chairman then called for a resolution, and in doing so said he bought, after hearing what their idea had told and the figures he had noted, the best thing the riding could do— that was if the Council was determined not to listen to their protest — would be a form a separate road district. He could further mention that in contrast to the manner in which the Waitotara county kept its roads with the Wanganui county roads, the latter body came out in anything but a favourable light. Consequently, he thought that if they had a sad board of their own they would feel able to manage and keep their roads in good condition. If not better, than they are at present, kept by the County, he following resolution was then moved by Mr. E. E. Fletcher and seconded by Mr. A. Tuesday, 10th September. For Sailing to and intermediate offices, 12:15 P.M. For New Plymouth and intermediate offices, 12:15 P.M. For Christchurch and Southern offices, per Rotorua, 4:15 p.m. Auction Sales. Freeman R. Jackson & Co. On Saturday, 14th September, at St. Hill-street, On Wednesday, September 11th, at St. Hill-street, On Thursday, 12th September, at Feilding, stock. ED. N. Liffitone— On Friday, 13th September, at his mart, free hold property. On Thursday, 12th September, at Martou, free hold land. BARNS & HIGGIE— At Turakina, on an early date, stock. The Wanganui Chronicle, AND PATEA-RANGITIKE ADVERTISER. "NULLA DIES SINE LINEA." TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 10, 1889. When Mr. Hislop voluntarily stepped down from the position of a Cabinet Minister, he unconsciously lifted himself up into a higher place, in the estimation of the people of New Zealand, than he had ever occupied before. Those who do not admire the Colonial Secretary say, in a disparaging kind of way, that he only did what was right under the circumstances, "and that he could not well have done anything else. That, however, does not explain the fact and neither does its modified approval convey any idea of how the people of the colony regard the voluntary surrender of place and power by their public men when their honor is impugned. Mr. Hislop was not obliged to resign. He could have treated with contempt the prejudiced report of a party committee in the Legislative Chamber; his colleagues were willing — nay, anxious — to stand by him to a man; and an attempt in the Representative Chamber to condemn him would have suffered an overwhelming defeat. Why, then, did he need to resign? Secure in his place and in the exercise of his power, he could have defied opposition, and have waited for the short space of a few months before placing the whole matter before his constituents and asking for a renewal of their confidence. But Mr. Hislop—whatever be his faults — is a man of honour and integrity, who disdains to hold office at the cost of his colleagues being attacked for any political sins of omission or commission that, rightly or wrongly, may be imputed to himself. And yet, Mr. Hislop—whatever be his faults — is a man of honour and integrity, who disdains to hold office at the cost of his colleagues being attacked for any political sins of omission or commission that, rightly or wrongly, may be imputed to himself. — especially to such of his opponents as he does not regard with respect or esteem. The contempt he feels he is too apt to exhibit — and his political opponents consequently return his contempt with bitter dislike and resentless persecuton. It is true that Mr. Hislop has only done what is right — but in so. saying we do not forget that it is only the few men of highest honour in these colonies who would have acted similarly. Colonial Ministers generally go out of office very reluctantly, even when they are shown the door — it is only here and there one is found who persists in going out in spite of entreaties to remain. Apart altogether from the merits of the Ward-Hislop question, we hope the electors of Oarnaru will show their appreciation of the high sense of honour exhibited by their representative in the action he has just taken by returning him again with a substantial majority. The Premier was corrected by the Speaker the other day for alluding to Mr Grimmond as a member belonging to the lower ranks of the Opposition. Sir Maurice O'Rourke reminded Sir Harry Atkinson that in that House all members were equal, and there were no lower ranks. The Premier immediately accepted the correction, and amended the phrase. It does not appear to us, however, that there was any call for the Speaker's interference. Sir Maurice has never thought it necessary to rebuke anybody for referring to the front ranks of either the Government or the Opposition party — and surely, if there is a front rank there is, by implication, a rank that is behind. The term front rank is only used to distinguish those who may be included in it from those who occupy a lower place in the party. It is not even as if the Premier had referred to the position in the House occupied by Mr Grimmond. It is not even as if the Premier had referred to the position in the House occupied by Mr Grimmond. The latter have so frequently been guilty. Referring to the recent attack on Mr. Fergus by a rear-rank Opposition (Mr. Grimmond), the Press says : — It was a really silly business on the part of the Opposition, and with all consideration for Mr. Ballance, we must urge upon him that if he is to be the leader of the Opposition he must lead, and that if every flea in the dog is to order him which way he is to run, it would be better for the dog to give up the chase. Of course, in tactics the Government have the best of it; the Opposition have made themselves ridiculous, and have effectively covered the reputation they desired to strip. Mr. Fergus is practically absolved by the House. But since we do not regard tactical smartness as the chief object of Parliamentary Government, we think the Government and the House share quite impartially, the shame and the discredit of the last Ward-Hislop-Fergus question. Joseph Levin, an ex-billiard- marker at Noseby, Dunedin, becomes heir to £30,000 through the death of a relative in Sydney, but his whereabouts is unknown. A remarkable case of double suicide was discovered at Timaru on Saturday morning of an elderly couple named Heath. The man was a cabinetmaker who lost employment three or four months ago through drink. They were found dead in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been dead at least 10 or 12 days. They were found in bed and had been Seen also on Sunday, August 23rd, Lyman was the poison used, LOCAL AND GENERAL A Gordon setter pup has been lost by Mr. J. Duigan, who offers a reward for the recovery of same. Messrs Budge and Good hold the usual sale of stock at their Oeo sale yards today (Tuesday.) Sydney papers by the s.s. Alameda state that Dunkeld has been backed to win the Victorian Derby down to 100 to 12. The standard examinations held on Sept. 3rd at Stoney Creek school gave a return of 64-4, and at Ashurst (Sept. 4th and 6th) 76-0. District Judge Rawsori will hold a special sitting of the Court here on the 25th of this month, when the case of McGregor v. Robertson (claim jB3 17s 6d) will be heard. Captain Fairchild reports that all the provision depots at Kermadecs were visited and found intact, despite the reports circulated by passing whalers that they had been rifled by a whaleship's crew. The Auckland Kauri Timber Company have received an advice of the satisfactory sale of their first shipment of timber to Glasgow, which has fetched all round prices of 2s 8d per cubic foot. This is reckoned a very good return. Messrs Alexander Thompson and Son, of the Ridgway-street shoeing forge, have an advertisement in this issue calling attention to their business generally and notifying that all outstanding accounts must be paid on or before October 1st. The Evening Post has received a writ from Charles Bowles, of Carterton, claiming $1000 for alleged libel contained in one of the affidavits forwarded to the Governor, and in re Chemis, stating that Bowles had bloodstains upon his trousers which could not have been caused by killing sheep. While the champagne was flying at the farewell to Mr Denniston yesterday afternoon, the unfortunate teetotallers present were left to enthuse over the toasts with dry lips. Something unin toxicating might have been provided, if only for the sake of appearance. Hose twisted and turned in all directions - like a great serpent, and not a few of the spectators retired in loose order and with wet jackets. The question, who is so have the vacant portfolio, is still exciting a good deal of curiosity. The list of likely members has now been arranged down to three, viz., Mr Whyte, Mr Fulton, and Captain Russell. We adhere to the opinion that Captain Russell will be the gentleman selected, if any selection is made. N.Z. Times. The sale of the Churton Block in the Otairi will take place at Mr D. C. Tennent's rooms, Marion, on Thursday next, Mr A. Barns being the auctioneer. Looking at the present continual inquiry for good land, this block, which is cut up into convenient sections and is of easy access, should be eagerly sought after. An Auckland telegram states that L. Ecky, McLean, and Madigan go South to join the Auckland football team. The two former are intended to strengthen the forward division, and Madigan takes the place of Jervis, who requires to return horned after the Dunedin match. The selectors of the team are condemned for their bad choice of forwards. We stated a few days ago that a bicycle race between Mr H. Townsend and one of the Kingsley Bros, was likely to be an attraction at the rink shortly. Mr. Townsend requests us to state that he has made no arrangement for such a race as asserted, but that he is quite willing to make a match for any distance over three miles on the road. The Tongariro Lodge of Freemasons have deputed as their delegate Bro. Gilford Marshall to represent them at the convention of delegates of lodges to be held at Wellington tomorrow in connection with the formation of the United Grand Lodge of New Zealand. Mr. Mar shall leave for Wellington today. At a meeting of the committee of the Union Boat Club branch shed at Aramoho held on Saturday, it was decided to give another dance in the shed tomorrow (Wednesday) evening, dancing to commence at 8:30. The object of the gathering is, we understand, to raise funds in order to pay for some improvements which have lately been effected. The charge for admission will be 2s 6d. We noticed yesterday two handsome wedding cakes, one in the window of Mr Hogg and the other in Mr. Dustin's. These cakes are both works of art in their way and do great credit. To the establishment of the new settlers at the wedding of the daughters of two well-known residents, who are to be united to equally well-known settlers of this district. We wish both couples every prosperity and happiness in their future lives. Mr. Denniston, manager of the local branch of the Colonial Bank, leaves today for Auckland, where he assumes control of the business of the bank in that city. The presentation made to Mr. Denniston yesterday, and the address by which it was accompanied, afforded proof sufficient of the estimation in which he is held not merely by the constituents of the bank here, but also by the representatives of the business community. In a quiet, unpretentious way, both Mr and Mrs Denniston have rendered some service to Wanganui, outside of the field of social relationship. During the progress of the Jubilee Exhibition of 1887, Mr. Denniston came to be regarded as one of the men of sound judgment, and dependability of character, upon whom the success of the venture must largely depend, and he proved equal to all that was expected of him, during several months of self-denying labor. At the same time, and also at a later period, when strenuous efforts were put forth to entirely abolish the debt upon the Public Library, Mrs. Denniston displayed an amount of energy that was conspicuously and deservedly successful, and which earned for her the warm appreciation and regard of the directors of our local institution. Mrs. Denniston does not loathe with Mr. Denniston today, but will follow shortly, and equally with her husband will carry with her the best wishes of all with whom she has been brought into contact in Wanganui. The occasion. Mr. Chavanne and Captain Cummins acted as timekeepers, Fireman Powell as starter, and Foreman Sharp and Fireman Davenport as examiners. The first team went to run consisted of — Connell, Thompson, Carrel, and Ramson. They got away well together, and did their work very a sinecurely, but delay in blowing the whistle at the standpipe lost them a little time, Q and they finished in 68sec. McGonagle, H. Copeland, Barr, and J. Ferry then took the track, and although they were quickly dressed, and had their standpike down, a delay in signalling between the C branch and hydrant brought their time up to 50 sec. Battle, Mortor, Townsend, and Batkin made a good run, but lost a time in coupling and finished in 59 sec. 'a Kitchen, James, Paul, and Saunders n voro the next four, and, although they appeared slow in getting into their M lotshes, did their work very coolly and without a hitch, their time being 48 sec. / Ci Cruse, Gray, Wychodil, and Spriggons; T. ook 59ijsec, the delay being caused in i fo oupling. Kitchen's team are the winners so far, and the final two-man combination will run be, on Thursday night at'a o'clock.'at: Mr. O; G. A. Harvey's new advertisement, will appear in our issue tomorrow. The last discount day allowed by the Gas Company for accounts now due is this (Tuesday), the 10th. That important event, the prorogation of Parliament, is expected to happen about Friday. The Hon. W. Robinson, M.L.C., died at Christchurch yesterday morning. His life had been despondent of for the past few days.'The Lyttelton Times, in a leading article, says that the exhibition at Dune din is the grandest advertisement for the colony ever devised. It is expected that the Okoia Butter Factory will be at work in about a few nights' time, the order for the plant Having been sent away yesterday, things are looking up with the Auck land Charitable Aid Board. They state that a recipient of rations from the board officiated on the grand jury recently. By referring to our shipping column, it will be seen that the Wareatea, a steamer of 500 tons burthen, is expected to arrive here this morning. This is the largest steamboat we have had in our port. Mr. Parkinson, the Hon. Secretary to the Wanganui Rugby Union, yesterday received a letter from the Secretary of the Taranaki Union informing him that the Taranaki team will visit here next Saturday, in order to play the representative team of the Wanganui Union. have not yet been passed. The operations against rebels in Tonquin are progressing steadily, and success fully. In a recent conflict, French troops killed 18 of the rebels. London, September 7. Peter Jackson and Jem Smith, pugilists, are arranging a fight. The Trades Congress have, by a large majority, negated the compulsory eight hours' system. Burns, the Socialist, announces that he will contest the Dundee constituency at the next election. AUSTRALIAN. [By Electric Telegraph — Copyright.] Per Press Association. Sydney, September 9. There is but little wagering over the Hawkesbury Meeting. Latest quotations for the Grand Handicap are 4 to 1 against Lamond, 5 to 1. Tourbillon, and 8 to 1. Ellerdale. William Dobell and two boys have been murdered by natives at Solomon islands. Dobell's brother was murdered, recently. Melbourne, September 9. The funeral of the late Francis Ormond, M.L.C., took place yesterday, when there was an immense cortege. WRECK OF A BARQUE. THE CAPTAIN AND NINE OF THE CREW MISSING. [By Electric Telegraph — Copyright.] Sydney, September 9. Arrived — American barque Keeper, from Paget Sound. She reports that the barque Jarsston, bound from Sydney to San Francisco, has been wrecked at Star Buck Island. The chief officer and twenty of the crew reached Humphrey Island. The captain of the Hesper offered to bring ten of the men on to Sydney, and waited for 14 hours for that purpose, but the men apparently decided not to separate. The captain and nine of the crew were missing. SHOCKING STABBING AFFRAY. Feb United Press Association. Napier, September 8. A shocking stabbing affray, which is likely to prove fatal, occurred this afternoon. Two boys, named Hutton and Blom, neither 14 years of age, had a quarrel in the morning, Blom getting the best of the fight. In the afternoon the quarrel was renewed, Hutton having armed himself with a stick and a large pocket knife, which he borrowed from a comrade. Hutton first assaulted Blom with the stick, and when the stick was taken from him he pulled out the knife and stabbed Blom in the abdomen. The wounded lad was taken to the hospital, when the wound was found to be so serious that his depositions were taken. ME SCULLING CHAMPIONSHIP. SEARLE v. O'CONNOR. By Electric Telegraph — Copyright, g [special.] ; London, Sept 6. O'Connor Beats at the rate of eleven trokes in a quarter of a minute, but Searle at present can only compass the team. Sportsman's Cup has been added to the stakes. In the sculling championship, which will be decided on Monday, Searle will race a boat built by Clasper. O'Connor owns in a boat supplied by Swaddle. Both are in splendid condition and concert of victory. GWAIRARAPA v. MARLBOROUGH.. a [Pbb Unitted Press Association.] ti Blenheim, Sept. 9. v A football match between Wairarapa "i and Marlborough was played this afternoon in glorious weather, in the presence of 800 spectators. With one exception to the team was the same as that which met s Hawke's Bay. The visiting team was an exceptionally light one, the average weight being 11 lb, while the local < fifteen averaged 12 lb. In the first spell Marlborough had the best of the play, although the scores stood equal. A brilliant rush of the visitors took the ball over the line, when Amos scored a try, from which Thompson placed an easy goal. A few minutes afterwards the home team were awarded a free kick in Wairarapa's 25's, from which Mowatfc kicked a goal. In the second spell Wairarapa carried all before them, and with the magnificent runs of Thompson scored two tries within a few minutes of each other, and d'Arcy converted one into a goal. Wairarapa then won an exciting game by seven points to three. LATE CABLES. [Bt Electric Telegraph — Copyright.] THE CANADIAN-PACIFIC, SERVICE. QUESTION TO BE DISCUSSED BY THE N.S.W. GOVERNMENT. [Per Press Association.] (Received September 9, 10:1 a.m.) Sydney, September 9., The Government have received a definite proposal from the Canadian-Pacific Company for the mail service from Van couver, but details are not allowed to be made known. The proposal will shortly be discussed by the cabinet. The proposal will shortly be discussed by the cabinet. The proposal will shortly be discussed by the cabinet. By New South Wales is generally approved in commercial circles. THE GREAT STRIKE. [Bt Electric Telegraph — Copyright.] SEVERAL PROPRIETORS CONCEDE THE MEN'S DEMANDS. [SPECIAL.] London, September 6. : The proprietors of 17 wharves and warehouses have conceded the laborers' demands, but 40 others still stand out. The Surrey, Commercial, and Millwall Dock Companies are parleying with the strikers. Mr Burns says they will defeat the enemy by sections. Cardinal Manning considers that the orderly conduct and heroism of the strikers is unequalled since the days of the cotton famine. Scores of minor strikes have taken place, in the majority of which the men have been victorious. Berlin; September 6. The London dock strike is being discussed in Germany. The Emperor William considers that the State must protect workmen against capitalists, and announces that in the ensuing session of the Reichstag legislation will be under tateri for the purpose of ameliorating the condition of the laboring classes. [Pbb'Pbkbs Association.] London, Sept 7. The additional demands of the men have been conceded. The Dock Companies have agreed to pay casual hands 6d an hour after January 1st, next, if the strikers resume on Monday, and guarantee not to molest the laborers now at work. The companies declare that, owing to the grave assertions made by the Lord Mayor, Cardinal Manning, and Bishop Temple, the public peace has been endangered, and the companies can no longer freely exercise an unfettered judgment. They complain they have been obliged to yield to outside pressure, which is a dangerous departure in disputes between employers and workmen. They add they have been largely influenced in their decision by the ship-owners and merchants, that the public are willing to bear the increased charges. London, September 8. The strikers have published a manifesto refusing to grant the Dock Companies better terms than those granted to the wharfingers, and the stovedores, sailors, and foremen will resume work for anyone granting the laborers their demands. The lightermen will also resume if an advance to 6s per day is conceded. Melbourne, September 9. The strikers have published a manifesto refusing to grant the Dock Companies better terms than those granted to the wharfingers, and the stovedores, sailors, and foremen will resume work for anyone granting the laborers their demands. EEJECTION OF PROPOSALS BY THE MEN. THEIR ACTION ADVERSELY CRITICISED. (Received September 9, 10:55, p.m.) London, Sept 9. Lord Mayor Whitehead, Cardinal Manning, and Bishop Temple jointly publish a letter stating that they are unable to understand the rejection of their proposals by the men. If they persist in it, the strikers will greatly forfeit public sympathy. It is stated the men will resume work if the 6th an hour rate begins in October, and the Lord Mayor is trying to induce the Companies to grant the increase at an earlier date than January as at first arranged. THE CARTRIDGE FAC TORY EXPLOSION. FIVE ACRES OF BUILDINGS DESTROYED. [By Electric Telegraph — Copyright] Brussels, Sept 7. The explosion of the cartridge factory at Antwerp was heard at Ghent, 300 miles away, and the flames were visible in this city. A panic ensued after the explosion and many of the soldiers who were preserving order were suffocated. The firemen were powerless to control the conflagration which broke out, and five acres of buildings were destroyed. The cathedral windows were all smashed and the spire endangered. WELLINGTON ITEMS [Pj.b United Press Association.] • Wellington, September 9. • Mr Jellicoe did not leave for Oamaru this afternoon and will not say whether he will contest the seat or not. The Post, in announcing the receipt of the writ for libel, states that the affidavit which forms the subject of the action was printed in a Parliamentary paper and laid on the table of the House this night before they published it. Mr D. M. Luckie, Commissioner of the government Insurance Department, is seriously indisposed. The total number of Masonic Lodges which have now declared in favor of the United grand movement is eighty-seven, the delegates meet on Wednesday next. N. Fernandos, fishmonger, of Welling- 1 m, who started a factory for tinning hitebait at Westport, will make a first shipment to Australia in about a fortnight. Arrived— Rudolph Josephy, barque, Captain Bradherring, from New York, today. HEAVY BANKRUPTCY. -«, C [Per United Press Association.] • Blenheim, September 9. d Mr T. Horton, trading under the name of Pell Bros, and Co., general merchants, today filed a petition in bankruptcy. It is stated that the only creditor is the c. Bank of New Zealand, to the tune of a close upon £10,000. d i in'Si PARLIAMENT. ■ ♦ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 1 [Per United Press Association.] Wellington, September 9. Tho House met at 2.30 p.m. LIBRARY COMMITTEE. On the report of the Joint Library ' Committee, That all persons be excluded * from the Library during the recess ex cepting the Governor and the-Members of Parliament, the Premier moved That the report, 'bo referred ' back fotßecon sideration. He 'entirely dissented from the -resolutions as embodied -in- the re port, which ho thought werealtogether in the wrong direction. — Aftet some dis cussion the motion was agreed to. FIRST READING. The Difiiillation Act Amendment Bill was introduced and read a first time. ■:'."••. OCEAN MAIL SERVICEB;. Sir H.Atkinson moved, That the House will to-morrow resolve itself 'into a Com mittee of the whole, to consider the're solutions on the subject of the Ocean Mail Service. — Agreed to. ■■. ,", INSURANCE. , .","£.'• -.., The report of the Free Conferbiice'/m the Fire and MarinelnsurdnceGompanies Bill was agreed to, ' \ /";'' ' ' SECOND READING. ;,- ' Mr,- Fergus moved the second, reading of the Naval and Military Settlers and Volunteeers Land Claims ..Bill, ...which, was introduced to give .effect to the' re port of the Select Committee 1 on the sub ject. — Agreed to. - The Kumaru Sludge Channel, Bill, X Educational Endowments Bill, Karamu Reserves Bill, and tho Potututu Jurisdic tion Bill were read a second time.- - ORIMAKATIA TITLE EMPOWERING. The Orimakatia Title Empowering Bill passed through Committee without amendment. •. • ■ ,■ -, ;. •»■• (ngarara and waipiro investigation^ •The Ngarara and Waipiro Further In vestigation Bill -was considered in; .Com mittee ,..,.. i ' '"r The, House, resumed at. 7,M, jo^m.,' in Committee,.pn,^he Ngararii and; Yfoipiro Investigation BiU,'whicn passed 'ynii. several amendments,.. , ., ., n *£■' .-■i! ■„•• r,, r ,LAND..,IBAB])9,;, >. ,'^. r , ; ifi The /Np^ve .Lands.Fra^ds' JPreyentJok BiUwasJi^thercpnsideredin^o^aij^ei • -. Mtmßh^efwhS^U^M truth is the, reporfe -.published in, the Evening., Post, to theT/effoßjb^ih'at'' iW officers who had recently been promoted by.:, tKe'Defence Department; .were pro vided with uniforms obtained 'from'EHgS land at a cost to the 'colony of £900. — Mr Fergus said there was no truth-what* *- ever in the statement. • ! HONORARIUMS. THE JUBILEE REGATTA. SAD PATA'S GOLD EXPERIENCE. "THE JUBILEE REGATTA." Gold, Exposition, and Periodicals. Auckland, September 9. The programme for the Auckland Regatta in January; next, which is of special interest on this occasion, because of the Jubilee festivities, was deferred until the 17th. The principal prizes will be for the Champion Whaleboat Race — First prize; $100; second, $35; third, $15; the race for first-class yachts; the first prize will be $50 and the second $30. On the second day, Maori war canoe races, and other sports, including Maori dance, will be held. The Auckland Rowing Association's Regatta will take place on the third day, and the fourth is to be decided to land sports for the men of the squadron, who will probably be in Auckland at that time. A Maori named Mark Tewereiha, a young man of 23 years, had his arm torn off at the Churchill Flaxmills, Raglan, and died at the Waikato Hospital. The steamer Alameda, which sailed for San Francisco today, took 2500, worth of gold, from Auckland, shipped for the Bank of New Zealand at 3½ per cent. The vessel also had Sydney. A resident magistrate's court. "■ ♦ :-'.•'" 1 'Monday, frm September, 1889." (Before H. W. Brabant, Esq., E.M.). CIVIL BUBINEBB. Wahganui Herald Company vi. 1 W! H." Chitham, claim J&l 17s Bd. No appear ance of'defendant. -.Judgment for plain-. • tiff, with costs 6s. ' :. ' : ' "* Gatherine Williams, v. W. Hodgson, claim, £3 6s,Bd. Defendant acknowledged; the debt and offered to pay &X per month. Order ilccdrdingly, with co.Bti? f7i;; the'first payment to be made at' the 'end of the present month. , ■ /.-•>.,- •' r A. Hatriok and Co. v. P. Scally; junr.j claim A3 9s 4d; judgment summons. No appearance of defendants Mr Marshall, for plaintiff, asked for an order. Ordjer, made for payment of the amount within,', fourteen days, in default three days's'im-v prisonment. ' .* J! ~; In the case of Margaret LovW'EiVB. Gilbert, a'claim for £3 • for removing* a, fence, his Worship' gave judgment;:: -He said that there had been' twodefences-r --' firstly, that the defendant had leave .foonv the plaintiff to remove the fence,but this/ after hearing the evidence, he did.not. think proved. Thesecond defence was that the fence—which is Piercy-'s patent fenc ing —was a. tenant's fixture put up for ornament or convenience, and was port able. He had reserved his decision thinking there might.be something..,in the contention; but he found "it"was erected with posts and staples; and there fore he did not, on consideration, think' the defendant was entitled, to remove it "V on that ground. The general rule, as quoted by counsel, was that when tenants fix anything to the premises, they cannot removo it without the consent of the landlord. There were a number of excep tions to this rule, but he could-not find one to cover fences of this sort, and judg ment therefore went for plaintiff for tha amount claimed, with costs 6s. A. Walker v. W. Craig, claim J2lB 7a' Bd. Mr Watt-for the plaintiff and Mr Cooke for. defendant. This was a claim for threshing. Defendant had paid into court J5141s and 10s costs. The balance was disputed. After hearing the ovi ience, judgment went forplaintiff for the unount paid:into court, each side to pay - )wn costs. ' , • J G. Studholmev. Te. Aro Tututairangi, ilaim i 517 for sheep sold. THE WANGANUI CHRONICLE-SEPTEMBER 10, 1889. Deaf — A person cured of Deafness and noises in the head of 23 years' standing by a simple Remedy, will send a description of it free to any person who applies to Nicholson, 175 William-street, Melbourne. — Advt. Overheard in Ridgway-street: — Whose a place is this? Why, don't you know, it is the Sydney Photograph Company's, where they only charge half a crown for a single Cabinet Photograph, and one shilling each afterwards. Their window will be lit up on Saturday evening and you can judge, for yourselves as to the high quality of the work. — Advt. Thousands of physicians and lanalyis, certified to the purity of Wows' CHINAPPS. WANGANUI LOAN, FINANCE AND INVESTMENT COMPANY. (Limited). CAPITAL, £50,000; Incorporated under — The Joint Stock Companies' Act. Advances made on Freehold or Leasehold Property for any term from one to ten years, payable by monthly instalments, or at the end of a given term of years at borrower's option. The operations of the Company are not confined to real property. Advances made on the Security of Shares, Debentures, Bonds, and Personal Property generally, All applications considered promptly. Deposits received or fixed periods, or repayable on short notice. —Terms Liberal.— C. H. ASHFORTH, Managing Director Registered Office— Rutland Chambers. TO DWA R D |"i TTT OBN EB, SHIPPING, PEODUCE, INSURANCE, AND GENERAL AGENT. AGENT FOR Anchor Line of Steamers Public Trustee Liverpool and London and Globe Insurance Company Thames and Mersey Marine Insurance Company Harnion Hall & Broker Australian Mutual Provident Society Clerk Patea County Council Secretary Hospital Board. Purchaser of Fungus and all kinds of Produce for Cash. ROTA OF JUSTICES. Wednesday, September 11th— Messrs A. D. Willis and Thomas Bamber. Thursday, September 12th— Messrs A. Barns and G. Carson. TOSEPH OAUL AND CO. • Having purchased a quantity of the CELEBRATED ASKETON TWEEDS AT A VERY LARGE DISCOUNT, Are now in a position to make up Suits in their Well-known Style, as under:— MEN'S SAC SUITS to order £3 15s MEN'S, £410s Every Garment guaranteed to fit and give entire satisfaction. JOSEPH PAUL & CO. Victoria Avenue, Wannanui. NEW SUMMER STOCK. HALLENSTEIN BROS. OPENING UP THEIR NEW SUMMER STOCK, Specially selected by the MANAGER. Full particulars in a few days. GEORGE J. FERGUSON, NEW ZEALAND CLOTHING FACTORY. ALL GOOD THINGS COME TO AN END. This will be the case with our SURPLUS SALE IN A FEW DAYS. We have purchased a WHOLESALE FIRMS' WINTER SAMPLES, Amounting to £100 Consisting of Amounting to £100.00. Consisting of JACKETS: ULSTERS HATS, FEATHERS, RIBBONS, CORSETS, HOSIERY, &c. Which we intend selling during the NEXT WEEK at prices which will astonish you. T.W. BOUKDY & CO. DISPENSING CHEMISTS & DRUGGISTS. Business carried on as usual during the alterations. MEDICINES can be procured at any hour day or night. H. B. WILLIAMSON, PHARMACIST (Next the Post Office Victoria Avenue Wanganui. T4/T E. P. BEENWOOD SUBGEON DENTIST (Registered under the English Dentists' Acts) VICTORIA AVENUE, WANGANUI. Will visit PALMERSTON on Thursday, 4th July, and MABTON, Friday, 5th July. DENTIST BY IN ALL ITS BEANCHES "NEW STEAMSHIP T OAN & Co., (Limited) Ik. CAPITAL £1,500,000 EESEEVE FUND £270,000 Advances made on Stations, Farms, Stock, Growing Clips of Wood, and Farm Produce of every description. Consignments of Wool, Grain, Flax, Tallow, Frozen Meat, etc., received for sale in London or Australia at Lowest Rates of Commission. GRAIN, GRASS SEED. &c., received for storage or sale. Full particulars supplied on application at Company's Office and Warehouse— Taupo Quay Wanganui. Sale Room—RUTLAND CHAMBERS. Sales of Land, Stock, Merchandise, Furniture, &c, conducted in all parts of the Provincial District of Wellington. W. H. JER BITTLE, JEWELRY & SILVERSMITH, Wilson-street, Second Door from Guyton Street, WANGANUI. TCT TDI LLEEY p 11BEBT, PIANO, OEGAN, AND HARMONIUM Tuner, Repairer, & Renovator, WANGANUI. Wishes the public to know that he pays regular visits to all the districts between New Plymouth and Foxton, and working entirely on his own account. He is in a position to make SPECIAL arrangements with those favoring him with orders. Waugauui Address — H. I. JONES & SON, Stationers. THE MECHANICAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF FIRE AND MARINE. Established 1859. Capital £1,000,000 Paid up and Reserve £435,000. The Premier and Wealthiest Colonial Company. As this Company is under LOCAL MANAGEMENT, Fire and Marine risks are accepted AT ONCE, and losses settled without any needless delay. Rent Policies a specialty. Agents—Alfred Ross, Marion Stevens and Gorton, Bulls; G. Franklin, Turaldna; C. Foster, Hugeridge, Manutaug; J. Wilson, Normanby; A. Blennorhasset, Ota-keho; Thomas Rowe, Upolcougaro; J. W. Baker, Forrlell; D. K. Horn, Bastown; O. G. A. Harvey, Taylorville; T. Kells, Kaknramea. JAMES: CATTELL, Manager, Victoria Avenue. LAND, PRODUCE, AND INSURANCE AGENT, Vancouver, B.C. GENTLEMEN'S TAILOR, LADIES' HABIT, ULSTER, AND JACKET MAKER, Has a nice Assortment of ENGLISH AND COLONIAL TWEEDS AND WORSTEDS. All orders entrusted to him will be finished in a style that will give every satisfaction. A. J. OEIBB, Broadway-street, Vancouver. HARRIS' "HIGH QUALITY" TARP'S, HORSE COVERS, OQSKIN, COATS, Etc.
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https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina%20Fern%C3%A1ndez-Bugallal
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Cristina Fernández-Bugallal
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https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristina Fernández-Bugallal&action=history
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Galician
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Spoken
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María Cristina Fernández-Bugallal Lorenzo, nada en Madrid, é a sexta condesa de Bugallal.
Traxectoria
Estudou bacharelato en Madrid e licenciouse en bioloxía na Universidade Complutense de Madrid. Casou en 1970 con Antonio Vivancos, un inspector fiscal, con quen vive en Burgos, Bilbao, París e finalmente Madrid. En 1998 empeza a traballar para Manos Unidas, e ao ano seguinte crea a súa propia ONG, Almenara, da que se converte en presidenta da Fundación en 2004. En 2008, logo do falecemento do seu pai, José Ramón Fernández-Bugallal, herda o condado de Bugallal e convértese na sexta condesa.
Tivo catro fillos, dos que a primoxénita faleceu nova. O herdeiro da casa é Ignacio Vivancos Fernández-Bugallal.
Notas
Condado de Bugallal
Nados en Madrid
Condes de Galicia
Nados en 1945
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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise%20Santa%20Maria%20della%20Concezione%20de%20Murano
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Église Santa Maria della Concezione de Murano
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https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Église Santa Maria della Concezione de Murano&action=history
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French
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Spoken
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L'église Santa Maria della Concezione (église Sainte Marie de la Conception) était une église catholique de Venise, en Italie.
Localisation
L'église Santa Maria della Concezione était située sur l'île de Murano, dans son îlot central.
Historique
La maison de Dimesse fut fondée par Angela Paladini de la communauté de Vicence en 1594, après qu'elle fonda celle de Vicence en 1583, qui était la première de ces congrégations de femmes pieuses, qui vécurent en vie semi-cloîtrée et avaient la responsabilité de l'éducation des filles.
Près de la maison il y avait une petite chapelle dédiée à l'Immaculée Conception, consacrée par l'évêque de Torcello, Antonio Grimani en 1600.
Le collège fut dissous le .
Il ne reste presque pas de traces de la maison et de l'oratoire.
Voir aussi
Articles connexes
Liste des églises de Venise
Maria
Murano
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https://github.com/ioBroker/ioBroker.admin/blob/master/src/src/components/Hosts/HostCard.jsx
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Github Open Source
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MIT
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ioBroker.admin
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ioBroker
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JavaScript
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Code
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import React, { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import { withStyles } from '@mui/styles';
import {
Avatar,
Badge,
Card,
CardContent,
CardMedia,
Fab,
FormControl,
FormHelperText,
IconButton,
InputLabel,
MenuItem,
Select,
Tooltip,
Typography,
} from '@mui/material';
import {
MoreVert as MoreVertIcon,
Refresh as RefreshIcon,
Delete as DeleteIcon,
Edit as EditIcon,
Cached as CachedIcon,
Build as BuildIcon,
} from '@mui/icons-material';
import {
amber, blue, grey, red,
} from '@mui/material/colors';
import { Utils, IconCopy } from '@iobroker/adapter-react-v5';
import Adapters from '../../tabs/Adapters';
import CustomModal from '../CustomModal';
const boxShadow = '0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .14),0 3px 1px -2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .12),0 1px 5px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .2)';
const boxShadowHover = '0 8px 17px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .2),0 6px 20px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .19)';
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margin: 10,
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minHeight: 200,
background: theme.palette.background.default,
boxShadow,
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flexDirection: 'column',
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boxShadow: boxShadowHover,
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content: '"\u26A0"',
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justifyContent: 'space-between',
transition: 'background 0.5s',
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img: {
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left: 0,
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height: '100%',
background: 'url("img/no-image.png") 100% 100% no-repeat',
backgroundSize: 'cover',
backgroundColor: '#fff',
},
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installed: {
background: '#77c7ff8c',
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fab: {
position: 'absolute',
bottom: -20,
width: 40,
height: 40,
right: 20,
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marginTop: 'auto',
bottom: 0,
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collapseOff: {
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close: {
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cursor: 'pointer',
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marginLeft: 'auto',
marginBottom: 10,
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transform: 'rotate(90deg)',
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position: 'absolute',
left: 9,
content: '""',
height: 20,
width: 3,
backgroundColor: '#ff4f4f',
transform: 'rotate(45deg)',
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'&:after': {
position: 'absolute',
left: 9,
content: '""',
height: 20,
width: 3,
backgroundColor: '#ff4f4f',
transform: 'rotate(-45deg)',
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footerBlock: {
background: theme.palette.background.default,
padding: 10,
display: 'flex',
justifyContent: 'space-between',
},
hidden: {
display: 'none',
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onOffLine: {
alignSelf: 'center',
width: '100%',
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fontWeight: 'bold',
fontSize: 16,
verticalAlign: 'middle',
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paddingTop: 16,
color: theme.palette.mode === 'dark' ? '#333' : '#555',
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cardContent: {
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cardContentInfo: {
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backgroundColor: theme.palette.background.paper,
color: theme.palette.mode === 'dark' ? '#EEE' : '#111',
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cardContentH5: {
height: '100%',
display: 'flex',
flexDirection: 'column',
justifyContent: 'space-between',
paddingBottom: '10px !important',
},
marginTop10: {
marginTop: 10,
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displayFlex: {
display: 'flex',
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marginLeft5: {
marginLeft: 5,
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enableButton: {
display: 'flex',
justifyContent: 'space-between',
alignItems: 'center',
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instanceStateNotAlive1: {
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green: {
background: '#00ce00',
// border: '1px solid #014a00',
position: 'relative',
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red: {
background: '#da0000',
// border: '1px solid #440202',,
// animation: '$red 3s ease-in-out infinite alternate'
},
'@keyframes red': {
'0%': {
opacity: 1,
},
'100%': {
opacity: 0.85,
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},
dotLine: {
width: 50,
height: '100%',
background:
'linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0,206,0,0.7497373949579832) 0%, rgba(31,255,1,1) 50%, rgba(0,206,0,0.7805497198879552) 100%)',
zIndex: 2,
position: 'absolute',
left: -11,
// boxShadow: '12px 29px 81px 0px rgb(0 0 0 / 75%)',
// animation: '$colors 3s ease-in-out infinite'
},
'@keyframes colors': {
'0%': {
left: -51,
},
'100%': {
left: '101%',
},
},
versionDate: {
alignSelf: 'center',
},
cardContentDiv: {
position: 'sticky',
right: 0,
top: 0,
paddingTop: 10,
},
badge: {
cursor: 'pointer',
},
emptyButton: {
width: 48,
},
greenText: {
color: theme.palette.success.dark,
},
curdContentFlexCenter: {
display: 'flex',
alignItems: 'center',
marginLeft: 4,
},
wrapperAvailable: {
display: 'flex',
alignItems: 'center',
},
buttonUpdate: {
border: '1px solid',
padding: '0px 7px',
borderRadius: 5,
display: 'flex',
alignItems: 'center',
cursor: 'pointer',
transition: 'background 0.5s',
'&:hover': {
background: '#00800026',
},
},
buttonUpdateIcon: {
height: 20,
width: 20,
marginRight: 10,
},
debug: {
backgroundColor: grey[700],
},
info: {
backgroundColor: blue[700],
},
warn: {
backgroundColor: amber[700],
},
error: {
backgroundColor: red[700],
},
smallAvatar: {
width: 24,
height: 24,
},
formControl: {
display: 'flex',
},
baseSettingsButton: {
transform: 'rotate(45deg)',
},
newValue: {
animation: '$newValueAnimation 2s ease-in-out',
},
'@keyframes newValueAnimation': {
'0%': {
color: '#00f900',
},
'80%': {
color: '#008000',
},
'100%': {
color: theme.palette.mode === 'dark' ? '#fff' : '#000',
},
},
});
let outputCache = '-';
let inputCache = '-';
let cpuCache = '- %';
let memCache = '- %';
let uptimeCache = '-';
let diskFreeCache = 1;
let diskSizeCache = 1;
let diskWarningCache = 1;
const arrayLogLevel = ['silly', 'debug', 'info', 'warn', 'error'];
function toggleClassName(el, name) {
const classNames = el.className.split(' ');
const pos = classNames.indexOf(name);
if (pos !== -1) {
classNames.splice(pos, 1);
el.className = classNames.join(' ');
}
classNames.push(name);
setTimeout(_classNames => (el.className = _classNames), 100, classNames.join(' '));
}
/**
* Get the initial disk states to show problems with disk usage
*
* @param {string} hostId id of the host to get information from
* @param {import('@iobroker/socket-client').Connection} socket the connection
* @return {Promise<void>}
*/
async function getInitialDiskStates(hostId, socket) {
const diskWarningState = await socket.getState(`${hostId}.diskWarning`);
diskWarningCache = diskWarningState?.val ?? diskWarningCache;
const diskFreeState = await socket.getState(`${hostId}.diskFree`);
diskFreeCache = diskFreeState?.val ?? diskFreeCache;
const diskSizeState = await socket.getState(`${hostId}.diskSize`);
diskSizeCache = diskSizeState?.val ?? diskSizeCache;
}
const HostCard = ({
_id,
alive,
available,
classes,
color,
connected,
connectedToHost,
isCurrentHost,
description,
events,
executeCommandRemove,
expertMode,
getLogLevelIcon,
formatInfo,
hidden,
hostData,
hostsWorker,
image,
installed,
name,
openHostUpdateDialog,
setBaseSettingsDialog,
setEditDialog,
showAdaptersWarning,
socket,
systemConfig,
t,
// title,
}) => {
const [openCollapse, setCollapse] = useState(false);
const refEvents = useRef();
const refWarning = useRef();
const refCpu = useRef();
const refMem = useRef();
const refUptime = useRef();
const eventsInputFunc = (_, input) => {
inputCache = input && input.val !== null ? `⇥${input.val}` : '-';
if (refEvents.current) {
refEvents.current.innerHTML = `${inputCache} / ${outputCache}`;
toggleClassName(refEvents.current, classes.newValue);
}
};
const eventsOutputFunc = (_, output) => {
outputCache = output && output.val !== null ? `↦${output.val}` : '-';
if (refEvents.current) {
refEvents.current.innerHTML = `${inputCache} / ${outputCache}`;
toggleClassName(refEvents.current, classes.newValue);
}
};
const formatValue = (state, unit) => {
if (!state || state.val === null || state.val === undefined) {
return `-${unit ? ` ${unit}` : ''}`;
} if (systemConfig.common.isFloatComma) {
return state.val.toString().replace('.', ',') + (unit ? ` ${unit}` : '');
}
return state.val + (unit ? ` ${unit}` : '');
};
const warningFunc = (name_, state) => {
if (name_.endsWith('diskFree')) {
diskFreeCache = state?.val || 0;
} else if (name_.endsWith('diskSize')) {
diskSizeCache = state?.val || 0;
} else if (name_.endsWith('diskWarning')) {
diskWarningCache = state?.val || 0;
}
const warning = (diskFreeCache / diskSizeCache) * 100 <= diskWarningCache;
if (refWarning.current) {
if (warning) {
refWarning.current.setAttribute('title', t('Warning: Free space on disk is low'));
refWarning.current.classList.add('warning');
} else {
refWarning.current.removeAttribute('title');
refWarning.current.classList.remove('warning');
}
}
};
const cpuFunc = (_, state) => {
cpuCache = formatValue(state, '%');
if (refCpu.current) {
refCpu.current.innerHTML = cpuCache;
toggleClassName(refCpu.current, classes.newValue);
}
};
const memFunc = (_, state) => {
memCache = formatValue(state, '%');
if (refMem.current) {
refMem.current.innerHTML = memCache;
toggleClassName(refMem.current, classes.newValue);
}
};
const uptimeFunc = (_, state) => {
if (state.val) {
const d = Math.floor(state.val / (3600 * 24));
const h = Math.floor((state.val % (3600 * 24)) / 3600);
uptimeCache = d ? `${d}d${h}h` : `${h}h`; // TODO translate
}
if (refUptime.current) {
refUptime.current.innerHTML = uptimeCache;
toggleClassName(refUptime.current, classes.newValue);
}
};
const calculateWarning = notifications => {
if (!notifications) {
return 0;
}
const { result } = notifications;
let count = 0;
if (!result || !result.system) {
return count;
}
if (Object.keys(result.system.categories).length) {
const obj = result.system.categories;
Object.keys(obj).forEach(nameTab => Object.keys(obj[nameTab].instances).forEach(() => count++));
}
return count;
};
const [errorHost, setErrorHost] = useState({ notifications: {}, count: 0 });
const [focused, setFocused] = useState(false);
const [openDialogLogLevel, setOpenDialogLogLevel] = useState(false);
const [logLevelValue, setLogLevelValue] = useState(null);
const [logLevelValueSelect, setLogLevelValueSelect] = useState(null);
const logLevelFunc = (name_, state) => {
if (state) {
setLogLevelValue(state.val);
setLogLevelValueSelect(state.val);
}
};
useEffect(() => {
const notificationHandler = notifications =>
notifications &&
notifications[_id] &&
setErrorHost({ notifications: notifications[_id], count: calculateWarning(notifications[_id]) });
hostsWorker.registerNotificationHandler(notificationHandler);
hostsWorker
.getNotifications(_id)
.then(
notifications =>
notifications &&
notifications[_id] &&
setErrorHost({ notifications: notifications[_id], count: calculateWarning(notifications[_id]) }),
);
socket.subscribeState(`${_id}.inputCount`, eventsInputFunc);
socket.subscribeState(`${_id}.outputCount`, eventsOutputFunc);
socket.subscribeState(`${_id}.cpu`, cpuFunc);
socket.subscribeState(`${_id}.mem`, memFunc);
socket.subscribeState(`${_id}.uptime`, uptimeFunc);
getInitialDiskStates(_id, socket).finally(() => {
socket.subscribeState(`${_id}.diskFree`, warningFunc);
socket.subscribeState(`${_id}.diskSize`, warningFunc);
socket.subscribeState(`${_id}.diskWarning`, warningFunc);
});
socket.subscribeState(`${_id}.logLevel`, logLevelFunc);
return () => {
hostsWorker.unregisterNotificationHandler(notificationHandler);
socket.unsubscribeState(`${_id}.inputCount`, eventsInputFunc);
socket.unsubscribeState(`${_id}.outputCount`, eventsOutputFunc);
socket.unsubscribeState(`${_id}.cpu`, cpuFunc);
socket.unsubscribeState(`${_id}.mem`, memFunc);
socket.unsubscribeState(`${_id}.uptime`, uptimeFunc);
socket.unsubscribeState(`${_id}.diskFree`, warningFunc);
socket.unsubscribeState(`${_id}.diskSize`, warningFunc);
socket.unsubscribeState(`${_id}.diskWarning`, warningFunc);
socket.unsubscribeState(`${_id}.logLevel`, logLevelFunc);
};
}, [_id, socket, classes]);
const upgradeAvailable = (isCurrentHost || alive) && Adapters.updateAvailable(installed, available);
const onCopy = () => {
const text = [];
refCpu.current && text.push(`CPU: ${refCpu.current.innerHTML}`);
refMem.current && text.push(`RAM: ${refMem.current.innerHTML}`);
refUptime.current && text.push(`${t('Uptime')}: ${refUptime.current.innerHTML}`);
text.push(`${t('Available')}: ${available}`);
text.push(`${t('Installed')}: ${installed}`);
refEvents.current && text.push(`${t('Events')}: ${refEvents.current.innerHTML}`);
hostData &&
typeof hostData === 'object' &&
Object.keys(hostData).map(value =>
text.push(
`${t(value)}: ${formatInfo[value] ? formatInfo[value](hostData[value], t) : hostData[value] || '--'}`,
));
Utils.copyToClipboard(text.join('\n'));
window.alert(t('Copied'));
};
let showModal = false;
let titleModal;
if (openDialogLogLevel) {
titleModal = t('Edit log level rule for %s', name);
showModal = true;
}
const customModal = showModal ? <CustomModal
title={titleModal}
open={!0}
onApply={() => {
if (openDialogLogLevel) {
socket.setState(`${_id}.logLevel`, logLevelValueSelect);
setOpenDialogLogLevel(false);
}
}}
onClose={() => {
if (openDialogLogLevel) {
setLogLevelValueSelect(logLevelValue);
setOpenDialogLogLevel(false);
}
}}
>
{openDialogLogLevel && <FormControl className={classes.formControl} variant="outlined" style={{ marginTop: 8 }}>
<InputLabel>{t('log level')}</InputLabel>
<Select
variant="standard"
value={logLevelValueSelect}
fullWidth
onChange={el => setLogLevelValueSelect(el.target.value)}
>
{arrayLogLevel.map(el => (
<MenuItem key={el} value={el}>
{t(el)}
</MenuItem>
))}
</Select>
</FormControl>}
{openDialogLogLevel && <FormControl className={classes.formControl} variant="outlined">
<FormHelperText>
{t('Log level will be reset to the saved level after the restart of the controller')}
</FormHelperText>
<FormHelperText>
{t('You can set the log level permanently in the base host settings')}
<BuildIcon className={classes.baseSettingsButton} />
</FormHelperText>
</FormControl>}
</CustomModal> : null;
return <Card key={_id} className={Utils.clsx(classes.root, hidden ? classes.hidden : '')}>
{customModal}
{(openCollapse || focused) && <div className={Utils.clsx(classes.collapse, !openCollapse ? classes.collapseOff : '')}>
<CardContent className={classes.cardContentInfo}>
<div className={classes.cardContentDiv}>
<div className={classes.close} onClick={() => setCollapse(false)} />
</div>
{description}
</CardContent>
<div className={classes.footerBlock}></div>
</div>}
<div className={Utils.clsx(classes.onOffLine, alive ? classes.green : classes.red)}>
{alive && <div className={classes.dotLine} />}
</div>
<div
ref={refWarning}
style={{ background: color || 'inherit' }}
className={Utils.clsx(
classes.imageBlock,
(!connectedToHost || !alive) && classes.instanceStateNotAlive1,
connectedToHost && alive && connected === false && classes.instanceStateAliveNotConnected1,
connectedToHost && alive && connected !== false && classes.instanceStateAliveAndConnected1,
)}
>
<CardMedia className={classes.img} component="img" image={image || 'img/no-image.png'} />
<div
style={{ color: (color && Utils.invertColor(color, true)) || 'inherit' }}
className={classes.adapter}
>
<Badge
title={t('Hosts notifications')}
badgeContent={errorHost.count}
color="error"
className={classes.badge}
onClick={e => {
e.stopPropagation();
showAdaptersWarning({ [_id]: errorHost.notifications }, socket, _id);
}}
>
{name}
</Badge>
</div>
<Fab
disabled={typeof description === 'string'}
onMouseOut={() => setFocused(false)}
onMouseOver={() => setFocused(true)}
onClick={() => setCollapse(true)}
className={classes.fab}
color="primary"
aria-label="add"
>
<MoreVertIcon />
</Fab>
</div>
<CardContent className={classes.cardContentH5}>
{/* <Typography variant="body2" color="textSecondary" component="p">
{t('Title')}: {title}
</Typography> */}
<Typography variant="body2" color="textSecondary" component="div">
<div className={classes.displayFlex}>
CPU:
<div ref={refCpu} className={classes.marginLeft5}>
- %
</div>
</div>
</Typography>
<Typography variant="body2" color="textSecondary" component="div">
<div className={classes.displayFlex}>
RAM:
<div ref={refMem} className={classes.marginLeft5}>
- %
</div>
</div>
</Typography>
<Typography variant="body2" color="textSecondary" component="div">
<div className={classes.displayFlex}>
{t('Uptime')}
:
{' '}
<div ref={refUptime} className={classes.marginLeft5}>
-d -h
</div>
</div>
</Typography>
<Typography variant="body2" color="textSecondary" component="div" className={classes.wrapperAvailable}>
{t('Available')}
{' '}
js-controller:
{' '}
<div className={Utils.clsx(upgradeAvailable && classes.greenText, classes.curdContentFlexCenter)}>
{upgradeAvailable ? <Tooltip title={t('Update')}>
<div onClick={openHostUpdateDialog} className={classes.buttonUpdate}>
<IconButton className={classes.buttonUpdateIcon} size="small">
<RefreshIcon />
</IconButton>
{available}
</div>
</Tooltip>
:
available}
</div>
</Typography>
<Typography variant="body2" color="textSecondary" component="p">
{t('Installed')}
{' '}
js-controller:
{installed}
</Typography>
<Typography variant="body2" color="textSecondary" component="div">
<div className={classes.displayFlex}>
{t('Events')}
:
{' '}
<div ref={refEvents} className={classes.marginLeft5}>
{events}
</div>
</div>
</Typography>
<div className={classes.marginTop10}>
<Typography component="span" className={classes.enableButton}>
<IconButton size="large" onClick={() => setEditDialog(true)}>
<EditIcon />
</IconButton>
{expertMode && <Tooltip title={t('Host Base Settings')}>
<div>
<IconButton size="large" disabled={!alive} onClick={setBaseSettingsDialog}>
<BuildIcon className={classes.baseSettingsButton} />
</IconButton>
</div>
</Tooltip>}
<Tooltip title={t('Restart host')}>
<div>
<IconButton
size="large"
disabled={!alive}
onClick={e => {
e.stopPropagation();
socket.restartController(_id)
.catch(err => window.alert(`Cannot restart: ${err}`));
}}
>
<CachedIcon />
</IconButton>
</div>
</Tooltip>
{expertMode && logLevelValue && <Tooltip title={`${t('loglevel')} ${logLevelValue}`}>
<IconButton size="large" onClick={() => setOpenDialogLogLevel(true)}>
<Avatar className={Utils.clsx(classes.smallAvatar, classes[logLevelValue])}>
{getLogLevelIcon(logLevelValue)}
</Avatar>
</IconButton>
</Tooltip>}
{!alive && !isCurrentHost ? <Tooltip title={t('Remove')}>
<IconButton size="large" onClick={executeCommandRemove}>
<DeleteIcon />
</IconButton>
</Tooltip>
:
<div className={classes.emptyButton} />}
<Tooltip title={t('Copy')}>
<IconButton size="large" onClick={() => onCopy()}>
<IconCopy />
</IconButton>
</Tooltip>
</Typography>
</div>
</CardContent>
</Card>;
};
HostCard.propTypes = {
t: PropTypes.func,
systemConfig: PropTypes.object,
isCurrentHost: PropTypes.bool,
};
export default withStyles(styles)(HostCard);
| 50,007 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32580177
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Cakabavu
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 59 | 170 |
Cakabavu
river in Rwanda
Cakabavu instance of river
Cakabavu elevation above sea level
Cakabavu GeoNames ID 6996914
Cakabavu GNS Unique Feature ID 10455324
Cakabavu coordinate location
Cakabavu country Rwanda
Cakabavu
Cakabavu
abhainn i Ruanda
Cakabavu sampla de abhainn
Cakabavu airde os cionn na farraige
Cakabavu ID GeoNames 6996914
Cakabavu ID Uathúil GNS 10455324
Cakabavu comhordanáidí geografacha
Cakabavu tír Ruanda
| 43,465 |
lheptamrondesnou00marg_27
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,858 |
L'heptaméron des nouvelles de très-haute et très-illustre princesse, Marguerite d'Angoulème, royne de Navarre
|
Marguerite, Queen, consort of Henry II, King of Navarre, 1492-1549 | Jacob, P. L., 1806-1884, ed
|
French
|
Spoken
| 4,894 | 7,893 |
insondant, changeant. 420e SEPTIÈME JOURNÉE. aimer parfaitement, étés morte, car votre cœur tant pur et néant n'a su porter, sans mort, de savoir le vice qui étaient votre ami. Ô mon Dieu ! pourquoi me créez-vous homme, ayant l'amour si légère et cœur tant ignorant ? Pourquoi ne me créez-vous le petit chien, qui a fidèlement servi sa maîtresse ? Hélas, mon petit ami, la joie que me donnait votre compagnie estournée en mortelle tristesse, puisque autre que nous deux a ouï votre voix ! Si est-ce, m'ami, que l'amour de la duchesse de femme vivant ne m'a fait varier, combien que par plusieurs joies la méchante m'en ait requis et prié ; mais ignorance m'a vaincu; pensant à jamais assurer notre amitié. Toujours, pour être ignorant, je ne laisse d'être coupable, car j'ai révélé le secret de mon amie; j'ai fausé à ma promesse, qui est la seconde cause dont je la vois morte devant mes yeux. Hélas! mon amie, me sera la mort moins cruelle que à vous, qui par amour avez mis fin à votre innocente vie. Je crois qu'elle ne daignera toucher à mon infidèle et misérable cœur, car la vie déshonorée et la mémoire de ma perte, par ma faute, est plus importable que dix mille morts. Hélas, mon amie, si quelqu'un, par malheur ou malice, vous eût osé tuer, promptement j'eusse mis la main à l'espée pour vous venger. C'est donc que raison que je ne pardonne à ce meurtrier, qui est cause de votre mort par un acte plus méchant de vous donner un coup d'espée. Si je savais un plus infâme bourreau que moi-même, je le prierais d'exécuter votre traître ami. Ô amour! par ignorance d'aimer, je vous ai offensé : aussi vous ne me voulez secourir comme vous avez fait celle qui a gardé toutes vos lois. Ce n'est pas raison, que, par si honnête moyen, je me pardonne, mais raisonnable, que ce soit par ma propre main. Puisque avec mes larmes j'ai lavé votre visage et avec ma langue vous avez requis pardon, il ne reste plus qu'avec ma main je rende mon corps semblable au vôtre et laisse aller mon âme où la vôtre ira, sachant que un amour vertueux et honnête n'a jamais fin en ce monde ni en l'autre. » Et, à l'heure, se levant de dessus le corps, comme un homme forcené et hors du sens, tira son poignard, et, par grande violence, s'en donna au travers du cœur; et de crainte print son amie entre ses bras, la baisant par telle affection, qu'il semblait plus être attaint d'amour que de la mort. La danseuse, voyant ce coup, s'en courut à la porte crier à l'hydre. Le duc, ouyant ce cri, doublant le mal de ceux qu'il aimait, entra le premier dans la garderobbe; et, voyant ce piteux couple, s'essayait de les séparer, pour... SOIXANTE DIXIÈME NOUVELLE. 421 sauvé s'il eût été possible le gentil homme. Mais il tenait son amie si fortement, qu'il ne fut possible de la lui oster jusqu'à ce qu'il fut traversé. Toutesfois, entendant le duc qui parlait à lui, disant : « fleurs, qui est cause de ceci ? » avec un regard furieux, lui répondit : « Ma langue et la vôtre, monsieur. » Et, en ce disant, très passa, son visage joint à celui de son amie. Le duc, désirant en savoir plus avant, contraint la damoiselle de lui dire ce qu'elle en avait vu et entendu; ce qu'elle fit tout du long, sans en épargner rien. À l'heure, le duc, connaissant qu'il était cause de tout le mal, se jeta sur les deux amants morts; et, avec grandes cris et pleurs, leur demanda pardon de sa faute, en les baisant tous deux par plusieurs fois. Et, puis, tout furieux, se leva, tira le poignard du corps du gentilhomme, et, tout ainsi que un sanglier étant navré d'un épée, courut d'une impétuosité contre celui qui avait fait le coup, ainsi s'en alla le duc chercher celle qui l'avait navré jusqu'au fond de son âme; laquelle il trouva dansant dans la salle, plus joieuse qu'elle n'avait accoutumé, comme celle qui pensait être bien vengée de la dame du Verger. Le duc la prit au milieu de la danse et lui dit : « Vous avez pris le secret sur votre vie, et sur votre vie tombera la pugnition.» En ce disant, la prit par la coiffeure et lui donna un coup de poignard dedans la gorge, dont toute la compagnie fut si étonnée, que l'on pensait que le duc fut hors de sens. Mais, après qu'il eut parachevé ce qu'il voulait, assembla en la salle tous ses serviteurs et leur conta honnêtement et piteusement l'histoire de sa nièce et le méchant tour que lui avait fait sa femme, qui ne fut, sans faire pleurer les assistants. Après, le duc ordonna que sa femme fût enterrée en une abbaye qu'il fonda en partie pour satisfaire au péché qu'il avait fait de tuer sa femme; et fit faire une belle sépulture où les corps de sa nièce et du gentil homme furent mis ensemble, avec un epitaphe déclarant la tragédie de leur histoire. Le duc entreprit un voyage sur les Turcs, où Dieu le favorisa tant, qu'il en rapporta honneur et profit, et trouva à son retour son fils aîné suffisant de gouverner son bien, lui laissa tout, et s'en alla rendre religieux en l'abbaye où était enterrée sa femme et les deux amants : et là passa sa vieillesse heureusement avec Dieu. Voilà, mes dames, l'histoire que vous m'avez priée de vous raconter; que je connais bien à vos yeux n'avoir été entendue sans compassion. Il me semble que vous devez tirer exemple de ceci, pour ne pas mépriser vos propres occurrences. vous garder de métre votre affection aux hommes, car, quelque honnête ou vertueuse qu'elle soit, elle a toujours à la fin quelque mauvais désir. Et vous voyez que saint Pol encore, aux gens mariés, ne veut qu'ils aient cette grande amour ensemble. Car, d'autant que notre cœur est affectionné à quelque chose terrienne, d'autant s'en loigne-t-il de l'affection céleste; et plus difficile en est à rompre le lien, qui me fait vous prier, mes dames, de demander à Dieu son Saint Esprit, par lequel votre amour soit tant enflammé en l'amour de Dieu, que vous n'aiez point de peine, à la mort, de laisser ce que vous aimez trop en ce monde. — Puisque l'amour était si honnête, dit Geburon, comme vous nous la plaignez, pourquoi la fallait-il tenir si secrète? — Pour ce, dit Parlamente, que la malice des hommes est telle, que jamais ne pensent que grande amour soit jointe à honnêteté; car ils jugent les hommes et les femmes vitieux, selon leurs passions. Et, pour cette occasion, il est besoin, si une femme a quelque bon ami, outre ses plus grands prochains parents, qu'elle parle à lui secrettement, si elle y veut parler longuement; car l'honneur d'une femme est aussi bien mis en dispute, pour avoir par vertu, comme par vice, vu que l'on ne se prend que de ce que l'on voit. — Mais, dit Geburon, quand ce secret-là est découvert, l'on pense beaucoup pis. — Je le vous confesse, dit Longarine; pourquoi, c'est le meilleur du tout de n'aimer point. — Nous appelons de cette sentence, dit Dagoucin, car, si nous pensons les dames sans amour, nous voudrions être sans vie. J'entends de ceux qui ne vivent que pour l'acquérir; et, encore qu'ils n'y adviennent, l'espérance les soutient et leur fait faire mille choses honnorable jusqu'à ce que la vieillesse change ces honnestes passions en autres peines. Raisons qui pensaient que les dames n'aimaient point, ils faussaient, en lieu d'hommes d'armes, faire des marchands; et, en lieu d'acquérir honneur, ne penseraient que à amasser du bien. "Mais c'est, ce dit Simontault, parce que la jalousie des femmes et le despit des faits crévent, sans savoir pourquoi; et la prudence des hommes les fait enquérir de la vérité: laquelle connue, par bon sens, montrent leur grand cœur, comme fit ce gentil homme, et, après avoir entendu qu'il était l'occasion du mal de son amie, montra combien il l'aimait, sans épargner sa propre vie. "Toutesfois, dit Ennasuitte, elle mourut par vraie amour, car son ferme et loyal cœur ne pouvait endurer d'être si villainement trompée." Ce fut sa jalousie, dit Simontault, qui ne donna lieu à la raison; et crut le mal qui n'était point en son ami, tel comme elle le pensait; et fut sa mort contrainte, car elle n'y pouvait remédier; mais celle de son ami fut volontaire, après avoir connu son tort. "Si faut-il, dit Nomerfide, que l'amour soit si grand, qui cause une telle douleur." "N'en avez point de peur, dit Hircan, car vous ne mouriez point d'une telle fièvre." "Non plus, dit Nomerfide, que vous ne vous tuerez, après avoir connu votre offense." "Parleront, qui se doutait le débat être à ses dépens, leur dit, en riant: "C'est assez que deux soient morts d'amour, sans que l'amour en face batte deux autres, car voilà le dernier son de vérité qui nous départira, veuillez ou non." Par son conseil, la compagnie se leva, et allèrent ôter vêpres, n'obliant en leurs bonnes prières aux âmes des vrais amants, pour lesquels les religieux, de leur bonne volonté, dirent un de Proverbes. Et, tant que le souper dura, n'eurent autres propos que de madame du Vergier; et, après un pesant passé leur temps en serait, chacun se retira en sa chambre, et ainsi mirent leur semaine à la septième Journée." FIN DE LA SEPTIÈME JOURNÉE. HUITIÈME JOURNÉE. EN LA HUITIÈME JOURNÉE ON DÉVISE DES PLUS GRANDES ET PLUS VÉRITABLES FOLIES, DONT CHACUN SE PEUT AVISER. PROLOGUE. Ce matin venu, s'enquirent si leur pont s'avancierait fort; et trouvèrent que, dans deux ou trois jours, il pourrait être achevé, ce qui desplut à quelques-uns de la compagnie, car ils eussent bien désiré que l'ouvrage eût duré plus longuement, pour faire durer le contentement qu'ils avaient de leur heureuse vie; mais, voyant qu'ils n'avaient plus que deux ou trois jours de bon temps, se délibérèrent de ne le perdre pas; et prièrent madame Oiselle de leur donner la partie spirituelle, comme elle avait accoutumé : ce qu'elle fit. Mais elle les tint plus longtemps que d'habitude; car elle voulait, avant partir, avoir mis fin à la Canonicque de Saint Jean. À quoi elle s'acquitta si très bien, qu'il semblait que le Saint-Esprit, plein d'amour et de douceur, parlait par sa bouche. Et, tous enflammés de ce feu, s'en allèrent ouïr la grande messe, et, après, dîner ensemble, parlançant encore de la journée passée, se demandant s'en pouvaient faire une très belle. Et, pour y donner ordre, se retirèrent chacun en son logis jusqu'à l'heure où ils allaient en leur chambre des comptes, sur le bureau de l'herbe verte, où déjà trouvèrent les Moines arrivés, qui avaient pris leurs places. Quand chacun fut assis, l'on vit SOIXANTE-UNZIÈME NOUVELLE. 425 La demande qui commencera ; Saffrément dit : « Vous m'avez fait l'honneur d'avoir commencé deux Journées ; il me semble que nous ferions tort aux dames, si une seule n'en commençait deux. » Il faudra donc, dit madame Oisille, que nous demeurions ici longuement, ou que une de vous et une de nous soit sans avoir commandé une Journée. — Quant à moi, dit Dagoucin, si j'eusse été élu, j'eusse donné ma place à Saffrément. — Et moi, dit Nomerfide, j'eusse donné la mienne à Parlamente, car j'ai tant accoutumé de servir, que je ne sais commander. » À quoi toute la compagnie s'accorda, et Parlamente commença ainsi : « Mes dames, nos Journées passées ont été pleines de tant de sages comptes, que je vous voudrais prier que cette-ci le soit de toutes les plus grandes folies, et les plus véritables, que nous nous pourrons adviser. Et, pour vous mettre en train, je vois commencer : » La femme d'un scellier, gravement malade, se guérit et recouvre la parole qu'elle avait perdue durant deux jours, voyant que son mari reste sur un lit trop privement sa chambreière, pendant qu'elle tire à sa fin. Dans la ville d'Amboise, il y avait un scellier, nommé Brimbaudier. L'office était scellier de la Reine de Navarre, homme dont on pouvait juger la nature à voir la couleur du visage, être plus serviteur de Bacchus que des prêtres de Diane. Il avait épousé une femme de bien, qui gouvernait son ménage très sagement : dont il se contentait. Un jour, on lui dit que sa bonne femme était malade et en grand danger, dont il n'était pas autant courroucé qu'il était possible. Il s'en alla en grande diligence pour la secourir. Et trouva sa pauvre femme si bas, qu'elle avait plus de besoin de confesseur que de médecin; dont il fit le deuil le plus piteux du monde. Mais, pour bien le représenter, faudrait parler gras comme lui, et en cela serait-ce plus qui pourrait peindre son visage et sa contenance. Après qu'il lui eut fait tous les services qu'il lui fut possible, elle demanda la croix, que l'on lui fît apporter. Voyant qu'elle le recevait, le bon homme s'alla jeter sur un lit, tout désespéré, criant et disant avec sa langue grasse : "Hélas ! mon Dieu, je perds ma pauvre femme ! Que serai-je, moi malheureux !" et plusieurs telles plaintes. À la fin, regardant qu'il n'y avait personne dans la chambre, que une jeune chamberrière assez belle et en bon point, l'appela tout bas à lui, en lui disant : « M'amie, je me meurs, je suis plus que traversé de voir ainsi mourir ta maîtresse ! Je ne sais que faire, ni que dire, si non que je me recommande à toi ; et te prie de prendre soin de ma maison et de mes enfants. Tiens les clés, que j'ai à mon côté ? Donne ordre au mesnage, car je n'y saurais plus entendre. » La pauvre fille, qui en eut pitié, le reconforta, le priant de ne se désespérer ; et que, si elle perdait sa maîtresse, elle ne perdrait son bon maître. Il lui répondit : « M'amie, il n'est possible, car je me meurs. Regarde comme j'ai le visage froid, approche tes joues des miennes, pour les réchauffer. » Et, en ce faisant, il lui mit la main au front, dont elle croyait faire quelque difficulté, mais il la pria d'avoir point de crainte, car il faudrait bien qu'ils se vussent de plus près. Et sur ces mots, la prit entre ses bras, et la jeta sur le lit. Sa femme, qui n'avait compagnie que de la croix et de l'eau bénite, et n'avait parlé depuis deux jours, commença, avec sa faible voix, de crier le plus haut qu'elle pouvait : « Haï ha ! ha ! je ne suis pas encore morte ! » Et, en les menaçant de la main, disait : « Méchant, vilain, je ne suis pas morte ! » Le mari et la chamberière, oyant sa voix, se levèrent ; mais elle était si despite contre eux, que la colère consume l'humidité du catarrhe qui la gardait de parler, en sorte qu'elle leur dit toutes les injures, dont elle se pouvait adviser. Et, depuis cette heure-là, commença de guérir : qui ne fut, sans souvent reprocher à son mari le peu d'amour qu'il lui portait. Vous voyez, mes dames, l'hypocrisie des hommes : comme pour ung peu de consolation ils oublient le regret de leurs femmes ! — Que savez-vous, dit Hircan, s'il avait ouï dire que ce fut le meilleur remède que sa femme pût avoir ? Car, puis que par son bon traitement il ne la pouvait guérir, il voulait essayer si le contraire lui serait meilleur. SOIXANTE-DOUZIÈME NOUVELLE. 427 Et m'ébahissais comme vous, qui êtes femmes, avez déclaré la condition de votre sexe, qui plus amène par despit que par douceur. — Sans point de faute, dit Lon Garine; cela me ferait bien, non seulement saillir du lit, mais d'un sépulcre tel que celui-là. — Et quel tort lui t'avais-tu, dit Safredent, puisqu'il la pensait morte, de se consoler ? Car l'on sait bien que le lien du mariage ne peut durer sinon autant que la vie ; et puis après, on est délié. — Guy, délié, dit Oisille, du serment et de l'obligation ; mais un bon cœur n'est jamais délié de l'amour. Et était bien tôt obligé son deuil, de ne pouvoir attendre que sa femme eût poussé le dernier soupir. — Mais ce que je trouve le plus étrange, dit Nomerfide, c'est que, voyant la mort et la croix devant ses yeux, il ne perdait la volonté d'offenser Dieu. — Voilà une belle raison ! dit Symontault; vous ne vous étonnerez donc pas de voir faire une foule, mais que l'on soit loin de l'église et du cimetière. Moquez-vous tant de moi que vous voudrez, dit Nomerfide; si c'est que la méditation de la mort rafraîchit bien fort un cœur, quelque jeune qu'il soit. — Je serais de votre opinion, dit Dagoucein, si je n'avais ouï dire le contraire à une princesse. — C'est donc à dire, dit Parlamente, qu'elle en racontait quelque histoire. Parquoi, s'il est ainsi, je vous donne ma place pour la dire. » Dagoucin commença ainsi : SOIXANTE-DOUZEME NOUVELLE. En exerçant le dernier œuvre de miséricorde et ensevelissant un corps mort, un religieux exerça les œuvres de la chair avec une religieuse et l'engrossa -. Dans une des meilleures villes de France, après Paris, y avait un hospital richement fondé, assurément d'une prière et quinze ou seize religieuses, et, en un autre corps de maison devant, y avait un prieur et sept ou huit religieux, lesquels tous les jours disaient le service, et les religieuses, seulement leurs patenostres et heures de Notre Dame, pour ce qu'elles étaient occupées au service des malades. Un jour, vint à mourir un pauvre homme, où toutes les religieuses s'assemblèrent. Et, après lui avoir fait tous les remèdes pour sa santé, envoyèrent quérir un de leurs religieux pour le confesser. Puis, voyant qu'il s'affaiblissait, lui baillèrent l'unction, et peu à peu perdit la parole. Mais, pour ce qu'il demeurait longuement à passer, faisant semblant d'ouïr, chacune se mirent à lui dire les meilleures paroles qu'elles purent, dont à la longue elles se fâchèrent ; car, voyants la nuit venue et qu'il faisait tard, s'en allèrent coucher l'une après l'autre; et ne demoura, pour ensevelir le corps, que l'une des plus jeunes avec un religieux, qu'elle craindrait plus que le prieur ni autre, pour la grande austérité dont il usait tant en paroles que en vie. Et, quand ils eurent bien crié leurs heures à l'oreille du pauvre homme, connurent qu'il était décédé. Par quoi tous deux l'ensevellirent. Et, en exerçant cette dernière œuvre de miséricorde, commença le religieux à parler de la misère de la vie et de la bienheureuseté de la mort; en ces propos passèrent la nuit. La pauvre fille attentivement écoutait ces devots propos, et, le regardant les larmes aux yeux : où il prit si grand plaisir, que, parlant de la vie à venir, commença à l'embrasser, comme s'il eût eu envie de la porter entre ses bras en paradis. La pauvre fille, écoutant ces propos, et l'estimant le plus devot de la compagnie, ne l'osa refuser. Voyant ce méchant moine, en parlant toujours de Dieu, paracheva avec elle l'œuvre que soudain le diable leur mit au cœur, car par avant n'en avait jamais été question; assurant que un péché secret n'était point imputé devant Dieu, et que deux personnes non liées ne peuvent offenser en tel cas, quand il n'en vient point de scandalle; et que, pour l'éviter, elle s'en garderait bien de le confesser à autre que à lui. Ainsi se départirent d'ensemble, elle la première, qui, en passant par une chapelle de Notre-Dame, voulut faire son oraison, comme elle avait de coutume, et quand elle commença à dire : « Vierge Marie ! » il lui souvint qu'elle avait perdu ce titre de virginité, sans force ni amour, mais par une sotte crainte; dont elle se prit à pleurer, qu'il semblait que le cœur lui dévait fondre. Le religieux, qui de loin ouï ces souscrits, se doubla de sa conversion, par laquelle il pouvait perdre son plaisir; dont, pour l'empêcher, la vint trouver prosternée devant cette image, la reprit aigrement, et lui dit que, si elle faisait conscience, qu'elle se confesserait à lui et qu'elle n'y retournait plus, si elle ne voulait, car l'un et l'autre sans péché étaient en sa liberté. La sotte religieuse, croyant satisfaire envers Dieu, s'alla confesser à lui, mais, pour pénitence, il lui jura qu'elle ne péchait point de le flatter, et que l'eau bénie pouvait effacer un tel péché de colère. Elle, croyant plus en lui que en Dieu, retourna au bout de quelque temps à lui obéir; en sorte qu'elle devint grosse, dont elle prit un si grand regret, qu'elle supplia la prieure de faire chasser hors de son monastère ce religieux, sachant qu'il était si fin, qu'il ne faltrait point à la séduire. L'abbesse et le prieur, qui s'accordaient fort bien ensemble, se moquèrent d'elle, disant qu'elle était assez grande pour se défendre d'un homme, et que celui dont elle parlait était trop homme de bien. À la fin, à force d'importunité, pressée du remords de la conscience, leur demanda congé d'aller à Rome, car elle pensait, en confessant son péché aux pieds du pape, recouvrer sa virginité. Ce que très volontiers le prieur et la prieure lui accordèrent, car ils auraient préféré qu'elle fût pénitente contre sa règle, que renfermée et devenir si scrupuleuse comme elle était, craignant que son désespoir lui fît renoncer à la vie que l'on menait là-dedans; lui baillant de l'argent pour faire son voyage. Mais Dieu voulut que, étant à Lyon, un soir, après vêpres, sur le pupitre de l'église de Saint Jean, où madame la duchesse d'Alençon, qui fut reine de Navarre, allait secrètement faire quelque nouveau avec trois ou quatre de ses femmes, étant à genoux devant le crucifix, ouit monter en haut quelque personne, et, à la lumière de la lampe, connaît que c'était une religieuse. Et, afin d'entendre ses dévotions, se retira la duchesse au coin de l'autel. Et la religieuse, qui pensait être seule, se agenouilla; et, en frappant sa coulpe, se prit à pleurer tant, qu'il était pitié de l'entendre, ne criant sinon que : « Hélas! mon Dieu, ayez pitié de cette pauvre pécheresse ! » La duchesse, pour entendre que c'était, s'approcha d'elle, en lui disant : « M'amie, qu'avez-vous, et d'où êtes-vous? Qui vous a amenée en ce lieu-ci ? » La pauvre religieuse, qui ne la connaissait point, lui dit : « Hélas! m'amie, mon malheur est tel... L'aventure qui fait le sujet de cette nouvelle est donc antérieure au mois de janvier 1527, époque du mariage de la jeune veuve du duc d'Alençon avec Henri d'Albret, roi de Navarre. C'est-à-dire : sa poitrine, en disant "Mein culpa". Huitième jour : que je n'ai recours que à Dieu, lequel je supplie de m'offrir moyen de parler à madame la duchesse d'Alençon, car, à elle seule, je contenterai mon affaire, étant assuré que, s'il y a ordre, elle le trouvera. - Mon ami, ce lui dit la duchesse, vous pouvez parler à moi comme à elle, car je suis de ses grandes amies. - Pardonnez-moi, dit la religieuse, car jamais autre qu'elle ne saura mon secret. Alors la duchesse lui dit qu'elle pouvait parler franchement et qu'elle avait trouvé ce qu'elle demandait. La pauvre femme se jeta à ses pieds, et, après avoir pleuré, lui raconta ce que vous avez ouï de sa pauvreté. La duchesse la reconforta si bien, que, sans lui ôter la repentance continuelle de son péché, lui mit hors de l'entendement le voyage de Rome, et la renvoya en son prieuré, avec des lettres à l'évêque du lieu, pour donner ordre de faire chasser ce religieux scandaleux. « Je tiens ce compte de la duchesse même, par lequel vous pouvez voir, mes dames, que la réception de Nomerveille ne sert pas à toutes personnes. Car ceux-ci, touchants et ensevelissant le mort, ne furent moins tachés de leur lubricité. Voyez une intention, dit Hircan, de laquelle je crois que jamais homme ne s’est servi : de parler de la mort et faire les œuvres de la vie. Ce n'est point œuvre de vie, dit Oisille, de pécher; car on sait bien que péché engendre la mort. Croyez, dit Saffredent, que ces pauvres gens ne pensaient point à toute cette théologie. Mais, comme les filles de Lot envoyaient leur père, pensant conserver la nature humaine ; ainsi, ces pauvres gens voulaient réparer ce que la mort avait gasté en ce corps, pour en refaire un tout nouveau; par quoi, je n'y vois nul mal, que les larmes de la pauvre religieuse, qui toujours pleurait et toujours retournaît à la cause de son pleur. J'en ai vu assez de telles, dit Hircan, qui pleuraient leurs péchés et riaient leur plaisir tout ensemble. Je me doute, dit Parlamente, pour qui vous le dites, dont le rire a assez duré, et serait temps que les larmes commencent. Taisez-vous, dit Hircan; encore n'est pas finie la tragédie qui a commencé par rire. Pour changer mon propos, dit Parlamente, il me semble que Dagoucin est sagement dehors de notre délibération, qui était de ne dire compte que pour rire, car le sien est trop piteux. Vous avez dit, dit Dagoucin, que vous ne raccomteriez que de folies, et il me semble que je n'y ai point failli. Mais, pour en ouvrir un plus plaisant, je donne ma voix à Nomerve, espérant qu'elle rabattra ma faute. — Aussi ai-je un compte tout prêt, répondit-elle, digne de suivre le vôtre, car je parle de religieux et de mort. Or, écoutez-le bien, s'il vous plaît. Le Heptaméron est inachevé ici et n'est point achevé, car il y manque huit Nouvelles que promettait le titre de l'ouvrage. L'édition de 1559, donnée par Gruget, se termine par cette note de l'éditeur : Ci finent les Comptes et Nouvelles de la fameuse Reine de Navarre, qui est ce que l'on en peut recouvrer. UN DE LA HUITIÈME ET DERNIÈRE JOURNÉE. TABLE Avertissement de l'édition Notice historique sur Marguerite d'Angoulème, ii| Ouvrages de Marguerite d'Angoulème xx Dédication de l'édition de 1559 i L'HEPTAMÉRON 5 PREMIÈRE JOURNÉE. En la PREMIÈRE JOURNÉE, EST UN RECUEIL DES MAUVAIS TOURS QUE LES FEMMES ONT FAITS AUX HOMMES ET LES HOMMES AUX FEMMES. Première Nouvelle 17 Deuxième Nouvelle 55 Troisième Nouvelle 29 Quatrième Nouvelle 34 Cinquième Nouvelle 42 Sixième Nouvelle 45 Septième Nouvelle 48 Huitième Nouvelle 50 Neuvième Nouvelle 50 Dixième Nouvelle 61 DEUXIÈME JOURNÉE. En la deuxième journée, on se devise de ce qui promet en tombe en la fantaisie de chacun. Prologue 91 Onzième Nouvelle 92 Douzième Nouvelle 96 Treizième Nouvelle 103 Quatorzième Nouvelle 114 Quinzième Nouvelle 121 Seizième Nouvelle 135 Dix-septième Nouvelle 138 Dix-huitième Nouvelle 142 Dix-neuvième Nouvelle 147 Vingtième Nouvelle 157 TROISIÈME JOURNÉE. EN LA TROISIÈME JOURNÉE, ON DEVISE DES DAMES QUI EN LEUR AMITIÉ N'ONT CHACUNNE FIN QUE L'HONNETETÉ, ET DE L'HYPOCRISIE ET MÉCHANCETÉ DES GENTILSHOMMES. Prologue 161 Vingt-et-unième raë. Nouvelle 162 Vingt-deuxième Nouvelle 179 Vingt-troisième Nouvelle 180 Vingt-quatrième Nouvelle 196 Vingt-cinquième Nouvelle 203 Vingt-sixième Nouvelle 210 Vingt-septième Nouvelle 225 Vingt-huitième Nouvelle 226 Vingt-neuvième Nouvelle 228 Trentième Nouvelle 230 QUATRIÈME JOURNÉE. EN LA QUATRIÈME JOURNÉE, ON DEVISE PRINCIPALEMENT DE LA VÉRITÉ USE PA TIENCE ET LONGUE ATTITUDE DES DAVES POUR GAGNEZ LEURS MARIAGES ; ET LA PRUDENCE DONT ONT USÉ LES HOMMES EN VERSO LES FEMMES, POUR CONSERVER L'HONNEUR DE LEURS MAISONS ET LIGNAGE. Prologue 237 Trente-et-unième Nouvelle 238 Trente-deuxième Nouvelle 242 Trente-troisième Nouvelle 247 Trente-quatrième Nouvelle 251 Trente-cinquième Nouvelle 255 Trente-sixième Nouvelle 261 TABLE. 435 Trente-septième Nouvelle 266 Trente-huitième Nouvelle 270 Trente-neuvième Nouvelle 272 Quarantième Nouvelle 274 CINQUIÈME JOURNÉE. EN LA CINQUIÈME JOURNÉE, ON DEVISE DE LA VÉRITÉ DES FILLES ET FEMMES, QUI ONT EU LEUR HONNEUR EN PLUS GRANDE RECOMMANDATION QUE LEUR PLAISIR ; DE CELLES AUSSI QUI ONT FAIT LE CONTRAIRE, ET DE LA SIMPLICITÉ DE QUELQUES ALTRES. PROLOGUE Quarante-et-unième Nouvelle 285 Quarante-deuxième Nouvelle 286 Quarante-troisième Nouvelle 296 Quarante-quatrième Nouvelle 301 Quarante-cinquième Nouvelle 309 Quarante-sixième Nouvelle 313 Quarante-septième Nouvelle 518 Quarante-huitième Nouvelle 521 Quarante-neuvième Nouvelle 524 Cinquième Nouvelle 530 SIXIÈME JOURNÉE. EN LA SIXIÈME JOURNÉE, ON DEVISE DES TROMPERIES QUI SE SONT FAICTES d'homme à FEMME, DE FEMME À HOMME, OU DE FEMME À FEMME, PAR AVARICE, vengeance et malice. Prologue 554 Cinquante-et-unième Nouvelle 335 Cinquante-deuxième Nouvelle 339 Cinquante-troisième Nouvelle 342 Cinquante-quatrième Nouvelle 548 Cinquante-cinquième Nouvelle 550 Cinquante-sixième Nouvelle 553 Cinquante-septième Nouvelle 559 Cinquante-huitième Nouvelle 562 Cinquante-neuvième Nouvelle 565 Soixantième Nouvelle 570 TABLE. SEPTIÈME JOURNÉE. La septième journée, on devise de ceux qui ont fait tout le contraire de ce qu'ils devaient ou voulaient. TRAGEDIE 575 SOIXANTE ET UNIÈME NOUVELLE 576 SOIXANTE DEUXIÈME NOUVELLE. 582 SOIXANTE TROISIÈME NOUVELLE 584 SOIXANTE QUATRIÈME NOUVELLE 588 SOIXANTE CINQUIÈME NOUVELLE 592 SOIXANTE SIXIÈME NOUVELLE 594 SOIXANTE SEPTIÈME NOUVELLE 597 SOIXANTE HUITIÈME NOUVELLE 600 SOIXANTE NEUVIÈME NOUVELLE 402 SOIXANTE DIXIÈME NOUVELLE. 406 HUITIÈME JOURNÉE. EN LA HUITIÈME JOURNÉE, ON DEVISE DES PLUS GRANDES ET PLUS VIRTUELLES PONCLES DONT CHACUN SE PEUT AVISER. TRAGÉDIE 424 SOIXANTE UNIÈME NOUVELLE 426 SOIXANTE DOUZIÈME NOUVELLE 428 Table 431 FIN DE LA TABLE. L'ÉDITION DE 1717.
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if (typeof fun !== "function")
throw new TypeError();
var res = [];
var thisArg = arguments.length >= 2 ? arguments[1] : void 0;
for (var i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
if (i in t)
{
var val = t[i];
// NOTE: Technically this should Object.defineProperty at
// the next index, as push can be affected by
// properties on Object.prototype and Array.prototype.
// But that method's new, and collisions should be
// rare, so use the more-compatible alternative.
if (fun.call(thisArg, val, i, t))
res.push(val);
}
}
return res;
};
}
(function($, Modernizr) {
"use strict";
var
html = $('html'),
showNav = $('#show-nav'),
maps = $('.map'),
corejs = $('#corejs'),
division = $('#division'),
sidebar = $('#sb'),
main = $('#main'),
noop = function() {},
protos = {
'li': $('<li />'),
'a': $('<a />')
};
chattizen.apiKeys = {
'google': corejs.data('google-api-key'),
'sunlight': corejs.data('sunlight-api-key')
};
chattizen.utils = {
'slugify': function(text) {
return String(text).toLowerCase().replace(/ +/g, '-').replace(/[^\w-]+/g, '');
}
};
showNav.on('click', function() {
html.toggleClass('show-nav');
showNav.blur();
});
Modernizr.load({
test: maps.length,
yep: ['/bower_components/leaflet/dist/leaflet.js', '/bower_components/leaflet/dist/leaflet.css'],
callback: {
'leaflet.js': function() {
maps.each(function() {
var
container = $(this),
map = window.L.map(container[0], {
center: [35.0456, -85.267],
zoom: 11,
zoomAnimation: false,
fadeAnimation: false
});
window.L.tileLayer('http://{s}.tiles.mapbox.com/v3/dryan.ib14dmok/{z}/{x}/{y}.png').addTo(map);
if(container.data('boundaries')) {
$.getJSON(
container.data('boundaries')
).done(function(data) {
var
geoJson = window.L.geoJson(window.topojson.mesh(data)).addTo(map);
map.fitBounds(geoJson.getBounds());
}).fail(function() {
container.remove();
});
} else {
$.getJSON(
'http://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?json_callback=?',
{
street: container.data('street-address'),
city: container.data('locality'),
state: container.data('region'),
postalcode: container.data('postal-code'),
country: (container.data('country') || 'US').toLowerCase(),
email: 'daniel@openchattanooga.com',
format: 'jsonv2'
}
).done(function(data) {
if($.isArray(data)) {
data = data.shift();
}
if(data.lat && data.lon) {
map.setView([data.lat, data.lon], 15);
map.attributionControl.addAttribution(data.licence);
window.L.marker([data.lat, data.lon], {
clickable: false,
title: container.data('name') || ''
}).addTo(map);
} else {
container.remove();
}
}).fail(function() {
container.remove();
});
}
});
}
}
});
function ocdAPICall(ocd_id, callback, errCallback) {
$.getJSON(
['https://api.opencivicdata.org/ocd-division', ocd_id, '?apikey=', chattizen.apiKeys.sunlight, '&callback=?'].join('')
).done(callback || noop).fail(errCallback || noop);
}
function tableOfContents() {
var
headers = main.find(':header'),
i = headers.length,
toc = $('<nav id="toc" role="navigation" class="section" />'),
tocList = $('<ul />').appendTo(toc);
if(headers.length && sidebar.length) {
sidebar.prepend(toc);
toc.prepend('<p class="label">On this page</p>');
while(i--) {
var
header = $(headers[i]),
item = protos.li.clone(),
link = protos.a.clone();
if(!header.attr('id')) {
header.attr('id', chattizen.utils.slugify(header.text()));
}
link.attr({title: header.text(), href: '#' + header.attr('id')}).text(header.text());
item.append(link).prependTo(tocList);
}
}
}
tableOfContents();
})(window.jQuery, window.Modernizr);
| 50,324 |
https://github.com/SparksJ2/Beehive2/blob/master/Beehive2/Utility/VisAI.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Beehive2
|
SparksJ2
|
C#
|
Code
| 46 | 128 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Beehive2
{
internal class VisAI
{
// alternate version to be found in Player, as menus can't use D0 to D5 keys
public static void VisFlowFromMenuBar(int pick)
{
Refs.p.viewFlow = pick;
Refs.m.RenderMapAll();
}
}
}
| 39,280 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhand%C4%81ji%20ki%20Khad
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Jhandāji ki Khad
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jhandāji ki Khad&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 109 | 181 |
Suba nga anhianhi ang Jhandāji ki Khad sa Indiya. Nahimutang ni sa estado sa State of Punjab, sa amihanang bahin sa nasod, km sa amihanan sa New Delhi ang ulohan sa nasod. Ang Jhandāji ki Khad mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa Indus River, ug usa ka sanga sa Sutlej River.
Ang klima umogon ug subtropikal. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hunyo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Agosto, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Nobiyembre, sa milimetro.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Indus River (suba) tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa State of Punjab
| 27,176 |
https://github.com/dixonzhao/Java_Study_Zhao/blob/master/01_Intro to Java/Object-oriented programming_Tools/course_examples-master/src/week09_part01/ShowBorderPane.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
Java_Study_Zhao
|
dixonzhao
|
Java
|
Code
| 263 | 671 |
package week09_part01;
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.geometry.Insets;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Label;
import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane;
import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
/**
* Example demonstrates a border pane. Places five buttons in five regions
* of the pane.
* @author Liang, Introduction to Java Programming
*/
public class ShowBorderPane extends Application
{
@Override // Override the start method in the Application class
public void start(Stage primaryStage)
{
// Create a border pane
BorderPane pane = new BorderPane();
// Place nodes in the pane
pane.setTop(new CustomPane("Top"));
pane.setRight(new CustomPaneBlue("Right"));
pane.setBottom(new CustomPane("Bottom"));
pane.setLeft(new CustomPaneBlue("Left"));
pane.setCenter(new CustomPaneGrey("Center"));
// Create a scene and place it in the stage
Scene scene = new Scene(pane);
primaryStage.setTitle("ShowBorderPane"); // Set the stage title
primaryStage.setScene(scene); // Place the scene in the stage
primaryStage.show(); // Display the stage
}
}
// Define a custom pane to hold a label in the center of the pane
class CustomPane extends StackPane {
public CustomPane(String title) {
getChildren().add(new Label(title));
setStyle("-fx-border-color: red");
setPadding(new Insets(11.5, 12.5, 13.5, 14.5));
}
}
// TODO: Define the inner class CustomPaneBlue to be similar to CustomPane
// with a blue border.
// Define a custom pane to hold a label in the center of the pane
class CustomPaneBlue extends StackPane
{
public CustomPaneBlue(String title)
{
getChildren().add(new Label(title));
setStyle("-fx-border-color: blue");
setPadding(new Insets(11.5, 12.5, 13.5, 14.5));
}
}
// TODO: Define the inner class CustomPaneGrey to be similar to CustomPane
// with a grey border.
// Define a custom pane to hold a label in the center of the pane
class CustomPaneGrey extends StackPane
{
public CustomPaneGrey(String title)
{
getChildren().add(new Label(title));
setStyle("-fx-background-color: grey");
setPadding(new Insets(11.5, 12.5, 13.5, 14.5));
}
}
| 46,406 |
https://github.com/han-git160598/KSE_han1/blob/master/resources/views/admin/chart2.blade.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
KSE_han1
|
han-git160598
|
PHP
|
Code
| 210 | 1,200 |
<link href="{{ asset('backend/css/bootstrap.min.css') }}" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="{{ asset('backend/fonts/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.css')}}" rel="stylesheet">
<!-- Toastr style -->
<link href="{{ asset('backend/css/plugins/toastr/toastr.min.css')}}" rel="stylesheet">
<!-- Gritter -->
<link href="{{ asset('backend/js/plugins/gritter/jquery.gritter.css')}}" rel="stylesheet">
<!-- morris -->
<link href="{{ asset('backend/css/plugins/morris/morris-0.4.3.min.css')}}" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="{{ asset('backend/css/animate.css')}}" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="{{ asset('backend/css/style.css')}}" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="{{ asset('backend/css/forms/kforms.css')}}" rel="stylesheet">
<body>
<div class="wrapper wrapper-content animated fadeInRight">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-12" style="background-color: red;height: 50px;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="row" style="background-color:#3F4044 ">
<div class="col-sm-10">
<div class="inqbox">
<div class="inqbox-content">
<span class="text-muted small pull-right"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i></span>
<h2>KSE</h2>
<div class="clients-list">
<div class="tab-content" >
<div id="tab-account" class="tab-pane active" >
<div class="table-responsive">
<div id="chartContainer" style="width:100%; height:500px;"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-2">
<div class="inqbox " style="background-color: #3F4044;height:500px;">
<div class="inqbox-content" style="background-color: #3F4044;">
<div class="tab-content" style="background-color: #3F4044">
<table style="background-color:#909090;width: 100%;
height: 60px;border-radius: 4%;
">
<tr>
<td>Số tiền</td>
<td>+</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>đ 152000</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<table style="background-color:#909090;width: 100%;
height: 60px;border-radius: 4%;
">
<tr>
<td>Số tiền</td>
<td>+</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>đ 152000</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<br />
<div class="tab-content" id="detail-account">
<button type="button" style="height: 60px ; width: 100%;" class="btn btn-success">Lên</button>
<br />
<button type="button" style="height: 60px ; width: 100%;" class="btn btn-danger">Xuống</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
<script src="{{ asset('backend/js/socket.js') }}"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/chart.js@2.8.0"></script>
<script src="https://canvasjs.com/assets/script/jquery-1.11.1.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://canvasjs.com/assets/script/jquery.canvasjs.min.js"></script>
{{-- <script src="https://cdn.amcharts.com/lib/4/core.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.amcharts.com/lib/4/charts.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.amcharts.com/lib/4/themes/animated.js"></script> --}}
<script src="{{ asset('backend/js/main/admin_local.js') }}"></script>
<script src="{{ asset('backend/js/main/admin_chart2.js') }}"></script>
| 26,633 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.