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https://github.com/hsh8523/streamx/blob/master/streamx-flink/streamx-flink-core/src/main/scala/com/streamxhub/streamx/flink/core/scala/failover/ThresholdConf.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
ECL-2.0, Apache-2.0
| null |
streamx
|
hsh8523
|
Scala
|
Code
| 272 | 975 |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2019 The StreamX Project
* <p>
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
* <p>
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
* <p>
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package com.streamxhub.streamx.flink.core.scala.failover
import com.streamxhub.streamx.common.conf.ConfigConst._
import com.streamxhub.streamx.common.util.ConfigUtils
import com.streamxhub.streamx.flink.core.scala.failover.FailoverStorageType.{FailoverStorageType, HBase, HDFS, Kafka, MySQL}
import java.util.Properties
import scala.collection.JavaConversions._
import scala.collection.JavaConverters._
import scala.util.Try
case class ThresholdConf(parameters: Properties) {
val bufferSize: Int = Try(parameters(KEY_SINK_THRESHOLD_BUFFER_SIZE).toInt).getOrElse(DEFAULT_SINK_THRESHOLD_BUFFER_SIZE)
val queueCapacity: Int = Try(parameters(KEY_SINK_THRESHOLD_QUEUE_CAPACITY).toInt).getOrElse(DEFAULT_SINK_THRESHOLD_QUEUE_CAPACITY)
val delayTime: Long = Try(parameters(KEY_SINK_THRESHOLD_DELAY_TIME).toLong).getOrElse(DEFAULT_SINK_THRESHOLD_DELAY_TIME)
val timeout: Int = Try(parameters(KEY_SINK_THRESHOLD_REQ_TIMEOUT).toInt).getOrElse(DEFAULT_SINK_REQUEST_TIMEOUT)
val successCode: List[Int] = Try(parameters(KEY_SINK_THRESHOLD_SUCCESS_CODE).split(",").map(_.toInt).toList).getOrElse(List(DEFAULT_HTTP_SUCCESS_CODE))
val numWriters: Int = Try(parameters(KEY_SINK_THRESHOLD_NUM_WRITERS).toInt).getOrElse(DEFAULT_SINK_THRESHOLD_NUM_WRITERS)
val maxRetries: Int = Try(parameters(KEY_SINK_THRESHOLD_RETRIES).toInt).getOrElse(DEFAULT_SINK_THRESHOLD_RETRIES)
val storageType: FailoverStorageType = FailoverStorageType.get(parameters.getOrElse(KEY_SINK_FAILOVER_STORAGE, throw new IllegalArgumentException(s"[StreamX] usage error! failover.storage must be not null! ")))
def getFailoverConfig: Properties = {
storageType match {
case Kafka => ConfigUtils.getConf(parameters.toMap.asJava, "failover.kafka.")
case MySQL => ConfigUtils.getConf(parameters.toMap.asJava, "failover.mysql.")
case HBase => ConfigUtils.getConf(parameters.toMap.asJava, "failover.hbase.", HBASE_PREFIX)
case HDFS => ConfigUtils.getConf(parameters.toMap.asJava, "failover.hdfs.")
}
}
}
object FailoverStorageType extends Enumeration {
type FailoverStorageType = Value
val MySQL, HBase, HDFS, Kafka = Value
def get(key: String): Value = values.find(_.toString.equalsIgnoreCase(key)).get
}
| 4,218 |
https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.01239
|
arXiv
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,021 |
Refundable income annuities: Feasibility of money-back guarantees
|
Moshe A. Milevsky and Thomas S. Salisbury
|
English
|
Spoken
| 15,296 | 33,606 |
Refundable Income Annuities:
Feasibility of Money-Back Guarantees
Moshe A. Milevsky and Thomas S. Salisbury
(Date: Version: 26 August 2021)
###### Abstract.
[Short version:] Refundable income annuities (IA), such as cash-refund and
instalment-refund, differ in material ways from the life-only version beloved
by economists. In addition to lifetime income they guarantee the annuitant or
beneficiary will receive their money back albeit slowly over time. We document
that refundable IAs now represent the majority of sales in the U.S., yet they
are mostly ignored by insurance and pension economists. And, although their
pricing, duration, and money’s-worth-ratio is complicated by recursivity which
will be explained, we offer a path forward to make refundable IAs tractable.
A key result concerns the market price of cash-refund IAs, when the actuarial
present value is grossed-up by an insurance loading. We prove that price is
counterintuitively no longer a declining function of age and older buyers
might pay more than younger ones. Moreover, there exists a threshold valuation
rate below which no price is viable. This may also explain why inflation-
adjusted IAs have all but disappeared.
Milevsky is a Professor of Finance at the Schulich School of Business, York
University, and Executive Director of the IFID Centre. Salisbury is a
Professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at York University.
The authors acknowledge funding from the IFID Centre (Milevsky) and from NSERC
(Salisbury) as well as helpful comments from Narat Charupat, Branislav
Nikolic, and participants at the (virtual) IME Congress in early July 2021.
The corresponding author (Salisbury) can be reached at: salt@yorku.ca
Title: Refundable Income Annuities:
Feasibility of Money-Back Guarantees
Authors: Moshe A. Milevsky and Thomas S. Salisbury
Abstract [Long version]:
This paper offers some basic theorems and observations related to: (i) cash
refund and (ii.) instalment refund income annuities (IAs). We distinguish
between the price paid by annuitants and the actuarial present value of the
future payments received by the annuitant. These differ when a loading is
applied, but are obviously the same in the unloaded case. We start by proving
that unloaded prices are a declining function of issue age $x$ and valuation
rates $r$, neither of which are trivial statements when dealing with
refundable products. We also compute measures of annuity duration and show how
they differ from traditional interest rate sensitivity, again due to the
refund feature.
In terms of contribution, our main (novel) result relates to loaded cash-
refund IAs, that is once the value is grossed-up by $(1+\pi)$ and converted to
a market price paid by or charged to annuitants. Under mild assumptions the
price of a cash-refund IA is no longer a declining function of age and older
annuitants might have to pay more than younger ones for the same lifetime of
income. More importantly, there exists a threshold valuation rate $r_{\pi,x}$,
at which the pricing function of a cash-refund IA is no longer viable.
Practically speaking, if-and-when the insurance company or pension fund
assumed investment return (i.e. portfolio yield) is projected to fall under
$r_{\pi,x}$, they are no longer able to offer refundable IAs at any price.
Finally, our paper might help explain why inflation-adjusted income annuities
have all-but disappeared from the retirement landscape. Real interest rates
are currently far under our $r_{\pi,x}$, which means that real refunds are no
longer feasible.
JEL: G12 (Asset Pricing), G22 (Actuarial Studies), G52 (Insurance)
Keywords: Pensions, Annuities, Retirement Planning, Bond Duration.
## 1\. Introduction and Motivation
Per the SECURE Act of 2019, also known as the Setting Every Community Up for
Retirement Enhancement Act, the U.S. Department of Labor has been tasked with
creating a set of technical regulations and mathematical assumptions for
reporting the account balance of all Defined Contribution (DC) retirement
plans in the U.S. as an income stream, together with the usual mark-to-market
value of all securities held at the end of the quarter111See, for example,
https://www.groom.com/resources/lifetime-income-provisions-under-the-secure-
act/.
This regulation comes into effect in late September 2021 and will affect 76.8
million Americans with an ERISA-regulated DC account. As of the effective date
and assuming it goes thru as planned every single plan sponsor and
administrator will be mandated to calculate how much life annuity income the
balance would buy, if the participant decided to convert the lump sum into a
lifetime of income. This applies to participants at all ages and not just at
or near retirement.
Thus for example, a 40-year-old employee working at a meat packaging plant in
Nebraska will be informed on their quarterly 401(k) statement that the
$100,000 balance in their 401(k) plan would be equivalent to (only) $5,000 of
lifetime income because the actuarial pricing factor – the denominator by
which the $100,000 account balance is divided – is 20.
The policy objective of this entire exercise – which the Department of Labor
is estimating will cost employers $200 million to implement in just the first
year – is to nudge participants to anchor their limited attention on a
standard of living instead a lump-sum of money222See
https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/FR-2020-09-18/2020-17476 for the Interim
Final Rules issued by the Department of Labor and printed in the Federal
Register. This is a laudable goal, familiar to financial economists as the
foundation of the life-cycle model.
To be clear, the calculation by which the ongoing balance is converted into a
lifetime income will be based on a theoretical formula for the value of life
annuity and the math itself has been the subject of much controversy and
debate over the last year. While insurance companies that hope to sell
annuities to many of those 76.8 million participants welcome the spotlight on
life annuities, traditional asset managers who offer their own decumulation
solutions aren’t as welcoming333See for example
https://www.ft.com/content/cbbd43cb-e80c-4e81-8fb2-dfced5f7b62e.
To this end, the Department of Labor has released (and then updated) a 30-page
document with proposals for the discount rates, the mortality rates, the
annuity riders and even the magnitude of loadings, after receiving public
comments about these matters. In other words, there is an enormous amount of
interest among a vast array of businesses about how to value a stream of
lifetime income. Indeed, a topic that was of interest to a small number of
specialized insurance actuaries has gone mainstream. Quite ironically and as
most pension economists are well-aware, few if any participants in DC plans
voluntarily purchase life annuities with their account balances, which is yet
another interesting aspect of the proposed regulation. Will it help?
Indeed, the literature has long-known and puzzled over the thin market for
voluntary annuities and the fact few people actively annuitize their wealth at
retirement444See Modigliani (1988). Annuitization is the process of exchanging
a lump-sum of money for a stream of lifetime income that can’t be outlived,
via products sold by insurance companies but also offered by traditional
Defined Benefit (DB) pension funds. The formal literature began with Yaari
(1965) who proved that, absent bequest motives, a utility-maximizing consumer
should annuitize all wealth. And ever since Yaari (1965), many explanations
have been proposed for why most people don’t actually do this, and just as
many remedies have been offered to fix the annuity market, such as mandating
income projections on DC account statements555See Benartzi et al. (2011)..
We should note that the academic annuity literature is mostly about income
annuities (IAs) which are different from tax-sheltered accumulation annuities
intended as long-term savings vehicles. And, although the original paper Yaari
(1965) – and thousands of models and papers that have followed in its path –
deal with actuarial notes (or instantaneous tontines), most economist treat
IAs as the nearest real-world substitute, and the above-noted proposals are
about IAs.
What is less known among economists – and the main impetus for our paper – is
that of the $8-$10 billion of annual premium flowing into IAs in the U.S. in
recent years, the majority is allocated to products with a money-back
guarantee, which of course reduces the embedded longevity insurance, risk
pooling and mortality credits. According to data from CANNEX Financial
Exchanges666CANNEX Financial Exchanges is a data vendor that provides annuity
quotes and conducts a quarterly survey of the types of annuities sold. Note
that both authors have a financial relationship with CANNEX., the most popular
type of IA quoted777Actual sales are expected to be even more skewed than
quotes, since duplicate quotes are more likely to be purchasers of refundable
IAs assessing the guarantee cost. See Charupat et al. (2016) for more details
concerning this dataset. is one in which the annuitant or his/her beneficiary
is guaranteed their money back.
As noted in Table 1 of this paper888All tables and figures are placed at the
end of the paper., in general there are three structurally distinct types of
IAs. The first class is a life only product under which death terminates the
income flow. Again, those are closest to the actuarial notes of Yaari (1965).
The second class is an IA in which payments are guaranteed for a fixed number
of years, to a beneficiary if the annuitant is no longer alive. The third is
refundable IAs in which the annuitant has a guarantee that their entire
premium will be returned, either in a lump-sum of cash or instalments. Notice
the trend in Table 1 over time during the last 10 years. In 2011 life only
(a.k.a. Yaari) IAs were more popular than refundable IAs. But by early 2021
the majority of price quotes are in cash or instalment refund products.
Table 1 Placed Here
Note that our focus here – and the data displayed in the table – is on single-
life annuities. But joint-life annuities, which we do not treat in this work,
also display the same pattern over time, towards cash-refund and instalment
refund features. Naturally the demand and need for a money back guarantee is
reduced because it’s only after the second death that the annuity payment is
extinguished. Either way, we leave the analysis of two (or more) lives to
other authors and papers.
To be clear, here is a simple example that should explain the mechanics of a
cash versus instalment IA (without loading) and by extension the recursivity
problem which is the focus of this paper. Assume an IA price that is: $a=12.5$
per $1 of lifetime income. This means that if the annuitant deposits or
provides a premium of $P=\$100,000$, it leads to an income of $\$C=P/a=$ 8,000
per year for life. Now, if this particular IA is a life only product, then
death extinguishes the contract and the beneficiaries aren’t entitled to any
residual value. But, if this is a cash-refund IA, and if the annuitant happens
to die after exactly 10 years of payments the estate or beneficiary receives a
lump-sum cash payout of: $(\$100,\\!000-\$80,\\!000)=\$20,\\!000$. But, if
death occurs after year 12.5, the estate receives nothing.
So, with a cash-refund IA, the premium $P$ generates a lifetime cash-flow $C$,
plus a death benefit $(P-TC)_{+}$, where $T$ is the stochastic date of death.
We now arrive at the main problem and motivation for this paper. Note that the
$P$ appears on both sides of the valuation equation, hence the recursivity.
Likewise, if the IA is of the installment refund type, then if at the time of
death $P<TC$, the annual payments of $C$ continue until time $T=P/C$, by which
time the entire premium is returned. After time $T=P/C$, which in the above
case would be $T=12.5$ years, all payments cease. One again, this induces a
recursivity problem, all of which will be addressed.
One additional motivation for this paper (in mid 2021) is that the consumer
trend towards refundable income annuities, is on a collision course with low
(and possibly negative) interest rates. At the time of writing, the yields on
long-term European government bonds are (mostly) negative999Source: European
Central Bank & IMF Report, December 2020. For example, in late June 2021 the
10-year rate on Greek government bonds fell below zero for the first time..
So, it’s not entirely inconceivable that negative valuation rates will
eventually be used to price and sell IAs in the U.S.. But even if that
scenario is farfetched, these two opposing trends raise a critical question.
Is it viable to sell refundable IAs in a low enough interest rate environment?
Our answer and key result is that there exists a positive lower bound to the
underlying rate, below which cash-refund IAs can no longer be offered for
sale. The type of income annuities that consumers actually want to purchase
simply can’t exist.
### 1.1. Outline of the paper, and key results
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In the Section 2 we
position our paper within the broader annuity literature, with particular link
to actuarial science, pension finance and insurance economics. Then, in
Section 3 we introduce and formally present the fundamental valuation
relationship or algorithm for cash refund (hereafter CR) and instalment refund
(hereafter IR) income annuities. We begin that section with basic life only
(hereafter LO) income annuities to set notation and terminology and then
present a variety of calibrated numerical values for LOIA, IRIA and CRIA
assuming Gompertz mortality values.
We should make very clear at this early juncture that our entire paper is
predicated on (i.) deterministic mortality hazard rate, and (ii.) the law of
large number which underlies the actuarial pricing of mortality and longevity
contingent claims. In other words, we assume the insurance company that
manufactures the IAs sells a sufficiently “large” number of policies to
eliminate all idiosyncratic mortality risk and that there is no systematic
mortality risk to worry about. Follow-up research will deal with “small”
portfolios, stochastic mortality hazard rate and the ruin probabilities
associated with refundable IAs.
After that, Section 4 examines the sensitivity of loaded and unloaded consumer
prices to both mortality rates and interest rates, which leads to durations
and convexity. Once again (counterintuitively) as a result of the
recursiveness, we distinguish between a classical measure of Macaulay
duration, that is the time-weighted average of discounted cash-flows, versus a
(log) derivative with respect to valuation rates. In the case of refundable
IAs these two measures differ from each other, echoing the concept of option-
adjusted duration. Next, section 4 also explores the money’s worth ratio of
these products.
Having set the stage with numerical tables and figures, Section 5 contains the
precise statements of our general theorems and formulae, along with their
proofs. Section 6 concludes the paper proper. The appendix Section 7, contains
a brief R-script that can be used to value cash-refund income annuities using
a simple bisection algorithm which rapidly converges on the number that
equates the actuarial present value to the price.
Before we move-on to the section containing the literature review, we briefly
summarize the main theoretical – and what we believe to be are the novel –
results offered in this paper, albeit much less formally:
* •
As long as valuation discount rates denoted by $r$ are positive, there is
always a unique price $a^{\star}$ at which an unloaded CRIA is viable.
Naturally, if $r$ is negative, the buyer can never guarantee their money back,
although a basic life only IA is always viable. When $r>0$ the price of the
CRIA is decreasing in $r$, and decreasing in the age $x$ of issue, assuming
mortality hazard rates increase with age.
* •
But, if $r$ exceeds a certain level, there is a unique price
$\widehat{a}^{\star}$ at which the CRIA with a given loading is viable. Below
a threshold level of $r$, the loaded CRIA fails to be viable. Once again,
assuming that mortality hazard rates rise with age, the loaded CRIA is viable
for $x$ below a certain level, but not for larger ages. That number is in the
mid-70s or early 80s, given current interest rates and typical insurance
loadings.
* •
Regardless of $r$ and the insurance loading, there is a unique price
$a^{\circ}$ or $\widehat{a}^{\circ}$ at which an instalment refund IA is
viable. It is decreasing in $r$, once again assuming an increasing hazard
rate, and declining in age $x$. Typically this price $\to 0$ at advanced ages
in the unloaded case, but not under loading.
## 2\. Position within the literature
This paper is interdisciplinary in nature and overlaps with three distinct
research areas of expertise: (i.) actuarial science, (ii.) pension finance and
(iii.) insurance economics. In this section we review how our paper engages
with the scholarly literature in those three fields.
### 2.1. Actuarial Science
Within the literature on actuarial science, the valuation and pricing of
income annuities is a topic with three centuries of history, starting with the
original paper by Edmund Halley published in Halley (1693), in which he
introduced the idea of discounting for both mortality and interest and applied
it the valuation of income annuities on multiple lives. In fact, by the late
18th century and certainly by the mid 19th century, the valuation and pricing
of income annuities under a given (1.) mortality table and (2.) interest rate
curve, was viewed as fully settled and secure by insurance actuaries101010See
the collection of historical articles contained in Haberman and Sibbett
(1995).. Insurance companies as well as local and national governments issued
immediate, deferred and reversionary (triggered by death) annuities, all well
represented in Victorian novels and literature111111See Poterba (1997, 2014)
as well as the popular article by Merton (2014).. The actuarial curriculum for
valuing income annuities has only seen minor changes during the last half-
century.
However, most if-not-all income annuities sold by private insurance companies
and voluntarily purchased by individual consumers during the last three
centuries did not offer the money-back or cash refund feature that has become
exceedingly popular in the last decade, and is the focus on this paper. Recall
from Table 1 that a cash-refund annuity has become the most dominant rider
added to income annuities. So, while historically one could always purchase an
income annuity with a guarantee period of 5, 20, 15 or 25 year’s period
certain, those had no meaningful impact on the valuation and pricing
methodology. Mathematically, the period certain simply modifies survival
probability from an integrand that is less than 1, to a constant equal to 1,
during the period of income certainty. And, even if the survival curve used
for pricing depends on the guarantee period selected, perhaps due to anti-
selection, this can easily be incorporated into the basic valuation equation
by valuing a deferred income annuity together with a term certain
annuity121212See Finkelstein and Poterba (2004), where they find selection
effects based on guarantee periods..
In contrast to these rather trivial integrals, the cash-refund income annuity
generates a non-trivial and recursive relationship which embeds the initial
value and price into the payout function. In fact as we noted earlier and will
carefully demonstrate in Section 5, this money-back guarantee not-only creates
mathematical complexity, it might actually lead to no feasible solution. There
might not be a fixed point to the valuation equation, or to put it bluntly the
product will not exist if insurance loadings (profits, commissions, expenses,
or risk capital) increase beyond a certain upper threshold, or valuation rates
decline beyond a lower bound.
Now, the classic actuarial textbooks are well-aware of the above-noted problem
or difficulty with valuing the cash-refund feature of income annuities, and do
make reference to an iterative procedure or scheme that is required to solve
for the price of the longevity-contingent claim. But, that discussion is often
relegated to an obscure appendix or perhaps a page or two of extra problems,
whereas entire chapters are dedicated to the valuation of conventional income
annuities131313For example, the second edition of the 800 page actuarial
textbook by Bowers et al. (1997), dedicates a page to cash refund annuities,
as an exercise on page 536. The 480 page textbook by Dickson et al. (2009),
mentions them briefly as an exercise on page 139, and the 370 page textbook by
Promislow (2006) has a page or two devoted to them, abstractly. Needless to
say, these textbooks use traditional actuarial notation, symbols and
expression that are likely to be inaccessible to economists interested in
valuing income annuities. The book by Cannon and Tonks (2008) mention value-
protected annuities, a form of CRIA, but they don’t mention the valuation
problems. More importantly, and as far as the academic contribution of this
paper is concerned, we are unaware of any actuarial textbook or prior article
that considers the conditions under which the loaded cash-refund income
annuity price might not exist.
We suspect the reason for the rather limited (historical) attention to the
cash refund feature is that they simply weren’t popular, and perhaps were even
unavailable. It is our understanding that cash-refunds came into existence
around the time of the introduction of higher estate taxes (in the US, in the
1940s and 1950s), where beneficiaries preferred a lump-sum payment at death to
cover tax liabilities for illiquid assets. We have been told that (old)
annuity company accounting systems were originally designed for ongoing and
periodic cash-flows, not lump-sum death benefits, which created further
impediments to offering cash-refund income annuities141414Source: Author
conversations with insurance executives, and in particular Gary Mettler..
Needless to say, we don’t want to digress into the business history of the
income annuity market in the US, but simply note the above background to
provide context for why actuarial science might have neglected the cash-refund
income annuity as part of its foundational pedagogy. Our paper fills that gap.
To be clear, there are recent papers in the actuarial and insurance literature
that examine the valuation, hedging and risk management of guarantees embedded
within modern 21st century variable annuities with guaranteed living benefits
(GLBs), which are akin to financial put options struck on life or
death151515See for example Xu et al. (2018), Huang et al. (2017b), Moenig and
Bauer (2016), Steinorth and Mitchell (2015), Ngai and Sherris (2011), Milevsky
and Salisbury (2006), and as well Bauer et al. (2008) which examines the many
dimensions of variable annuity guarantees.. The variable annuity market is a
multi-billion dollar industry in the US, and many orders of magnitude larger
than the market for income annuities. But, as their name suggests, those
papers and authors are focused on purely variable products in which separate-
account investment returns fluctuate with markets and interest rates. The
nature of those guarantees and the risks associated with those derivatives are
quite different. And, while those products generate their own mathematical
complexities – and in some circumstances might also fail to be viable – the
focus of our paper once again is on the income annuity at the core of
retirement planning. That is the annuity Edmund Halley, Richard Price,
Benjamin Gompertz (1825), and Jane Austen would recognize.
In sum, for researchers interested in actuarial and insurance pricing, we
contribute to the literature by showing how a simple cash-refund on an income
annuity can lead to challenging and interesting mathematical problems.
Practically speaking we can help explain why inflation-adjusted cash refund
annuities no longer exist; real rates are simply too low.
### 2.2. Pension Finance
The second of the three strands of literature with which this paper engages,
has to do with the so-called money’s worth ratio (MWR) of income annuities,
and the competitiveness and efficiency of the retail income annuity market. In
the early 1990s, a number of well-known pension economists in the U.S.
introduced the MWR in series of books and papers161616See Friedman and
Warshawsky (1990), as well as the article by Mitchell et al. (1999) and the
subsequent book cited as Brown et al. (2001).. They suggested using the
relative ratio of market annuity prices to theoretical annuity model values
(i.e. the MWR) as a measure of price efficiency as well as a way of detecting
anti-selection by healthier annuitants171717See Finkelstein and Poterba (2014)
as well as the earlier noted Finkelstein and Poterba (2004).. The early
research indicated that this ratio or number was between 80% and 90%,
depending on the mortality tables and term structure of interest rate used to
compute theoretical model prices. And, when annuitant (versus population)
mortality and risk-free rates were used to compute the MWR, the ratio often
exceeded 100%. This was taken as a sign the market was efficient and
functioning properly. Recent research work updating the original estimates
continue to point to MWRs in the same range, despite the decline in both
interest rates and mortality rates during the last three decades181818Recent
papers using the MWR are Poterba and Solomon (2021), Blanchett et al. (2021)
as well as Wettstein et al. (2021)..
The economic impetus and relevance of these MWR studies revolve around the
global demise of traditional Defined Benefit (DB) pensions and the trend
towards individual and portable Defined Contribution (DC) investment accounts.
Recall that the default option in a DB plan is retirement income for life,
which obviously resembles the payout of an income annuity. In many cases, it
not only is a default option in the pension plan, it’s the only option
available at retirement. For example, the income annuity provided by U.S.
Social Security (or the Canadian version, CPP) cannot be taken as a lump sum
in cash. In contrast, the default option in a DC plan is either a lump-sum of
money at retirement or perhaps a systematic withdrawal plan with a default
spending rate. Neither of those options protects the retiree against longevity
risk, i.e. the risk of outliving resources. That is the main reason why income
annuities have received such attention from economists over the last few
decades. From a retirement policy perspective, income annuities are being
promoted by both academic economists as well as insurance company executives
to help replace the lost longevity insurance in DC plans. Indeed, recent US
legislation around so-called safe harbours and menu options has accelerated
this trend191919See the SECURE Act and associated policy issues, as well as
the original article by Bodie (1990) discussing the connection between
pensions as a form of retirement income insurance..
And yet most, if not all, of the published research articles and policy papers
that compute or reference these MWRs as a measure of cost efficiency have
focused on historical data, pricing information and quotes for life only
income annuities without any cash-refund features. Just in the year 2021 alone
we have come across a handful of articles that compute MWRs, all focusing
exclusively on life only income annuities. This isn’t just a matter of
empirical convenience or the availability of historical data. Most of the
highly cited theoretical papers in the annuity allocation literature, i.e.
deriving optimal dynamic strategies around annuitization, have also focused on
life only annuities202020Starting with Yaari (1965), as well as Davies (1981),
and more recently Kingston and Thorp (2005), Milevsky and Young (2007),
Horneff et al. (2009), Inkmann et al. (2011), Chai et al. (2011), Koijen et
al. (2011).. Any reference to a guaranteed period for the income annuity is
usually noted within the context of it being a fixed-income bond, and thus
irrelevant to the financial economics of longevity risk pooling.
And yet, we repeat once again that those are not the income annuities
consumers are buying. Rather, most of them want, demand and pay extra to
receive their money back over time. Our main point here is that the MWR
literature must progress to using cash-refund pricing algorithms, and our
paper offers encouragement and a path forward to those researchers. In
addition to our theoretical results, the appendix to this paper contains a
simple bisection-based algorithm (in R) that can be used to properly value
cash-refund income annuities under a Gompertz law of mortality. The mortality
curve can easily be discretized, modified or flattened.
### 2.3. Insurance Economics
The third and final strand of literature to which this paper contributes,
relates more generally to the so-called annuity puzzle and the very low levels
of voluntary annuitization observed among retirees, despite the classic Yaari
(1965) result which argues for full annuitization212121For the initial
statement and framing, as well as more recent empirical evidence on the extent
of the puzzle, and reasons a thin annuity market might be rational, see
Modigliani (1988), Davidoff et al. (2005), Brown et al. (2008), Benartzi et
al. (2011), Pashchenko (2013), Bommier and Le Grand (2014), and finally
Reichling and Smetters (2015).. The annuity puzzle literature, which is just
as vast as the above noted pension economic or actuarial science work, has
offered a variety of both classical (market frictions and incompleteness) and
behavioural (anchoring, mental accounting, loss aversion, etc.) reasons for
why consumer avoid annuitization. It continues to be an active area of
research.
Prima facie, the fact that from a very small group who actually choose to
annuitize, an even smaller group select the life only option further
exacerbates the puzzle. It’s a simple actuarial fact that per premium dollar,
the pure life only income annuity provide the highest level of income, the
greatest mortality credits and longevity pooling benefits to the annuitant.
And yet, recall that in Table 1, a mere 10% of annuitants selected the life
only income annuity. A full 90% of buyers opted for some form of guarantee,
and within that category a majority of those elected a cash-refund.
In fact, to add yet another layer of puzzlement, as interest rates have
declined over the last decade or so, the payout from income annuities have
declined across the entire spectrum of riders. The present value of everything
including the cost of retirement income goes up. Still, consumers have shifted
towards buying even more expensive income annuities that reduce their cash-
flow and income even further. At the risk of overusing the word, we pose this
as a further puzzle. Refunds are more expensive than ever, and continue to
increase in popularity.
But, the valuation model and results described in this paper allow us to shed
light on this matter by highlighting and isolating the embedded life insurance
component within the cash-refund annuity. As such, the demand for cash-refund
income annuities might be driven not-only by behavioural considerations noted
above, but perhaps by rational attempts by the annuitant (buyer) to signal to
the insurance company (seller) that they are not as healthy as a conventional
annuitant, purely interested in protecting against longevity risk. It also
might assist in maximizing a bequest value, more effectively compared to a
period certain222222See, for example, the article by Sheshinski (2008) as well
as the follow-up book referenced as Sheshinski (2010), in which he examines
what he calls refundable annuity options, albeit with a similar rationale.
option. Stated differently, the cash refund income annuity might be a better
deal for consumers, since it might reflect a lower level of anti-selection.
Furthermore, recent experimental evidence suggests that money back guarantees
are more likely to be selected as part of a so-called cushion effect.232323See
the paper by Knoller (2016), who makes an argument consistent with the IA
riders that consumers select, and see Boyer et al. (2020) for additional
survey-based evidence. And, while that would be an empirical question, we will
return to this in the conclusion of the paper when we discuss further
research. For now, we continue to Section 3 where we introduce and derive the
valuation and pricing technology.
## 3\. Actuarial analysis
### 3.1. Notation and terminology
In this paper we have tried as much as possible to adhere to standard
actuarial notation, but have deviated in a few places (elevating subscripts
and/or introducing superscripts) to reduce clutter and crowding.
* •
$a(x,r)$ is the price at age $x$, of a single premium life only (LO) income
annuity (IA) paying $\$1$ in continuous time, under a valuation rate $r$, and
with no loading. Because of the absence of loading, it agrees with the
actuarial present value of the LOIA. In other words, it is the present value
of the payment stream, discounted for both interest rates and mortality. Or,
by the law of large numbers, the cost per contract of hedging a large number
of identical such annuities. We will (quite often) abbreviate it by $a(x)$, or
occasionally just $a$, when the interest rate $r$ and/or age $x$ are clear
from the context.
* •
${a^{\star}}(x,r)$ is the price at age $x$, under a rate $r$, of an (unloaded)
IA paying $\$1$ in continuous time, and also guaranteeing a cash-refund (CR)
at death of: ${a^{\star}}(x,r)-t$, if death occurs at $t\leq{a^{\star}}(x,r)$.
Because there is no loading, it is also the actuarial present value (or value)
of this annuity. Naturally: ${a^{\star}}(x,r)>a(x,r)$. Once again, we might
use the simpler $a^{\star}(x)$ or just $a^{\star}$ when the context is clear.
* •
$a^{\circ}(x,r)$ is the price at age $x$, under a rate $r$, of an (unloaded)
IA paying $\$1$ in continuous time, guaranteeing at least $a^{\circ}(x,r)$
years of payments to the annuitant or beneficiary. Because there is no
loading, it is also the actuarial present value (or value) of this annuity.
This is the instalment refund income annuity (IRIA), which is effectively a
life-only IA, with an additional $a^{\circ}(x,r)$ years of guaranteed
payments. In Section 5 we prove that $a^{\ast}(x,r)>a^{\circ}(x,r)$ at any age
$x$ and any interest rate $r>0$, and in the current section focus on valuation
and numerical examples.
* •
An LOIA is $\tau$-period certain if the $1 paid continuously lasts for life or
time $\tau$, whichever is greater. We denote its price as $a(x,r,\tau)$. This
allows us to express an IRIA by adjusting $\tau$ recursively, that is,
$a^{\circ}=a^{\circ}(x,r)$ satisfies $a^{\circ}=a(x,r,a^{\circ})$.
Alternatively, $a(x,r,\tau)$ can be realized as the present value of $\$1$ for
time $\tau$ (i.e. $\frac{1-e^{-r\tau}}{r}$) plus a life annuity that only
starts payment at time $\tau$. The latter, called a deferred or delayed IA and
abbreviated as DIA, has been the focus of intense interest among pension
economists and has recently been granted special tax treatment in the
U.S.242424See Gong and Webb (2010), Pitacco (2016), Huang et al. (2017a),
Alexandrova and Gatzert (2019), Horneff et al. (2020), Habib et al. (2020),
and the regulatory exemptions granted to Qualified Longevity Annuity Contracts
(QLACs).
* •
$\pi\geq 0$ denotes the insurance loading or mark-up from value to price which
is applied to the IA by the insurance company, mainly to cover profits and
expenses, although in practice $\pi$ would include a safety margin to protect
against adverse mortality deviations. Practically speaking, loading a pure
actuarial premium by $\pi$, results in a present value of lifetime cash-flow
of: $C=\frac{P}{(1+\pi)a}$, where $P$ is the premium, or the annuitized
wealth. In other words, the price $\widehat{a}$ of a loaded LOIA will simply
$=(1+\pi)a$. The relationship between loaded and unloaded prices will be more
complicated in the case of a CRIA or an IRIA.
* •
$A(x,r)$ is the price at age $x$, of a single premium insurance policy paying
$\$1$ at death, under a valuation rate $r$. This implies that
$A(x,r)+ra(x,r)=1$, which can be shown via No Arbitrage arguments. Rearranging
this relationship leads to: $\frac{1}{a(x,r)}-r=\frac{A(x,r)}{a(x,r)}>0$,
which is deemed to be the mortality credits at age $x$.
* •
Finally, $T_{x}$ denotes the remaining lifetime random variable whose density
and distribution function are denoted $f_{x}(t)$ and $F_{x}(t)=\Pr[T_{x}\leq
t]=1-\,_{t}p_{x}$. The conditional survival probability under a Gompertz law,
which we will use for all our numerical examples, is:
$\,{}_{t}p_{x}=e^{-\int_{x}^{x+t}\lambda_{s}\,ds}=\exp\\{e^{(m-x)/b}(1-e^{t/b})\\}$,
where $m$ is the modal value and $b$ is the dispersion coefficient, and the
mortality hazard rate is: $\lambda_{s}=(1/b)e^{(s-m)/b}.$
### 3.2. Life Only IA
Following standard actuarial methodology,
(1) $a(x,r)\;=\;\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-rt}\Pr[T_{x}\geq
t]dt\;=\;\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-rt}\,(_{t}p_{x})dt,$
Under Gompertz mortality, this can be solved analytically252525For example,
see Milevsky (2006, Ch. 6). and leads to the expression:
(2)
$a(x,r)\;=\;\frac{b\Gamma(-rb,e^{(x-m)/b})}{\exp\\{(m-x)r-e^{(x-m)/b}\\}},$
where $\Gamma(A,B)$ is the incomplete Gamma function. For calibration and
comparison purposes we now display values for LOIA prices assuming two
different interest (valuation) rates: $r=2\%$ and $r=4\%$. We provide a short
R-script in the technical appendix, which comes from integrating equation (1),
and later will be compared against the instalment refund IA and cash refund IA
numerical values. Table 2 provides a range of numerical values of $a=a(x,r)$,
for $x=55,x=65,x=75$ under valuation rates $r=2\%$ and $r=4\%$. Likewise,
Figure 1 displays the LOIA price as a function of valuation rates $r$, at ages
$x=65,75$.
Table 2 Placed Here
Figure 1a (left panel) and Figure 1b (right panel) display the usual and
expected declining pattern for $a$, as valuation rates are increased. We will
return to this Figure when we discuss the cash-refund $a^{\star}$ and
instalment refund $a^{\circ}$ values.
Figure 1 Placed Here
### 3.3. Cash Refund IA
We now arrive at the “star” of this paper, and the focus of our attention, the
cash-refund income annuity (CRIA). The first thing to note is that its price
must be defined recursively, since the periodic cash-flow itself depends on
the original price. In the absence of loading, this can be expressed
mathematically as follows:
(3)
${a^{\star}}(x,r)\;=\;\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-rs}\,(_{s}p_{x})ds\;+\;\int_{0}^{{a^{\star}}(x,r)}\left({a^{\star}}(x,r)\,-\,s\right)e^{-rs}\,(_{s}p_{x})\,\lambda_{(x+s)}\,ds,$
where the right hand side represents the actuarial present value of payments.
The annuitant receives $\$1$ for life, but if they die early, that is before
the entire ${a^{\star}}(x,r)$ has been returned, the beneficiary receives a
(type-of) life insurance payment consisting of the difference between the
price ${a^{\star}}(x,r)$ and payments received prior to death. The price is
constructed in dollars but also denotes an important time metric. Death before
age $y=x+{a^{\star}}(x,r)$ triggers a (declining) death benefit.
Notice how the first integral in equation (3) is the basic income annuity
price $a(x,r)$, and the second integral represents the non-negative life
insurance component. The CRIA price minus the LOIA price can also be expressed
as:
(4)
${a^{\star}}(x,r)-a(x,r)\;=\;\int_{0}^{{a^{\star}}(x,r)}\left({a^{\star}}(x,r)\,-\,s\right)e^{-rs}\,(_{s}p_{x})\,\lambda_{(x+s)}\,ds$
The technical appendix contains a short bisection-based algorithm for locating
numerical solutions to a modified version of this equation. For example, under
a Gompertz law of mortality with $m=90,b=10$ and $r=3\%$, the LOIA price at
age $x=65$ is ${a^{\star}}(65,0.03)=15.25$ while the CRIA price is
${a^{\star}}(65,0.03)=16.91$, both per dollar of lifetime income. Note, once
again, how in contrast to equation (2), the $a^{\star}$ appears on both sides
of equation (4) which leads to an implicit recusivity, and possibly to no
solution at all. Section 5 offers a proof of existence and uniqueness, and
shows that $a^{\star}(x,r)$ actually declines in both $x$ and $r$.
Nevertheless, at the age of $x=65$, under a $r=3\%$ valuation rate, the
difference between the CRIA and LOIA price is $1.66$ per dollar of lifetime
income, which is about $11\%$ more expensive. That is the cost of the money-
back guarantee, and the extra premium that buyers are paying for this rider.
Additional numerical values are presented in Table 3, where they can be
compared with the LOIA prices noted in Table 2. Once again, the cash-refund
feature is obviously a costly rider, and even more so in absolute as well as
relative terms, as valuation rates decline, (e.g. 2% versus 4%).
Table 3 Placed Here
In Section 5, we will show that (3) can be reformulated as the following;
(5)
$\int_{{a^{\star}}(x,r)}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}(_{t}p_{x})\,dt=\int_{0}^{{a^{\star}}(x,r)}e^{-rt}r({a^{\star}}(x,r)-t){}(_{t}p_{x})\,dt.$
A particularly useful way to think about equation (5), as well as the
financial process by which the insurance company manages the CRIA payout, is
as follows. Initially, the annuitant’s entire premium ${a^{\star}}(x,r)$ is
placed into a so-called payout or phase-one account, which only contains the
sum that is refundable at death and is used to generate and payout the annuity
income up to time ${a^{\star}}(x,r)$. But, all interest income earned within
this (shrinking) phase-one account goes into – and is accumulated in – a
second phase-two account. Eventually, the insurer uses that phase-two account
to pay lifetime income after the phase-one account is emptied or depleted and
the formal guarantee period is over. Of course, insurance companies don’t
actually maintain two accounts for every annuitant, and in reality the entire
premium goes into one large general account, but it helps to think in this
bifurcated manner. With this framework, the LHS of equation (5) is the
discounted value of the phase-two payments. The RHS of equation (5) is the
income generated by the phase-one account, since $({a^{\star}}(x,r)-t)$ is the
account balance, and ${}_{t}p_{x}$ is the fraction of (initial) accounts
surviving.
### 3.4. Instalment Refund IA
A closer (and cheaper) cousin to the cash refund annuity (CRIA) is the
installment refund annuity (IRIA), under which payments continue to the
beneficiary until the entire premium is returned. Unlike the CRIA, there is no
lump-sum death benefit, rather payments continue as if the annuity included a
period certain of $a^{\circ}(x,r)$ years. Going back to the fundamental
valuation expression, payments for the first $t\leq a^{\circ}(x,r)$ years are
only discounted for interest (not mortality), and payments after
$t>a^{\circ}(x,r)$ are discounted for both interest and mortality.
Mathematically this can be expressed as:
$\displaystyle a^{\circ}(x,r)\;$
$\displaystyle=\;\int_{0}^{a^{\circ}(x,r)}e^{-rs}ds+\;\int_{a^{\circ}(x,r)}^{\infty}e^{-rs}\,(_{s}p_{x})\,ds$
(6)
$\displaystyle=\begin{cases}\frac{1}{r}(1-e^{-ra^{\circ}(x,r)})+\;\int_{a^{\circ}(x,r)}^{\infty}e^{-rs}\,(_{s}p_{x})\,ds,&r>0,\\\
a^{\circ}(x,r)+\;\int_{a^{\circ}(x,r)}^{\infty}\,(_{s}p_{x})\,ds,&r=0.\end{cases}$
IRIA values under the same parameters as before are shown in Table 4. Equation
(6) is recursive in $a^{\circ}(x,r)$, but unlike the CRIA price
${a^{\star}}(x,r)$ it is mathematically simpler. One can immediately see that
under $r=0$, $a^{\circ}(x,r)=\infty$, and the IA isn’t viable.
Table 4 Placed Here
Here is a scheme for locating $a^{\circ}(x,r)$, if you have a convenient or
closed-form expression, such as the Gompertz formula in equation (2), but for
an IA with a $\tau$-year period certain (PC). First, note that $a(x,r,\tau)$
is increasing in $\tau$, and is $>\tau$, when $\tau=0$. But,
$a(x,r,\tau)\rightarrow\frac{1}{r}<\tau$ as $\tau\rightarrow\infty$, as long
as $r>0$. So, increase $\tau$ until the curves cross and $a(x,r,\tau)=\tau$.
In Section 5 we will use a related argument to also show uniqueness, and to
handle loadings.
### 3.5. Insurance loading by $\pi$
Now, let’s return to the subject of insurance loadings. In contrast to the
LOIA computed in the prior subsection, it would be inappropriate and
technically incorrect to multiply ${a^{\star}}(x,r)$ by an insurance loading
of $(1+\pi)$ to convert them from unloaded to loaded prices. Why? Because by
charging or adding the extra loading, the insurer is obligated to pay a
greater death benefit, and for longer, even though their overall obligation to
pay $1 for life hasn’t changed. Using the above terminology, the phase-one
account must last longer. And, to preempt our main result, sometimes this
isn’t possible.
Let $\pi\geq 0$ denote the proportional insurance loading added to the
actuarial present value of a CRIA to yield its price. If $\widehat{a}^{\star}$
denotes the CRIA price, then the actuarial present value is
$\frac{\widehat{a}^{\star}}{1+\pi}$, so $\widehat{a}^{\star}$ must satisfy:
(7)
$\frac{\widehat{a}^{\star}}{1+\pi}=a\;+\;\int_{0}^{\widehat{a}^{\star}}\left(\widehat{a}^{\star}\,-\,s\right)e^{-rs}\,(_{s}p_{x})\,\lambda_{(x+s)}\,ds.$
For given values of $(x,m,b,\pi,r)$ it’s unclear a solution exists. And, as a
consequence of the results in Section 5, assuming Gompertz mortality with
parameters $m=90$ and $b=10$, you can not sell a cash-refund immediate annuity
(CRIA) if the valuation rate ($r$) falls below a certain level. Discounted
expectations won’t exist. The lowest viable valuation rate under which the
Cash Refund Income Annuity (CRIA) is still feasible will be denoted by
$r_{\pi,x}$, expressed in basis points – see Table 5. Thus, for example, with
Gompertz Mortality ($m=90$ and $b=10$) an inflation-adjusted CRIA would not be
feasible at $x=75$, under a loading of $\pi=15\%$, if real rates used for
pricing fall under $r_{0.15,75}=1.01\%$.
Table 5 Placed Here
Loaded prices for IRIAs are defined in the same way, so we have expressions
(or at least algorithms) for all three IAs. Figure 2 displays LOIA, IRIA and
CRIA prices assuming Gompertz mortality with $(m=90,b=10)$, and a valuation
interest rate of $r=2\%$. The dashed curves capture the prices without
loading, while the solid lines show the loaded prices. At younger ages
(visually under age 40) all three prices are nearly identical and the
guarantees or refunds don’t make much of a difference in value. But, at older
ages the IRIA and CRIA are (relative) more expensive.
Notice how at the age of $x=60$ the IRIA and CRIA prices are approximately 10%
higher than the LOIA prices. But, at age $x=75$ and beyond, when mortality
credits start to “kick in”, the premium for refunds can exceed 50% to 70% of
the LOIA price. And at higher ages, the CRIA price starts increasing with $x$,
and is eventually not viable.
Observe that ${a^{\star}}(x,r)>a^{\circ}(x,r)$ and
${\widehat{a}^{\star}}(x,r)>\widehat{a}^{\circ}(x,r)$ here. We will see in
Section 5 that these relations always hold. This is plausible in the unloaded
case, but seems much less obvious under loading. Note also that while the two
LOIA prices agree asymptotically as $x\to\infty$, in other words whether the
annuity is loaded for costs and profits, or sold with no loading at all, the
limiting price at advanced ages is the same. Yet, this is not the case for
IRIAs and we explore this fully in Section 5.
Figure 2 Placed Here
## 4\. Sensitivity, duration, and money’s worth ratio
### 4.1. Impact of age and rates
In this section we discuss the “sensitivities” of the life-only (LO),
instalment refund (IR) and cash-refund (CR) income annuity (IA) prices,
relative to changes in the underlying parameters age $x$ and valuation rate
$r$. Recall from section 3 that although we have a closed-form analytic
expression for the LO prices $a(x,r)$ in a Gompertz framework, the IR price
$a^{\circ}(x,r)$ and CR price ${a^{\star}}(x,r)$ can only be computed via
iteration. Those iterations also lead to a rather complex process for
computing partial derivatives, which among other interesting quantities are
the core ingredient of so-called duration and convexity calculations.
To complicate matters further, although for LO the loaded price
$\widehat{a}=(1+\pi)a$, is a simple multiple of the unloaded price $a$, that
is not the case for the other two annuities. For IRIA and CRIA the loaded
prices, which we denoted in Section 3 by $\widehat{a}^{\circ}$ and
$\widehat{a}^{\star}$, are no longer linear multiples $(1+\pi)$ of the
$a^{\circ}$ and ${a^{\star}}$. Therefore “sensitivities” will not scale
either, and if $r_{\pi,x}$ exceeds $r$ they might not exist at all, for the
CRIA.
Figure 3 displays the sensitivities of IA prices (loaded and unloaded) as a
function of age. Notice in panel (a) that (in the unloaded case), the
sensitivities $\frac{\partial}{\partial x}$ of all three IAs are consistently
negative, consistent with prices declining in age $x$. Interestingly, notice
how prior to the age of (approximately) 85, aging reduces the LO price at a
greater rate than the CR price (the derivative is negative and lower). But
after that age the situation is reversed and the reduction in the LOIA price
slows down while the CRIA reduces at faster rate. In contrast to the story
told in panel (a), the age derivative of the loaded CRIA price
$\widehat{a}^{\star}$ in panel (b) is consistently above that of the loaded
LOIA price $\widehat{a}$. In fact, and this once again ties into our earlier
result, at some age the derivative goes positive. Once again, this means that
older people will have to pay more (not less) for the same dollar of lifetime
income.
Figure 3 Placed Here
Turning to the impact of interest rates $r$, we wish to know which of the
three IAs has the largest or greatest percentage sensitivity to a change
$\Delta r$ in interest rates. Or, in the language of bond pricing, at any
given age, whose duration is highest? While we measured the sensitivity to age
$x$ as the straight partial derivative $\partial/\partial x$, as discussed
above, for valuation rates $r$ we will proceed in a manner that is analogous
with the bond literature. The new (key) symbol is $Dr[\cdot]$, which will
operate on either the loaded or unloaded prices. So, from here on, will focus
attention on the following mathematical expression:
(8) $Dr[a]:=\frac{-\partial a/\partial r}{a},$
and similarly for the other IAs. The above expression in (8) has been labeled
life annuity duration in the insurance literature262626See, for example,
Charupat et al. (2016). and we adhere to that definition in this paper. Its
convenience and use derives from the well-known approximation that:
(9) $\frac{a(x,r+\Delta r)}{a(x,r)}-1=-Dr[a(x,r)]\times\Delta r$
When applied to the standard life-only IA $a$, the life annuity duration
$Dr[a]$ “operator” will collapse to the well-known Maculay duration – a
weighted and discounted time average of cash flows. In fact, the loading
$(1+\pi)$ will cancel and the $Dr[a]$ is identical for the loaded and unloaded
prices. However, the $Dr[\cdot]$ will not correspond with the Macaulay
duration in the case of the IRIA and CRIA prices, once again due to the same
culprit, recursivity. We will get back to that in a moment, and despite the
popularity (and history) of Macaulay, we limit our analysis and comments to
duration defined as $Dr[\cdot]$.
The rationale for the $Dr[a]$ as our definition of life annuity duration –
even for the IRIA and CRIA – can be easily understood when it’s applied to a
simple (no mortality) present value (a.k.a. zero coupon bond) maturing at $1.
In that case $a:=e^{-rT}$ and $Dr[a]=T$, which is evidently the time until
receipt of the payment. This is why units of $Dr[a]$, and by extension
$D\lambda[a]$, are quoted in years. Moreover, if we replace $r$ by $r+\Delta
r$, the percentage change in the (new) value of $a$ can be approximated to
first order (Taylor expansion of $e^{\Delta T}$) by $\Delta rT$ percent. Now,
to continue developing intuition for our life annuity duration, let’s take the
case of a life only IA in which the force of mortality is constant and
lifetimes are exponentially distributed. The IA price is:
$a:=\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-(r+\lambda)s}ds=(r+\lambda)^{-1}$, and from the
definition in (8), the $Dr[a]=a$. In this case, the percentage change in the
IA can be approximated by $-a\Delta r$, for small enough values of $\Delta r$.
For example, if $r=3\%$ and $\lambda=2\%$ (which is a life only IA issued at a
life expectancy of 50 years), the IA price is $20$ dollars and the life
annuity duration is (also) $20$ years. If we add $+25$ basis points to the
interest rate $r$ the new IA price is simply: $19.0476=1/(0.0525)$ which is a
decline of $4.76\%$. In contrast, using the life annuity duration
approximation, multiplying the $-Dr[a]=20$ by $\Delta r=0.0025$ is a change of
$-5\%$. We would like to obtain similar expressions (and approximations) for
the IRIA and CRIA prices.
As for the relationship between $Dr[a]$ and Macaulay duration we offer the
following observation. Regardless of the exact IA type, if cash flows from the
insurance company to the annuitant at a rate $\phi_{t}$ at time $t$, the
associated Macaulay duration is
$\frac{\int_{0}^{\infty}te^{-rt}\phi_{t}\,dt}{\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-rt}\phi_{t}\,dt}$,
measured in units of time. In other words the arrival times $t$ are weighted
by the present values $e^{-rt}\phi_{t}$ of the associated cash flows. So, in
the case of an LOIA, if ${a}(r)=\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-rt}\phi_{t}\,dt$,
Macaulay duration is $-\frac{1}{{a}}\frac{d{a}}{dr}$, which is consistent with
$Dr[{a}]$ noted above in (8). However, this is no longer the case for IRIA and
CRIA. Macaulay duration, as defined above, is simple to compute – just hold
${a^{\star}}$ constant in the right hand side of (3), while differentiating
with respect to $r$. This no longer equals $Dr[a]$, b/c changing $r$ does not
leave ${a^{\star}}$ constant, so the expression loses its interpretation as a
sensitivity to interest rates. Nevertheless, we will continue to report life
annuity duration in years.
### 4.2. Numerical examples
Here we provide some intuition for life annuity duration. For starters, it
should be clear from the left-hand panel of Figure 4, that at younger ages the
life annuity durations of all three unloaded products are virtually
indistinguishable from each other. The values of $Dr[a]$, as well as
$Dr[a^{\circ}]$ and $Dr[{a^{\star}}]$ decline with age $x$, but much more
rapidly for the LOIA. Indeed, the life annuity durations are in the vicinity
of 10-15 years around the retirement ages, which is what one might expect from
a fixed income product that pays “on average” until the period ends. Note that
at higher issue ages, and certainly during the traditional period of
retirement between age 65 and 85, the life annuity duration of the CR and IA
rider is 8-10 years higher (larger, more sensitive) than the LO version. This
depends on parameter values (in this case $m=90,b=10,r=2\%$) but is a feature
of all refunds at advanced ages. Higher duration has immediate and practical
applications for hedging and ALM.
Figure 4 Placed Here
Now, the situation is markedly different and rather counter-intuitive for the
loaded IA prices. The right-hand panel of Figure 4 display the
$Dr[\widehat{a}]$ for the LOIA, together with $Dr[\widehat{a}^{\circ}]$ for
the IRIA and $Dr[\widehat{a}^{\star}]$ for the CRIA. A number of odd things
can immediately be observed. First, at younger ages, the life annuity duration
for the IRIA and CRIA are now lower and under the LOIA curve. They actually
cross over – for these particular parameter values – somewhere around the age
of $x=40$. After that point the life annuity durations rank in the same
relative order as the unloaded prices. But, the oddities continue. While the
LOIA duration continues to decline, and is unaffected by the $\pi$ loading
which cancels out in the equation (derived in Section 5), the IRIA and CRIA
life annuity durations begin to increase somewhere around the age of $x=70$.
In fact, the CRIA duration – again, these are loaded prices – asymptotes
around the critical age at which the value no longer exists. Once again, we
refer readers to Section 5 to better understand these aspects of the
fundamental pricing equation.
### 4.3. Money’s Worth Ratio
We conclude this section with a brief discussion of the implications of our
work for the computation of the so-called Money’s Worth Ratio (MWR) which, as
we noted in the literature review, is an area of continued interest among
scholars in pension economics and finance. Generally speaking the MWR is
defined as the ratio of the theoretical model value and empirical market price
of an IA. If the measured ratio is less than one, which is usually the case
since market prices are loaded, then one is said (by an economist) to be
paying more than a fair price for the IA. If the ratio happens to be greater
than one (which is quite rare) the IA is considered to be a good deal (by an
economist) and if the ratio is exactly equal to one, the market price would be
perfectly fair. This way or approach to analyzing annuity market prices was
first introduced over 30 years ago by the economists Friedman and Warshawsky
(1990), has become the de facto standard in the literature and continues to be
used; see for example Poterba and Solomon (2021). Using our notation one can
think of the MWR as being approximately equal to $\frac{1}{1+\pi}$.
Now clearly the numerator in the MWR ratio – the theoretical model value of
the IA – requires an assumption for both mortality and discount rates, both of
which might be more complicated than the Gompertz $(m,b)$ law and a constant
valuation rate $r$. After all, one never really knows exactly what the
insurance company is assuming in their pricing. It is therefore more accurate
to present the MWR estimates as being conditional on a model. So, if $C$
denotes the annual cash-flow generated by the IA and $P$ denotes the market
premium or price, then $P/C$ is the empirical price per dollar of lifetime
income, which can be compared with the theoretical LOIA price $a$ or CRIA
price $a^{\star}$. With that in mind we will define the Gompertz MWR for both
the CRIA and the LOIA, naturally as follows:
${\tt MWR}^{\star}(x,r,m,b\mid
P,C)=\frac{a^{\star}(x,r,m,b)}{P/C},\;\;\;\;\;\;{\tt MWR}(x,r,m,b\mid
P,C)=\frac{a(x,r,m,b)}{P/C}$
Our objective is to estimate the MWR for LOIA and CRIA, to see if there is any
meaningful difference between them. Table 6 displays results and this is how
to interpret those numbers. A 65-year-old male who invested $P=\$100,\\!000$
into an IA in early July 2021, would have been entitled to (guaranteed)
approximately $C=\$5,\\!844$ per year for life, paid monthly, if he selected
the life only version (according to data from Fidelity Investments). But had
he selected the cash refund the payout would have been only $C=\$5,\\!280$ per
year, for reasons that should be evident by this point.
Table 6 Placed Here
Using those numbers, if we assume a Gompertz mortality model with $m=90$ years
and $b=10$ years, and a constant $r=2\%$ valuation rate, the MWR estimate of
the life only payout is exactly $0.996$ per premium dollar. To be clear, this
number is obtained by dividing the theoretical value $a(65,0.02,90,10)$ by the
empirical ratio $\frac{100000}{5844}=17.1157$. Note that we are not claiming
the insurance company uses this model and this valuation rate to price LOIAs.
Rather, under those assumptions the MWR would indicate perfect fairness to an
economist. In fact, we iterated $r$ until we converged to MWR=1.
But here is where it gets interesting. When we computed this ratio using the
same $(r,m,b)$ parameter assumptions at age $x=65$, but using the lower CRIA
payout of $C=\$5,\\!280$, the ${\tt MWR}^{\star}$ estimate is actually higher
than 1. In fact, the ${\tt MWR}^{\star}=1.03$ which might not seem like very
much, but is actually a rather large number within the money’s worth ratio
literature. More importantly, all the remaining rows in Table 6 tell the exact
same story. While the ${\tt MWR}(x,r,m,b)\approx 1$ for the LOIA, the ${\tt
MWR}^{\star}(x,r,m,b)>1$ for the CRIA. Why?
An answer to this question, or a possible explanation for this empirical fact
gets back to the economic essence of cash refund immediate annuities. Recall
that there were two components or integrals in the valuation of the CRIA price
$a^{\star}$. This first was the annuity payment of $1 for life, or the basic
$a$ price. On a stand-alone basis, the relevant mortality assumptions for that
component would be (healthy, anti-selected) annuitant mortality. But the
second component in the construction of $a^{\star}$ is associated with a life
insurance payment due upon (early) death. It’s unclear that portion should be
valued and discounted using annuitant mortality, given that it reflects a
payment upon death. Moreover, it could very well be that buyers who select a
cash refund (versus a life only) feature are in some way signalling they are
less healthy than average annuitants. This then induces the insurance company
to use less conservative (read: lower than $m=90$) values, which results in a
higher than unity ${\tt MWR}^{\star}$, computed relative to the conservative
(read: $m=90$) values.
In sum, although this is all rather speculative and demands further research,
it seems that when measured properly the MWR values are higher than life only
versus cash refund IAs. And, since they now form the majority of sales in the
U.S., we would urge the literature to focus more attention on CRIAs and their
possible role as a vehicle for satisfying bequest motives in a more cost-
efficient manner.
## 5\. Theorems and General Formulae
### 5.1. Theorems and proofs: CRIA with fair pricing
In this sub-section we provide a formal and proper statement of our theorems
and corresponding lemmas, as well as the proofs alluded to in the body of the
paper. We start by rewriting equation (3), in terms of the density $f(t)$ of
$T$:
(10)
${a^{\star}}=\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{1-e^{-rt}}{r}f(t)\,dt+\int_{0}^{a^{\star}}({a^{\star}}-t)e^{-rt}f(t)\,dt.$
Here is an alternate version, written just in terms of ${}_{t}p_{x}$:
$\displaystyle{a^{\star}}$
$\displaystyle=\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt+\int_{0}^{a^{\star}}\int_{s}^{a^{\star}}e^{-rt}(1+r({a^{\star}}-t))\,dtf(s)\,ds$
$\displaystyle=\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt+\int_{0}^{a^{\star}}e^{-rt}(1+r({a^{\star}}-t))(1-{}_{t}p_{x})\,dt$
(11)
$\displaystyle={a^{\star}}+\int_{a^{\star}}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt-\int_{0}^{a^{\star}}e^{-rt}r({a^{\star}}-t){}_{t}p_{x}\,dt$
Or in other words,
(12)
$\int_{a^{\star}}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt=\int_{0}^{a^{\star}}e^{-rt}r({a^{\star}}-t){}_{t}p_{x}\,dt.$
This formula appeared earlier as (5) and, as noted at the time, can be
interpreted via making payments first from a phase-one and then from a phase-
two account.
Define functions $F(\alpha)=\int_{\alpha}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt$ and
$G(\alpha)=\int_{0}^{\alpha}e^{-rt}r(\alpha-t){}_{t}p_{x}\,dt$ of a real
variable $\alpha$. So by (12) we have that $a^{\star}$ is the value of
$\alpha$ making $F(a^{\star})=G({a^{\star}})$. Over the next few pages of this
section we plan to examine the dependence of these two expressions or terms on
some of the underlying parameters. In terms of notation, we will express these
functions as, for example, $F(\alpha;r)$ or $G(\alpha;x)$, but otherwise we
will not explicitly show the parameters.
###### Theorem 1.
Consider a CRIA with no loading, and let $r>0$.
1. (a)
There is a unique ${a^{\star}}(x)>0$ at which the CRIA is viable (ie
$F({a^{\star}})=G({a^{\star}})$);
2. (b)
$r{a^{\star}}(x)<1$
3. (c)
${a^{\star}}(x)$ is $\downarrow$ in $r$ with $\lim_{r\downarrow
0}{a^{\star}}(x)=\infty$, $\lim_{r\to\infty}r{a^{\star}}(x)=1$
4. (d)
Assume an increasing hazard rate. Then ${a^{\star}}(x)$ is $\downarrow$ in
$x$. If we also assume that $\lim_{x\to\infty}\lambda_{x}=\infty$ then
$\lim_{x\to\infty}{a^{\star}}(x)=0$.
###### Proof.
Note that $F(\alpha)$ is a decreasing function of $\alpha$, starting above 0
when $\alpha=0$ and $\to 0$ when $\alpha\to\infty$. The derivative
$\frac{\partial
G(\alpha)}{\partial\alpha}=r\int_{0}^{\alpha}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt$ is
increasing in $\alpha$, so $G$ is a convex increasing function, starting at 0.
Therefore $F$ and $G$ will cross at a unique value of $\alpha$, which
therefore defines $a^{\star}$. This shows item (a) in the above theorem.
To prove (b), we use that ${}_{t}p_{x}$ is $\downarrow$ in $t$. Therefore at
$\alpha={a^{\star}}(x)$ we have that:
${}_{a^{\star}}p_{x}\frac{e^{-r{a^{\star}}}}{r}={}_{a^{\star}}p_{x}\int_{a^{\star}}^{\infty}e^{-rt}\,dt>F({a^{\star}})\\\
=G({a^{\star}})>{}_{a^{\star}}p_{x}\int_{0}^{a^{\star}}e^{-rt}r({a^{\star}}-t)\,dt={}_{a^{\star}}p_{x}[{a^{\star}}-\frac{1-e^{-r{a^{\star}}}}{r}].$
This immediately implies that ${a^{\star}}r<1$. Turning to item (c), if
$r\downarrow 0$, then $\frac{\partial G}{\partial\alpha}\to 0$ for each
$\alpha$, so $G\to 0$ pointwise. That is not true of $F$, so in fact
${a^{\star}}(x)\to\infty$. For $r\to\infty$ we have $ra_{x}<r{a^{\star}}(x)<1$
by (b). Because ${}_{t}p_{x}\to 0$ as $t\to\infty$ it is simple to show that
$ra_{x}\to 1$. Therefore $r{a^{\star}}\to 1$. To show that ${a^{\star}}(x)$
decreases with $r$, observe that $\alpha={a^{\star}}(x)$ is the point where
the decreasing function $F(\alpha;r)-G(\alpha;r)$ reaches 0. By (b) of Lemma 2
below, increasing $r$ will lower the path $F(\alpha;r)-G(\alpha;r)$ for
$\alpha\in[0,\frac{1}{r}]$. This interval contains ${a^{\star}}(x)$ by (b), so
this forces the zero of $F-G$ to the left. This shows (c). Now assume an
increasing hazard rate. The first statement in part (d) follows as above, this
time using (c) of Lemma 2. Finally, suppose that the hazard rate increases
without bound. Fix $\epsilon>0$. Let $\lambda=\lambda_{x+\epsilon}$. Then
${}_{t}p_{x}>e^{-\lambda t}$ for $t<\epsilon$ and
${}_{t}p_{x}<{}_{\epsilon}p_{x}e^{-\lambda(t-\epsilon)}$ for $t>\epsilon$.
Therefore
$F(\epsilon)<\int_{\epsilon}^{\infty}{}_{\epsilon}p_{x}e^{-rt}e^{-\lambda(t-\epsilon)}\,dt=\frac{e^{-r\epsilon}}{r+\lambda}{}_{\epsilon}p_{x}=o(\frac{1}{r+\lambda})$
since ${}_{\epsilon}p_{x}\to 0$ when $x\to\infty$. Likewise
$G(\epsilon)>\int_{0}^{\epsilon}e^{-rt}r(\epsilon-t)e^{-\lambda
t}\,dt=\frac{r}{r+\lambda}\Big{[}\epsilon-\frac{1}{r+\lambda}(1-e^{-(r+\lambda)\epsilon})\Big{]}\sim\frac{r\epsilon}{r+\lambda}$
when $x\to\infty$, since also $\lambda\to\infty$. In particular,
$F(\epsilon)<G(\epsilon)$ for $x$ sufficiently large, which implies that
${a^{\star}}(x)<\epsilon$. Since $\epsilon$ was arbitrary, in fact
${a^{\star}}(x)\to 0$. ∎
The above argument relied on the following result, which we now prove.
###### Lemma 2.
Consider $F$ and $G$ as above. Then
1. (a)
$\frac{\partial F(\alpha)}{\partial\alpha}<0<\frac{\partial
G(\alpha)}{\partial\alpha}$.
2. (b)
$\frac{\partial F(\alpha;r)}{\partial r}<0<\frac{\partial
G(\alpha;r)}{\partial r}$ for $0<\alpha<\frac{1}{r}$.
3. (c)
Assume an increasing hazard rate. Then $\frac{\partial F(\alpha;x)}{\partial
x}<\frac{\partial G(\alpha;x)}{\partial x}$ at $\alpha={a^{\star}}(x)$.
###### Proof.
We’ve already seen the argument for part (a), at the beginning of the proof of
Theorem 1. For part (b), $\frac{\partial F(\alpha;r)}{\partial
r}=-\int_{\alpha}^{\infty}te^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt<0$ and $\frac{\partial
G(\alpha;r)}{\partial
r}=\int_{0}^{\alpha}e^{-rt}(\alpha-t){}_{t}p_{x}[1-rt]\,dt$. Since
$r\alpha<1$, the integrand is $>0$, so $\frac{\partial G(\alpha;r)}{\partial
r}>0$.
For part (c) we have
$\displaystyle\frac{\partial(F-G)}{\partial x}$
$\displaystyle=\int_{\alpha}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}[\lambda_{x}-\lambda_{x+t}]\,dt-\int_{0}^{a^{\star}}e^{-rt}r(\alpha-t){}_{t}p_{x}[\lambda_{x}-\lambda_{x+t}]\,dt$
$\displaystyle=\lambda_{x}F-\lambda_{x}G+\int_{0}^{\alpha}e^{-rt}r(\alpha-t){}_{t}p_{x}\lambda_{x+t}\,dt-\int_{\alpha}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\lambda_{x+t}\,dt$
$\displaystyle=\int_{0}^{a^{\star}}e^{-rt}r({a^{\star}}-t){}_{t}p_{x}\lambda_{x+t}\,dt-\int_{a^{\star}}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\lambda_{x+t}\,dt$
at $\alpha=a^{\star}$ since $F(a^{\star})=G(a^{\star})$. Assume an increasing
hazard rate. Then
$\int_{0}^{a^{\star}}e^{-rt}r({a^{\star}}-t){}_{t}p_{x}\lambda_{x+t}\,dt<\int_{0}^{a^{\star}}e^{-rt}r({a^{\star}}-t){}_{t}p_{x}\lambda_{x+{a^{\star}}}\,dt=\lambda_{x+{a^{\star}}}G(a^{\star})$
while
$\int_{a^{\star}}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\lambda_{x+t}\,dt>\int_{a^{\star}}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\lambda_{x+{a^{\star}}}\,dt=\lambda_{x+{a^{\star}}}F(a^{\star}).$
Therefore the difference is
$<\lambda_{x+{a^{\star}}}(G(a^{\star})-F(a^{\star}))=0$. ∎
Note that the statement of item (b) above will be strengthened below (see
Lemma 5), but we prefer to keep the short proof given above, for the case
considered here. Note that with $r=0$ the CRIA is clearly non-viable: We have
$G=0$ while $F>0$. For $r<0$ things are even worse – $F>0$ while $G<0$. Note
also that (c) of the Theorem need not hold, without the assumption of an
increasing hazard rate. For example, if the hazard rate decreases, the proof
of the Lemma implies that $\frac{\partial[F(\alpha;x)-G(\alpha;x)]}{\partial
x}>0$ at $\alpha=a^{\star}$, and therefore $\frac{d{a^{\star}}}{dx}>0$. Though
${a^{\star}}$ declines with $x$, it cannot decline too fast, as the next Lemma
shows. Let $y=x+{a^{\star}}(x)$ be the age at which the cash refund expires.
Then:
###### Lemma 3.
For a fairly priced CRIA, $y$ increases with $x$.
###### Proof.
Re-express $F$ and $G$ as
$\tilde{F}(y;x)=\int_{y-x}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt,\qquad\tilde{G}(y;x)=r\int_{0}^{y-x}e^{-rt}(y-x-t){}_{t}p_{x}\,dt.$
As before, we let $y=y(x)$ make $\tilde{F}(y;x)-\tilde{G}(y;x)=0$. By implicit
differentiation,
$\frac{dy}{dx}=-\frac{\frac{\partial[\tilde{F}-\tilde{G}]}{\partial
x}}{\frac{\partial[\tilde{F}-\tilde{G}]}{\partial y}}$
at $y=y(x)$. But $\frac{\partial\tilde{F}}{\partial y}<0$ and
$\frac{\partial\tilde{G}}{\partial y}>0$. And using integration by parts,
$\frac{\partial\tilde{F}}{\partial
x}=e^{-r(y-x)}{}_{y-x}p_{x}+\int_{y-x}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}[\lambda_{x}-\lambda_{x+t}]\,dt=(r+\lambda_{x})\tilde{F}$
and
$\displaystyle\frac{\partial\tilde{G}}{\partial x}$
$\displaystyle=-r\int_{0}^{y-x}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt+r\int_{0}^{y-x}e^{-rt}(y-x-t){}_{t}p_{x}[\lambda_{x}-\lambda_{x+t}]\,dt$
$\displaystyle=-r\int_{0}^{y-x}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt+\lambda_{x}\tilde{G}-r(y-x)-r\int_{0}^{y-x}e^{-rt}[-r(y-x-t)-1]{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt$
$\displaystyle=(r+\lambda_{x})\tilde{G}-r(y-x).$
So the desired inequality holds. ∎
### 5.2. Theorems and proofs: CRIA with loading
Next consider viability in the presence of loading. In actuarial terminology,
loading is the percentage increase applied to the basic hedging cost to obtain
the price charged consumers, with the difference going to fund expenses,
capital reserves, or insurer profits. Recall that we assigned the symbol $\pi$
for the proportional loading, and used that in the body of the paper and for
the numerical examples in Table 5, with $\pi=5\%,15\%,25\%$.
###### Theorem 4.
Consider a CRIA with loading $\pi$.
1. (a)
If $\frac{\pi}{1+\pi}<ra_{x}$ then there is a unique
${\widehat{a}^{\star}}(x)$ at which the CRIA is viable. Moreover,
${\widehat{a}^{\star}}(x)$ increases with $\pi$ and decreases with $r$.
2. (b)
If $\frac{\pi}{1+\pi}\geq ra_{x}$ there is no ${\widehat{a}^{\star}}$ making
the CRIA viable.
3. (c)
For each $\pi>0$ and each $x$, there is an $r_{\pi,x}$ such that the CRIA is
viable when $r>r_{\pi,x}$ but not when $r\leq r_{\pi,x}$. For fixed $x$,
$r_{\pi,x}\to 0$ when $\pi\downarrow 0$, and $r_{\pi,x}\to\infty$ when
$\pi\uparrow\infty$. If $r\downarrow r_{\pi,x}$ then
${\widehat{a}^{\star}}(x)\to\infty$. If $r\to\infty$ then
$r{\widehat{a}^{\star}}(x)\to 1+\pi$.
4. (d)
Assume a hazard rate that increases without bound. For each $\pi>0$ and $r>0$
there is an $x_{\pi,r}$ such that The CRIA is viable when $x<x_{\pi,r}$ but
not when $x\geq x_{\pi,r}$. If $x\uparrow x_{\pi,r}$ then
${\widehat{a}^{\star}}(x)\to\infty$.
###### Proof.
Loading changes the LHS of (11) into $\frac{1}{1+\pi}\widehat{a}^{\star}$, and
it therefore adds $\frac{\pi}{1+\pi}\widehat{a}^{\star}$ to the LHS of (12).
Let $\delta=\frac{\pi}{1+\pi}$. So the CRIA is viable at price
${\widehat{a}^{\star}}$ if
$\delta{\widehat{a}^{\star}}+F({\widehat{a}^{\star}})=G({\widehat{a}^{\star}})$.
Then $G(\alpha)\leq r\alpha\int_{0}^{\alpha}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt<r\alpha
a_{x}$ and $\delta\alpha+F(\alpha)>\alpha\delta$. In particular, if
$\delta\geq ra_{x}$ then the curves cannot cross, so no
${\widehat{a}^{\star}}$ can be viable. This shows (b). We know that
$F(\alpha)-G(\alpha)$ starts positive at $\alpha=0$, and decreases forever.
Its asymptotic slope is $-ra_{x}$. In particular, if $\delta<ra_{x}$ then it
must cross the curve $-\delta\alpha$, so there is a viable
${\widehat{a}^{\star}}$. The argument also implies that if we let
$\delta\uparrow ra_{x}$, any ${\widehat{a}^{\star}}$ that achieves viability
will $\to\infty$. Because $-\delta\alpha$ decreases with $\delta$, we also
conclude that the viable ${\widehat{a}^{\star}}$ increases with $\delta$, and
hence with $\pi$.
To see uniqueness of ${\widehat{a}^{\star}}$, observe
$F^{\prime\prime}(\alpha)-G^{\prime\prime}(\alpha)>0$ so $F-G$ is convex. So
if $F(\alpha)-G(\alpha)$ crosses the line $-\delta\alpha$ twice, then after
the second crossing it must stay above that line. This is not compatible with
the asymptotic slopes, so in fact there is a unique crossing. To show that
${a^{\star}}(x)$ decreases with $r$, we will use Lemma 5 below.
It shows that raising $r$ will lower the curve $F(\alpha;r)-G(\alpha;r)$. This
pushes down the value of ${\widehat{a}^{\star}}$ at which this curve crosses
the line $-\delta\alpha$, which completes the proof of (a). To address (c) we
need to understand how the function $\rho(r)=ra_{x}$ varies with $r$. We have
$\rho(0)=0$, and integration by parts shows that
$\rho(r)=1-\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,\lambda_{x+t}\,dt$. This
increases with $r$, converging to 1 as $r\to\infty$. The existence and
properties of $r_{\pi,x}$ now follow from our earlier conclusions. To find the
asymptotics as $r\to\infty$, observe that the viable ${\widehat{a}^{\star}}$
satisfies $r[F({\widehat{a}^{\star}})-G({\widehat{a}^{\star}})]=-\delta
r{\widehat{a}^{\star}}$. Letting $B=r{\widehat{a}^{\star}}$, and changing
variables in the integrals, this becomes that
$\int_{B}^{\infty}e^{-s}{}_{\frac{s}{r}}p_{x}\,ds-\int_{0}^{B}e^{-s}(B-s){}_{\frac{s}{r}}p_{x}\,ds=-\delta
B.$
Sending $r\to\infty$ makes this asymptotically
$\int_{B}^{\infty}e^{-s}\,ds-\int_{0}^{B}e^{-s}(B-s)\,ds=-\delta B$, which
simplifies to $1-B=-\delta B$. So $B\to\frac{1}{1-\delta}=1+\pi$ which
completes the proof of (c). Under the assumptions of (d), if we increase $x$
then $a_{x}$ decreases, and $a_{x}\to 0$ when $x\to\infty$. The conclusions of
(d) now follow from our earlier statements. ∎
The above argument used the following result, which we now prove. It is a
strengthening of (b) of Lemma 2.
###### Lemma 5.
Consider $F(\alpha;r)$ and $G(\alpha;r)$ as above. Then $\frac{\partial
F}{\partial r}<0<\frac{\partial G}{\partial r}$ for every $\alpha>0$.
###### Proof.
As in Lemma 2, $\frac{\partial F(\alpha;r)}{\partial
r}=-\int_{\alpha}^{\infty}te^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt<0$. Let
$b={}_{\frac{1}{r}}p_{x}$. Since ${}_{t}p_{x}$ decreases with $t$,
$\frac{\partial G(\alpha;r)}{\partial
r}=\int_{0}^{\alpha}e^{-rt}(\alpha-t){}_{t}p_{x}[1-rt]\,dt>\int_{0}^{\alpha}be^{-rt}(\alpha-t)[1-rt]\,dt.$
The antiderivative required is
$-be^{-rt}\Big{(}\frac{1}{r^{2}}+[\frac{1}{r}-{\alpha}]t+t^{2}\Big{)}$, making
the above expression $=\frac{b}{r^{2}}\Big{(}1-e^{-r\alpha}(1+\alpha
r)\Big{)}$. This is $\geq 0$ since $e^{y}\geq 1+y$. ∎
### 5.3. Theorems and proofs: IRIA & Loading
Define
$H(\alpha)=\frac{1}{r}(1-e^{-r\alpha})+\int_{\alpha}^{\infty}e^{-rs}\,(_{s}p_{x})\,ds.$
Recalling (6), an unloaded IRIA is viable at price $a^{\circ}$ if
${a^{\circ}}=H({a^{\circ}})$. More generally, in the presence of loading by
$\pi$ , the relevant equation is that
(13) $\frac{1}{1+\pi}\widehat{a}^{\circ}=H({\widehat{a}^{\circ}}).$
###### Theorem 6.
Consider an IRIA with loading $\pi\geq 0$. Let $r>0$.
1. (a)
There is a unique ${\widehat{a}^{\circ}}(x)$ at which the IRIA is viable.
${\widehat{a}^{\circ}}(x)$ increases with $\pi$.
2. (b)
$r{\widehat{a}^{\circ}}(x)<1+\pi$.
3. (c)
${\widehat{a}^{\circ}}(x)$ is $\downarrow$ in $r$. It $\to\infty$ as
$r\downarrow 0$, and $r{\widehat{a}^{\circ}}(x)\to 1+\pi$ as $r\to\infty$.
4. (d)
Assume an increasing hazard rate. Then ${\widehat{a}^{\circ}}(x)$ is
$\downarrow$ in $x$. $\lim_{x\to\infty}{\widehat{a}^{\circ}}(x)>0$ if $\pi>0$.
Whereas if the hazard rate is also unbounded and $\pi=0$, then
$\lim_{x\to\infty}{a^{\circ}}(x)=0$.
###### Proof.
$H(0)>0$ and $H^{\prime}(\alpha)=e^{-r\alpha}(1-{}_{\alpha}p_{x})<1$. So the
viable ${a^{\circ}}$ exists and is unique when $\pi=0$. To see this in the
case $\pi>0$, rewrite (13) as
$\frac{1}{1+\pi}a^{\circ}-\frac{1-e^{-r{a^{\circ}}}}{r}=\int_{a^{\circ}}^{\infty}e^{-rs}{}_{s}p_{x}\,ds.$
Define $u(\alpha)=\frac{1}{1+\pi}\alpha-\frac{1-e^{-r{\alpha}}}{r}$ and
$v(\alpha)=\int_{\alpha}^{\infty}e^{-rs}{}_{s}p_{x}\,ds$, so that the above
equation becomes that $u(a^{\circ})=v(a^{\circ})$. Then $v(\alpha)$ is
$\downarrow$ in $\alpha$ and $>0$. The function $u$ starts at 0, initially
decreases, and then increases forever (and $\to+\infty$). Therefore they
cross. Moreover, by the time the two paths cross, we’re looking at the
intersection of an increasing path with a decreasing one, and there can only
be one such crossing. This shows (a).
Now observe that
$H(\alpha)<\frac{1-e^{-r\alpha}}{r}+{}_{\alpha}p_{x}\int_{\alpha}^{\infty}e^{-rt}\,dt=\frac{1-e^{-\alpha
r}[1-{}_{\alpha}p_{x}]}{r}<\frac{1}{r}$. Therefore
$\alpha_{0}=\frac{1+\pi}{r}$ satisfies
$H(\alpha_{0})<\frac{1}{r}=\frac{1}{1+\pi}\alpha_{0}$. So
${\widehat{a}^{\circ}}(x)<\alpha_{0}$, showing (b). Turning to (c),
$\frac{\partial H(\alpha;r)}{\partial
r}=-\int_{0}^{\alpha}te^{-rt}\,dt-\int_{\alpha}^{\infty}te^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt<0$.
So raising $r$ lowers the path $H$ and so decreases its crossing
${\widehat{a}^{\circ}}(x)$ with the path $\frac{1}{1+\pi}\alpha$. When $r\to
0$, we have $u(\alpha)\to-\frac{\pi}{1+\pi}\alpha\leq 0$, while $v(\alpha)$
stays bounded from 0 (for any fixed $\alpha$). This forces
${\widehat{a}^{\circ}}(x)\to\infty$.
When $r\to\infty$ we have $u(\alpha)\to\frac{1}{1+\pi}\alpha$ while
$v(\alpha)\to 0$, which forces ${\widehat{a}^{\circ}}(x)\to 0$. More
precisely, rewriting $ru({\widehat{a}^{\circ}})=rv({\widehat{a}^{\circ}})$ in
terms of $\beta=r{\widehat{a}^{\circ}}$ yields
$\frac{1}{1+\pi}\beta-1+e^{-\beta}=\int_{\beta}^{\infty}e^{-s}{}_{\frac{s}{r}}p_{x}\,ds\to
e^{-\beta}$
as $r\to\infty$. This simplifies to $\frac{1}{1+\pi}\beta\to 1$, which shows
(c).
Assume a rising hazard rate. Observe that function $u(\alpha)$ does not vary
with $x$, while the function $v(\alpha)$ declines with $x$ As above, this
forces the crossing ${\widehat{a}^{\circ}}(x)$ to decrease as $x$ rises. When
$\pi>0$, we have $u(\alpha)\leq 0$ for $\alpha$ in some interval $[0,z]$ that
does not depend on $x$. Therefore ${\widehat{a}^{\circ}}(x)>z$ for every $x$.
But if $\delta=0$ then $u(\alpha)>0$ for $\alpha>0$. If the hazard rate rises
without bound then $v(\alpha)\downarrow 0$ when $x\to\infty$, which forces
${a^{\circ}}(x)$ to $\to 0$. ∎
Note that the behaviour of a loaded IRIA at advanced ages (ie approaching a
non-zero constant) is quite different from that of a CRIA (blowing up) or a
LOIA (approaching 0).
### 5.4. Sensitivities
For completeness, we record general formulas for the various derivatives
needed to compute sensitivities, which were then evaluated numerically for
tables and figures.
* •
CRIA
$\frac{d{\widehat{a}^{\star}}}{dr}=-\frac{\partial(\frac{\pi}{1+\pi}\alpha+F-G)}{\partial
r}/\frac{\partial(\frac{\pi}{1+\pi}\alpha+F-G)}{\partial\alpha}\Big{|}_{\alpha=\widehat{a}^{\star}}$,
where
$\frac{\partial(F-G)}{\partial\alpha}=-e^{-r\alpha}{}_{\alpha}p_{x}-r\int_{0}^{\alpha}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt$
and $\frac{\partial(F-G)}{\partial
r}=-\int_{\alpha}^{\infty}te^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt-\int_{0}^{\alpha}e^{-rt}(\alpha-t){}_{t}p_{x}[1-rt]\,dt$.
And at $\alpha=\widehat{a}^{\star}$, $F-G=-\frac{\pi}{1+\pi}\alpha$.
* •
CRIA
$\frac{d{\widehat{a}^{\star}}}{dx}=-\frac{\partial(\frac{\pi}{1+\pi}\alpha+F-G))}{\partial
x}/\frac{\partial(\frac{\pi}{1+\pi}\alpha+F-G)}{\partial\alpha}\Big{|}_{\alpha=\widehat{a}^{\star}}$,
where $\frac{\partial(F-G)}{\partial
x}=\int_{0}^{\alpha}e^{-rt}r(\alpha-t){}_{t}p_{x}\lambda_{x+t}\,dt-\int_{\alpha}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\lambda_{x+t}\,dt+\lambda_{x}[F-G]$,
which after applying integration by parts
$=r\alpha-e^{-r\alpha}{}_{\alpha}p_{x}-r\int_{0}^{\alpha}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt+(r+\lambda_{x})(F-G)$.
* •
LOIA $\frac{da_{x}}{dr}=-\int_{0}^{\infty}te^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt$. And the
loaded LOIA price is $\widehat{a}_{x}=(1+\pi)a_{x}$
* •
LOIA $\frac{da_{x}}{dx}=-(1-[r+\lambda_{x}]a_{x})$
* •
IRIA $\frac{d{\widehat{a}^{\circ}}}{dr}=\frac{\partial H}{\partial
r}/\Big{[}\frac{1}{1+\pi}-\frac{\partial
H}{\partial\alpha}\Big{]}\Big{|}_{\alpha=\widehat{a}^{\circ}}$, where
$\frac{\partial H}{\partial r}=\frac{e^{-r\alpha}(1+\alpha
r)-1}{r^{2}}-\int_{\alpha}^{\infty}te^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt$, and
$\frac{\partial H}{\partial\alpha}=e^{-r\alpha}(1-{}_{\alpha}p_{x})$. And at
$\alpha=\widehat{a}^{\circ}$, $H=\frac{1}{1+\pi}\alpha$.
* •
IRIA $\frac{d{\widehat{a}^{\circ}}}{dx}=\frac{\partial H}{\partial
x}/\Big{[}\frac{1}{1+\pi}-\frac{\partial
H}{\partial\alpha}\Big{]}\Big{|}_{\alpha=\widehat{a}^{\circ}}$, where
$\frac{\partial H}{\partial
x}=\int_{\alpha}^{\infty}e^{-rs}{}_{s}p_{x}[\lambda_{x}-\lambda_{x+s}]\,ds=-e^{-r\alpha}{}_{\alpha}p_{x}+(r+\lambda_{x})\int_{\alpha}^{\infty}e^{-rs}{}_{s}p_{x}\,ds$.
### 5.5. Theorems and proofs: CRIA dominates IRIA
###### Theorem 7.
We have ${\widehat{a}^{\star}}>{\widehat{a}^{\circ}}>\widehat{a}_{x}$ for any
$\pi\geq 0$ and $r>0$.
###### Proof.
Recall that $F(\alpha)=\int_{\alpha}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt$
represents the insurer’s liability due to annuitants who live beyond age
$\alpha$. We imagine that the purchase price $\alpha$ is deposited into what
we earlier called the phase-one account, which is used for the first $\alpha$
of payments, while interest earned goes into the phase-two account. Loading
requires the latter to cover payments to the insurer, whose present value
amounts to $\frac{\pi}{1+\pi}\alpha$, in addition to the liability
$F(\alpha)$. If $G_{i}(\alpha)$ represents the present value of interest
generated by the payout account (with $i=1,2,3$ corresponding respectively to
the LOIA, IRIA, and CRIA versions), then each respective price is determined
by matching this interest against liabilities, ie by solving
$\frac{\pi}{1+\pi}\alpha+F(\alpha)=G_{i}(\alpha)$. Since each $G_{i}(0)=0$ and
$F(0)>0$, the desired inequality will follow if we can show that
$G_{1}(\alpha)>G_{2}(\alpha)>G_{3}(\alpha)$ for every $\alpha$. For a CRIA,
$G_{3}(\alpha)=\int_{0}^{\alpha}e^{-rt}r(\alpha-t){}_{t}p_{x}\,dt$ (which was
earlier denoted simply $G(\alpha)$). For an IRIA,
$G_{2}(\alpha)=\alpha-\int_{0}^{\alpha}e^{-rs}\,ds=\alpha-\frac{1-e^{-r\alpha}}{r}$.
For a LOIA, $G_{1}(\alpha)=\alpha-\int_{0}^{\alpha}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}\,dt$.
Because ${}_{t}p_{x}<1$, it is clear from the integrals that
$G_{1}(\alpha)<G_{2}(\alpha)$. For the same reason,
$G_{3}(\alpha)<\int_{0}^{\alpha}e^{-rt}r(\alpha-t)\,dt$, which is easily seen
to $=G_{2}(\alpha)$. ∎
### 5.6. Macaulay Duration
As described earlier, our definition of duration differs from traditional
Macaulay duration in the case of CRIAs and IRIAs. But for completeness, we
give the Macaulay versions here. If cash flows at rate $\phi_{t}$ at time $t$,
the associated Macaulay duration is
$\frac{\int_{0}^{\infty}te^{-rt}\phi_{t}\,dt}{\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-rt}\phi_{t}\,dt}$,
measured in units of time. In other words the arrival times $t$ are weighted
by the present values $e^{-rt}\phi_{t}$ of the cash flows. So if
$M(r)=\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-rt}\phi_{t}\,dt$, life annuity duration is
$-\frac{1}{M}\frac{\partial M}{\partial r}$. Note that the cash flows
$\phi_{t}$ are being held constant here, rather than adjusting with $r$. In
the case of a CRIA, the present value of cash flows is
$M(r,{\widehat{a}^{\star}})={\widehat{a}^{\star}}+F({\widehat{a}^{\star}},r)-G({\widehat{a}^{\star}},r)$
where ${\widehat{a}^{\star}}$ is obtained by solving
$\frac{1}{1+\pi}\widehat{a}^{\star}=M(r,{\widehat{a}^{\star}})$. Therefore the
formula for Macaulay duration, as defined above, now becomes
$-\frac{1+\pi}{{\widehat{a}^{\star}}}\frac{\partial M}{\partial r}$. This is
now easily computed. We can understand the asymptotics as $x$ increases to the
maximum feasible age. As that happens, we know
${\widehat{a}^{\star}}\to\infty$. Based on the discussion in Section 3 of the
paper, life annuity duration converges to
$(1+\pi)\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{t}p_{x}(1-rt)\,dt>0$. To see the
inequality, observe that the sign of the integrand and the $\downarrow$ nature
of ${}_{t}p_{x}$ makes this
$>\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-rt}{}_{\frac{1}{r}}p_{x}(1-rt)\,dt$, which $=0$ by
calculus.
### 5.7. Life Annuity Duration
In the case of a bond or a LOIA, Macaulay duration agrees with life annuity
duration $Dr[a]$ as defined in Section 5.6. As above, for a CRIA, the
actuarial present value of payments is
$M(r,{\widehat{a}^{\star}})={\widehat{a}^{\star}}+F({\widehat{a}^{\star}},r)-G({\widehat{a}^{\star}},r)$.
Therefore with
$Dr[\widehat{a}^{\star}]=-\frac{1}{{\widehat{a}^{\star}}}\frac{d{\widehat{a}^{\star}}}{dr}$,
and Macaulay duration as defined as above, it follows from the formulas of
Section 5.4 that
$\text{Life Annuity Duration}=\frac{\text{Macaulay
Duration}}{(1+\pi)\frac{\partial(\frac{\pi}{1+\pi}{\widehat{a}^{\star}}+F-G)}{\partial{\widehat{a}^{\star}}}}.$
One can easily see the relationship between the two measure and they are
clearly not equal. Consider now the asymptotics of $Dr[\widehat{a}^{\star}]$
as $x$ rises to the maximal feasible age. ${\widehat{a}^{\star}}$ is the value
of $\alpha$ at which the convex function $F(\alpha)-G(\alpha)$ equals the
function $-\frac{\pi}{1+\pi}\alpha$. If that crossing takes place at very
large $\alpha$, that forces the graphs of the two functions to run nearly
parallel. At the limiting value of $x$, the convex curve will in fact be
asymptotic to the line. In other words, as $x$ approach this value,
$\lim{\alpha\to\infty}\frac{\partial(F-G)}{\partial\alpha}\uparrow-\frac{\pi}{1+\pi}$.
Therefore the denominator in the fraction displayed above will $\downarrow 0$,
so $Dr[\widehat{a}^{\star}]\to\infty$. That is,
$\frac{d{\widehat{a}^{\star}}}{dr}$ blows up even faster than
${\widehat{a}^{\star}}$ does.
### 5.8. Asymptotics for exponential mortality
An example where explicit calculations are possible is that of exponential
mortality, at rate $\lambda$. Here are the asymptotics of prices and life
annuity durations as $r\downarrow 0$, in the unloaded case. For CRIA and IRIA
we give two terms in the expansion.
* •
LOIA: price $=\frac{1}{r+\lambda}\to\frac{1}{\lambda}$ and life annuity
duration $=\frac{1}{r+\lambda}\to\frac{1}{\lambda}$.
* •
CRIA: price
$\approx\frac{1}{\lambda}\Big{[}\log(\frac{1}{r})-\log\log(\frac{1}{r})\Big{]}$
and life annuity duration
$\approx\frac{1}{r\log(\frac{1}{r})}\Big{[}1+\frac{\log\log(\frac{1}{r})}{\log(\frac{1}{r})}\Big{]}$
* •
IRIA: price
$\approx\frac{1}{\lambda}\Big{[}\log(\frac{1}{r})-2\log\log(\frac{1}{r})\Big{]}$
and life annuity duration
$\approx\frac{1}{r\log(\frac{1}{r})}\Big{[}1+2\frac{\log\log(\frac{1}{r})}{\log(\frac{1}{r})}\Big{]}$
We see that the LOIA price stays bounded while the IRIA and CRIA prices blow
up, but with the CRIA price higher. But the IRIA duration is the highest.
Here are the asymptotics of prices and life annuity durations as $r\to\infty$.
Again, we give two terms in the expansion.
* •
LOIA: price
$=\frac{1}{r+\lambda}\approx\frac{1}{r}\Big{[}1-\frac{\lambda}{r}\Big{]}$ and
life annuity duration
$=\frac{1}{r+\lambda}\approx\frac{1}{r}\Big{[}1-\frac{\lambda}{r}\Big{]}$.
* •
CRIA: price
$\approx\frac{1}{r}\Big{[}1-\frac{\lambda}{r}(1-\frac{1}{e})\Big{]}$ and life
annuity duration
$\approx\frac{1}{r}\Big{[}1-\frac{\lambda}{r}(1-\frac{1}{e})\Big{]}$
* •
IRIA: price $\approx\frac{1}{r}\Big{[}1-\frac{\lambda}{r}(\frac{2}{e})\Big{]}$
and life annuity duration
$\approx\frac{1}{r}\Big{[}1-\frac{\lambda}{r}(\frac{2}{e})\Big{]}$
Since $1>\frac{2}{e}>1-\frac{1}{e}$, here the CRIA values $>$ the IRIA values
$>$ the LOIA values.
## 6\. Conclusion
Although income annuities are the least popular of all annuities sold in the
U.S., comprising less than $5\%$ of all annuities sold in the U.S. during the
first quarter of 2021 according to a survey by LIMRA, they continue to be the
focus of much academic and scholarly interest. And, as noted in the literature
review (Section 2), most of the research on income annuities tends to focus on
contracts with life only features, or those with fixed guarantee periods,
whereas the majority of sales include a cash refund and instalment refund
feature. Moreover, as noted in the introduction, in late September 2021
approximately 77 million Americans with a defined contribution plan will come
face-to-face with annuity illustrations on their statements.
This is more than just an empirical observation about the type of insurance
riders that are preferred by consumers. Although motivated by these empirical
choices the main message of this paper is a theoretical one, namely that cash
refund income annuities lead to some very interesting and complex valuation
problems. As proved in Section 5, if valuation rates sink below a certain
threshold the CRIA is no longer viable and can no longer be offered. This
might help explain why inflation-linked income annuities no longer exist in
the U.S. market place; the term structure of real rates have likely declined
under that critical threshold.
There are a number of possible avenues for further research that follow from
the insights provided by this introductory article. First, it would be very
interesting to dig deeper into the money’s worth ratio (MWR) of cash-refund
income annuities (IA) to see whether their values are consistently higher that
the MWRs of life-only and period certain IAs. It’s quite possible CRIA reduces
the extent of anti-selection and that MWR values are higher for the consumer.
Table 6 provides preliminary evidence of that.
Second, and as a follow-up, perhaps CRIAs and their embedded life insurance
provide an “optimized” way of fulfilling a bequest motive, which might help
explain the relative demand for cash refunds over life only riders. Exploring
how anti-selection and mortality heterogeneity affects the valuation and
pricing of cash refund income annuities, is yet another avenue worth pursuing.
While there is a large body of literature focused on optimal life-only
annuitization strategies, it would be interesting to explore how those result
change once a cash-refund product is introduced and competes with a life only
version.
Third and finally, this entire paper has been predicated on the law of large
numbers that assumes the insurance company issuing the IA is selling enough so
that mortality risk is entirely diversifiable and pricing is done by (risk
neutral) expectations. In reality of course annuitant pools are of a finite
size, especially as the overall demand for income annuities is rather thin.
Just as importantly, mortality rates are not deterministic and Covid-19 was
just one data point that supports a stochastic mortality perspective. It would
be interesting to measure the extent to which ruin probabilities and the
corresponding amount of capital required is higher for CRIA. In time-honoured
tradition we leave these for subsequent research.
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## 7\. Appendix: R-script for computing CRIA values
The following R-script uses the bisection method (with 100 iterations)
together with R’s built-in integrate function to compute the value of a cash-
refund income annuity (CRIA) at age $x$, under a Gompertz law of mortality
with parameters $(m,b)$ and discount rate $r$. The integration scheme is based
on the representation provided in equation (5) in the body of the paper. In
Section 5 we used functions $F$ and $G$ to represent the left and right-hand
side. The resulting annuity price ${a^{\star}}$ would be accurate to within $1
per million premium.
CRIA<-function(x,r,m,b){ a_left<-0; a_right<-1/r for (i in 1:100){
a<-(a_left+a_right)/2
FINT<-function(t){exp(-r*t)*exp(exp((x-m)/b)*(1-exp(t/b)))}
GINT<-function(t){exp(-r*t)*r*(a-t)*exp(exp((x-m)/b)*(1-exp(t/b)))}
f<-integrate(FINT,a,Inf)$value-integrate(GINT,0,a)$value if (abs(f)<0.000001)
{break} if (f<0){a_right<-a} else {a_left<-a} } a } For example, assuming
$(x=65,m=90,b=10)$, the annual income generated by a premium of
$1,\\!000,\\!000$ in a CRIA, with discount rates ranging from $r=1\%$ to
$r=4\%$ would range from $51,164 to $67,103 per year (paid in continuous time)
and computed as:
> 1000000/CRIA(65,0.02,90,10) [1] 51164.71 > 1000000/CRIA(65,0.03,90,10) [1]
> 59169.89 > 1000000/CRIA(65,0.04,90,10) [1] 67103.97 For comparison, the
> life-only version at $r=2\%$, would generate $7,508 more income.
> x<-65; m<-90; b<-10; r<-0.02 >
> FINT<-function(t){exp(-r*t)*exp(exp((x-m)/b)*(1-exp(t/b)))} >
> a<-integrate(FINT,0,Inf)$value > 1000000/a [1] 58672.44
Type of income Annuity | Q1.2021 | Q4.2011
---|---|---
Life Only (with no guarantee) | 10.6% | 25.3%
Life with Period Certain | 30.0% | 56.2%
Refundable: Cash or Instalment | 59.4% | 18.5%
TOTAL: | 100% | 100%
Table 1. Market quotes for Income Annuities (IA) in the U.S., compiled
directly by the authors based on aggregate data provided by CANNEX Financial
Exchanges from their quarterly distributor activity survey experience. Note
over the last decade the sharp increase in demand for cash refund and
instalment refund IAs, and corresponding decline in life only IAs.
Age $(x)$ | $r=2\%$ | $r=4\%$
---|---|---
55 | 22.12615 | 16.82003
65 | 17.04378 | 13.73359
75 | 11.91615 | 10.17229
Table 2. Life Only Income Annuity (LOIA) prices $a$, with Gompertz mortality ($m=90,b=10$). For example under a $2\%$ valuation rate with no loadings, a $100,000 premium paid at the age of 65 would generate an income of $\$5,867.24=\frac{100000}{17.04378}$ per year, but would terminate upon death of the annuitant. Age $(x)$ | $r=2\%$ | $r=4\%$
---|---|---
55 | 23.79569 | 17.47113
65 | 19.54472 | 14.90225
75 | 15.19471 | 11.97156
Table 3. Cash Refund Income Annuity (CRIA) prices, with Gompertz mortality $(m=90,b=10)$. For example under a $2\%$ valuation rate with no loadings, a $100,000 premium at age 65 would generate an income of $\$5,116.47=\frac{100000}{19.54472}$ per year, but upon death of the annuitant the beneficiary would receive: $\$100,000$ minus the cumulative income received, if positive. Age $(x)$ | $r=2\%$ | $r=4\%$
---|---|---
55 | 23.55514 | 17.34376
65 | 19.18235 | 14.68173
75 | 14.7048 | 11.63911
Table 4. Instalment Refund Income Annuity (IRIA) prices, with Gompertz
mortality ($m=90,b=10$). For example under a $2\%$ valuation rate with no
loadings a $100,000 premium at age 65 would generate
$\$5,213.13=\frac{100000}{19.18235}$ per year, which is slightly more than the
CRIA. Upon death of the annuitant the beneficiary would continue to receive
$\$5,213$ until the $\$100,000$ premium was returned, instead of a lump-sum.
Age | Insurance Loading:
---|---
$(x)$ | $\pi=5\%$ | $\pi=15\%$ | $\pi=25\%$
55 | 16 | 46 | 74
65 | 23 | 65 | 105
75 | 35 | 101 | 163
Table 5. The lowest viable valuation rate denoted by $r_{\pi,x}$, expressed in basis points, under which the Cash Refund Income Annuity (CRIA) is still feasible with Gompertz Mortality ($m=90$ and $b=10$). Thus, for example, an inflation-adjusted CRIA would not be feasible at $x=75$, under a loading of $\pi=15\%$, if real rates used for pricing fall under $r_{0.15,75}=1.01\%$. Age & | Real & Live Quotes for $100,000 in IA Premium
---|---
Gender | Life Only IA | $\rightarrow$ MWR | Cash Refund IA | $\rightarrow$ MWR
65 M | $5,844 | 0.996 | $5,280 | 1.031
65 F | $5,556 | 1.005 | $5,112 | 1.043
80 M | $10,524 | 1.002 | $7,788 | 1.017
80 F | $9,636 | 1.008 | $7,428 | 1.033
Table 6. The Money’s Worth Ratio is computed using an $r=2\%$ valuation rate,
under Gompertz mortality with $m=90$ for males, $m=92$ for females and $b=10$
years for both. Data source is the website of Fidelity Investments on 10 July
2021, using non-qualified funds. Note MWR is higher for the cash-refund IA
when the same mortality assumptions are used.
Figure 1. Income Annuity (IA) prices (unloaded) under a variety of valuation
rates, assuming Gompertz mortality $(m=90,b=10)$ at age $x=65$ (left panel)
and $x=75$ (right panel). At relatively high (historical) valuation rates
there is little difference in prices. The refund has little impact. But at
(current) low $r$, the difference can be substantial.
Figure 2. Income Annuity (IA) prices under a valuation rate: $r=2\%$, with
Gompertz mortality $(m=90,b=10)$, comparing no loading with an insurance
loading of $\pi=15\%$. Notice how the loaded CRIA price increases beyond
(roughly) the age of $x=79$, and is no longer viable by (roughly) age $x=81$,
in the above figure.
Figure 3. Sensitivity of Income Annuity prices to age $x$, technically
$\frac{\partial}{\partial x}$, under a valuation rate of $r=2\%$ and Gompertz
mortality $(m=90,b=10)$. The partial derivatives of unloaded IA prices are all
negative since those pricess uniformly decline in age, but for the loaded
$\pi=15\%$ CRIA prices, the numbers can be positive; aging increases the
annuity price!
Figure 4. As defined and explained in the paper, life annuity durations at
various issue ages, under a valuation rate of $r=2\%$, and Gompertz mortality
$(m=90,b=10)$. The sensitivity of the unloaded actuarial price to interest
rates is (much) higher for the cash-refund and instalment refund IA,
especially at higher ages. For the loaded ($\pi=15\%$) IA, the situation is
reversed at younger ages, and the life annuity duration of the cash-refund
price “blows up” as $x$ reaches the critical age beyond 80.
| 6,415 |
https://github.com/mghgroup/Glide-Browser/blob/master/content/common/content_param_traits_macros.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause-No-Nuclear-License-2014, BSD-3-Clause
| null |
Glide-Browser
|
mghgroup
|
C
|
Code
| 114 | 763 |
// Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
// Singly or Multiply-included shared traits file depending on circumstances.
// This allows the use of IPC serialization macros in more than one IPC message
// file.
#ifndef CONTENT_COMMON_CONTENT_PARAM_TRAITS_MACROS_H_
#define CONTENT_COMMON_CONTENT_PARAM_TRAITS_MACROS_H_
#include "components/viz/common/quads/selection.h"
#include "content/common/content_export.h"
#include "content/common/content_param_traits.h"
#include "content/public/common/page_visibility_state.h"
#include "ipc/ipc_message_macros.h"
#include "services/network/public/mojom/content_security_policy.mojom.h"
#include "third_party/blink/public/common/input/web_input_event.h"
#include "third_party/blink/public/mojom/fetch/fetch_api_request.mojom.h"
#include "third_party/blink/public/mojom/loader/resource_load_info.mojom.h"
#include "ui/base/cursor/mojom/cursor_type.mojom-shared.h"
#include "ui/gfx/gpu_memory_buffer.h"
#include "ui/gfx/ipc/geometry/gfx_param_traits.h"
#include "ui/gfx/ipc/gfx_param_traits.h"
#undef IPC_MESSAGE_EXPORT
#define IPC_MESSAGE_EXPORT CONTENT_EXPORT
IPC_ENUM_TRAITS_MAX_VALUE(blink::mojom::RequestContextType,
blink::mojom::RequestContextType::kMaxValue)
IPC_ENUM_TRAITS_MAX_VALUE(blink::mojom::ResourceType,
blink::mojom::ResourceType::kMaxValue)
IPC_ENUM_TRAITS_MAX_VALUE(
network::mojom::ContentSecurityPolicySource,
network::mojom::ContentSecurityPolicySource::kMaxValue)
IPC_ENUM_TRAITS_MAX_VALUE(network::mojom::ContentSecurityPolicyType,
network::mojom::ContentSecurityPolicyType::kMaxValue)
IPC_ENUM_TRAITS_MIN_MAX_VALUE(ui::mojom::CursorType,
ui::mojom::CursorType::kNull,
ui::mojom::CursorType::kMaxValue)
IPC_ENUM_TRAITS_MAX_VALUE(content::PageVisibilityState,
content::PageVisibilityState::kMaxValue)
IPC_STRUCT_TRAITS_BEGIN(viz::Selection<gfx::SelectionBound>)
IPC_STRUCT_TRAITS_MEMBER(start)
IPC_STRUCT_TRAITS_MEMBER(end)
IPC_STRUCT_TRAITS_END()
#endif // CONTENT_COMMON_CONTENT_PARAM_TRAITS_MACROS_H_
| 26,509 |
https://github.com/OGLinuk/ptp/blob/master/c++/hw-daemon/daemon.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
ptp
|
OGLinuk
|
C++
|
Code
| 144 | 391 |
#include "daemon.hpp"
void initDaemon()
{
pid_t pid, sid;
// man syslog
openlog("hw-daemon", LOG_PID | LOG_NDELAY, 0);
// Fork the parent process
pid = fork();
if (pid < 0) {
syslog(LOG_ERR, "Failed to fork the parent process ...");
exit(1);
}
// If successful; exit parent process
if (pid > 0) {
syslog(LOG_INFO, "Successfully created process %d", pid);
exit(0);
}
// Check file mode
umask(0); // 0 means full access
// Create session ID for the child process
sid = setsid();
if (sid < 0) {
syslog(LOG_ERR, "Failed to create session ID ...");
exit(1);
}
// Change to the root dir
if (chdir("/") < 0) {
syslog(LOG_ERR, "Failed to change to root dir ...");
exit(1);
}
// Closing file descriptors
close(STDIN_FILENO);
close(STDOUT_FILENO);
close(STDERR_FILENO);
syslog(LOG_INFO, "Starting daemon process %d ...", sid);
// cat /var/log/syslog (debian)
syslog(LOG_INFO, "Hello world from the %d C++ hw-daemon example!", sid);
exit(0);
}
| 16,429 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justizzentrum%20Leoben
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Justizzentrum Leoben
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justizzentrum Leoben&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 423 | 871 |
Das Justizzentrum Leoben ist ein Gerichts- und Gefängniskomplex in der Dr. Hanns Groß-Straße 7 in Leoben in der Steiermark. Neben dem Landesgericht Leoben ist hier auch das Bezirksgericht, das Gerichtliche Gefangenenhaus sowie die Staatsanwaltschaft untergebracht.
Baugeschichte
1998 wurde der Neubau eines „Justizzentrums“ in Leoben in das Bauprogramm des Bundes aufgenommen. In diesem Neubau in der Dr. Hanns Groß-Straße sollten das Landesgericht Leoben, die Staatsanwaltschaft Leoben, das Bezirksgericht Leoben und die Justizanstalt Leoben zusammengeführt werden. Im Sommer 1999 wurde der Architektenwettbewerb ausgeschrieben, am 26. April 2000 das Siegermodell des Architekten Josef Hohensinn aus Graz der Öffentlichkeit präsentiert. Am 14. Dezember 2000 wurde der Entwurf endgültig genehmigt. Am 5. Juli 2002 fand der Spatenstich statt, im Jänner 2003 startete der Erdaushub. Die Gleichenfeier erfolgte am 29. Jänner 2004.
Nach einer Bauzeit von 22 Monaten nahmen das Präsidium und die zivilrechtlichen Abteilungen des Landesgerichtes sowie alle Bereiche des Bezirksgerichtes am 20. Dezember 2004 die Arbeit im neuen Amtsgebäude auf. Die offizielle Eröffnung des Justizzentrums erfolgte am 11. März 2005 durch Justizministerin Karin Gastinger, wobei die Baukosten mit 46 Millionen Euro beziffert wurden, wovon 21,7 Millionen Euro auf das eigentliche Gerichtsgebäude entfielen. Das Landes- sowie das Bezirksgericht Leoben wurden aus dem Amtsgebäude Erzherzog Johann-Straße 3 ins Justizzentrum verlegt, die Justizanstalt Leoben aus dem Gebäudekomplex Dominikanergasse.
Beschreibung
Für die Planung des Justizzentrums wurde der Architekt Josef Hohensinn im Jahr 2004 mit dem Architekturpreis des Landes Steiermark ausgezeichnet. Das Justizzentrum gilt als europäisches Vorzeigeprojekt auf dem Justiz- und Strafvollzugssektor. Dennoch ist gerade die angeschlossene Justizanstalt aufgrund der modernen Führung der Anstalt umstritten. So wurde das Gefängnis auf einer georgischen Webseite als Urlaubsziel angepriesen, da man beim Vergleich mit georgischen Verhältnissen fast an paradiesische Zustände denken könnte. Zudem war die Justizanstalt Leoben auch die erste Haftanstalt in Österreich, in der ein im Volksmund als „Kuschelzelle“ bezeichneter Langzeitbesucherraum eingerichtet wurde, was für zusätzlichen Unmut in der Bevölkerung sorgte.
Der Gefängnisteil des Gebäudes wurde für den Vollzug von Untersuchungshaft sowie Strafhaft bis zu 18 Monaten Gesamtdauer geschaffen. Mit 205 Häftlingen ist die Justizanstalt komplett belegt. Gelockerter Strafvollzug ist für jeweils 15 Häftlinge in einer der vier Wohngruppen möglich. Außerhalb der eigentlichen Justizanstalt befindet sich das so genannte Freigängerhaus mit einer Belagsfähigkeit von bis zu 30 Personen.
Literatur
Heinz Müller-Dietz: Die Justizanstalt Leoben im Kontext der Gefängnisarchitektur. In: Jahrbuch der Juristischen Zeitgeschichte. 9, 2007/2008, , S. 134–155.
Weblinks
Webauftritt des Landesgerichts Leoben im Justizressort.
Webauftritt der Justizanstalt Leoben im Justizressort.
Baubeschreibung des ausführenden Architekten.
Bericht der Bundesimmobiliengesellschaft zur Eröffnung des Justizzentrums Leoben.
Einzelnachweise
Leoben
Leoben
Erbaut in den 2000er Jahren
Bauwerk in Leoben
| 25,260 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3170785
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Jean Biondi
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 3,201 | 8,240 |
Jean Biondi
politicien français
Jean Biondi lieu de naissance Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi identifiant VIAF 78768304
Jean Biondi occupation personnalité politique
Jean Biondi pays de nationalité France
Jean Biondi parti politique Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière
Jean Biondi date de naissance 1909
Jean Biondi date de mort 1950
Jean Biondi identifiant Bibliothèque nationale de France 10843495q
Jean Biondi nature de l’élément être humain
Jean Biondi lieu de mort Groslay
Jean Biondi fonction député français
Jean Biondi fonction maire
Jean Biondi prénom Jean
Jean Biondi langues parlées, écrites ou signées français
Jean Biondi identifiant Sycomore 820
Jean Biondi langue maternelle français
Jean Biondi nom dans la langue maternelle de la personne
Jean Biondi lieu de travail Paris
Jean Biondi identifiant ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi sexe ou genre masculin
Jean Biondi lieu de détention Mauthausen
Jean Biondi lieu de détention centre pénitentiaire de Fresnes
Jean Biondi membre de Réseau Brutus
Jean Biondi image Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi identifiant Freebase /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
French politician
Jean Biondi place of birth Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF ID 78768304
Jean Biondi occupation politician
Jean Biondi country of citizenship France
Jean Biondi member of political party French Section of the Workers' International
Jean Biondi date of birth 1909
Jean Biondi date of death 1950
Jean Biondi Bibliothèque nationale de France ID 10843495q
Jean Biondi instance of human
Jean Biondi place of death Groslay
Jean Biondi position held member of the French National Assembly
Jean Biondi position held mayor of a place in France
Jean Biondi given name Jean
Jean Biondi languages spoken, written or signed French
Jean Biondi Sycomore ID 820
Jean Biondi native language French
Jean Biondi name in native language
Jean Biondi work location Paris
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi sex or gender male
Jean Biondi place of detention Mauthausen concentration camp
Jean Biondi place of detention Fresnes Prison
Jean Biondi member of Brutus Network
Jean Biondi image Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Freebase ID /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
politico francese
Jean Biondi luogo di nascita Sari d'Orcino
Jean Biondi identificativo VIAF 78768304
Jean Biondi occupazione politico
Jean Biondi paese di cittadinanza Francia
Jean Biondi membro del partito politico Sezione Francese dell'Internazionale Operaia
Jean Biondi data di nascita 1909
Jean Biondi data di morte 1950
Jean Biondi identificativo BNF 10843495q
Jean Biondi istanza di umano
Jean Biondi luogo di morte Groslay
Jean Biondi carica ricoperta deputato francese
Jean Biondi carica ricoperta maire
Jean Biondi prenome Jean
Jean Biondi lingue parlate o scritte francese
Jean Biondi identificativo Sycomore 820
Jean Biondi lingua madre francese
Jean Biondi nome nella lingua madre
Jean Biondi luogo di lavoro Parigi
Jean Biondi identificativo ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi sesso o genere maschio
Jean Biondi luogo di detenzione campo di concentramento di Mauthausen
Jean Biondi luogo di detenzione penitenziario di Fresnes
Jean Biondi immagine Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi identificativo Freebase /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
personalidad política francesa
Jean Biondi lugar de nacimiento Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi identificador VIAF 78768304
Jean Biondi ocupación político
Jean Biondi país de nacionalidad Francia
Jean Biondi miembro del partido político Sección Francesa de la Internacional Obrera
Jean Biondi fecha de nacimiento 1909
Jean Biondi fecha de fallecimiento 1950
Jean Biondi identificador BnF 10843495q
Jean Biondi instancia de ser humano
Jean Biondi lugar de fallecimiento Groslay
Jean Biondi cargo ocupado diputado francés
Jean Biondi cargo ocupado alcalde en Francia
Jean Biondi nombre de pila Jean
Jean Biondi lenguas habladas, escritas o signadas francés
Jean Biondi identificador Sycomore 820
Jean Biondi lengua materna francés
Jean Biondi nombre en el idioma nativo
Jean Biondi lugar de trabajo París
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi sexo o género masculino
Jean Biondi lugar de encarcelamiento Campo de concentración de Mauthausen-Gusen
Jean Biondi imagen Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Identificador Freebase /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
Frans politicus (1909-1950)
Jean Biondi geboorteplaats Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF-identificatiecode 78768304
Jean Biondi beroep politicus
Jean Biondi land van nationaliteit Frankrijk
Jean Biondi lid van politieke partij Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière
Jean Biondi geboortedatum 1909
Jean Biondi overlijdensdatum 1950
Jean Biondi BnF-identificatiecode 10843495q
Jean Biondi is een mens
Jean Biondi overlijdensplaats Groslay
Jean Biondi ambt lid van het Parlement van Frankrijk
Jean Biondi ambt maire
Jean Biondi voornaam Jean
Jean Biondi taalbeheersing Frans
Jean Biondi Sycomore-identificatiecode 820
Jean Biondi moedertaal Frans
Jean Biondi naam in moedertaal
Jean Biondi werklocatie Parijs
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Jean Biondi detentielocatie Mauthausen
Jean Biondi detentielocatie Fresnes gevangenis
Jean Biondi afbeelding Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Freebase-identificatiecode /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
fransk politiker
Jean Biondi fødested Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF-ID 78768304
Jean Biondi beskjeftigelse politiker
Jean Biondi statsborgerskap Frankrike
Jean Biondi medlem av politisk parti Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière
Jean Biondi fødselsdato 1909
Jean Biondi dødsdato 1950
Jean Biondi BNF-ID 10843495q
Jean Biondi forekomst av menneske
Jean Biondi dødssted Groslay
Jean Biondi verv eller stilling parlamentsmedlem i Frankrike
Jean Biondi verv eller stilling ordfører
Jean Biondi fornavn Jean
Jean Biondi talte eller skrevne språk fransk
Jean Biondi Sycomore-ID 820
Jean Biondi morsmål fransk
Jean Biondi navn på eget morsmål
Jean Biondi virkested Paris
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi kjønn mann
Jean Biondi soningsinstitusjon Mauthausen-Gusen konsentrasjonsleir
Jean Biondi soningsinstitusjon Fresnes fengsel
Jean Biondi bilde Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Freebase-ID /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
fransk politiker
Jean Biondi fødested Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF 78768304
Jean Biondi beskæftigelse politiker
Jean Biondi statsborgerskab Frankrig
Jean Biondi medlem af politisk parti SFIO
Jean Biondi fødselsdato 1909
Jean Biondi dødsdato 1950
Jean Biondi BNF 10843495q
Jean Biondi tilfælde af menneske
Jean Biondi dødssted Groslay
Jean Biondi embede fransk parlamentsmedlem
Jean Biondi embede Maire
Jean Biondi fornavn Jean
Jean Biondi talte sprog fransk
Jean Biondi modersmål fransk
Jean Biondi modersmålsnavn
Jean Biondi arbejdssted Paris
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi køn mand
Jean Biondi sted for frihedsberøvelse Mauthausen-Gusen
Jean Biondi billede Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Freebase-ID /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
fransk politikar
Jean Biondi fødestad Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF-identifikator 78768304
Jean Biondi yrke politikar
Jean Biondi statsborgarskap Frankrike
Jean Biondi fødselsdato 1909
Jean Biondi dødsdato 1950
Jean Biondi BNF-id 10843495q
Jean Biondi førekomst av menneske
Jean Biondi dødsstad Groslay
Jean Biondi førenamn Jean
Jean Biondi talte eller skrivne språk fransk
Jean Biondi morsmål fransk
Jean Biondi namn på morsmål
Jean Biondi verkestade Paris
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi kjønn mann
Jean Biondi bilete Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Freebase-identifikator /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
fransk politiker
Jean Biondi födelseplats Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF-ID 78768304
Jean Biondi sysselsättning politiker
Jean Biondi medborgare i Frankrike
Jean Biondi tillhör politiskt parti Franska sektionen av Arbetarinternationalen
Jean Biondi födelsedatum 1909
Jean Biondi dödsdatum 1950
Jean Biondi id-nummer i Frankrikes nationalbiblioteks katalog 10843495q
Jean Biondi instans av människa
Jean Biondi dödsplats Groslay
Jean Biondi befattning ledamot av Frankrikes nationalförsamling
Jean Biondi befattning mär
Jean Biondi förnamn Jean
Jean Biondi talade, skrivna eller tecknade språk franska
Jean Biondi Sycomore-ID 820
Jean Biondi modersmål franska
Jean Biondi namn på modersmål
Jean Biondi arbetsort Paris
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi kön man
Jean Biondi fängelse Mauthausen
Jean Biondi bild Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Freebase-ID /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
französischer Politiker, Mitglied der Nationalversammlung
Jean Biondi Geburtsort Sari-d’Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF-Kennung 78768304
Jean Biondi Tätigkeit Politiker
Jean Biondi Land der Staatsangehörigkeit Frankreich
Jean Biondi Parteizugehörigkeit Section française de l’Internationale ouvrière
Jean Biondi Geburtsdatum 1909
Jean Biondi Sterbedatum 1950
Jean Biondi BnF-Kennung 10843495q
Jean Biondi ist ein(e) Mensch
Jean Biondi Sterbeort Groslay
Jean Biondi öffentliches Amt oder Stellung Deputierter (Frankreich)
Jean Biondi öffentliches Amt oder Stellung Maire
Jean Biondi Vorname Jean
Jean Biondi gesprochene oder publizierte Sprachen Französisch
Jean Biondi Sycomore-ID 820
Jean Biondi Muttersprache Französisch
Jean Biondi Name in Muttersprache
Jean Biondi Wirkungsort Paris
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi Geschlecht männlich
Jean Biondi Haftort KZ Mauthausen
Jean Biondi Haftort Gefängnis Fresnes
Jean Biondi Mitglied von Réseau Brutus
Jean Biondi Bild Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Freebase-Kennung /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
francia politikus
Jean Biondi születési hely Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF-azonosító 78768304
Jean Biondi foglalkozás politikus
Jean Biondi állampolgárság Franciaország
Jean Biondi politikai párt Második Internacionálé Francia Szekciója
Jean Biondi születési idő 1909
Jean Biondi halálozási idő 1950
Jean Biondi BnF-azonosító 10843495q
Jean Biondi osztály, amelynek példánya ember
Jean Biondi halálozási hely Groslay
Jean Biondi beosztás a francia nemzetgyűlés tagja
Jean Biondi beosztás polgármester
Jean Biondi utónév Jean
Jean Biondi beszélt nyelvek francia
Jean Biondi Sycomore-azonosító 820
Jean Biondi anyanyelv francia
Jean Biondi anyanyelvi név
Jean Biondi működésének helye Párizs
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi nem férfi
Jean Biondi fogva tartás helye mauthauseni koncentrációs tábor
Jean Biondi kép Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Freebase-azonosító /m/09v2dl6
Жан Бьонди
французский политик
Жан Бьонди место рождения Сари-д’Орчино
Жан Бьонди код VIAF 78768304
Жан Бьонди род занятий политик
Жан Бьонди гражданство Франция
Жан Бьонди член политической партии Французская секция Рабочего интернационала
Жан Бьонди дата рождения 1909
Жан Бьонди дата смерти 1950
Жан Бьонди код BNF 10843495q
Жан Бьонди это частный случай понятия человек
Жан Бьонди место смерти Гросле
Жан Бьонди занимаемая должность депутат Национального собрания Франции
Жан Бьонди занимаемая должность мэр города во Франции
Жан Бьонди личное имя Жан
Жан Бьонди языки, на которых говорит или пишет персона французский язык
Жан Бьонди код Sycomore 820
Жан Бьонди родной язык французский язык
Жан Бьонди имя на родном языке
Жан Бьонди место активности Париж
Жан Бьонди код ISNI 0000000054921156
Жан Бьонди пол или гендер мужской пол
Жан Бьонди место содержания под стражей концлагерь Маутхаузен
Жан Бьонди место содержания под стражей Тюрьма Френ
Жан Бьонди участник организации или коллектива Сеть Брутус
Жан Бьонди изображение Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Жан Бьонди код Freebase /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
polityk francuski
Jean Biondi miejsce urodzenia Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi identyfikator VIAF 78768304
Jean Biondi zajęcie polityk
Jean Biondi obywatelstwo Francja
Jean Biondi partia polityczna SFIO
Jean Biondi data urodzenia 1909
Jean Biondi data śmierci 1950
Jean Biondi identyfikator BnF 10843495q
Jean Biondi jest to człowiek
Jean Biondi miejsce śmierci Groslay
Jean Biondi funkcja członek parlamentu Francji
Jean Biondi funkcja mer
Jean Biondi imię Jean
Jean Biondi porozumiewa się w języku język francuski
Jean Biondi identyfikator Sycomore 820
Jean Biondi język ojczysty język francuski
Jean Biondi imię i nazwisko w języku ojczystym
Jean Biondi miejsce pracy Paryż
Jean Biondi identyfikator ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi płeć mężczyzna
Jean Biondi miejsce uwięzienia Mauthausen-Gusen
Jean Biondi ilustracja Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi identyfikator Freebase /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
polític francès
Jean Biondi lloc de naixement Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi identificador VIAF 78768304
Jean Biondi ocupació polític
Jean Biondi ciutadania França
Jean Biondi membre del partit polític Secció Francesa de la Internacional Obrera
Jean Biondi data de naixement 1909
Jean Biondi data de defunció 1950
Jean Biondi identificador BnF 10843495q
Jean Biondi instància de ésser humà
Jean Biondi lloc de defunció Groslay
Jean Biondi càrrec diputat a l'Assemblea Nacional
Jean Biondi càrrec maire
Jean Biondi prenom Jean
Jean Biondi llengua parlada, escrita o signada francès
Jean Biondi identificador Sycomore 820
Jean Biondi llengua inicial francès
Jean Biondi nom en la llengua materna
Jean Biondi lloc de treball París
Jean Biondi identificador ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi sexe o gènere masculí
Jean Biondi lloc de detenció Mauthausen-Gusen
Jean Biondi lloc de detenció Presó de Fresnes
Jean Biondi imatge Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi identificador Freebase /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
franzööschen Politiker
Jean Biondi Geboortsoort Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF 78768304
Jean Biondi Beroop Politiker
Jean Biondi Staatsbörger von Frankriek
Jean Biondi Tied boren 1909
Jean Biondi Tied doodbleven 1950
Jean Biondi BNF 10843495q
Jean Biondi is en Minsch
Jean Biondi Starvoort Groslay
Jean Biondi Vörnaam Jean
Jean Biondi Spraken, de de Person spraken hett oder in de se Saken rutbrocht hett Franzöösch
Jean Biondi Moderspraak Franzöösch
Jean Biondi Naam in de Moderspraak
Jean Biondi Steed von dat Warken Paris
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi Geslecht (Person) Mann
Jean Biondi Bild Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Freebase-Id /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
Prancūzijos politikas
Jean Biondi gimimo vieta Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF kodas 78768304
Jean Biondi užsiėmimas politikas
Jean Biondi pilietybė Prancūzija
Jean Biondi gimimo data 1909
Jean Biondi mirties data 1950
Jean Biondi tai yra žmogus
Jean Biondi mirties vieta Groslay
Jean Biondi duotas vardas Jean
Jean Biondi šnekamosios arba rašytinės kalbos prancūzų kalba
Jean Biondi gimtoji kalba prancūzų kalba
Jean Biondi pavadinimas gimtąja kalba
Jean Biondi darbo vieta Paryžius
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi lytis vyras
Jean Biondi nuotrauka Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Freebase kodas /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
Jean Biondi gebuòrë én Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF 78768304
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi
franséische Politiker
Jean Biondi Gebuertsplaz Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF 78768304
Jean Biondi Aktivitéit Politiker
Jean Biondi Land vun der Nationalitéit Frankräich
Jean Biondi politesch Partei SFIO
Jean Biondi Gebuertsdatum 1909
Jean Biondi Doudesdatum 1950
Jean Biondi BnF-ID 10843495q
Jean Biondi ass eng/e(n) Mënsch
Jean Biondi Doudesplaz Groslay
Jean Biondi Fonctioun Deputéierten
Jean Biondi Fonctioun Buergermeeschter
Jean Biondi Virnumm Jean
Jean Biondi publizéiert oder geschwat Sproochen Franséisch
Jean Biondi Mammesprooch Franséisch
Jean Biondi Numm an der Mammesprooch vun der Persoun
Jean Biondi Wierkungsplaz Paräis
Jean Biondi ISNI (ISO 27729) 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi Geschlecht männlech
Jean Biondi Haftplaz KZ Mauthausen
Jean Biondi Bild Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Freebase-ID /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
Jean Biondi Geburtsort Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF 78768304
Jean Biondi Bruef Politiker
Jean Biondi Staatsaagherigkait Frankriich
Jean Biondi Geburtsdatum 1909
Jean Biondi Dodesdatum 1950
Jean Biondi BnF 10843495q
Jean Biondi isch e Mänsch
Jean Biondi Ort vum Dod Groslay
Jean Biondi Vorname Jean
Jean Biondi gschwätzti oder gschribni Sprooche französeschi Sprooch
Jean Biondi Muetersproch französeschi Sprooch
Jean Biondi Name in dr Muetersproch
Jean Biondi Wirkigsort Paris
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi Gschlächt männlich
Jean Biondi Bild Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Freebase-ID /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
Jean Biondi kraj rojstva Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF 78768304
Jean Biondi poklic politik
Jean Biondi država državljanstva Francija
Jean Biondi član politične stranke Francoska sekcija Delavske internacionale
Jean Biondi datum rojstva 1909
Jean Biondi datum smrti 1950
Jean Biondi BNF 10843495q
Jean Biondi primerek od človek
Jean Biondi kraj smrti Groslay, Francija
Jean Biondi uradni položaj član francoske narodne skupščine
Jean Biondi uradni položaj župan v Franciji
Jean Biondi ime Jean
Jean Biondi govorjeni, pisani ali kretani jeziki francoščina
Jean Biondi materni jezik francoščina
Jean Biondi ime v materinščini
Jean Biondi kraj delovanja Pariz
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi spol moški
Jean Biondi kraj pridržanja Koncentracijsko taborišče Mauthausen
Jean Biondi član organizacije Mreža Brutus
Jean Biondi slika Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Freebase /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
políticu francés (1909–1950)
Jean Biondi llugar de nacimientu Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi identificador VIAF 78768304
Jean Biondi ocupación políticu
Jean Biondi país de nacionalidá Francia
Jean Biondi miembru del partíu políticu Seición Francesa de la Internacional Obrera
Jean Biondi fecha de nacimientu 1909
Jean Biondi data de la muerte 1950
Jean Biondi identificador BnF 10843495q
Jean Biondi instancia de humanu
Jean Biondi llugar de fallecimientu Groslay
Jean Biondi cargu miembru de la Asamblea Nacional francesa
Jean Biondi cargu alcalde
Jean Biondi nome Jean
Jean Biondi llingües falaes francés
Jean Biondi llingua materna francés
Jean Biondi nome na llingua nativa
Jean Biondi llugar de trabayu París
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi sexu masculín
Jean Biondi imaxe Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi identificador en Freebase /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
político francês
Jean Biondi local de nascimento Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi identificador VIAF 78768304
Jean Biondi ocupação político
Jean Biondi país de nacionalidade França
Jean Biondi membro do partido político Seção Francesa da Internacional Operária
Jean Biondi data de nascimento 1909
Jean Biondi data de morte 1950
Jean Biondi identificador BnF 10843495q
Jean Biondi instância de ser humano
Jean Biondi local de morte Groslay
Jean Biondi cargo ocupado deputado francês
Jean Biondi cargo ocupado maire
Jean Biondi primeiro nome Jean
Jean Biondi línguas faladas, escritas ou assinadas francês
Jean Biondi identificador Sycomore 820
Jean Biondi língua materna francês
Jean Biondi nome no idioma nativo
Jean Biondi local de trabalho Paris
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi sexo ou género masculino
Jean Biondi local de detenção Mauthausen
Jean Biondi imagem Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi identificador Freebase /m/09v2dl6
چين بيوندى
چين بيوندى الوظيفه سياسى
چين بيوندى الجنسيه فرنسا
چين بيوندى عضو في الحزب السياسى القسم الفرنساوى من دولية العمال
چين بيوندى تاريخ الولاده 1909
چين بيوندى تاريخ الموت 1950
چين بيوندى واحد من انسان
چين بيوندى اللغه لغه فرنساوى
چين بيوندى اللغة الام لغه فرنساوى
چين بيوندى الاسم باللغه الأصليه
چين بيوندى الجنس دكر
چين بيوندى الصوره Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
چين بيوندى معرف فرى بيس /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
ranskalainen poliitikko
Jean Biondi syntymäpaikka Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF-tunniste 78768304
Jean Biondi ammatti poliitikko
Jean Biondi kansalaisuus Ranska
Jean Biondi jäsen puolueessa Työväeninternationaalin ranskalainen osasto
Jean Biondi syntymäaika 1909
Jean Biondi kuolinaika 1950
Jean Biondi Ranskan kansalliskirjaston tunniste 10843495q
Jean Biondi esiintymä kohteesta ihminen
Jean Biondi kuolinpaikka Groslay
Jean Biondi tehtävä tai virka pormestari Ranskassa
Jean Biondi etunimi Jean
Jean Biondi puhuu kieliä ranska
Jean Biondi Sycomore-tunniste 820
Jean Biondi äidinkieli ranska
Jean Biondi nimi äidinkielellä
Jean Biondi työn sijainti Pariisi
Jean Biondi ISNI-tunniste 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi sukupuoli mies
Jean Biondi vankeuspaikka Mauthausen-Gusen
Jean Biondi kuva Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Freebase-tunniste /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
politiko franses
Jean Biondi lugá di nasementu Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi identifikashon VIAF 78768304
Jean Biondi okupashon politiko
Jean Biondi pais di nashonalidat Fransia
Jean Biondi fecha di nasementu 1909
Jean Biondi fecha di fayesimentu 1950
Jean Biondi ta un hende
Jean Biondi lugá di fayesimentu Groslay
Jean Biondi funshon miembro di Parlamento di Fransia
Jean Biondi funshon alkalde
Jean Biondi nòmber di dilanti Jean
Jean Biondi dominio di idioma franses
Jean Biondi lenga materno franses
Jean Biondi nòmber den idioma propio
Jean Biondi lugá di trabou Paris
Jean Biondi sekso o género maskulino
Jean Biondi imágen Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi
Jean Biondi local de nascimento Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi identificador VIAF 78768304
Jean Biondi ocupação político
Jean Biondi país de cidadania França
Jean Biondi data de nascimento 1909
Jean Biondi data de morte 1950
Jean Biondi identificador Biblioteca Nacional da França 10843495q
Jean Biondi instância de ser humano
Jean Biondi local de morte Groslay
Jean Biondi cargo ocupado deputado francês
Jean Biondi cargo ocupado maire
Jean Biondi primeiro nome Jean
Jean Biondi línguas faladas ou escritas francês
Jean Biondi língua materna francês
Jean Biondi nome no idioma nativo
Jean Biondi local de trabalho Paris
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi sexo ou gênero masculino
Jean Biondi imagem Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
让·比永迪
法國政治人物
让·比永迪 出生地 萨里多尔奇诺
让·比永迪 VIAF标识符 78768304
让·比永迪 职业 政治人物
让·比永迪 國籍 法國
让·比永迪 黨籍 工人国际法国支部
让·比永迪 出生日期 1909
让·比永迪 死亡日期 1950
让·比永迪 法國國家圖書館識別碼 10843495q
让·比永迪 隶属于 人類
让·比永迪 死亡地 格罗莱
让·比永迪 担任职务 法国国民议会议员
让·比永迪 担任职务 市長
让·比永迪 名字 让
让·比永迪 通晓语言 法语
让·比永迪 母语 法语
让·比永迪 母语人名
让·比永迪 工作地點 巴黎
让·比永迪 ISNI 0000000054921156
让·比永迪 性別 男
让·比永迪 羁押地点 茅特豪森－古森集中營
让·比永迪 羁押地点 弗雷訥監獄
让·比永迪 图像 Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
让·比永迪 Freebase標識符 /m/09v2dl6
Jean Biondi
Fransız siyasetçi (1909 – 1950)
Jean Biondi doğum yeri Sari-d'Orcino
Jean Biondi VIAF kimliği 78768304
Jean Biondi mesleği siyasetçi
Jean Biondi vatandaşlığı Fransa
Jean Biondi doğum tarihi 1909
Jean Biondi ölüm tarihi 1950
Jean Biondi BNF kimliği 10843495q
Jean Biondi nedir insan
Jean Biondi ölüm yeri Groslay
Jean Biondi çalıştığı konum Maire
Jean Biondi ön adı Jean
Jean Biondi konuştuğu, yazdığı diller Fransızca
Jean Biondi Sycomore kimliği 820
Jean Biondi ana dili Fransızca
Jean Biondi ana dilindeki ismi
Jean Biondi iş yeri Paris
Jean Biondi ISNI 0000000054921156
Jean Biondi cinsiyeti erkek
Jean Biondi tutulduğu yer Mauthausen-Gusen toplama kampı
Jean Biondi görsel Jean Biondi 1948.jpg
Jean Biondi Freebase kimliği /m/09v2dl6
| 13,718 |
https://github.com/Unidata/awips2/blob/master/cave/com.raytheon.uf.viz.volumebrowser.dataplugin/src/com/raytheon/uf/viz/volumebrowser/dataplugin/grid/GridMapProductCreator.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain, Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
awips2
|
Unidata
|
Java
|
Code
| 266 | 910 |
/**
* This software was developed and / or modified by Raytheon Company,
* pursuant to Contract DG133W-05-CQ-1067 with the US Government.
*
* U.S. EXPORT CONTROLLED TECHNICAL DATA
* This software product contains export-restricted data whose
* export/transfer/disclosure is restricted by U.S. law. Dissemination
* to non-U.S. persons whether in the United States or abroad requires
* an export license or other authorization.
*
* Contractor Name: Raytheon Company
* Contractor Address: 6825 Pine Street, Suite 340
* Mail Stop B8
* Omaha, NE 68106
* 402.291.0100
*
* See the AWIPS II Master Rights File ("Master Rights File.pdf") for
* further licensing information.
**/
package com.raytheon.uf.viz.volumebrowser.dataplugin.grid;
import java.util.Collection;
import com.raytheon.uf.viz.core.drawables.ResourcePair;
import com.raytheon.uf.viz.core.maps.display.MapRenderableDisplay;
import com.raytheon.uf.viz.core.rsc.DisplayType;
import com.raytheon.uf.viz.volumebrowser.dataplugin.grid.GridEnsembleHelper.GridProductCreator;
import com.raytheon.viz.grid.rsc.GridNameGenerator;
import com.raytheon.viz.grid.rsc.GridResourceData;
import com.raytheon.viz.volumebrowser.datacatalog.IDataCatalog;
import com.raytheon.viz.volumebrowser.datacatalog.IDataCatalogEntry;
import com.raytheon.viz.volumebrowser.loader.AbstractMapProductCreator;
import com.raytheon.viz.volumebrowser.loader.ProductCreator;
import com.raytheon.viz.volumebrowser.vbui.VBMenuBarItemsMgr.SpaceTimeMenu;
/**
*
* {@link ProductCreator} for loading grid data on a
* {@link MapRenderableDisplay}.
*
* <pre>
*
* SOFTWARE HISTORY
*
* Date Ticket# Engineer Description
* ------------- -------- --------- --------------------------
* Aug 03, 2015 3861 bsteffen Initial creation
*
* </pre>
*
* @author bsteffen
*/
public class GridMapProductCreator extends AbstractMapProductCreator implements
GridProductCreator {
@Override
public Collection<ResourcePair> getResourcesToLoad(
IDataCatalog dataCatalog, IDataCatalogEntry catalogEntry,
DisplayType displayType) {
return GridEnsembleHelper.getResourcesToLoad(this, dataCatalog,
catalogEntry, displayType);
}
@Override
public Collection<ResourcePair> getBaseResourcesToLoad(
IDataCatalog dataCatalog, IDataCatalogEntry catalogEntry,
DisplayType displayType) {
return super.getResourcesToLoad(dataCatalog, catalogEntry, displayType);
}
@Override
protected GridResourceData createNewResourceData(
IDataCatalog dataCatalog, IDataCatalogEntry catalogEntry, DisplayType displayType) {
GridResourceData gRscData = new GridResourceData();
if (catalogEntry.getDialogSettings().getSpaceTimeSelection() == SpaceTimeMenu.SPACE) {
System.out
.println("Loading a Plan View Space Grid Resource from the Volume Browser.");
gRscData.setSpatial(true);
} else {
gRscData.setNameGenerator(new GridNameGenerator(catalogEntry
.getSelectedData().getPlanesText()));
}
return gRscData;
}
}
| 16,206 |
https://github.com/Arseny092/lift/blob/master/node_modules/aphrodite/lib/inject.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
lift
|
Arseny092
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 984 | 2,220 |
'use strict';
Object.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {
value: true
});
function _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }
var _asap = require('asap');
var _asap2 = _interopRequireDefault(_asap);
var _generate = require('./generate');
var _util = require('./util');
// The current <style> tag we are inserting into, or null if we haven't
// inserted anything yet. We could find this each time using
// `document.querySelector("style[data-aphrodite"])`, but holding onto it is
// faster.
var styleTag = null;
// Inject a string of styles into a <style> tag in the head of the document. This
// will automatically create a style tag and then continue to use it for
// multiple injections. It will also use a style tag with the `data-aphrodite`
// tag on it if that exists in the DOM. This could be used for e.g. reusing the
// same style tag that server-side rendering inserts.
var injectStyleTag = function injectStyleTag(cssContents) {
if (styleTag == null) {
// Try to find a style tag with the `data-aphrodite` attribute first.
styleTag = document.querySelector("style[data-aphrodite]");
// If that doesn't work, generate a new style tag.
if (styleTag == null) {
// Taken from
// http://stackoverflow.com/questions/524696/how-to-create-a-style-tag-with-javascript
var head = document.head || document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];
styleTag = document.createElement('style');
styleTag.type = 'text/css';
styleTag.setAttribute("data-aphrodite", "");
head.appendChild(styleTag);
}
}
if (styleTag.styleSheet) {
styleTag.styleSheet.cssText += cssContents;
} else {
styleTag.appendChild(document.createTextNode(cssContents));
}
};
// Custom handlers for stringifying CSS values that have side effects
// (such as fontFamily, which can cause @font-face rules to be injected)
var stringHandlers = {
// With fontFamily we look for objects that are passed in and interpret
// them as @font-face rules that we need to inject. The value of fontFamily
// can either be a string (as normal), an object (a single font face), or
// an array of objects and strings.
fontFamily: function fontFamily(val) {
if (Array.isArray(val)) {
return val.map(fontFamily).join(",");
} else if (typeof val === "object") {
injectStyleOnce(val.fontFamily, "@font-face", [val], false);
return '"' + val.fontFamily + '"';
} else {
return val;
}
},
// With animationName we look for an object that contains keyframes and
// inject them as an `@keyframes` block, returning a uniquely generated
// name. The keyframes object should look like
// animationName: {
// from: {
// left: 0,
// top: 0,
// },
// '50%': {
// left: 15,
// top: 5,
// },
// to: {
// left: 20,
// top: 20,
// }
// }
// TODO(emily): `stringHandlers` doesn't let us rename the key, so I have
// to use `animationName` here. Improve that so we can call this
// `animation` instead of `animationName`.
animationName: function animationName(val) {
if (typeof val !== "object") {
return val;
}
// Generate a unique name based on the hash of the object. We can't
// just use the hash because the name can't start with a number.
// TODO(emily): this probably makes debugging hard, allow a custom
// name?
var name = 'keyframe_' + (0, _util.hashObject)(val);
// Since keyframes need 3 layers of nesting, we use `generateCSS` to
// build the inner layers and wrap it in `@keyframes` ourselves.
var finalVal = '@keyframes ' + name + '{';
Object.keys(val).forEach(function (key) {
finalVal += (0, _generate.generateCSS)(key, [val[key]], stringHandlers, false);
});
finalVal += '}';
injectGeneratedCSSOnce(name, finalVal);
return name;
}
};
// This is a map from Aphrodite's generated class names to `true` (acting as a
// set of class names)
var alreadyInjected = {};
// This is the buffer of styles which have not yet been flushed.
var injectionBuffer = "";
// A flag to tell if we are already buffering styles. This could happen either
// because we scheduled a flush call already, so newly added styles will
// already be flushed, or because we are statically buffering on the server.
var isBuffering = false;
var injectGeneratedCSSOnce = function injectGeneratedCSSOnce(key, generatedCSS) {
if (!alreadyInjected[key]) {
if (!isBuffering) {
// We should never be automatically buffering on the server (or any
// place without a document), so guard against that.
if (typeof document === "undefined") {
throw new Error("Cannot automatically buffer without a document");
}
// If we're not already buffering, schedule a call to flush the
// current styles.
isBuffering = true;
(0, _asap2['default'])(flushToStyleTag);
}
injectionBuffer += generatedCSS;
alreadyInjected[key] = true;
}
};
var injectStyleOnce = function injectStyleOnce(key, selector, definitions, useImportant) {
if (!alreadyInjected[key]) {
var generated = (0, _generate.generateCSS)(selector, definitions, stringHandlers, useImportant);
injectGeneratedCSSOnce(key, generated);
}
};
exports.injectStyleOnce = injectStyleOnce;
var reset = function reset() {
injectionBuffer = "";
alreadyInjected = {};
isBuffering = false;
styleTag = null;
};
exports.reset = reset;
var startBuffering = function startBuffering() {
if (isBuffering) {
throw new Error("Cannot buffer while already buffering");
}
isBuffering = true;
};
exports.startBuffering = startBuffering;
var flushToString = function flushToString() {
isBuffering = false;
var ret = injectionBuffer;
injectionBuffer = "";
return ret;
};
exports.flushToString = flushToString;
var flushToStyleTag = function flushToStyleTag() {
var cssContent = flushToString();
if (cssContent.length > 0) {
injectStyleTag(cssContent);
}
};
exports.flushToStyleTag = flushToStyleTag;
var getRenderedClassNames = function getRenderedClassNames() {
return Object.keys(alreadyInjected);
};
exports.getRenderedClassNames = getRenderedClassNames;
var addRenderedClassNames = function addRenderedClassNames(classNames) {
classNames.forEach(function (className) {
alreadyInjected[className] = true;
});
};
exports.addRenderedClassNames = addRenderedClassNames;
/**
* Inject styles associated with the passed style definition objects, and return
* an associated CSS class name.
*
* @param {boolean} useImportant If true, will append !important to generated
* CSS output. e.g. {color: red} -> "color: red !important".
* @param {Object[]} styleDefinitions style definition objects as returned as
* properties of the return value of StyleSheet.create().
*/
var injectAndGetClassName = function injectAndGetClassName(useImportant, styleDefinitions) {
// Filter out falsy values from the input, to allow for
// `css(a, test && c)`
var validDefinitions = styleDefinitions.filter(function (def) {
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injectStyleOnce(className, '.' + className, validDefinitions.map(function (d) {
return d._definition;
}), useImportant);
return className;
};
exports.injectAndGetClassName = injectAndGetClassName;
| 50,791 |
https://github.com/Pmj136/vue2-admin-template/blob/master/src/permission.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
vue2-admin-template
|
Pmj136
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 215 | 541 |
import router from './router'
import store from './store'
import { Message } from 'element-ui'
import NProgress from 'nprogress' // progress bar
import 'nprogress/nprogress.css' // progress bar style
import { getToken } from '@/utils/storage' // get token from cookie
import { addRoutes, getPageTitle, reWriteMatched } from '@/utils/router-util'
NProgress.configure({ showSpinner: false }) // NProgress Configuration
const whiteList = ['/login'] // no redirect whitelist
router.beforeEach(async(to, from, next) => {
//for cache router
reWriteMatched(to)
// start progress bar
NProgress.start()
// set page title
document.title = getPageTitle(to.meta.title)
// determine whether the user has logged in
const hasToken = getToken()
if (hasToken) {
if (to.path === '/login') {
// if is logged in, redirect to the home page
next({ replace: '/' })
NProgress.done()
} else {
const permRoutes = store.state.permission.routes
if (permRoutes.length > 0) {
next()
} else {
try {
const routes = await store.dispatch('permission/generateRoutes')
addRoutes(routes)
next({ ...to, replace: true })
} catch (e) {
await store.dispatch('user/resetToken')
Message.error(error || 'Has Error')
next(`/login?redirect=${to.path}`)
NProgress.done()
}
}
}
} else {
/* has no token*/
if (whiteList.indexOf(to.path) !== -1) {
// in the free login whitelist, go directly
next()
} else {
// other pages that do not have auth to access are redirected to the login page.
next(`/login?redirect=${to.path}`)
NProgress.done()
}
}
})
router.afterEach(() => {
// finish progress bar
NProgress.done()
})
| 46,689 |
US-93405007-A_3
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,007 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,337 | 2,131 |
Asthmatic families had a 54% frequency of the GG genotype, and a 46% frequency of the AG genotype. The AA genotype was not observed. In contrast, control families had a 38% frequency of GG, 50% frequency of AG, and 12% frequency of AA. Thus, asthmatic families were significantly more likely than control families to carry the G38 allele (p=0.023, chi-square test).
A Novel Uteroglobin Short Tandem Repeat is Genetically Associated with Asthma
Table 5 presents data showing that the total number of GTTT and ATTT repeats had a significant positive correlation with the presence of asthma in kindreds (p=0.02, chi-square test).
TABLE 5 The frequencies of the total number of (GTTT)m and (ATTT)n repeats total number asthmatic families controls of repeats (n = 160) (n = 84) 8 0.081 0.190 9 0.169 0.048 10 0.044 0.119 11 0.275 0.298 12 0.106 0.036 13 0.313 0.310 14 0.013 0.000 p value 0.002* *denotes a significant difference; n, the number of chromosomes tested. p value was accessed by the x² test from the RxC contingency table with control group. Tables 6 and 7 reveal that the number of GTTT repeats positively correlates with asthma presence (p=0.025, chi-square test) but the number of ATTT repeats shows no correlation (p=0.788 chi-square test). Thus, the novel GTTT polymorphism shows a genetic association with asthma. For example, when m+n is at least 8, for example 8 to 14, a statistically significant difference is noted between the asthmatic families and controls.
TABLE 6 Allele frequencies of (GTTT)m polymorphism asthma families controls Allele (n = 160) (n = 84) 4 0.506 0.524 5 0.163 0.060 6 0.006 0.000 7 0.044 0.071 8 0.156 0.286 9 0.125 0.060 p value 0.025* *denotes a significant difference; n, the number of chromosomes tested. p value was accessed by the x² test from the RxC contingency table with control group. Each allele is represented by the number of repeats.
TABLE 7 Allele frequencies of (ATTT)n polymorphism Asthmatic families controls Allele (n = 160) (n = 84) 2 0.131 0.143 3 0.175 0.238 4 0.263 0.262 5 0.019 0.012 8 0.106 0.071 9 0.294 0.274 10 0.013 0.000 p value 0.788 n, the number of chromosomes tested. p value was accessed by the x² test from the RxC contingency table with control group. Each allele is represented by the number of repeats.
For example, when m is at least 4, for example 4 to 9, a statistically significant association was noted in asthmatic families.
Table 8 shows haplotype frequencies of (GTTT)m(ATTT)n polymorphic sites in asthmatic and control families.
TABLE 8 Haplotype frequencies of (GTTT)m(ATTT)n polymorphic sites asthmatic families controls Haplotype (n = 160) (n = 84) 4-4 0.081 0.190 4-5 0.006 0.012 4-8 0.106 0.048 4-9 0.294 0.274 4-10 0.000 0.000 5-4 0.156 0.036 5-5 0.013 0.000 5-8 0.000 0.024 6-3 0.006 0.000 7-3 0.019 0.036 7-4 0.025 0.036 8-2 0.013 0.083 8-3 0.150 0.202 9-2 0.113 0.060 9-3 0.019 0.000 p value 0.002* *denote a significant difference n, the number of chromosomes tested. p value was accessed by the x² test from the RxC contingency table with control group. The numbers on left and right of haplotype represent the allele of (GTTT)m and (ATTT)n sites, respectively. For example, Haplotype 4-5 indicates 4 GTTT repeats and 5 ATTT repeats, i.e., (GTTT)₄(ATTT)₅. The table shows a statistically significant correlation between (GTTT)m(ATTT)n haplotype and the presence of asthma in a kindred (p=0.002, chi-square test).
Example 13 Pharmaceutical Compositions
The invention provides pharmaceutical compositions of the uteroglobin that are useful as therapeutic agents when constituted with the appropriate carriers or diluents. Hence intravenous, intramuscular or other parenteral administration are contemplated to interfere with inflammation, and in particular embodiments to interfere with IgA mediated autoimmune pathogenesis. Other available routes of administration include topical, instillation, endotracheal, pulmonary inhalation, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, transdermal, intradermal, intracranial ventricular, intrathecal or oral administration, as are suppositories, retrograde axoplasmic transport into the brain (from the olfactory bulb) via inhalation, and ocular administration (for example in the form of eye drops).
Any of the common pharmaceutical carriers, such as sterile saline solution or sesame oil, can be used. Routes of parenteral administration include, but are not limited to, subcutaneous (sq), intracranial ventricular (icv), intrathecal (it), intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), topical ophthalmic, subconjunctival, nasal, aural and transdermal. Peptides of the invention may be administered sq, iv or im in any conventional medium for intravenous injection, such as an aqueous saline or oil medium. The medium may also contain conventional pharmaceutical adjunct materials such as, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable salts to adjust the osmotic pressure, buffers, preservatives and the like. Among the such media are normal saline and sesame oil.
Embodiments of the invention including medicaments can be prepared with conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and counterions as would be known to those of skill in the art. The medicaments are preferably in the form of a unit dose in solid, semi-solid and liquid dosage forms such as tablets, pills, powders, liquid solutions or suspensions, and injectable and infusible solutions, for example a unit dose vial. Effective dosage ranges included in the unit dose container can readily be determined from the effective concentrations shown in dose response curves, or similar curves generated for variants, analogs, mimetics, etc.
The pharmaceutical compositions may also be administered as intranasal inhalants, for example in pharmaceutical aerosols utilizing solutions, suspensions, emulsions, powders and semisolid preparations of the type more fully described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (19^(th) Edition, 1995) in chapter 95. A particular inhalant form is a metered dose inhalant containing the active ingredient, in a suspension or a dispersing agent (such as sorbitan trioleate, oleyl alcohol, oleic acid, or lecithin, and a propellant such as 12/11 or 12/114).
Therapeutically effective doses of the compounds of the present invention can be determined by one of skill in the art, with a goal of achieving tissue concentrations that are at least as high as the IC₅₀ of each drug tested in the foregoing examples. The low toxicity of the compound makes it possible to administer high doses, for example 100 mg/kg, although doses of 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg or more are contemplated.
The pharmaceutical compositions can be used in the treatment of a large number of IgA mediated diseases, and inflammatory conditions. Many of these conditions are associated with deposition of IgA complexes.
Another aspect of the invention is a method of treating a mammal, such as a human, having an IgA mediated condition, such as a condition in which IgA is deposited in tissue, such as glomeruli. In this aspect of the invention, the affected mammal is identified and treated with the peptide, analog or mimetic.
The above examples are provided by way of illustration only and are in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention. One of skill in the art will understand that the invention may be modified in various ways without departing from the spirit or principle of the invention. We claim all such modifications.
1. A method of treating IgA nephropathy, comprising: identifying a subject having an IgA nephropathy; and administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of uteroglobin, thereby treating the IgA nephropathy.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein administering uteroglobin comprises stimulating endogenous production of uteroglobin in the subject.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering an additional therapeutic agent to the subject, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is effective in treating or preventing the IgA nephropathy.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is a corticosteroid.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of uteroglobin is administered by an endotracheal, pulmonary, inhalation, ophthalmic, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal, intradermal, intracranial, ventricular, intrathecal, or oral route.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying a subject having IgA nephropathy comprises detecting deposition of IgA in glomeruli in a renal biopsy from the subject.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the administered uteroglobin interferes with IgA-fibronectin complex formation, thereby treating the IgA nephropathy..
| 22,738 |
https://openalex.org/W4292723018
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,022 |
Correlating Structural Properties with Electrochemical Behavior of Non-graphitizable Carbons in Na-Ion Batteries
|
Blaž Tratnik
|
English
|
Spoken
| 14,374 | 24,866 |
Supporting Information ABSTRACT: We report on a detailed structural versus electro-
chemical property investigation of the corncob-derived non-
graphitizable carbons prepared at different carbonization temper-
atures using a combination of structural characterization method-
ology unique to this field. Non-graphitizable carbons are currently
the most viable option for the negative electrode in sodium-ion
batteries. However, many challenges arise from the strong
dependence of the precursor’s choice and carbonization parameters
on the evolution of the carbon matrix and its resulting
electrochemistry. We followed structure development upon the
increase in carbonization temperature with thorough structural
characterization and electrochemical testing. With the increase of
carbonization temperature from 900 to 1600 °C, our prepared
materials exhibited a trend toward increasing structural order, an increase in the specific surface area of micropores, the development
of ultramicroporosity, and an increase in conductivity. This was clearly demonstrated by a synergy of small- and wide-angle X-ray
scattering, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and electron-energy loss spectroscopy techniques. Three-electrode full cell
measurements confirmed incomplete desodiation of Na+ ions from the non-graphitizable carbons in the first cycle due to the
formation of a solid−electrolyte interface and Na trapping in the pores, followed by a stable second cycle. The study of cycling
stability over 100 cycles in a half-cell configuration confirmed the observed high irreversible capacity in the first cycle, which
stabilized to a slow decrease afterward, with the Coulombic efficiency reaching 99% after 30 cycles and then stabilizing between 99.3
and 99.5%. Subsequently, a strong correlation between the determined structural properties and the electrochemical behavior was
established. ORDS: hard carbon, Na-ion battery, structural properties, carbonization process, SAXS, correlations, porosity
emical performance R are currently the most viable option as negative electrode
materials in SIBs, owing to their low price, high storage
capacity, and cycling stability.10,11 Dahn and Stevens were the
first to describe the mechanism for sodium-ion interaction with
non-graphitizable carbons, by the so-called “house of cards”
model following the intercalation−adsorption process.12
Recently, Bommier et al.13 proposed a different mechanism
following the adsorption−intercalation−pore filling process. R
esource depletion and pollution related to the issues of
unsustainable fossil fuel use have promoted the use of
renewable and more green energy sources.1 To successfully
integrate renewable energy resources into the electrical grid,
industrial scale stationary energy storage systems are required. www.acsaem.org www.acsaem.org Metrics & More * Supporting Information https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 Correlating Structural Properties with Electrochemical Behavior of
Non-graphitizable Carbons in Na-Ion Batteries Correlating Structural Properties with Electrochemical Behavior of
Non-graphitizable Carbons in Na-Ion Batteries Correlating Structural Properties with Electrochemical Behavior of
Non-graphitizable Carbons in Na-Ion Batteries Blaž Tratnik, Nigel Van de Velde, Ivan Jerman, Gregor Kapun, Elena Tchernychova, Matija Tomšič,
Andrej Jamnik, Boštjan Genorio, Alen Vizintin,* and Robert Dominko Blaž Tratnik, Nigel Van de Velde, Ivan Jerman, Gregor Kapun, Elena Tchernychova, Matija Tomšič,
Andrej Jamnik, Boštjan Genorio, Alen Vizintin,* and Robert Dominko Read Online © 2022 The Authors. Published by
American Chemical Society ■RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Additionally, the temperature of carbonization has an effect
on the surface and bulk properties of non-graphitizable
carbons. In the first step of pyrolysis, taking place at
temperatures below 1000 °C, the gases that evolved
throughout the temperature range define the porosity and
specific surface area of carbons. During the first step, several
types of porosities are formed, namely, the open, closed, and
restricted porosities.25 Any subsequent increase of the
carbonization temperature results in the growth and rearrange-
ment of formed graphene layers, producing a more graphite-
like structure. Furthermore, the rearrangement of the carbon
structure at higher temperatures of carbonization critically
influences the porosity and the specific surface area, arguably
the two most important structural parameters to consider
when designing carbon materials for application in SIBs. As a
consequence of the structural rearrangement, smaller pores
tend to get closed off, resulting in an increase of the closed
porosity, inaccessible to different molecules. Finally, the
specific surface area decreases as well.19 Although the exact
mechanism of sodium insertion into non-graphitizable carbons
is yet to be determined, the understanding of the porosity and
specific surface area is crucial in establishing the correct model. Carbonization Mechanisms. Corncob was selected as the
lignocellulosic biomass precursor, due to its abundance,
negative bio-waste value, and the large amount of corn
annually produced worldwide. This brings the corncob bio-
waste into a circular economy and reduces the strain on the
environment. Lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, which are the main
constituents of corncob, are the organic precursors that
produce the best-performing non-graphitizable carbon materi-
als.31−33 The complex structures of lignocellulosic biomass are
composed of various compositions of the abovementioned
precursors. The amount of each fraction dictates the formation
of a microstructure of the biomass during pyrolysis and
consequently affects the electrochemical behavior of the
material. With the purpose of assessing the relative amounts
of corncob constituents, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
was performed. Pure commercial lignin and cellulose were
used as reference materials. The cellulose reference material exhibits one major
decomposition step in the TG curve, taking place between
250 and 400 °C (Figure 1a). At temperatures higher than 250
°C, the glycosidic bond becomes very reactive and breaks,
initiating a series of depolymerization reactions and prompting
the rearrangement of the structure into monomer units such as
levoglucosan and furfural. ■RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During this step, a large amount of
incondensable gases is released as presented by the m/z 44
(CO2) mass fragment (Figure 1a). At temperatures above 300
°C, the conversion of pyran and furan rings occurs, followed by
the formation of initial benzene rings. With increasing
temperature, the concentration of the latter increases, forming
the backbone of the pyrochar.34 pi
g
From LIBs, it has been recognized that the cycling stability is
closely linked to the formation of a stable solid−electrolyte
interface (SEI).26,27 The same is valid for SIBs. The
mechanism of SEI formation depends on the formulation of
the electrolyte and electrode surface properties. Additionally,
the morphology of non-graphitizable carbons is susceptible to
the formation of SEI. However, a clear difference between the
carbon porosity and the electrode porosity should be
established, as both of them influence the formation of the
SEI in a different way. The carbon porosity is an outcome of
intramolecular interactions. Still, not all types of carbon
porosity interact with the electrolyte to form the SEI.28 The
closed porosity is inaccessible to a number of molecules,
including the electrolyte and therefore does not promote the
formation of the SEI. Meanwhile, the open porosity is
accessible to the electrolyte, stimulating its decomposition. On the other hand, the electrode porosity is defined as the
interparticle porosity. Additional components, such as carbon
additives and binders, are present in the electrode, providing
an additional surface area for electrolyte decomposition. Most
common electrolytes in SIBs consist of NaPF6 or NaClO4 as
the salt in a mixture of various carbonate-based solvents, such
as propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and
dimethyl carbonate (DMC) among others.29,30 In stark contrast, the lignin reference material exhibits a
number of decomposition steps in the TG curve. The first
major one occurs in a wide temperature range between 200
and 450 °C and is followed by several minor steps at higher
temperatures (Figure 1b). In the initial stages of the first
decomposition step, the conversion of the propyl chains takes
place, followed by the rupture of the linkages between
monomer units, resulting in a release of phenolic com-
pounds.34 Additionally, at temperatures above 300 °C, the C−
C bonds between alkyl chains become unstable and break,
resulting in a conversion of those chains to acetaldehyde and/
or acetic acid with simultaneous release of incondensable gases
such as CO and CO2. Supporting Information It has already been the subject of research for applications,
such as supercapacitors20−22 as well as negative electrodes in
SIBs.23,24 mechanism and performance, due to the difference in the
carbon microstructure as well as the difference in the biomass
chemical composition and inorganic impurities present in the
precursors.14 Therefore, a plethora of different biomass-derived
nongraphitizable carbons with unique properties can be
prepared.15−18 Among the biomass precursors, lignocellulosic
biomass is abundant, has negative value waste, is easy to
collect, and yields high carbon content.19 The abovementioned
factors as well as the electrochemical results strongly suggest
that lignocellulosic biomass is the best candidate as a non-
graphitizable carbon precursor. One of the lignocellulosic
waste-biomass suitable for non-graphitizable carbon is corncob. It has already been the subject of research for applications,
such as supercapacitors20−22 as well as negative electrodes in
SIBs.23,24 non-graphitizable carbons prepared from corncob in correla-
tion with the carbonization temperature. Extensive research
was dedicated to the determination of surface area and
porosity of the derived materials by means of small- and wide-
angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS) and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). A correlation between the evolution of the
structure at different temperatures of carbonization and the
electrochemical behavior was established. The SEI formation
on the non-graphitizable carbon electrode was probed by
focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM)
and correlated with the electrochemical behavior. Finally, the
feasibility of corncob-derived non-graphitizable carbons was
tested in a full cell configuration. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 Supporting Information Secondary batteries are a promising candidate, owing to their
high energy conversion and simple maintenance.2 Sodium-ion
batteries (SIBs) are considered as the likely energy storage
system to compete with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in large-
scale applications. SIBs hold great promises due to the
abundance of raw materials and homogeneous sodium
distribution around the globe.3,4 i
However, the choice of the precursor (e.g., glucose,
cellulose, lignin, and so forth) for the synthesis of the non-
graphitizable carbons plays a critical role in the electrochemical Received:
May 6, 2022
Accepted:
August 11, 2022
Published: August 23, 2022
7
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 Received:
May 6, 2022
Accepted:
August 11, 2022
Published: August 23, 2022 Received:
May 6, 2022
Accepted:
August 11, 2022
Published: August 23, 2022 While a number of cathode materials5−7 for SIBs have
already been employed, the options on the anode side are
more scarce. Graphite, commonly used as the negative
electrode in LIBs, cannot be used in SIBs, due to its inability
to form binary graphite intercalation compounds (GIC’s).8,9
Non-graphitizable carbons (trivially known as hard carbons) © 2022 The Authors. Published by
American Chemical Society https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 10667 10667 ACS Applied Energy Materials www.acsaem.org Article mechanism and performance, due to the difference in the
carbon microstructure as well as the difference in the biomass
chemical composition and inorganic impurities present in the
precursors.14 Therefore, a plethora of different biomass-derived
nongraphitizable carbons with unique properties can be
prepared.15−18 Among the biomass precursors, lignocellulosic
biomass is abundant, has negative value waste, is easy to
collect, and yields high carbon content.19 The abovementioned
factors as well as the electrochemical results strongly suggest
that lignocellulosic biomass is the best candidate as a non-
graphitizable carbon precursor. One of the lignocellulosic
waste-biomass suitable for non-graphitizable carbon is corncob. ■RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Here, the carbon content increases with the
increasing temperature of carbonization, while the content of
other elements decreases. Structural and Morphological Properties. Structural
properties, such as the interlayer spacing, the average
arrangement of graphene sheets, and the overall graphitization
degree of the material, were determined by XRD. The
diffractogram (Figure S1) shows two characteristic peaks
appearing at the values of the scattering vector of
approximately 17 and 30 nm−1 that correspond to the (002)
planes of stacked graphene sheets and (100) planes of sp2
hybridized carbon, respectively. The observed peaks are broad,
demonstrating an absence of long-range ordering and a low
degree of graphitization. The interlayer distance, d(002), is a crucial parameter in the
characterization of non-graphitizable carbons, determining the
feasibility of Na+ intercalation between the graphene sheets. As
the temperature of carbonization increases from 900 to 1600
°C, the value of d(002) decreases from 0.378 to 0.368 nm,
respectively. All of the samples follow the trend of decreasing
interlayer distance with the increasing temperature of carbon-
ization, which is in agreement with literature reports.28,30,35
Interlayer distance values d(002) determined from the fitted
XRD patterns shown in Figure S1 are presented in Table 1. Despite the decreasing trend, these values are well above those
of graphite (0.335 nm), favoring the intercalation of Na+ ions. An observed decrease of interlayer distances reflects the
ongoing ordering of the carbon structure.fi Figure 1. TGA coupled with mass spectroscopy of (a) cellulose
reference material, (b) lignin reference material, and (c) corncob. Mass fragment m/z 44 corresponds to carbon dioxide (CO2). throughout the whole decomposition process is observed. As
the temperature increases, the structure of the char becomes
more and more aromatic. At this point, most of the evolved
compounds are incondensable gases.34 The TG curve of corncob resembles the one of the cellulose
reference materials (Figure 1c) with only one decomposition
step present. Meanwhile, the corncob retains a higher amount
of weight fraction25 wt % compared to 16 wt % for
cellulose. The evolution of CO2 observed in the mass spectrum
of cellulose (Figure 1a) demonstrates only one peak at 325 °C. ■RESULTS AND DISCUSSION At temperatures above 500 °C, most of
the initial bonds between monomer units are broken. The
reactions taking place are conversion reactions of short
substituents of benzene rings. Benzene rings are very stable
under an inert atmosphere; hence, the low weight loss In this work, we compare the structural, textural,
morphological, chemical, and electrochemical properties of 10668 10668 ACS Applied Energy Materials Article www.acsaem.org Figure 1. TGA coupled with mass spectroscopy of (a) cellulose
reference material, (b) lignin reference material, and (c) corncob. Mass fragment m/z 44 corresponds to carbon dioxide (CO2). multiple compounds. According to the literature, these two
peaks are characteristic for the decomposition of xylan and
glucomannan, the building blocks of hemicellulose. Both
polysaccharides are found to decompose in two steps with a
temperature shift of 20 to 30 °C with glucomannan
decomposing at the higher temperature. The charring process
of hemicellulose constituents is similar to that of cellulose.34
Therefore, the composition of corncob is presumed to
comprise mainly a cellulose and hemicellulose constituent
mixture and to a lesser extent lignin. At temperatures higher
than 1000 °C, additional evolution of CO2 gas is present,
indicating the start of structural rearrangement and ordering of
the carbon structure. Additionally, the breaking of residual
short chain functional groups from the surface is prompted,
followed by the release of trapped gasses. These results are in
good agreement with the results of CHNS elemental analysis
(Table S1). Here, the carbon content increases with the
increasing temperature of carbonization, while the content of
other elements decreases. multiple compounds. According to the literature, these two
peaks are characteristic for the decomposition of xylan and
glucomannan, the building blocks of hemicellulose. Both
polysaccharides are found to decompose in two steps with a
temperature shift of 20 to 30 °C with glucomannan
decomposing at the higher temperature. The charring process
of hemicellulose constituents is similar to that of cellulose.34 Therefore, the composition of corncob is presumed to
comprise mainly a cellulose and hemicellulose constituent
mixture and to a lesser extent lignin. At temperatures higher
than 1000 °C, additional evolution of CO2 gas is present,
indicating the start of structural rearrangement and ordering of
the carbon structure. Additionally, the breaking of residual
short chain functional groups from the surface is prompted,
followed by the release of trapped gasses. These results are in
good agreement with the results of CHNS elemental analysis
(Table S1). ACS Applied Energy Materials carbon particles. In region III, at high values of q, the scattering
contributions of the lamellar arrangements of the carbon atoms
are detected. Although all of the contributions provided (eq
S4) bestow valuable information, the contributions in region II
related to the total porosity of the material (Imp) show
significant differences between the materials. if
From region II (Figure 2), we can deduce that the surface
area provided by the total porosity of the samples, Smp, is high,
ranging from 295 to 351 m2 g−1 (Table S3). The values of the
calculated surface area Smp also correlate well with the values of
the total pore volume fraction, ϕpores, that is, the lower total
porosity corresponds to the higher surface area and vice versa
(Table S3). The only exception is Corn@1600 °C in which
case the value of Smp increases instead of decreasing. The
obtained values of the total pore volume fraction ϕpores from
6.1 to 8.6% increase with increasing temperature of carbon-
ization. The estimate of the average pore width wp (Table S3)
lies in the range from approximately 0.33 to 0.52 nm. Additionally, the values of wp follow a reverse trend compared
to the values of rN2it is the smallest in the case of Corn@900
°C and the biggest in the case of Corn@1600 °C. This
confirms the presence of ultramicroporosity in the material, as
was implied by N2 gas adsorption measurements. The
increasing trend in the value of wp with increasing temperature
of carbonization is most likely due to the rearrangement of the
carbon structure during pyrolysis, which affects the widths and
lengths of the ultramicropores. Moreover, factor fa is high for
Corn@900 °C and Corn@1200 °C, implying a disordered
structure. Subsequently, it decreases for Corn@1400 °C and
Corn@1600 °C, suggesting that the pores exhibit some degree
of short-range ordering.39 To assess the SSA and total porosity in a higher spatial
resolution, the SWAXS technique was employed. It allows
probing the quantity of total porosity and offers additional
insights into other important structural information, such as
average pore width, micropore volume fraction, micropore
surface area, and so forth (Tables S3 and S4 for complete
overview). ACS Applied Energy Materials Article www.acsaem.org Figure 2. Desmeared experimental SWAXS scattering curves of
corncob-derived non-graphitizable carbons. Information on different
length scale dependence on the scattering vector q is presented. analyzed samples, both parameters increase with the increasing
temperature of carbonization (Table 1), suggesting the
formation of a graphite-like structure. Gas adsorption measurements were performed with N2, and
the corresponding adsorption isotherms are shown in Figure
S3. All studied materials exhibit a type II isotherm character-
istic of non-porous materials as well as low surface areas
ranging from 7.3 to 11.2 m2 g−1 (Table 1). However, the
surface area increases with increasing temperature of carbon-
ization. This is in contradiction with the literature reports
where the surface area decreases with increasing temperature
of carbonization.28,30,35 A possible explanation for the SSA
increase is the formation of additional open porosity as a
consequence of gas evolution during carbonization (m/z 44
curve in Figure 1c). The average open pore width rN2,
determined by N2 adsorption, indicates the prevalence of
mesopores in the material (Table 1). The average open pore
width rN2, decreases from 10.0 nm for Corn@900 °C to 8.0
and 8.1 nm for Corn@1200 °C and Corn@1400 °C,
respectively. However, rN2 for Corn@1600 °C increases to
9.6 nm. Yet, the total open pore volume decreases from 3.5 ×
10−3 cm3 g−1 for Corn@900 °C to 1.3 × 10−3 cm3 g−1 for
Corn@1600 °C. These effects most likely occur due to the
growth and rearrangement of graphene-like sheets above 1000
°C, which results in sealing off of the smaller pores and
formation of closed porosity inaccessible to N2 gas molecules. Therefore, the observed increase of SSA with the simultaneous
decrease of the open pore volume can be attributed to the
limitations of N2 gas adsorption technique. Additionally, the
open pore volume decrease suggests the presence of ultra-
microporosity in the investigated samples. As suggested more
recently by Beda et al.,36 N2 is not suitable for assessing the
smaller open pore widths in non-graphitizable carbons. Other
gases, such as CO2, O2, and H2, should be employed when
working with carbons that exhibit a high degree of ultra-
microporosity.36,37 However, while delivering information not
only on micro- and meso- but also on ultramicroporosity, the
closed porosity fraction remains inaccessible even for those gas
molecules. Figure 2. Desmeared experimental SWAXS scattering curves of
corncob-derived non-graphitizable carbons. Information on different
length scale dependence on the scattering vector q is presented. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 ■RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In contrary, mass spectrum of corncob (Figure 1c) results in
two peaks at 260 and 315 °C, indicating the conversion of The effect of the final temperature of carbonization on the
ordering of the structure is presented by the parameter LC,
which can be calculated by eq S2 from the XRD patterns
(Figure S2) and defines the height of one stack of graphene
layers in the structure. The average number of graphene layers
in one stack can then be calculated as [(LC/d(002)) + 1]. For all Table 1. Structural Parameters of Corncob-Derived Non-graphitizable Carbons Prepared at Different Temperatures of
Carbonizationa
d(002) (nm)
LC (nm)
(LC/d(002)) +1
ID/IG
SSA N2 adsorption
(m2 g−1)
pore volume N2 adsorption
(10−3 cm3 g−1)
average pore width
rN2 (nm)
Corn@ 900 °C
0.378(6)
0.966(5)
3.56
3.39 ± 0.07
7.3
3.5
10.0
Corn@1200 °C
0.375(9)
1.122(9)
3.99
3.15 ± 0.11
7.9
1.9
8.0
Corn@1400 °C
0.372(8)
1.176(2)
4.16
2.91 ± 0.10
8.1
1.5
8.1
Corn@1600 °C
0.367(5)
1.272(9)
4.46
2.31 ± 0.08
11.2
1.3
9.6
ad
represents the interlayer distance L is the average height of a single stack of graphene layers (L /d
) + 1 is the average number of able 1. Structural Parameters of Corncob-Derived Non-graphitizable Carbons Prepared at Differen
arbonizationa arameters of Corncob-Derived Non-graphitizable Carbons Prepared at Different Temperatures of arameters of Corncob-Derived Non-graphitizable Carbons Prepared at Different Temperatures of ad(002) represents the interlayer distance, LC is the average height of a single stack of graphene layers, (LC/d(002)) + 1 is the average number of
graphene layers in a single stack, and ID/IG is the concentration of defects and specific surface area (SSA) determined by N2 adsorption. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 ACS Applied Energy Materials ACS Applied Energy Materials Article www.acsaem.org distortions in the lattice that affect long-range ordering.39
Therefore, the results indicate disordered nature of the studied
samples, which is becoming more ordered with increasing
temperature of carbonization, as inferred by the decreasing
value of wL. Another important parameter is the fractal cut-off
length, Σ, which represents the distortion length that
determines the layer−layer distance above which the long-
range order is lost. It is the smallest in the case of Corn@1200
°C and follows an increasing trend with increasing temperature
of carbonization. In parallel, the locally flat region lengths also
increase as indicated by the increasing values of the parameter
R. 3.51 ± 0.11, and 3.37 ± 0.1 Å, respectively. The measured d
values, however, are smaller than those determined from the
XRD analysis (3.76, 3.73, and 3.68 Å, respectively). This is
mostly due to the assessed region, which is smaller in STEM
imaging, compared to the XRD technique (30 × 30 nm vs 10
× 10 mm, respectively) and can potentially affect the
determination of average values. g
To further probe changes in the electronic structure of the
material upon thermal treatment, STEM-electron-energy loss
spectroscopy (EELS) C K edge spectra were taken from all
four samples and compared to the commercially available
graphite powder (Figures 3e and S7b). All spectra were
deconvoluted to remove the plural scattering, background-
subtracted, and normalized. The main features observed in the
C K edge spectra are a sharp and defined peak at 285 eV
induced by the 1s to π* state transitions (sp2 CC double
bonds), followed by a series of peaks above 290 eV due to the
1s to σ* state transitions (sp3 C−C single bonds). With the
increasing temperature of carbonization, the definition and
intensity of the π* peak increases. In the feature at around 291
eV, the σ* peak also increases linearly with the increasing
temperature, resembling that of the reference graphite
spectrum (Figure 3e and S7b, orange spectrum). Both changes
in the electronic structure are attributed to the increase in the
crystallinity, that is, an improvement of the periodicity and
symmetries of atomic positions, as well as to the increase of the
long-range order with the higher temperatures of carbon-
ization.42−44 The morphologies of the corncob precursor and carbonized
non-graphitizable carbons were visualized by SEM (Figure S6). The corncob precursor demonstrates a microstructure
constituting fibers and voids (Figure S6a). ACS Applied Energy Materials Upon carbonization
at 900 °C, the void matrix is revealed along with the
macropores (Figure S6b). With increasing temperature of
carbonization, the microstructure remains mainly unchanged
(Figure S6c−e), similarly to the literature findings for other
biomass precursors.30,41 Further insight into the structure of non-graphitizable
carbons at the atomic level was gained via scanning
transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging. Figure
3a−d shows the STEM-BF micrographs of all four non- Figure 3. STEM-BF micrographs of pristine powder samples
carbonized at (a) 900, (b) 1200, (c) 1400, and (d) 1600 °C. The
dashed lines drawn at the micrographs correspond to the position of
the intensity line profiles used to determine the graphite interlayer
spacing (see the Supporting Information for details). (e) EELS C K
edge spectra taken from all four samples as well as from the pure
graphite reference sample. The sp2/sp3 ratios calculated according to the method
described by Berger et al.42 and Daniels et al.43 were found to
be 4.12 for Corn@900 °C; 4.71 for Corn@1200 °C; 5.17 for
Corn@1400 °C; and 5.36 for Corn@1600 °C (Table S5). This
demonstrates a clear increase in sp2 content with the increase
of carbonization temperature. For the purpose of comparison,
assigning the sp2/sp3 ratio to be 100% for Corn@1600 °C, the
relative sp2 amounts of other investigated samples would be
equal to 77, 88, and 97% for Corn@900 °C, Corn@1200 °C,
and Corn@1400 °C, respectively (Table S5). Additionally, the
sp2/sp3 ratio is an intrinsic property of the prepared non-
graphitizable carbons and is connected to its electronic
conductivity. Therefore, the increase in the relative sp2
amounts with the temperature also increases the electronic
conductivity of the non-graphitizable carbons. The results
concur with the observation of larger number of arranged
stacks of graphene layers seen by the high-resolution STEM
image analysis (Figure 3a−d). There, the structural difference
between Corn@1400 °C and Corn@1600 °C is much less
pronounced. Compared to the graphite reference, an addi-
tional intensity in the dip between π* and σ* peaks at 287−
289 eV region can be seen in all spectra, being the highest in
Corn@900 °C (Figure S7b). It is ascribed to the presence of
C−H (σ*) antibonding orbital45 due to the presence of
residual hydrogen in samples, which is absent in pure
crystalline graphite. The feature reduces only slightly with
the increase of carbonization temperature up to 1600 °C. Figure 3. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 ACS Applied Energy Materials Opposite to gas adsorption techniques, SWAXS can
also detect closed porosity, which in the case of Na atoms
delivers additional insertion sites.38 Depending on different
ranges of the length of scattering vector q, the structural
information on length scales ranging from approximately 2 Å
up to approximately 79 nm can be extracted from the SWAXS
data. The details are encompassed by equations eqs S4−S12
and are discussed in the SI.39,40 The quality of the theoretical
fits according to eq S4 to the experimental data is shown in
Figure S4, and the resulting values of the fitting parameters are
summarized in Tables S2−S4. The SWAXS patterns in Figure
2 can be divided into three regions according to the observed
features. Another notable parameter determined from Imp is the
correlation length, ξ, describing the long-range order. We can
observe that the value of ξ increases with the increasing
temperature of carbonization, confirming previous observa-
tions that the structure of the material becomes more ordered
and graphite-like. This statement is further supported by the
decreasing concentration of defects (Stone−Wales defects,
heteroatoms, and vacancies) with the increasing temperature
of carbonization as determined by Raman spectroscopy (see
Note 1 in Supporting Information and Figure S5). Complementary to the XRD data, the wide-angle contribu-
tion, IWAXS, provides information about the evolution of the
local structure of carbon on an atomistic scale. The shape of
the scattering peaks in the wide-angle part of the SWAXS
curves in terms of Gaussian, wG, and Lorentzian, wL,
contributions was inspected. The results given in Table S4
suggest that the Gaussian contribution is negligible and the
Lorentzian contribution prevails. It is known from the
literature that the Lorentzian broadening is induced by the In region I, at very small values of the scattering vector q, the
contributions of scattering from micrometer-sized particles
with well-defined interfaces to either other particles or vacuum
are observed. Region II represents the scattering contributions
from micropores, their clusters, and arrangements inside the 10670 ACS Applied Energy Materials ACS Applied Energy Materials ACS Applied Energy Materials STEM-BF micrographs of pristine powder samples
carbonized at (a) 900, (b) 1200, (c) 1400, and (d) 1600 °C. The
dashed lines drawn at the micrographs correspond to the position of
the intensity line profiles used to determine the graphite interlayer
spacing (see the Supporting Information for details). (e) EELS C K
edge spectra taken from all four samples as well as from the pure
graphite reference sample. graphitizable carbon samples. It can be seen, that ordering of
graphene layers within the non-graphitizable carbon structure
increases with the increasing temperature of carbonization. The intensity line profiles, measured at the positions marked
by dashed lines (Figure S7a) demonstrate that in the case of
Corn@900 °C, the arrangement of layers is rather low. For
higher temperatures from 1200 °C up to 1600 °C, layers
within the non-graphitizable carbon particle begin to arrange
into stacks. Due to the creation of distinct stacks and their
random bending and curving more pronounced ultramicro-
porosity can also be observed with increasing temperature. graphitizable carbon samples. It can be seen, that ordering of
graphene layers within the non-graphitizable carbon structure
increases with the increasing temperature of carbonization. The intensity line profiles, measured at the positions marked
by dashed lines (Figure S7a) demonstrate that in the case of
Corn@900 °C, the arrangement of layers is rather low. For
higher temperatures from 1200 °C up to 1600 °C, layers
within the non-graphitizable carbon particle begin to arrange
into stacks. Due to the creation of distinct stacks and their
random bending and curving more pronounced ultramicro-
porosity can also be observed with increasing temperature. All of the techniques presented above contributed a piece of
information on the structural, textural, and morphological
properties of the prepared corncob-derived carbons. Combin-
ing the results of all of the applied methods, a clear trend could
be observed. The sample prepared at the lowest temperature
exhibited the least ordering of graphene layers as well as the
highest concentration of structural defects. With the increase in
the carbonization temperature, a gradual rearrangement of the The distances between layers in stacks are summarized in
Figure S7a. Because the variations for the Corn@900 °C lie
between 2.98 and 4.35 Å, average value d for this sample was
not considered. Other samples prepared at 1200, 1400, and
1600 °C are found to have d-spacings equal to 3.28 ± 0.36, 10671 Article ACS Applied Energy Materials www.acsaem.org Figure 4. ACS Applied Energy Materials materials’ structure and further stacking of the graphene layers
along with simultaneous formation of ultramicroporosity was
observed. Such changes in the morphology and structure are
expected to translate into the specific electrochemical behavior. p
pi
Electrochemical Characterization. Initial Coulombic
efficiency (iCE) is one of the most important parameters to
consider when determining the feasibility of the negative
electrode material for Na-ion batteries. The value of the iCE
dictates the loss of the active material in the first cycle due to
the electrolyte decomposition and SEI formation. It is well
accepted that a high surface area consumes a larger amount of
charge, consequently resulting in a lower iCE.28 The iCE
values of corncob-derived non-graphitizable carbons are
calculated from the data shown in Figure 4a and are listed in
Table S6 in the SI. The highest iCE value is achieved with
Corn@1200 °C and amounts to 77.8%, while Corn@1600 °C
exhibited the lowest iCE value of 66.1%. Taking into account,
the N2 gas adsorption-derived SSA, we notice the same trend
as reported in the literature46the higher SSAN2 induces a
higher irreversible capacity resulting in lower iCE values as is
evident in the case of Corn@1600 °C. However, the
differences in SSAN2 are minimal and smaller fluctuations
should be expected in iCE’s of individual samples. Meanwhile,
SWAXS results establish a clear correlation between the
surface area of micropores (Smp) (Table S3) and the iCE
higher Smp results in a lower iCE. However, SWAXS
measurements comprise both open and closed porosities,
and while we cannot quantify the amount of closed porosity we
also cannot be certain that the iCE values refer to the total
porosity. The temperature of carbonization plays a major role in the
evolution of carbon structures, affecting the electrochemical
behavior of prepared carbons. This effect can be distinguished
within the two different regions of Na+ insertion into the non-
graphitizable carbons, namely, the sloping region above 0.1 V
and the plateau region below 0.1 V.13 The second discharge
galvanostatic curves of the investigated carbons are presented
in Figure 4b. The amount of the capacity contributed by the
sloping region, which is attributed to the adsorption of Na+
ions onto the defects is much more significant at lower
temperatures of carbonization as was already predicted by the
defect concentration from Raman (Note 1 in the Supporting
Information) and the SWAXS parameter wL (Table S4). ACS Applied Energy Materials a) Galvanostatic curves in the first cycle of corncob-derived non-graphitizable carbons carbonized at different temperatures, (b)
galvanostatic curve in the second discharge, (c) capacity contributions of sloping and plateau regions, and (d) cycling stability over 100 cycles. ACS Applied Energy Materials
www.acsaem.org
Article Figure 4. a) Galvanostatic curves in the first cycle of corncob-derived non-graphitizable carbons carbonized at different temperatures, (b)
galvanostatic curve in the second discharge, (c) capacity contributions of sloping and plateau regions, and (d) cycling stability over 100 cycles. S5) suggest that the amount of active sites and oxygen-based
functional groups decreases with the increasing temperature of
carbonization. According to this, we should expect an increase
of iCE with increasing temperature of carbonization, yet that is
not the case. Another phenomenon we have not considered yet
is the sluggish Na+-ion kinetics. With the increase of the
graphitization degree, it becomes harder for Na+ ions to
intercalate between the graphene sheets. The same applies
when the process of deintercalation is taking place. Also taking
into account the curvature of the graphene layers in non-
graphitizable carbons, it is possible that the Na+ ions are unable
to deintercalate from the carbon structure, resulting in the loss
of active material. While the increased number of defects
dictates the iCE at lower temperatures of carbonization
(Corn@900 °C), it appears that the sluggish Na+-ion kinetics
is the main reason for low iCEs in the case of higher
carbonization temperatures (Corn@1600 °C). S5) suggest that the amount of active sites and oxygen-based
functional groups decreases with the increasing temperature of
carbonization. According to this, we should expect an increase
of iCE with increasing temperature of carbonization, yet that is
not the case. Another phenomenon we have not considered yet
is the sluggish Na+-ion kinetics. With the increase of the
graphitization degree, it becomes harder for Na+ ions to
intercalate between the graphene sheets. The same applies
when the process of deintercalation is taking place. Also taking
into account the curvature of the graphene layers in non-
graphitizable carbons, it is possible that the Na+ ions are unable
to deintercalate from the carbon structure, resulting in the loss
of active material. While the increased number of defects
dictates the iCE at lower temperatures of carbonization
(Corn@900 °C), it appears that the sluggish Na+-ion kinetics
is the main reason for low iCEs in the case of higher
carbonization temperatures (Corn@1600 °C). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 ACS Applied Energy Materials The sloping region transitions to the
plateau region much earlier as the temperature of carbon-
ization increases. Additionally, the voltage hold at a lower cut-
off voltage of 5 mV contributes to a considerable amount of
capacity. The reason for this lies in the bigger size of Na+ ions
compared to Li+ ions, inducing transport and diffusion
limitations.46 As the voltage hold begins (Figure S8a), the
current begins to fall, providing favorable conditions for more
facile intercalation of Na+ into the structure of non-
graphitizable carbons. The intercalation of Na+ proceeds
until the given conditions are met. The voltage hold step is
necessary when working with non-graphitizing carbons so that
the maximum capacity can be extracted from the material.32
Additionally, at very low sodiation potentials (in our case, 5
mV), there is a possibility of Na metal deposition on the
carbon surface. According to the literature, Na deposition is
designated by an overpotential that shows as a minimum in the
negative voltage regime of the galvanostatic curve. The
minimum is followed by an increase in voltage while still
remaining negative. This increase is designated as a plateau,
indicating the nucleation of sodium on the surface of the
carbon electrode.47,48 To exclude the possibility of Na metal
deposition during the sodiation at low potentials, electro-
chemical measurements with sodiation to negative potentials
were performed. As presented in Figures S8a,c, galvanostatic
profiles resembling the Na metal deposition were observed. At
slower rates (C/10), the minimum is not that prominent and
slowly shifts into a plateau. Meanwhile, at higher rates (1C),
the minimum is observed as a sharp peak, followed by a
plateau. The minimum occurs close to −0.2 V in both cases. While these results quite clearly present the deposition of Na
metal, no such phenomenon is observed in the potential range
around 0 V, indicating that no Na metal deposition occurs in
the plateau region. Moreover, no such phenomenon is
observed throughout the cycling process of our non-graph-
itizable carbons discharged to 5 mV. Di h
i
d
i
li
i
h
i
Fi
4d p
g
To evaluate the cycling stability over 100 cycles and to see
the differences between the pristine Corn@1400 °C electrode
and Corn@1400 °C electrode cycled for 100 cycles, we
performed a postmortem morphological analysis by FIB-SEM. The Corn@1400 °C was chosen due to the best electro-
chemical performance. ACS Applied Energy Materials Quantitatively speaking, the sloping region amounts to 64% of
the overall capacity (Figure 4c) for Corn@900 °C. As the
temperature of carbonization increases, the sloping region
contribution starts to diminish, while the plateau region
attributed to the intercalation of Na+ ions and pore filling of
Na atomsincreases. For Corn@1600 °C, the sloping region
contributes merely 19%, while the plateau region contributes There are several additional parameters influencing the iCE’s
that have to be considered. As shown by Beda et al.,28 the
surface area of ultramicropores (CO2 adsorption), the amount
of active sites, and the amount of oxygen-based functional
groups all heavily influence the iCE’s. Still, other techniques
such as Raman spectroscopy (Note 1 in the Supporting
Information), elemental analysis (Table S1), and EELS (Table 10672 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 ACS Applied Energy Materials www.acsaem.org Article main factors influencing the electrochemical performance of
corncob-derived non-graphitizable carbons. Based on the
obtained results, correlations were established to assign the
processes taking place either in the sloping or in the plateau
region. Figure S9 presents the correlations established for the
Na storage contributions in the sloping region. Despite the
various parameters obtained, only the concentration of defects
(ID/IG ratio) correlated well with the relative sloping capacity. We could observe that Corn@900 °C exhibits the highest
relative sloping capacity, while also exhibiting the highest
concentration of defects. For other carbons, the concentration
of defects begins to decrease with increasing temperature of
carbonization. Concurrently, the relative sloping capacity starts
decreasing as well, reaching the lowest value for Corn@1600
°C. This indicates the predominant effect of the adsorption of
Na+ atoms on the defect sites in the carbon structure at higher
potentials. Meanwhile, a considerable amount of factors
influence the plateau region (Figure S10a). Parameters
determined by SWAXS, such as the correlation length
describing the long-range order (ξ) and the length of locally
flat regions (R), show a strong correlation with the plateau
region contributions (Figure S10b). Both parameters implicate
that the increased ordering of the structure increases the
relative plateau capacity. Correlation length describing the
long-range order increases with the increasing temperature of
carbonization, forming favorable conditions for the intercala-
tion of Na+ ions into the graphite-like structure of non-
graphitizable carbons. Additionally, the increasing length of
locally flat regions decreases the curvature of the graphene
layers, further alleviating the insertion of Na+ ions into the
structure. ACS Applied Energy Materials The voltage hold step is
necessary when working with non-graphitizing carbons so that
the maximum capacity can be extracted from the material.32
Additionally, at very low sodiation potentials (in our case, 5
mV), there is a possibility of Na metal deposition on the
carbon surface. According to the literature, Na deposition is
designated by an overpotential that shows as a minimum in the
negative voltage regime of the galvanostatic curve. The
minimum is followed by an increase in voltage while still
remaining negative. This increase is designated as a plateau,
indicating the nucleation of sodium on the surface of the
carbon electrode.47,48 To exclude the possibility of Na metal
deposition during the sodiation at low potentials, electro-
chemical measurements with sodiation to negative potentials
were performed. As presented in Figures S8a,c, galvanostatic
profiles resembling the Na metal deposition were observed. At
slower rates (C/10), the minimum is not that prominent and
slowly shifts into a plateau. Meanwhile, at higher rates (1C),
the minimum is observed as a sharp peak, followed by a
plateau. The minimum occurs close to −0.2 V in both cases. While these results quite clearly present the deposition of Na
metal, no such phenomenon is observed in the potential range
around 0 V, indicating that no Na metal deposition occurs in
the plateau region. Moreover, no such phenomenon is
observed throughout the cycling process of our non-graph-
itizable carbons discharged to 5 mV. Discharge capacity during cycling is shown in Figure 4d. Rapid fall of high initial capacities is observed for all samples in an overwhelming 81%. This is in good agreement with
structural characterization results. Several parameters obtained
from SWAXS results, that is, the correlation length beyond
which the long-range ordering is lost, ξ, the length beyond
which the regions cannot be considered locally flat, R, and the
distortion length which determines the layer−layer distance
above which the long-range order is lost, Σ, gathered in Table
S4 correlate well with the results on the capacity contribution
of the plateau region. These parameters confirm the ordering
of the non-graphitizable carbon structure with increasing
temperature of carbonization. Specifically, as the structure gets
more graphite-like, the intercalation process (Figure 4a−d)
becomes more favorable than the adsorption of Na+ ions. This
can also be observed from the electrochemical curves, as
shown in Figure 4b. ACS Applied Energy Materials However, not only does intercalation take place in
the plateau region but also additional parameters related to the
porosity of the material correlate well with the plateau region
contributions. In this regard, the average pore width (Wp) and
the pore volume fraction (Φp) imply that the pore filling
mechanism also takes place in the plateau region (Figure
S10c). We can see that with the increasing pore width and
pore volume fraction, the relative plateau capacity also
increases. This is a clear indication that the filling of the
pores with Na atoms occurs in the low-voltage region. However, with the techniques used, we were not able to
determine during which part of the plateau each of the
processes (intercalation and pore filling) takes place. In
summary, the concentration of defects play a decisive role in
the sloping region, while a combination of graphite-like
domains and the pore architecture dictate the Na storage in
the plateau region. an overwhelming 81%. This is in good agreement with
structural characterization results. Several parameters obtained
from SWAXS results, that is, the correlation length beyond
which the long-range ordering is lost, ξ, the length beyond
which the regions cannot be considered locally flat, R, and the
distortion length which determines the layer−layer distance
above which the long-range order is lost, Σ, gathered in Table
S4 correlate well with the results on the capacity contribution
of the plateau region. These parameters confirm the ordering
of the non-graphitizable carbon structure with increasing
temperature of carbonization. Specifically, as the structure gets
more graphite-like, the intercalation process (Figure 4a−d)
becomes more favorable than the adsorption of Na+ ions. This
can also be observed from the electrochemical curves, as
shown in Figure 4b. The sloping region transitions to the
plateau region much earlier as the temperature of carbon-
ization increases. Additionally, the voltage hold at a lower cut-
off voltage of 5 mV contributes to a considerable amount of
capacity. The reason for this lies in the bigger size of Na+ ions
compared to Li+ ions, inducing transport and diffusion
limitations.46 As the voltage hold begins (Figure S8a), the
current begins to fall, providing favorable conditions for more
facile intercalation of Na+ into the structure of non-
graphitizable carbons. The intercalation of Na+ proceeds
until the given conditions are met. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 ACS Applied Energy Materials The resulting phase contrast images of
Corn@1400 °C sample surfaces are depicted in Figure 5. The
top-down phase-contrast SEM image in Figure 5a shows a
surface of the pristine Corn@1400 °C electrode comprised
active material particles (size ≤10 μm), C65 carbon, and PVdF
binder. The cycled electrode shows a different top-down
surface morphology (Figure 5b). In this case, a dense and
rather smooth surface film is formed. The FIB-polished cross
section of the pristine electrode (Figure 5c) reveals the
interconnected electrode porosity. Figure 5d shows the details
of the SEI formed on the electrode’s surface in the cycled cell. Discharge capacity during cycling is shown in Figure 4d. Rapid fall of high initial capacities is observed for all samples in
the initial five formation cycles at a current density of C/10. After switching to a higher current density of 1C, a further
decrease of capacity is observed before the cycling stabilizes. The Corn@1200 °C and Corn@1400 °C samples exhibited
the best performance, reaching 218 and 232 mAh g−1,
respectively, at the end of cycling at 1C current density. The
Corn@900 °C and Corn@1600 °C samples, on the other
hand, demonstrated a much worse electrochemical perform-
ance. An extensive characterization of structural, textural, and
morphological properties was performed to determine the 10673 ACS Applied Energy Materials Article www.acsaem.org Figure 5. Phase contrast images of sample surfacestop-down view
(a) pristine, (b) cycled, and (c,d) the corresponding FIB-polishe
cross sections of (c) pristine and (d) cycled. Supporting Information. Figure 6 shows the EDX elemental
distribution maps of surface SEM as well as the FIB-polished
cross section. The EDX mapping for the cycled cell confirms
the presence of SEI both at the surface and inside the bulk of
the electrode via the presence of Na intensity (Figure 6a,b). Although the surface SEI in Figure 6a shows lower Na and O
intensity compared to the bulk electrode SEI, the quantitative
EDX spectra from the selected areas (Figure S13) reveal that
the surface SEIs have 41.8 ± 3.5 wt % Na and 19.4 ± 1.8 wt %
O while the bulk electrode SEIs have 33.2 ± 0.5 wt % Na and
16.5 ± 0.4 wt % O. Such a discrepancy between the mapping
intensities and quantification results is due to the small
thickness of the surface SEI, which results in a smaller
analytical volume of the containing elements. ACS Applied Energy Materials The F amount is
due to its presence in the PVdF binder used for the electrode. p
To study the adequacy of the prepared corncob-derived
non-graphitizable carbons, three-electrode full cell measure-
ments were performed. This approach is essential for clear
separation of the electrochemical contribution of the negative
and positive electrodes. This helps to determine the limiting
electrode in the battery. Based on the results of the half-cell
measurements (Figure 4d), Corn@1400 °C was selected as the
negative electrode. Commercial NVPF [Na3V2(PO4)2F3] was
used as the positive electrode and Na metal as the reference
electrode. Figure 7a presents the electrochemical behavior of
the first two cycles. In the first desodiation step (relative to the
positive electrode), two characteristic plateaus are observed,
corresponding to the extraction of two Na+ ions per formula
unit from the NVPF. Simultaneously, the sodiation of the
negative electrode takes place. In the first sodiation step
(relative to the negative electrode), both of the characteristic
features of Na+ insertion into the non-graphitizable carbons,
namely, the sloping and the plateau region, can be clearly
distinguished. Additionally, a knee is observed at around 500
mV, corresponding to the electrolyte decomposition on the
carbon surface. Meanwhile, in the reinsertion step of the
positive electrode, it can be seen that only one of the plateaus
at a higher voltage is completed, while the second plateau is Figure 5. Phase contrast images of sample surfacestop-down view:
(a) pristine, (b) cycled, and (c,d) the corresponding FIB-polished
cross sections of (c) pristine and (d) cycled. This surface SEI is dense and smooth. Moreover, it is also
formed inside the bulk of the electrode, filling the
interconnected electrode porosity.49 Consequently, the growth
of the SEI inside the electrode inevitably leads to the blocking
of ionic pathways throughout the cycling process. This led to
worse electrochemical performance, as observed in Figure 4d. It has to be noted that the particle’s size distribution within the
bulk electrode, as presented in Figure 5d, is not illustrative. This is due to the random choice of the FIB cross-section
positioning on the electrode that has a large and non-
homogeneous particle size distribution (Figure S11). From the
particle size distribution of Corn@1400 °C (Figure S11), it is
evident that most particles are of the size of around 100 nm
but with a large scatter in distribution with some particles of
the size of 10 μm. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 ■CONCLUSIONS Ordering of
the structure and increase of conductivity were additionally
confirmed by the increasing sp2/sp3 ratio determined by EELS. i
The presence of ultramicroporosity was determined by
SWAXS, while N2 gas adsorption provided complementary
data on a micro-/mesoscale. The increase of the specific
surface area of micropores determined from SWAXS data is in
correlation with the iCEs, a larger surface area leading to lower
efficiencies. The capacity contributions show a clear depend-
ence between the structural properties of carbons and the ratio
between the sloping and plateau regions. Furthermore,
parameters determined by SWAXS imply that the contribution
of the plateau region increases with the increasing temperature
of carbonization. Meanwhile, Raman spectroscopy, EELS, and
the parameter wL from SWAXS indicate the presence of defects
in the carbon matrix, suggesting a higher contribution of the
sloping region in the galvanostatic curves at lower temper-
atures of carbonization. Figure 7. a) Electrochemical performance of formation cycles of the
NVPF/Corn@1400 °C three-electrode full cell and (b) cycling
stability over 100 cycles of the NVPF/Corn@1400 °C two-electrode
cell. Based on the performance of prepared carbons in the half-
cell experiments, Corn@1400 °C was selected as the negative
electrode in the three-electrode full cell configuration. In the
first sodiation step of the carbon electrode, we were able to
clearly distinguish the sloping and the plateau region, and the
desodiation of the positive electrode was completed. In the
desodiation step of the carbon electrode, we observed the
plateau region attributing to a lower capacity than in the
sodiation step, indicating diffusional limitations. Consequently,
the reinsertion of sodium into the positive electrode was not
completed. These diffusional limitations were elucidated with
FIB-SEM analysis of electrodes cycled in half-cells, where it
was identified that the SEI grows on the surface as well as
inside the bulk of the electrode, blocking the ionic pathways. only partially finished. This means that the reinsertion of Na+
ions back into the positive electrode (NVPF) is not complete,
resulting in an irreversible loss of the active material. Considering the shorter length of the desodiation plateau for
the negative electrode compared to that of sodiation (Figure
7a), it can be assumed that not all of the inserted Na+ could
have been extracted from the negative electrode upon the
desodiation step. A possible explanation is the loss of Na+ to
the formation of the SEI. ■CONCLUSIONS Corncob-derived non-graphitizable carbons were prepared at
different carbonization temperatures by a two-step process to
establish correlations between structural properties and
electrochemical behavior. The corncob constituents were
determined to be a mixture of cellulose and hemicellulose. A
detailed investigation of structural properties was carried out
on different size scales with complementary techniques,
SWAXS, STEM, and EELS, providing structural information
on a nanometer scale. Several unconventional parameters such
as the correlation length beyond which the order is lost, the
fractal cut-off length, and the lengths of locally flat regions
insinuated the trend of increased ordering of the carbon matrix
with the increased temperature of carbonization. The obtained
SWAXS parameters were more explicitly shown in TEM
images, where the increased stacking and the decreased
curvature of graphene layers could be observed. Ordering of
the structure and increase of conductivity were additionally
confirmed by the increasing sp2/sp3 ratio determined by EELS. The presence of ultramicroporosity was determined by
SWAXS, while N2 gas adsorption provided complementary
data on a micro-/mesoscale. The increase of the specific
surface area of micropores determined from SWAXS data is in
correlation with the iCEs, a larger surface area leading to lower
efficiencies. The capacity contributions show a clear depend-
ence between the structural properties of carbons and the ratio
between the sloping and plateau regions. Furthermore,
parameters determined by SWAXS imply that the contribution
of the plateau region increases with the increasing temperature
of carbonization. Meanwhile, Raman spectroscopy, EELS, and
the parameter wL from SWAXS indicate the presence of defects
in the carbon matrix, suggesting a higher contribution of the
sloping region in the galvanostatic curves at lower temper-
atures of carbonization. Corncob-derived non-graphitizable carbons were prepared at
different carbonization temperatures by a two-step process to
establish correlations between structural properties and
electrochemical behavior. The corncob constituents were
determined to be a mixture of cellulose and hemicellulose. A
detailed investigation of structural properties was carried out
on different size scales with complementary techniques,
SWAXS, STEM, and EELS, providing structural information
on a nanometer scale. Several unconventional parameters such
as the correlation length beyond which the order is lost, the
fractal cut-off length, and the lengths of locally flat regions
insinuated the trend of increased ordering of the carbon matrix
with the increased temperature of carbonization. The obtained
SWAXS parameters were more explicitly shown in TEM
images, where the increased stacking and the decreased
curvature of graphene layers could be observed. ACS Applied Energy Materials μ
The elemental distribution and composition of the SEI was
probed by SEM−EDX. The elemental composition of the
pristine electrode (Figure S12) is discussed in Note 2 in the Figure 6. a) Surface SEM analysis with the corresponding EDX elemental distribution maps and (b) FIB-polished cross section with the
corresponding EDX elemental distribution maps of sample. Figure 6. a) Surface SEM analysis with the corresponding EDX elemental distribution maps and (b) FIB-polished cross section with the
corresponding EDX elemental distribution maps of sample. 10674 10674 Figure 7. a) Electrochemical performance of formation cycles of the
NVPF/Corn@1400 °C three-electrode full cell and (b) cycling
stability over 100 cycles of the NVPF/Corn@1400 °C two-electrode
cell. ACS Applied Energy Materials ACS Applied Energy Materials Article Article www.acsaem.org ■CONCLUSIONS Another possibility could be the
trapping of Na+ in the pores of the material.50 A similar
behavior was observed in half-cell experiments (Figure 4). Finally, no additional loss of Na+ is observed in the second
cycle. In summary, combined N2 adsorption, SWAXS, TEM, FIB-
SEM, and electrochemical studies of corncob-derived non-
graphitizable carbons exposed the complex interdependencies
of structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties on
the battery performance. Cycling stability of a two-electrode full cell over 100 cycles is
presented in Figure 7b. The cell exhibits a high charge capacity
of 191 mAh g−1 while also displaying high irreversible capacity
in the first cycle. Consequently, the iCE amounts to 61%. Afterward, the capacity slowly decreases, reaching 85 mAh g−1
after 100 cycles. The Coulombic efficiency is low in the initial
cycles, reaching 99% only after 30 cycles (Figure S14a) and
then stabilizing between 99.3 and 99.5%. Electrochemical
curves representing the selected cycles are presented in Figure
S14b. In the first cycle, both of the plateaus corresponding to
the desodiation/sodiation step of the NVPF electrode are
clearly visible. In subsequent cycles, these two plateaus get less
pronounced while also contributing less capacity. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 ■METHODS We have provided a
detailed description of the experimental and theoretical procedures
and methods in the Supporting Information.39,40,51−56 Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements were per-
formed on an in-lab-modified old Kratky-type camera (Anton Paar)
on an X-ray generator (Seifert, ID3003) with the Cu-anode X-ray
tube (Cu Kα line) operating at 40 kV and 50 mA. We have provided a
detailed description of the experimental and theoretical procedures
and methods in the Supporting Information.39,40,51−56 The N2 gas adsorption analysis was done using a Micromeritics
ASAP 2020 apparatus. Surface area analysis was done using the
Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) method, while the Barrett−Joy-
ner−Halenda (BJH) method was used to evaluate the pore size
distribution. The N2 gas adsorption analysis was done using a Micromeritics
ASAP 2020 apparatus. Surface area analysis was done using the
Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) method, while the Barrett−Joy-
ner−Halenda (BJH) method was used to evaluate the pore size
distribution. SEM (FE-SEM, Supra 35 VP Carl Zeiss) was used for the
characterization of the morphology of the samples. SEM (FE-SEM, Supra 35 VP Carl Zeiss) was used for the
characterization of the morphology of the samples. p
gy
p
The materials morphology and particle’ distribution were examined
using a JEM-ARM200CF, probe Cs-corrected scanning transmission
electron microscope, equipped with a cold field emission gun (FEG)
electron source operated at 80 kV, a JEOL Centurio 100 mm2 EDXS
detector and a JEOL STEM detector (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan), and a
GIFQuantum ER dual-EELS system (GATAN-AMETEK, Pleasanton,
USA), which was used for electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). TEM samples were prepared by dispersing approximately 300 μg of
the material in 5 mL of absolute ethanol in an ultrasonic bath for 15
min. Then, 20 μL of the suspension was placed on the copper TEM
grid. For materials imaging, high-resolution STEM high-angle annular
dark-field/bright-field (STEM-HAADF/-BF) modes were used. The
EELS measurements of C K edge were performed at 80 keV
accelerating voltage with 0.25 eV energy dispersion in a spectrum
imaging mode to reduce the possible material damage. Spectra were
then summed over the whole spectrum imaging area and deconvolved
to remove plural scattering. ■METHODS EDX quantitative analysis and elemental distribution
maps were acquired at 7 kV with the beam current set to 0.8 nA. A
more detailed explanation of the preparation methods is described in
Note 2 of Supporting Information. Characterization. Thermogravimetric (TG) measurements were
performed on a Netzsch 449 F3 Jupiter instrument under a dynamic
Ar (5.0) flow with a flow rate of 50 mL min−1 in a temperature range
from 30 °C to 1200 °C. A heating rate of 10 K/min was used. About
10 mg of sample was placed in an alumina (Al2O3) crucible. Simultaneously, mass spectrometry was performed on a MS 403C
Aëolos with a SEM Chenneltron detector and a system pressure of 2
× 10−5 mbar. Gasses that evolved under TG heat treatment were
transferred to the mass spectrometer through a transfer capillary,
quartz ID: 75 μm, which was heated up to 220 °C. The upper limit of
the mass spectrometer detector was 100 AMU. pp
g
Electrode Preparation. Prior to electrode preparation, the
samples were ground in a mixer mill (SPEX SamplePrep, Retsch)
for 30 min. Electrodes were prepared with a composition of 90 wt %
non-graphitizable carbon material, 5 wt % conductive carbon Super
C65 (Timcal), and 5 wt % polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF, Aldrich). The mixture was dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP, Aldrich)
and ball milled for 30 min at 300 rpm to obtain a homogeneous
slurry. The slurry was then cast on a carbon-coated Al foil (Armor,
France) with a doctor blade applicator with a thickness of 100 μm. The coated slurry was dried at 80 °C overnight. Electrodes with a
diameter of 16 mm were punched out the next day and transferred to
an argon-filled glovebox. The loadings were maintained between 1.5
and 2 mg cm−2. p
The crystal structure of the samples was characterized by X-ray
powder diffraction (XRD). Measurements were carried out on a
PANalytical X’pert PRO high-resolution diffractometer with Cu Kα1
radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å) in the range of 2θ from 10 to 80° with a step
of 0.033° and a measurement time of 1 s per step. Values of 2θ were
converted to the values of the scattering vector, q, for the unification
of scale between XRD and SAXS measurements. Converted values of
q range from 7.1 to 52.4 nm−1. p
The crystal structure of the samples was characterized by X-ray
powder diffraction (XRD). ■METHODS Measurements were carried out on a
PANalytical X’pert PRO high-resolution diffractometer with Cu Kα1
radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å) in the range of 2θ from 10 to 80° with a step
of 0.033° and a measurement time of 1 s per step. Values of 2θ were
converted to the values of the scattering vector, q, for the unification
of scale between XRD and SAXS measurements. Converted values of
q range from 7.1 to 52.4 nm−1. Raman spectroscopy measurements were carried out using a
wavelength of 532 nm (WITec Alpha300 SRA Plus, WITec GmbH). The laser intensity was 1.5 mW to avoid any laser-induced changes. Each of the samples was measured on four different places. More
details are provided in Note 1 in the Supporting Information. Raman spectroscopy measurements were carried out using a
wavelength of 532 nm (WITec Alpha300 SRA Plus, WITec GmbH). The laser intensity was 1.5 mW to avoid any laser-induced changes. Each of the samples was measured on four different places. More
details are provided in Note 1 in the Supporting Information. and 2 mg cm . Cell Assembly and Electrochemical Measurements. The
electrochemical measurements were conducted in two-electrode
pouch-type cells. The cells were assembled in an argon-filled glovebox
with water and oxygen contents below 0.5 ppm. Non-graphitizable
carbon electrodes were used as working electrodes, whereas sodium
metal (Aldrich, approximately 500 μm thick) was used as the counter
electrode. Both electrodes were separated by a glass fiber separator
(Whatman, GF-A). The electrolyte used was 1 M NaPF6 in a solvent
mixture of propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC)
(1:1 vol. %). Each cell was filled with 80 μl of electrolyte. Electrochemical measurements were carried out within a potential
window between 0.005 and 2.5 V versus Na/Na+ employing the
following protocol: five formation cycles with a current of 30 mA g−1
(theoretical capacity was taken according to the model proposed by
Bommier,13 i.e., 301.6 mA h g−1), which roughly translates into a rate
of C/10. After the initial 5 cycles, the current was changed to a higher
rate of 300 mA g−1 (corresponding to a rate of 1C) and measured for
another 100 cycles. At the end of each discharge, a constant voltage
step was applied at the lower cut-off, limited to 15 h, or until the
current rate was lower than C/100. ■METHODS Materials. Non-graphitizable carbons were obtained by two-step
pyrolysis of corncob and obtained from a local farmer. Grains of corn
were removed from the cob, which was later broken into smaller
pieces and dried in a vacuum dryer at 80 °C overnight. First, heat
treatment was carried out in a quartz tube furnace (under argon flow,
15 L h−1) up to a temperature of 900 °C with a heating rate of 2.5 °C
min−1. The temperature was held at 900 °C for 1h and then cooled to
room temperature. A second step was performed up to 1200, 1400, 10675 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 ACS Applied Energy Materials Article www.acsaem.org Cross-sectional analysis was carried out in a focused ion beam-
scanning electron microscope Helios Nanolab 650 (FEI, Nether-
lands) equipped with a vacuum transfer interlock (Gatan, US) and an
energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer X-MAX 50 (Oxford,
UK). Samples were mounted on an Al shuttle stub and assembled into
an ALTO 1000 transfer holder (Gatan, US) inside an Ar-filled
glovebox and transferred under vacuum conditions directly into an
FIB-SEM chamber. Detailed morphological images with phase
contrast information were obtained by in-column SE/BSE detectors
at low-energy pre-monochromated electron beam (1 kV @ 50 pA,
UHR, U-mode). EDX quantitative analysis and elemental distribution
maps were acquired at 7 kV with the beam current set to 0.8 nA. A
more detailed explanation of the preparation methods is described in
Note 2 of Supporting Information. and 1600 °C in an Al2O3 tube furnace (under argon flow, 100 L h−1)
with a heating rate of 2.5 °C min−1 and holding at constant
temperature for 1 h. The heat treatment process flow rate is shown in
Figure S15. The obtained non-graphitizable carbon samples were
denoted as Corn@900, Corn@1200, Corn@1400, and Corn@1600. Cross-sectional analysis was carried out in a focused ion beam-
scanning electron microscope Helios Nanolab 650 (FEI, Nether-
lands) equipped with a vacuum transfer interlock (Gatan, US) and an
energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer X-MAX 50 (Oxford,
UK). Samples were mounted on an Al shuttle stub and assembled into
an ALTO 1000 transfer holder (Gatan, US) inside an Ar-filled
glovebox and transferred under vacuum conditions directly into an
FIB-SEM chamber. Detailed morphological images with phase
contrast information were obtained by in-column SE/BSE detectors
at low-energy pre-monochromated electron beam (1 kV @ 50 pA,
UHR, U-mode). ■METHODS For the Na metal deposition
measurements, the cells were cycled within a potential window
between −0.2 and 2 V versus Na/Na+. Two cells were assembled to
perform measurements at different currents at C/10 and at 1 C. Only
the first cycle was performed in both cases. When the potential
reached negative values, a time-limiting step was introduced,
concluding the sodiation step after 15 h. g
Cell Assembly and Electrochemical Measurements. The
electrochemical measurements were conducted in two-electrode
pouch-type cells. The cells were assembled in an argon-filled glovebox
with water and oxygen contents below 0.5 ppm. Non-graphitizable
carbon electrodes were used as working electrodes, whereas sodium
metal (Aldrich, approximately 500 μm thick) was used as the counter
electrode. Both electrodes were separated by a glass fiber separator
(Whatman, GF-A). The electrolyte used was 1 M NaPF6 in a solvent
mixture of propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC)
(1:1 vol. %). Each cell was filled with 80 μl of electrolyte. Electrochemical measurements were carried out within a potential
window between 0.005 and 2.5 V versus Na/Na+ employing the
following protocol: five formation cycles with a current of 30 mA g−1
(theoretical capacity was taken according to the model proposed by
Bommier,13 i.e., 301.6 mA h g−1), which roughly translates into a rate
of C/10. After the initial 5 cycles, the current was changed to a higher
rate of 300 mA g−1 (corresponding to a rate of 1C) and measured for
another 100 cycles. At the end of each discharge, a constant voltage
step was applied at the lower cut-off, limited to 15 h, or until the
current rate was lower than C/100. For the Na metal deposition
measurements, the cells were cycled within a potential window
between −0.2 and 2 V versus Na/Na+. Two cells were assembled to
perform measurements at different currents at C/10 and at 1 C. Only
the first cycle was performed in both cases. When the potential
reached negative values, a time-limiting step was introduced,
concluding the sodiation step after 15 h. g
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements were per-
formed on an in-lab-modified old Kratky-type camera (Anton Paar)
on an X-ray generator (Seifert, ID3003) with the Cu-anode X-ray
tube (Cu Kα line) operating at 40 kV and 50 mA. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 Authors
̌ (5) Komaba, S.; Nakayama, T.; Ogata, A.; Shimizu, T.; Takei, C.;
Takada, S.; Hokura, A.; Nakai, I. Electrochemically Reversible Sodium
Intercalation of Layered NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 and NaCrO2. ECS Trans. 2019, 16, 43−55. Blaž Tratnik −National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana
1000, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical
Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000,
Slovenia (6) Fang, Y.; Xiao, L.; Ai, X.; Cao, Y.; Yang, H. Hierarchical Carbon
Framework Wrapped Na3V2(PO4)3 as a Superior High-Rate and
Extended Lifespan Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 5895−5900. Nigel Van de Velde −National Institute of Chemistry,
Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia;
orcid.org/0000-0001-8164-
3558 (7) Wang, L.; Lu, Y.; Liu, J.; Xu, M.; Cheng, J.; Zhang, D.;
Goodenough, J. B. A Superior Low-Cost Cathode for a Na-Ion
Battery. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 1964−1967. Ivan Jerman −National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana
1000, Slovenia (8) Kim, H.; Hong, J.; Yoon, G.; Kim, H.; Park, K.-Y.; Park, M.-S.;
Yoon, W.-S.; Kang, K. Sodium Intercalation Chemistry in Graphite. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 2963−2969. Gregor Kapun −National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana
1000, Slovenia;
orcid.org/0000-0003-0007-4678 Elena Tchernychova −National Institute of Chemistry,
Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia gy
(9) Nobuhara, K.; Nakayama, H.; Nose, M.; Nakanishi, S.; Iba, H. First-Principles Study of Alkali Metal-Graphite Intercalation Com-
pounds. J. Power Sources 2013, 243, 585−587. Matija Tomšič −Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical
Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000,
Slovenia;
orcid.org/0000-0002-3554-8397 (10) Irisarri, E.; Ponrouch, A.; Palacin, M. R. ReviewHard Carbon
Negative Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162, A2476−A2482. Andrej Jamnik −Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical
Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000,
Slovenia (11) Luo, W.; Shen, F.; Bommier, C.; Zhu, H.; Ji, X.; Hu, L. Na-Ion
Battery Anodes: Materials and Electrochemistry. Acc. Chem. Res. 2016, 49, 231−240. Boštjan Genorio −Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical
Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000,
Slovenia;
orcid.org/0000-0002-0714-3472 (12) Stevens, D. A.; Dahn, J. R. High Capacity Anode Materials for
Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2000, 147,
1271−1273. Robert Dominko −National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana
1000, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical
Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000,
Slovenia; ALISTORE-European Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104 Cedex, Amiens 80039, France;
orcid.org/0000-
0002-6673-4459 (13) Bommier, C.; Surta, T. W.; Dolgos, M.; Ji, X. New Mechanistic
Insights on Na-Ion Storage in Non-Graphitizable Carbon. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 5888−5892. (14) Rios, C. d. M. S.; Simonin, L.; Geyer, A. de.; Ghimbeu, M. C.;
Dupont, C. ■METHODS The height and the area of the π* peak in
EELS C K edge of graphite-like carbon nanomaterials are dependent
on the orientation of the graphene layers toward the electron beam,
that is, whether the beam propagates through the sample along the
(002) plane or is perpendicular to it.57 To overcome this
directionality effect and make spectra more directly comparable, the
EELS spectral imaging was done from the larger analysis areas of
about 30 × 30 nm. The π*/(π*+σ*) ratio used for assessing the sp2
content of the samples was calculated from C K edge spectra using an
energy window of 1 eV centered at 285 eV π* peak for π* and at 20
eV starting at 284.5 eV for (π* + σ*).43 g
p
Three-electrode cells (Hohsen Corp., Japan) were assembled in a
full cell configuration. The positive electrode (WE) was
Na3V2(PO4)2F3 (NVPF) obtained from TIAMAT, France. The
negative electrode (CE) was Corn@1400 °C and Na metal was
used as the reference electrode (RE). The areal capacity ratio between
the negative and positive electrodes was maintained at 1.2:1. Both
electrodes were separated by a glass fiber separator (Whatman, GF-A)
wetted with 130 μl of 1 M NaPF6 in the mixture of propylene
carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC) (1:1 vol %). Electrochemical measurements were carried out within potential
windows of 2.0 and 4.35 V versus RE. Only the measurements of
formation cycles were performed to obtain information about the
sodiation/desodiation process taking place at the non-graphitizable
carbon electrode. Additionally, two-electrode cells were assembled in
a full cell configuration to obtain information on cycling stability over
100 cycles. NVPF was used as the positive electrode (WE) and
Corn@1400 °C was used as the negative electrode (CE). Both 10676 ACS Applied Energy Materials Article Article www.acsaem.org ■REFERENCES (1) Titirici, M.-M. Sustainable BatteriesQuo Vadis? Adv. Energy
Mater. 2021, 11, 2003700. (2) Hwang, J.-Y.; Myung, S.-T.; Sun, Y.-K. Sodium-Ion Batteries:
Present and Future. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 3529−3614. (3) Liu, T.; Zhang, Y.; Jiang, Z.; Zeng, X.; Ji, J.; Li, Z.; Gao, X.; Sun,
M.; Lin, Z.; Ling, M.; Zheng, J.; Liang, C. Exploring Competitive
Features of Stationary Sodium Ion Batteries for Electrochemical
Energy Storage. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 1512−1533. ■ACKNOWLEDGMENTS electrodes were separated by a glass fiber separator (Whatman, GF-A)
wetted with 100 μL of 1 M NaPF6 in the mixture of propylene
carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC) (1:1 vol %). Electrochemical measurements were carried out within potential
windows of 2.0 and 4.35 V. The cell was cycled at the rate of C/10. This research received financial support from the European
Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under
grant agreement no. 875629 (NAIMA) and M-ERA.NET
network and Slovenian Ministry of Education, Science, and
Sport with the NOEL project. We further acknowledge
financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency
(research core funding P2-0423, P2-0393, P1-0201, P1-0175,
and projects N2-0266 and N1-0139 ‘Delamination of Layered
Materials and Structure−Dynamics Relationship in Green
Solvents’). M.T. and A.J. are most grateful to Prof. Otto Glatter
for his generous contribution to the instrumentation of the
Light Scattering Methods Laboratory in Ljubljana. CENN
Nanocenter Slovenia is also acknowledged for using an FIB-
SEM instrument Helios NanoLab 650. The authors thank John
Abou-Rjeily from TIAMAT for providing NVPF cathodes. y
All the half-cell electrochemical measurements were performed
using a Maccor Series 4200 potentiostat/galvanostat (Maccor, Inc). The full cell electrochemical measurements were performed using a
Biologic VMP3. All experiments were conducted at room temperature
of 25 °C. Authors
̌ Unraveling the Properties of Biomass-Derived Hard
Carbons upon Thermal Treatment for a Practical Application in Na-
Ion Batteries. Energies 2020, 13, 3513. Complete contact information is available at:
https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390 Complete contact information is available at:
https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390 Complete contact information is available at:
https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390 g
(15) Sun, N.; Liu, H.; Xu, B. Facile Synthesis of High Performance
Hard Carbon Anode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 20560−20566. Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest. Corresponding Author Alen Vizintin −National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana
1000, Slovenia;
orcid.org/0000-0003-1876-1396;
Email: alen.vizintin@ki.si gy
g
gy
(4) Vaalma, C.; Buchholz, D.; Weil, M.; Passerini, S. A Cost and
Resource Analysis of Sodium-Ion Batteries. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2018, 3,
18013. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390
ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 10667−10679 *
sı Supporting Information The Supporting Information is available free of charge at
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsaem.2c01390. Experimental and methods, CHNS elemental analysis,
XRD patterns, adsorption isotherms, SWAXS curves,
structural parameters, Raman spectra, SEM images,
intensity line profiles, sp2/sp3 ratios, iCE, voltage profile
galvanostatic curves, statistical analysis, FIB-SEM
images, EDX spectra, and heat treatment process flow
rate (PDF) ■REFERENCES ACS Applied Energy Materials (21) Xu, Z.; Zhang, X.; Yang, X.; Yu, Y.; Lin, H.; Sheng, K. Synthesis
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| 1,080 |
https://github.com/uidu-org/guidu/blob/master/packages/editor/editor-core/src/plugins/expand/ui/ExpandIconButton.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
guidu
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uidu-org
|
TSX
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Code
| 238 | 792 |
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import {
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expandMessages,
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import { colors } from '@uidu/theme';
import Tooltip from '@uidu/tooltip';
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allowInteractiveExpand: boolean;
expanded: boolean;
intl?: IntlShape;
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label: string;
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<urn:uuid:f8249368-5d1a-43b7-9112-09e95c7d6893>
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Various open data
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https://www.ugap.fr/laboratoire-1/reactifs-gauss-129625/biologie-moleculaire-129626/extraction-de-l-adn-129627/dneasy-mericon-food-kit-50-p3722203
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ugap.fr
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French
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Magazine Acheter Juste / Nos produits et services / Laboratoire /.../ Biologie moléculaire / Extraction de l'ADN Extraction de l'ARN Oligonucléotide PCR - QPCR Enzymes de restriction Enzymes de modification - clonage Électrophorèse horizontale Gauss DNeasy mericon Food Kit (50) Références : UGAP : 3722203 |
Fournisseur : 69514 |
Constructeur : 69514 Fournisseur :
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Cour Administrative d'Appel de Marseille, 4ème chambre-formation à 3, 09/11/2010, 08MA00234, Inédit au recueil Lebon
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JADE
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French
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Vu la requête, enregistrée le 17 janvier 2008, présentée pour M. et Mme Daniel A, demeurant au ... par Me Aude ; M. et Mme A demandent à la Cour :<br/>
<br/>
1°) d'annuler le jugement n° 0403498 du 25 octobre 2007 par lequel le Tribunal Administratif de Nice a rejeté leur demande tendant à la décharge des cotisations supplémentaires à l'impôt sur le revenu qui leur sont réclamées au titre des années 2001 et 2002 ; <br/>
<br/>
2°) de prononcer la décharge des impositions contestées ; <br/>
<br/>
3°) de mettre à la charge de l'Etat les dépens ainsi qu'une somme de 2 500 euros au titre de l'article L.761-1 du code de justice administrative ;<br/>
<br/>
...........................................................................................<br/>
<br/>
Vu les autres pièces du dossier ;<br/>
<br/>
Vu le code général des impôts et le livre des procédures fiscales ;<br/>
<br/>
Vu le code de justice administrative et l'arrêté d'expérimentation du vice-président du Conseil d'Etat du 27 janvier 2009 ; <br/>
<br/>
Les parties ayant été régulièrement averties du jour de l'audience ;<br/>
<br/>
Après avoir entendu au cours de l'audience publique du 5 octobre 2010,<br/>
<br/>
- le rapport de Mme Haasser, rapporteur ;<br/>
<br/>
- et les conclusions de M. Guidal , rapporteur public ;<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
Sur le bien-fondé de l'imposition :<br/>
<br/>
Considérant que M. et Mme A, après avoir été assujettis à l'impôt sur le revenu au titre des années 2001 et 2002 à raison des éléments qu'ils avaient déclarés sur leur déclaration d'ensemble des revenus, ont déposé, le 13 avril 2004, deux déclarations rectificatives, faisant valoir qu'ils avaient omis de déduire, sur la déclaration des revenus fonciers, les dépenses consécutives aux travaux d'amélioration réalisés en 2001 et 2002 sur un immeuble leur appartenant sis à Coux en Ardèche ; <br/>
<br/>
Considérant qu'aux termes de l'article 31 du code général des impôts : Les charges de la propriété déductibles pour la détermination du revenu net comprennent : 1° Pour les propriétés urbaines : a. Les dépenses de réparation et d'entretien, ...b. Les dépenses d'amélioration afférentes aux locaux d'habitation, à l'exclusion des frais correspondant à des travaux de construction, de reconstruction ou d'agrandissement. ;<br/>
<br/>
Considérant qu'il résulte de ces dispositions que les dépenses effectuées par un propriétaire et correspondant à des travaux entrepris dans son immeuble, sont déductibles de son revenu, sauf si elles correspondent à des travaux de construction, de reconstruction ou d'agrandissement ; que doivent être regardés comme des travaux de construction ou de reconstruction, au sens des dispositions précitées, les travaux comportant la création de nouveaux locaux d'habitation, notamment dans des locaux affectés à un autre usage, ainsi que les travaux ayant pour effet d'apporter des modifications importantes au gros oeuvre de locaux d'habitation existants ou les travaux d'aménagement interne qui, par leur importance, équivalent à une reconstruction ; que doivent être regardés comme des travaux d'agrandissement, au sens des mêmes dispositions, les travaux ayant pour effet d'accroître le volume de la surface habitable de locaux existants ;<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
Considérant qu'il résulte de l'instruction que M. et Mme A ont reçu en héritage une partie d'une maison d'habitation et ont souscrit un acte de partage le 16 janvier 1996, dans lequel le bien est décrit comme une maison d'habitation avec terrain attenant sis quartier Lagrange à Coux en Ardèche, sans mention de logements distincts ; qu'ils ont déposé, le 1er juillet 2001, une demande de permis de construire sur la parcelle AH 117, incluse dans le lot en question, pour une addition de construction et une démolition ; que le centre des impôts fonciers de Privas a alors qualifié l'opération, pour les trois appartements des locaux 1001, 1002 et 1003, de changement de consistance, ainsi que de démolition d'une maison de sept pièces de 229 m² et de construction d'une maison nouvelle de sept pièces de 152 m² ; que si les requérants allèguent qu'il n'y aurait pas eu addition de construction, cette affirmation est démentie par les mentions ressortant des documents susvisés ; <br/>
<br/>
<br/>
Considérant que le montant estimatif des travaux établi par l'architecte ayant déposé la demande de permis de construire s'élève à 1 260 587,74 F hors taxes ; qu'au vu des factures, les travaux ont consisté en la démolition de planchers, de toitures, de menuiseries, en la réfection totale de la toiture, le percement et l'aménagement d'ouvertures et un nouveau cloisonnement, la création et le remplacement d'escaliers, la pose de plafonds, de cheminée, la réfection des sols, après consolidation et coulage de dalles, de l'électricité et de la plomberie ; que si certains des travaux ont consisté à installer des éléments de confort nouveaux, ils ne sont pas pour autant dissociables de l'ensemble des travaux ; que ceux-ci, par leur ampleur mais aussi par leur nature, ne peuvent être regardés comme étant de simples améliorations, mais constituent une restructuration complète de l'espace, assimilable à une reconstruction, ainsi qu'une construction nouvelle après démolition ; que, par suite, les époux A ne démontrent pas, comme ils en ont la charge s'agissant d'une demande de rectification des déclarations initiales déposées, que les travaux en cause respecteraient les dispositions de l'article 31 du code ; que l'administration était fondée à refuser leur déduction au titre des charges déductibles des revenus fonciers ; <br/>
<br/>
Considérant qu'en outre, la fraction de déficit d'un montant de 10 700 euros ne devient définitivement imputable sur le revenu global que si le contribuable donne l'immeuble en location pendant les trois années suivant celle au titre de laquelle l'imputation a été réalisée ; qu'il ressort des déclarations souscrites que l'immeuble en cause n'a été loué qu'à compter de l'année 2003 et que le bénéfice de cette imputation ne peut être alloué aux requérants ;<br/>
<br/>
Considérant que la réclamation initiale et le mémoire présentés par les époux A au tribunal administratif ne portent que sur les années 2001 et 2002 ; qu'ils ne peuvent, par suite, formuler une demande afférente à une année différente de celles visées par leur requête initiale ; qu'ils ne sont pas recevables à demander la décharge de l'imposition consécutive à l'inclusion, dans leur revenus fonciers de l'année 2003, de la subvention de 33 207 euros reçue de l'ANAH ;<br/>
<br/>
Considérant qu'il résulte de tout ce qui précède que les époux A ne sont pas fondés à soutenir que c'est à tort que, par le jugement attaqué, le Tribunal Administratif de Nice a rejeté leur demande ;<br/>
<br/>
Sur les conclusions tendant à l'application de l'article L.761-1 du code de justice administrative :<br/>
<br/>
Considérant que les dispositions de l'article L.761-1 du code de justice administrative font obstacle à ce que l'Etat, qui n'a pas, dans la présente instance, la qualité de partie perdante, verse à M. et Mme A la somme qu'ils réclament au titre des frais exposés par eux et non compris dans les dépens ; qu'aucune dépense de la nature de celles constituant des dépens n'ayant été exposée, il n'y a pas lieu d'allouer des dépens aux époux A ;<br/>
<br/>
DÉCIDE :<br/>
<br/>
Article 1er : La requête de M. et Mme A est rejetée.<br/>
Article2 : Le présent arrêt sera notifié à M. ou Mme Daniel A et au ministre du budget, des comptes publics et de la réforme de l'Etat. <br/>
''<br/>
''<br/>
''<br/>
''<br/>
N° 08MA00234 2<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
| 47,097 |
https://github.com/bitmovin/bitmovin-api-sdk-dotnet/blob/master/src/Bitmovin.Api.Sdk/Models/AnalyticsInsightsOrganizationSettingsRequest.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
bitmovin-api-sdk-dotnet
|
bitmovin
|
C#
|
Code
| 56 | 184 |
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime.Serialization;
using JsonSubTypes;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using Bitmovin.Api.Sdk.Common;
using Bitmovin.Api.Sdk.Models;
namespace Bitmovin.Api.Sdk.Models
{
/// <summary>
/// AnalyticsInsightsOrganizationSettingsRequest
/// </summary>
public class AnalyticsInsightsOrganizationSettingsRequest
{
/// <summary>
/// Whether the organization's data is being contributed to industry insights
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "includeInInsights")]
public bool? IncludeInInsights { get; set; }
}
}
| 7,661 |
https://github.com/black-vision-engine/bv-engine/blob/master/BlackVision/LibCore/Source/Mathematics/Core/MathFuncs.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
bv-engine
|
black-vision-engine
|
C
|
Code
| 133 | 263 |
#pragma once
#include "CoreDEF.h"
namespace bv { namespace mathematics {
Int32 round( Float32 val );
Int32 round( Float32 val );
Float32 divmod( Float32 t, Float32 * i );
Float64 divmod( Float64 t, Float64 * i );
// *************************************
//
inline UInt32 gcd( UInt32 a, UInt32 b )
{
return b == 0 ? a : gcd( b, a % b );
}
// *************************************
//
inline UInt32 lcm( UInt32 a, UInt32 b )
{
return a * b / gcd( a, b );
}
// *************************************
//
template< class Type >
inline bool IsNaN( const Type & value )
{
static_assert( "Is not defined to this type." );
};
// *************************************
//
template<>
inline bool IsNaN< TimeType >( const TimeType & value )
{
return !(value == value);
};
} //mathemtics
} //bv
| 24,797 |
sn86058251_1904-12-25_1_6_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,904 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,092 | 3,295 |
PAGE SIX. EICmiOlTD DAILY PALLADIUU, SU1IDAY HORNING, DECEUBE R 25, 1904. t - DR J. A. WALLS THE SPECULIST At home office Monday, Tuesday, Fri- day and Saturday of each week. Consultation and One EZonth't ' Treatment PUBIS X tip TDCATQ CllPOrCCrill I V 'l fora of Chronic DIrmim Chat ar ewrabl Mb IntA I O oUbbkoorULLY diseases of the throat, lungs, kid NETS, LIVER and BLADDER, RHEUMATISM, DY8PEP8IA, and all DISEA8ES OF THE BLOOD, Epilepsy (or falling flta), Cancer, Scrofula, Private and Narrow DIMum. Female Diaeasea, Night Losaea, Losa of Vitality from indiscretions in youth or matorer yean, Piles, Fistula. FUiura antf Ulceration of the Rectnm, withont detention from bnalneaa. 'atmi'j- KVPTTJ8E lOSITIVBIT CUBED AMD IT ABAC ?EE. (9 It will be to your interest to conanlt the Doctor if yon are aoffering from rttaeaj And if he cannot cure 70a he will tell yon so at once. Remember the time and place. Will return erery four weeka.. Office and Uboratsnf. lid. 21 SOUTH TENTH STREET, RICHUOIID, HID. .. A Call to Xmas Buyers .- if ". .. - t- f. " - .. . Our Holiday Stock is full of Quality, Variety, Beauty and Good Taste, What we offer is yrst class, nothing shoddy Ebony, Silver or Coco Bola Toilet and Manicure Sets at a fair price. Fine Bristle Hair Brushes, Cloth, Bonnet and Hat Brushes. " Stop aid See the Display in the Window LEO E FIHE'S PHARMACY,! 830 MAIN ST. BOTH PHONES. .':-":.iMns'':' Quotations From O. O. Ilumiy'f Ex change Closinf Prices Cldc-" " to Market. THANKFUL FOR THE RAINFALL to T7het. July ...V...9Sy2 May 110 to 111 Corn. July ............. ...-."45 May , 45 Vs to 45 Oats. July ........ 313g May .. 31 to Pork. 9sy4 4oy2 4514 ABE RESIDENTS OF THIS CITY AND WAYNE COUNTY FABMERS. 31 U 3i THE LATTER FEAR AFREEZ E January May January May .. Lard. e 3.252 .12.85-87 , 6.80 7.10 12.57 12.92 6.85 7.12 over, Cisterns Being Filled Up and Hard Work Being Snubbed. and 450. Receipts, cattle 24000, steady, 10c higher. LOCAL MARKETS IT STRIKES the popular favor namely, to-wit the coal we furnish summer andewin ter for cooking and heading. T hre's no secret about it. We simply supply 50c per bushel. Grain Price. (Paid by Frank Spinnin Wheat, 1.05, CO lbs. ; No. 3, red 98c, 58 lbs ; Old Corn,- 50c per; bushel.. New corn, 46c per bushel. No. 2, 60 lbs., (shelled) to bushel superior coal at the minimum market price., and as expeditiously as our teams' can haul it from our yard to your door. The reader 01 this card may not be a customer of ours we'd like mm to be, to his own advantage. J. fi Menkc, Home Phone 762 Bell Phone 435-R. 102-104 FT. WAYNE AVE. BE HAPPY, EVERYBODY ! Santa Claus is growing old and rather absent minded and forgetful at times. Many expectant little folks will awaken to disappointment Christmas morning on account of Santa not haviDg visited them. Now, little folks, don't grieve, but come to our store Mod day morning Christmas and we will give you a nice sack of goodies to make up for Santa's neglect. Come and be happy. ' Yours for a Merry Christmas, Wherley & Thomas, Furnishers 203 Ft. Wayne ave., 418 N. 8th St. Receipts, hogs 42000: left 5000: prospects strong, 5c higher; light, 430 and 470 ; mixed, 440 and I Richmond people were profuse in 4G7; heavy, 440 and 470; rough, ,,440 I their thanks yesterday to the weafrh er man for the continued rainfall. For over two months farmers, phy- sicans, housewives and all others have been hoping, and, in many in stances, praying for rain. The drought has done considerable dam age. Friday and Saturday's rain be ing the first for many weeks. Cisterns were empty, farms were dry and the wheat crop was in poor condition. Patients afflicted with na sal and bronchial troubles were suf fering from the dry atmosphere. The ill effects of the drought were gen eral. Yesterday when the rain began to fall every one immediately got busy. Housewives who have suffered from the hard city water placed tubs and buckets for fear that they would not get enough of the precious liquid. Cisterns, however, are filled to some extent and they will not suffer for the lack of water for some time. Fanners were also greatly bene fitted. "If it is not followed by extra cold weather," said a farmer on the street, yesterday, "the rain will be the best thing that has come to the farmers for some time. A freeze however, might do permanent dam aere. The wheat seed has been thrown about the soil considerably by the winds during the past few weeks and most of the seed is not JBilr And Incidently Helps Yon, Too. Yonr early selection of Christmas Gifis I Tbere are many articles in this vast stick, today which we've purchased with the Christmas season in view. Novelties which, no . matter how well they may S lease you when you see them, cannot be uplicated upon. Take oar advice, come here early and make sure of getting what you want while it's here. For Christmas week we offer Overcoats and Suits for men and boys Raincoats, Fancy Waistcoats, Mufflers, Rich Neckwear, Hosiery, Gloves, Suspenders, Umbrellas, Shirts, Hats, Caps, and a host of other sifts for men. Prices and assortment favor earliest selection. LOEHR & KLUTE CHRISTMAS CHEER means not only good things to eat but also the best of things to drink. The best of all good drinks is R. E. Beer. Purity and Maturity, with a most delightful and luscious flavor, are points of the highest merit and which are very marked features in our beer. Minck Brewing Co.. PHONES NEW, 42: OLD, 801 It's Best To Be Careful wnere you Duy your coal. It's unsafe to buy it wherever you see a coal sign hung out. Buy it at a yard of known reliability and high reputation a yard that is sure to eive vou satisiaction. and save oney for you. That is to say, buy here. Hackman, Klohfoth Co. from FOSLER & CO. Give them an order and be convinced. Both Piiodcs 1x5. 512 N. A sU Timothy, new baled $10. Clover, baled, $8. Clover, loose, $7. Clover seed, $6 to $8 per bu. ' Rye, 80c per bu. . f New Oats, 30c per bu. Straw $6. Meats at Retail. Mahetr & Hadley Meat Market. Roast pork, 12 1-2 to 15c. Veal, 10 to 20c lb. New lard 8c b. Smoked ham, 12 to 25c lb. Poultry, 15 t(lQ c per lb. Fresh sausage, 12 l-2c per lb. Lamb, 12 to 20c per lb. Smoked sausage, 12 l-2c lk. Beefstake, 15c. Beef, 6 to 15c per lb. Fresh pork, 15c per lb. Chuck roast, 10 to 12 l-2e per lk Beef to boil, 8 to 10c per lb. Pork chops, 12 to 15c per lb. Country Produce. (Furnished by the Ideal Grocery.) Eggs, 27c dozen. Butter, creamery 18c to 20c per lb. Turkeys, 15c per lb. Young chickens, dressed, 12c lb. Retail trices (Prices Paid by the Ideal Grocery.) Maple syrup, $1.25 gallon. Honey; 20c lb. Dates, 10c per lb. Hickory, nuts, 15c quarter peck. Red Beets, 25c pu. Christmas trees, 50c and 75c. " Lemons, 25c. Apples, 65 to $1.00 bu. Cabbage, 2c lb. , , Celery, 5c a bunch. Dressed chicken, 18c lb. Eggs, 30c dozen. Potatoes, 60c per busheL ' Cal. Oranges, 25 to 30c doz. Lettuce 15c lb. Figs, 15c per lb. Bananas, 10 to 20c per dozen. Malaga grapes, 20c lb. Country butter, 23c Maple sugar, 15c a lb. Jersey Sweet Potatoes, 40c pk. Eating Pears, 25c pk. Cranberries, 10c . -Clam chowder, 25c per can. Clam boullion, 25c a bottle. ' Popcorn 5c lb. Spanish onions, 5c lb. Potatoes, 15c peck. Richmond Livestock. By J. H. Lichtenfels..;.... Hogs, top heavy, 4 l-2c lb. Hogs, 400 lbs., common and rough, 4c per lb. Choice butcher steers, 4e per lb. Lambs, 5c lb." E SUPPLY 424 MAIN STREET CO. For high grade WINES, LIQUORS and CORDIALS All goods are guaranteed. If not satisfactory, money will be refunded Goods delivered to any part of this city by Merchants' Delivery. Phone 149 When you're broke the girls are shy They .turn and fly as you come nigh Brace up old man, show some pluck Take Rocky Mountain Tea; t'will change your luck. A. G. Luken & Co. Children eat, sleep and grow after 27c lb.; country taking Hollister's Rocky Mountain lea. iJnngs rosy cneeKS, lauguing eyes, good health and strength. A tonic for sickly children. 35 cents, Tea or Tablets. A. G. Luken & Co. Startling Evidence. Fresh testimony in great quantity is constantly coming in, aecianng Dr. King's New Discovery for Con sumption, Coughs and Colds to be nn equaled. A recent expression from T. J. McFarland, Bentonville, Va., serves as example. He writes: "I had Bronchitis for three years and doc tored all the time without being ben efitted. Then I began "taking Dr. King's New Discovery, and a few bottles wholly cured me." Equally effective in curing all lung and throat troubles, Consumption, Pneu monia and Grip. Guaranteed by A. G. Luken & Co. druggist. Trial bottle free, regular sizes 50c and $1.00. RICHMOND vs MARION WEDNESDAY EVENING, DEC. 28 AT COLISEUM! Tickets at VV Head About to Burst From Bilious Attack. Severe : Tab e Corn Mea : : . Custom Grinding a soecialtv ? Z Pancake Flour . .. J. RUNGE & CO X Phone 60 16 S. 7th St. "I had a severe bilious attack and felt like m head was about to burst when I got hold of a t reesample of Chamberlain's Stomach and Liver Tablets. I took a dose of them after supper, and the next day elt like a new man and have been feeling hap py ever since," says Mr. L W. Smith of Juliff, Texas. For. bilious ness, stomach troubles and constipa tion these Tablets have no equal Price 25 cents. For sale by A. G. Lu ken & Co.; and W. ' H. Sudhoff, fifth and Main. MONEY TO LOAN. 5 and 6 per cent. Interest FIRE INSURANCE ' In the leading companies. Manager for the - EQUITABLE LIFE Assurance Society of New York. The O B. FulghamAg'cy. M. HILTON I ELRODE 1 Room 8 f Vangh&n Bldg O. B. FULQIIAD dtp yip w vmj It is our business to loan money in ny amount from $1 to CCC0 on any kind of lecurity, for any length of time. Having a large cap ltal of oar own monoy, we do not need to ask anyone as to wden o how we shall loan it, but we can do so on any terms and for any length of time we desire. Eighteen years banking experience renders us capable of giving vou almost an immediate arswer as to whether or not we can make jon a loan. We seldom feel the necessity of any inquiry at all. but when it is made, it Is invariably made as a bank. By securing a loan in this manner, you do not have the annoyance of your neighbors knowing tb at you are borrowing money, but can be sure of absolute secrecy in the matter. Our large capital enables us to loan at a much lower rate than that usually charged by loan com panies, and you know it is to your interest to get a loan wherever you can get it Uie cheapest, the same as in buying anything. Fox in stance, L there is a sale on granulated sugar, where yon can buy 21 lbs for a dollar instead of 18 lbs regular, tbere is where you bay your sugar. Why not be just as careful about saving money when yon are in need of a temporary loan ? If we get our money out, tbo prlem mast bring tno baslnOSS, so if you get a loan from us, it will ptove a great money saver to you. Call and let tut explain our methods. If you cannot call, write or phone us, and our agent will call on you. X Masa Im Co, Phone 1341 Rooms 40-41, 3d floor, .Colonial Building J. ZEYEN & BRO. : Merchant Tailors No. 516 Main St. J The oldest and most reliable tailor establishment in the city. Guarantee every garment made Prices to suit the times. "Sew Fall Otoctc Received;.
| 22,711 |
2556057_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 29 | 72 |
14 N.Y.3d 712 (2010)
GORIGANTI
v.
SYRACUSE ORTHOPEDIC SPECIALISTS, P.C.
Motion No. 2010-464
Court of Appeals of New York.
Decided June 8, 2010.
Motion for leave to appeal denied.
| 34,786 |
sn86090439_1897-08-13_1_6_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,897 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,380 | 3,293 |
From THE to LINE 1 'D 'Goriest time, With the least of IJJ I toil and trouble. RfJ ODETTE SOAP makes clothes snowy white by removing all kinds of dirt and healthful way. Pure soap—good for clothes and good general cleaning. Sold everywhere. MAOS ONLY BY A L THE N. K. FAIRBANK COMPANY. St. Louis. The City Light FRIDAY, AUGUST 13, 1897. FT. SAM HOUSTON NEWS POST EXCHANGE TO RECEIVE BACK REVENUES- Capt. Foster Preparing To a Statement Of The Amount Due—Gossip Of The Garrison. The taxes said to the internal revenue collectors by the various post exchanges throughout the country are to be refunded and they are to pay no more. This is a decision reached by Secretary Alger, of the War department, and he has ordered that the post exchange officers refuse to pay the taxes now due. He bases his decision on the fact that the exchanges are government institutions. He says that a post exchange is not a dealer, but on the contrary, is merely a store at which the United States, through the War department, requires officers of the army, as a performance of their official duties as such officers and in the interest of and for the benefit of the military service of the United States, to carry on a business of buying and selling to soldiers, articles of merchandise. That the officer in charge does not carry on the business for himself, his own benefit or interest or on his own motion or accord, but does the same in obedience to the orders of the proper authorities of the government over him, and as a performance of his duties as an officer of the United States. That the said buying and selling is done in and as part of the public service of the United States and the exchange should therefore not be compelled to pay licenses, and should also have the back refunded. In referring to the refundment of these back licenses and the method of collecting them, he says: “On page 18, of the regulations concerning the abatement and refunding of taxes and assessed penalties, there is a provision for a claim for refunding to be made in the name of the party assessed, if living, and if dead, in the name of his executor or administrator. And also one that the affidavit may be made by an agent of the party assessed. “These provisions cannot be complied with in this case because it was clearly a mistake of the assessor, the store itself being assessed, the assessment being made against the Post Exchange, at. “This is a store maintained and managed by the government, through its officers. It is an inanimate thing, of course, cannot make any claim in its own name, or otherwise, nor can it have executors, administrators, or agents. “An officer in charge of it is an officer of the United States and it has been thought proper and sufficient for him to make the claims in his own name and in his official capacity. The officer who paid the tax cannot make the claim because he is not now the officer in charge, he having been succeeded by another.” A number of exchange officers at various army exchanges have refused to pay the taxes and have even got their large taxes refunded, among them being the officer at Fort Clark who has received seventy odd dollars. Capt. Foster, the canteen officer at this post, is preparing a statement of the amount due his exchange which will be forwarded to the proper authorities, when the money will be forthcoming. The amount to be received, however, will be much larger than that received by Fort Clark, owing to the fact that this exchange has always purchased licenses for the target range at Leon Springs as well as at the post. The secretary has notified the officers that when asked to pay taxes by the revenue officers to just refuse point blank, when of course he will be notified, when he will then deal with them. This is an excellent view taken by the secretary as it will just benefit the exchanges that much more, and as they are conducted for the benefit of the men, this money will of course benefit them. The canteen officer has received a letter from Internal Revenue Collector J. E. Kaufmann, of Austin. Notifying him that his back taxes will be refunded and also blanks on which to make application for the refundment of sanity. GARRISON GOSSIP The Post Christian Endeavor society held a very interesting meeting in its hall over the post canteen last evening. A concert takes place on the upper paratie in the band stand this evening at 8:45 o'clock. Sergeant Niles, conducting the music. Owing to the muddy condition of the parade ground yesterday, the guard was mounted in blue uniforms and forage caps. This, of course, was the uniform of the day. Fifteen bodies from the old cemetery at Fort Concho will be brought in today for reinterment in the National cemetery. Thirteen are remains of soldiers and two of children. Orders have been received at the post from the War department calling for the discharge of Private Frank E. Longo, of troop D, Fifth cavalry. He is to receive no travel pay. Frank Foster, of company C, Eighteenth infantry, who recently took his discharge, left last night for Chicago. He says he will spend a short while as a citizen, when he may possibly “take on” again. Gen. Graham, department commander, has issued an order detailing Major William Davis, Fifth cavalry, stationed at Fort McIntosh as a member of a general court martial which is to convene at Fort Brown. Evidence of Wednesday evening’s rain was plainly visible. Yesterday, on the parade ground, in the remarkably short time after it fell, it had already caused the apparently dead grass to shoot forth small green sprigs. Cavalry parade took place on the lower parade ground yesterday evening at 6:45 o'clock, Capt. Thomas reviewing the squadron. The ground was dry enough for the parade and the usual amount of disagreeable dust was not raised. John H. Rooney, an employee of the Quartermaster’s department at the post, died yesterday at his home No. 1 on North Cherry street, after a lingering illness of several weeks' duration at the age of 56 years. His remains were interred this morning in the National cemetery. He leaves a wife. Corporal Kearns, of company E, Eighteenth infantry, came into the post from the target range at camp at Leon Springs yesterday morning. He reports that Private Zimmermann, of F company, has made the highest score at a known distance of any one on the range, having scored 92, including his 800-yard shooting. As soon as will qualify a man for sharpshooter, he will certainly wear this honorary pin this year. The men returning from the target range claim that the reason they do not make any better scores this year is that all the positions for shooting are new and some of the positions are criticized severely by the men. In shooting long distances, they are compelled to shoot sitting up as well as lying prone and standing. The sitting position is criticized very severely as the men say this kind of firing would never be practical in actual warfare. They would either shoot lying down as on an advance, or shoot standing as on a retreat and they do not see why they should be compelled to practice a style of shooting they Never expect to make use of in actual warfare. PROTECT THE CHILDREN. Worms rob children of the life-giving properties of their food, retard their growth and weaken their constitutions for life. Most mothers know the symptoms of worms. Children are pale, restless, and peevish, appetite is fickle and sleep is disturbed. Thousands of mothers have found White's Cream Vermifuge a prompt, safe, and absolutely certain remedy. It kills worms and gives the child strength and vitality. You can’t afford to take chances with worthless imitations; remember the name. Price, 25 cents. Sold by E. Reuss and C. Schasse. FATE OF THE OLD MONITOR. San Francisco, Aug. 13.—When the old monitor Comanche was taken to Mare Island it was the understanding that she would be given necessary repairs. Therefore, Captain Turner, of the naval reserve, has been surprised to receive a telegram from Commandant Kirkland which said that the naval department disapproved Captain Turner's recommendation in regard to repairs. Kirkland further ordered Captain Turner to remove the Comanche from Mare Island at once, which he did and the vessel is now anchored in this harbor. Mr. A. C. Wolfe, of Dundee, Mo., who travels for Mansur & Tibbetts, Implement Co., of St. Louis, gives traveling men and travelers in general some good advice. "Being a Knight of the Grip," he says, "I have for the past three years made it a rule to keep myself supplied with Chamberlain's Colic, Cholera and Diarrhoea Remedy, and have found numerous occasions to test its merits, not only on myself, but on others as well. I can truly say that I never, in a single instance, have known it to fail. 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This is no fake lottery scheme; but is offered -ABSOLUTELY FREE- To our customers. Ask for the coupons. We have just received 700 copies of the Books. Here are a few KNOCK ON DROPS For THIS WEEK: 15c Insect Powder Guns 5c 10c Box Moth Balls 3c 5c Package Chewing Gum 3c 10c Fast Color Napkins 3c 50c White Kid Belts 14c 10c Case Crochet Hooks 3c Crochet Cotton, all colors, per ball.. 5c 3c White or Black Tape 5c 10c Feather Stitch Braid 4c 10c Tack Hammers 3c 5c Kid Purses 3c 10c Tooth Brushes 3c 10c Wood Handle Basting Spoons.. 4c Extra Fine Lace, per yard 5c 15c Jap Silver Tea Spoons 2c 5c package Double Pointed Tacks... 5c 35 Marbes 5c 25c Lace Leather Hand Sashes.... 5c 15c Gents' Summer Scarfs 3c 20c Wire and Pat Buckle Suspenders 5c 10c Sleeve Holders 3c 200 yards Spool Cotton guaranteed. 2c The Original Cut Price Store, & THE GREAT 5 and 10c Store, 202 South Flores Street, Conveniently Located, only a Block from the City Hall. OUR HOME INDUSTRIES. PATRONIZE THEM AND KEEP YOUR MONEY IN THE HOME. The Price, Booker, Janin Company, W. Nueva St. San Antonio, Texas. G. A. DUE MERCHANT CO. Manufacturers of Strictly Pure Candies, Soda Water and Fancy Cakes. Largest Factory in the State. Manufacturers of SADDLERY AND HARNESS 110 and 112 East Side Main Plaza. The largest manufacturers in the above line in the South. Write for catalog and prices. ALAMO TRUNK FACTORY Manufacturers of TRUNKS AND TRAVELING BAGS Anything in our line made to order. We devote all our time to the special line, therefore our goods should and will give a satisfaction. Yours for home patronage. H. VOGLER & CO., 202 W. Commerce Street, San Antonio, Texas Flamm & MANUFACTURERS OF Candies, Cakes, Ice Cream and Confections. Orders for Weddings and Parties promptly filled. 307 East Houston Street, San Antonio, Texas First Class Work. Promptly Bell Steam Tipping 315 East Houston Street. Keep Your Money at Home. FL FL COLLINS M'FG. CO. San Antonio, Texas. 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Demand of your confectioner or grocer my hand made Chocolates, Boss Bous, Fancy Creams, Burn Almonds, Taffy, etc. EDWARD JENNER, TELEPHONE 848. FACTORY. 418 LABOR STREET. Stoves' Refrigerators Ice Cream Freezers, Water Coolers, Home Made Tinware at greatly Reduced Prices. Call and see, for yourself. J... DEAN —db - SON, 103 to 109 North Flores Street, San Antonio, Texas. C. H. Guenther Milling Company, FLOUR Guenther’s Best Liberty 801 Corn Meal, Rye Flour, Grits, Bran, Manufactured Right Here in San Antonio. Tuxedo- 30 J. C. DIELMANN Manufacturers' Agent for Building and Materials. Gravel Roofing made of Pure Asphalt, Fell and Asphalt Oement, guaranteed for years. Brick, Lime, Cement, Plaster Paris, Plaster Paris, Plastering Hair, Building Paper, Sand, Roofing Fell, Pitch, Coal Tar, Asphalt Paints, Oils, Etc., Etc. San Antonio, Texas, Telephone No. 410. Successor to Wagner Brothers. General Planing and Wood Working Mill. Manufacturer of all Kinds of BAR, OFFICE and STOVE FLOUR. BOXES, TURNING, Etc. Omaha Imprint and Ban Marceau Su. m. LA(L M. Tmß TateyMna MB _.
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BIUSante_31057_6
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French-PD-diverse
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,868 |
Du mouvement dans les fonctions de la vie. Leçons faites au Collège de France
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Marey, Etienne-Jules
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French
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Spoken
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On peut, grâce à cette masse pesante qui fixe solide¬ ment la partie moyenne du tube thermométrique, manier en tous sens la boule de l’appareil, la porter en toutes directions sans ébranler les pièces délicates qui consti¬ tuent le reste de la machine. L’appareil enregistreur est ainsi constitué. Un tube de verre, fermé à la lampe par l’une de ses extrémités, est courbé en demi-cercle et fixé sur une roue légère et bien équilibrée. Le centre de courbure du tube de verre coïn¬ cide avec l’axe de la roue. Si l’on place alors le tube de verre de telle sorte que le milieu de la convexité de l’arc qu’il décrit soit tourné en bas, et si l’on y introduit une petite quantité de mercure, cet index métallique partage la cavité du tube en deux chambres, l’une close, du côté où le tube est fermé, l’autre communiquant librement avec l’extérieur par l’extrémité ouverte du tube. Supposons maintenant que l’air de la chambre close vienne à augmenter de volume, l’index de mercure sera poussé vers l’orifice ouvert du tube. Mais, par son poids même, cet index tend à occuper la partie inférieure de ce système équilibré; il en résultera une rotation du tube DES APPAREILS ENREGISTREURS EN BIOLOGIE. 173 autour de son axe de suspension, et en réalité on verra l’index rester immobile pendant que l’appareil tournera. Plaçons perpendiculairement sur l’axe une longue aiguille équilibrée ; celle-ci amplifiera en raison de sa longueur la rotation imprimée à l’axe ; elle pourra par sa pointe tracer sur une glace enfumée qui chemine à côté d’elle les oscillations qu elle décrit. Reste à faire communiquer la chambre close avec la boule du thermomètre à air. Pour cela, le tube capillaire qui communique avec l’intérieur de là boule thermomé¬ trique par l’une de ses extrémités reçoit à l’autre extré¬ mité une courbure semblable à celle du tube de verre dans lequel On l’introduit en lui faisant traverser l’index de mercure (i) jusqu’à ce que son ouverture arrive dans la chambre close. L’appareil étant ainsi disposé, si l’on chauffe avec la main la boule du thermomètre à air, on voit la chambre close recevoir l’air expulsé de la boule et prendre une plus grande étendue, l’appareil tourner sur son axe et l’aiguille s’élever, tandis que le mercure reste dans sa position déclive. Si Ton plonge dans l’eau froide la boule du thermomètre, l’air se condense dans cette, boule et aspire celui de la chambre close, cequi produit une rotation en sens inverse de l’appareil et un abaissement de l’aiguille. Lorsqu’on emploie cet instrument, on place la boule du thermographe dans la cavité dont on veut explorer (1) Pour cette partie qui traverse l’index de mercure il faut prendre un tube de fer très-fin, tous les autres métaux seraient promptement amal¬ gamés. 174 DU MOUVEMENT DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA VIE, les variations de température, et Ton rompt la continuité du tube de transmission au niveau de l’une des branches du tube en U. L’air de la boule thermométrique se trouve ainsi en communication avec l’extérieur, et se dilate libre¬ ment, en se mettant en équilibre de température avec la cavité explorée. Lorsque cet équilibre est atteint, on rétablit la continuité du tube après avoir mis au zéro l’aiguille de l’enregistreur. A partir de ce moment, tout changement de température agissant sur la boule se traduit par un mouvement de l’aiguille. Lorsque l’expé¬ rience est terminée, si l’on veut connaître la valeur absolue des indications de la courbe, on cherche d’abord, avec un thermomètre à mercure, quel est le degré de chaleur qu’il faut appliquer à la boule thermométrique pour amener l’aiguille à la position initiale (ou zéro arbitraire). On évalue aussi, avec le même étalonnes différentes oscilla¬ tions de l’aiguille, en cherchant quelle élévation ou quel abaissement de température produit des oscillations semblables (1). Le principe sur lequel est basée la construction de mon thermographe consiste dans l’équilibre constant de cet appareil autour de son index de mercure. Il s’ensuit que l’aiguille de l’instrument n’a pour ainsi dire aucune force motrice disponible, et qu’elle ne saurait tracer des graphi¬ ques sur une surface qui lui présenterait quelque résis¬ tance de frottements. Une glace enfumée qui, pour les (1) Il suffit de faire une fois pour toutes la graduation expérimentale de l’instrument pour savoir à quel changement de température correspond l’élévation ou l’abaissement des graphiques obtenus avec cet appareil dans toutes les expériences ultérieures. DES APPAREILS ENREGISTREURS EN BIOLOGIE. 175 enregistreurs ordinaires, n’offre qu’une résistance de frottements insignifiante, aurait pour le thermographe une résistance trop grande encore. J’ai dû, pour obtenir des graphiques, recourir au moyen suivant. Le support vertical qui porte l’appareil à levier pivote sur lui-même, de telle sorte que l’aiguille indicatrice exé¬ cute des oscillations transversales dans lesquelles sa pointe va battre contre la surface enfumée et y laisse un point blanc à chacun de ses contacts. Si les oscillations de l’aiguille se renouvellent assez fréquemment, et si la plaque enfumée chemine avec lenteur, les points tracés se trouvent au contact les uns des autres et forment une ligne continue qui s’élève ou s’abaisse suivant les mou¬ vements de l’aiguille dans le plan vertical. On conçoit que dans ces conditions, la tendance de l’appareil à prendre son équilibre n’est entravée que pen¬ dant les instants très-courts qui correspondent au poin¬ tage, et“que, pendant tout le reste de ses oscillations transversales, l’aiguille est entièrement libre dans ses mouvements. Pour obtenir ces oscillations transversales qui produi¬ sent le pointage, j’emploie un petit mouvement d’horloge¬ rie qui, dans la figure 53, est représenté au premier plan, supporté par une pièce de bois. Cet appareil fait mouvoir alternativement à droite et à gauche un petit cadre de fil de fer qui vient battre contre une petite tige perpendi¬ culairement implantée dans le support pivotant de l’appa¬ reil. Toutes les dix secondes, une impulsion est ainsi donnée au support qui pivote sur lui-cnême, amène l’ai¬ guille au contact delà plaque et se retire par l’effet d’un 176 DU MOUVEMENT DANS UES FONCTIONS DE LA VIE. léger ressort (1). Les petits ébranlements communiqués ainsi au thermographe ont une influence favorable sur la marche de l’instrument, en ce qu’ils assurent son équili¬ bre autour de l’index de mercure et régularisent les mouvements de cet index. C’est ainsi que lorsqu’on veut consulter un baromètre à mercure, on frappe légèrement * sur cet instrument pour que le mercure prenne exacte¬ ment son niveau. Une condition indispensable pour que le thermographe fournisse des indications exactes, c’est que l’air soit her¬ métiquement emprisonné dans l’intérieur de l’instrument. Si les joints qui unissent les différentes pièces permettent la moindre fuite, l’air s’échappera au dehors lorsque la boule thermométrique sera échauffée, ou bien, si elle est refroidie, il se fera une rentrée de l’air extérieur dans l’appareil. Dans l’un comme dans l’autre cas, les indications du graphique seront faussées. Il est donc indispensable de vérifier l’occlusion des différents joints de l’appareil avant de s’en servir. Pour cela, on charge d’un léger poids l’aiguille indi¬ catrice; celle-ci s’abaisse d’un certain nombre de degrés, puis reste fixe si les joints sont hermétiques. Le poids ajouté au levier, en faisant tourner l’appareil, a comprimé l’air contenu dans ses différentes cavités, jus¬ qu’à ce que la force élastique de cet air soit suffisante pour soutenir l’index de mercure dans une position où il fait (1) Les mouvements destinés au pointage ne doivent pas être trop rapides, sans quoi l’aiguille, oscillant transversalement avec trop de vitesse, tendrait par la force centrifuge à se rapprocher du zéro, c’est-à-dire de la position horizontale. DES APPAREILS ENREGISTREURS EN BIOLOGIE. 177 équilibre au poids additionnel. Admettons la moindre fuite, l’air comprimé s’échappera et sa tension baissant, l’aiguille chargée s’abaissera elle-même indéfiniment. La vitesse avec laquelle l’aiguille descend dans ces condi¬ tions indique l’importance de la fuite (1). Réglage de la sensibilité du thermographe. — On peut modifier de différentes manières la sensibilité de l’instru¬ ment : 1° en changeant le diamètre ou le rayon de cour¬ bure du tube de verre qui contient l’index de mercure; 2° en adaptant à l’instrument des boules thermométriques de volume variable. Si l’on réduit le diamètre du tube de verre qui contient l’index de mercure, il est évident que la quan¬ tité d’air nécessaire pour faire parcourir à l’index un certain trajet sera moindre que si le tube était large. Dès lors, la dilatation de l’air produite par un certain échauffement de taboulé thermométrique se traduira par un plus grand parcours de l’aiguille si le tube employé est étroit. Une pareille augmentation de la sensibilité pourra être obtenue si l’on diminue le rayon de courbure du tube de verre employé. Dans ce cas, un même échauffement de la boule thermométrique fera parcourir à l’index de mer (I ) Le thermographe est en même temps barométrographe•, il est influencé par l’état de la pression atmosphérique, de telle sorte que l’air qui y est renfermé se met sans cesse en équilibre de pression avec l’air ambiant. Une augmentation de la pression atmosphérique devra donc faire baisser l’aiguille indicatrice comme le ferait un refroidissement. La diminution de pression fera élever l’aiguille. Mais ces influences de la pression extérieure sont très faibles et, de plus, comme elles sont assez lentes à se produire, on peut entièrement les négliger dans une expérience qui ne dure pas trop longtemps. MAKEY. 42 178 DU MOUVEMENT DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA VIE. cure le même trajet linéaire, mais ce trajet représentera sur la petite circonférence un arc d’un plus grand nombre de degrés qui sera reproduit par la course de l’aiguille. Le moyen le plus usuel de faire varier la sensibilité de l’appareil est de donner à la boule thermométrique un volume plus ou moins grand. On peut ainsi obtenir à volonté une course très-petite ou très-grande del’aiguilfe en vissant à l’extrémité du tube de. transmission des bou¬ les de grosseurs variables; une même température pro¬ duit alors une augmentation de volume proportionnelle à la quantité d’air sur laquelle elle agit. On peut donc em¬ ployer le parcours de l’aiguille indicatrice, soit à noter de très-grands écarts de température, soit à apprécier de très-petites fractions d’un seul degré. Du reste, dans les expériences physiologiques, il faut souvent employer des boules de petit volume, par exem¬ ple lorsqu’on veut explorer la température du sang dans les vaisseaux; c’est donc une limite imposée dans la pra¬ tique à la sensibilité de l’instrument. Mais, avec des boules allongées, on peut avoir bien assez de volume d’air et par conséquent de sensibilité pour les besoins ordinaires. Enfin, un inconvénient des grosses boules thermomé¬ triques, c’est la lenteur avec laquelle elles s’échauffent ; inconvénient bien léger à moins qu’on ne veuille enregis¬ trer, à quelques secondes près, l’instant où se produisent les variations de la température. Le volume du tube de cuivre qui sert à la transmis¬ sion de l’air, et la longueur de ce tube, ne sont pas indif¬ férents ; il est bon de prendre ce tube aussi fin et aussi DES APPAREILS ENREGISTREURS EN BIOLOGIE. 179 court que possible, pour que le volume d’air qu’il con¬ tient soit négligeable. Le manomètre enregistreur. — Vous connaissez déjà le kymographion de Ludwig enregistrant les oscillations d’un manomètre à mercure, mais vous savez aussi que cet appareil est impropre à signaler la forme réelle des changements qui surviennent dans la pression du sang à l’intérieur des vaisseaux. En général, tout manomètre déforme les mouvements brusques qui lui sont transmis. J’ai développé ailleurs (1) les raisons qui doivent faire rejeter l’emploi du manomètre pour l’estimation des pressions variables. Mais j’ai indiqué aussi une disposi¬ tion qui permet d’obtenir avec le manomètre la mesure exacte de la pression moyenne du sang dans les artères Le manomètre compensateur présente en bas de la co¬ lonne de mercure un rétrécissement qui éteint les oscil¬ lations et laisse le niveau de cette colonne sensiblement fixe au point qui exprime la moyenne pression (2). Un manomètre compensateur qui porterait un flotteur enregistrant, comme celui que Ludwig emploie dans son appareil, donnerait des indications exactes de tous les changements qu’éprouve la pression moyenne du sang dans un vaisseau. Mais pour simplifier l’instrumenta¬ tion et la réduire aux appareils dont je me sers ordinai¬ rement, j’enregistre de la manière suivante les indications du manomètre compensateur. — Si l’on adapte au tube de verre dans lequel s’élève le mercure le tube de caout (1) Physiol. méd. de la circulation du sang, p. 142. (2) Voyez, pour la théorie de cet instrument, Phys, méd., p. 143. 180 DU MOUVEMENT DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA VIE. chouc qui se rend au tambour d’un cardiographe ordinaire, il est clair que la colonne de mercure, en s’élevant sous l’influence d’une pression plus forte, chassera devant elle l’air dont elle prendra la place, l’enverra dans le tambour du cardiographe et soulèvera le levier. L’ascension plus ou moins grande de ce levier exprimera, en l’enregistrant, l’augmentation de la pression mesurée par le manomètre. L’inverse se produira, et le levier descendra, si la pres¬ sion baisse et amène une descente du niveau du mer¬ cure. Toutefois, comme l’élasticité d’une membrane de caout¬ chouc change avec les différents degrés d’extension de cette membrane, il faut déterminer expérimentalement la hauteur, à laquelle s’élève le levier sous l’influence de pressions connues. C’est la graduation expérimentale de l’appareil. On évite cet inconvénient en adaptant au manomètre, non plus le tube de transmission d’un cardiographe, mais celui d’un thermographe, appareil qui, pour des déplace¬ ments égaux du niveau manométrique, donne des mou¬ vements égaux de l’aiguille enregistrante. Quelle que soit la disposition employée, on peut régler à volonté la sensibilité du manomètre enregistreur et cela de plusieurs manières différentes. 1° En employant des tubes manométriques de diffé¬ rents-diamètres. Une égale ascension du mercure dépla¬ cera un volume d’air proportionnel au carré du diamètre de l’instrument. 2° En employant des liquides de différentes densités pour la construction de l’appareil. Un manomètre à eau DES APPAREILS ENREGISTREURS EN BIOLOGIE. 181 donne des indications 18 fois plus grandes qu’un mano¬ mètre à mercure (1). 3° Enfin, en inclinant le manomètre, on accroît à vo¬ lonté la sensibilité de l’instrument, car c’est la hauteur verticale du niveau du mercure au-dessus de celui du réservoir qui exprime la pression mesurée ; et cette hau¬ teur verticale se traduira par une longueur plus grande de la colonne de mercure si celle-ci est inclinée. Or comme le mouvement de l’aiguille indicatrice croît avec le parcours de la colonne manométrique, on peut con¬ clure que tous les degrés de sensibilité pourront être donnés, suivant le besoin, au manomètre enregistreur, suivant qu’on inclinera plus ou moins la colonne de l’in¬ strument. De la balance enregistrante. — Le changement de poids d’un corps peut être traduit en mouvement au moyen de certains artifices. Prenons par exemple un aréomètre à volume variable et plongeons-le dans l’eau. Au-dessus de l’instrument adaptons une capsule à large surface, et versons-y un peu d’éther. L’aréomètre plonge d’une certaine quantité sous l’influence de cette surcharge, puis reprend son immobilité; mais sous l’influence de l’évaporation de l’éther vous le voyez bientôt s’élever graduellement et reprendre son niveau primitif lorsque l’éther est com (1) Ce rapport des indications des manomètres suivant la nature du li¬ quide employé dans leur construction n’existe que pour les manomètres à air libre, dans le manomètre enregistreur, les indications sont réduites par la résistance élastique de la membrane du tambour, dont il faut tenir compte daus les évaluations absolues, 1 182 DU MOUVEMENT DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA VIE. plément évaporé. Nous poumons facilement enregistrer le mouvement d’ascension de l’aréomètre et nous aurions ainsi l’expression graphique parfaitement exacte de la vitesse de l’évaporation de l’éther. Nous pourrions accé¬ lérer ou ralentir l’ascension de la courbe en élevant du en abaissant la température ambiante; en créant un courant d’air plus ou moins rapide qui accélère plus ou moins cette évaporation. Un sel déliquescent placé dans la capsule de l’aréo¬ mètre donnerait lieu au mouvement inverse ; il ferait plonger l’instrument d’autant plus vite que l’humidité de l’air lui céderait une plus grande quantité d’eau. — On peut varier de mainte façon les expériences de ce genre et enregistrer le mouvement par lequel un corps gagne ou perd de son poids. Un animal placé dans les mêmes conditions, c’est-à dire supporté par un aréomètre de grandes dimensions pourrait traduire graphiquement la perte de poids qu’il subit par le fait de l’évaporation à la surface pulmonaire et à la surface cutanée. On pourrait obtenir ainsi des indications utiles relativement aux diverses influences qui augmentent ou diminuent cette évaporation. Mais une grave difficulté se présente tout d’abord, c’est que les mouvements exécutés par l’animal impriment à l’instru¬ ment des oscillations qui dérangent complètement ses indications. Il s’agit donc d’empêcher les mouvements brusques de l’animal de se traduire dans le graphique de J'appareil, et d’enregistrer seulement les changements qui surviennent dans son poids. Voici une disposition qui satisfait à cette exigence. DES APPAREILS ENREGISTREURS EN BIOLOGIE. 183 L’aréomètre étant immergé dans un long vase cylin¬ drique porte à sa partie inférieure une tige solide sur laquelle sont adaptées une série de rondelles écartées les unes des autres d’un centimètre environ et qui, par leur ensemble, forment une sorte de piston remplissant pres¬ que exactement le vase cylindrique. Lorsqu’on cherche à enfoncer brusquement dans l’eau ce piston formé de rondelles, on éprouve une résistance absolue ; mais si l’on imprime à ce même piston une impulsion lente, il obéit au moindre effort (1). On peut alors placer un animal en expérience sur le plateau qui surmonte l’aréomètre, et l’on peut, sans être gêné par les sauts qu’il exécute, obtenir l’indication gra¬ phique de la diminution lente de son poids. Je n’ai pas besoin d’indiquer plus explicitement les autres pièces de l’appareil ; rien n’est plus facile que d’en¬ registrer fidèlement un mouvement aussi graduel que l’émergence de cet aréomètre (2). J’ai beaucoup insisté sur la disposition de ces enregis¬ treurs qui traduisent en mouvement des phénomènes de (1) Cette disposition est empruntée à une machiné pneumatique imaginée par M. Deleuil. Dans cette machine, le piston remplit presque exactement un corps de pompe de cristal et porte à sa circonférence une série de canne¬ lures circulaires dont chacune, brisant la mince colonne d’air qui tendrait à passer entre le piston et le corps de pompe, rend à peu près imperméable à l’air une jointure qui n’est pas hermétique. (2) On peut, en donnant à la partie de l’appareil qui émerge graduelle¬ ment un diamètre approprié, disposer les choses de telle sorte qu’une émer¬ gence de 1 centimètre de hauteur exprime la perte du poids de 1 centimètre cube d’eau. Les indications graphiques correspondent alors exactement à l’évaporation produite par la transpiration de l’animal et se lisent directement sans réduction. 184 DU MOUVEMENT DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA VIE. diverses natures ; si j’ai plus longuement décrit ces appa¬ reils, c’est que vous aurez souvent l’occasion de voir fonctionner ici les enregistreurs du mouvement propre¬ ment dit, tandis que je n’aurai pas à faire usage des autres dans ces leçons. Je tenais beaucoup, en exposant devant vous l’état actuel de la méthode graphique, à vous montrer que son domaine, est bien plus étendu qu’on ne pourrait le croire tout d’abord; et s’il est vrai que cette méthode nous fournit l’expression la plus parfaite des phénomènes à l’étude desquels elle s’applique, nous de¬ vons chercher à étendre de plus en plus son emploi. DIXIÈME LEÇON. Contrôle «les appareils enregistreurs. Principes généraux qui président à la construction des appareils enregis¬ treurs; causes d’erreur qu’il faut éviter. — Importance de l’uniformité du mouvement d’horlogerie. — Influences qui peuvent déformer le mouve¬ ment transmis à l’appareil : inertie., élasticité, frottements. —Vérification expérimentale des appareils. — Procédé de Donders pour vérifier les enre¬ gistreurs. Messieurs, En faisant passer sous vos yeux tous ces appareils en¬ registreurs que nous aurons à employer plus tard, je n’ai pu vous exposer avec des détails suffisants la fonction de chacun d’eux; je n’ai prétendu faire qu’une énumération rapide des ressources dont nous pourrons disposer. Aussi lorsque vous m’avez entendu contester la valeur des premiers appareils enregistreurs introduits en biologie et accuser d’inexactitude les tracés de ces instruments, vous avez dû vous demander à vous-mêmes si les appa¬ reils que je propose à mon tour ne sont pas passibles du même reproche. Cette objection me semblerait d’autant plus naturelle qu’elle s’est déjà produite le jour où j’ai soumis à l’appréciation des biologistes le premier de mes appareils enregistreurs, mon sphygmographe. De longues controverses s’élevèrent, ce qui prouve que l’importance de cet instrument fut généralement comprise. Quels re¬ grets, en effet, ne devrait-on pas avoir si à la fin d’un 186 DU MOUVEMENT DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA VIE. long travail entrepris au.moyen d’un appareil, on s’aper¬ cevait trop tard que tous les résultats obtenus sont faux par suite de l’imperfection de l’appareil employé. Je dois donc vous fournir la preuve de l’exactitude des tracés fournis par les instruments que je viens de décrire, ou du moins, vous signaler les limites dans lesquelles on peut avoir confiance dans leurs indications. Malgré leur diversité apparente, la plupart des appa¬ reils que vous venez de voir sont établis sur le même principe, les mêmes causes d’erreur ont dû être évitées dans leur construction. Aussi peut-on formuler certaines règles générales, signaler certaines conditions auxquelles doit satisfaire un bon appareil. Ces notions générales ont d’autant plus d’importance qu’elles permettront au besoin de construire avec moins de tâtonnements des enregis¬ treurs applicables à de nouvelles recherches. Enfin, comme les considérations théoriques relatives aux conditions générales d’un bon enregistreur sont assez complexes et n’entraîneraient peut-être pas votre convic¬ tion, j’aurai soin de soumettre chacun des appareils dont nous aurons à nous servir à un contrôle expérimental destiné à rechercher s’il donne de fidèles indications. Conditions générales auxquelles doit satisfaire un bon appareil enregistreur. — Causes d'erreur qu’il faut éviter. A. — Importance de l’uniformité du mouvement de l’appareil d’horlogerie. Nous avons vu que tout graphique s’engendre par la combinaison de deux mouvements l’un par rapport à CONTRÔLE DES APPAREILS ENREGISTREURS. 187 l’autre. Dans le système généralement adopté, c’est au mouvement uniforme produit par un bon appareil d’hor¬ logerie que se rapporte le mouvement variable et inconnu que l’on cherche à déterminer. Mais l’uniformité absolue du mouvement par lequel chemine la surface qui reçoit le graphique n’est très-utile que si l’on veut obtenir une mesure très-exacte de la durée des phénomènes. Dans un grand nombre de cas, on ne cherche qu’une expres¬ sion à peu près exacte de la manière dont le phénomène a varié. Ainsi, lorsqu’on veut déterminer la forme du pouls, de la respiration, des mouvements du cœur, etc., il n’est pas indispensable d’avoir des régulateurs d’une grande précision pour assurer l’uniformité de mouvement. Vous avez vu d’ailleurs que pour les mesures les plus exactes du temps, on peut employer un appareil quel¬ conque, à la condition de contrôler sa marche au moyen d’un pendule ou d’un diapason enregistreurs qui nous préviennent de la moindre irrégularité du mouvement de l’appareil. Ce n’est donc pas le défaut de régularité de la marche du papier qui doit nous préoccuper beaucoup. La recherche d’un bon régulateur a pour but de simpli¬ fier les expériences en nous évitant le contrôle incessant de la vitesse de la machine. Mais la plus grande difficulté à surmonter n’était pas dans ce point. B. — De l’amplification du mouvement qu’on enregistre, et des dangers de déformer ce mouvement en l’amplifiant. Presque tous les enregistreurs que je viens de vous montrer sont des appareils à levier tournant. La force motrice dont les effets seront enregistrés, agit plus ou 188 DU MOUVEMENT DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA VIE. moins près de l’axe de rotation du levier, et comme ce levier est en général assez long, il s’ensuit que son extré¬ mité libre, celle qui porte la plume ou la pointe écrivante, exécute un mouvement beaucoup plus grand que celui qui lui avait été communiqué. Le levier agit donc comme organe d’amplification du mouvement et de plus, en vertu d’une propriété bien connue, il grandit d’autant plus ce mouvement que la force motrice agit plus près de l’axe de rotation. Ce double avantage de pouvoir amplifier un mouve¬ ment trop faible pour être directement perçu, et de l’am¬ plifier plus ou moins suivant le besoin, est tellement précieux qu’il me semble devoir faire préférer l’emploi du levier à toute autre disposition dans la plupart des cas, Je dois vous signaler toutefois un petit inconvénient. Vous avez vu que dans tous mes appareils le levier est placé dans un plan à peu près parallèle à celui du papier qui reçoit le tracé; il en résulte que dans ces mouvements alternatifs d’élévation et d’abaissement, la pointe écrivante ne trace pas sur le papier immobile une droite perpendiculaire à l’abscisse, mais qu’elle décrit un arc de cercle qui a pour rayon la longueur du levier lui-même. Si le graphique a une faible amplitude, cet arc de cercle est négligeable, mais il n’en est plus de même quand le levier exécute de grandes oscillations. Le graphique est alors déformé et doit subir une correction si l’on veut connaître la forme absolue du mouvement enregistré. Soit (fig. 54) un graphique obtenu au moyen d’un levier de longueur telle qu’il décrive sur le papier immobile 189 CONTROLE DES APPAREILS ENREGISTREURS. l’arc de cercle. Cet arc devrait correspondre à une per¬ pendiculaire à l’abscisse. Tous les points de la courbe devront être reportés vers la gauche d’une quantité égale à celle dont la verticale s’éloigne de l’arc de cercle au niveau de chacun de ces points. Fig. 54. — Correction de l’arc de cercle dans un graphique. Pour éviter, dans la pratique, de recourir à ces cor¬ rections lorsqu’on veut obtenir des graphiques d’une grande étendue, on renonce à amplifier directement le mouvement et l’on enregistre avec une faible amplitude, sur une plaque de verre enfumée à marche lente, le phé¬ nomène qu’on veut analyser. Dans ce graphique de petites dimensions, la déformation est à peu près nulle, car l’arc de cercle décrit par le levier se confond sensiblement avec la verticale. * Plaçons au foyer d’un mégascope cette petite image; elle sera projetée sur un écran dans des dimensions très grandes et l’on pourra, en suivant au crayon tous les contours de ce graphique lumineux, obtenir une figure amplifiée d’une fidélité parfaite. Ce moyen est précieux lorsqu’on veut soumettre la courbe d’un phénomène à l’analyse géométrique. sur une plaque de verre enfumée placée au loyer d’un mégascope à lumière électrique. Au moyen de CONTRÔLE DES APPAREILS ENREGISTREURS. 191 cet appareil, j’ai pu projeter sur un écran les graphiques •des mouvements respiratoires, des battements du cœur, des contractions musculaires, etc., au moment même où ces phénomènes se produisaient. Les figures ainsi obte¬ nues n’étaient nullement déformées, quoiqu’elles eussent une dimension de plusieurs décimètres de hauteur. On peut aussi, en prenant un levier d’une grande lon¬ gueur, obtenir directement un graphique d’assez grande amplitude, et cependant peu déformé ; mais ce moyen ne peut être employé que dans un nombre de cas res¬ treint, car il faut une force motrice assez considérable pour soulever ce levier d’une grande longueur. En somme, la condition générale pour avoir un gra¬ phique peu déformé est de ne faire décrire au levier enregistreur que des arcs d’un très-petit nombre de degrés. Dès lors, si le levier au repos est bien parallèle à la ligne des abscisses, les petits arcs qu’il décrira se con¬ fondront sensiblement avec des lignes verticales et la figure obtenue sera fidèle. C. — Danger de la déformation du mouvement par la vitesse aequisa du levier enregistreur. Toute masse pesante sur laquelle a agi une force a pris une vitesse qu’elle conservera jusqu’à ce que des rési¬ stances étrangères viennent la lui enlever : c’est là un des effets de l ’inertie de la matière. C’est en vertu de cette vitesse acquise que les projectiles parcourent de longues distances sous l’influence d’une force qui n’a agi que dans une courte étendue de leurs parcours. La force vive que possède le corps ainsi lancé est propor 192 DU MOUVEMENT DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA VIE. donnée à la masse de ce corps multipliée par la moitié du carré de sa vitesse. Ainsi, lorsque le levier d’un enre¬ gistreur est soulevé brusquement, il tend à s’élever encore lorsque la force qui le poussait a cessé d’agir. Mais le mouvement que ce levier possède est en général bientôt détruit par les résistances de frottement de la plume sur la surface du papier. Pour s’opposer à cette cause de déformation, il faut : ou bien réduire autant que possible la force vive que le levier pourra prendre, ce qui se fait en diminuant soit sa masse, soit l’amplitude de ses excursions, ou bien augmenter les frottements de la plume sur lp papier, afin d’éteindre dans des résistances suffisantes la vitesse acquise du levier. C’est pour cela que je donne au levier de mes enre¬ gistreurs une légèreté extrême, particulièrement dans le voisinage de leur extrémité libre (t), c’est-à-dire dans les points qui se meuvent avec la plus grande vitesse. Donders a observé, en vérifiant les indications de mes instruments, que si les mouvements enregistrés sont très-brusques, et si le tracé présente la cause d’erreur que je viens de signaler, il suffit de faire appuyer la plume plus fortement contre le papier pour rendre au MY 2 , (1) La force vive acquise par une masse en mouvement est égale à —? c’est-à-dire à la moitié du produit de cette masse par le carré de sa vitesse. On peut supposer théoriquement qüe la masse soit située tellement près de l’axe du levier qiie sa vitesse soit nulle, même dans les plus rapides mouve MV 2 ments de la plume. Dans ces cas, quelle que soit la masse, le produit -^-, ou la force vive, sera nul. On peut donc, en pratique, employer un poids au lieu du ressort que je propose, mais ce poids devra être extrêmement considérable et situé très-près de l'axe du levier. CONTRÔLE DES APPAREILS ENREGISTREURS. 195 graphique sa précision, et permettre à l’instrument de se prêter à l’étude de mouvements très-rapides. Dans la construction des appareils, j’ai cherché à parer à cet inconvénient au moyen de dispositions particulières. Dans certains cas, j’applique sur le levier un petit ressort dont la pression s’oppose aux effets de la vitesse acquise, cette disposition existe dans mon sphygmographe. D’autres fois, comme dans mon polygraphe, je rends le levier entièrement solidaire des mouvements de la mem¬ brane qui le soulève, ce qui produit le même résultat que la disposition précédente. Quelle que soit la construction adoptée, les enregis¬ treurs sont à peu près tous bons lorsqu’il s’agit de traduire par un graphique un mouvement qui n’est pas trop rapide. Les mouvements respiratoires, par exemple, sont faciles à enregistrer fidèlement; mais il faut déjà plus de précautions pour obtenir la courbe exacte des batte¬ ments du cœur ou des artères; enfin il est extrêmement difficile d’éviter entièrement les effets de la vitesse acquise du levier lorsqu’on enregistre les mouvements extrême¬ ment brusques que produisent les muscles de certains animaux. En présence de ces difficultés, il est important d’avoir un moyen de reconnaître si un graphique présente ou non la déformation dont je viens de parler. Voici le moyen que j’emploie pour vérifier expérimentalement la valeur des graphiques dont je suspecte l’exactitude. Il est bien évident que les effets de la vitesse acquise du levier ne peuvent se produire qu’à la fin des périodes MAREY. 13 494 DU MOUVEMENT DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA VIeZ d’ascension de la courbe tracée, et que dans ces condi¬ tions ils se traduiront par une élévation exagérée des sommets. Soit le graphique (tig. 56), dans lequel les Fig. 56. — Graphique pour vérifier les indications des sphygmographes. sommets peuvent être accusés de présenter une hauteur exagérée par l’inertie du levier. Il est clair que si j’empêche le levier de parcourir la haute excursion qu’il exécute dans les premiers graphiques, et si je le sou¬ tiens à l’aide d’un support, de façon qu’il ne soit plus soulevé que par les derniers efforts de la pulsation du vaisseau, ce levier n'ayant plus à parcourir une course aussi longue ne prendra plus au même degré la vitesse qui déformait la courbe ; on verra donc les sommets changer de forme et perdre une partie de la hauteur qu’ils présentaient tout d’abord. Or, vous voyez que le sommet des courbes n’est aucunement modifié lorsque je diminue l’amplitude de l’excursion du levier. Gette expérience montre que le graphique primitif était fidèle. Dans le cas où la forme des sommets serait modifiée lorsqu’on diminue l’amplitude des mouvements du levier, on devrait conclure que le levier était projeté au-dessus du maximum réel, et qu’il y a lieu d’augmenter le frot¬ tement de la plume jusqu’à ce que la cause d’erreur ait disparu. CONTROLE DES APPAREILS ENREGISTREURS. 195 D. — Le graphique peut être déformé par la trop grande lenteur de la descente du levier. Lorsqu’une masse pesante est abandonnée à elle-même, elle tombe avec une vitesse maximum qui est la même pour tous les corps. Le mouvement d’un corps qui tombe est très-faible dans les premiers instants, et s’accélère graduellement, comme la physique le démontre. Il s’en¬ suit que le levier d’un enregistreur soulevé par une force, et abandonné subitement à lui-même, 11 e descendra pas verticalement, mais tracera, dans sa descente, une courbe parabolique. En outre, les frottements de la plume contre le papier pourront ralentir encore cette descente et rendre le graphique plus oblique. Cet inconvénient de l’emploi d’un levier libre n’existe que dans les cas où le mouvement enregistré cesse très brusquement. La plupart des phénomènes qu’on enre¬ gistre en biologie présentent dans leur phase de déclin une assez grande lenteur pour que la chute du levier ne retarde jamais sur la décroissance de la force enregistrée. Toutefois, dans certains mouvements musculaires, on observe des périodes de décroissance assez rapides pour devancer les effets de la pesanteur sur le levier, surtout lorsque celui-ci frotte un peu fortement sur la surface qui reçoit le graphique. Il faut donc assurer la descente instantanée du levier enregistreur pour être sûr que la courbe descendante exprime toujours fidèlement la dé¬ croissance du mouvement qu’on étudie. On arrive à ce résultat par l’emploi du même ressort qui nous a servi tout à l’heure à détruire les effets de la 196 DU MOUVEMENT DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA VIE. vitesse acquise. La pression de ce ressort sur le levier le fait descendre aussitôt que disparaît la force qui l’avait soulevé. Un effet semblable s’obtient aussi lorsque, dans le polygraphe, la membrane du tambour est solidement arti¬ culée avec le levier. C’est alors l’élasticité de cette mem¬ brane distendue qui tend à faire redescendre le levier dès que la cause qui le soulevait a disparu. On peut rechercher expérimentalement si un appareil présente la cause d’erreur que je viens de signaler. Il est facile d’appliquer à cet instrument une force que l’on fait cesser d’une manière soudaine, et de voir si la descente du graphique présente la verticalité qui doit correspondre à la brusquerie du phénomène qu’elle doit exprimer. E. — Une masse pesante ne prend pas instantanément le mouvement qui lui est transmis par une force élastique. Vous avez vu, messieurs, que dans les anciens appa¬ reils enregistreurs, dans le manomètre de Ludwig, le sphygmographe de Vierordt et même dans le myographe de Helmholtz, la force que l’on veut connaître est appli¬ quée à déplacer des masses assez considérables. Bien que ces masses soient équilibrées, elles n’en présentent pas moins un effet de l’inertie par suite duquel elles ne pren¬ nent leur mouvement que d’une manière lente, si la force qui agit sur ces masses est transmise par un intermé¬ diaire élastique. Vous verrez tout à l’heure que c’est la condition dans laquelle agissent la plupart des mouve¬ ments dont nous cherchons à enregistrer la forme. Pour vous convaincre d’abord de l’exactitude de CONTRÔLE DES APPAREILS ENREGISTREURS. 197 cette proposition mécanique, prenons une balance pe¬ samment chargée et équilibrée de telle sorte que le moindre poids additionnel la fasse pencher : attachons un fil élastique à l’un des fléaux de cette balance et exer¬ çons une traction brusque sur l’autre extrémité de ce fil. Le mouvement imprimé à la balance n’est pas instanta¬ nément produit, mais nous voyons que le fil de caoutchouc s’allonge tout d’abord par l’effet de la traction brusque qu’il subit, et que la balance se meut graduellement par le retrait élastique de ce fil distendu. La forme du mouve¬ ment imprimé par la main et celle du mouvement produit par la balance, diffèrent tout à fait l’une de l’autre. Plus la masse à mouvoir sera grande, quoique équilibrée, et plus le fil employé sera facilement extensible, plus nous ver¬ rons ces deux mouvements différer l’un de l’autre au point de vue de la forme. Or, dans la plupart des cas, les enregistreurs physio¬ logiques ne reçoivent le mouvement que par un intermé¬ diaire élastique. Dans le polygraphe, c’est l’air plus ou moins comprimé qui transmet le mouvement; dans le sphygmographe c’est la pression du sang contenu dans des vaisseaux élastiques qui soulève le levier. Enfin dans le myographe, le muscle lui-même est élastique, et l’on aurait, dans tous ces cas, une déformation du mouvement enregistré, si la force devait agir sur une lourde masse. Le moyen d’empêcher cette déformation dans tous les cas est de rendre aussi, légère que possible la masse à mouvoir. Or vous avez vu quel degré de légèreté extrême j’ai pu donner au levier dans mes appareils tout en res¬ pectant la rigidité qui lui est nécessaire. 198 DU MOUVEMENT DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA VIE. Cette cause de déformation du graphique n’existe que pour les mouvements brusques; on la trouvait déjà à un haut degré dans l’emploi des appareils que je vous ai signalés, lorsqu’on enregistrait avec eux les phénomènes circulatoires; elle est bien plus prononcée encore dans le graphique des mouvements musculaires. F. — Dans tout appareil enregistreur, si la masse pesante et équilibrée a son point de suspension au-dessus de son centre de gravité, elle tend à osciller et déforme les graphiques par l’effet de ces oscillations. Cet effet n’intervient pas dans l’emploi des leviers légers ; nous n’aurons donc pas à nous en occuper. Depuis longtemps, du reste, l’attention des biologistes a été attirée sur cette cause d’erreur dans l’emploi des appareils. Vierordt la signalait déjà dans le kymogra phion de Ludwig (1). J’ai cherché moi-même à montrer qu’elle existait aussi dans le sphygmographe de Vierordt (2). Fick (3), Mach (.4), puis un grand nombre d’auteurs achevèrent de démontrer l’imperfection des appareils pesants. Aujourd’hui, les enregistreurs construits d’après les principes que je viens de vous signaler ont été l’objet d’études nombreuses de la part de savants français, ainsi qu’à l’étranger, principalement en Allemagne, en Hol¬ lande et en Suisse. (1) Vierordt, Arterienpuls. (2) Des causes d’erreur dans l’emploi des instruments pour mesurer la pression sanguine (Gaz. me'd. de Paris, 1859, n° 30). (3) Fick, Die medicinische Physik, 1866, p. 146. (4) E. Mach, Zur Théorie der Pulswellenzeichner Kais. Akad. der Wis senschaften. Wien, 1862. CONTRÔLE DES APPAREILS ENREGISTREURS. 199 Je puis donc m’appuyer sur l’autorité des physiciens les plus éminents pour soutenir les idées que je viens d’émettre relativement aux conditions générales d’une bonne construction pour un appareil enregistreur. Contrôle expérimental des appareils enregistreurs. — Le contrôle expérimental des appareils enregistreurs consiste à leur appliquer un mouvement de forme connue et à rechercher si le graphique exprime fidèlement cette forme. C’est à cette méthode générale que se rattachent les expériences instituées pour la vérification de mon sphygmographe par les professeurs Mach, à Vienne; Czermak, à Pesth (1); Donders (2) et le docteur Rives, à Utrecht; Koschlakoff (3), à Berlin, etc. C’est la seule méthode rigoureuse de vérification. Toutefois, on pouvait déjà acquérir une notion probable de l’exactitude de ces appareils en les contrôlant les uns par les autres, c’est-à-dire en faisant enregistrer un même mouvement par deux appareils différents. C’est ainsi que Chauveau et moi nous avons procédé pour véri¬ fier les indications du sphygmoscope (voy. fig. 43), et constaté que cet instrument, inscrivant le pouls d’une ar¬ tère, fournit un graphique identique avec celui que donne le sphygmographe appliqué sur ce vaisseau. D’autre part, (1) Czermak, Sphygmische Studien. — Mittheilungen aus dem physiol. Vrival-laboralorivm in Prag, 1864. (2) W. Rive,De Sphygmograaph en de sphygmographische Curven, Utrecht, 1866. (2) Koschlakoff, Unlersuchungen über den Puis mit Hulfeder Marey’schen Sphygmographen (Virchow’s Arch. für path. Anal, und Physiol., XXXjBd.). 200 DU MOUVEMENT DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA VIE. le professeur Fick (de Zurich) a contrôlé mon sphygmo graphe au moyen de son appareil qu’il nomme Feder kymographion (voy. fig. kk) et a obtenu des graphiques semblables avec les deux instrunents. De toutes les expériences faites en vue de contrôler la valeur de mes appareils, les plus parfaites sont celles de Donders; je vais les répéter devant vous. Il s’agit, avons-nous dit, d’appliquer à un enregistreur un mouvement bien connu et de voir si l’appareil le tra¬ duit fidèlement. Pour cela, Donders se sert d’un excen¬ trique qui tourne avec une vitesse connue. Cet excentrique (fig. 57) soulève directement la courte branche d’un levier enregistreur coudé qui, fortement maintenuqiarm ressort antagoniste, devra suivre ef retracer fidèlement toutes les sinuosités de l’excentrique. Les mouvements de ce levier agissent à leur tour sur l’appareil enregistreur que l’on veut contrôler. Dans la figure, ilsjfont mouvoir la membrane du premier tambour d’un pôlygraphe. Le mouvement, transmis par jeJube^udeuxième tambour! au levier enregistreur)) viendra s’écrire sur un cylindre (TJ, immédiatement au-d:èssus du graphique tracé par le pre¬ mier levier. Comme c’est le mouvement même du premier levier qui est appliqué au pôlygraphe , celui-ci devra répéter fidèlement le premier graphique, à moins de déformer en quelque chose le mouvement qu’il a reçu. Il faut donc que les deux graphiques présentent une identité parfaite. Or, on voit que plus le mouvement de l’excentrique est (1) Dans la figure J 57 le cylindre tourne verticalement au moyen d’nn régulateur Fousault couché sur le côté. Appare 202 DU MOUVEMENT DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA VIE. lent, plus il y a identité parfaite entre les deux graphiques; mais que si l’on tourne l’excentrique avec plus de rapidité, une légère différence apparaît annonçant la déformation du mouvement par l’appareil lui-même. C’est presque toujours un des effets de l’inertie qui intervient lorsque le levier reçoit des mouvements extrêmement rapides; on fait disparaître cet inconvénient en augmentant le frotte¬ ment de la plume contre le papier, et l’on reconnaît, en voyant reparaître l’identité des deux graphiques, que le défaut est corrigé. Dans la plupart des cas, les actes physiologiques que l’on étudie ne sont pas assez rapides pour qu’on puisse suspecter l’exactitude de l’appareil; cependant, ainsi que je vous l’ai dit tout à l’heure, certains muscles fournissent des mouvements tellement brusques, que la meilleure construction de l’enregistreur ne saurait mettre à l’abri de toute déformation du mouvement. C’est alors surtout que la méthode de Donders nous rendra service, en nous permettant de reconnaître si une erreur s’est produite et d’en déterminer l’étendue. Nous pouvons maintenant aborder l’étude des fonc¬ tions de la vie à l’aide de la méthode graphique et des appareils enregistreurs; j’espère avoir réussi à vous prouver l’excellence de cette méthode; on doit la pré¬ férer à toute autre chaque fois qu’elle sera applicable. T’espère aussi vous avoir démontré l’exactitude des appareils que nous aurons si souvent occasion d’em¬ ployer. ONZIÈME LEÇON Origine du mouvement. Méthode naturelle dans la classification des fonctions de la vie. — Le mou¬ vement est la fonction la plus importante. — Mouvements primitifs et secondaires. — Des différentes formes que revêt l’élément moteur dans l’organisme. — Distinction des muscles de la vie animale et de ceux de la vie organique. — Indépendance de l’excitabilité du nerf et de la contrac¬ tilité de muscle. — Nature de l’acte musculaire. — Secousses muscu¬ laires et tétanos. — Complexité de la contraction proprement dite. — preuves diverses en faveur de cette opinion. —Historique de la question. — Coup d’œil général sur la fonction mécanique des muscles. Messieurs, Lorsque les sciences naturelles étaient encore dans leur phase de description et de classement, la grande préoccupation des savants était, vous le savez, d’intro¬ duire l’ordre et la méthode dans la classification des êtres vivants et dans la description de leurs caractères anato¬ miques. La même nécessité s’impose au biologiste : il doit, dans l’étude des fonctions de la vie, suivre une méthode naturelle et commencer par la fonction qui, mieux que toute autre, caractérise l’être vivant : la fonction de motricité. Pour peu qu’on examine l’organisme vivant, on voit que de toute part la vie se traduit à nous par un mouve¬ ment plus ou moins sensible, mais toujours essentiel pour la fonction qu’il accompagne. 204 DU MOUVEMENT DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA VIE. Ces mouvements que les physiologistes et les médecins de l’antiquité attribuaient à des causes souvent mysté¬ rieuses, ou, que plus souvent encore, ils croyaient expliquer par une propriété spéciale de l’organe qui les présentait, sont aujourd’hui mieux connus dans leur cause. On sait, en effet, que presque tous sont engendrés plus ou moins directement par le raccourcissement ou l’allongement d’un tissu que l’on nomme tissu contractile ou musculaire. Le raccourcissement d’un muscle et son relâchement sont par eux-mêmes des mouvements parfaitement appré¬ ciables, mais ils deviennent à leur tour causes de mouve¬ ments secondaires qui servent à l’accomplissement d’une fonction. Ainsi la locomotion, qui transporte l’individu d’un point à un autre, emprunte à la contraction muscu¬ laire la force qui produit les flexions et extensions suc¬ cessives des leviers osseux, les glissements des surfaces articulaires, en un mot tout le mécanisme de la marche. La respiration, qui à chaque instant appelle l’air dans les poumons et l’en expulse, n’atteint ce résultat qu’à l’aide de certains muscles. La circulation a pour premier mo¬ teur un muscle, le cœur, et pour régulateur, à la péri¬ phérie du corps, les muscles vasculaires. Les battements des artères, que les anciens croyaient expliquer par une vertu pulsifique de ces vaisseaux, sont aujourd’hui réelle . ment expliqués comme effets secondaires de la contrac¬ tion du cœur. Les anémies et les congestions locales qui se produisent dans certains organes sont des effets de la contraction ou du relâchement des muscles vascu¬ laires. ORIGINE DU MOUVEMENT. 205 On peut donc dire avec Cl. Bernard (1) que « le » mouvement musculaire constitue la principale fonction » animale, et par suite, que le système musculaire est le » centre des phénomènes manifestés par les êtres » vivants ». Il semble que la fonction musculaire doive partager cette prééminence avec la sensibilité, attribut non moins important de l’animal. Mais cette sensibilité ne; se révèle à l’expérimentateur que par la réaction motrice qu’elle provoque. Comment le biologiste reconnaît-il qu’il a produit une sensation sur un animal ? C’est par le phénomène de mouvement qui réagit contre l’impression sensitive. Sans le mouvement qui la traduit au dehors, la sensibilité resterait entièrement subjective et échappe¬ rait le plus souvent à l’étude expérimentale. Notons aussi que le mouvement intervient presque toujours pour seconder la sensibilité : pour perfectionner lafonction spéciale qui est assignée à chacun de nos sens.
| 4,526 |
https://github.com/ibanezz/WebViewJsBridge-Android/blob/master/webviewjsbridge/src/main/java/com/lhc/webviewjsbridge/ResponseHandler.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
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MIT
| 2,020 |
WebViewJsBridge-Android
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ibanezz
|
Java
|
Code
| 15 | 47 |
package com.lhc.webviewjsbridge;
/**
* @author lhc
*/
public interface ResponseHandler<T> {
void complete(T responseData);
}
| 29,655 |
https://github.com/WideChat/Rocket.Chat.Android/blob/master/emoji/src/main/java/chat/rocket/android/emoji/EmojiKeyboardListener.kt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
Rocket.Chat.Android
|
WideChat
|
Kotlin
|
Code
| 60 | 148 |
package chat.rocket.android.emoji
interface EmojiKeyboardListener {
/**
* Callback when an emoji is selected on the picker (optional operation).
*
* @param emoji The selected emoji
*/
fun onEmojiAdded(emoji: Emoji) {}
/**
* Callback when backspace key is clicked (optional operation).
*
* @param keyCode The key code pressed as defined
*
* @see android.view.KeyEvent
*/
fun onNonEmojiKeyPressed(keyCode: Int) {}
}
| 37,236 |
americanannualc06unkngoog_2
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,939 | 13,468 |
Oompany had ffuled to provide for the inter- of this enactment to pay interest only to inno- est accruing on the 1st of January. Mr. Stan- cent and botM^fide porchasers of vcdid claims ton, the superintendent of the road, claimed against the State." Andalso,'* That, whenever that, lowing to iiyudioious su^stions in some the Governor shall have paid any of said inter- of tiie public prints that these obligations est, he may proceed under any of the statutes ought to be repudiated by the State on ac- providing a summary remedy in such case, or coaat of alleged corruption in securing the according to any forms of law which he may 8 ALABAMA. deem best and safest for the interest of the pointed a receiver on behalf of Alabama, in- State, to recover the amount so paid from the stmcting the receiver *^ to negotiate with tiie Alabama & Ohattanooga Bailroaid Company." Governor of Georgia in regard to the posseB- The Governor immediately went to New sion and running of said road through this York, where the bonds had been negotiated, State, as well as with other parties in charge and made the required investigations. He of and controlling other portions of said road found Chat 4,000 bonds, of |1,000 each, in- situated in other States,'' for the running of dorsed by the State, were '^ regular, legal and said road through its entire length, from Merid- valid," and provided for the payment of the ian to Ohattanooga; ^4t being the true intent interest thereon, as well as that on the $2,- and meaning of the judgment of this court not 000,000 of Stalie bonds. He ascertained, how- t^ interfere with the possession of said road ever, that a large number of bonds had been by the Governor of this State under the pro- prematurely issued and indorsed by his prede- visions of- the act of 1869 and 1870, without ces^r, Governor Smith, and the interest on his consent, but that the receiver appointed such he reftised to pay. This was soon pro- by the court may negotiate with the Governor vided for by the officers of the railroad com- for such consent, so as to enable him, as such pany themselves. This prompt action restored receiver, to secure the running of said road confidence in the credit of the State, but it through its entire length from Meridian to remained for the Commonwealth to indemnify Chattanooga for the benefit of all the credit- herself for the expense which she had in- ors of said insolvent railroad company." ourred. After the resignation of Bullock, Governor The total cost of the construction of the Conley acceded to the demands of Alabama, Alabama & Chattanooga Bailroad had been and the entire road was run by Colonel Gin- 19,274,557, while it was mortgaged to the ez- drat on behalf of the State. Meantime the tent of 118,000,000,. its creditors, the State not appearing as a The Legislature of 1870-'71 continued in party to the action. The decree was, however, session until the 10th of Mardi, but none of its reversed by the Circuit Court in June, on the acts are of general importance, and nothing ground that the abjudication was made '* in was done possessing any political significance, defadt of ihe debtor and upon a fatally de- Resolutions were introduced favoring a re- fectivo petition." While the bankrupt suit moval of the national capital to a more oen- was pending, the Governor made strenuous ef- tral location, but was never acted upon. A forts to induce the company to convey the resolution directing an investigation into al- road to the State, believmg, as he said, that, leged outrages in certain counties was tabled. " by such a voluntary conveyance, prolonged On the whole, the condition of society and complicated litigation would oe avoided, throughout the State has been peacefuL There and the interest of the State and that of all were occasional reports of violence and out- other creditors better subserved." In the hope rages attributed to what is known as the ^^ Ku- of carrying out an arrangement of this kind, kluz Elan." In his charge to the grand-jury Gk)vemor Lindsay and his counsel, General J. in May, Judge Busteed, of the United States H. Clanton, went to New York, where the offi- District Oovrt^ said : ^^ 1 am informed by the oers of the company were then located. Fail- attorney for the United States that he has ing, however, in their mission, they returned reason to believe and does believe that in the to Alabama, and the^ Governor proceeded to middle district of this State there have been seize the road and its property, authorizing severaJ gross violations of the law of Congress his private secretary. Colonel Gindrat, to take commonly known as the ^Enforcement Act,* possession as the agent of the State. Every and that it is his intention to submit these al* possible obstacle and embarrassment was in- leged infractions to your body for considera- terposed by the officers of the company and it tion and action. It is to be hoped that the was necessary to institute legal proceedings representations made to the District Attorney in the States of Tennessee, Georgia, and Mis^ are either not founded in fact, or so^ exag- sissippi, in order to get possession of the por- gerated, as that, when you hear the evidence tion of the road located in those States. In in the cases, they may wear a less criminal as- Tennessee and Mississippi the desired decrees pect than is supposed. I^ however, the truth were readily granted, and Colonel Gindrat was of the matters shall appear as alleged, yonr appointed receiver of the property; but Greor^ duty is as plain as your oath of office is sol- had also indorsed bonds for the company, and enmly imperative. It is a high crime, at this delicate juncture in Captain Daniel Ooleman, Solicitor of Lime- our political circumstances, to bring about a stone County, was examined particularly with necessity for applying to these communities reference to the condition of affairs in his the stringent correctives contained in the act county. He said tiiat there had been a good of May, 1870, and in other recent legislation deal of crime in that coimty, but that it had of Congress. The true, the peaceable, the not a political aspect; that men had banded only conatitntional means of getting rid of an together and operated in disguise to gratify obnoxious law is to procure its legislative re- their personal malice, to achieve private ob- peaL This, under a republican form of gov- jects, or for horse-stealing, or other purposes emment, ia sure to occur whenevw the mcjor- of plunder, but that the balance-sheet ity of the people are persuaded that it should showed a decided balance in favor of a con- be repealed. Until tnat time, the minority servative, law-abiding, peaceful public senti- most content itself with the use of moral sua- ment ; that the most vigorous efforts had been sion, and instructing the public mind, with the made by the civil authorities of the county, view of producing the desired change in the supported by public sentiment, to bring offend- pablic sentiment." ers to justice ; that a number of offenders had There appears no record of any indictments been arrested and indicted, and would be pros- for these alleged violations of the act of Con- ecuted with energy ; and a mass meeting of gress. A sub-committee of the congressional citizens had been held at Athens, and had de- '^Kn-kluz committee" visited the State, and nounced lawlessness, and pledged its support spent some time, during the summer and fall, to the civil /iuthorities. in making investigations. A large number of Evidence of a contrary purport to this was witnesses were examined, and gave very con- given mainly by negroes, and related to indi- flicting testimony. Many persons, represented vidnal cases of violence, having no obvious to be gentleman of hi^ character and un- connection with political affairs. Governor doubted veracity, testified that the condition Lindsay and Judge Busteed, while at Washing- of the State was in general very peaceable, and ton, dedaxed emphatically that there was no the dtizens were inclined to ooey the laws, more disorder or opposition to law there than Golond Lowe, formerly a Confederate officer, in any one of the itew-England States. The on being asked^ about the Eu-klux Elan and people, they said, ** were peaceably employed the Loyal League, said the former was the off- in developing their material interests, and 8et of the latter. He n^ver was a member of simply desire to be allowed to pursue them either, but thought one the cause, and the without interference. There is no political other the effect. The League arrayed bad agitation of any kind. The colored population whites and negroes against the best elements is contented, and labor has resumed its natural of society. Ttie country was disturbed, and order, with entire harmony between the em- ciril law feebly executed ; and the Ku-klux ployers and the employed." proposed to repress crime and preserve law • The finances of the State, notwithstanding and order in the interest of society. He be- the trouble growing out of its somewhat extra- lieved neither organization now existed in vagant indorsement of railroad bonds, are in a North Alabama. The country never was in promising condition. The public debt is stated a quieter or more peaceable condition than by the Auditor as $8,761f9l7.£7, which indi- Bincethe last election, when the people had cates an increase of $283,906.62. The Govem- reguned, in a great degree, the control of their or, however, declares that it is only $5,442,- State government. 800, "the University and other funds, what is Captain L. W. Mypropriations, Bohool appropriations, and the JoJ^ avcuag© Attendance— pale K^ •iT^Bed code and prematoe payments to coun. Total ave»ge attendance^femaie j^ tj saperintendents, all of wnich involyes the Total avenAe attendanee 107,6M p.yment of $882,62006, not taken into consid- ?Sffli!r„'S?^SSr?''4i;S£!.^*.f. "»'::::::: 1^ eration in making the estimate. The rate of Total nnmber of mteTmediate Bcfaooto 9» taxation was reduced .by the last Legislature I**!*!"°™S®'**IS*?^^i*^**^" 25 from 75 to 60 cents on the hundred dollars of TotalnnmberofSgh^ool. _«8 the valuation of property. Total niunber of achoola Z^ The aggregate taxation of the State amounts S™5!' °I?*K*«?f?51!!:: ^?12 to about$2,l89,916 or 2.05 per capita for the Number of female teachers M^ entire population. This is very small com- Total nnmber of teachen M'lO pared to that of some other States. In Yer- TheEse statbtios show that, while the increase mont, for instance, the taxation M $5.29 per in the school fund available for tuition in 1871 capita ; in Massachusetts, $H.35 ; in Ohio, over that available in 1870 was only 17i per $8.72 ; and in New York, $11.55. In Mobile cent., the increase in school attendance was the aggregate taxation is $18.07 for each in- over 106 per cent. habitant, and in Montgomery, $18.83. There The University of Alabama, which is located are in the State 4,501,708 acres of improved near the town of Tuscaloosa, was reorganized and 18,618,890 acres of unimproved land, the during the year. A board of regents was ap- aggregate value of which is $81,109,102.08, pointed, and Commodore Matthew F. Maury, and the annual taxation $607,979.52. The total of the University of Yii^iinia, was chosen presi- value of town property is $36,005,780.60, and dent. After accepting the position, and deliv- the tax upon it is $268,866.89. ering his inaugural address in a hopeiVQ tone, The cost of the school-system for the year Commander Maury resigned on account of was $727,200.53, of which $211,217.79 re- some dissatisfaction with the means and appli- mained unpaid at the end of the fiscal year, ances afforded the. institution. General George and became chargeable upon t^e revenue for P. Harrison, the commandant and professor of 1871-72. military engineering, also resigneo, stating his The following are the common-school sta^ reasons as follows : tistics for the year : *^ The depressed financial condition of the wHiTx B0H0OL8. uuiverslty, the utter disregard which has Numberof pnpiiBenroiied-maie....* 46,896 ^^'^ shown the miUtary depwianent in the Nnmber of pnpUs enrolled— female 41,580 appropriation of those funds that were avail- rp^f^ 66976 !^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ cadet or student (soldier or Average mimbeV in atteudaxioe! !!!!!!!.*!.'.*!.'.'!.*!!! 66^888 civilian) as the applicant may elect, the free- Number of primary echoola M4 and-easy plan of an open-course univenuty HSSS2'r2fcS5?^%^Sir'^V;.•:.•.••.•.•.:::::::: ^* (the faculty equaUyreaponsible), with no prea- Namber of high-BchooiB 961 clent or supermtendent to command ana direct, and the failure to make any provision for Total nnmber of schools 2,809 arms, accoutrements, and uniform?, all con- Number of teachers — ^male 1.673 .^ xi.x j' 4.»*j. Number of teachcrs-femaie.:.. ...... ;::!.!!...:.: M4 vu^c© »« that, under present circumstances, the military department of the university can Total number of teachers 8,479 ^jjy be run on a *wooden gun' system, which i;;SSgSrm^'e?VmrhranTd?rte'3 ^"^ T?^^ ^^^^^^^ be creditable to the state of months 8^ days. • Alabama nor myself." Increased school-term since last year, l«t days. . Ifotwithstanding these drawbacks, the nni- ooMRED soHooL*. vcrsity opened on the 4th of October, with Number of pupils enroljed-male. 87,6M a competent corps of instructors, and about Number of pupils enroiied-femaie, «^ 70 Students. Mi^or Murfee had been chosen Total....... 64,m6 commandant, but there was no president, the Arenge Dumber in attendance 41,806 Number of primanr schools 761 faculty acting as a body of management of the SSSSf Sfn"tSSSdSSrSih^l.V;;;/.:;: i« iMtitution, and Prof. N. T. Lnpton pmiding Number of frrammar-Bchools 96 as their chairman and official head. The old Number of hlgh^choois ^ buildings were burned during the war, but Total number of schools 9n their place has been filled by a stately struct- Number of teachers— male 746 ure, including under one roof the halls for lec- Nnmber of teachers-female m tures and recitations, etc., and the dormitories Total number of teachers 9TB of the students. Altlyugh the requirements Average rate of pay of teachers per month....... $48.06S for admission are very low, the Students are ^''^"ffou^thJjj dafs. ' '^ ^ . allowed, after matriculation, to select the Increased attendance'since last year 1^,811 branches they will pursue. The institution Increased school term since last year, 16i days. receives $24,000 a year from the State, and ALL 80B00L8 Ts 1871. cach studcut or cadet pays $200 a year for toi- Total number of pupils enrolled— male 73,006 tion and board. Alabam ^ received during the Total number of pupils enrolled-fcmale 66,404 year her quota of the land-scrip granted by Total enrolment 141,818 Oongress to aid in the establishment of agri- AT.ABAVA 11 onltoral odleges in the seyeral Stfttes. The land, amoonting to 240,000 acres, has been sold at 90 cents an acre, yielding tiie sun of $216,000. It is thought that the Agriooltnral College will be estabUshed in oonneotion with the imiyersit J. There is an institution for the inkraotion of the deaf^ dumb, and blind, at Talladega, in which there were 55 pupils at the date of the last report. The indostrial resources of Alabama are still but imperfectly developed. Her natural capaci- ties for the prodnetion of wealth and the maintenanoe of commerce are very great, and, flinoe the close of the war, much has been done to prepare the way for their development With the aid of the State fimda, railroads have been eonstmcted in all directions, about two handred miles on different lines having been ompleted during the past year. Among those finished since 1870 are the Alabama & Chatta- nooga, and the Montgomery & Eufaula« which connects the OBpital with the eastern districts of the- State. The South and North road has been opened to Elyton, thereby connecting the mineral region with the southern ports. When the itulroads now in course of con- struction are completed, tiie aggregate num- ber of miles within the State wul be nearly three thousand. The 1,490 miles of railroad now completed, ineloding main and side tracks, have an aggre- gate assessed value of $25,948,052.59. The fol- lowing are the different lines : NAME. AlaNunn A CliAtUiioof[;a. Xemphifl A OharleBton.. Mobile A Olrard XoUleAObio f... jfoWeA MonteomerT XoBtgomory & iBalkma Nsshvllto A Decatur.; NuhfiUe A Chattanooga flaraaoah Jb Xempble Belma A Oalf.... Sefana, Ifarian A Memphit Btima A Meridian Sefana. Borne A Balton 8oath& North floathweatem of Georgia Weatem Total. V«1m. |6,1W,90500 9,719,800 00 1,076,76000 1,474,668 00 i,88S,fl8O0O 894,889 60 886,466 00 480,48400 168,90000 495,875 00 771,00000 1,848,961 10 8,464,818 69 1,625,300 00 14,887 60 8,688,700 00 $95,948,053 69 The extent of the liabilities of the State on account of indorsement of bonds for various railroad lines is as follows : NAMB OF ROiU). AlabamaA Chattanooga Alabama A Chattanooga (alleged ezceas iasned) East Alabama A Cincinnati XoMIe Jb Alabama Grand Tmnk UahfkbA Monteomerv Montgomery ft safkiiila SelmaAQiill Bdma, Marion ft Memphia Boath ft North BMaoaah ft Hemj^is Btite bonds for railroad parpoaas : MU«k 965 90 90 60 80 4-5 100 90 Alabama ft Chattanooga. Montgomery ft Eoflima. Amonat. $4,780,000 580,000 830,000 890,000 8,600,000 960,000 480,000 790,000 9,900,000 890,000 8,000.000 800,000 Total $15,490,000 The mineral region of Alabama, which oc- cupies the northeastern portion of the State, is very rich, but little has been done as jet to utiUze its treasures. There are three coal- fields : the .TVarrior, having an extent of about three thousand square miles; the Cahaw- ba, seven hundred square mUes; and the Tennessee, about three hundred square miles. The coal is mostly of a bituminous character. Near the coal-fields are rich deposits of iron-ore. Several iron-works are in operation, among them the following : the Bri^eld works, 60 miles north of Selma; Shelby works, near Oolumbiana; Salt Greek Furnace, 16 miles from Talladega ; Oxford Furnace, near Oxford ; Ohoccolooca Furnace ; Roups Y alley Furnaces, 82 miles northeast of Tuscaloosa; Irondale works, on the railroad from Montgomery to Decatur, about eight miles from Elyton ; and Bed Mountain works, at Grace^s Gap. The manufacturing interests of the State are progressing slowly. Several cotton-factories have been buUt in the region Just north of the ootton-growing belt, which crosses the State with an average breadth of aboni; 76 mUes, and lies to the north of the timber districts. These are said to be in a flourishing condition, and rapidly extending their capacity. Agri- culture is still, however, the leading depart- ment of industry in the State. The second annual fair of the Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical Association was held at Picketf s Springs, commencing on the 81st of October. There was a very liberal premium-list, and the display of the productions of the farm and workshop was very promising for the future welfare of the State. There was no general election in the State in 1871. The election for county and local offi- cers occurred in November, and indicated a very nearly equal division between the two parties. The county of Mobile, the most populous, chose the Democratic candidates by over 2,000 m^ority ; while that of Montgomery, the next in importance, was carried by the Republicans) almost without opposition. The Republican State Oommittee held a meeting at Montgomery, on the 26th of No- vember, for the purpose of uniting the party on a common platform, and securing harmony in its ranks, in order that its influence might be unimpaired in the campaign of 1872. The meeting was attended by many leading Re- publicans, besides the members of the com- mittee, and the following resolutions were adopted as a basis of action for the party : Sttolvedy That the adminiatration of President Grant meets with onr hearty approval, and we point with just pride to its grand results in the faithftil colleotion and disbursement of the public revenue, the immense reduction of the public debt, the wise and humane settlement of our differenoeswith Great Britain, and the vigorous and sucoesafhl eziforoement of the &a-klux act of Congress. Retolvedy That we rejoice in the elorious and over- { whdming triumph of Bepublican pnnoiple s, as shown \ in the recent elections, which we recojniize as clearly / indicating the fixed determination of the American / i 12 ALABAMA. people that the recent amendmentB to the Conetltu- or unusual punishment not Justiflable under the laws tion of the United States, goaranteeinfif eoual rights of civilized warfiire, upon any soldier, saUor, or citi- to all men, shall be neither repealed nor nullified, and ten. that the whole jpower of the General Gk)Tomment 2. Those who have been convicted of treaaon, em- shall be used, ii necessary, to prevent and punish bezzlement of public funds, malfeasance in office, or all unlawful proscription and persecution of citizens, felonies. whether bv individuals, or organization^, for the sake 8. Those who arc idiots, or insane. And no per- of political opinion or action. son shall be eligible to anv office in the State, w}io Beiolvtdf That unless this wicked and crael per- is disqualified under the iburteenth amendment of seoution, still persisted in in some portions of this the Federal Constitution, until said disabilities are State on account of political opinion, shall imme- removed. diately cease, we shall unhesitatingly ask of the r\ j,\. vi ^ ^ j x* v i.»x ^ .c President of the United States that he shall promptly ^^ ^^^ Buyect of education, a aubstitute for exercise the whole power given him by the Con&ti- article 11 was proposed. Ihis places the con- tution and laws for its suppresaion, and for the swift trol of the schools in the hands of a Snper- punislunent of t^e criminiia. ^ . ,, ^ intendent of Public Instruction, district su- of^'l^hl'Tof'^geffe^^^^^^ p^rintendents, and township trustees, aD to to law, of peace and good-will to aU men, and finds DC elected by the people. It proposes to take its truest platform in the words of the Master—" Do the school legislation away from the Board of unto others aa ye would that others should do unto Education, and intrust it to the Legislature, 7^^ which ^^ shall designate, in advance^ snch days Jlesoleed, That we pledire ourselves anew to the .-i j ® i~^ yj • iiL • r success of our great principles, and to the work of «* ^^r ^ ^^^ JfS^ ^^^^^ *^® session of educating, at the public expense, aU classes of the the General Assemoly) for the consideration children of our State ; of restoring flwtemal feeling of measures relating to the educational inter- amongaU the citizens ofour great country. ests of the State; on which days the State er^^S^ o%,~4r5Sfm*o;,;irpl;?/o'?^V fnp«rintend«xt Shan. be.entWed to « .eat in South, and. its usei^ss and mischievous warfare the House, then considenng educational meas- agalnst fixed facts, and seeking as we do the ends ures, and shall hare and may exercise all of or justice, peace, education, and prosperity for all, the rights and privileges of a member of such wo cordially invite the oofiperaUon of all good men House, but shall have no vote. The Senate ''&S,'f£??he7io^^^^^^ ^^ House of Bepresentatives shall not^npon from their chosen officers good and honest govern- wiG sam.e day, consider matters connected witli ment, and that we sternly rebuke and denounce all the educational interests of the State." corruption and unfaithfUmeaa in public officers, and Funds for education are to be raised in ac- pledge our best efforts to secure tte aeleotioii for dl oordance with the following sections : offices of men whose well-known character shall -m. j*iiiji.i. afford safe guarantees for honesty and competency. SEonOH 6. The proceeds of all lands that bare been Jie$olved,^h&t the Ute elections in this State, in or may be granted, by the United Sutes to the State the evidence of Sepublican unity and growth where for educational purposes ; of the swamp-lands : and the voters were free to act indepen^ntly, and of of »U landB, or other property given by individuals, general Democratic discord and disintegration, give oj appropriated by the State for like purposea ; and us the sure promise of eomplete triumph in the State of all estates of deceased persons who have died next year, and enable us to give to our mends through- without leaving a will or heir ; and all monejs which out tne country the assurance that the electoral vote ^^J ^® P^d as an equivalent for exemption from of Alabama, though not needed, may be relied upon military dutv, shall bo and remain a perpetual ftmd. for the nominees of the Sepublican party for Preai- "fWch may be iacreased, but not diminished, and dent and Vice-President in 1872. *^® interest and income of which, togrether with the Jietolved, That a copy of these resolutions be for- rents of all such lands as may remain unsold, and warded by the chairman to the President of the ^^^, other means aa the General Assembly may United States, and to the Kepublioan papers in thU P/ovide, shall bo inviolably appropnatod to cduca- and other States. tional purposes, and to no other purpose whatever. Tv^ T ..— • 1 *L fiofri jtrA — ^i. J. iv^ -.• SJto. 7. In addition to the amount accruing from The Legislature of 1871- 72 met at the capi- the above sources, there sfadl be collected, for edu- tal on the 20th of November, and remained m cational purposes idone, from every male inhabitant session until the 19th of Decehiber, when it of the State, between the ages of twenty-one and a^ourned to the 10th of January, a resolution ■^*y.J®f"v* ??""**^ ?^ ^^^ ^^^^ ??4 ??y ^°**= having been pn^^onriyadopt^ extending the 2i^A;Krird%\1ffii;^^^^^ session beyond the period of thirty days, to portofthepubUc schools within the township paying which it is regularly limited. Several meas* the same. ures were set on foot to secure an amendment S>o. 8. The General Assembly shall have power, of the Constitution, but none of these were 7^^^ deemed best for the interests of the State, to ^««.:»^ fT««yvn^i> iJ^.i^ *\.^ .^^A... ri«A -^-« levy a special tax upon the people of the State, to bo carried through before the recess. One reso- devoted exclusively to the^ support of the public lotion proposed seven amendments to be sub- schools : liwidedy That authority may be conferred mitted to a vote of the people. The most im- by law upon a county to levy and collect a special portant of these affected the right of suflrage, ^ for educational purposes, within its limits. and the maintenance of a system of public .j?"«- ^' T^« General Assembly shall levy a spe- 1 i.1 *""'"**^"^^^ "* " Oj70i/v«» ):.,*]:, ciflc annual tax upon all railroads, navigation, bank- education. The former consisted of the fol- ^^ and insurancS corporations, i^d upon all insnr- lowmg to take the place of sections 8 and 4 ance, and foreign bank, and exchange agencies, and of article 7 in the present instrument: upon the profits of foreign bank bills issued in this 1. Those who, during the Uto war between the ^^ij!* oo"°»oo ^<i^oo\s, Statos, inflicted, or caused to be inflicted, any cruel JSO final vote was taken on these proposi- ALABAMA. 13 tioDB before the a^oamment, and the same fiscal agents are required to give bonds "for the was the case with a set of resolotions propoe- faithfn] performance of their duties, and to ac- in^ to call a convention to revise and amend ooont for all moneys and seonrities of the State the constitution of the State. which may come into their possession or oon- A Mil to prevent illegal voting, which pro- trol." yides for the trial and punishment of all per- An act was also passed, providing for the sons voting more than once at the same eleo- establishment of a normal school for the edu- tion, or perpetrating any other frand on the cation of white female teachers, to be located ballot-box, was referred to a special joint com- by commissioners named in the act ; and an- mittee of the two Houses, and had not been other, providing for normal schools for the edu- reported on at the time of adjournment. A cation of colored male and female teachers at bill to secure the free exercise of the elective Montgomery, Huntsville, Marion, and Sparta, franchise by all qualified voters in the State, Other important measures awaited the re- proriding that "it shall be unlawful to be- assemblingof the Legislature in January, 1872. come a member of any secret organization, According to official authority, there are haring for its object the undue influencing of 4,982,840 acres of improved land in the State, any election held under the laws of this State, 8,084,700 of woodland, and 1,456,570 of other and that any person having membership with unimproved land. The cash value of farms is or participation in the unlawful designs of $67,502,438 ; of farming implements and ma- saeh secret organization shall be deemed guilty chinery, $d,256yl01 ; of all live-stock, $26,077,- of a misdemeanor, and, if convicted thereof, 267; of home manufactures, $1,083,720; of Bh&n be fined not lees than $100 nor more slaughtered animals, $4,566,467; estimated than $1,000,'* was indefinitely postponed in value' of all farm products, including better- the House, by a vote of 42 to 40f ments and additions to stock, $66,582,810; The subject of the Alabama & Ohatta- true valuation of real and personal estate, nooga BailroiMi was taken up, and measures $201,855,841. The total amount of wages paid were pending over the recess looking to a to agricultural laborers, during the year, in- complete investigation of the aflfkirs of the eluding value of board, was $11,791,191. The road and the interests of the State therein, number of horses is 78,962 ; of mules and asses, Meantime an act was passed, empowering the 75,644; of milch-cows, 165,663 ; of working- Governor ^' to provide for the future payment oxen, 57,287 ; of other cattle, 248,948 ; of of the interest due on the bonds ^' indorsed or sheep, 284,607; of swine, 701,846. "or such amount thereof as may be necessary The number of manufacturing establish- to meet any deficiency in the Treasury," the ments in the State is 2,281 ; capital, $5,718,607; interest not to exceed eight per cent., payable steam-engines, 291, with 7,640 horse-power; semi-annually, and the bonds to be payable in water-wheels, 786, with 11,098 horse-power ; twenty years, and renewable at the pleasure employing 7,294 males above 16 years, 665 fe- of the State. The G-overnor may place these males above 16, and 890 youth ; wages paid bonds in the market from time to time, and during the year, $2,211,688; valae of materials sell each '^an amount thereof as shall be re- used, $7,648,784; of products^ $13,220,655. quired to meet outstanding warrants on the Of the manu&ctories, the most important are, Treasnry— such appropriations as may be made 618 fiour and meal mills, with a capital of by the General Assembly : the interest on our $1,191,856; 88 establishments for ginning foreign bonded debt, not mcurred on account cotton, capital $14,575'; 10 for the manufac- of any railroad company, and the temporary ture of cotton goods, capital $900,000; 8 of loan (one due on December 1, 1871, and the cotton thread and yam, capital $81,000; 20 other Ming due February 1, 1872), heretofore for the manufacture and working of iron in negotiated by the Governor for the purpose various forms, capital $555,100; 148 for the of paying interest on bonds of the Alabama manufacture of leather, capital $207,769; 18 ^ Ohattanooga Bailroad Company, and bonds of maoliinery, capitaJ $898,870; 284 saw-mills, loaned by the State to said company. Such capital $744,005. bonds to be sold through.(he fiscal agents of The deaths during the year were 10,771, of theState." The same act authorizes the issue of which 8,378 were from general diseases; r,180 the "remaining certificates or receipts by the from affections of the nervous, 2,055 of the State'' authorized by a law of 1867, the whole respiratory, and 1,899 of the digestive system, amount, however, not to exceed $400,000. The The whole number of children attending 14 AT.AT^AV^A, ALFORD, HENRY. school during the same period was 77,139, of whom 81,098 were white males, 80,226 white females, 7,502 colored males, and 8,818 colored females. The nomher of persons, 10 jears old and up- ward, who cannot read, is 849,771 ; who cannot write, 888,012, of whom 870 are foreign. Of those who cannot write, 7,429 are white males, 81,001 white females, 91,017 colored males, and 98^844 colored females, ahove the age of 21. The following table gives the population of the State for the year 1870, together with the alMessed value of all property, State taxation and debt : oouNTna. Aotftii|S|A« . « • f Baker Baldwin Barbour Bibb Blount Bollock Bati«r Oalhoim Glmmbers Cherokee Choctaw Clarke Clay GtelNirQe Coffee Colbert Conecoh Cooea Covington Creneoaw Dale Dallas DeKalb Elmore Eecambia Etowah Fayette ', Franklin Gaiera.... Greene Hale Henry Jackson Jefferson Lauderdale Lawrence Lee Idmestone Lowndes Macon Madison Marengo. Marion MarshaU Mobile Monroe Montgomery Morgan , Perry Pickens Pike Bandolph BnsseU Sanford Shelby i.... St Clair Sumter Talladega Tallapoosa Tuscaloosa Walker Washington Wilcox Winston Tout for State POPULATION. ToUL 11,698 e,194 6,004 »,809 7,460 9,946 14,961 18,060 17,663 11480 10,670 14,668 0,600 8,017 6471 10,687 0,674 11,046 4,868 11,166 11,805 40,705 7,126 14,477 4,041 10,109 7,186 8,006 0,950 18,890 01,703 14,101 10,410 11,846 16,001 16,668 31,760 15,017 0^710 17,797 81,067 06,151 6,060 0,871 40,811 14,914 48,704 19,187 04,075 17,690 17,408 10,006 01,686 8,898 10,918 0,860 04,100 18,064 16,068 00,061 6,548 8,010 28,877 4,155 006,099 WbUo. 4,800 6,067 8,150 10,148 6,061 0,068 7,998 8,600 10,088 8,074 0,663 5,800 7,098 8,838 7,441 6,151 7,888 4,667 8,544 4,968 8,950 9,508 8,558 6,666 7,747 8,047 8,401 6,050 6,608 0,789 8,858 4,800 0,584 16,850 0,839 9,901 10,096 10,151 7,764 5,086 5,108 16,507 6,090 5,885 8,604 98,105 6,635 19,410 8,890 7,140 8,068 10,796 10,866 5,046 7,890 8,840 7,886 6,203 8,409 12,770 11,787 6,285 2,125 6,767 4,184 501,884 CoIONd. V 1487 9,846 17465 0,406 683 17,051 6,801 8,890 8,588 1,480 6,870 7,565 787 678 1,000 *4,689 4.001 8,894 609 0,906 83,150 470 6.780 051 1,708 1,077 1,813 997 14,641 16,900 4,667 8,060 0,606 6,170 6,660 11,607 7,958 90,688 12,690 15,740 00,058 024 1,887 01,107 7,670 81,985 8,858 17,888 0,6:fi 4,605 1,641 15,690 1,568 8,878 0,065 18,907 0,695 4,190 8,384 806 1,787 91,610 31 475,610 Vtlbn. 11,590 88 6,187 7 6,858 161 98,150 160 7,447 00 0,084 11 04,888 86 14,908 70 18,898 80 ;7,804 11,104 68 08 18,688 43 14,601 60 9,668 7 8,010 7 6,169 0 10,460 86 0,664 00 11,980 6 4,888 • • 11447 0 11,817 8 40,966 430 7,078 68 14,407 70 <008 88 10,060 48 7,135 11 7,091 15 2,950 7 18,807 70 01,687 105 14,180 11 19,888 47 U,814 81 l^oo8 89 16,610 48 01,680 68 14,978 44 05,638 86 17,677 50 81,028 044 06,035 116 6,058 6 0,858 18 ffJS 5,100 14480 84 40,780 004 13,080 106 04,877 06 17,665 85 17,890 81 11,995 11 01,578 68 8,880 11 12,080 138 0,868 7 04,013 97 17,968 101 16,947 16 10,760 891 6,686 7 8,900 13 08,201 86 4,150 8 067,080 FoNlgB. 0,960 Toteli Prap^rty. $1,867,040 888,144 1,015,457 4,674,407 878,867 760,850 4,090,010 1,704,867 0,148,794 1,687,876 1,447,504 1404,075 1,004,414 608,600 406,476 850,017 1,741,047 960,888 943,875 190,230 791,710 007,980 0,770,577 717,887 0,807,687 986,609 034,678 620,566 0,641,667 900,988 8,614,996 4,888,605 1,404,941 1,700,760 1,046,758 9,754,091 9,801,865 9,090,087 9,681,891 8,987,616 0,609,669 7,229,314 8,899,176 648,568 1,060,690 38,748,719 1,444,758 10,084,881 1,114,875 4,701,530 1,480,010 1,699,837 880,830 0,685,477 800,000 1,909,069 678,650 8,164,590 8,641,600 1,999.911 9,680,789 680,108 811,199 8,086,666 185,831 Taxation not KatloaaL 0155,588,595 $90,998 7,968 18,770 113,541 12,943 17,713 55,014 81,161 85,795 97,871 08,060 16,547 91,136 10,847 17,488 10,566 08,5ftl 16,760 17,030 4,329 14JK0 18,080 010,083 10,816 30,984 5,680 16,340 10,770 44,379 8,543 67,868 78,877 94,688 80,001 31,393 46,860 89.894 88,604 44,500 48.811 47,381 192,198 00,715 0,099 16,717 496,890 00,204 847,406 10,769 69,861 95,771 09,030 13,665 45,608 19,435 01,176 11,910 68,689 68,968 46,095 44,000 10,146 68,647 8,803 PoMSo IMf, citft etc 00,600 840,100 2.590 8,000 06,000 10,500 6,000 ITiOOO 6,000 4,000 0,870 10,000 7,970 600 1,836 4,000 6,G00 840,000. 5,000 8,000 10,000 0,000 100,000 19,000 9,000 16,500 7,600 09,617 4.O0O 850,000 5,39S 140,000 0,876 • • • ■ • • 15,000 9,195,668 668,000 0,500 18,000 103,680 88,000 6,000 11,500 8,000 85,000 ••»•■• Hxnbt, D. D., Deaa of Oanterborj, an English clergjinan, poet, biblical critic and philologist, bom in London in 1810; died at the aeanerj, Oanterbnry, Janoaiy 12, 1871. He was edacated at Ilminster Gram- mar-School, Somerset, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took the nsaal degrees. In 1884 he became Fellow of Trinity College. He had published in 1881 aTolome of ** Poems and Poetical Fragments,'* which was followed in 1885 by " The School of the Heart and Other Poems," of which repeated editions hare been called for. From 1885 to 1858 Hr. Alford was Vicar of Wymeswold, in Leicestershire. In ALSACE AND LORRAINE. 16 1841 he pablislied a oritioal work, *' Chapters pected at the end of 1870,* one of the principal on the Poete of Greece,^' and the same jear conditions on which the Government of Ger- was Holsean Leotnrer to the University of Cam* many insisted in oondading peace with France bridge, his subject being " The Divine Reve- was the cession of Alsace and the German- lation of Redemption.'^ He was appointed speaking portion of Lorraine. In Article I. of Examiner in Logic and Moral Philosophy to the preUminarj peace concluded at Versailles the University of London in 1841, and held on February 26, 1871, the new demarcation- the office till 1857. From 1853 to 1867 he line was determined upon as follows ; rwided ui London, and was officiating minister France relinquiahea all its rights and olaims, in at the Qnebeo-Street Chapel, where he enjoyed favor of the German Empire, on Hiat territory which a high reputation for eloquence. On the death ii«a eaat of the following bonndary : The line of de- pointed hmiD^ of Canterbury, and m that Luxemburg; fbUowa in a souther^ direction the office he remained till his death. For at western boundariea of the oantons Cattenom and least ten years before becoming Dean of Can- Thlonville ; interaecta the canton Briey in running terbury, Mr. (now Dr.) Alford had been turn- f l?^^ the weatem boundariea of the communes Mon- ing.his attention in the direction of philology ^^^^''}!^%'^^ Eoncourt, as well as the east- j V.L1. 1 ^L . ^*M.^yMM^Ju. V* puuvFAv^j gj^ boundariea of the oommunea MArie-anz-Chdnes. and bibhcal onticism. His researches on the Salnt-Ail, and Habonville ; touches the frontier of the improvement and correction of the Greek text canton Gorse, which it interaecta on the boundariea of the N^ew Testament were very thorough and of the oommunea YionviUe, Bounidrea, and Onvllle ; deUberate. In 1849 he published the first foUowa the aouthern boundary of the arrondiaae- «^!««,A ^f !,:« »^^w«^«,f »««r^« ♦T*^ n^^^v T^r. ^•'^t Mets, the western boundajy of the arronduse- yolame of hw commentary on the Greek Tes- n^^^^ ChSiau Salina, to the coziLnune Pettoncourt, tament, and the fourth and last in 1861. It has whose western and aouthem boundary it endoaea ; gone through several improved editions, em- and then fbllowa the creat of themountaina lyinff be- bodymff tho latest disooveries of Tischendorf, tween the Seille and Moncel to the bound«nr of the Besides the edition with the Greek text, he whose northern boundary it touohea. Thence it fol- published the Commentary for English readers, lows the crest of the mountuna between the aourcea anbstituting a revision of the authorized version 5^ ^^^ 8«7® Blanche and of the Vewuac to the boun- */v- ♦v^ nr2:..«i K^*!, i^ 4.1. * 4.«.^* ^m^A ♦i^A *.o.«, dary of the canton Shirmeck: paasea along the weat- for the onginal, both in the text and the com- em^boundaiy of thU canton, endoaea the oommunea raents. He also issued a Greek Testament, m saalea, Bourg-Bruche, Calroy-lft-Eoche, Plaine, Ban- one volume,' with very brief notes for schools, rapt, Saulxurea and 8t.-Blaiae-l»-Boche in the can- and a separate edition of his English New Tes- Jon Saalea ; and then coincide; wigi the weatern tameut^ (1869) He had made arrangements ^l^^^e'^c^.tS bK ??ta^S"th"?t?Sh: for a similar Commentary on the Old Testa- ^m boundary of thU canton near Vouvenana, inter- meut, with the aid of other scholars ; but this secta the canton Dtelle at the aouthern bounoaty of will probably be relinquished. The Common- the communes Bourogne and Froide-Fontaine, and tanr, or, as it is generally called, "Alford's Greek roaches the Swiss firontier, in paaaing along the east- TMteniAtit »» Annf afna 1 ni\rrZ\fjkf\ ArAAlr tAxf ®™ boundaiy of the communea Jonohery and Belle, lestament, oo^Jtains a corrected weeK text, ^j^^ boundaiy-Une as designated has, however, been with a pretty fiill critical apparatus on the changed aa follows, with consent of the contracting priudples of modem criticism since Lachmano. founder and for some years editor of The Con- Ctolovmdul for staliBtica of the two General Govern- Umpararv Swiett ments of "Alsace and Lorraine," onrantzed in 1870 by j AT a A nv A xrrJ r f\Tn> a rxrc a « > . ^he German GoTemment, aa well as the population of all / AU>AUJS AMI; LUKUALMili. As was ex- the towoa containing upward of 6,000 inhabitanta. / 16 ALSACE AND LORRAINE. from Montrenz Chliteau to the northern honndaiy of the canton between Bourg and F^lon, where thu line reaches the eaatem boundary of the canton Oi- romagnv. The German Govemmenit will, however, onlj cede the above-mentioned territoxy on the con- dition that the French Bepublic on Its part give its consent to a rectification of the frontiers along the western boundaries of the cantons Cattenom and Thlonville, which leaves to Germany the territory on the east of a line, which, starting fh>m the boundary of Luxemburg between Hassigny and Bedingen, leaving the viliBges Thil and Villerupt with France and passing along between Erronville and Aumetx, between iSeuvillers and Boulange. between Trieuz and Lommeringen, reaches the old boundary-line between Avril and Moyeuvre. The additional Article IIL to the same treaty also modifies the bonndary in the south of Belfort It reads as follows: The cession of territory near Belfort, which the German Government, in Ardde I. of the present treaty, offers in exchange for the rectification of the frontier west of Thionvule, is enlarged by the terri- tory of the following villages : Bougemont, Level, Petite-Fontaine, Bomagmy, F^lon, La Ohanelle<sons- Bougemont, Augeot, vauthiermont. La Bividre, La Grange, Beppe, Fontaine, Frais, Foussmagne, Cu- nelidres, Montret[x-Ch&toau, Bretagne, Chavannes- les-Grands, Ghavanatte, and Suarce. The road frt>m Giromagny to Bemireraont which leads over the £allon tPAltaee will remain with France in its whol^ extent, and, as fkr as it lies outside of the canton Gi- romagny, will serve as boundary. The five departments of Northeastern France which were affected by the cession of territory have the following nnmber of inhabitants : L Department Bas-Bhin 888,970 n. Department Haat-Bhin 580,985 in. Department Vosges 418,996 IV. Department Meurthe 4984187 Y. Department Moselle 459,167 The territory of the new German province of Alsace and Lorraine is composed of the fol- lowing five parte : I. The mtirs dmartment Ba»-BMn. IL C^thedepar&iwU Baut^Jihin it ctdtd to Owimmv : lohaMtaate. 1. or the arrondlssement Belfort 76,966 9. Of the arrondlssement Cnlmar 917,098 8. Of the arrondlssement Mflhlhaosen 179,847 Total of the Department Haat-Bhln .... 478,806 in. CfOu department Votget U ceded to Oermany : Of t^e aiTondissement Si. Die 91,637 rv. Of the departmetU Meurthe it ceded to Germany : 1. Of the arrondlssement Saarbnrg 64,787 9. Of the arrondlssement Salzburg 65,r~ V. Total of the Department Meurthe 190,100 Of the departmstnt MoteUe it ceded to Germany .* li Of the arrondlssement Mets 160.701 9. Of the arrondlssement Brley 10,586 8. Of Uie a rrondlssement Diedenhofen ....... 90,591 4. Of the arrondlssement Saai^gemttnd 131,876 Total of the Deparfeoaent Moselle 898,768 BEOAFlTCTUmON. Sqnart MIIm. InluMtatiU I. Department Bas-Bhln 1,756.96 588,970 n. Department Hant-Bhin 1,858.78 473,805 IIL Department Tosffes 86.87 91,687 IV. Department Meurthe 766.44 190.100 y. Department Moselle 1,637.91 893,758 Totol 6,601.91 1,697,766 This territory was divided by the German (Government into 22 circles, which correspond to the old French division into cantons. • L Depofinent qfVpperSMM, I. Circle AlUdrdi i.. 97,147 9. Circle Mfihlhsnsen 18i,755 8. Circle Thann 65,710 4. Circle Oebweiler 65,748 6. Circle Oolmar 89^99 6. Circle Bappcdtsweller 69,679 Total Upper Bhlne 473^ n. IfmrtmnUqf Lower EMm, ^ Circle Schlettstadt 79,028 8. Circle Erstein. 66,840 9. Circle Molshelm 78^ 10. Strasbourg cltj circle 81,167 II. Stmshonrgconntiy circle 75,015 19. Circle Hagenaa 75,894 18. Circle WetosenboxK 63,789 14. CirdeZabem 88,6SI Total Lower Rhine 610,607 HL JDqpartmgntitf Lorraine, 15. Circle SaarKemflnd 65,991 16. Circle Forbach 65,885 17. Circle Bolchen 60,986 la Diedenhofen 79,908 19. Meta city drde 64317 90. Metz coontry circle 76,886 91. drde Salsbarg 55,868 EL Circle Saarbmg 64^737 Total Lorraine 518,868 BXOAPirUUkTIOK. DEPARTMENTS. Bqian VSLm. lahaUteiiti. TTpperBhlne 1,868.78 478,805 Lower Rhine 1,888.85 610,607 Lorrsine 9,404.87 618,868 Total Alsace and Lorraine... 5,697.95 1,597,765 In May, the Federal Oouncil of Germany submitted to the Reichstag a bill for inoorpo- rating Alsace and Lorraine into the German Empire. They were not to be annexed to any particular German state, but to constitute a province of the empire, immediately subject to the Imperial Government and the Federal authorities. The reason for making this ar- rangement, which took many by surprise, was thus explained by Prince Bismarck in a speech made in the German Diet on May 25th : It is first necessary to reconnoitre the coimtir. What we now have to give the Alsatians is the right of German citizenship, the privilege of free inter- course in Germany in commercial and social rela- tions. We mnst coiae to a conclusion res]>eeting the form in which we will give them this citiaenship. Thereby it can only be a question whether Alsace shall be annexed to one of the eidstinj^ states of the Union, or whether it shall be a direct province of the empire, until it shall have become domesticated in the family. It has only eamestlv come in question whether Alsace shall be given to Prussia, or whether it shall be an imperial province. I have expressed myself unconditionally for the latter alternative, aa I regard it as more easy for the Alsatians to become friendly to the name of ** German " than to that of ** Prussian.** It is our task to strengthen partioular- ism in Alsace. The more they re^rd themselves aa Alsatians, the more they will be inclined to ^ve up the FrencD. I feel the necessity of ascertain mg the disposition of the Alsatians when this act ffoes into operation ; and, ss &r as I feel myself called upon to advise his Majesty the Emperor, the^^flrst decree will be to carry out the municipal elections, and the second to elect General Councils. Thus we would have Assemblies which would give us more informa* tion respecting the necessities of the situation than our officials could. I have not the least hesitation about submitting to election the choice of munioipal authorities. It is not to be avoided that an offidal who comes a stranger to the country occasions dlssatis- ALSAC5E AND LORRAINE. 17 fiMtion, whioh U by no means oondttent with the in- to a parliamentary form. ClanBe 2 was then tentiomoftheOovemment. There would be mufjMl adopted, as proposed by the committee. After than oar own olBoials. If I should be deceived in subsequently the whole bill, were adopted.
| 24,939 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibadocerina%20chilensis
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Stibadocerina chilensis
|
https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stibadocerina chilensis&action=history
|
Swedish
|
Spoken
| 30 | 67 |
Stibadocerina chilensis är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Alexander 1929. Stibadocerina chilensis ingår i släktet Stibadocerina och familjen mellanharkrankar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Källor
Mellanharkrankar
chilensis
| 9,596 |
https://github.com/wdi-hk-sep-2014/contender/blob/master/client/templates/notifications/notifications.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
contender
|
wdi-hk-sep-2014
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 75 | 274 |
Template.notifications.helpers({
notifications: function() {
return Notifications.find({userId: Meteor.userId(), read: false});
},
notificationCount: function() {
return Notifications.find({userId: Meteor.userId(), read: false}).count();
}
});
Template.notificationItem.helpers({
notificationPostPath: function() {
return Router.routes.postPage.path({_id: this.postId});
},
groupNotification: function() {
return Router.routes.postPage.path({_id: this.postId});
},
author: function() {
return Posts.findOne(this.postId).author;
},
isGroup: function() {
if (this.type === 'group')
return true;
else
return false;
}
});
// notifications that are clicked are marked as read
Template.notificationItem.events({
'click a': function() {
Notifications.update(this._id, {$set: {read: true}});
}
});
| 17,222 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85845721
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Constituency LA-36
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 9 | 28 |
Constituency LA-36
Constituency LA-36 Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11h_44p33j
| 45,038 |
https://github.com/Determancer/Variegated/blob/master/src/main/java/com/noobanidus/variegated/compat/xu2/top/TOPHandler.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Variegated
|
Determancer
|
Java
|
Code
| 76 | 339 |
package com.noobanidus.variegated.compat.xu2.top;
import com.noobanidus.variegated.compat.top.ITOPHandler;
import com.rwtema.extrautils2.blocks.BlockEnderLilly;
import mcjty.theoneprobe.api.IProbeHitData;
import mcjty.theoneprobe.api.IProbeInfo;
import mcjty.theoneprobe.api.ProbeMode;
import net.minecraft.block.state.IBlockState;
import net.minecraft.entity.player.EntityPlayer;
import net.minecraft.world.World;
import static mcjty.theoneprobe.api.TextStyleClass.OK;
import static mcjty.theoneprobe.api.TextStyleClass.WARNING;
public class TOPHandler implements ITOPHandler {
@Override
public void handle(ProbeMode mode, IProbeInfo probeInfo, EntityPlayer player, World world, IBlockState blockState, IProbeHitData data) {
if (blockState.getBlock() instanceof BlockEnderLilly) {
int growthState = blockState.getValue(BlockEnderLilly.GROWTH_STATE);
probeInfo.text((growthState == 7) ? OK + "Fully grown" : "Growth: " + WARNING + String.format("%s%%", growthState * 14));
}
}
}
| 49,975 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachysphex%20ctenophorus
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Tachysphex ctenophorus
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tachysphex ctenophorus&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 41 | 88 |
Kaliwatan sa insekto ang Tachysphex ctenophorus. Una ning gihulagway ni Pulawski ni adtong 1971. Ang Tachysphex ctenophorus sakop sa kahenera nga Tachysphex, ug kabanay nga Crabronidae. Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Buyog
Tachysphex (Crabronidae)
| 34,948 |
BH/1871/BH_18710308/MM_01/0002.xml_1
|
NewZealand-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,871 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,674 | 2,628 |
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1871 THE BRADLEY HERALD. 2 ELECTION NOTICES. ELECTION NOTICE. ELECTORAL DISTRICT OF CLUTHA. IN pursuance of "The Regulation of Elections Act, 1870," I, James Pillans Maitland, Esquire, Returning Officer for the Electoral District of Clutha, do hereby give notice that, by virtue of a Writ, bearing date the 7th day of February, 1871, issued under the Public Seal of the Colony, an ELECTION will be held for the return of TWO qualified persons to -serve as MEM- BERS in the PROVINCIAL COUNCIL of the PROVINCE of OTAGO for the said Electoral District ; and that the NOMINA- TION of Candidates will take place at the Courthouse, BALCLUTHA, at noon on FRIDAY, the 10th day of March, 1871 ; and that the POLL, if necessary, will be taken on MONDAY, the 20th day of March, 1871. Dated this 28th day of February, JB7l. JAMES PILLANS MAITLAND, "*" Returning Officer. The following are the Polling-places for the Electoral District of Clutha : — The Courthouse, Balclutha The Schoolhouse, South Clutha The Schoolhouse, Warepa The Schoolhouse, Popotunoa. Dated this 28th day of February, 187 L JAMES PILLANS MAITLAND, Returning Officer, MISCELLANEOUS. T\AY SCHOOL FOR YOUNG LADIES Conducted by Mrs Adam Dtjff, Carlton Cottage, Main Street. Prospectus on application. NOTICE. WE, the nndersigned, authorise Mr R. VV. CAPSTICK to collect our out- standing accounts. His receipt will be suffi- cient. J. & T. BRYCE FOR SALE OR LEASE, within Tuturau Hundred, Mataura, 2000 Acres firsN class agricultural land in lots to suit pur- chaser?. Plenty of timber and water. Schoolr- house within a mile. Saw-mill on boundary, and Flour Hill in course of erection about a mile from property. — Terms liberal. For further particulars apply to , J. S. SHANKS, ■On the ground, Or, Messrs GILLIES and STRLET, Dunedin. T7K)R SALE, by Private Contract, 1139 Acres Freehold Land in Warepa District including 1 50 Acres very serviceable Bush \ together Avith interest in lease for eleven years of 224 Acres Education Beserve— all enclosed — and with Dwelling-house and other improvements erected on the property. For particulars, apply to DRIVER, STEWART, & Co. Dunedin. LONG BUSH HTEAIi OAW Tl/T ILLS, Woodlands. STRANG & CO., - - - - Proprietors. All descriptions of Colonial Timber at current rates. Large supplies always on hand. TI/TATAUKA "DJRIBGE TTOTEL, JAMES POLLOCK, PfiOPRIJSTOK. J. P. begs to inform his friends that he has again resumed the Proprietorship of the above Hotel, and trusts by strict attention to "business to merit a share of support as heretofore. GOOD STABLING. Wines, Spirits and Ales of the best Brands. TITR TXT ALTER TPAYLOR, BARRISTER AT LAW, SOLICITOR AND CON VEYAK CER. (Prizeman of the Incorporated Law Society of the United Kingdom). Offices -.—Medical Hall, Balclutha. Toko- mairiro : — Temporary Offices, R. W. Cap- stiek's Offices, opposite .White Horse Hotel. Mr Taylor is 'prepared to conduct all busi- ness under the "Land Transfer] Act; ,lßXo." ELECTION NOTICES. ELECTION NOTICE. ~ ", ELECTORAL DISTRICT OF MILTON. IN pursuance of the " Regulation of Elec- • tions Act, 1870," I, John Dewe, Esquire, Returning Officer for the Electoral District of Tokomairiro, do hereby give notice that, by virtue of a Writ, bearing date the 7th day of February, 1871, issued under the Public Seal of the Colony, an ELECTION will be held for the. return Jot ONE qualified person to serve as MEMBER in the PRO- VINCIAL COUNCIL of the PROVINCE of OTAGO for the said Electoral District ; and that die NOMINATION of Candidates will take place at the Courthouse, Milton, at noon on THURSDAY, the 9th day of MARCH, 1871 ; and that the POLL, if ne- cessary, will be taken on MONDAY, the 13th day of March, 1871. Dated this 25th day of February, 1871. JOHN DEWE,. Returning Officer. The following is the Polling-place for the Electoral District of Milton : — The Courthouse, Milton. Dated this 25th day of February, 1871. JOHN DEWE, Returning Oflicer. ELECTION NOTICE. ELECTORAL DISTRICT OF WAIHOLA. IN pursuance of w The Regulation of Elections Act, 1870," I, John Dewe, Esquire, Returning Officer for the Electoral District of Waihola, do hereby give no- tice that, by virtue of a Writ, bearing date the 7th day of February, 1871, issued under the Public Seal of the Colony, an ELEC- TION will be held for the return of ONE qualified person to serve as MEMBER in the PROVINCIAL COUNCIL of the PRO- VINCE of OTAGO for the said Electoral District; and that the NOMINATION of Candidates will take place at the School- house, Waihola, at noon on FRIDAY, the 10th day of MARCH, 1871 ; and that the POLL, if necessary, will be taken on TUES- DAY, the 14th day of March, 1371. Coil missioned decisions Remarkable Days Date Table, to find days in year! Board Meetings Do any day in century Ho 3'al Fauvty Deed Registration Fees School Committee Elections Directories of every Township in Otago, also Schools (Public) Timaru (Canterbury) Scuttish S° V ™S™ Distance Table, and Courses round New Seasons of the V™Y ™ Zealand Coast Sheep Returns Do., Terrestrial objects at Sea Shipping Charges District Court Fees D ° Statistics, Vessels entered, 1848-70 Do" Tax Shooting Season v Signals for all N.Z. Ports Eclipses ° Farm Crops, Seeds required Societies, Associations, and Companies - Farming Calendar Southland District Do. Facts and Figures Crown Lands Fencing Ordinance Justices of the Peace Festivals, Anniversaries, &c. MISCELLANEOUS FOR SALE. COALFIELD AND FLAX COUNTRY FOR SALE. Two Sections in Wangalot District, containing 100 acres of rich agricultural land, 15 acres of which are substantially fenced. These sections, besides being well suited for farming purposes, are an admirable site for a flax work, as they bear a large quantity of magnificent flax, are situated in an extensive flat district, adjoin a large reservoir, and have a never failing stream of water running through their midst. A remarkably fine seam of excellent Coal, upwards of fifteen feet in thickness, also exists on the property in such a position as to be wrought with little but trifling expense. The land being within one mile and a half of Coal Point Jetty, on the River Chutha, shipment of Coal, Flax, or Farm Produce can be accomplished at a minimum cost. Apply to WILLIAM BROWN, Or to THOMSON & M'DONALD, Balclutha. FOR SALE OR LEASE. AT OTAKTA. The property includes a partly improved Tenement, containing eleven acres, partly improved, and well fenced. There is a good Four-roomed House, Stock-yard, Cow-shed and Stable on the property. TITLE: CROWN GRANT. For particulars, apply to MRS. CANNING, On the Property; Or Mr. Leitch, School-house, Otokia, or Office of this paper. FOR SALE BY PRIVATE TREATY VALUABLE FREEHOLD FARM. T) W. CAPSTICK i\f has for Sale by Private Treaty, a splendid Freehold Farm, being Sections 2 of 31, 32, 33 and 34, block IT, Akatore Dist rici comprising by admeasurement 3G3 acres 2 rood (more or less) partly fenced. There is a large bush, and plenty of water power to drive two or three Flax Mills. Terms very Liberal. For further particulars and plans apply to, R. W. CAPSTICK, Auctioneer and Commission Agent. FOR SALE, For immediate delivery — 1070 Ewea » 4 - 6 » and 8-tooth, 260 Lambs given in, 1000 Wethers, 4, 6, and 8-tooth 3000 Ma '<len Ewes 3000 Wethers, 2- tooth. Apply JOHN REID, Phoenix Wool and Flax Warehouse, Hope street, Dunedin. TO HANS TONE, CABINET MAKER AND UPHOLSTERER, Main South Road, Milton, Tokomairiro, Has removed to his New Premises, situated OPPOSITE THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, where he will continue to carry on the business in all its branches as formerly, and trusts to receive a continuation of the patronage bestowed upon him during the past four years. NOTICE. MISCELLANEOUS GRASS PADDOCKS TO LET, THIRST-CLASS English Grass, at Ottawa, to Let by the week, month, or season, for horses, or cattle. Apply to Mr. S. O'Kane, Reliance Hotels or to J.-S. Fleming, Bruce Herald Office, Tokomairiro. SEEDS!! SEEDS!!! NEW TURNIP SEEDS comprising— Swedish Dale's Hybrid Green top yellow Aberdeen Purple top yellow do All fresh stock true to name, and for the most part Otago saved. Field carrots extra fine seed freed from beard, 1 lb equal to 1 lb of rough seed. WILLIAM MARSHALL Nurseryman, Seedsman, & Florist, Mr. Goodall's, Main South Road, MILTON. OTAGO WOOL & FLAX STORE'S HIGH STREET DUNEDIN. WE beg to intimate that we are now prepared to make advances on the incoming Clip of Wool, or consignments of Flax either for sale here or for shipment to London. Throughout the season we shall hold periodical Sales of these Staples, also of Sheepskins, Hides and Tallow, all of which, from the extent and arrangement of our premises, we are enabled to place before buyers to the best advantage. All Wool, Flax, or other produce, while in our stores, will be covered by insurance, unless we are specially instructed to the contrary. Clips sent in for sale, and for which satisfactory prices may not be obtainable, will be subject to a TOTAL CHARGE OF ONLY ONE SHILLING PER BALE to cover receiving, weighing catalogueing for sale, insurance whilst in store and delivery. Wool growers are recommended. mended to mark and number their bales on each end in addition to the usual mark on the side. Our Price Lists of Oats and Southland Wool sold in London, will on application, be forwarded to any of our friends who do not as present receive them. The sale of Fat and Store Stock, Station Property, &c, will as hitherto, continue to receive our most careful personal attention. DRIVER STEWART & CO, Wool and Flax Brokers and Stock and Station Agents, Dunedin. GREAT REDUCTION IN THE PRICE OF DRAIN PIPES AND BRICKS. The Subscriber begs to intimate to the settlers of the Taieri Plain and healthy borough, that in order to suit the times, he will, from this date, make a very considerable reduction in the price of Drain Pipes and Bricks. Always on hand, Bricks, and all sizes of Drain Pipes.
| 35,381 |
https://github.com/cesareborgin/gulimall/blob/master/gulimall-product/src/main/java/com/cesare/gulimall/product/dao/ProductAttrValueDao.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
gulimall
|
cesareborgin
|
Java
|
Code
| 31 | 148 |
package com.cesare.gulimall.product.dao;
import com.cesare.gulimall.product.entity.ProductAttrValueEntity;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.mapper.BaseMapper;
import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.Mapper;
/**
* spu属性值
*
* @author luzhengsheng
* @email 1844567512@qq.com
* @date 2021-04-03 00:05:10
*/
@Mapper
public interface ProductAttrValueDao extends BaseMapper<ProductAttrValueEntity> {
}
| 8,246 |
hal-03866674-Editorial%20JMRI_pdf.txt_1
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,022 |
Editorial for “Prospective Evaluation of Virtual MR Elastography With Diffusion Weighted Imaging in Subjects With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease”. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2022, 56 (5), pp.1457-1458. ⟨10.1002/jmri.28155⟩. ⟨hal-03866674⟩
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 867 | 1,355 |
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Bernard D Univ Monique bernard
NAFLD (Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) is an important cause of chronic liver injury with increasing incidence with the development of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Assessment of the severity of liver fibrosis is a major issue in the staging of NAFLD and requires non-invasive diagnostic methods beyond invasive biopsy and histopathology.1 Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is considered as the most accurate non invasive method of liver stiffness measurement in NAFLD.2 This technique is available from several manufacturers of MRI scanners as an option that includes special hardware and software. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) has also been used as the motion of water protons is sensitive to the tissue structure and fibrosis and because DWI is widely available and easily implemented in routine liver MRI.3 Diffusion weighted imaging has been explored in various liver diseases for its ability to stage the pathology.4 Overall the ability of diffusion imaging to stage acurately fibrosis is varying between studies and pathologies with moderate diagnostic accuracy compared with MRE. The interest in having a non-invasive method to assess liver fibrosis without specific hardware and software for elastography has pushed towards improving existing methods. Le Bihan et al proposed the calculation of a shifted apparent diffusion coefficient (sADC) from diffusion MR imaging signals acquired with b values of 200 and 1500 sec/mm2, optimized to reflect Gaussian and non-Gaussian diffusion.5 sADC was significantly correlated in the liver to standard elastographic shear modulus and can be converted to a diffusion-based shear modulus.5 This « virtual magnetic resonance elastography » (VMRE) has shown promising results compared to MRE in patients with chronic liver disease and was proposed as an alternative to MRE.6 In this context it is known that hepatic steatosis may have an effect similar to that of fibrosis on diffusion parameters and may be a counfounding factor, as demonstrated in several studies in patients with different forms of hepatitis.7 Hepatic steatosis is significant in NAFLD population and in this issue of JMRI the authors report an interesting study to account for the of hepatic steatosis on sADC and Virtual magnetic resonance elastography (VMRE) measurements.8 The authors sought to correct VMRE for the presence of fat and to compare its performance in staging fibrosis to that of MRE, with biopsy as the reference standard. They perform a prospective study with a well characterized and homogeneous group of 49 patients with complete histopathological reports, MR imaging and blood markers. NAFLD is confirmed by histology in 43 of these patients. These results should not compromise the interest of using VMRE in NAFLD patients but suggest that further evaluation is required. As underlined by the authors it may be necessary to derive a different relationship between sADC and MRE shear modulus in patients with significant hepatic steatosis. Another perspective suggested by the authors is to assess whether approaches based on intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging (IVIM) would be more robust.5,9 Beyond fibrosis there is a growing interest in assessing the full spectrum of NAFLD by multiparametric MRI to better evaluate the stage of the disease.10
References 1. Imajo K, Kessoku T, Honda Y et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging More Accurately Classifies Steatosis and Fibrosis in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Than Transient Elastography. Gastroenterology 2016;150(3):626-637. 2. Gidener T, Ahmed OT, Larson JJ et al. Liver Stiffness by Magnetic Resonance Elastography Predicts Future Cirrhosis, Decompensation, and Death in NAFLD. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;19(9):1915-1924. 3. Bonekamp S, Torbenson MS, Kamel IR. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the staging of liver fibrosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011;45(10):885–892. 4. Jiang H, Chen J, Gao R, Huang Z, Wu M, Song B. Liver fibrosis staging with diffusion weighted imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abdominal Radiology 2017; 42:490-501. 5. Le Bihan D, Ichikawa S, Motosugi U. Diffusion and Intravoxel Incoherent Motion MR Imaging-based Virtual Elastography: A Hypothesis-generating Study in the Liver. Radiology 2017;285(2):609-619. 6. Kromrey ML, Le Bihan D, Ichikawa S, Motosugi U. Diffusion-weighted MRI-based Virtual Elastography for the Assessment of Liver Fibrosis. Radiology 2020;295(1):127-135. 7. Son Y, Park J, Lee JM, Grimm R, Kim IY. Comparison of the Effects of Hepatic Steatosis on Monoexponential DWI, Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Diffusion-weighted Imaging and Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging. Acad Radiol 2021;28 Suppl 1:S203-S209. 8. Hanniman E, Costa AF, Bowen CV, et al. Prospective Evaluation of Virtual MR Elastography With Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Subjects With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2022 Nov;56(5):1448-1456. 9. Ichikawa S, Motosugi U, Morisaka H. MRI-based staging of hepatic fibrosis: Comparison of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging with magnetic resonance elastography. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015;42(1):204-10. 10. Troelstra MA, Witjes JJ, van Dijk AM et al. Assessment of Imaging Modalities Against Liver Biopsy in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Amsterdam NAFLD-NASH Cohort. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021;54(6):1937-1949.
| 33,082 |
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/255075
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 202 | 291 |
Regression, classification, and ranking with loss functions in neural networks
Why are some loss functions better at optimizing one type of problem than another? In other words, what are some factors to consider when choosing one cost function over another?
The loss function which you want to minimize should mimic the metric you use to evaluate the performance of your model.
The problem is that sometimes your metric does not have a nice derivative which forces you to compromise, because many optimization algorithms require the loss to be nicely differentiable (such as neural networks).
In regression problems, usually $L=\sum_i(y_i-\hat y_i)^2$ (mean square error) is the loss function used, even when the metric is the mean absolute error: $L=\sum_i|y_i-\hat y_i|$, for the reason I explained before.
In classification problems, you would minimize either a cross-entropy function to maximize for example accuracy (which is just $\sum_i y_i=\hat y_i$, i.e. the number of times your prediction is correct).
Notice that sometimes you want to adjust your loss function to whatever metric you use for evaluation. Many Kaggle competition winners do just that. For instance, consider what this recent winner as done to modify the loss to better reflect the F2 metric used for the evaluation.
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SUMMARY OF THE DAY'S TRANSACTIONS IN THE MARKETS ST. PAUL UNION STOCK YARDS Unlimited Home Market for All Kinds of Live Stock From Minnesota, Wisconsin, North and South Dakota, Montana and North Iowa. ACTIVE DEMAND for Fat Cattle, Hogs, Sheep and Stackers and Feeders Save Time and Shrink, and Get Better Returns by Shipping to This Market. Aitrißt-Ki RfcFl.kfcNCH Chicago Board of Trade, National Grain, Am. Bank, St. Paul. Winne polls Chamber of Commerce American National Bank, St. Paul. Milwaukee Chamber of Commerce Security Bank, Minneapolis. J. G. GERMANY & CO., Grain, Provisions, Stocks and Bonds. Long Distance Phone 41,0 Endicott Building, ST. PAUL, MINN. CHAS. L. HANSON COMMISSION CO Live Stock Commission Merchants. ROO-1 10 Exchange Bldg., Union Stock Yards, South St. Paul, Minn., and Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill. All correspondence will receive prompt attention, liberal advances made on consignments. References —Union Stock Yards or any Commercial Agency. SOUTHWEST FLOODS CAUSE WEAK MARKET Labor Situation Improves but the Effect of Strike Settlements on Stocks Is Discounted by Kansas Disaster—Bear Interests Hammer Down Prices of Strong Securities. The stock market yesterday was a decided disappointment. Many looked for a decided improvement, as the news from the strike centers was of A hopeful nature. But the severe floods in the Southwest discounted the improvement in the labor situation. Little support was given to stocks yesterday, consequently prices sagged and the market remained weak. The bear interest attacked Union Pacific with fair results. Missouri Pacific and Canadian Pacific were also hammered down. During the last hour of trade, although it was of a highly professional character, stock strengthened slightly and closed at a little better figure than on Friday. There was no Chicago grain market yesterday, as business in that city was suspended on account of the judicial elections. What the Brokers Say. J. C. Geraghty & Co.'s correspondents say of stocks: Clark Dodge & Co.—There was much less liquidation in the market today from commission houses, but the bear party have been active in trading stocks down in view of small buying demand. There is good buying in Erie, St. Paul and Rock Island. Logan & Bryan—The tone of the market is still heavy. There are indications of fair support in a few stocks, while others are lower. On the whole, the conditions show no improvement in the general tone or tendency. There is probably a considerable short interest in the market, but so far nothing to make them cover except at their leisure. The outlook does not encourage the buying of stocks. Dick Bros.—The market has been feverish and heavy today. Some stocks showed rather good support, but most of them yielded under the pressure of professional selling, most of which was for the short account. A sharp break in leather stocks looked like the result of liquidation. Amalgamated Copper and Sugar were both under pressure. Some very heavy selling was seen in Missouri Pacific, which was one of the weakest features. Canadian Pacific was also hammered by the bears. Walker —The market today was weak and had little support. There was liquidation from the opening, and in the afternoon it was on a big scale. Union Pacific was the point of attack and it broke sharply. The steels were very weak and this affected the whole mar ket. There was no news of importance, and every low point reached seemed to bring out a lot of stocks. The close was irregular, but with slightly better tone ! savs- onnor & Van Bergen's stock letter Set \ S • *rJF c ml^ ht reasonably have looked for an improvement in prices to day, owing to the more hope?ul news received from strike centers but whatever benefit the market might have gaintcl x£ rom that source was discount ed by the news of the disastrous floods in the Southwest. In consequence today's stock market has proved disappointing to holders of securities, whose proclivities rf ere?^S^, lmprovement The course of prioggUgifcye perhaps less feverish, has been i IK'V 1 satisfactory, inasmuch as the gqafairTone has proved heavy. There is somll WiWaction, however, in the fact that -standard stocks seem to have atThe^cUne^ and tO flnd buyers t^i 1 : ** eM^ 0 us that th genuine and urgent liquidation spent itself early last week Van that of late the weak spots ha\e been developed from the efforts of stockTr3^ th 6 th£ n from sales of the fnotTh*; M find enc°uragement in the fact that these attacks are meet ing with less success than heretofore and that in some quarters, which havo htir; «?»"** bea*sh. the'felSSta^p?/™ ed that many securities havl now reach §uytng° Wh6re th6y lnvite conservative From what we can gather in the labor situation, the outlook is distinctly an im trnJ °nf' anCl Should thls view pro™; true it will exert a very potent Influence ?ure OUrSe of PrlCes in the near ?u! «, e v,itradin/ durl "S last hour was of i^i**!!?" Professfonal character but even with the decline that took place some stocks closed at better figures than ra Midway Horse Market. Minnesota Transfer, St Paul Minn- Bankett & Zimmerman report a steady firm market from local quarters. Wholesale trade of no consequence. Horses were in better supplies than for some time. Prices ruling the base of last week. Veal Drafters, extra 17½, per Drafters, choice 12½, per Drafters, common to good 11½, per Farm mares, extra 12½, per Farm mares, common to good 11½, per Farm mares, common to good 11½, per Other LIVE STOCK MARKETS. Sioux City, Iowa—Cattle—Receipts 25 head; stockers, strong; killers, 10c higher to 4-5, B; cows, bulls and calves $2.50, 4.60; calves and yearlings $3.40, 4.60; stockers and feeders, $3.50, 4.60. —Receipts, 1,500 head; market 10@ 15c higher; selling, $5.65@6; bulk, $5.80@$6. South Omaha, Neb.—Cattle—Receipts 2 market 10@15c higher; beef steers, $5.50@6; steers, $3.50@4.60; 2,000; market steady; Sheep Geo. L. Lytle, W. H. Smith, T. F. Joyce, President, Vice Pres. Sec. and Treas. if.fi. CAMPBELL Commission Company (INCORPORATED.) Live Stock Commission Merchants Union Stock Yards, South St. Paul. Consignments and correspondence solicited. Market reports furnished on application. We do a strictly commission business. References—Stock Yards Bank, So. St. Paul; Security Bank, Zumbrota: Hon. A. T. Kroner, state treasurer. Capitol building; A. C. Anderson, cashier St. Paul National Bank, St. Paul. ROGERS & ROGERS, Live Stock Commission Merchants Koom 2: Excursion Gullding, Seattle St Paul, Minnesota. Highest market prices obtained for stock. Prompt attention given to all correspondence and orders. References: Any Commercial Agency. HOGS 50 TO 100 HIGHER BUTCHER CATTLE SELL AT STEADY TO STRONG PRICES Receipts of All Kinds Light—But Little Good Quality Stuff on Sale In Any Division—stock and Feeding Cattle Steady —Sheep Steady. SOUTH ST, PAUL, Minn., June 1.— Estimated receipts at the Union stock yards today: Cattle, 325; calves, 100; hogs, 1,500; sheep, 50; cars, 30. The following table shows the receipts from Jan. 1, 1903; to date, as compared with the same period in 1902. Year. Cattle. Calves. Hogs. Sheep. Can.. 1903.. 72,615 23,003 335,991 73,512 8,083 1902.. 71,967 21,578 290,359 154,513 7,189 Inc... 648. 1,428. 45,632 18,999. 894 The following table shows the receipts in May, as compared with the same period in 1902: Year. Cattle. Calves. Hogs. Sheep. Cars. 1903.. 1,207 4,579 61,935 3,693 1,284 1902... 8,273 5,144 55,947 3,250 1,096 Inc. "V. " 2,934 4,567 4,221-1868 Dec. 565 Official receipts for the past seven days are as follows: Date. Cattle. Calves. Hogs. Sheep. Cars. May 23.. 102 43 1,769 34 28 May 25.. 253 38- 2,169 196 42 May 26.. 779 538 5,509 220 108 May 27.. 451 144 3,553 254 71 May 28... 250 147 2,111 204 39 May 29... 217 126 1,912 187 34 May 30...187 10 1,883 172 34 The various railroads entering the yards reported receipts for the day, by loads as follows: C. G. W. 2; C, M. & St. P. 7; C, St. P., M. & O., 3; G. N., 10; Soo Line, 3; N. P., 5; total, 30:% Hogs. Date. „Aye. Wt. Aye. Cost. Price Range. May 23 219 $5.86 $5.65@6.25 May 23 219 5.86 5.65@6.25 May 26 425 5.64 5.40@6.15 May 27....226.5.65 5.40@6.05 May 28 228 5.65 5.50@5.90 May 29 221 5.64 5.80@5.90 May 29 221 5.67 5.50@5.90 May 30 223 5.67 5.50@5.90 Prices steady. Receipts light. Quality largely poor. Price range, $5.50@6.05; bulk, $5.70@5.80; light and inferior grades, $5.50@5.70; mixed, $5.75@5.90. Representative sales: Hogs— Price No. 1, Wt. Price. 2f 279 $6.05@5.85.........235 $5.80 11 ••'••••• 275 6.00@3.00 307 5.75 40 •• 236 5.90 43.. 193 5.70 Odds and Ends— 342 $5775 8........ 327 $5.65 3 350 5.70 5........ 242 5.60 Pigs and Underweights— 14 no $5,301 7...... 114 in in 13..:...;.-142 5.25@3.00 H3 5.00 Stags and Boars— 380 $4.50| 1 480 @4-25 Cattle. .Receipts light.' Butcher cattle steady to strong Offerings include some fair qual ity cattle, but nothing very choice. Bulls and veals steady. Milch cows show no im provement. Stockers and feeders gener ally steady Not enough fresh stuff in to Uve'saies^ °£ the market Representa , Butcher Steers— No. Wt.Price.|No. wt Price' 1 1-^|22 ........n6554 35 2 107Q 4.10 2 1155 3. 65 Butcher Cqwg_and Heifers— — ! 1 1250 $3.35! 1 ........1020 $3.00: b 1015 3.25| 1 84Q 2.85 Cutters and Canners " ~ 1 955 $2,501 1 ' . 7865 2 75 2 955 2.251 1 ..1040 '1.75 Butcher Buns— " ~ ~~ ; ■ 1 1310 $3,001 1 H4O «9 cr 1 -.1540 2.75 1 ....::: 1060 T. 50 Veal Calves — ~ " ~ J ' .{ :::::::: lIPUT 1' 180"°'0 Stock and Feeding Steers— ~ 2 925 $3.90 16 ........ 534 $3.15 iJLi^ffi s.l1 11 •-■•»•••"*>■« Steer Calves— ~ ~ - ~" ft '•"•'" 3J6 $3.10 6 308 $2.G0 1::::-:::: 111 111 a::::— > 225 300 _ Stock Cows and Heifers— I '••••••• fO3 $2,701 I ••' 550 $3.00 4 800 2.601 2 ... 670 2 55 Heifer Calves— —— " , I :::::::: Si!'ljjij^r-^-»-« Stock and Feeding Bulls "T ' —— .4 ........1195 $2.751 1 i■.;.•".-.. 830 $2.50 Milch Cows and Springers— ! ' 1 cow and 1 calf ••'••>•• \ %150Q A <_OW m on en 1 cow and 1 calf ™^ 30 00 Sheep. Receipts very light and common in quality. Bulk of sales made were from long feed lots. Prices generally quoted readily with last week's close Representative No. Kind. -Wpfp-Tit t>-i«« 38 yearling wethers.......7 If***. **£ Cgo 15 spring lambs w.. 53 550 50 cull ewes ;..... on %'nn 19 cull ewes and lambs 62 2" 00. Hot Bamesville; CM. Bell Ada- A Davis. Itasca; L. C. Fairbanks, ALi S boni £; v- Vassau, Barnesville; c Zacher Glenullen; H. Hoefer, Tofah- D W Swingle. Appleton; J.'W. Haight Won' bay; Rea Bros., Fargo; R Ashley Northfield; Eddy, Stephenson & Clark, THE ST. PAUL, GLOBE, TUESDAY, JUNE 2, 1903. STEADIED BY ST. PAUL MOVEMENTS THEREIN ALMOST DOMINATE THE MARKET Influence of This Stock Is Modified, However, by Fact That Selling Is Going on Elsewhere Under This Cover —Missouri Pacific Becomes the Weakest on the List. NEW YORK, June 1".—The stock market was still under pressure today, in spite of some resistance by the speculative leaders, notably St. Paul. The movements in this stock recently have almost served to dominate the market, so that its firmness today naturally had some effect on sentiment. Its influence was modified, however, by the potent fact that, selling was going on elsewhere under this cover, and also by the assertions that a large bear account was taking profits on the long decline in St. Paul by covering short contracts for many thousand shares. Short covering was also reported in Rock Island, but with less effect. The reports of damage by the floods affected Rock Island and had a growing influence on the operations in Missouri Pacific. Atchison and Union Pacific, Missouri Pacific, after offering some resistance to the depression, became the weakest stock among the railroads late in the day and it sold down 2½ below Friday's closing level. The gathering strength in the wheat and corn markets, which was attributed to the flood and weather news from the West, aggravated the depression in this group of railroad stocks. Selling Orders From Canada. There was renewed liquidation also in a group of stocks in which Canadian shareholders are largely interested, most of the selling being attributed to orders received from the Canadian cities. Sloss-Sheffield was most conspicuously affected with a drop of 5½ points, the preferred losing 1. Twin City Rapid Transit an extreme 3½%, Canadian Pacific 3. Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie 1½, and the preferred and the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic preferred a point. The leather stocks were heavily sold, apparently on account of dissatisfaction with the projected plan for distribution of treasury assets to the preferred stockholders. The common stock fell 2½ and the preferred 6. Some of the specialties also showed wide declines. This evidence of continued pressure to sell had a bad effect on sentiment, and kept buyers out of the market. There is evidence of some slight demand on concessions, and there is much current discussion of the investment return offered by dividend-paying stocks on the declining range of prices. But the pressure to sell is renewed on any advance, as was evident in the case of St. Paul. The same thing was apparent on the rally in Amalgamated Copper, which showed some evidence of support. There were some feverish rallies just at the close, which had more resemblance to urgency on the part of the shorts than anything that has appeared during the current decline. Stampede Among Shorts. Professional operators set much store by the fact that the first evidence of the culmination of a prolonged decline is a stampede among over-extended shorts to cover. The ease with which bears have been able to secure stock to make good their commitments on the short side up to this time has been accepted as a test that the market has not yet been oversold. During the early part of the time some uncertainty was expressed as to the week's gold outgo. This was due to the fact that the holiday in foreign money markets gave no index of the exchange situation. The engagement later of $500,000 for shipment on Thursday, the announcement of a shipment of $250,000 to South America today and, late in the day, admissions from several exchange houses that they would ship freely on Thursday had a depressing influence on stocks. The time money market showed a hardening tendency and the insignificant loan contraction by the bank last week caused some uneasiness over the money market outlook. Good returnings were ignored. Bonds were heavy; sympathy with stocks. Total sales, par value, $1,440,000. United States bonds were all unchanged on the last call. Closings List. Open High Low Close Atchison 47 260 73% 71% 72% do pfd 2060 94% 94 94 B. & O 11420 87% 87 87% do pfd. 90 Canadian Pacific 23650 123% 121% 121% Canada Southern 67 C. & O 1100 39 38% 38% C. & A 350 28 27% 27% do pfd 100 68 68 67% C. G. W 1600 20% 20% 20% do A pfd 100 73 73 74 do B pfd 33% C. & N-W 750 176 173% 176 Chi. Ter. & Trans 200 14% 14% 14% do pfd 800 24% 24% 24% C. C, C. & St. L 100 87% 87% 87% Colorado Southern 1170 18% 18 18% do 1st pfd 61% do 2d pfd 100 28 28 27% Del., & Hudson 1810 170% 169 170% Del., Lack. & W 245 D. & R. G. 900 31 30 30% do pfd 200 84% 83% 83% Erie 10210 33% 33% 33% do 1st pfd 3875 67% 66% 67 do 2d pfd 3900 56% 55 55% Great Northern pfd 180 Hocking Valley 100 95% 95% 95 do pfd 93% Illinois Central 1411 135% 134% 135 Iowa Central 400 27% 27% 27% do pfd 49 L E. & W 35 do pfd 100 Louis. & Nash 1780 113 112 112% Manhattan L.. 1670 137% 136% 137 Met St. Ry 850 127% 127% 127% Mexican Central.. 2100 24% 23% 23% Mexican National.. 2000 23% 23% 23% M. & St. L.............. 77 Mo. Pacific ;. 47925 104% 102% 103% M X & T...... 1300 23% 23 23% N do, P™ 1700 52% 51 50% noJoiA west.-:: 88% 88% 88% x - d °Pfd V, 200 90 90 88% Northern Pacific....... 91% 90% 90% Ontario & West... 2250 26% 25% 25% Pennsylvania 13800 127 126% 126% Re da di ift pfd-:::::: 19840 48% 47% 47 ao Ist' pfd r?i/ do 2d pfd ;:: *•••• lr* St. L. & San. Fran...'.'. **'«q do 1st pfd "74 do 2d.pfd •:::::: 400 64% 64% 64% st- L- S. W. 250 20 20 19% o+ °D Pfd 300 44 44 43% Vg^i::::"BJfflMr'sr' Southern &ZV.: ns 49% 49% 49% Southern Railway.. 5350 26% 25% 26% do pfd. Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, Grains, Stocks, Provisions 5 Bought and sold in all markets for cash or on reasonable margins... Members of All Principal Exchange. Private Wires. Write for our daily market, letter and private telegraph cipher— free. Ship Your Grain to Us. Best facilities. Liberal Advances, Promot Returns. S. B. Shoemaker & Co GRAIN STOCKS. National Grain-American Bank Bids- K. C. Southern.....U....1 26% do pfd * 47% Rock Island |35100| 34% 33% 33% do pfd 2200! 71 70 70 M.. St. P. & S. S. M 68 56 55 do pfd 1117 115 115% T. C. R. T (1104 |100% |101 _ Total sales for the day, 523,400 shares. New York Bonds. U. S. ref. 2s reg. 105% Mex. Cent. 45.. 77% do 2s coup 105% do let mc... 24% do 3s coup 107 bM. & mt. L. 45..100 do 3s coup...107 xM.. K. & T. 4s 98 do n. 4s coup. 135% bN. Y. C. g. 3%5102% do o. 4s coup. 110% N. Y. C. g. 55..133 do o. 4s coup. 110% Nor. Eac. 4s 102 do 5s coup.... 102% N. & W. c. 4s. 98% Atch. gen. 45... 99% Reading gen. 4s. 97% do ajt. 4s 90 St. L. & M. c. 45...112% B. & O. 4s 102 St. L. & S. F. 43.. 98% do 3%s 83% bSt. L. S. W. 1sts 94% bdo cony. 4s. 100% do 2ds 81 bCan. So. 2ds..108 bS.A. & A. P. 4s. 79 Cent. of Ga. 55.104% xSo. Eac. 4s 88 do 1st mc... 74 So. Ry. 5s 116% C. & O. 4%5...104% bT. &i.-P. 15t5...H5% C. & A. 3%s 76 fT.,St.L. & W. 4s 74 C. 8 & Q.n.4s. 94% Union Pac. 45... 102% bC.M.& St.Pg.4s 10 do cony. 45... 98% bC.& N.-W.c.75132y 8 Wabash lsts... 116 C.R.1. & P. 45..105% do 2ds 105% bC.& St.Lg.4s 97% do <Jeb. B 74% bChi. Term. 4s. 83% bWest Shore 45.109% Col. So. 4s 89% W. & L. E. 45.. 91 bD. & R. G. 4s. 98% Wis. Cent. 45... 91 bErie p. 1. 45... 99% Con. Tob 60% do gen. 4s 84% Rock Island... 80% fF.W. & D.C.lstloß%tCol. Fuel 85 bHock.Val. 4%slO7%Man 101% L. & N. uni. 45.100% fOffered. xEx-interest. j New York Mining Stocks. Adama Con.....$0.20 Little Chief...$0.06 Alice 25 Ontario 5.50 Breece 20 Ophir 1.85 Brunswick Con;.04aPhcM?mx..*....08 Con. Tun 07%|Potosi.....32 Con. Cal. & Va. I.6sSavage 22 Kprn Silver... i:io|3lerra Nev'..... -.-89- Iron Silver I.6siSmall Hopes....30 Leadville Con...02!aSta'naard-..-.'..-.'..-.'..-.'. Asked. Statement of the Treasury. WASHINGTON, D.C., June 1.—Today's statement of the treasury balances in the general fund, exclusive of the $150,000,000 gold reserve in the division 4>f redemption, shows: Available cash balances..$225,168,897 Gold 106.-205,626 Silver 24,560,177 United States notes..:.;.;.-*... 6,571,4^78 Treasury notes of 1890. C;. V..;. 146,250 National bank notes..'. X. 11,353,287 Total receipts this day 2,774,019 Total receipts this day 2,579,119 Total expenditures this day 2,250,000 Total expenditures this day 473,836,852 Deposits in national banks..,. 154,492,034 New York Money. NEW YORK, June 1.—Money On call, firm at 2½% per cent; highest, 3; close, 2½%c. Time money firm, sixty days, 4 per cent; ninety days, 4; six months, 5%; sterling exchange firm at $4.88.25 for demand and at $4.85.15 for sixty days. Posted rates, $4.85½@4.86 and $4.88½@4.89; commercial bills, $4.84½@5; bar silver, 53%; Mexican dollars, 42c; government bonds steady; railroads heavy. Bank Clearings. St. Paul, $1,036,052. AMALGAMATED COPPER ANNUAL. Directors Are Re-elected and One Stockholder Has Curiosity. NEW YORK, June 1.—The stockholders of the Amalgamated Copper company held their annual meeting in Jersey City today. The old directors were re-elected with the exception of Robert Bacon, who was succeeded by George H. Church, Herman S. Graves, representing 400 shares of stock, asked for details of the litigation in which the company has been involved. He wanted to know how the facts about the alleged offer by Charles H. Clark, son of Senator Clark, to pay Judge Harney $250,000 for certain purposes, and of the attempted impeachment of Judge Harney by two attorneys of the company. CHICAGO LIVE STOCK. CHICAGO, June 1.—Cattle—Receipts, 19,000; market 10@20c higher; good to prime steers, $4.90@5.50; poor to medium, $4.15@4.90; stockers and feeders $3@5; cows, $1.50@4.75; heifers, $2.50@5; canners, $1.50@2.80; bulls, $2.50@4.30; calves $2.50@6.75; Texas fed steers, $3@4.60. Hogs—Receipts, 31,000; estimated tomorrow, 20,000; left over, 1,500; market strong to 10c higher; mixed and butchers, $5.80@6.15; good to choice heavy $6.20@6.35; rough heavy, $5.80@6.15; light $5.70@6.05; bulk of sales, $5.95@6.25. Sheep—Receipts, 14,000; sheep and lambs active, higher; good to choice wethers, $4.60@5.25; fair to choice mixed, $3.50@4.60; western sheep, $4.40@5.25; native lambs, $4.25@7.25; western lambs. $4.60@7.25; springs, $5.00@7.50. Elgin Butter. ELGIN, Ill., June 1.—Butter advanced a half cent a pound on the Board of Trade today, being quoted at 21½ c. Sales, 178 tubs on call. Sales for the week in the district were 822,000 pounds. Chicago Produce. CHICAGO, June 1.—Butter steady; creameries, 15@21½c; dairies, 15@18c. Eggs steady; at mark, cases included, 13½@14½c. Cheese weak; twins, 10½c; daisies, 11½c; Young Americas, 11½@11½c. Live poultry, steady; turkeys, 10@12c; chickens, 12@12½c. St. Louis Grain. St. Louis, Mo.—Wheat—Higher; No. 2 red, cash, in elevator, nominal; July, 22½c; September, 71½c; No. 2 hard, 76@78c. Corn—Higher, No. 2 cash, 47½c; July, 45 September, 45½c. Oats—Higher; No. 2 cash, 36½c; July, 36c; September, 31½c; No. 2 white, 41c. Wheat Grown on Semi-Arid Lands. No more important discovery has been made by the scientists of the department of agriculture for a year more than the one demonstrating that an excellent quality of bread can be made of the flour ground from macaroni wheat. If good bread can be made from this small wheat, which is better than any ever grown in a hard wheat belt of the Northwest, a discovery will have been made which will not be second in importance. The introduction of alfalfa in the United States, for example, will become the great wheat-producing sections of the country. Macaroni wheat thrives best in a dry climate. —Chicago Chronicle. Blue and White Nile. The Blue and the White Nile each has its distinctive function in turning Egypt into a great garden. The larger part of the water which Egypt receives comes from the White Nile; but the black mud which settles over the thousands of fields when they are flooded, making them the richest of agricultural lands, is derived from the mountain rock waste that is brought down by the Blue Nile. PRODUCE AND FRUIT. Ruling Prices at Yesterday's Meeting of the St. Paul Commission Men. ST. PAUL, June 1.—Trading in the open market at yesterday's meeting of the Produce exchange established the following prices: Butter—Creameries—Extra storage.20% Extra storage.19 Renovated. 17 @.18 Dairies—Extra.17 Firsts.15 Rolls and prints.13 Packing stock 09 @.11 Cheese—Twins 11%@.12 Young America 12 &.13 Brick—No. 1.12 Brick—No. 2.11 Eggs—Fresh stock, cases included, at mark 12%@.13 Seconds.11 Cracked.09 Dressed Meats — Veal, fancy 06 @.07 Veal, common to good 05 &.05% Muttons 05 @.08 Spring Lambs (pelts on), heads off.11 Country-dressed hogs 08@.09 Live Poultry— Hens 11 @.12 Springs, per dozen 4.50 @ 5.40 Turkeys— Hens and young toms 12 @.12% Geese 07 @.08 Ducks 11 @.12 Fish— Sunfish and perch, 04 @.05 Pickerel.05% Crappies 07 @.08 Pike 07 The following prices are those at which the commodities mentioned are selling in the retail trade. In large lots these prices may be shaded: Beans— Navy, per bu 2.10 @ 2.50 Brown, per bu 1.60 @ 1.75 Peas— Yellow peas 1.00 @ 1.55 Green peas 1.00 @ 1.55 Green peas 1.00 @ 1.55 Potatoes — Choice, car lots 35 @ 45 Mixed stock, bu... 35 Vegetables— Beets, per dozen, new......50 Cabbage, per crate 3.00 @ 3.25 Carrots, new, doz.75 Cauliflower, box 2.00 Cucumbers, per dozen.....75 Eggplant, dozen 1.50 Lettuce, leaf, bu.40 Lettuce, hothouse, doz.....35 Onions, green, doz bunches.12% Onions, Bermuda, crate... 2.50 Peppers, bu 1.00 Parsley, bu.20 Pieplant, 1b.02 Radishes, dozen.25 Spinach, bu.50 Turnips, bu.30 Celery, Cal., dozen 1.25 Apples— Baldwin 5.00 @ 5.50 Ben Davis 4.50 @ 5.00 Oranges— California seedlings 3.00 @ 3.25 Fancy Wash. Navels, 176s and 250s 3.75 @ 4.00 Fancy Wash. Navels, 96s and 150s 3.25 @ 3.50 Fancy Wash, Navels, 96s and 150s 3.25 @ 3.50 Malta Bloods 3.50 @ 4.00 Med., sweets 3.25 @ 3.50 Giape Fruit— California 2.50 @ 2.75 Lemons— Messinas, fancy, 360s 4.50 @ 5.00 Messinas, fancy, 300s 4.50 @ 5.00 Cal., fancy, as to size 4.25 @ 4.00 50 California, choice $3.75 @ 4.00 Tomatoes, Floridas, 6 basket crates.... $2.50 @ 3.00 Bananas— Fancy, large bunches.... $3.00 @ 3.50 Medium bunches $2.25 @ 2.50 - Pineapples— Pineapples, crate, Floridas $4.00 @ 4.25 Pineapples, crate, Havanas.. Quotations Established in Open Trade on the St. Paul Board. ST. PAUL, June 1.—The following prices were established in today's trade: Wheat—No. 1 northern, No. 6 77%@.78 No. 7 77%@.78 No. 8 77%@.78 No. 9 77%@.78 No. 10 77%@.78 No. 11 77%@.78 No. 12 77%@.78 No. 13 77%@.78 No. 13 77%@.78 No. 14 77%@.78 No. 15 77%@.78 No. 16 77%@.78 No. 17 77%@.78 No. 18 77%@.78 No. 19 77%@.78 No. 20 77%@.78 No. 21 77%@.78 No. 22 77%@.78 No. 22 77%@.78 No. 22 77%@.78 No. 23 77%@.78 No. 23 77%@.78 No. 24 77%@.78 No. 25 77%@.78 No. 26 77%@.78 No. 27 77%@.78 No. 28 77%@.78 No. 29 77%@.78 No. 30 77%@.78 No. 30 77%@.78 No. 31 77%@.78 No. 32 77%@.78 No. 33%@.34 Barley—Malting grades 45 @.53 Feed grades 37 @.44 Rye—No. 2 on track 48 @.49 Flax—No. 1 on track 1.15 @ 1.16 Rejected 1.13 @ 1.14 Oats—No. 3 white on track 35%@.36% No. 4 white 34%@.35 No. 3 33%@.34 Feed and Cornmeal—Coarse cornmeal and cracked corn 17.50 Ground feed. No. 1, one third oats, two-thirds corn 18.00 Ground feed. No. 2, one half corn, one-half oats 18.50 Ground feed, No. 3, one third corn, two-thirds oats 19.00 Bran and Shorts—Bran, in bulk 13.00 Bran, in sacks, 200 lbs 13.75 Bran, in sacks, 100 lbs 14.50 Standard middlings. 1 lb bulk 13.80 Standard middlings, 200 lbs sacks 14.25 Standard middlings. 1 lb sacks 15.00 Middlings, flour in bulk.. 16.00 Middlings, flour in 100-lb sacks and 12.00 @ 12.50 No. 1 upland 11.50 @ 10.00 No. 2 upland 9.50 @ 10.00 No. 1 midland 9.50 @ 10.80 No. 2 midland 9.50 @ 10.80 Choice timothy 14.50 @ 15.00 No. 1 timothy 13.50 @ 14.00 No. 2 timothy 11.00 @ 12.00 No. 3 timothy 8.00 @ 10.00 Straw— Rye straw 6.50 @ 7.00 Oat straw 6.00 @ 6.50 Flour— Patents, firsts 4.05 @ 4.15 Patents, seconds 3.90 @ 4.00 Clears, firsts 3.00 @ 3.20 Clears, seconds, in sacks. 2.00 @ 2.20 Red dog, per ton, in 140 lb sacks 17.00 @ 18.00 The following quotations are in cotton sacks of 98 and 49 lbs: Granulated corn meal, white 2.35 @ 2.50 Granulated corn meal, yellow 2.20 @ 2.30 Pure family rye flour 2.35 @ 2.45 Best XXX rye flour 2.25 @ 2.35 Standard white rye flour 2.15 @ 2.25 Swedish rye flour 2.35 @ 2.40 Pure rye meal and rye graham 2.25 @ 2.30 Pure wheat graham flour 2.90 @ 3.10 Standard graham flour 2.50 @ 2.70 Entire wheat flour 3.10 @ 3.20 Pure buckwheat flour 5.25 @ 5.50 New Electrical Rad Editor. A new electrical radiator, intended to supersede the steam heater, is formed by enameled iron plates. The space between is filled with powdered carbon, kept in position by asbestos cardboard. Into this radiator are led three copper strips, one at each end and one in the center, and a continuous current of electricity is passed from the center of the end strips. With a current of eight ampheres, at 200 volts a heating surface of twenty-five square feet can be kept at a temperature of 190 degrees Fahrenheit. Rockefeller's Fortune. The Journal of the Knights of Labor estimates Mr. John D. Rockefeller's present fortune at $800,000,000, bringing him the snug little income of $48,000,000 a year. At the rate of increase of the last four years, it is estimated that it will amount to $3,276,800,000,000 in 1927. O'CONNOR & VAN BERQEN BROKERS Stocks, Bonds, Grain, Provisions 602-203 GERMANIA LIFE BLDG., FOURTH AND MINNESOTA STS., ST. PAUL Members Chicago Board of Trade. Direct Private Wires. MAY READJUST FREIGHT RATES Transcontinental Bureau to Discuss Question at the Milwaukee Meeting. At today's meeting of the Transcontinental Freight bureau in Milwaukee, an attempt may be made to readjust Oriental freight schedules. What action will be taken is not known, and the question may not come up at all, but if the matter is brought before the bureau it will result in a total revision of traffic rates. W. W. Broughton. Of the Great Northern, said last night that he did not think Oriental freight rates would be discussed but added that there is a possibility that a readjustment might be made. "As far as I know," said Mr. Broughton, "the meeting will be a short one. Nothing but a few routine questions are scheduled to come up for discussion. However, the bureau may take up the Oriental freight question and may decide to readjust the schedule." At the Milwaukee meeting an attempt will be made to transfer the headquarters of the bureau from San Francisco to St. Paul. W. W. Broughton, general freight agent, and J. C. Eden, assistant general freight agent at Seattle, will represent the Great Northern at the meeting, and General Freight Agent Baird will represent the Northern Pacific. ISSUES FISHING GUIDE. Great Northern Publishes Booklet Describing Minnesota's Vacation Routes. The passenger department of the Great Northern has issued its annual fishing booklet. It contains 136 pages of printed matter pertaining to the lakes of Minnesota and describing the fishing and hunting grounds of the North Star state. Accompanying the booklet is a detailed map showing the 10,000 Minnesota lakes. Besides, there is a table for reference, from which can be learned the distance of any resort from the nearest railroad station, the hotel accommodations, the names of guides and the kind of game and fish that can be had at each resort. There is also a condensed copy of the game laws of all the Northwestern states. The booklet is beautifully illustrated with pictures of summer resorts and hunting grounds and of scenery along the route of the Great Northern. It is bound in a heavy paper cover artistically decorated. The books can be had at the general passenger department or at the city ticket office of the Great Northern. WILL AUTHORIZE EXPENDITURE. O Maha Directors and Stockholders to Meet Saturday. The annual meeting of the directors of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha to be held at St. Paul and Hudson Saturday, will pass upon the improvements to be made by the road this summer. It is reported that an expenditure of $250,000 for the improvement of terminals at St. Paul is to be authorized. The company owns a large tract of land near Hazel Park, which is likely to be utilized for storage tracks. The land is practically at grade, and all that is needed to make it available is the construction of two additional tracks from East St. Paul to Hazel Park, a distance of three miles. The stockholders' meeting will be held at Hudson, to be followed by a directors' meeting at St. Paul. FLOODS DELAY TRAINS. Omaha Suffers From Swollen Rivers and Dangerous Washouts. All traffic to and from Nebraska and Kansas points in the flooded region is practically suspended. The Chicago Great Western and the Omaha are greatly handicapped by the floods. On some sections of the Omaha's line traffic is practically at a standstill. The Omaha has a line out of Council Bluffs on both sides of the river. The line on the north side is still in operation, but the south side line is submerged and bridges have been washed away. The Great Western has also suffered to some extent from the floods. However, its roadbed is well balanced and if the water subsides trains can move without much further delay. Establishes Joint Agency. A joint agency counter has been placed in the main waiting room of the St. Paul union depot. The counter is established for the convenience of travelers and excursionists who are going to and through St. Paul on the special rates that will be in effect during June, July, and August. RAILROAD NOTES. A booklet describing Leech Lake and vicinity has been issued by the Minnesota & International. The publication contains an account of the healthful resorts of Northern Minnesota and tells of the hunting and fishing in the locality of Leech Lake. There are ten full-page pictures of scenes in Northern Minnesota and several smaller half-tones. The booklet is one of the most artistic ever issued by the Minnesota & International. J. P. Morgan & Co. have announced that at a majority of the common stock of the St. Louis & San Francisco has been deposited with them, under the terms of the Rock Island purchase, and that the plan is now operative. The United States supreme court yesterday granted the motion made by "Solicitor General Hoyt" two weeks ago to advance the case of the Northern Securities company. The court fixed Dec. 14 next as the date for argument. A Blow at Vegetarianism. Dr. Broeckler, of Vienna, has created a sensation by declaring that European vegetarians never have any great-grandchildren, and tend to lose their own sight and their hair, as well as their "courage," early in life. Those who controvert the doctor point out that something like a third of mankind lives only on rice and similar food, and yet grows and multiplies. It is also brought forward that among the meat-eating peoples of the earth premature baldness, bad eyesight and a lessing- offspring are so common as to constitute seriously discussed prob lems. Flour Mills in Manchuria. Several flour mills are now in opera tion at Harbin, Manchuria, where a fine quality of wheat can be purchased at 30 cents per bushel. This is one of the best wheat-growing- sections in the world. United States newspapers state that the northwestern part of the country can produce wheat and flour and ship them 1,500 miles to Siberia at a profit. If excellent native wheat can be delivered in large quantities at Harbin for 30 cents per bushej with ancient methods and machinery, what can be done when improved machinery is introduced? NO INTEREST We charge you no Interest for carrying long stocks. If you are paying inter est to others you are throwing money away. fSfljP Commission yyr Company. *•> V Ho Incorporated Capital and Surplus: $300,000. Grain, Provisions Stocks and Bonds Bought and sold for cash or on mar- Kin for future delivery. Commission { g££= ; ft£' p Margins Required .{ j^K.^.,-. If you have an account with us. you can trade upon it in any of our 130 branch offices. We refer to 150 state and national banks Vvhich are our de positories. GENERAL OFFICES: BANK OF COMMERCE, KINNEAIOLIS Branches: N. T. Life, Arcade, Minneapolis. 220 Third St. So.. Minneapolis. S. W. Cor. Robt. & 4th St.. St. PauL FINANCIAL. H, HOLBERT & SON. Bankers mnd Brok&ra 34t Robsrt 3t. St. Pjw!. STILL WATER LOGGER HEARS OF RUINED DAM McGrath May Have to Replace Dyna mited Structure at Pine City. James B. McGrath received word from Pine City yesterday that the Chengwatona dam had been blown out, and it was presumably the work of settlers, who have long threatened to destroy the dam and reduce the volume of water held in Snake river. Mr. McGrath has logged for several years on Snake river, but managed to get all of the logs out by him last winter through the dam, a short time ago. He still has timber enough left there to keep him busy a season or more, and in order to drive the logs it will probably be necessary for him to rebuild the dam. Chengwatona dam was one of the oldest dams on the tributaries of the St. Croix, having been constructed more than fifty years ago. The settlers along Snake river, above Pine City, have repeatedly threatened to have the dam blown out. The gates have been kept open this spring because of the immense volume of water running in the river and watchmen were employed to watch the dam until last Friday, when they were informed that their services were no longer needed, the owners of the dam being of the opinion that no danger was to be feared from the settlers. Mrs. Daniel Hogan, aged twenty-two years, died yesterday of consumption. She had been ill several years. The state yesterday began to operate the prison binder twine factory overtime, and the convicts will work three hours extra every night for the present at least. This is done to enable the farmers who have orders in to secure their twine before the harvest begins. The Clyde departed Sunday evening with logs for Zimmerman & Ives, Guttenburg, and lumber for Ott. Meuser & Co., and other Dubuque dealers. The wires of the Consolidated Telegraph and Telephone company connecting the Atwood and the Atwood B mills were strung yesterday, and the company will soon establish an office for long distance service in the Lumbermen's Exchange block in this city. William Kaiser has arranged for the transportation of a large amount of logs by rail to this city from Black Duck, Minn. The logs will begin to arrive over the Northern Pacific road in a few days. JUSTICE HOLMES DECIDES IN HIS FATHER'S CASE "The Professor at the Breakfast Table" and in Supreme Court. WASHINGTON, D. C. June 1.—The United States supreme court today decided the two cases brought by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., publishers, against other publishers involving the charge of infringement of copyright in the publication of Oliver Wendell Holmes, "The Professor at the Breakfast Table," and of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe's "The Minister's Wooing." Houghton & Mifflin were the assignees of the authors in both cases. Both works were originally published serially without being copyrighted and for this reason the court held that no relief could be granted. A son of Dr. Holmes was one of the justices who passed upon the same. PORTO RICAN LABOR IS SUFFERING UNDER TYRANNY Federation Says Workingmen Are Wronged in Various Ways. SAN JUAN, Porto Rico, June 1.— The Federation of Labor has requested Gov. Hunt to investigate the condition of labor on certain large sugar plantations. The federation claims that poverty-stricken laborers, paid about 40 cents a day, are compelled to accept "chips" instead of money and to trade at plantation stores, where goods are sold at 40 percent profit and where the provisions are sometimes injurious to health; that no rights of the working men are respected; that their little houses are burned down if they are unable to work for a few days, leaving them without a home. Gov. Hunt will have an investigation made. DOCTOR BINDS UP WOUNDS HIMSELF INFLICTED Shoots a Burglar and Is Called Upon to Attend Him. CLEVELAND, Ohio, June 1.—Late last night Dr. Maurice D. Stephe was awakened by a burglar in his house. The doctor fired at the intruder, who yelled and jumped through a window. Early today Dr. Stephe was called to a nearby house to attend a man who, it was said, had been accidentally shot. The doctor found the man with a bullet in his side. Later the patient died, after confessing that he was the burglar. His name was Henry Miller. Sentenced for Fraud. NEWARK, N. J., June 1.—William B. Carleton, William O. Rowley and C. Gordon Ware, respectively president, treasurer and secretary of the defunct North American Realty company, were today sentenced to two years at hard labor in the state prison for fraud.
| 40,003 |
https://github.com/icecreamdatabase/TwitchIrcHub/blob/master/TwitchIrcHub/IrcBot/Helper/Limits.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
TwitchIrcHub
|
icecreamdatabase
|
C#
|
Code
| 198 | 576 |
namespace TwitchIrcHub.IrcBot.Helper;
public class Limits
{
public static readonly Limits NormalBot = new()
{
SendConnections = 2,
MaxChannelsPerIrcClient = 50,
IrcAuthBucketLimit = 20,
IrcJoinBucketLimit = 20,
IrcChannelMessageBucketLimitUser = 20,
IrcChannelMessageBucketLimitMod = 100,
IrcGlobalMessageBucketLimitUser = 20,
IrcGlobalMessageBucketLimitMod = 100,
};
public static readonly Limits KnownBot = new()
{
SendConnections = 2,
MaxChannelsPerIrcClient = 50,
IrcAuthBucketLimit = 20,
IrcJoinBucketLimit = 20,
IrcChannelMessageBucketLimitUser = 20,
IrcChannelMessageBucketLimitMod = 100,
IrcGlobalMessageBucketLimitUser = 50,
IrcGlobalMessageBucketLimitMod = 100,
};
public static readonly Limits VerifiedBot = new()
{
SendConnections = 5,
MaxChannelsPerIrcClient = 500,
IrcAuthBucketLimit = 200,
IrcJoinBucketLimit = 2000,
IrcChannelMessageBucketLimitUser = 20,
IrcChannelMessageBucketLimitMod = 100,
IrcGlobalMessageBucketLimitUser = 7500,
IrcGlobalMessageBucketLimitMod = 7500,
};
public int SendConnections { get; private init; }
public int MaxChannelsPerIrcClient { get; private init; }
/* IRC connect bucket */
public int IrcAuthBucketLimit { get; private init; }
public const int IrcAuthBucketPerXSeconds = 10;
public int IrcJoinBucketLimit { get; private init; }
public const int IrcJoinBucketPerXSeconds = 10;
/* IRC message bucket */
public int IrcChannelMessageBucketLimitUser { get; private init; }
public int IrcChannelMessageBucketLimitMod { get; private init; }
public int IrcGlobalMessageBucketLimitUser { get; private init; }
public int IrcGlobalMessageBucketLimitMod { get; private init; }
public const int IrcMessageBucketPerXSeconds = 30;
}
| 27,279 |
https://github.com/rewriting/tom/blob/master/examples/lambdacalculi/FreshGom.t
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,022 |
tom
|
rewriting
|
Perl
|
Code
| 791 | 2,463 |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2004-2015, Universite de Lorraine, Inria
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
* met:
* - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this conc of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this conc of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* - Neither the name of the Inria nor the names of its
* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
* this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
* A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
* OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
* DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
* THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
* OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
package lambdacalculi;
import tom.library.sl.*;
import java.util.*;
import lambdacalculi.lambdaterm.*;
import lambdacalculi.lambdaterm.types.*;
import lambdacalculi.lambdaterm.strategy.lambdaterm.*;
import lambdacalculi.lambdaterm.types.lambdaterm.*;
public class FreshGom {
private static int comptVariable = 0;
%include { sl.tom }
%include {lambdaterm/lambdaterm.tom}
//%include {lambdaterm/_lambdaterm.tom}
%include {util/HashMap.tom}
public final static void main(String[] args) {
LambdaTerm subject = `var("undefined");
LambdaInfo info = new LambdaInfo();
// beta with refs (designed for call by need)
Strategy betaRef = `Sequence(
_app(Identity(),DeRef(collectTerm(info))),
_app(Sequence(
collectPosition(info),
_abs2(Mu(MuVar("x"),Choice(substitute(info),All(MuVar("x")))))),Identity()),
clean(info));
// beta without refs
Strategy beta = `Sequence(
_app(Identity(),collectTerm(info)),
_app(Sequence(
collectPosition(info),
_abs2(Mu(MuVar("x"),Choice(substitute(info),All(MuVar("x")))))),Identity()),
clean(info));
String s;
LambdaTermLexer lexer = new LambdaTermLexer(System.in); // Create parser attached to lexer
LambdaTermParser parser = new LambdaTermParser(lexer);
while(true){
System.out.print("> ");
// term parsing
try {
subject = parser.lambdaterm();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
// parsed term
System.out.println("Orginal term: "+prettyPrint(subject));
// call by name
info = new LambdaInfo();
try{
System.out.println("Call by name: "+prettyPrint((LambdaTerm)`Not(Sequence( RepeatId(TopDown(Try(beta))),OnceTopDown(beta) )).visit(subject)));
}catch (VisitFailure e){
System.out.println("Call by name: Infinite loop");
}
// call by need
info.lazy=true;
try{
System.out.println("Call by need: "+prettyPrint((LambdaTerm)`Not(Sequence( RepeatId(TopDown(Try(betaRef))),OnceTopDown(betaRef) )).visit(subject)));
}catch(VisitFailure e){
System.out.println("Call by need: Infinite loop");
}
// call by value
info.lazy=false;
try{
System.out.println("Call by value: "+prettyPrint((LambdaTerm)`InnermostRight(beta).visit(subject)));
} catch(java.lang.StackOverflowError e){
System.out.println("Call by value: Infinite loop");
} catch(VisitFailure f) {
System.out.println("Failure");
}
}
}
%strategy clean(info:LambdaInfo) extends `Identity() {
visit LambdaTerm {
app(abs2(arg),_)-> {
info.firstOccur =null;
info.term =null;
info.omega =null;
return `arg;
}
}
}
%strategy print() extends `Identity() {
visit LambdaTerm {
X -> {System.out.println(prettyPrint(`X));}
}
}
%strategy collectPosition(info:LambdaInfo) extends `Identity() {
visit LambdaTerm {
_ -> {
info.omega= getEnvironment().getPosition();
}
}
}
%strategy collectTerm(info:LambdaInfo) extends `Identity() {
visit LambdaTerm {
term -> {
info.term=`term;
}
}
}
//we do not need the sequentiality
//it is just for the simplicity ;)
%strategy AllRightSeq(s:Strategy) extends `Identity(){
visit LambdaTerm{
x -> {
int n = `x.getChildCount();
for(int i = n; i>0; i--){
getEnvironment().down(i);
int status = s.visit(getEnvironment().getIntrospector());
if(status != Environment.SUCCESS){
getEnvironment().up();
return `x;
}else{
getEnvironment().up();
}
}
}
}
}
%op Strategy InnermostRight(s1:Strategy) {
make(v) { `mu(MuVar("_x"),Sequence(AllRightSeq(MuVar("_x")),Try(Sequence(v,MuVar("_x"))))) }
}
%typeterm LambdaInfo{
implement {LambdaInfo}
is_sort(t) { t instanceof LambdaInfo }
}
static class LambdaInfo{
public Position omega;
public LambdaTerm term;
public Position firstOccur;
public boolean lazy;
}
//[subject/X]t
%strategy substitute(info:LambdaInfo) extends `Fail(){
visit LambdaTerm {
p@PathLambdaTerm(_*) -> {
Position source = getEnvironment().getPosition();
Position dest = (Position) source.add((Path)`p);
if(dest.equals(info.omega)){
if(info.firstOccur==null || !info.lazy){
info.firstOccur = getEnvironment().getPosition();
return info.term;
}
else{
Position target = info.firstOccur;
return ConsPathLambdaTerm.make(target.sub(source));
}
}
else{
return `p;
}
}
}
}
%op Strategy TopDownSeq(s1:Strategy) {
make(v) { `mu(MuVar("_x"),Sequence(v,AllSeq(MuVar("_x")))) }
}
public static String prettyPrint(LambdaTerm t){
ppcounter = 0;
try {
t = (LambdaTerm) `TopDownSeq(UnExpand()).visit(t);
%match(LambdaTerm t){
app(term1,term2) -> {return "("+prettyPrint(`term1)+"."+prettyPrint(`term2)+")";}
abs3(term1,term2) -> {return "("+prettyPrint(`term1)+"->"+prettyPrint(`term2)+")";}
var(s) -> {return `s;}
}
} catch(VisitFailure f) {
System.out.println("Failure");
}
return "";
}
static int ppcounter = 0;
%strategy Debug(s:String) extends `Identity() {
visit LambdaTerm {
_ -> {
System.out.println(s + " " + getEnvironment());
}
}
}
%strategy UnExpand() extends `Identity() {
visit LambdaTerm {
abs2(term) -> {
String v = "x" + (ppcounter++);
return `abs3(var(v),term);
}
p@PathLambdaTerm(_*)-> {
//test if it is a cycle to a lambda
//it can be a ref corresponding to a sharing due to lazy evaluation
Path pp = (Path)`p;
if(pp.length()==1){
getEnvironment().followPath(pp);
LambdaTerm var = ((LambdaTerm)getEnvironment().getSubject()).getvar();
getEnvironment().followPath(pp.inverse());
return var;
}
else{
Position source = getEnvironment().getPosition();
Position target = (Position) source.add((Path)`p);
return (LambdaTerm) target.getSubterm().visit((Visitable)getEnvironment().getRoot());
}
}
}
}
}
| 33,514 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8358614
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Chick lit writers
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 81 | 163 |
Catégorie:Auteur de chick lit
page de catégorie d'un projet Wikimedia
Catégorie:Auteur de chick lit nature de l’élément page de catégorie d'un projet Wikimédia
Catégorie:Auteur de chick lit sujets associés à la catégorie écrivain ou écrivaine
Category:Chick lit writers
Wikimedia category
Category:Chick lit writers instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Chick lit writers category combines topics writer
Kategoria:Autorki literatury chick lit
kategoria w projekcie Wikimedia
Kategoria:Autorki literatury chick lit jest to kategoria w projekcie Wikimedia
Kategoria:Autorki literatury chick lit zagadnienia związane z kategorią pisarz
| 39,933 |
sn92066928_1925-08-19_1_4_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,606 | 3,691 |
FOUR WYOMING VETERANS TO RAWLINS NEXT YEAR "William Wehrli to Head Legion Organization—Henderson to the National Convention William J. Wehrli, former deputy prosecutor of Natrona county, was elected commander of the American Legion for Wyoming at the closing session of the state convention held in Lander last week. He succeeds Harry B. Henderson, Jr., of Cheyenne, who was chosen to represent Wyoming at the national convention. Rawlins was selected as the next convention place. The others, who will attend the national meet with credentials from Wyoming, are J. M. Rousher of Torrington, L. C. Jensen of Kemmerer, Claude McDermit of Douglas, Dr. W. Francis Smith of Lander, E. V. Kurtz of Sheridan, C. R. Reimerth of Casper and E. Howard Chambers of Cheyenne. Charles V. Garnett of Laramie was chosen vice-commander; L. P. Heron of Worland was named finance officer. District officers are: E. R. Peters of Green River, A. Kay of Cheyenne, Morris Kiline of Glenrock, Noel Morgan of Worland and C. A. Anderson of Newcastle. E. W. McGonaughey of Evanston is chairman of the executive committee. James A. Drain, national commander of the Legion, was at the convention and gave an interesting patriotic address. He was taken around the country adjacent to Lander and through Yellowstone park on his way to Dillon, Montana, for Auxiliary Offices Mrs. C. W. Jeffrey of Rawlins was elected head of the auxiliary. Other officers are: Mrs. Alfred Reach of Casper, first vice president; Mrs. Wm. F. Harrison of Thermopolis, second vice president; Mrs. Lowell E. Bonnewell of Sheridan, secretary; Mrs. Frank King of Cheyenne, treasurer; Mrs. Dabney Scales of Sheridan, chaplain; Mrs. J. C. Van Dyke of Buffalo, former president, national committeewoman; Mrs. E. W. McConaghey of Evansville, alternate; Mrs. J. W. Driscoll of Thermopolis, northwest; Mrs. Jess Kirby of Gillette, northeast; Mrs. Noval S. Jones of Kemmerer, southwest; Mrs. Melvin Scheib of Douglas, central district, committee women for those districts named. Misses Minnie and Edna Nelson left for a trip through Colorado and then to their home at Belvedere, Illinois. Miss Esther Andren accompanied them to Colorado. Callers at the Bradbury home on Sunday were Mrs. Jake Horner and children, Miss Folsom McMillin, Miss Jessie Lambert, and Mrs. Grace Ratcliffe. Barth Haffey went to Lower Sage Creek Saturday morning with his threshing outfit. Mr. and Mrs. Hans Nelson called Sunday at the Geo. Frangle home. Sunday morning a hard frost was noticed in the Irma Flat locality. Mr. and Mrs. Krueger and daughter Amy of Powell called Wednesday afternoon at the Andren home. Mrs. Dick Downing called on Mrs. Walter Bates to see the new baby one day last week. Tom Collins stayed overnight Friday at the Geo. Frangle home. Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Hansen and Mrs. Lee Snyder took dinner Sunday at the Walter Bates home. Mrs. Jake Horner and children and Miss Folsom McMillin called Sunday at the Walter Bates home. Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Norton spent Monday afternoon at the Hans Nelson home. Mrs. Carl Hammit and Miss Electa Howe of Cody called Friday at the Geo. Frangle home. Many Here Poison Themselves Daily Carlessness of Modern Living Results in Digestive Disorders, Sick Headache, Gas, Biliousness—Dr. H. S. Thacher's Remarkable Prescription Relieves Many A neglected liver can often cause more trouble than a bottle of poison. When the liver is clogged and inactive, it fails to secrete the juices necessary to digestion and elimination. Worst of all, it fails to purify the blood properly. When this happens, annoying symptoms tell you that a state of self-poisoning exists in your body. Symptoms Lead to Sick Bed It expains why a sluggish liver is attended by such symptoms as constipation, biliousness, sick headaches, sourness and gas on a weak stomach, loss of appetite, pains in the back and sides, and a nervous, run-down condition symptoms that lead to: the dangerous and expensive sick, bed unless corrected in time. Dr. H. S. Thacher, noted medical purgator, perfected a wholesome LOWER SAGE H. F. Bates is seriously ill at the Whitlock hospital in Powell, having taken sick a week ago Sunday evening. Dr. Lewellen was called on Monday afternoon and he was taken to the hospital where he underwent an operation for appendicitis. His many friends and neighbors are hoping for a complete recovery in the near future. Mr. and Mrs. J. N. McMillin and small children and Mr. and Mrs. Geo. Horner and Alice enjoyed an outing for a few days last week on The Northfork. The Fred Ebert family spent Sunday at the G. A. Ebert home. Harvey Bell and family of Powell with his farming. Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Horner and Gladys and Miss Alta Garrigues motored up Northfork on Tuesday of last week. Mrs. Emily Pearson and Miss Amanda Pearson spent Thursday afternoon with Mrs. Frank Mead. Anna Phelps and Ruth McMillin spent Sunday with Alice Horner. The ranchers on this flat who planted peas are having them threshed this week. Ed Hempstone and Homer Milstead rode for cattle part of last week. Mrs. J. E. Horner and Gladys, Miss Alta Garrigues and Folsom McMillin called at the Chas. Bradbury and Walter Bates home Sunday afternoon. Mrs. Al Beem and Pearl, Mrs. McCowan and Mrs. O. E. Knight and small children spent Friday afternoon with Mrs. Alice Pattison. Mrs. Fred Ebert and Miss Sophia Ebert called on Mrs. C. E. Hempstone on Thursday of last week. Anna Phelps spent a couple of weeks lately with Martha Jensen on Mountain hill. Joan and Kirby Horner spent part of last week with Jesse Horner at his homestead on Carter mountain. SOUTHFORK Mrs. Theo Hansen returned to her home in Cody Monday after a week's visit at the Jay Blood home. Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Billings were shopping in Cody Tuesday. Monte Jones was a Cody business visitor Thursday. The Valley ranch boys and girls' parties arrived Friday after a fifty-day trip through the park. Upon invitation of the girls of the Valley ranch party, little Wilma Holman spent two very happy days. Riding and camping with them on route up Southfork. A baby boy was born to Mr. and Mrs. E. L. Jones Thursday morning. Mrs. Jones and baby are being cared for at the home of Mrs. Joe Ballard. Mr. and Mrs. H. K. Barbee and grandchildren spent Friday and Saturday at the Frank Wilson home. Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Peterman and children spent Friday evening at the Evan Holman home. Announcements have been received of the arrival of a baby son at the C. H. Studebaker home in Worland. Saturday. Mrs. Studebaker was formerly Miss Ina Spaulding. Mrs. A. J. Hartung and children spent several days with the Bien Holman family, returning home on Thursday. Mr. and Mrs. E. B. Shafer went to Valley Sunday for a few days' visit with Mrs. Arthur Capron. Mr. and Mrs. Jay Blood and Norma and Jack Woods spent Saturday and Sunday at the Evan Holman home. The Valley ranch girls' party left Sunday for their homes in the east. John Launchberry and Dewey Riddle stayed Saturday night at the Evan Holman home. Vegetable prescription to keep the liver healthy. It is giving quick relief and renewed strength, energy, and vigor to numbers here. This prescription, known pharmaceutical, is as pleasant to take and contains only ingredients that are known to physicians for their corrective and health-building properties. Notice Quick Difference Try this great prescription yourself. Notice the difference. Quick difference in the way you look, eat, sleep, and feel. You will be completely satisfied; otherwise there will be no cost. Dr. Thacher's Liver and Blood Syrup is sold and recommended by the Green Drug Co., and all leading druggists. THE PARK COUNTY HERALD NO DECISION MADE IN TRUMBULL HEARING The Robt. S. Trumbull compensation hearing was on before Judge P. W. Metz Saturday afternoon, and court worked until a late hour that the matter could be finished. The case was one in which the Ohio Oil company was protesting the payment of compensation to Robt. S. Trumbull for injuries received when a gas explosion occurred at the Ohio well on Oregon basin last spring, the same time at which Walter Ford was also burned. After hearing both sides of the case, and there being many law points involved, Judge Metz has asked the attorneys to file briefs in their actions and a decision is to be given at an early date. The case seems to be one in which Mr. Trumbull is asking for state compensation, and because of the fact that the Ohio feels that it is in no wise to blame for the accident, and also that Mr. Trumbull was employed by them as a contractor and not as an employee, they are fighting the case, that the compensation be not charged against. them by the state. Mr. Trumbull was working at the Ohio well when the accident occurred, doing a Sunday shift for one of his men. He was mixing mud, which was being agitated by the use of gas, when a friend, stopping near him, while conversing, attempted to light a cigarette. An explosion followed which badly burned both of the men. EMERGENCY HAY RATE HAS BEEN CANCELLED Notification has been received from the general freight agent of the Burlington that the emergency hay rate which was placed into effect last winter at the solicitation of shippers in the Big Horn basin, has ceased to exist. The measure was but a temporary relief to the shippers, and the company does not seem disposed to grant a renewal. The clubs of the Basin are to take active steps to secure adjustment in many of the freight rates affecting this section of the state. “JESSE JAMES” GONE AWAY WITHOUT LEAVE “Jesse James,” the fun-loving robber bear of Yellowstone park, has gone O. W. O. L., and according to all reports during the present tourist season, has kept himself hidden from all the eyes of the park employees. But, Jesse has not forsaken the park, nor would he have his position left vacant during his absence, for in his place have come two smaller bears, reported to be his sons, who are fulfilling the duties of their forebearer. and in bearing out the "bear" existence they are daily patrolling the highways in lieu of the passing motorists. No other bear in the Yellowstone has ever been able to capture the esteemed position held by Jesse James, who year after year has come down to the road in unfailing regularity. Standing upon his haunches with upraised paw, Jesse has plied his trade with all manner of motorists, exchanging his pranks of hold-up for the sweetened delicacy which has generally been his good fortune to receive from the tourist. Naming of the two new bears who are following in their parents footsteps has not yet been decided upon by the park authorities, who are awaiting the outcome of the informal disappearance of Jesse, and whether or not he will be back at the old stand before the end of the present season. It is not thought likely, however, that Jesse will fail the park entirely, and his arrival and forgiveness is awaiting his return to the old stand. NOTICE OF INCORPORATION PUBLIC NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN of the formation of a corporation whose corporate name is The Rowdy Oil and Gas Company, formed for the object of engaging in the business of producing and drilling for oil and gas, and purchasing and holding the necessary real and personal property therefor, and to do all necessary business in connection therewith. The term of existence of the corporation shall be fifty years. The capital stock shall be One Hundred Thousand (SIOO,000.00) Dollars, divided into one thousand (1,000) shares of the par value of One Hundred ($100.00) Dollars each. The number of directors shall be three and those who shall manage the affairs of the corporation for the first year are Ben Reed, A. M. Berringer and Paul R. Greever. The operations of the company shall be carried on at Cody, Wyoming, and the principal office of said company in this state shall be at Cody, Wyoming. Dated this 17th day of August, A. D. 1925. THE ROWDY OIL AND GAS COMPANY By Paul R. Greever, Attorney. First publication August 19, 1925. Last publication Sept. 2, 1925. UPPER SAGE Mr. and Mrs. G. A. Wright are enjoying a visit with the former's parents from Iowa. The two families are planning a trip through the park. Mr. and Mrs. Harmon Schultz and John and Mr. and Mrs. Fred Schulz motored to Emblem last Sunday. Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Fritzler and Clifton and Miss Evelyn Cogswell motored out near the Carl Thomsen ranch Tuesday evening where Seth and Albert Fritzler were looking after cattle. Mr. and Mrs. O. I. Nelson took dinner at the Gus Hoaglund home last Wednesday. Mr. and Mrs. Dallas Tinkcom of Cody were guests at the E. E. Dunn home Thursday evening. Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Rader visited with Mrs. Albert Schultz Friday afternoon. Mrs. Wm. English entertained the members of the F. E. S. R. on Wednesday. Mrs. Albert Schultz will be the next hostess. Mr. and Mrs. Brook Borron visited at the Oscar Montgomery home on North Fork Sunday. Mr. and Mrs. Elmer Pearson, two sons and their daughter, are spending several days with the A. L. Pearson family. Seth Fritzler left for Billings Monday to consult a doctor regarding his health. He was accompanied by his mother, Mrs. H. C. Fritzler. Mrs. Fred Schultz visited with Mrs. Harmon Schultz Thursday afternoon. Miss Margaret Hoaglund and Mrs. Brooks Borron took Margaret Brady to Powell Saturday, returning the same day. Albert Schultz and family spent Sunday afternoon on the river fishing. Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Cooper and Emily, Mr. and Mrs. A. L. Pearson and children and Mr. and Mrs. Elmer Pearson and children were Sunday guests at the L. W. Pearson home in Cody. Mr. and Mrs. Paul Peterson are visiting with the former's parents, Mr. and Mrs. S. F. Peterson, at present. They motored through from Cheyenne and will go through the park next week. They expect to see the Jackson. Hole country on the return trip. Mrs. T. J. Walters and sons Lawrence and Frank were supper guests, Sunday at the Peterson home. For Economical Transportation Chevrolet represents the highest making possible decreased price, the price of 3% car selling at a enclosed model and improved at a low price. Public acknowledgment of this fact has been evidenced by a greatly increased demand for Chevrolet ever before. Now Chevrolet prices, this increased demand has been met with increased demand for Chevrolet every year. We are now making a special showing of these new cars and would be glad to have you call and see them. The Roadster - $525 The Coach - $695! The Touring - $525 The Sedan - $775 New improved quality of equipment - New and improved quality of equipment - Finished in a new color - gunmetal grey Duco, former price $325. The Coupe - $675 Commercial Chassis - $425 New and improved quality of equipment - Excess TUCK CHASSIS $550 Former price $715. ALL PRICES FOR INTEREST IN CHICAGO YELLOWSTONE GARAGE VACATION TIME IS HERE Take your funds in TRAVELERS CHECKS from The Shoshone National Bank Cody, Wyoming The Recreation BILLIARDS AND POOL S Cigars, Tobaccos Soft Drinks and Candy NICK RIENECKER L. C. FREEMAN, Inc. Automobile Livery GENERAL TRUCKING Lincoln Touring Cars, White Trucks No Job Too Large for us to Handle Patronize the Home Merchants—Cody Grows Only with Them WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 19, 1908.
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https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%20%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%20%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
מרקוס טוליוס טירו
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https://he.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=מרקוס טוליוס טירו&action=history
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Hebrew
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Spoken
| 655 | 2,248 |
מרקוס טוליוס טירו (בלטינית: Marcus Tullius Tiro; בסביבות 103 לפנה"ס ארפינום – 4 לפנה"ס פוטאולי) היה מזכירו של הפוליטיקאי, הסופר, ההוגה והנואם מרקוס טוליוס קיקרו, שהמציא שיטת קצרנות - 1,100 הסימנים הידועים לפי שמו כ"סימנים הטירוניים", וששימשו לו כדי לרשום את נאומי מעסיקו.
ביוגרפיה
טירו נולד בארפינום (כיום ארפינו, במחוז לציו) כעבד בבית משפחתו של קיקרו והיה צעיר מקיקרו, אולי בשלוש שנים, אם כי שדעות לפיהן היה צעיר בהרבה. ייתכן כי גדל יחד עם קיקרו אך אין ודאות שהיה עבד שגדל בביתו (verna). הוא ליווה את קיקרו כשעבר לרומא. לערך בשנת 50 ציין קיקרו שהוא היה "מדובר בצעיר מצוין" (adolescentem probum). באותה תקופה שחרר אותו ממעמד העבדות וטירו הפך ל-libertus. מאותו רגע אימץ טירו, כפי שהיה נהוג, שני השמות של אדונו לשעבר - מרקוס (ה"פרה-נומן" וטוליוס (ה"נומן"). כשהתמנה קיקרו מושל קיליקיה, טירו ליווה אותו לשם. לעיתים נפרד ממנו מסיבות בריאות.
טירו עבד בשירות קיקרו כמזכיר, אך הפך לו עם הזמן לידיד נפש ואיש אמונים. קיקרו ציין אותו במכתביו. הזכיר, בין השאר, כי טירו היה כותב לפי הכתבתו, היה מפענח את כתב ידו, עושה סדר בשולחנו ומטפל בגנו, ואף טיפל בענייניו הכספיים. היו מלות שבח לגבי יעילות שירותיו.
בשובו ממסע ליוון, ביקש קיקרו ממנו להתאים ללטינית את ה"סימנים היווניים", שיטת קצרנות שהמציא קסנופון ברישום נאומיו של סוקרטס. טירו המציא אז שיטת קצרנות משלו שסייעה לו ברישום המדויק של נאומיו וטיעוניו של קיקרו בסנאט ובבתי המשפט. אחרי מות קיקרו פרסם טירו את כתבי קיקרו ואת סיפור חייו.
טירו מת בפוטאולי כשהיה בערך בן מאה. היה בחייו עד למאה מאוד סוערת בתולדות רומא העתיקה.
במאה השביעית ייחס איזידור מסביליה שיטת קצרנות בת 1100 סימנים למשורר קווינטוס אניוס. איזידורו טוען שטירו הפיץ את השיטה ברומא, אך לדבריו השתמש בה רק כדי לסמן מילות יחס. לפי איזידורו היו אלה ויפסניוס, פילרגוס והליברט של מקנס, אקווילה - שהרחיבו את שיטה לסימנים עד שהגיעו לגוף של 5000 סימנים. הסימנים הטירוניים היו בשימוש, ללא שינוי משמעותי, למשך אלף וחצי שנים, עד למאה ה-17.
כתביו
יש חושבים כי טירו קיבץ ופרסם את כתבי קיקרו אחרי מות מחברם, ונראה כי כתב ספרים בעצמו. סופרים עתיקים אחדים מזכירים אותו כמחבר ספרים שאבדו. אולוס גליוס ציין שטירו "כתב מספר ספרים בתחום התאוריה של השפה הלטינית ועל שימושה ועל סוגיות שונות אחרות" ומצטט אותו בנוגע להבדלים בשמות שהעניקו ביוונית ובלטינית לכוכבים מסוימים. אסקוניוס פדיאנוס בפירושיו לנאומי קיקרו, מתייחס לביוגרפיה של קיקרו שחיבר טירו בלפחות 4 כרכים. ופלוטרכוס מצטט אותו כמקור לפחות בנוגע לשתי תקריות בחיי קיקרו. לטירו מיחסים את המצאת שיטת הקצרנות של ה"סימנים הטירוניים" שהיה מאוחר יותר גם בשימוש הנזירים בימי הביניים. אין עדות חותכת על כך, אם כי פלוטרכוס מציין שמזכיריו של קיקרו היו הרומאים הראשונים שרשמו נאומים בשיטת קצרנות.
הסימנים הטירוניים
הסימנים הטירוניים (בלטינית - annotationes tironianae) התבססו על עקרון כתיבת מילה באמצעות שני סימנים:אחד שציין את ה"שורש" והשני את "הסיומת". היו מילים שלא היו צריכות סיומת - שמות פועל, מילים שלא נזקקו להטיה וכו'. ה"שורש" סומן באמצעות סימן- למשל C עבור "קנטום" = מאה, M עבור " מודסטוס" (Modestus), ω עבור "אופטימוס" S ,Optimus עבור supra.
גם תחיליות וסיומות צוינו בסימנים:למשל סימן לסיומת "um" ואחרת לתחילית "con". הסימנים נקשרו זה לזה על ידי קשרים ויצרו סימנים מורכבים שיכלו לקצר מילים שלמות, בצורה די דומה לשיטות הטכיגרפיות או סטנוגרפיות שהופיעו בהמשך. כך נוצר למשל הסימן & בשביל מילת החיבור "ו" (et). הסימנים הטירוניים היו בשימוש באימפריה הקרולינגית אבל גם הרבה אחריה במיוחד אצל נזירים עד לתקופת הרנסאנס.
טירו במדיה האמנותית
2015-2006 טירו מופיע כמספר וכאחד הגבורים הראשיים ברומן-טרילוגיה של רוברט האריס "אימפריום", (2015-2006) שבו מדובר בחיי קיקרו.
2016 -הוא אחד מגבורי סדרת ספרי הבלש "Roma Sub Rosa" מאת סטיבן סילור (2016)
2016 - טירו מופיע גם ספרים בסדרת "SPQR" של ג'ון מדוקס רוברטס
2016 - קלייב ריצ'י מגלם את דמותו בסדרת הטלוויזיה "רומא" בפרקים "בנו של האדס", "ואלו דבריו של מרקוס טוליוס קיקרו", "גבורי הרפובליקה" ו"פיליפיקה". בסרט טירו מבוגר יותר מקיקרו ומשתחרר מעבדות רק בצוואת אדונו.
קישורים חיצוניים
הערות שוליים
ערכים שבהם תבנית בריטניקה אינה מתאימה
ממציאים
עבדים
רומאים בתקופת הרפובליקה
אישים שהגיעו לגיל מאה
אישים שחיו במאה ה-1 לפנה"ס
אישים שחיו במאה ה-2 לפנה"ס
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https://github.com/anshika581/competitive-programming-1/blob/master/src/contest/ioi/IOI_2015_Teams.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0, MIT
| 2,022 |
competitive-programming-1
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anshika581
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Java
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Code
| 1,071 | 2,969 |
package contest.ioi;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
public class IOI_2015_Teams {
static BufferedReader br;
static OutputStreamWriter out;
static StringTokenizer st;
static Person[] p;
static int N, M;
static int[] seg;
static int used;
static ArrayList<Integer> a;
static Node[] nodes = new Node[12500000];
static int nodeIndex = 0;
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
out = new OutputStreamWriter(System.out);
//br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("in.txt"));
//out = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter("out.txt"));
N = readInt();
p = new Person[N];
a = new ArrayList<Integer>();
a.add(0);
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
int lo = readInt();
int hi = readInt();
p[i] = new Person(lo, hi);
a.add(lo);
a.add(hi);
}
Collections.sort(a);
a = unique(a);
seg = new int[a.size()];
for (int i = 0; i < 12500000; i++)
nodes[i] = new Node(0);
Arrays.sort(p);
nodes[nodeIndex].left = nodes[nodeIndex].right = nodeIndex;
seg[0] = nodeIndex++;
int index = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < a.size(); i++) {
int prev = seg[i - 1];
while (index < N && p[index].lo <= a.get(i)) {
prev = update(prev, 0, a.size() - 1, findFloor(a, p[index].hi), 1);
index++;
}
seg[i] = prev;
}
M = readInt();
main:
for (int i = 0; i < M; i++) {
int currIndex = nodeIndex;
nodes[nodeIndex].left = nodes[nodeIndex].right = nodeIndex;
used = nodeIndex++;
int sz = readInt();
int[] val = new int[sz];
for (int j = 0; j < sz; j++)
val[j] = readInt();
Arrays.sort(val);
for (int j = 0; j < sz; j++) {
int curr = findFloor(a, val[j]);
int next = findCeil(a, val[j]);
if (next > a.size() - 1) {
out.write('0');
out.write('\n');
nodeIndex = currIndex;
continue main;
}
int sum = getSum(seg[curr], used, 0, a.size() - 1, next, a.size() - 1);
if (sum < val[j]) {
out.write('0');
out.write('\n');
nodeIndex = currIndex;
continue main;
}
used = query(seg[curr], used, val[j], 0, a.size() - 1, next, a.size() - 1).n;
}
out.write('1');
out.write('\n');
nodeIndex = currIndex;
}
out.close();
}
static int getSum(int curr, int used, int l, int r, int ql, int qr) {
if (l == ql && r == qr)
return nodes[curr].cnt - nodes[used].cnt;
int mid = (l + r) >> 1;
if (qr <= mid)
return getSum(nodes[curr].left, nodes[used].left, l, mid, ql, qr);
else if (ql > mid)
return getSum(nodes[curr].right, nodes[used].right, mid + 1, r, ql, qr);
return getSum(nodes[curr].left, nodes[used].left, l, mid, ql, mid) + getSum(nodes[curr].right, nodes[used].right, mid + 1, r, mid + 1, qr);
}
static State query(int curr, int used, int K, int l, int r, int ql, int qr) {
int mid = (l + r) >> 1;
if (K == 0)
return new State(0, used);
if (l == ql && r == qr) {
if (l == r) {
if (nodes[curr].cnt - nodes[used].cnt <= K) {
return new State(nodes[curr].cnt - nodes[used].cnt, curr);
}
nodes[nodeIndex].cnt = K + nodes[used].cnt;
nodes[nodeIndex].left = -1;
nodes[nodeIndex].right = -1;
return new State(K, nodeIndex++);
}
if (nodes[curr].cnt - nodes[used].cnt <= K)
return new State(nodes[curr].cnt - nodes[used].cnt, curr);
else {
int leftSz = nodes[nodes[curr].left].cnt - nodes[nodes[used].left].cnt;
if (leftSz < K) {
State right = query(nodes[curr].right, nodes[used].right, K - leftSz, mid + 1, r, mid + 1, qr);
assert leftSz + right.cnt == nodes[nodes[curr].left].cnt + nodes[right.n].cnt - nodes[used].cnt;
nodes[nodeIndex].left = nodes[curr].left;
nodes[nodeIndex].right = right.n;
nodes[nodeIndex].cnt = nodes[nodes[curr].left].cnt + nodes[right.n].cnt;
return new State(leftSz + right.cnt, nodeIndex++);
} else {
State left = query(nodes[curr].left, nodes[used].left, K, l, mid, ql, mid);
assert K == nodes[left.n].cnt + nodes[nodes[used].right].cnt - nodes[used].cnt;
nodes[nodeIndex].left = left.n;
nodes[nodeIndex].right = nodes[used].right;
nodes[nodeIndex].cnt = nodes[left.n].cnt + nodes[nodes[used].right].cnt;
return new State(K, nodeIndex++);
}
}
}
if (qr <= mid) {
State s = query(nodes[curr].left, nodes[used].left, K, l, mid, ql, qr);
nodes[nodeIndex].left = s.n;
nodes[nodeIndex].right = nodes[used].right;
nodes[nodeIndex].cnt = nodes[s.n].cnt + nodes[nodes[used].right].cnt;
return new State(s.cnt, nodeIndex++);
} else if (ql > mid) {
State s = query(nodes[curr].right, nodes[used].right, K, mid + 1, r, ql, qr);
nodes[nodeIndex].left = nodes[used].left;
nodes[nodeIndex].right = s.n;
nodes[nodeIndex].cnt = nodes[nodes[used].left].cnt + nodes[s.n].cnt;
return new State(s.cnt, nodeIndex++);
} else {
State left = query(nodes[curr].left, nodes[used].left, K, l, mid, ql, mid);
State right = query(nodes[curr].right, nodes[used].right, K - left.cnt, mid + 1, r, mid + 1, qr);
nodes[nodeIndex].left = left.n;
nodes[nodeIndex].right = right.n;
nodes[nodeIndex].cnt = nodes[left.n].cnt + nodes[right.n].cnt;
return new State(left.cnt + right.cnt, nodeIndex++);
}
}
static int findFloor(ArrayList<Integer> val, int x) {
int lo = 0;
int hi = val.size() - 1;
while (lo <= hi) {
int mid = (lo + hi) >> 1;
if (val.get(mid) <= x) {
lo = mid + 1;
} else {
hi = mid - 1;
}
}
return hi;
}
static int findCeil(ArrayList<Integer> val, int x) {
int lo = 0;
int hi = val.size() - 1;
while (lo <= hi) {
int mid = (lo + hi) >> 1;
if (val.get(mid) < x) {
lo = mid + 1;
} else {
hi = mid - 1;
}
}
return lo;
}
static ArrayList<Integer> unique(ArrayList<Integer> val) {
ArrayList<Integer> ret = new ArrayList<Integer>();
if (val.isEmpty())
return ret;
ret.add(val.get(0));
for (int i = 1; i < val.size(); i++)
if (val.get(i) != val.get(i - 1))
ret.add(val.get(i));
return ret;
}
static int update(int prev, int l, int r, int val, int inc) {
if (l <= val && val <= r) {
if (l == r) {
nodes[nodeIndex].cnt = nodes[prev].cnt + inc;
return nodeIndex++;
}
int mid = (l + r) >> 1;
int curr = nodeIndex++;
nodes[curr].cnt = nodes[prev].cnt + inc;
nodes[curr].left = update(nodes[prev].left, l, mid, val, inc);
nodes[curr].right = update(nodes[prev].right, mid + 1, r, val, inc);
return curr;
}
return prev;
}
static String next() throws IOException {
while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens())
st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine().trim());
return st.nextToken();
}
static long readLong() throws IOException {
return Long.parseLong(next());
}
static int readInt() throws IOException {
return Integer.parseInt(next());
}
static double readDouble() throws IOException {
return Double.parseDouble(next());
}
static char readCharacter() throws IOException {
return next().charAt(0);
}
static String readLine() throws IOException {
return br.readLine().trim();
}
static class State {
int cnt;
int n;
State(int cnt, int n) {
this.cnt = cnt;
this.n = n;
}
}
static class Person implements Comparable<Person> {
int lo, hi;
Person(int lo, int hi) {
this.lo = lo;
this.hi = hi;
}
@Override
public int compareTo(Person p) {
return lo - p.lo;
}
}
static class Node {
int left, right;
int cnt;
Node(int cnt) {
this(-1, -1, cnt);
}
Node(int left, int right, int cnt) {
this.left = left;
this.right = right;
this.cnt = cnt;
}
}
}
| 14,700 |
<urn:uuid:78444115-deaf-45b9-bf6b-78039b7bfb82>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.e-cancer.fr/Patients-et-proches/Les-cancers/Cancers-de-l-oesophage/Les-cancers-de-l-oesophage
|
e-cancer.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 431 | 713 |
Le développement d’un cancer de l’œsophageLe cancer de l’œsophage peut naître dans n’importe quelle partie de cet organe et se développe le plus souvent à partir des cellules de la muqueuse. Il existe deux formes principales de ce cancer : les carcinomes épidermoïdes et les adénocarcinomes.
Les carcinomes épidermoïdes sont les plus fréquents. Ils se développent le plus souvent au niveau du tiers moyen et du tiers supérieur de l’œsophage à partir des cellules de la couche de revêtement de la muqueuse, l’épithélium.Les adénocarcinomes se développent à partir des cellules glandulaires de la muqueuse, situées au niveau de la partie inférieure de l’œsophage.Lorsqu’un cancer apparaît, les cellules cancéreuses sont d’abord peu nombreuses et limitées à la muqueuse. Avec le temps, et si aucun traitement n’est effectué, il arrive que les cellules cancéreuses se propagent aux autres couches de la paroi de l’œsophage (la sous-muqueuse puis la musculeuse et l’adventice) et envahissent les structures adjacentes comme la trachée, l’aorte et le péricarde.Des cellules cancéreuses peuvent se détacher de la tumeur, emprunter les vaisseaux lymphatiques ou sanguins et envahir les ganglions lymphatiques situés à proximité de l’œsophage (dits régionaux) ou d’autres organes comme le foie, les poumons, les os où elles forment de nouvelles tumeurs appelées métastases.Au moment du diagnostic, les médecins étudient l’étendue du cancer afin de proposer le ou les traitements les mieux adaptés.Les facteurs de risque des cancers de l’œsophageCertains facteurs de risque sont communs aux carcinomes épidermoïdes et aux adénocarcinomes. Il s’agit de la consommation de tabac et d’alcool (également impliqués dans la survenue des cancers des voies aérodigestives supérieures), leur association augmentant encore le risque de développer ce type de cancer. L’obésité est également un facteur de risque connu.Enfin, un autre facteur de risque concerne uniquement les adénocarcinomes : il s’agit de l’œsophage de Barrett ou endobrachyœsophage. Cette maladie est principalement associée à un reflux gastro-œsophagien de longue durée et à une obésité qui favorise ce reflux.Quelques chiffresAvec 4 632 nouveaux cas estimés en 2012, le cancer de l’œsophage se place au 15e rang des cancers les plus fréquents en France.Il touche plus souvent les personnes de plus de 50 ans et en majorité les hommes (environ 76 % des cas).Cependant, au cours des 30 dernières années, l’incidence (nombre de nouveaux cas par an) chez les hommes a fortement diminué alors qu’elle a légèrement augmenté chez les femmes (notamment celle des adénocarcinomes).La mortalité (nombre de décès par an), a, quant à elle, fortement diminué pour les deux sexes.Le pronostic de ce cancer peut être sévère. Chaque cas étant différent, n’hésitez pas à questionner votre médecin à ce sujet.
| 28,275 |
https://github.com/teug91/qBittorrentTray/blob/master/qBittorrentTray/GUI/TrayIcon.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
qBittorrentTray
|
teug91
|
C#
|
Code
| 367 | 1,255 |
using qBittorrentSharp;
using qBittorrentTray.Core;
using System;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Timers;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Input;
namespace qBittorrentTray.GUI
{
internal class TrayIcon : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
//public TaskbarIcon notifyIcon;
//public static event EventHandler Disconnected;
string icon = "/qBittorrentTray;component/Resources/qbdark.ico";
public TrayIcon()
{
//notifyIcon = (TaskbarIcon)Application.Current.FindResource("NotifyIcon");
Timer initializationTimer = new Timer(1000);
initializationTimer.Elapsed += SetIcon;
initializationTimer.Enabled = true;
GC.KeepAlive(initializationTimer);
}
/// <summary>
/// Sets icon.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="sender"></param>
/// <param name="e"></param>
public async void SetIcon(object sender, ElapsedEventArgs e)
{
try
{
bool? isPaused = await API.AreAllTorrentsPaused();
if (isPaused == false)
{
Icon = "/qBittorrentTray;component/Resources/qbdark.ico";
OnPropertyChanged("Icon");
}
else if (isPaused == true)
{
Icon = "/qBittorrentTray;component/Resources/pause.ico";
OnPropertyChanged("Icon");
}
else
{
Icon = "/qBittorrentTray;component/Resources/dc.ico";
OnPropertyChanged("Icon");
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Debug.WriteLine(ex.Message);
if (Icon != "/qBittorrentTray;component/Resources/dc.ico")
{
Icon = "/qBittorrentTray;component/Resources/dc.ico";
OnPropertyChanged("Icon");
//Disconnected?.Invoke(ex, null);
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Shows a window, if none is already open.
/// </summary>
public ICommand ShowWindowCommand
{
get
{
return new DelegateCommand
{
CommandAction = () =>
{
if (Application.Current.MainWindow != null)
{
Application.Current.MainWindow.Activate();
}
else
{
Application.Current.MainWindow = new SettingsWindow();
Application.Current.MainWindow.Show();
Application.Current.MainWindow.Activate();
}
}
};
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Pause/resume all torrents.
/// </summary>
public ICommand PauseResumeCommand
{
get
{
return new DelegateCommand
{
CommandAction = async () =>
{
await Core.Main.PauseResume();
}
};
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Open qBittorrent WebUI in standard browser.
/// </summary>
public ICommand OpenWebUi
{
get
{
return new DelegateCommand
{
CommandAction = () =>
{
System.Diagnostics.Process.Start(SettingsManager.GetHost().ToString());
}
};
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Shuts down the application.
/// </summary>
public ICommand ExitApplicationCommand
{
get { return new DelegateCommand {CommandAction = () => Application.Current.Shutdown()}; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets icon.
/// </summary>
public string Icon
{
get
{
return icon;
}
set
{
icon = value;
}
}
public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
protected void OnPropertyChanged(string name)
{
PropertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(name));
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Delegate command
/// </summary>
public class DelegateCommand : ICommand
{
public Action CommandAction { get; set; }
public Func<bool> CanExecuteFunc { get; set; }
public void Execute(object parameter)
{
CommandAction();
}
public bool CanExecute(object parameter)
{
return CanExecuteFunc == null || CanExecuteFunc();
}
public event EventHandler CanExecuteChanged
{
add => CommandManager.RequerySuggested += value;
remove => CommandManager.RequerySuggested -= value;
}
}
}
| 7,040 |
https://github.com/github/gh-ost/blob/master/vendor/github.com/siddontang/go-log/log/logger.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
gh-ost
|
github
|
Go
|
Code
| 908 | 2,389 |
package log
import (
"fmt"
"os"
"runtime"
"strconv"
"strings"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/siddontang/go-log/loggers"
)
const (
timeFormat = "2006/01/02 15:04:05"
maxBufPoolSize = 16
)
// Logger flag
const (
Ltime = 1 << iota // time format "2006/01/02 15:04:05"
Lfile // file.go:123
Llevel // [Trace|Debug|Info...]
)
// Level type
type Level int
// Log level, from low to high, more high means more serious
const (
LevelTrace Level = iota
LevelDebug
LevelInfo
LevelWarn
LevelError
LevelFatal
)
// String returns level String
func (l Level) String() string {
switch l {
case LevelTrace:
return "trace"
case LevelDebug:
return "debug"
case LevelInfo:
return "info"
case LevelWarn:
return "warn"
case LevelError:
return "error"
case LevelFatal:
return "fatal"
}
// return default info
return "info"
}
// Logger is the logger to record log
type Logger struct {
// TODO: support logger.Contextual
loggers.Advanced
level Level
flag int
hLock sync.Mutex
handler Handler
bufs sync.Pool
}
// New creates a logger with specified handler and flag
func New(handler Handler, flag int) *Logger {
var l = new(Logger)
l.level = LevelInfo
l.handler = handler
l.flag = flag
l.bufs = sync.Pool{
New: func() interface{} {
return make([]byte, 0, 1024)
},
}
return l
}
// NewDefault creates default logger with specified handler and flag: Ltime|Lfile|Llevel
func NewDefault(handler Handler) *Logger {
return New(handler, Ltime|Lfile|Llevel)
}
func newStdHandler() *StreamHandler {
h, _ := NewStreamHandler(os.Stdout)
return h
}
// Close closes the logger
func (l *Logger) Close() {
l.hLock.Lock()
defer l.hLock.Unlock()
l.handler.Close()
}
// SetLevel sets log level, any log level less than it will not log
func (l *Logger) SetLevel(level Level) {
l.level = level
}
// SetLevelByName sets log level by name
func (l *Logger) SetLevelByName(name string) {
level := LevelInfo
switch strings.ToLower(name) {
case "trace":
level = LevelTrace
case "debug":
level = LevelDebug
case "warn", "warning":
level = LevelWarn
case "error":
level = LevelError
case "fatal":
level = LevelFatal
default:
level = LevelInfo
}
l.SetLevel(level)
}
// Output records the log with special callstack depth and log level.
func (l *Logger) Output(callDepth int, level Level, msg string) {
if l.level > level {
return
}
buf := l.bufs.Get().([]byte)
buf = buf[0:0]
defer l.bufs.Put(buf)
if l.flag&Ltime > 0 {
now := time.Now().Format(timeFormat)
buf = append(buf, '[')
buf = append(buf, now...)
buf = append(buf, "] "...)
}
if l.flag&Llevel > 0 {
buf = append(buf, '[')
buf = append(buf, level.String()...)
buf = append(buf, "] "...)
}
if l.flag&Lfile > 0 {
_, file, line, ok := runtime.Caller(callDepth)
if !ok {
file = "???"
line = 0
} else {
for i := len(file) - 1; i > 0; i-- {
if file[i] == '/' {
file = file[i+1:]
break
}
}
}
buf = append(buf, file...)
buf = append(buf, ':')
buf = strconv.AppendInt(buf, int64(line), 10)
buf = append(buf, ' ')
}
buf = append(buf, msg...)
if len(msg) == 0 || msg[len(msg)-1] != '\n' {
buf = append(buf, '\n')
}
l.hLock.Lock()
l.handler.Write(buf)
l.hLock.Unlock()
}
// Fatal records the log with fatal level and exits
func (l *Logger) Fatal(args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelFatal, fmt.Sprint(args...))
os.Exit(1)
}
// Fatalf records the log with fatal level and exits
func (l *Logger) Fatalf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelFatal, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
os.Exit(1)
}
// Fatalln records the log with fatal level and exits
func (l *Logger) Fatalln(args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelFatal, fmt.Sprintln(args...))
os.Exit(1)
}
// Panic records the log with fatal level and panics
func (l *Logger) Panic(args ...interface{}) {
msg := fmt.Sprint(args...)
l.Output(2, LevelError, msg)
panic(msg)
}
// Panicf records the log with fatal level and panics
func (l *Logger) Panicf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
msg := fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)
l.Output(2, LevelError, msg)
panic(msg)
}
// Panicln records the log with fatal level and panics
func (l *Logger) Panicln(args ...interface{}) {
msg := fmt.Sprintln(args...)
l.Output(2, LevelError, msg)
panic(msg)
}
// Print records the log with trace level
func (l *Logger) Print(args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelTrace, fmt.Sprint(args...))
}
// Printf records the log with trace level
func (l *Logger) Printf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelTrace, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
}
// Println records the log with trace level
func (l *Logger) Println(args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelTrace, fmt.Sprintln(args...))
}
// Debug records the log with debug level
func (l *Logger) Debug(args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelDebug, fmt.Sprint(args...))
}
// Debugf records the log with debug level
func (l *Logger) Debugf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelDebug, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
}
// Debugln records the log with debug level
func (l *Logger) Debugln(args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelDebug, fmt.Sprintln(args...))
}
// Error records the log with error level
func (l *Logger) Error(args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelError, fmt.Sprint(args...))
}
// Errorf records the log with error level
func (l *Logger) Errorf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelError, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
}
// Errorln records the log with error level
func (l *Logger) Errorln(args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelError, fmt.Sprintln(args...))
}
// Info records the log with info level
func (l *Logger) Info(args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelInfo, fmt.Sprint(args...))
}
// Infof records the log with info level
func (l *Logger) Infof(format string, args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelInfo, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
}
// Infoln records the log with info level
func (l *Logger) Infoln(args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelInfo, fmt.Sprintln(args...))
}
// Warn records the log with warn level
func (l *Logger) Warn(args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelWarn, fmt.Sprint(args...))
}
// Warnf records the log with warn level
func (l *Logger) Warnf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelWarn, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
}
// Warnln records the log with warn level
func (l *Logger) Warnln(args ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2, LevelWarn, fmt.Sprintln(args...))
}
| 40,533 |
https://superuser.com/questions/1407826
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 167 | 277 |
Bash scripting: how to iterate through all drives?
I have buildroot readonly bootable image, which is normally loaded via TFTP in PXE enviroment. Filesystem in unpacked into ram and remounted as rw. And accidentally I wished to boot it from a USB stick and modify root filesystem content. So I thought of a "patch" system.
In a readonly image I can embed some /etc/init.d script, that, upon start, checks for /dev/sd?? drives, tries to mount them to /mnt (one at a time), seeks for /mnt/patch.sh script and executes it, then unmount and proceed to next drive.
So basically I want to iterate through all availble drives PARTITIONS in system. How to do that in shell script? (I use busybox)
In a for loop, does a ? character in /dev/sd?? meets /dev/sda for example (which i want to avoid)?
busybox shell does not interpret bash.
The Debian ash (dash) variant 0.3.8-5 was incorporated with busybox release 0.52 (07/'01).
There are several differences between ash/dash and bash.
ash man
| 4,563 |
|
https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%81%20%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
بلدیہ ژیلینو
|
https://ur.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=بلدیہ ژیلینو&action=history
|
Urdu
|
Spoken
| 62 | 216 |
بلدیہ ژیلینو جمہوریہ مقدونیہ کا ایک جمہوریہ مقدونیہ کی بلدیات جو جمہوریہ مقدونیہ میں واقع ہے۔
تفصیلات
بلدیہ ژیلینو کا رقبہ 201.04 مربع کیلومیٹر ہے اور اس کی مجموعی آبادی 24,390 افراد پر مشتمل ہے اور 755 میٹر سطح سمندر سے بلندی پر واقع ہے۔
مزید دیکھیے
جمہوریہ مقدونیہ
فہرست جمہوریہ مقدونیہ کے شہر
حوالہ جات
جمہوریہ مقدونیہ کی بلدیات
ژیلینو بلدیہ
| 1,467 |
aconstituintepe00brazgoog_383
|
Portuguese-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,863 |
A constituinte perante a historia
|
Brazil
|
Portugueuse
|
Spoken
| 8,610 | 12,062 |
O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais expiraram. A condicião de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. 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De lo local a lo regional en el Pacifico Sur Colombiano, 1780 – 1930
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De lo regional a lo local en
el pacifico sur colombiano, 1780-1930*
Oscar Almario García**
Departamento de Historia
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín
*
Articulo recibido 10 de octubre de 2008, aceptado el 05 de diciembre de 2008 y publicado
electrónicamente el 1 de junio de 2009.
*
La perspectiva e información del presente texto provienen de la tesis doctoral Territorio,
Etnicidad y Poder en el Pacífico Sur Colombiano, 1780-1930 (Historia y Etnohistoria de las
Relaciones Interétnicas) optativa al título de Doctor en Antropología Social y Cultural de la
Universidad de Sevilla, España, 2007.
**
Oscar Almario García es doctor en Antropología Social y Cultural de la Universidad de
Sevilla (España), Profesor Asociado adscrito al Departamento de Historia de la Facultad de
Ciencias Humanas y Económicas de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín y
Director del grupo de investigaciones Etnohistoria y Estudios sobre Américas Negras,
clasificado en la Categoría A de Colciencias. E-mail: oalmario@unalmed.edu.co
· Autor: Oscar Almario García ·
HiSTOReLo Vol. 1, No. 1, Junio 2009
Resumen
El artículo analiza las estrategias, los dispositivos y las instituciones creadas por los
colectivos humanos asentados en la región Pacifico Sur Colombiano entre 1780
y 1930. El texto ofrece una explicación sobre el porqué de su adaptación,
transformación y flujo de intercambios, y cómo lograron una dinámica propia
que en la actualidad ofrece una identidad subregional en el ámbito nacional. El
autor toma como núcleo y perspectiva de análisis lo regional, cuya
contextualización inicial se da a partir de la dinámica histórico-demográficosocial de sus habitantes, en su mayoría población esclava, seguida de hombres
libres y aborígenes. Finalmente, analiza en gruesas líneas procesales y generales
la relación región-economía, región-Estado, región-mercado y región-ciudad
del objeto de estudio a partir del marco cronológico propuesto.
Palabras Clave: Pacifico Sur Colombiano, diáspora africana, región, población
77
· Autor: Oscar Almario García ·
HiSTOReLo Vol. 1, No. 1, Junio 2009
Introducción
E
l espacio natural, geoecológico, o mejor aún geohistórico,
considerado en este estudio, se encuentra a medio camino entre los estudiados
en su momento por el geógrafo cultural norteamericano R. C. West (2000) y el
antropólogo norteamericano Whitten (1992). West estudió un área geográfica y
cultural amplia, continua y homogénea, que va desde el Darién en Panamá hasta
la provincia de Esmeraldas en el Ecuador y que comprende lo que denomina las
tierras bajas del Pacífico colombiano, que considera el espacio de la cultura
negra por excelencia. Por su parte, Whitten sitúa su estudio en un espacio que
llama el litoral lluvioso, localizado entre la provincia de Esmeraldas en el
Ecuador y el río San Juan al norte de Buenaventura en territorio colombiano,
articulando tres ecosistemas diferentes: mar, bosque y manglar, ambiente en el
cual se produjo la adaptación cultural de los pioneros negros.
En mi caso, denomino el área estudiada como Pacífico sur colombiano,
que comprende desde el río San Juan al norte de Buenaventura hasta el río
Mataje en la frontera con el Ecuador, y desde la cordillera Occidental hasta la
línea costera (Ver Anexo 1. Geografía, Hidrografía y Poblaciones del Pacífico
Sur Colombiano). Este espacio es parte del territorio nacional de la moderna
República de Colombia y al tiempo constituye el territorio de la nación
cultural negra y de los grupos indígenas. Por lo dicho, este texto no aborda la
parte norte o Chocó del Pacífico de la actual Colombia ni la provincia de
78
· Autor: Oscar Almario García ·
HiSTOReLo Vol. 1, No. 1, Junio 2009
Esmeraldas en el actual Ecuador y se circunscribe a la parte sur del Pacífico
colombiano, que en la actualidad corresponde a las zonas litorales de los
Departamentos del Valle del Cauca, Cauca y Nariño. Apoyados en Camacho y
Restrepo (1999), es posible señalar que el espacio es forjador de una identidad
sui generis como una región acuática, caracterizada por tener el mar al frente,
los ríos atrás y la lluvia suspendida o precipitándose sobre el territorio selvático.
En un sentido estructural, el funcionamiento de la frontera minera del
Pacífico se puede explicar con base en el complejo mina-hacienda. Cuando se
toma al Pacífico sur y su economía minera esclavista como un ecosistema se
hace visible que tanto sus dimensiones, como son: a) el tamaño de las minas
como unidades productivas (número de esclavizados, herramientas), b) sus
emplazamientos (cerca de los ríos y quebradas, la casa y la capilla), c) las
tecnologías productivas utilizadas (el entable y los cortes, la minería de aluvión
en playas o barrancas, las pilas y el canalón), d) los circuitos para abastecerse
en el
interior (las rozas) y del exterior (conexiones con las haciendas y
ciudades del interior del Nuevo Reino de Granada o con los puertos de la
Audiencia de Quito y el Virreinato del Perú), e) su capacidad productiva y
rentabilidad, así como su cohesión interna (económica, política y simbólica),
estuvieron en buena medida condicionados por el clima lluvioso, los ríos
dispuestos transversalmente desde la cordillera hacia el mar, la selva húmeda
tropical y su oferta ambiental, además de la topografía definida por las tierras
bajas e inundables por el mar y las estribaciones de la cordillera Occidental y
por los propios agentes sociales situados en y adaptados a espacios
determinados.
79
· Autor: Oscar Almario García ·
HiSTOReLo Vol. 1, No. 1, Junio 2009
De la misma manera, si se considera el proceso de poblamiento libre y
extensivo de los grupos negros por la llanura aluvial ocurrido durante el siglo
XIX como una dinámica que construye un nuevo espacio social, es decir, como
un territorio construido y apropiado socialmente (García, 1976), se podrían
entender mejor las múltiples estrategias sociales de adaptación a esos entornos,
la interacción de estos grupos con ellos y los flujos entre objetos y acciones
(Santos, 2000), que conducen a la configuración de un nuevo complejo socioproductivo, que se puede enunciar como el río y el monte. El río (la varzea),
entendido como un eje civilizatorio que articula asentamientos, unidades
domésticas, comunicación, acceso a recursos diversos y actividades productivas
más o menos estables y en general un mundo social y simbólicamente
controlado; el monte (los interfluvios), debe ser comprendido como una frontera
abierta, tanto disponible como amenazante, pero al fin de cuentas menos
controlada social y simbólicamente que el río (Ver Anexo 2. Esquema
Ideográfico). Sin que se pueda olvidar, por el hecho de reconocer esta tendencia
sociodemográfica como la fundamental, que simultáneamente tomaban forma
otros espacios sociales también habitados aunque en otras condiciones por los
grupos negros y otros sectores subordinados, como las grandes concentraciones
fluvio-marinas o puertos, como Buenaventura, Tumaco, Guapí, El Charco, entre
otros.
Un análisis complejo del espacio social del Pacífico colombiano debería
ser capaz de integrar las nociones de frontera económica (los yacimientos
mineros en estricto sentido y su explotación, así como la de otros recursos
naturales y los ciclos productivos respectivos), frontera cultural y simbólica (el
avance de lo civilizado sobre lo salvaje, las zonas de refugio, contacto e
80
· Autor: Oscar Almario García ·
HiSTOReLo Vol. 1, No. 1, Junio 2009
intercambio,
la
modificación
de
territorios
ancestrales),
división
político-administrativa (la evolución de las modalidades de organización y
control del espacio social), formación de territorios (construcción social y
simbólica del espacio por distintos actores colectivos) y ecosistemas (aquellos
comprendidos en este medio ambiente de selva húmeda tropical y su relación
con la distintas modalidades de intervención humana sobre ellos). Como indica
Grimson (Grimson 2003,14), en la medida que la noción de cultura de la
antropología es creadora de fronteras y que una teoría de la cultura implica una
teoría de la frontera, y que ambas se soportan en decisiones como las de
delimitar agrupamientos humanos y en sus supuestos o reales espacios de
reproducción, es necesario recuperar los contextos en que se producen y tienen
sentido las prácticas e instituciones culturales a fin de evitar esencialismos o
mecanicismos inconducentes. Porque como sabemos, esos “contextos” están
definidos por experiencias múltiples de la ocupación, dominación, explotación e
imposición de lógicas políticas y culturales de unos grupos sobre otros, que sin
embargo no pueden ser interpretadas con dicotomías simplistas, en el sentido de
que de un lado está algo negativo (los dominadores) y del otro lo positivo (los
dominados y subalternizados). Mucho menos cuando, en América Latina, la
relación entre la colonialidad y la modernidad no se puede seguir entendiendo
como dos momentos radicalmente distintos que se suceden en el tiempo, sino
como continuidades imaginarias que influyen una sobre la otra.1
Un modelo de análisis espacial y su aplicación a este estudio de
perspectiva regional sugiere tener en cuenta, en un contexto dinámico de
11
Véase al respecto, Castro-Gómez, Guardiola-Rivera y Millán de Benavides, eds., (1999);
Editorial. 2007. Teorías decoloniales en América Latina. Revista Nómadas. 26: 4-5.
81
· Autor: Oscar Almario García ·
HiSTOReLo Vol. 1, No. 1, Junio 2009
análisis del surgimiento y consolidación
del Estado Nacional y de la
etnogénesis negra e indígena, el conjunto de variables que intervienen en la
configuración de la región bajo estudio. De acuerdo con ello nos preguntamos
inicialmente por los cambios operados en una región definida históricamente
por su condición de frontera minera y esclavista durante el dominio colonial y
por los términos de su inclusión dentro del proyecto republicano.
Demografía y dinámica social: de la diáspora interna
por la llanura aluvial del Pacifico
En el punto anterior, propusimos, apoyándonos en la antropología del territorio
y la geografía humana, que el poblamiento en libertad y extensivo por la llanura
aluvial del Pacífico ocurrido durante el siglo XIX condujo a la construcción de
un nuevo espacio social. Adelantamos también que, como consecuencia de la
construcción y apropiación social por los grupos negros e indígenas de ese
espacio, surgió un nuevo complejo socio-productivo que se puede enunciar
como el río y el monte o, en forma más académica si se quiere, como la varzea
y los interfluvios.
Asimismo, advertimos que reconocer esta tendencia
demográfica como la más importante para el período estudiado, no puede
significar el olvido de otro fenómeno que fue concomitante e interactuante con
el anterior, el de la formación de grandes concentraciones de población tipo
puertos fluvio-marinos, como Buenaventura, Tumaco, Guapi y El Charco. Lo
que nos proponemos ahora, es establecer cuáles fueron las estrategias, los
dispositivos y las instituciones creadas por estos colectivos humanos que
82
· Autor: Oscar Almario García ·
HiSTOReLo Vol. 1, No. 1, Junio 2009
permitieron la adaptación exitosa a esos entornos y su transformación, en un
flujo de intercambios entre objetos y acciones humanas.
El crecimiento demográfico y la ocupación de los espacios “vacíos”,
como es conocido por otras experiencias de la historia colombiana, constituyen
un factor clave para la comprensión del siglo XIX y en particular para el Gran
Cauca. Una de las pocas investigaciones que se ocupa de este asunto es la de
Luís Valdivia (1980), que aprovecha dos censos oficiales del siglo XIX (1843 y
1870) para analizar los cambios demográficos ocurridos y la densificación de la
población en el suroccidente del país. Según el censo oficial de 1843, las
provincias que constituían el suroccidente contaban con una población total de
268.707 habitantes, que representan el 16% de la población colombiana de ese
momento (1.679.269). Para el Censo Oficial de 1870, este mismo conjunto de
provincias que constituyen el Gran Estado del Cauca, con una población de
435.078 habitantes, representan un 15% de la población colombiana
(2.886.908) (Cf. Valdivia 1980,102-110). El período intercensal considerado
(1843 - 1870) en la investigación de Valdivia, arrojó una tasa media de
crecimiento anual para esta sección del país de 17.4%, que es inferior a la tasa
media de crecimiento nacional anual que fue del 19.5%, es decir, baja según el
autor.
Algunos trabajos de demografía histórica ofrecen un cuadro explicativo
con pretensiones comprehensivas para toda la gran región del Pacífico
colombiano, que los estudios regionales, zonales y locales interpelan, como
veremos. En efecto, un investigador del tema realizó una síntesis de la situación
demográfica de la región para finales de la colonia: un lento proceso de
poblamiento a lo largo de tres siglos, la reducción de la población indígena a
83
· Autor: Oscar Almario García ·
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cerca de un 10% de su tamaño original, el predominio de la población negra
(que entre libres y esclavos casi comprendía las tres cuartas partes de la
población), la escasa población blanca que refleja la baja capacidad de atracción
migratoria de la región (no obstante su extraordinaria importancia económica),
la conformación de los patrones étnicos que en adelante definirán su
composición. Síntesis que, aparte de su extremada generalidad, el autor
complementa con una periodización no menos problemática del proceso de
poblamiento ocurrido en el Pacífico desde la colonia hasta la República (Rueda
1993, 464-474).
Por su parte, Aprile-Gniset (1993) ha planteado el modelo explicativo
posiblemente más completo con que contamos sobre el tema del poblamiento
del Pacífico colombiano, en la medida que articula varios elementos de análisis
que permiten equilibrar las dinámicas generales con las variaciones y contrastes
regionales, zonales y locales. Este investigador identifica que en el proceso
global de poblamiento de la vertiente del Pacífico colombiano se presentaron
dos ciclos históricos. El primero hunde sus raíces en el pasado profundo
prehispánico (“amerindio”, en el lenguaje del autor) y su declinación se produce
por la conquista española de esos territorios. El segundo ciclo, calificado como
“afroamericano” (por la presencia del negro de procedencia africana pero que
no implica el paradigma afrogenético o africanista), está ligado a la penetración
hispánica por ese territorio, que se inicia en el siglo XVII, se dinamiza en el
XVIII, pero que “[...] con un marcado cambio de rumbo económico, adquiere su
máxima expresión demográfica y territorial desde fines del Siglo XIX” (AprileGniset 1993, 12). Como explicación estructural de esta periodización del
poblamiento del Pacífico, Aprile-Gniset ofrece la hipótesis de que en él habrían
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· Autor: Oscar Almario García ·
HiSTOReLo Vol. 1, No. 1, Junio 2009
interactuado: los procesos de poblamiento ocurridos, el surgimiento y
consolidación de los hábitats humanos y la relación de estos fenómenos con los
ciclos económicos. Con este enfoque, el autor pudo establecer que existieron
dos etapas dentro del llamado ciclo afroamericano. Una “parcial”, de extensión
reducida a los enclaves mineros accesibles, o potencialmente prósperos y otra
de “colonización agraria”, extensiva, pacífica, de base agraria y minería
independiente, cuyas características y problemas llegan hasta la actualidad a
través de las comunidades negras que habitan esos territorios. Aunque su
modelo tiene pretensiones globales, como quedó dicho, el autor reconoce
ciertos matices entre el poblamiento del Chocó y el del Pacífico sur. Por
ejemplo, al sintetizar la situación a finales del siglo XVIII, establece diferencias
entre el poblamiento “intensivo” y territorialmente sumamente concentrado que
se presenta en el Chocó y aquel que ocurría al sur de Buenaventura y hasta el
río Mataje, “muy parecido pero más difuso” (Aprile-Gniset 1993, 47). En esa perspectiva y con varios fines, se han utilizado los datos de
censos y padrones coloniales (1779, 1780, 1797), censos oficiales de población
del siglo XIX (1843 y 1870) y padrones de varios ríos del Pacífico sur de 1870.
Por una parte, esa información nos ayudó a establecer las principales tendencias
demográficas tanto de finales del período colonial como las del siglo XIX y
1
En una discusión similar, pero desde una etnografía de los “grupos negros” de los ríos Satinga
y Sanquianga del Pacífico sur, Eduardo Restrepo cuestiona la pertinencia de la categoría de
“campesinos silvicultores” que utilizan los ingenieros forestales y economistas para referirse a
estos grupos que viven de explotar los humedales forestales de la zona (Cf. Restrepo 1996).
Para una breve reseña de esta discusión, ver Almario, Oscar. 1996.
86
· Autor: Oscar Almario García ·
HiSTOReLo Vol. 1, No. 1, Junio 2009
seguidamente a compararlas para encontrar continuidades y cambios. Por otra
parte, nos fue útil para mirar en la microescala de los ríos, la manera como se
manifestaban y concretaban estas tendencias. Simultáneamente, realizamos una
relectura de los principales aportes historiográficos sobre el tema del
poblamiento, los asentamientos y los hábitats del Pacífico.
La dinámica demográfica en la colonia
Con el propósito de centrarnos en las tendencias demográficas de las
postrimerías del dominio colonial, partimos de los datos del último Censo del
Gobierno de Popayán y la Relación que lo acompaña de 1797. De una
población total de 18.795 personas, el 48.8% eran esclavos y si a este
porcentaje se le suma el 33.4% de libres (que en su amplia mayoría debieron ser
negros que habían alcanzado o comprado su libertad), tenemos un 82.2% de
negros, entre esclavizados y libres. Los indígenas representaban el 12.1%. Los
blancos el 5.4% y los clérigos el 0.1%.
Ahora bien, cuando se desagregan estos datos generales por provincias,
se hacen visibles diferencias importantes a tener en cuenta y que la simple
mirada sobre los datos generales tiende a ocultar. Por ejemplo, no quedan dudas
que en todas las provincias del Pacífico sur la jurisdicción de Barbacoas era la
más esclavista, ya que casi el 60% de su población eran esclavizados y un
25.3% libres, mientras que en otras provincias, por ejemplo Tumaco, la
situación era radicalmente diferente, porque los esclavizados representaban
apenas el 39.3% y los libres el 46.8%. De alguna manera, los datos de las otras
provincias oscilan entre estos dos extremos. Pero no hay duda de que la otra
provincia fuertemente esclavista era la del Raposo, mientras que en Iscuandé y
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Micay el régimen esclavista se presenta de forma ambigua, en general parece
debilitado para la primera pero sabemos que en áreas importantes de la última
provincia el régimen esclavista se acentuó de manera dramática.
Cuando los datos de los censos coloniales lo permiten, detenerse en las
variaciones de la población entre 1779-1780 y 1797, resulta también ilustrativa.
Se cuenta con datos para estos tres censos en los casos de Raposo, Iscuandé y
Tumaco. En el Raposo la población esclava se mantuvo más o menos estable,
mientras que los libres fueron en aumento al igual que los indígenas. En
Iscuandé la población del número de esclavizados, libres e indígenas se
mantuvo estable y sin mayores variaciones, pero éstas son ligeramente
favorables a los indios que registran cierto porcentaje de aumento. En Tumaco
la población esclava aumentó en un impresionante 50%, seguramente por la
expansión de la frontera minera hacia el río Santiago en la provincia de
Esmeraldas y los indios lo hicieron en un modesto pero elocuente 3% (Ver
Anexo 3. Poblamiento Libre a finales del siglo XVIII en el Pacífico Sur
Colombiano).
Sintetizando, la amplia mayoría de la población negra y los datos de los
otros grupos socio-étnicos, confirman varias tendencias socio-demográficas: la
consolidación irreversible de la sustitución de la población indígena por la
negra a finales del siglo XVIII, proceso que venía desde comienzos del siglo
XVII; no obstante, los indígenas habían logrado detener su extinción,
estabilizaron sus poblaciones y empezaban su recuperación. Los negros e
indígenas sumados representan el 95% del total de la población; la condición
minera y esclavista de la región salta a la vista; la mayoría de la población
esclavizada se concentraba en los reales de minas localizados en las cabeceras
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de los ríos, en el piedemonte de la cordillera Occidental; también es evidente
que no obstante el rígido sistema social de castas imperante y el predominio de
la minería esclavista, el modelo presentaba fisuras que permitían la movilidad
social hacia la libertad y que los libres habían dado origen a múltiples sitios y
lugares que configuraban una suerte de sociedad paralela a la esclavista.
Mientras que los indios se repartían entre varios ríos de la llanura aluvial y
algunos pueblos de indios en las cercanías de Barbacoas, la presencia de una
minoría blanca al parecer más preocupada por beneficiar el oro que por poblar y
colonizar, como por otra parte lo confirma la débil presencia eclesiástica,
militar y burocrática para un territorio extenso e inhóspito.
Según nuestra manera de ver, el análisis de estas tendencias permite
sostener que en esa frontera minera se había configurado una región, pero con
importantes fenómenos de diferenciación interna. En Barbacoas se concentraba
el núcleo blanco más importante y la ciudad funcionó como el epicentro
político, religioso y simbólico de una región muy extensa. Esta sociedad se
pautó en las relaciones sociales e interétnicas por un rígido sistema social de
castas, basado en la separación de negros, blancos e indios y por un régimen
esclavista para explotar el oro. Barbacoas fue la ciudad matriz del Pacífico sur,
dando origen a Iscuandé como antepuerto suyo y esta última ciudad a su vez
expandió la frontera por el norte hasta crear el distrito del Micay. Más al norte,
la provincia del Raposo escapaba a la influencia de Barbacoas y su control se lo
disputaban mineros de Cali, Buga y Popayán. Su función específica se definía
por contar con varias ventajas, primero como un área que hacía de puente entre
el Pacífico norte o Chocó y el Pacífico sur propiamente dicho, después porque
su territorio servía para comunicar el Pacífico con el interior de la gobernación
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y finalmente por la posibilidad de construir un puerto estable en la bahía de
Buenaventura.
En el extremo sur, el puerto de Tumaco, estrechamente
vinculado con la jurisdicción de la provincia de Esmeraldas en la Audiencia de
Quito y favorecido con la expansión de la frontera minera por el río Santiago y
otros aledaños, no sólo nunca fue controlado por Barbacoas sino que más bien
ésta dependía de aquél para la introducción por los ríos Patía y Telembí de los
abastos que provenían de los puertos, ciudades y regiones agrarias de Quito y
Perú. Esta diferenciación interna del Pacífico sur daría lugar a conflictos de
poder y autoridad entre sus principales núcleos poblados y élites respectivas,
que se agudizaron durante las protestas “antifiscales” de finales del siglo XVIII
y las guerras de Independencia en las primeras décadas del XIX.
Las últimas relaciones de las autoridades coloniales de la región que nos
ocupa, por su naturaleza comprehensiva de las provincias del Pacífico sur
neogranadino, como la ya citada de 1797 y otra contemporánea firmada por el
Gobernador de Popayán1, muestran que las autoridades coloniales eran
concientes tanto de la situación de la frontera minera como de la complejidad de
los retos para ejercer plenamente la dominación. En efecto, la geografía política
y la economía política de la región, después de más de 260 años de conquista y
colonización, no podía ser más patética a finales del dominio colonial.
Con base en la relación del gobernador de Popayán,
D. A. Nieto, de
1804, la situación de las provincias de Raposo, Micay, Iscuandé, Tumaco y
Barbacoas, era la siguiente:
1
Archivo General de la Nación (AGN). Colonia, Virreyes, t. 16, ff. 185-195, dto.:29. Popayán,
septiembre 20 de 1804. Firmado por Diego Antonio Nieto. (n.a. Los datos del gobernante
provienen de un padrón de 1795 y por eso se explica que coincidan con los de la relación de
1797).
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La del Raposo, con 4.519 habitantes, cuyo gobierno estaba a cargo de un
Teniente de Gobernador y jueces partidarios para los ríos, la conformaban los
curatos de Dagua, Calima, Raposo y Yurumangüí, su capital era el precario
pueblo indio de La Cruz a orillas del río Dagua, en el que también se localizaba
el sitio de Juntas que permitía la conexión con el interior de la Gobernación y
en el que habían además cuatro reales de minas. Calima era un pequeño pueblo
de libres a orillas de ese río, en donde también había una mina y desde el cual
se establecía comunicación con el río San Juan en el Chocó. El pueblo de
Raposo, a orillas del río de ese nombre, era una reducida población de indios,
en ese río también había una mina de oro corrido y otras tres más similares en
el río Anchicayá. En cuanto al curato de Yurumangüí, comprendía ese río y los
de Cajambre y Naya, en donde no había pueblos y solamente minerales, es
decir, reales de minas, cuatro, dos y uno, respectivamente. Según Nieto: “todos
de oro corrido, y en cada uno hay su capilla, como regularmente sucede en los
demás reales de minas” (AGN, Colonia, Virreyes, 16:192v). Nótese como en
esta provincia del Raposo, tan cercana a Cali y clave para el proyecto de
comunicación con el interior y el exterior, el antiguo pueblo del Raposo,
epicentro administrativo de esa Provincia, ya había sido desplazado por el
precario de La Cruz, mientras que el puerto de Buenaventura era irrelevante
para la época. Por otra parte, la escasa población se distribuía por el territorio
selvático entre pueblos de indios y reales minas (16 en total), es decir, que en
esta provincia y desde el esquema de poblamiento hispánico, no había ninguna
población de importancia. Así las cosas, lo más dinámico del conjunto consistía
en la explotación del oro con base en cuadrillas de esclavos o el mazamorreo de
los libres.
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La provincia del Micay, nueva tenencia separada de Iscuandé, era
gobernada por un Teniente de Gobernador y un Juez Partidario elegido por el
Cabildo de Iscuandé, contaba con una población de 1.464 habitantes y la
componían los reales de minas de Micay, Saija, Timbiquí, Guajuí, Guapi, Napi
y catorce minas de oro corrido que había en las márgenes de estos ríos.
Eclesiásticamente era un anexo del curato de Iscuandé, que distaba a
considerable distancia suya, por lo cual la relación llamaba la atención sobre la
necesidad de curas para el pasto espiritual de sus habitantes. Había dos pueblos
de indios, San José y Nuestra Señora del Pilar y se proyectaban otros tres
lugares para concentrar la población dispersa de indios y de libres (AGN,
Colonia, Virreyes, 16:193r). Esta provincia constituye lo que he denominado la
frontera de la frontera del triángulo socio histórico que formaron BarbacoasIscuandé-Tumaco, en la cual se van a reforzar los dispositivos esclavistas dadas
las iniciativas de los clanes mineros de Popayán en esa zona (Arboleda y
Mosquera), pero donde también tendrán lugar la resistencia de los negros libres,
la recomposición de los pueblos indios y una gran movilidad de mestizos y
blancos pobres.
La provincia de Iscuandé, con una población de 2.435 almas, era
gobernada por un Teniente de Gobernador, dos Alcaldes Ordinarios, el
Procurador General y el Cabildo. La jurisdicción de la ciudad de Iscuandé, su
capital, comprendía el río de su nombre y el de Tapaje, así como otros que al
desaguar al mar formaban playas que permitían diversos asentamientos, como
los de San Juan, Bracito de Patía, Majagual, Caballos, Tierra Firme Grande,
Guascana, Sanquianga, Playa Bendita, Firmes de Sanquianga, Mulatos,
Boquerones, Los Reyes, Amaral y Pongamosa. En esas playas y ríos algunos
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vecinos, playadores pobres, habían establecido lavaderos de oro corrido, que se
saca sin formalidad ni método, sólo cuando tienen necesidad del metal (AGN,
Colonia, Virreyes, 16:193r). Conviene llamar la atención sobre la decadencia de
Iscuandé (obsérvese que no existen ya reales de minas en cuanto tales), lo que
condujo a alternativas distintas para asegurar la sobrevivencia de sus
pobladores, quienes exploraron nuevos territorios que dieron origen a la
provincia del Micay y también a la conquista de los frentes de playa para
múltiples asentamientos.
La provincia de Tumaco, cuya capital se asentaba en la isla de San
Andrés de Tumaco, era bastante extensa, tenía una población de 4.119
habitantes y era gobernada por un Teniente de Gobernador, había un Juez
Ordinario y su jurisdicción la componían los pueblos de Salahonda, Palmarreal,
Cayapas, Esmeraldas y Atacames. Hasta los ríos Bogotá, Guimbí, Santiago,
Mira y Cachavi se había ampliado la frontera minera con 5 minas de oro
corrido. La zona del estero Ostiones hasta el sitio de Galeras, por donde
circulaban
embarcaciones
que
transportaban
mercancías
diversas,
es
representada en el documento como abundante en recursos, tales como maderas
de construcción, resinas y bálsamos, pero se hace énfasis en que estos no eran
debidamente explotados por los habitantes. Las tres parroquias existentes
dependían del obispado de Quito (AGN, Colonia, Virreyes, 16:193r-193v).
Nótese que se trata de otra frontera dentro de la frontera minera con
características particulares, definida por el predominio de la navegación de
cabotaje, las actividades portuarias y comerciales para abastecer las minas y
demográficamente por el mayor peso de los libres y el tardío desarrollo de la
esclavitud. Asimismo, sus territorios ofrecían toda suerte de recursos naturales
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útiles, pero que no eran explotados intensivamente porque la mayoría de
población vivía de la subsistencia por la riqueza de la oferta ambiental y era por
tanto marginal a las lógicas comerciales.
Finalmente, la provincia de Barbacoas, con capital en la ciudad de su
nombre, era gobernada por un Teniente de Gobernador, un Alcalde de Primer
Voto y el Presidente del Cabildo, contaba con 6.618 habitantes y la componían
los pueblos de San José (de indios) con cura propio, San Pablo y Chucunes con
sus anexos de Coaiquer y Nembi, también de indios y habitados por algunos
libres. La ciudad de Barbacoas estaba localizada a la orilla del río Telembí, en
el que junto a los de Magüí y Güelmambí, había treinta minas de oro corrido.
En el río Patía existían algunas sementeras que contribuían a la subsistencia de
las cuadrillas de negros esclavos. Este era el único lugar de la región que
contaba con Milicias Disciplinas, que estaban a cargo de un capitán de la
Primera Compañía de ellas, en calidad de comandante. Sus parroquias
dependían del obispado de Quito (AGN, Colonia, Virreyes, 16:194v). Sin lugar
a dudas, Barbacoas era la única parte del Pacífico sur en la cual prevalecía con
cierta solvencia el modelo hispánico de dominio y en donde la ciudad y su
jurisdicción se esforzaban por mantener separados a los “blancos” de los indios
y por desarrollar un sistema esclavista intensivo. Pero en donde también, con
una mirada más atenta, se puede establecer que la fiebre del oro condujo a una
evidente dependencia de toda la sociedad respecto de la actividad minera, lo
que al tiempo conllevó a la coexistencia de la esclavitud con la libertad y a la
configuración del complejo universo de los libres.
En síntesis, la situación de las provincias que conformaban el Pacífico
sur en las postrimeras del dominio colonial indica que: en un territorio extenso
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habitaba una población importante pero dispersa (18.795 habitantes), con
precarios asentamientos hispánicos, ciudades y puertos, y una débil presencia
eclesiástica, en los que predominaban los reales de minas (50 en total), de oro
corrido, sobre los pueblos de indios y las ciudades de blancos; como frontera
minera sus contornos y bases de acción fueron inestables y fluidos, lo que
incidió en las rivalidades de las “ciudades” para asegurar su control. Las
modalidades extractivas de explotación de sus riquezas naturales se
concentraron en el oro y escasamente aprovecharon otros recursos disponibles
de la oferta ambiental de la selva húmeda tropical; los dispositivos del dominio
y la explotación de esta sociedad esclavista presentaron importantes fisuras que
permitieron diversas formas de resistencia y el despliegue de ingeniosas
iniciativas de los sectores subalternos.
El dominio colonial dejó así dos legados importantes para el nuevo
orden republicano: la economía extractiva como constante histórica regional y
un poblamiento disperso y por lo general étnicamente diferenciado.
La dinámica demográfica en la República
En relación con los aspectos demográficos que estamos analizando, una
consecuencia decisiva de las guerras de Independencia y la adopción del
régimen republicano en esta región, consistió en que las tendencias descritas
para las postrimerías del dominio colonial no sólo persistieron sino que se
consolidaron y ampliaron. Durante el nuevo régimen las actividades mineras
jamás recuperaron los niveles de productividad que tuvieron en la colonia, lo
que condujo a que por lo general los núcleos blancos más prestantes, de por sí
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minoritarios, abandonaran la región y sus centros urbanos (Granda 1977).
Razón por la cual los censos oficiales de población de 1843 y 1870, aunque no
consideran la condición étnica, se pueden interpretar como la confirmación del
triunfo demográfico de negros e indígenas en esta región.
Entre 1797 y 1843, en 46 años, casi medio siglo, la población total de la
región prácticamente no creció o tuvo un crecimiento muy lento y a duras penas
pasó de 18.795 a 24.837 habitantes; pero en adelante, el crecimiento
demográfico de la región se disparó, razón por la cual la población presenta un
incremento notable entre 1843 y 1870. En efecto, durante el período intercensal
de 27 años, la población casi se duplicó y alcanzó los 43.447 habitantes, aunque
tenemos serias dudas sobre la confiabilidad de esta cifra que probablemente fue
más alta. Una lectura superficial de los datos de estos censos republicanos
puede inducir a la falsa idea de que en relación con la diferenciación interna de
la región todo seguía más o menos igual. Sin embargo, un examen más fino nos
revela las dinámicas de cambio en su interior. En efecto, de acuerdo con el
censo de 1843, se puede decir que Barbacoas mantenía para la época sus
antiguas prerrogativas, en cuanto al ordenamiento y control territorial como
capital de la provincia de su nombre (la cual estuvo formada por los cantones
de Barbacoas, Tumaco, Iscuandé y Micay), jurisdicción que equivalía a los
territorios que estuvieron bajo su influencia durante la colonia. Sin embargo,
para el censo de 1870, es evidente que el Municipio de Barbacoas perdió
terreno frente a los nuevos centros republicanos en ascenso, porque el
Municipio de Buenaventura le arrebató el control sobre la antigua provincia del
Micay (Guapi, Micay y Timbiquí).
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La ciudad de Barbacoas, que sufrió como ninguna otra las
consecuencias del desplome de la actividad minera y la abolición legal de la
esclavitud, experimentó entonces un estancamiento y fenómenos migratorios
irreversibles a lo largo del siglo XIX. Iscuandé vivió un proceso similar del
cual saldría beneficiada a la larga la emergente población de El Charco, situada
sobre el río Tapaje. Por su parte Guapi, con su impresionante crecimiento
poblacional entre los dos censos, se anuncia como el indiscutido nuevo centro
de la provincia del Micay.
Pero fue en los dos extremos del Pacífico sur, en Tumaco y
Buenaventura, en donde mejor se pueden observar las tendencias demográficas
que conducirán a los futuros cambios en la configuración regional. En efecto,
Tumaco prácticamente duplicó su población en el período intercensal (si se
suman las poblaciones de Tumaco y Bocagrande), porque no hay duda que se
beneficiaba de la decadencia de Barbacoas y que también incorporaba parte de
la población que buscaba nuevas oportunidades.
Pero el crecimiento más
espectacular se dio en el puerto de Buenaventura, que casi triplica su población
en el período intercensal, erigiéndose en el centro urbano de atracción para la
creciente población rural de la antigua provincia del Raposo. En relación con
estas tendencias hay que decir que a Buenaventura también la favorecieron las
expectativas de desarrollo portuario, la eventual conexión vial con el interior
del país y su localización, factores que en el mediano plazo y de conjunto, la
convertirían en el gran centro que va a sintetizar los cambios demográficos,
económicos y sociales del Pacífico sur, como la navegación de cabotaje y la
conexión con el interior y el exterior. Sin embargo, su definitiva consolidación
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como el gran centro urbano y portuario de todo el Pacífico colombiano se
demoraría todavía unas décadas más.
Los censos de 1843 y 1870 se realizaron mientras tenía lugar la épica y
molecular conquista extensiva de la llanura aluvial por los grupos negros en
libertad, pero la lógica que orientaba esas tareas del Estado nacional urgido de
datos confiables, no permitió que ellos dieran cuenta de ese proceso, que en lo
fundamental escapa a sus ojos. Estos censos republicanos en realidad tenían el
propósito de saber cuántos eran los posibles ciudadanos y contribuyentes de un
Estado nacional en construcción, cuáles los eventuales brazos productivos para
las empresas proyectadas y en algunos casos saber qué obstáculos étnicos
(generalmente los indios y en este caso los negros) se erigían frente a la
modernidad pretendida. Los sesgos ideológicos que caracterizan este tipo de
documentos republicanos nos obligaron a definir varias acciones metodológicas
para escapar de sus limitaciones, en virtud de lo cual procuramos cruzar y
contrastar los datos de dichos censos con una interpretación sobre las tendencias
demográficas, como quedó anotado. Pero adicionalmente, intentamos observar
estas tendencias en el nivel más microscópico posible, en este caso, el río, para
cuyos efectos utilizamos los padrones por ríos que fueron levantados en forma
paralela por los responsables del censo general de 1870 y que hemos podido
localizar en el Archivo General de la Nación, AGN. Aunque inscritos en la
lógica mencionada de los censos republicanos, estos padrones aportan datos de
detalle muy valiosos para nuestra línea de reflexión.
Para el efecto contamos con padrones de 1870 para las siguientes
poblaciones y ríos: Buenaventura, Anchicayá, Calima, Cajambre, Raposo,
Mayorquín, Aguaclara, Micay, Timbiquí, Iscuandé y Tumaco. Lo que
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inicialmente hicimos fue tratar de establecer correspondencias entre los datos de
población y los de oficios, para tener una visión más cercana de las dinámicas
de la población en estos lugares y ríos; los oficios por lo general se refieren a
actividades masculinas y excepcionalmente algunos, como domésticos o
costureras, aluden a las actividades femeninas.1 Posteriormente, nos planteamos
varios problema generales, como por ejemplo la relación entre población y
condiciones ecológicas, la especialización productiva en algunos ríos o en
partes de ellos, las conexiones internas y externas, los oficios y los roles
masculino y femenino, el matrimonio, la reproducción y la sexualidad, entre
otros.
1
Al levantar la información poblacional de los censos de 1870 se desagregó la población
menor de edad y sin oficio, o con oficios asignados indiscriminadamente (generalmente el
paterno) para obtener una mejor aproximación al peso porcentual de solteros e infantes. En
varios casos los oficios se asignaron por familia lo cual puede indicar que las familias,
especialmente los hombres de cada una, se dedicaban a un mismo oficio; sin embargo, el hecho
de que ciertos oficios se usaran con alta regularidad, por ejemplo para mujeres solteras, puede
indicar el carácter de “comodín” de ciertas categorías, como “lavandera” o “costurera”. Al
considerar el peso porcentual de los oficios, éste se evaluó con respecto al tamaño de la
población ocupada, y no con respecto al tamaño de la población total.
En algunos casos, las sumatorias obtenidas no coinciden con las tablas de resumen o totales de
los censos. Lo anterior se debe a errores en los originales o falta de información por mutilación
de documentos, fallas de la copia fotostática o ausencia de folios completos. Sin embargo, la
información faltante no es mucha y se asume que las tendencias porcentuales no variarían
considerablemente.
Observaciones particulares sobre algunos censos. En el censo Málaga, Buenaventura es claro
que se asignó indiscriminadamente el oficio paterno a todos los hijos sin importar la edad, por
tanto todo niño de 10 años o menor no se incluyó en la población con oficios. En la Sección
Primera del Distrito de Buenaventura la sumatoria total de población que aparece en el censo
es de 2.052 personas, pero faltan los folios 129r., 131r., 132r., 146r, y el lado izquierdo del
152r. La información porcentual se levantó con respecto al total disponible de 1.834 personas.
| 28,279 |
https://github.com/Azure/azure-powershell/blob/master/src/Workloads/generated/api/Support/SslPreference.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-warranty-disclaimer, MIT, Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
azure-powershell
|
Azure
|
C#
|
Code
| 450 | 1,302 |
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT License. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
// Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator.
// Changes may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
namespace Microsoft.Azure.PowerShell.Cmdlets.Workloads.Support
{
/// <summary>Gets or sets certificate preference if secure communication is enabled.</summary>
public partial struct SslPreference :
System.IEquatable<SslPreference>
{
public static Microsoft.Azure.PowerShell.Cmdlets.Workloads.Support.SslPreference Disabled = @"Disabled";
public static Microsoft.Azure.PowerShell.Cmdlets.Workloads.Support.SslPreference RootCertificate = @"RootCertificate";
public static Microsoft.Azure.PowerShell.Cmdlets.Workloads.Support.SslPreference ServerCertificate = @"ServerCertificate";
/// <summary>the value for an instance of the <see cref="SslPreference" /> Enum.</summary>
private string _value { get; set; }
/// <summary>Conversion from arbitrary object to SslPreference</summary>
/// <param name="value">the value to convert to an instance of <see cref="SslPreference" />.</param>
internal static object CreateFrom(object value)
{
return new SslPreference(global::System.Convert.ToString(value));
}
/// <summary>Compares values of enum type SslPreference</summary>
/// <param name="e">the value to compare against this instance.</param>
/// <returns><c>true</c> if the two instances are equal to the same value</returns>
public bool Equals(Microsoft.Azure.PowerShell.Cmdlets.Workloads.Support.SslPreference e)
{
return _value.Equals(e._value);
}
/// <summary>Compares values of enum type SslPreference (override for Object)</summary>
/// <param name="obj">the value to compare against this instance.</param>
/// <returns><c>true</c> if the two instances are equal to the same value</returns>
public override bool Equals(object obj)
{
return obj is SslPreference && Equals((SslPreference)obj);
}
/// <summary>Returns hashCode for enum SslPreference</summary>
/// <returns>The hashCode of the value</returns>
public override int GetHashCode()
{
return this._value.GetHashCode();
}
/// <summary>Creates an instance of the <see cref="SslPreference"/> Enum class.</summary>
/// <param name="underlyingValue">the value to create an instance for.</param>
private SslPreference(string underlyingValue)
{
this._value = underlyingValue;
}
/// <summary>Returns string representation for SslPreference</summary>
/// <returns>A string for this value.</returns>
public override string ToString()
{
return this._value;
}
/// <summary>Implicit operator to convert string to SslPreference</summary>
/// <param name="value">the value to convert to an instance of <see cref="SslPreference" />.</param>
public static implicit operator SslPreference(string value)
{
return new SslPreference(value);
}
/// <summary>Implicit operator to convert SslPreference to string</summary>
/// <param name="e">the value to convert to an instance of <see cref="SslPreference" />.</param>
public static implicit operator string(Microsoft.Azure.PowerShell.Cmdlets.Workloads.Support.SslPreference e)
{
return e._value;
}
/// <summary>Overriding != operator for enum SslPreference</summary>
/// <param name="e1">the value to compare against <paramref name="e2" /></param>
/// <param name="e2">the value to compare against <paramref name="e1" /></param>
/// <returns><c>true</c> if the two instances are not equal to the same value</returns>
public static bool operator !=(Microsoft.Azure.PowerShell.Cmdlets.Workloads.Support.SslPreference e1, Microsoft.Azure.PowerShell.Cmdlets.Workloads.Support.SslPreference e2)
{
return !e2.Equals(e1);
}
/// <summary>Overriding == operator for enum SslPreference</summary>
/// <param name="e1">the value to compare against <paramref name="e2" /></param>
/// <param name="e2">the value to compare against <paramref name="e1" /></param>
/// <returns><c>true</c> if the two instances are equal to the same value</returns>
public static bool operator ==(Microsoft.Azure.PowerShell.Cmdlets.Workloads.Support.SslPreference e1, Microsoft.Azure.PowerShell.Cmdlets.Workloads.Support.SslPreference e2)
{
return e2.Equals(e1);
}
}
}
| 18,032 |
https://github.com/jeffsieu/beta-nuscomputing/blob/master/src/pages/404.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
0BSD
| null |
beta-nuscomputing
|
jeffsieu
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 37 | 95 |
import React from 'react'
import BaseContainer from '../components/base-container';
import { Typography } from '@material-ui/core'
const NotFoundPage: React.FC = () => {
return <BaseContainer title='404 Not Found'>
<Typography variant='h1'>404 Page not found :(</Typography>
</BaseContainer>;
}
export default NotFoundPage
| 30,693 |
US-210508D-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,167 | 1,798 |
Improvement in spring bed-bottoms
v 0. BABE. Spring Bed-Bottom.
NQ. 210,508. Patented Dec. 3,1878.
N. PETERS, PKOTO-LITMOGRAPDER, WASHINGTON, D, C.
UNITED STAT S PATENT OFFICE.
CHARLES EADE, OF- HONESDALE, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR T0 HIMSELF AND H. J.TARBLE, OF SAME PLACE.
IMPROVEMENT IN SPRING BED-BOTTOMS.
Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 210,508, dated December3, 1878 application filed 7 September 19, 1878.
To all whom it may concern:
Be it' known that I, CHARLES EADE, of l-Ionesdale, in the county of \V.yne and State of Pennsylvania, have invented new and useful Improvementsin Spring Bed-Bottoms; and I do hereby declare that the following is afull and exact description of the same, reference being had to theaccompanying drawings, and to the letters of reference marked thereon.
The object I have in view is to produce a spring bed-bottom which willretain its curved form and not become depressed at its center by use;will yield easily but gradually under pressure, without any sudden checkor stop to the movement; can be readily and conveniently taken apart,either for cleaning or moving, and packed closely for transportation,and at the same time will be light and strong, and cheap to manufacture;and my invention therein consists in the combination of longitudinal andtransverse trussed slats, to give a curved or raised form to the centerof the bedbottom, and to retain it in that shape; second, in thepeculiar manner of trussing the slats, and the construction of theplates for securing the trussin g-wire to the under side of the slats;third, in the peculiar means for removably securing the slats; and,further, in combination of the principal parts of my bed-bottom, asfully hereinafter explained. v
In the drawings, Figure l is a perspective view of the bed-bottom; Fig.2, a central longitudinal section of the same; Figs. 3 and 4, views ofthe upper faces of the plates for holding the trussing-wire to theslats; and Fig. 5, a side elevation of a modified form of my bed,Without supporting-springs at the head and foot.
Like letters denote corresponding parts.
At the head and foot of the bed-bottom are rigid end, bars orcross-pieces A A. The head cross-piece A has slots (1, which receive theends of the longitudinal slats B, and a strip, a, is secured to thecross-piece, covering all these slots except those, if any, which aremade for the two outside slats, retaining the ends of the slats in theslots, but allowing them to be moved cndwise.
The cross-piece A, at the foot, has similar slots; but thecovering-strip I), instead of being fastened to the cross-piece, likethe strip a, is pivoted thereto at one end, and secured at the other bya spring-wire clamp, b, and removable pin. The slots in the footcrosspiece A are narrower than those in the head cross-piece A and theslats are slotted on one side near their ends, to fit these narrowerslots.
'By these means the slats are removably secured to the cross-pieces, sothat they can be quickly taken out for cleaning or moving, and easilyreplaced. The bed can also be made of shorter length by moving the headcross-piece toward the other, and cut-ting oft the ends of the slatstill the desired length is obtained.
The two outside slats, C, are spring-trussed, and so are the cross-slatsD. The trussed cross-slats are preferably two in number, and are placedat equal distances on opposite sides of the longitudinal center of thebed-bottom, or nearer the head, if desired, and are secured at theirends to the longitudinal trussed slats by wire clamps 0. (Shown in apreviously-patented bed-bottom of my invention Patent cap, 01, recessedto receive the large ends ofdouble-coiled spiral springs E, the coils ofwhich are close wound at the small ends, and connected together andsecured to the caps by buttons, as shown in Patent No. 197,621.
Two small wood blocks, 0, are placed in the ends of the coils to eachspring, and through holes in these blocks is passed a wire, F, whichruns parallel to the sides of the slat, and is se cured to the bottom ofthe slat near its ends by metal plates f g.
The plate f, Fig. 3, is made of a general cir cular form, and has acentral hole, through which a screw or rivet is passed for securing theplate to the slat, and a flange, f, around its lower edge, above which,and between the same and the slat, the doubled portion of the wire isplaced.
The plate g, Fig. 4, is secured by a central hole near the other end ofthe slat, has one side rounded, and has a flange, g, over which the wireis passed, and grooves 9 into which the ends of the wire are bent.
Both plates f and 9, only 00min gin contact with the wire at one end andpartly 011 their sides, can have the other end formed square or round.
The wire F is stretched and the slat given an arched form beforesecuring the plate 9 in position, which, when fastened to the slat,firmly holds the wire.
The head and foot cross-pieces A A are support ed by intervening springs upon cross-pieces below, which rest on the side rails of thebedstead, and this is the preferred form for the heavier and moreexpensive bed-bottoms but for cheap and light bed-bottoms I use no otherspring than that given by the slats, and the cross-pieces A A, which aremade somewhat stronger than in the other bed-bottom, rest directly uponthe side rails, Fi 5; but otherwise this bed-bottom will be providedwith all the novel features described.
In the bed-bottom shown in Fig. 5, only one trussed cross-slat is used,for lightness and cheapness; but the number can be changed, as may befound necessary in the manufacture of the different grades ofbed-bottoms, without departing from the spirit of 1n yinvention.
\Vhat I claim as my invention is 1. In a spring bed-bottom, thecombination, with the slats B and end bars, A A, of the 1011- gitudinaland transverse slats G D, held in a curved form by spring-wiresstretched along their under sides, substantially as and for the purposeset forth.
2. In a bed-bottom, the combination, with a slat and a wire for holdingsuch slat in a curved form, of the metal plates f g, secured to oppositeends of such slat, the first plate being provided with a flange overwhich the wire is bent, and the second plate with a flange and withlocking-grooves to secure the ends of the wire, substantially asdescribed and shown.
3. In a bed-bottom, the notched slats B, setting into notches in one ofthe cross-pieces, and reinovably held by a pivoted strip, 1),substantially as described and shown.
4. In a bed-bottom, the combination of the notched cross-pieces A A,having fastened and pivoted strips a b, with the slats B,
notched on their sides near one end, substantially as described andshown.
5. In a bed-bottom, the combination of. the cross-pieces A A,removably-secured slats B, and longitudinal and transverse spring-trussed slats (J D, constructed and arranged substantially asdescribed and shown.
This specification signed and witnessed this 25th day of July, 1878.
CHARLES EADE.
Witnesses AARON DEWIN, JOHN MoIN'rosn.
| 11,519 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature%20prol%C3%A9tarienne
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Littérature prolétarienne
|
https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littérature prolétarienne&action=history
|
French
|
Spoken
| 4,084 | 7,438 |
La littérature prolétarienne est un courant littéraire qu'Henry Poulaille, fondateur du Groupe des écrivains prolétariens de langue française, connu aussi sous le nom d'« école prolétarienne » (terme que Poulaille désapprouvait), fut le premier à définir et organiser en France dans les années 1930.
Est défini par Poulaille, comme auteur prolétarien tout auteur :
né de parents ouvriers ou paysans,
autodidacte (ayant quitté tôt l'école pour travailler, ou à la rigueur ayant bénéficié d'une bourse — en général pour devenir instituteur dans le système primaire, « l'école des pauvres », à l'époque où deux systèmes scolaires cohabitaient),
et qui témoigne dans ses écrits des conditions d'existence de sa classe sociale.
La définition première précise aussi que l'auteur prolétarien doit continuer de gagner sa vie comme ouvrier ou comme paysan, mais plusieurs auteurs faisant exception à cette règle (à commencer par Poulaille lui-même qui a exercé divers métiers de 13 à 27 ans, mais s'est consacré ensuite à des activités moins « ouvrières » dans l'édition et le journalisme) sont cependant considérés comme auteurs prolétariens, du fait que leurs ouvrages et leur action restent orientés vers la défense du prolétariat et d'une expression littéraire spécifiquement ouvrière.
La littérature prolétarienne, entendue comme « des écrivains s'intéressant au prolétariat, et écrivant sur lui », ne se résume donc pas au groupe initié par Henry Poulaille dans les années 1930. Elle s'est développée et continue son expression sous des formes diverses et hors de toute « école littéraire ».
Histoire de la littérature prolétarienne
Les prémices (1913-1930)
Marcel Martinet est le premier à tenter de définir une culture spécifiquement prolétarienne. Très marqué par les Réflexions sur l'éducation (publiées en 1912-1913 dans La Vie Ouvrière), où l'instituteur syndicaliste Albert Thierry (1881-1915) revendique son appartenance de classe, et définit le « refus de parvenir », Martinet publie dès , dans l'Effort libre dirigé par Jean-Richard Bloch, un manifeste intitulé L'art prolétarien. Entre 1918 et 1923, il publie plusieurs articles qu'il rassemblera en 1935 dans le recueil Culture prolétarienne. De 1921 à 1924, il est directeur littéraire de L'Humanité ; il publie les premiers textes du jeune Henry Poulaille. Il fait se rencontrer Poulaille et Lucien Bourgeois et les incite à écrire d'un point de vue prolétarien. Bourgeois publie L'Ascension en 1925. En 1922, Poulaille rencontre Tristan Rémy et ensemble ils recherchent des écrivains ouvriers et paysans avec le projet de former un groupe littéraire. Une tentative semblable a lieu parallèlement en Belgique, sous l'impulsion d'Augustin Habaru, d'Albert Ayguesparse et de Pierre Hubermont.
Pendant cette même période, Victor Serge se tourne vers la littérature soviétique et la vie culturelle en URSS. Pour deux périodiques français, La Correspondance internationale et Clarté, il observe les nouvelles tendances nées après la Révolution de 1917 et parmi elles les essais de créer une culture (« le Proletkult ») et une littérature prolétariennes. Il analyse les nouvelles œuvres, comme celles de Vladimir Maïakovski. De 1922 à 1926, il écrit vingt-cinq articles. Dans l'un des derniers de ceux-ci, il interroge : « Une littérature prolétarienne est-elle possible ? ». Une part de ces articles est reprise en 1932 et publiée par la Librairie Georges Valois, sous le titre « Littérature et révolution ». Pour Victor Serge la littérature prolétarienne est un moyen de combat et d'émancipation dans « une culture du prolétariat militant ».
À partir de 1925, Poulaille, directeur littéraire du quotidien de la CGT Le Peuple, s'active infatigablement pour diffuser des ouvrages de Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz, Blaise Cendrars, Upton Sinclair, Panaït Istrati, Henri Pourrat, etc.
Le groupe des écrivains prolétariens
En 1930, la réflexion de Poulaille sur la littérature prolétarienne arrive à maturité, et il développe ses théories dans un essai, Nouvel âge littéraire. Cet ouvrage a un fort retentissement, et de nombreux écrivains prolétaires commencent à se rassembler autour de Poulaille. En , Tristan Rémy, Marc Bernard et d'autres dont Poulaille forment le Groupe des écrivains prolétariens, qui publie aussitôt un Bulletin des écrivains prolétariens, dans le premier numéro duquel paraît un manifeste intitulé Notre position et signé par 36 auteurs (cf. liste ci-après).
Poulaille fonde des revues pour diffuser les auteurs ouvriers (Nouvel âge, 1931, 12 numéros ; Prolétariat, 1933, 12 numéros ; À contre courant (sans tiret), 1935-1936, 12 numéros). Il est aussi invité par Emmanuel Mounier à publier dans sa revue Esprit un Cahier de littérature prolétarienne de 30 pages (1936-1937, 4 numéros). Pour sa part, Henry Poulaille s'appuie sur Le Peuple, quotidien de la CGT, où il n'est plus directeur littéraire, et qui publie en feuilleton les trois premiers volumes du cycle autobiographique « Le Pain Quotidien » entre 1931 et 1937. Il n'est d'ailleurs pas le seul auteur « prolétarien » à être promu par ce journal. Ainsi en 1937-1938, Le Peuple publie les Mémoires d'un libertaire, de Charles Malato.
Au fil des années 1930, les attaques venant du PCF pleuvent de plus en plus durement sur Poulaille et le groupe prolétarien. Henri Barbusse et Marcel Martinet, quoique appartenant au PCF, continuent de soutenir Poulaille. Martinet publie en 1935 Culture prolétarienne, où il réaffirme des positions prolétariennes contre la ligne officielle du PCF (voir ci-dessous le paragraphe Peuple et littérature dans les années 1930). Mais Tristan Rémy, le compagnon des débuts, rejoint l'AEAR (Association des écrivains et artistes révolutionnaires, fondée par le PCF en ). Édouard Peisson, Léon Gerbe, Marc Bernard rejoignent une association impulsée par la SFIO. Jean Fréville, Louis Aragon ou Paul Nizan invectivent le chef de file de l'école prolétarienne dans la presse communiste, essentiellement en raison des prises de position de celui-ci contre le stalinisme (affaire Victor Serge en 1935-1936, procès de Moscou). En 1937, en raison de nombreux départs, le Groupe prolétarien n'a plus d'existence concrète.
Le , Poulaille, Paul-Adolphe Loffler, René Bonnet, Ferdinand Teulé, Édouard Peisson et J. Romagne ouvrent Le Musée du soir. Il s'agit d'un local destiné aux ouvriers : une bibliothèque met à leur disposition des livres, des revues, journaux et brochures, des expositions de photos ou de gravures y sont organisées, ainsi que des rencontres avec des écrivains. 300 livres sont prêtés chaque mois. Il y aura jusqu'à 450 adhérents en 1939. Mais la guerre survient et Le Musée du soir ferme en 1940. D'autres chiffres mêmes sur cette expérience limitée, 450 lecteurs, mais 157 ouvriers et ouvrières parmi eux, posent la question de la réception de cette littérature : à quels lecteurs s'adresse-t-elle ?
Signataires du manifeste du « groupe des écrivains prolétariens » (1932)
Georges Altman, Francis André, Pierre Autry, Albert Ayguesparse, T.-L. Bancal, Marc Bernard, Victor Crastre, H.V. Crouzy, Eugène Dabit, Georges David, Oscar David, Maurice Fombeure, Lucien Gachon, Léon Gerbe, Edouard Haine, Augustin Habaru, Pierre Hubermont, Fernand Jouan, Michel Lévit, Marcel Lapierre, Jean Loubes, Constant Malva, Ludovic Massé, Pierre Manhi, Henri Philippon, Henry Poulaille, Charles Plisnier, Édouard Peisson, Jean Perwez, Jules Reboul, Tristan Rémy, Victor Serge, Albert Soulillou, Joseph Voisin, Edmond Vandercammen, Charles Wolff, Charles Bontoux-Morel, Constant Burniaux, René Lelu, Magdeleine Paz, Sander Pierron.
Après 1945
Après la guerre, Poulaille souhaite reformer un Groupe Prolétarien, et pour cela il crée une nouvelle revue (Maintenant, 1945-1948, 10 numéros) : cette revue rassemble des anciens (Lucien Bourgeois, Émile Guillaumin, Charles Plisnier, René Bonnet, Ludovic Massé… et même Tristan Rémy), elle favorise aussi l'apparition de nouveaux venus qui vont prendre la relève de la défense d'une littérature spécifiquement ouvrière et paysanne (Roger Boutefeu, Jules Mougin, Michel Maurette, Bénigno Cacérès, Michel Ragon…). Cacérès fonde en la revue Peuple et Culture. Ragon fonde la revue Les cahiers du Peuple (1946-1947, 3 numéros), publie deux livres, Les écrivains du peuple (1947) et Histoire de la littérature ouvrière (1953), et fonde avec Jean L'Anselme la revue Peuple et poésie (1947-1951).
Charles Bourgeois fonde en 1946 le « Groupe des écrivains paysans », qui édite un bulletin auquel participe Emile Guillaumin. D'autres revues, certes confidentielles, vont naître et permettre aux auteurs ouvriers et paysans d'être publiés : Faubourgs (1949), Après l'boulot (1953-1956), Le Musée du Soir (1954-1968), etc.
Dans les années 1970, les défenseurs de la littérature prolétarienne ne désarment pas : fondation de la revue et des éditions Plein Chant par Edmond Thomas (1971 jusqu'à aujourd'hui), fondation de l'Association des Écrivains Paysans (1972, encore active aujourd'hui sous le nom d'AEAP), fondation en 1972 de l'association Les amis d'Henry Poulaille et de la littérature d'expression populaire, publication de Histoire de la littérature prolétarienne de langue française de Michel Ragon (1974).
Encore aujourd'hui, la littérature prolétarienne (ou ) est le sujet de publications, de débats publics, d'études. constate une thèse universitaire soutenue en 2017.
Peuple et littérature dans les années 1930
Ce courant de la littérature prolétarienne se distingue de deux autres courants littéraires des années 1920-1935, le populisme contre lequel il s'est d'abord défini, et les courants portés par le Parti communiste français (PCF). Les polémiques et les attaques sont vives entre ces courants, mais nombre d'écrivains prolétariens s'y reconnaissent, simultanément ou tour à tour, sans établir de frontières étanches entre eux. Xavier Vigna, souligne dans L'espoir et l'effroi, synthèse parue en 2016, sur « les écritures de la classe ouvrière et les écritures sur elle », les faiblesses de la position d'Henry Poulaille :
« Certains écrivains qui pourraient se réclamer de la littérature prolétarienne la refusent par crainte d'être cantonnés à une catégorie littéraire vouée seulement à l'évocation. Le projet même est contesté (…) (car) l'origine sociale, garantissant l'authenticité du propos, ne peut suffire à la prise d'écriture. Le classement (opéré par Poulaille) a pour inconvénients de durcir les oppositions et d'écarter toute une série de production qui peinent à se réclamer d'un courant littéraire et/ou politique »
Le populisme (André Thérive et Léon Lemonnier, Manifeste du populisme, 1929) prend le peuple comme sujet de fiction ; il prône un retour au naturalisme du qui, dans la foulée de George Sand puis Zola, avait affiché un intérêt pour les humbles, le peuple, le monde ouvrier et paysan. Réagissant contre cette tendance une fois encore amorcée par des écrivains extérieurs au prolétariat, Henry Poulaille fonde le Groupe prolétarien, affirmant que des écrivains issus du peuple sont les mieux à même de parler du peuple. La confusion est entretenue encore de nos jours entre les deux courants, confusion s'appuyant notamment sur le fait que le groupe populiste a attribué certaines années son prix littéraire (Prix du roman populiste) à des auteurs du groupe prolétarien : Eugène Dabit et Tristan Rémy ont accepté ce prix. Plus tard Louis Guilloux, René Fallet font de même. Henry Poulaille, intransigeant, s'y refuse et le fait savoir, en 1935, lorsque son nom est avancé lors de la publication de son livre Les Damnés de la terre.
Parallèlement, le PCF, dans sa presse et dans ses éditions, ressent la nécessité d'utiliser la littérature comme moyen d'agit-prop au service de son combat politique.Dans une première période de tâtonnement (1921-1932), Marcel Martinet, puis Henri Barbusse ont carte blanche, et ils soutiennent les auteurs du Groupe prolétarien, qu'ils publient dans L'Humanité puis dans Monde.
Mais dès 1931-1932, le vent tourne, de nouvelles directives, parfois contradictoires, arrivent d'Union soviétique. L'Humanité et la revue Commune, organe de l'Association des Écrivains et Artistes Révolutionnaires (AEAR), publient alors de violentes attaques contre le groupe de Poulaille, par les plumes de Jean Fréville, puis de Louis Aragon et Paul Nizan, qui adhérent en 1937 à la nouvelle théorie importée de « Moscou », le « réalisme socialiste ».
Pour le PCF, l'important n'était pas que les écrivains appartiennent au prolétariat, mais qu'ils appartiennent au Parti. Or la majorité des auteurs prolétariens, comme la majorité des ouvriers politisés et des syndicalistes avant 1935, n'étaient pas marxistes, mais plutôt proches des différents courants de ce qu'on a appelé le « socialisme anti-autoritaire » (anarchistes ou libertaires, proudhonniens, fourieristes, syndicalistes révolutionnaires, etc.). Comme l'écrivait Paul-Adolphe Loffler, écrivain communiste hongrois ami de Poulaille, dans son Journal en 1931 :
Des voix, différentes de celles de Poulaille et ses amis, défendant une conception moins « anarchisante » de la littérature prolétarienne se font cependant entendre. Ainsi lors du Premier congrès international des écrivains pour la défense de la culture, tenu en 1935, la romancière Georgette Guéguen-Dreyfus, intervient au nom des « écrivains prolétariens révolutionnaires ».
Hors de France
La classification des auteurs prolétariens français mise en œuvre et théorisée par Henry Poulaille ne semble pas adaptée au regard des littératures d'autres pays hormis la proche Belgique. Spécialiste de la littérature prolétarienne belge, Paul Aron dégage quelques figures, à la suite des ouvrages de Poulaille et de Michel Ragon : Neel Doff, Francis André, Albert Ayguesparse, Augustin Habaru, Pierre Hubermont, Constant Malva, Charles Plisnier, Jean Tousseul, mais constate que « la bibliographie concernant la Belgique est pauvre et lacunaire. » Voir aussi Yves Le Manach.
En Suède il y a une « école prolétarienne suédoise » : Harry Martinson, Eyvind Johnson, Stig Dagerman, Vilhelm Moberg, Ivar Lo-Johansson, Folke Fridell, Jan Guillou, Josef Kjellgren, etc.
Des noms d'écrivains ayant le « profil prolétarien » sont discernables, sans qu'on puisse parler, semble-t-il, de courant littéraire :
aux États-Unis : Erskine Caldwell, Howard Fast, Jack London , Upton Sinclair, et plus contemporains, Henry Roth, Charles Bukowski, Frank McCourt, Iain Levison.
en Angleterre : Thomas Hardy, et plus contemporain, Alan Sillitoe.
en Union soviétique et en Russie : Maxime Gorki, Boris Pilniak, Alexandre Fadeïev, Fédor Gladkov, Nicolas Ostrovski, Constantin Paoustovski.
en Norvège : Knut Hamsun, Johan Bojer.
au Danemark : Martin Andersen Nexø.
en Allemagne: Erich Mühsam, Alfons Petzold, Ernst Toller, Hans Marchwitza, Johannes Robert Becher, Theodor Plievier, Leonhard Frank, Anna Seghers.
en Autriche : Else Feldmann.
en Hongrie : Andreas Latzko.
en Pologne: Stanisław Brzozowski, Bruno Jasieński, Jerzy Putrament.
au Brésil : Jorge Amado, Patrícia Galvão dite Pagu.
au Japon : Noburu Katagami, critique littéraire japonais, Korehito Kurahara, Takiji Kobayashi, Yuriko Miyamoto,Taiko Hirabayashi.
en Italie : Ermanno Rea, Antonio Pennacchi.
Formes littéraires
La littérature prolétarienne se compose principalement de récits. Pour autant il y a une forte tendance à éviter, consciemment ou non, le romanesque ou l'esthétisme. Les récits prennent plutôt la forme de témoignages, de chroniques, d'autobiographies, de souvenirs, voire de confessions. Certaines autobiographies de militants ouvriers entrent dans cette catégorie.
Il y a cependant des romans. Il existe aussi une tradition poétique, marginale, mais constante (depuis Rutebeuf).
Cette tradition poétique s'exprime aussi et surtout sous la forme chansonnière tout au long des et siècles. Elle véhicule alors, souvent, des idées révolutionnaires. Les productions les plus connues de cette forme d'expression d'abord littéraire puis orale sont L'Internationale, Le Chant des canuts, La Chanson de Craonne, etc. La chanson réaliste se situe également dans le registre de cette littérature du peuple.
Les auteurs
Des écrivains ouvriers et paysans écrivaient avant que Poulaille et ses comparses ne proposent un cadre rassembleur. Depuis la disparition du Groupe prolétarien, d'autres auteurs « prolétariens » n'ont pas cessé d'écrire, jusqu'à nos jours… même si le mot « prolétarien » a un usage moins courant aujourd'hui que dans les années 1930-1960.
La littérature prolétarienne comprend de très nombreux auteurs. Thierry Maricourt en présente 381 dans son Dictionnaire des auteurs prolétariens, Paul Feller en avait recensé 850 dans un catalogue établi en 1960), de nombreux chefs-d'œuvre, de rares succès : Marie-Claire, de Marguerite Audoux, Travaux, de Georges Navel…
Certains de ces ouvrages ont été publiés en collection de poche et peuvent encore se trouver.
Des précurseurs aux années 1930
Poulaille, Ragon et d'autres ont reconnu comme précurseurs des écrivains issus du peuple et autodidactes :
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (les Confessions, 1781-1788)
Jacques-Louis Ménétra (Histoire de ma vie, 1764), ouvrier vitrier parisien, inconnu jusqu'à sa découverte par l'historien Daniel Roche en 1982
Jules Michelet (Le Peuple, 1846, ; Ma jeunesse, posthume 1884)
Les écrivains ouvriers avant et après la révolution de 1848 :
Louis Gabriel Gauny, menuisier parisien, dont l'œuvre, redécouvert par Jacques Rancière près de cent ans après sa mort, est publié en 1983 (sous le titre Le philosophe plébéien)
Agricol Perdiguier (Mémoires d'un compagnon, 1854)
Norbert Truquin (Mémoires et aventures d'un prolétaire, 1888)
Joseph Benoît (Confessions d'un prolétaire, 1881, publiées en … 1968)
Martin Nadaud un maçon de la Creuse (Mémoires de Léonard, ancien garçon maçon, 1895)
Les ouvriers, écrivains témoins et acteurs de la Commune de Paris, non cités par Henry Poulaille, peuvent être nommés ici tels Benoît Malon ou :
Jean Allemane (Mémoires d'un communard, 1906)
Jean-Baptiste Dumay (Mémoires d'un militant ouvrier du Creusot, manuscrit composé pour l'essentiel avant 1886, publié partiellement en 1976)
Louise Michel (Mémoires, 1886)
Maxime Vuillaume (Mes cahiers rouges au temps de la Commune.)
La trilogie autobiographique de Jules Vallès peut se rattacher à cette période (L'Enfant, 1879, Le Bachelier, 1881, L'Insurgé, 1886)
Les écrivains ouvriers et paysans immédiatement précurseurs de l'école prolétarienne :
Charles-Louis Philippe (Bubu de Montparnasse, 1901)
Emile Guillaumin (La vie d'un simple, 1904)
Charles Malato (La Grande Grève, 1905)
Lucien Jean (Parmi les hommes, 1901-1908, posthume 1910)
Marguerite Audoux (Marie-Claire, 1909)
Pierre Hamp (cycle La peine des hommes)
Neel Doff (Jours de famine et de détresse, 1911, Keetje, 1919)
Louis Nazzi
les frères Bonneff…
Poulaille et Martinet considéraient aussi comme des précurseurs essentiels :
Albert Thierry (Réflexions sur l'éducation, posthume 1923)
et Charles Ferdinand Ramuz
Les auteurs du groupe prolétarien
Marcel Martinet (Culture prolétarienne, essai, 1935)
Lucien Bourgeois (1882-1947) (L'ascension, 1925)
Henry Poulaille (Le pain quotidien, 1931, Seul dans la vie à 14 ans, posthume 1980, etc.)
Tristan Rémy (Porte Clignancourt, 1928)
Eugène Dabit (Hôtel du Nord, 1929)
Marc Bernard (Pareils à des enfants, 1941)
Constant Malva (Histoire de ma mère et de mon oncle Fernand, 1932)
Édouard Peisson (Hans le marin, 1934)
Ludovic Massé (Le mas des Oubells, 1933, Le refus, écrit en 1947, publié en 1962)
Henriette Valet (Madame 60 bis, 1934, réédité en 2019)…
Les auteurs prolétariens publiant à la même époque
Panaït Istrati (Kyra Kyralina, 1923, Oncle Anghel, 1924, etc.)
Louis Guilloux (La maison du peuple, 1927, Le sang noir, 1935)
Jean Guéhenno (Caliban parle, 1928, Changer la vie, 1961)
Jean Pallu (1898-1975) (L'usine, 1931)
Jean Giono (Jean le bleu, 1932)
Jean Malaquais (Les Javanais, 1939, Planète sans visa, 1947)…
D'hier à aujourd'hui
Les auteurs après 1945
Les auteurs après 1968
Autres
Le cas d'Annie Ernaux (La Place, 1984) est particulier. Elle ne témoigne pas en tant que prolétaire, mais en tant que : poussée par ses parents à , elle ne parvient en réalité jamais à se sentir appartenir à la bourgeoisie, mais elle n'appartient plus non plus à la culture de ses parents. Elle raconte ce déchirement, notamment dans deux ouvrages remarquables, le premier écrit à la mort de son père (La place, 1983), le second écrit à la mort de sa mère (Une femme, 1989).
Des écrivains contemporains appartenant à la classe ouvrière continuent d'écrire, sans intermédiaire :
des enfants de travailleurs immigrés : Mehdi Charef (Le Thé au harem d'Archi Ahmed, 1983), Azouz Begag (Le Gone du Chaâba, 1986).
des : Charlie Bauer (Fractures d'une vie, 1990), Alexandre Dumal (Je m'appelle Reviens, récit autobiographique d'un mauvais garçon étonnamment publié dans la Série noire, 1995), Abdel Hafed Benotman (Éboueur sur échafaud, 2003).
Aurélie Lopez est l'auteure dAurélie, journal d'une O.S aux éditions ouvrières (1979).
Jean-Pierre Levaray, publie en 2002 avec Putain d'usine, en 2003 Classe fantôme, en 2005 Une année ordinaire, journal d'un prolo, etc.
Daniel Martinez livre en 2003 ses Carnets d'un intérimaire, aux Éditions Agone, Marseille.
Silien Larios, ouvrier de PSA Aulnay, publie en 2013 un roman L’Usine des cadavres. La revue Europe publie dans son numéro 1051-1052 (novembre-) des extraits de son roman encore inédit : La tour de Malévoz. En , les éditions Crise et Tentation publient l'intégralité de La tour de Malévoz sous forme de conte avec des peintures de Philippe Faghérazzi.
Patrice Thibaudeaux publie en 2016 L’Usine nuit et jour, journal d’un intérimaire aux éditions Plein Chant.
La poésie et la chanson « rouge »
Les poètes du groupe prolétarien : Marcel Martinet (Les temps maudits, 1917), Tristan Rémy (recueil Prolétariat, 1932), Jules Mousseron, poète mineur, Francis André, poète paysan (Poèmes paysans, 1929), Jules Mougin (Le comptable du ciel, 1960).
Albertine Sarrazin
Les chansonniers : Pierre Dupont, Achille Le Roy, Eugène Pottier, Jean-Baptiste Clément, Maurice Boukay, Jehan-Rictus, Étienne Pédron, Clovis Hugues, Gaston Couté, Eugène Bizeau, etc.
Citations
Tristan Rémy
Marcel Martinet
Marcel Martinet
Marcel Martinet
Henry Poulaille
Michel Ragon
Marc Bernard
Notes et références
Voir aussi
Bibliographie
Henry Poulaille, Nouvel âge littéraire, Librairie Valois, 1930.
Victor Serge, Littérature et révolution, Librairie Valois, 1932; réédition augmentée, « petite collection maspero » (PCM), éditions Maspero, 1976.
Marcel Martinet, Culture prolétarienne, Librairie du travail, 1935; réédition, PCM, éditions Maspero, 1976
Michel Ragon, Les écrivains du peuple, 1947; Histoire de la littérature ouvrière, éditions ouvrières, Paris, 1953; Histoire de la littérature prolétarienne de langue française, Albin Michel, 1974, nouvelle édition 1986, édité en poche 2006.
Pierre Brochon, La chanson française. Le reflet du pauvre (1834-1851), « les classiques du peuple », éditions sociales, Paris, 1957.
Bénigno Cacérès, Regards neufs sur les autodidactes, coll. « peuple et culture », éditions du Seuil, Paris, 1960.
Georges Cogniot (présentation), La lyre d'airain. Poésie populaire et démocratique (1815-1918), coll. « Les classiques du peuple », éditions sociales, 1964.
Émile Copfermann, Le théâtre populaire, pourquoi ?, éditions Maspero, 1965
Paul A. Loffler, Chronique de la littérature prolétarienne française de 1930 à 1939, Plein Chant, 1967; réédition, 1975.
Entretiens, N° 33, Henry Poulaille, éditions Subervie, Rodez, 1975 (Nombreuses contributions sur et autour d'Henry Poulaille et son courant littéraire)
Europe, La littérature prolétarienne en question, N° 575-576, mars-.
Robert Brécy, Florilège de la chanson révolutionnaire de 1789 au front populaire, éditions Hier et demain, 1978 ; Autour de La Muse rouge (Groupe de poètes et de chansonniers révolutionnaires) 1901-1939, éditions Christian Pirot, Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire, 1991 .
Collectif, Quelques Écrivains du Peuple, Cahiers Trimestriels de Littérature, Plein Chant, Été 1979. (Contient des textes de Lucien Bourgeois, Emile Guillaumin, Lucien Jean, Constant Malva, Marcel Martinet, Charles-Louis Philippe, Henry Poulaille et Albert Thierry).
Edmond Thomas, Voix d'en bas, la poésie ouvrière du XIXe siècle, collection , éditions Maspero, Paris, 1979.
Jacques Rancière, La nuit des prolétaires. Archives du rêve ouvrier, Fayard, 1981, repris en poche en 1997, Pluriel-Hachette.
Pierre Abraham et Roland Desné (direction), Histoire littéraire de la France, volume VI (de 1913 à nos jours), éditions sociales, 1982, 920 p.
Émilien Carassus, Les grèves imaginaires, éditions du CNRS, Paris, 1982, 247 p.
Philippe Bouquet, La Bêche & la Plume (- I. L'aventure du roman prolétarien suédois, 1986. - II. Un matin de novembre. Nouvelles choisies et traduites par Philippe Bouquet, 1987. - III. L'écrivain et la société. Textes choisis et traduits par Philippe Bouquet, 1988) aux éditions Plein Chant.
Michel Verret, La culture ouvrière, ACL éditions, Saint-Sébastien (Loire-Atlantique), 1988, 300 p.
René Garguilo (textes réunis par), Poulaille et la littérature prolétarienne 1920-1940, Le Plein siècle 2, La Revue des Lettres modernes, Paris, 1989.
Philippe Geneste, Visages de la littérature prolétarienne contemporaine, Acratie, 1992.
Thierry Maricourt, Henry Poulaille, éditions Manya, 1992, 275 p.
Thierry Maricourt, Dictionnaire des auteurs prolétariens de langue française de la Révolution à nos jours, Encrage, Amiens, 1994, 254 p.
Paul Aron, La littérature prolétarienne en Belgique francophone depuis 1900, Labor, 1995.
Sophie Béroud, Tania Régin (direction), Le roman social. Littérature, histoire et mouvement ouvrier, édition de l'Atelier, Paris, 2002, 286 p.
André Not, Jérôme Radwan (études réunies par), Autour d'Henry Poulaille et de la littérature prolétarienne, Publications de l'Université de Provence, Aix-en-Provence, 2003, 238 p.
Christian Chevandier, La Fabrique d'une génération. Georges Valero, postier, militant, écrivain, Les Belles Lettres, 2009, 432 p.
Jean Prugnot, Des voix ouvrières. Précurseurs, écrivains, militants, éditeurs, coll. , éditions Plein Chant, Bassac, 2016, 414 p.
Xavier Vigna, L'espoir et l'effroi. Luttes d'écritures et luttes de classes en France au , éditions La Découverte, Paris, 2016. 314 p.
Éliane Le Port, Écrire sa vie, devenir auteur. Le témoignage ouvrier depuis 1945, éditions EHESS, Paris, 2021, 304 p.
Revues
Plein Chant
Marginales
Henry Poulaille, Itinéraire : une vie, une pensée, , 1994, 92 pages
Collections
La collection Marginales (éditions Agone), publie des auteurs prolétariens, notamment suédois (Harry Martinson, Eyvind Johnson, Stig Dagerman, Jan Guillou…)
Les Éditions Plein Chant publient des auteurs prolétariens dans la collection « Voix d'en bas » (Jules Mougin, Emile Guillaumin, Constant Malva, Louis Nazzi, Josepkh Kjellgren, etc.) (Auguste Brepson, Un Gosse, Paris, Ed.Rieder, 1928, ré-édité aux éditions Plein Chant, 2017) ainsi, notamment, que les Cahiers Henri Poulaille et les trois volumes de Philippe Bouquet signalés ci-dessus.
Liens externes
Bibliographie : les romans sur le mouvement ouvrier (1850-1900) par la Médiathèque Louis Aragon de Martigues.
Site entièrement consacré à la littérature ouvrière : auteurs référencés.
La revue Prolétariat, site gallica.bnf
Mouvement littéraire
Littérature française
Culture wallonne
Travail dans l'art et la culture
Mouvement ouvrier
Prolétariat
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https://github.com/skqr/angular2-tour-of-heroes/blob/master/app/json-api/env.service.ts
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Apache-2.0
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angular2-tour-of-heroes
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skqr
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TypeScript
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Code
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import { Injectable } from "@angular/core";
import * as _ from "lodash";
@Injectable()
export class Environment {
private NAMESPACE: string = "envVars";
public envName: string = "dev";
public apiUrl: string = "http://localhost:5000";
constructor(
private _window: Window
) {
if (this.NAMESPACE in _window) {
_.forEach(["envName", "apiUrl"], (name: string) => {
if (name in _window[this.NAMESPACE]) this[name] = _window[this.NAMESPACE][name];
});
}
}
}
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Fachdienst der Bundesagentur für Arbeit
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https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fachdienst der Bundesagentur für Arbeit&action=history
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German
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Spoken
| 19 | 38 |
Fachdienst der Bundesagentur für Arbeit steht für:
Berufspsychologischer Service der Bundesagentur für Arbeit
Ärztlicher Dienst der Bundesagentur für Arbeit
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US-201213572772-A_2
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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English
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Spoken
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18. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of transmitting the state information that was received from the embedded computer device to the embedded computer device to be restored on the embedded computer device comprises: transmitting the state information that was received from the embedded computer device and an encrypted symmetric encryption key with which the embedded computer device can decrypt the state information to the embedded computer device.
19. A computer system for updating software on an embedded computer device, the computer system comprising: one or more processors, one or more computer-readable memories, one or more computer-readable tangible storage devices, and program instructions stored on at least one of the one or more computer-readable tangible storage devices that, when executed by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more computer-readable memories, perform the method of claim
13. 20. A computer program product for updating software on an embedded computer device, the computer program product comprising: one or more computer-readable tangible storage devices, and program instructions stored on at least one of the one or more computer-readable tangible storage devices that, when executed by at least one processor via at least one computer-readable memory, perform the method of claim
13..
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekk%C5%8D%20no%20Carnevale
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Gekkō no Carnevale
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Spoken
| 330 | 583 |
is a Japanese eroge visual novel developed by Nitroplus that was released on January 26, 2007. Gekkō no Carnevale has been adapted into a manga, a light novel, and a drama CD. It is a story set in a Gothic world.
Plot and Setting
The story takes place in a city resembling Italy, known as Belmonte, with the technology levels resembling levels in the late 19th century. In this city there are human-sized mechanical dolls known as "Automata" who serve the people of the city.
The protagonist, Romeo, is a taxi driver who was originally involved in an organization known as the "Orma Rossa"(Red Mark). He finds an automata in the shape of a young woman, who appears to have amnesia. He names her Anna and they start living together. However, sometime later, the Orma Rossa begin to catch up to Romeo, and an organization composed of automata also appears; thus, Romeo must fight to protect his current life.
Voice Actors
Romeo - Michinobu Kayama
Anna - Miyabi Himeno
Lunaria - Kaori Mizuhashi
Noel - Mia Naruse
Germano - Kamezō Yushiyanagi
Rebecca - Kaori Okuda
Valentino - Dai Matsuri
Guglielmo - Kazuya Ichijo
Silvio - Kurōzaemon Matsugami
Carmelo - Makoto Yasumura
Marcantonio - Daisuke Sasaki
Iris - Runa Sakaki
Perla - Kisato Shinuchi
Korunarina - Erena Kaibara
Pius - Kōtei
Alternaria - Mia Kureno
Davide - Kyōnosuke Hiruma
Paolo - Itsuki Akiyama
Fabio - Ryou Majima
Bice - Megumi Yuki
Reception
In the first half of the year of 2007, Gekkō no Carnevale was able to net enough sales to place it as the 50th highest selling visual novel on Getchu.com.
References
External links
Gekkou no Carnevale's official website
2007 Japanese novels
2007 manga
2007 video games
Akita Shoten manga
Anime and manga set in Italy
Bishōjo games
Eroge
Gagaga Bunko
Japan-exclusive video games
Light novels
Nitroplus
Shōnen manga
Video games about taxis
Dolls in fiction
Werewolf video games
Video games developed in Japan
Visual novels
Windows games
Windows-only games
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Emotional Determinants of Categorical Accentuation
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Saša Drače
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Spoken
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Drače Saša, Faculty of Philosophy, Franje Račkog 1, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and
Herzegovina. E-pošta: dracesasa@gmail.com Abstract The present study aimed to provide preliminary evidence for the role of uncertainty related emotions
in categorical accentuation. Participants had to estimate the length of lines varying in length, which
depending on the conditions were or were not associated with categorical labels. To explore the
emotional determinants of categorical accentuation we included additional label condition, in which
participants were induced to feel fear (i.e. the emotion theoretically defined by the appraisal of low
certainty). Consistent with the past research the results revealed a classic accentuation effect with
participants in label condition showing higher differentiation at category boundaries compared to
those in no label condition. More importantly, this effect was strengthened in the condition in which
participants were induced with fear suggesting that uncertainty-related emotions could play an
important role in the accentuation phenomenon. Keywords: categorical accentuation, emotion, cognitive appraisal, uncertainty Psihologijske teme, 30 (2021), 2, 271-278
Kratko izvješće
https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.30.2.6
UDK: 159.942.072 Psihologijske teme, 30 (2021), 2, 271-278
Kratko izvješće
https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.30.2.6
UDK: 159.942.072 Introduction More than half a century ago, research in social psychology has provided
evidence that categorization of physical or social objects produces perceptual
accentuation of differences between categories on dimensions believed to be
associated with the categorization (for review see Hugenberg & Sacco, 2008). In a
classic demonstration of this phenomenon, Tajfel and Wilkes (1963) asked
participants to judge a series of lines that varied in monotonically decreasing length. In one condition no category labels for lines were given. In the second condition,
lines were randomly associated with two different labels. Finally, in the third
condition lines were associated with two different labels such that long lines were
given one label and short lines were given another label. This last condition simulated
an explicit comparison context for both categories, and results showed that in this
condition the difference between perceivers’ estimates of the lengths of the two
stimuli nearest the category boundary was exaggerated (compared with the other two
conditions). Since this seminal work similar accentuation effect has been 271 PSIHOLOGIJSKE TEME, 30 (2021), 2, 271-278 successfully replicated within a large range of physical and social stimuli (e.g., Eiser
& Van der Pligt, 1982; Foroni & Rothbart, 2011; Goldstone, 1995; Krueger &
Clement, 1994; Levin & Banaji, 2006), and has proven to persist even when the
category labels have been removed (Foroni & Rothbart, 2013). Recent empirical evidence has suggested that the perceptual accentuation of
categorical differences may be strengthened when the task is more complex, and
people are presumably less certain of their judgments. For instance, using classic
Tajfel and Wilkes’s (1963) paradigm, Corneille and his associates (Corneille et al.,
2002) asked Belgian and American participants to perform line estimate task using
either familiar or unfamiliar measurement units. Consistent with the original findings
by Tajfel and Wilkes (1963) participants’ differentiation at category boundaries was
higher when the lines were systematically categorized than when they were not. Crucially, this effect was stronger when participants reported their estimates in an
unfamiliar measurement unit (i.e., Belgian participants using inches, and American
participants using centimetres), suggesting that the categorical accentuation is more
likely to emerge under conditions of higher uncertainty of judgment (also see
Petersen et al., 2014; Sherman et al., 2009). In the present paper, we extend this research by focusing on the emotional
determinants of the accentuation effect. Introduction More precisely, we propose that emotions,
which embody an underlying appraisal of uncertainty about the world, will lead
people to feel more uncertain which in turn should enhance the perception of
between-category differences. In line with this idea, we think the Appraisal-
Tendency Framework (ATF; Lerner & Keltner, 2001) could provide an interesting
theoretical background wherein these emotional effects may be studied and
explained. Drawing on cognitive appraisal models of emotion elicitation (e.g., Smith &
Ellsworth, 1985) ATF proposes that the appraisal dimensions underlying the
triggering of specific emotion can also influence the appraisal of the current situation. The ATF summarizes these processes as “appraisal tendencies”. For instance, fear
and anger, although negative in valence, differ markedly in the appraisal dimension
of certainty, characterized by the feeling of being certain, understanding what is
happening, and predicting what will happen next. Whereas fear is defined by an
appraisal of low certainty, anger is defined by an appraisal of high certainty. On the
other side, happiness, although of positive valence, is associated with an elevated
sense of certainty, just like anger (Smith & Ellsworth, 1985). Accordingly, these
appraisals would lead individuals who experience anger to consider their
environment as certain whereas those experiencing fear would assess the
environment as being uncertain. Consequently, appraisal tendencies activated by
each specific emotion are expected to play a determining role in shaping the
perception of a subsequent unrelated situation. In line with this idea, Tiedens and
Linton (2001) conducted a series of studies and found that participants, who were
induced to feel fear or worry reported a higher level of task uncertainty than those 272 Drače, S., Čehajić, M.: j
Emotions and Categorical Accentuation who were induced to feel happiness or disgust. Moreover, these differences in the
certainty appraisal mediated the effect of corresponding emotions on information
processing (e.g., reliance on stereotypes). Similar results were observed in various
contexts involving the effects of discrete emotions on the risk perception (e.g., Lu et
al., 2013), decision-making (e.g., Bagneux et al., 2012) or beliefs in conspiracy
theories (e.g., Whiston et al., 2015). By extension, we expected that the emotions, defined by the appraisal of low
certainty, should exert corresponding influence on the perceptual accentuation of
categorical differences. Introduction To test this hypothesis, we used the classic Tajfel and
Wilkes’ (1963) paradigm in which participants were asked to estimate the length of
each of the eight lines under one of the two main conditions: no label condition in
which no category labels were given, and label condition, in which letter “a” was
systematically paired with each of four shorter lines, while the letter “b” was
systematically paired with each of four longer lines. To explore the emotional
determinants of categorical accentuation we included additional label condition in
which participants were exposed to the experimental induction of fear. As mentioned
before, previous research has provided converging evidence that fear is strongly
related to the cognitive appraisal of uncertainty (Smith & Ellsworth, 1985; Tiedens
& Linton, 2001). Thus, by choosing fear we expected to create the optimal conditions
in which the hypothetical effect of emotion could most likely emerge. Consistent
with the original work by Tajfel and Wilkes (1963), we expected that the presence
of meaningful categorical label would increase the accentuation of differences
between categories. Crucially, we also predicted that this accentuation effect would
be significantly strengthened in the condition in which participants were supposed to
feel uncertain due to fear induction. Method 1 We decided beforehand to collect at least 135 participants. This ensured 80% power to
detect a medium-sized effect for the planned comparison testing our model as calculated
by the PANGEA app. Because of group assignments, we ended up with more participants. Materials and Procedure Participants took part in groups of 4 in a large laboratory room (4 m x 6 m). They were seated in front of a personal computer without the possibility to interact
with each other. In order to disguise the purpose of the research, the experimenter
described the study as examining eyewitness testimony, which consisted of the two
stages. Stage one involved viewing a short movie / a series of pictures, which the
participants were asked to look at very carefully as they would be tested on what they
had seen at the end of the experiment. Stage two consisted of an unrelated perception
test, ostensibly to simulate real eyewitness report situations, in which there was a
time delay between seeing an event and describing it, during which the witness’s
attention was diverted by other stimuli. During the first stage participants in the label fear-induction condition were
exposed to a short excerpt (4 minutes) from the horror movie The Blair Witch Project
(Schaefer et al., 2010). On the other side, participants in the classic label and no label
conditions spent the same amount of time looking at a series of standardized and
neutral pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS; Lang et al.,
1995)2. Once they finished watching video excerpt (or pictures) participants rated to
what extent they felt various affective states (gleeful, angry, anxious, downhearted,
cheerful, scared, active, joyful, interested, nervous, sad, pleasant, unpleasant; 1 =
not at all; 4 = very much). In line with past research (Lerner & Keltner, 2001)
responses on items scared, anxious, and nervous were averaged to create a reliable
index of fear (Cronbach’s alpha = .76). Then participants were introduced to the
second stage, which corresponded to the main task (i.e., the estimates of line lengths). At this point, the experimental procedure followed similar steps as in the study by
Corneille et al. (2002). Participants were told that they would be presented with a
series of straight lines whose length they would have to estimate as precisely as
possible just by looking at them. It is important to note that, unlike past research in
which lines were presented in individual booklets, in the present case the evaluation
of stimuli was computer-assisted using E-Prime 2.0 software. Thus, participants were
first presented with 10 lines, each associated with an objective length indication (in
centimetres). 2 The IAPS codes for the pictures we used are: 2190, 2385, 2514, 2516, 2749, 2840, 2890,
5510, 5531, 5534, 7004, 7006, 7009, 7010, 7020, 7050, 7160, 7170, 7175, 7185, 7187,
7207, 7211, 7217, 7233, 7235. Participants One hundred and thirty-nine1 psychology undergraduates (118 women, M age
= 20.59 years; SD = 1.74) took part in exchange for course credit. Three were
excluded for failing to complete the line estimates, totalling to 136 participants (116
women, M age = 20.58 years; SD = 1.75) which were assigned to one of three
experimental conditions: no-Label (n = 43), Label (n = 46) or the Label-fear (n = 47). 1 We decided beforehand to collect at least 135 participants. This ensured 80% power to
detect a medium-sized effect for the planned comparison testing our model as calculated
by the PANGEA app. Because of group assignments, we ended up with more participants. 273 PSIHOLOGIJSKE TEME, 30 (2021), 2, 271-278 Materials and Procedure These lines remained on the computer screen for 30 seconds so the
participants could familiarize themselves with the objective length proportion of
stimuli in centimetres. Then prior to the judgment task participants were presented
twice with a full series of lines they would have to estimate in the main task. These
lines were drawn diagonally on the centre of a computer screen. The lengths of the
lines used in the task decreased linearly from the longest line (L8 = 11.4 cm) to the 274 Drače, S., Čehajić, M.: j
Emotions and Categorical Accentuation shortest line (L1 = 7.4 cm). As in previous studies (i.e., Corneille et al., 2002; Tajfel
& Wilkes, 1963), the following order was used for these initial presentations: L5, L6,
L7, L8, L1, L2, L3, L4, then, L4, L3, L2, L1, L8, L7, L6, L5. shortest line (L1 = 7.4 cm). As in previous studies (i.e., Corneille et al., 2002; Tajfel
& Wilkes, 1963), the following order was used for these initial presentations: L5, L6,
L7, L8, L1, L2, L3, L4, then, L4, L3, L2, L1, L8, L7, L6, L5. Then participants were presented with the judgment task in which they
estimated each of the eight lines six times. Each line remained on screen for 8 seconds
after which it was replaced by the answer box on the computer screen in which
participants typed in their length estimate using the keyboard. After 48 trials
participants were thanked and debriefed in accordance with ethical standards. For
each participant we calculated a single accentuation score, which corresponded to
the mean difference (in centimetres) between estimates of the shortest of four long
lines (i.e., L5) and the longest of the four short lines (i.e., L4). The higher this index,
the more participants accentuated the between-category differences at the category
boundaries. Figure 1 Figure 1
Mean Accentuation Scores (With Error Bars Reflecting Two Standard Errors of the Mean)
Depending on the Experimental Condition: Label-Fear, Label and No Label Induction
uncertainty. The present study thus replicates and extends past research supporting
the idea that reliance on categorical information is more likely to be increased under
the condition of uncertainty (Corneille et al., 2002; Petersen et al., 2014; Sherman et
al., 2009). More importantly, this is the first study (at least to our knowledge), which
shows that emotions could play a determining role in accounting for this
phenomenon. In addition, it is important to note that past research on perceptual
accentuation mostly involved participants from North American and West-European
countries. Given that no similar studies were conducted on the East-European
samples our finding also provides a cross-cultural validation of past research,
demonstrating that categorical accentuation could be observed in non-Western
cultural contexts as well. Mean Accentuation Scores (With Error Bars Reflecting Two Standard Errors of the Mean)
Depending on the Experimental Condition: Label-Fear, Label and No Label Induction p
g
p
, uncertainty. The present study thus replicates and extends past research supporting
the idea that reliance on categorical information is more likely to be increased under
the condition of uncertainty (Corneille et al., 2002; Petersen et al., 2014; Sherman et
al., 2009). More importantly, this is the first study (at least to our knowledge), which
shows that emotions could play a determining role in accounting for this
phenomenon. In addition, it is important to note that past research on perceptual
accentuation mostly involved participants from North American and West-European
countries. Given that no similar studies were conducted on the East-European
samples our finding also provides a cross-cultural validation of past research,
demonstrating that categorical accentuation could be observed in non-Western
cultural contexts as well. Although we found that fear induction enhanced categorical accentuation our
study lacks the information about corresponding cognitive appraisals. As such we
offer only partial evidence in favour of our hypothesis. To address this issue, future
studies should include a valid measure of subjective task uncertainty (e.g., Tiedens
& Linton, 2001), which would allow for direct insight into the underlying processes
of the expected emotional effects. In addition, future research should extend present
findings focusing on other uncertainty-related emotions such as hope or sadness,
which are expected to produce similar accentuation effects as fear. Results and Discussion To test whether the experimental manipulations induced expected changes in
fear we conducted one-way ANOVAs with two orthogonal contrasts. The planned
comparison, which opposed label fear-induction condition to both standard label and
no label condition (Label-fear = -2, Label = 1, No label = 1) was significant,
F(1, 133) = 30.70, p = .001, ηp2= .18. Importantly, the orthogonal contrast, opposing
standard label and no label condition (Label-fear = 0, Label = 1, no-Label = -1) was
not significant, F < 1. As expected, participants in the label fear-induction condition
reported higher level of fear (M = 2.08, SD = 0.72) than those in the two other
conditions (MLabel = 1.43, SDLabel = 0.54; Mno-Label = 1.53, SDno-Label = 0.51), who didn’t
differ from each other, F < 1. Regarding the test of our main hypothesis the planned comparison, which
opposed label fear-induction condition with no label condition (Label-fear = -1,
Label = 0, no Label = 1) was significant, F(1, 133) = 12.48, p = .001, ηp2 = .08, while
the orthogonal contrast (Label-fear = 1, Label = -2, no Label = 1), testing residual
variance, was not F < 1. As Figure 1 shows, participants in the standard label
condition (M = 0.89, SD = 0.51) had higher differentiation at category boundaries
(i.e., they perceived the greater difference between shortest of the long lines and the
longest of the short lines) compared to those in no label condition (M = 0.67, SD =
0.40). More importantly, this accentuation effect was significantly intensified
(M = 1.04, SD = 0.53) when the presence of categorical labels was coupled with the
induction of fear (i.e., label fear-induction condition). Taken together these results are consistent with those reported by previous
research and confirm that the mere presence of categorical labels may be sufficient
to elicit perceptual accentuation of differences between categories (Corneille et al.,
2002; Tajfel & Wilkes, 1963). Additionally, they also confirm that the accentuation
effect can be enhanced in magnitude by emotions associated with the appraisal of 275 PSIHOLOGIJSKE TEME, 30 (2021), 2, 271-278 Figure 1 In a similar vein,
it would be interesting to explore the potential influence of the emotions, which are
theoretically associated with an elevated sense of certainty such as anger. If certainty 276 Drače, S., Čehajić, M.: j
Emotions and Categorical Accentuation appraisal plays an important role, then these emotions should lead to accentuation
reduction. Finally, future research should consider the conceptual replication in the
context involving judgments on social stimuli (e.g., Levin & Banaji, 2006). To
further enhance the ecological validity these studies could investigate the potential
effects of real-life emotional triggers such as social threat. References Bagneux, V., Bollon, T., & Dantzer, C. (2012). Do (un)certainty appraisal tendencies reverse
the influence of emotions on risk taking in sequential tasks? Cognition and Emotion,
26(3), 568–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2011.602237 Corneille, O., Klein, O., Lambert, S., & Judd, C. M. (2002). On the role of familiarity with
units of measurement in categorical accentuation: Tajfel and Wilkes (1963) revisited
and replicated. Psychological Science, 13, 380–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-
9280.00468 Eiser, J. R., & Van der Pligt, J. (1982). Accentuation and perspective in attitudinal judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(2), 224–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/
0022-3514.42.2.224 Foroni, F., & Rothbart, M. (2011). Category boundaries and category labels: When does a
category name influence the perceived similarity of category members? Social
Cognition, 29(5), 547–576. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2011.29.5.547 Foroni, F., & Rothbart, M. (2013). Abandoning a label doesn’t make it disappear: The
perseverance of labeling effects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(1),
126–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.002 Goldstone, R. L. (1995). Effects of categorization on color perception. Psychological Science,
6, 298–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00514.x Hugenberg, K., & Sacco, D. F. (2008). Social categorization and stereotyping: How social
categorization biases person perception and face memory. Social and Personality
Psychology Compass, 2, 1052–1072. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00090.x Krueger, J., & Clement, R. W. (1994). Memory-based judgments about multiple categories:
A revision and extension of Tajfel’s accentuation theory. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 67(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.35 Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1995). International affective picture system
(IAPS): Digitized photographs, instruction manual and affective ratings. The Center for
Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida. Levin, D. T., & Banaji, R. (2006). Distortions in the perceived lightness of faces: The role of
race categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135, 501–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.135.4.501 Lerner, J., & Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 81(1), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.146 277 PSIHOLOGIJSKE TEME, 30 (2021), 2, 271-278 Lu, J., Xie, X., & Zhang, R., (2013). Focusing on appraisals: How and why anger and fear
influence driving risk perception. Journal of Safety Research, 45, 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2013.01.009 Petersen, S., Schroijen, M., Moelders, C., Zenker, S., & Van den Bergh, O. (2014). Categorical interoception: Perceptual organization of sensations from inside. Psychological Science, 25, 1059–1066. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613519110 Schaefer, A., Nils, F., Sanchez, X., & Philippot, P. (2010). Assessing the effectiveness of a
large database of emotion-eliciting films: A new tool for emotion researchers. Cognition
and Emotion, 24, 1153–1172. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903274322 Sherman, D. K., Hogg, M. A., & Maitner, A. T. (2009). References Perceived polarization: Reconciling
ingroup and intergroup perceptions under uncertainty. Group Processes & Intergroup
Relations, 12(1), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430208098779 Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813–838. Tajfel, H., & Wilkes, A. L. (1963). Classification and quantitative judgement. British Journal
of Psychology, 54, 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1963.tb00865.x Tiedens, L. Z., & Linton, S. (2001). Judgment under emotional certainty and uncertainty: The
effects of specific emotions in information processing. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 81, 973–988. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.973 Whitson, J. A., Galinsky, A. D., & Kay, A. (2015). The emotional roots of conspiratorial
perceptions, system justification, and belief in the paranormal. Journal of Experimental
Social Psychology, 56, 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.09.002 Emocionalne odrednice naglašavanja razlika između kategorija Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio ponuditi preliminarni dokaz o ulozi emocija povezanih s osjećajem
nesigurnosti kod fenomena naglašavanja razlika između kategorija. Zadatak sudionika bila je
procjena duljine crta koje su se razlikovale duljinom i kojima je, ovisno o uvjetu, dodijeljena ili nije
dodijeljena oznaka koja je ukazivala na pripadnost crta različitim kategorijama. S ciljem ispitivanja
emocionalnih odrednica naglašavanja razlika između kategorija uveden je dodatni uvjet s crtama
kojima su dodijeljene kategorijalne oznake u kojemu su sudionici bili izloženi indukciji straha
(emocije koju teorijski karakterizira procjena niske sigurnosti). Očekivano, u skladu s ranijim
istraživanjima, rezultati su ukazali na klasični efekt naglašavanja. Sudionici u uvjetu s podražajima
s kategorijalnim oznakama pokazivali su veće razlikovanje među crtama koje su se nalazile na
granici definiranih kategorija u odnosu na uvjet s podražajima bez kategorijalnih oznaka. Važno je
istaknuti da je taj efekt bio dodatno pojačan u uvjetu u kojemu je kod sudionika induciran osjećaj
straha, što jasno sugerira da bi emocije koje su povezane s procjenom nesigurnosti mogle igrati
važnu ulogu u fenomenu naglašavanja razlika između kategorija. Ključne riječi: naglašavanje razlika između kategorija, emocije, kognitivna procjena,
nesigurnost Primljeno: 25. 6. 2020. 278
| 18,034 |
https://github.com/alex-my/sensitivewords/blob/master/src/index.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
sensitivewords
|
alex-my
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 12 | 32 |
import SensitiveWords from './lib/sensitive-words';
const sw = new SensitiveWords();
export default sw;
| 21,602 |
https://superuser.com/questions/448028
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,012 |
Stack Exchange
|
Jan Doggen, https://superuser.com/users/141909, https://superuser.com/users/48078, slhck
|
English
|
Spoken
| 150 | 226 |
Is there any tool can adding metadata into mpegts file like mediafilesegmenter in MacOS platform?
As mentioned in the title...
Currently, I want to adding some metadata information(like ID3 tag) into mpegts file which can make the client player play the mpegts file and read the injected information at the same time.
On the MaxOS platform, we can use mediafilesegmenter to add some ID3 tag by the command of "mediafilesegmenter -M metafile file". And then, the ios device can play the modified ts file and also can read the added string correctly.
However, I really need a tool which can do the similar thing under linux platform. For example, adding the artist name, album name, etc. into the ts file.
Any suggestion? I really need some help!
ffprobe should be able to handle this, it's part of the ffmpeg.
An example would've been nice.
ffprobe can't add metadata, I'm afraid.
| 19,531 |
https://github.com/DoubleCai/Zinnia.Unity/blob/master/Tests/Editor/Rule/DominantControllerRuleTest.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Zinnia.Unity
|
DoubleCai
|
C#
|
Code
| 226 | 1,082 |
using Zinnia.Extension;
using Zinnia.Pattern;
using Zinnia.Pattern.Collection;
using Zinnia.Rule;
using Zinnia.Tracking.CameraRig;
namespace Test.Zinnia.Rule
{
using NUnit.Framework;
using Test.Zinnia.Utility.Stub;
using UnityEngine;
using UnityEngine.XR;
using Assert = UnityEngine.Assertions.Assert;
public class DominantControllerRuleTest
{
private GameObject containingObject;
private RuleContainer container;
private DominantControllerRule subject;
[SetUp]
public void SetUp()
{
containingObject = new GameObject();
containingObject.SetActive(false);
container = new RuleContainer();
subject = containingObject.AddComponent<DominantControllerRule>();
container.Interface = subject;
containingObject.SetActive(true);
}
[TearDown]
public void TearDown()
{
Object.Destroy(containingObject);
}
[Test]
public void AcceptsTrueSingle()
{
MockDominantControllerObserver observer = containingObject.AddComponent<MockDominantControllerObserver>();
observer.controllerType = XRNode.LeftHand;
subject.Sources.Add(observer);
subject.ToMatch = DominantControllerRule.Controller.LeftController;
Assert.IsTrue(container.Accepts(null));
observer.controllerType = XRNode.RightHand;
subject.ToMatch = DominantControllerRule.Controller.RightController;
Assert.IsTrue(container.Accepts(null));
observer.controllerType = XRNode.Head;
subject.ToMatch = DominantControllerRule.Controller.Head;
Assert.IsTrue(container.Accepts(null));
}
[Test]
public void AcceptsFalseSingle()
{
MockDominantControllerObserver observer = containingObject.AddComponent<MockDominantControllerObserver>();
observer.controllerType = XRNode.LeftHand;
subject.Sources.Add(observer);
subject.ToMatch = DominantControllerRule.Controller.RightController;
Assert.IsFalse(container.Accepts(null));
subject.ToMatch = DominantControllerRule.Controller.Head;
Assert.IsFalse(container.Accepts(null));
observer.controllerType = XRNode.RightHand;
subject.ToMatch = DominantControllerRule.Controller.LeftController;
Assert.IsFalse(container.Accepts(null));
subject.ToMatch = DominantControllerRule.Controller.Head;
Assert.IsFalse(container.Accepts(null));
}
[Test]
public void AcceptsMultiple()
{
MockDominantControllerObserver observerOne = containingObject.AddComponent<MockDominantControllerObserver>();
observerOne.controllerType = XRNode.Head;
MockDominantControllerObserver observerTwo = containingObject.AddComponent<MockDominantControllerObserver>();
observerTwo.controllerType = XRNode.LeftHand;
MockDominantControllerObserver observerThree = containingObject.AddComponent<MockDominantControllerObserver>();
observerThree.controllerType = XRNode.RightHand;
subject.Sources.Add(observerOne);
subject.Sources.Add(observerTwo);
subject.Sources.Add(observerThree);
observerOne.enabled = false;
observerTwo.enabled = true;
observerThree.enabled = false;
subject.ToMatch = DominantControllerRule.Controller.LeftController;
Assert.IsTrue(container.Accepts(null));
observerOne.enabled = true;
observerTwo.enabled = true;
observerThree.enabled = false;
Assert.IsFalse(container.Accepts(null));
subject.ToMatch = DominantControllerRule.Controller.RightController;
observerOne.enabled = true;
observerTwo.enabled = true;
observerThree.enabled = true;
Assert.IsFalse(container.Accepts(null));
observerOne.enabled = false;
observerTwo.enabled = false;
observerThree.enabled = true;
Assert.IsTrue(container.Accepts(null));
}
protected class MockDominantControllerObserver : DominantControllerObserver
{
public XRNode controllerType;
public override XRNode DominantController => controllerType;
}
}
}
| 19,870 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32732850
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
Anurag, cel, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2272172, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5349815
|
English
|
Spoken
| 125 | 279 |
How to uninstall Apache libcloud?
I want to completely uninstall Apache libcloud.
Location of libcloud
/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/libcloud
I have used this command to uninstall
sudo apt-get remove --auto-remove python-libcloud
Error while trying to install again
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): backports.ssl-match-hostname in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from apache-libcloud==0.18.0)
Also, libcloud folder is not removed after uninstalling
Please suggest a right way to uninstall.
That depends a lot on how you installed it in the first place. You may want to add some information to your question.
First time installation:
apt-get install python-libcloud
,Second time upgrade:
pip install --upgrade apache-libcloud==0.18.0
pip uninstall <package-name>
From the pip reference page. First Google search result.
and
sudo apt-get uninstall --purge <package-name>
From this question or the official apt-get documentation
Regards,
Lisenby
| 19,273 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3280589
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,010 |
Stack Exchange
|
Caramiriel, HappyNomad, Joe Daley, Sammy Petros, Thomas Levesque, https://stackoverflow.com/users/122781, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1688785, https://stackoverflow.com/users/31563, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6811328, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6811329, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6811330, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6811902, https://stackoverflow.com/users/98713, jia yun, josh zhao, krishnakumar ramesan
|
English
|
Spoken
| 986 | 1,798 |
Using TryGetValue() in LINQ?
This code works, but is inefficient because it double-lookups the ignored dictionary. How can I use the dictionary TryGetValue() method in the LINQ statement to make it more efficient?
IDictionary<int, DateTime> records = ...
IDictionary<int, ISet<DateTime>> ignored = ...
var result = from r in records
where !ignored.ContainsKey(r.Key) ||
!ignored[r.Key].Contains(r.Value)
select r;
The problem is I'm not sure how to declare a variable within the LINQ statement to use for the out parameter.
You need to declare the out variable before the query :
ISet<DateTime> s = null;
var result = from r in records
where !ignored.TryGetValue(r.Key, out s)
|| !s.Contains(r.Value)
select r;
Be careful of side effects if the query isn't evaluated until later, though...
This works. I'm guessing make sure you evaluate it while the variable is still in scope, and don't try to use it with parallel LINQ.
@Joe, precisely... that would have unpredictable effects
Note that in C# 7.3 it's now available to initialize the variable inline, such that where !ignored.TryGetValue(r.Key, out var s) || !s.Contains(r.Value)
@Caramiriel Can't see how that helps.
(My answer concerns the general case of using TrySomething( TInput input, out TOutput value ) methods (like IDictionary.TryGetValue( TKey, out TValue ) and Int32.TryParse( String, out Int32 ) and so it does not directly answer the OP's question with the OP's own exmaple code. I'm posting this answer here because this QA is currently the top Google result for "linq trygetvalue" as of March 2019).
When using the extension method syntax there are at least these two approaches.
1. Using C# value-tuples, System.Tuple, or anonymous-types:
Call the TrySomething method first in a Select call, and store the outcome in a value-tuple in C# 7.0 (or anonymous-type in older versions of C#, note that value-tuples should be preferred due to their lower overhead):
Using C# 7.0 value-tuples (recommended):
// Task: Find and parse only the integers in this input:
IEnumerable<String> input = new[] { "a", "123", "b", "456", ... };
List<Int32> integersInInput = input
.Select( text => Int32.TryParse( text, out Int32 value ) ? ( ok: true, value ) : ( ok: false, default(Int32) ) )
.Where( t => t.ok )
.Select( t => t.value )
.ToList();
This can actually be simplified by taking advantage of another neat trick where the value variable is in-scope for the entire .Select lambda, so the ternary expression becomes unnecessary, like so:
// Task: Find and parse only the integers in this input:
IEnumerable<String> input = new[] { "a", "123", "b", "456", ... };
List<Int32> integersInInput = input
.Select( text => ( ok: Int32.TryParse( text, out Int32 value ), value ) ) // much simpler!
.Where( t => t.ok )
.Select( t => t.value )
.ToList();
Using C# 3.0 anonymous types:
// Task: Find and parse only the integers in this input:
IEnumerable<String> input = new[] { "a", "123", "b", "456", ... };
List<Int32> integersInInput = input
.Select( text => Int32.TryParse( text, out Int32 value ) ? new { ok = true, value } : new { ok = false, default(Int32) } )
.Where( t => t.ok )
.Select( t => t.value )
.ToList();
Using .NET Framework 4.0 Tuple<T1,T2>:
// Task: Find and parse only the integers in this input:
IEnumerable<String> input = new[] { "a", "123", "b", "456", ... };
List<Int32> integersInInput = input
.Select( text => Int32.TryParse( text, out Int32 value ) ? Tuple.Create( true, value ) : Tuple.Create( false, default(Int32) ) )
.Where( t => t.Item1 )
.Select( t => t.Item2 )
.ToList();
2. Use an extension method
I wrote my own extension method: SelectWhere which reduces this to a single call. It should be faster at runtime though it shouldn't matter.
It works by declaring its own delegate type for methods that have a second out parameter. Linq doesn't support these by default because System.Func does not accept out parameters. However due to how delegates work in C#, you can use TryFunc with any method that matches it, including Int32.TryParse, Double.TryParse, Dictionary.TryGetValue, and so on...
To support other Try... methods with more arguments, just define a new delegate type and provide a way for the caller to specify more values.
public delegate Boolean TryFunc<T,TOut>( T input, out TOut value );
public static IEnumerable<TOut> SelectWhere<T,TOut>( this IEnumerable<T> source, TryFunc<T,TOut> tryFunc )
{
foreach( T item in source )
{
if( tryFunc( item, out TOut value ) )
{
yield return value;
}
}
}
Usage:
// Task: Find and parse only the integers in this input:
IEnumerable<String> input = new[] { "a", "123", "b", "456", ... };
List<Int32> integersInInput = input
.SelectWhere( Int32.TryParse ) // The parse method is passed by-name instead of in a lambda
.ToList();
If you still want to use a lambda, an alternative definition uses a value-tuple as the return type (requires C# 7.0 or later):
public static IEnumerable<TOut> SelectWhere<T,TOut>( this IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T,(Boolean,TOut)> func )
{
foreach( T item in source )
{
(Boolean ok, TOut output) = func( item );
if( ok ) yield return output;
}
}
Usage:
// Task: Find and parse only the integers in this input:
IEnumerable<String> input = new[] { "a", "123", "b", "456", ... };
List<Int32> integersInInput = input
.SelectWhere( text => ( Int32.TryParse( text, out Int32 value ), value ) )
.ToList();
This works because C# 7.0 allows variables declared in an out Type name expression to be used in other tuple values.
Using an external variable, you don't need to worry about it going out of scope because the LINQ expression is a closure that will keep it alive. However to avoid any conflicts, you could put the variable and expression in a function:
public IEnumerable GetRecordQuery() {
ISet<DateTime> s = null;
return from r in records
...
}
...
var results = GetRecordQuery();
That way, only the query has access to the s variable, and any other queries (returned from separate calls to GetRecordQuery) will each have their own instance of the variable.
| 44,342 |
https://github.com/captain-yossarian/fnts/blob/master/src/maybe/operators/fold.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
fnts
|
captain-yossarian
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 98 | 204 |
/**
* @module Maybe Operators
*/
import { jid, Just } from '../just'
import type { Maybe } from '../maybe'
import { nid, Nothing } from '../nothing'
import { isJust } from './guards'
/**
* A type to unwrap the value type of the provided `Monad`.
*/
export type Fold<Monad extends Maybe<any>> =
Monad extends Just<infer Value>
? Value
: Monad extends Nothing
? null
: never
/**
* Returns the value of the provided `monad`.
*/
export default function fold<Monad extends Maybe<any>> (
monad: Monad
): Fold<Monad> {
return isJust(monad)
? monad[jid]
: (monad as Nothing)[nid]
}
| 47,718 |
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/303564
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
Hearth, Simon, https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/57556, https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/99956
|
English
|
Spoken
| 199 | 260 |
electron flow discharging/charging battery
I understand that the electron flow is from the anode to cathode when discharging a battery but I don't understand why it is reversed for when charging a battery?
You're probably going to have to elaborate on your question. What exactly do you not understand?
@FakeMoustache Why not post your comment as answer?
The chemical process in a discharging battery releases the electrons at the cathode, they flow through the load and return at the anode.
To charge the battery, this process (including the chemical reaction) is reversed so the flow of electrons must be reversed since they will then be released from the anode and received (and used in a chemical reaction) at the kathode.
Suppose that the flow of electrons would not reverse, how would discharging then be any different from charging ??
Because you apply little more voltage then the batteries terminal voltage.
i.e. 12v battery need around 14.4v
This extra 2.2 voltage let the current flows from cathode to anode and reverse chemical reaction(this is called charging).
As simple analogy earth keep forcing you to bottom but while climbing stares you applies little more force to climb.
Hope you get it.
| 12,226 |
bub_gb_5fUuogszyTwC_10
|
Latin-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,717 |
Fasciculus myrrhae sive meditationes praedicabiles de universa passione dominica, in usum eorum praesertim sacerdotum, qui de ea ad plebem dicturi sunt. Auctore ... D. Adriano Van Wyck ..
|
Wyck, Adrian van
|
Latin
|
Spoken
| 6,259 | 14,297 |
V a#4 MeSmk XI** m4mp€f4iumlmh$^ Faftom rctniidir KkHf v nimiam libi ^ nioiiiqac dc^jpoticain poteftaceai adfcribeiicis: coinque 9c igooraflcem inftriiitspo» * letUicii) fe illam habcfeaDco » ci vcliicobliqud mccani iojicitol, (yMsaqoociiideroperrcddeo^ 4am eife , (i ea abucaiur. . ^ Aiidi, PiUaii , aadiaot H rceom magiftrMU ^uiquCf & judiGCft S.ipteii$dicic$ap«^. Audi-* tekeges^ imtUgiie^4^fcUe fndkef fmitm$err4^ f/rdbeie mr^^m^ » VV^ c^MWf muUjiiHdmeJ^ 0 ' placf0MV0$is$j§$s0hin4f$m0m^ Qmn$0m$Um 4^ 4 Um^mfm^v^i^ ^^WM$$i 4k^jjkm$i^ qni imterrogah$t efera ve^roi^ 0 ^^gitatiefmi fcrm^ $0kj^i$r^ Qm^Udm$^f^W^ n^H jfuiicaftis nec CHftadtJlis legem jnftit$a , f^e^ fmfejQmdl$mvdmMtmD€$4^ ihr- rende ^ 0 cith offdreb^ vebis , ^mniam fttdidum dttrtffimm^ hts^^m fr^ftm^fief. Evigjft^ enimc^m^ sed^tnr mifiticotSa^ potentes atttemfotenter ttp^'^ H^sm fofiemmr. To^liWiM htec (mi cc , Piia^^ ce 4 mjgitlracibus quibaslibcc judicibus be« Bjrcj^xM4t:odia« Iiuerca^Doftdi us , hocruoadi' Pilacum di^o; Kon hSer$s fa$jeftat$[m adversms mfjj^$$Smi^St€^'mnm^ lk miUdiena^ eifc fubiedum ^ niii prouc id illi fiiigukui O^^pcofattoiie (^kimdbm eft : bch: ^a^Mam umen concefTum , uc fine culpa da« ittocc Vide ergo , Piiace , quid agas : pFopccrca cniqa yqjoiiliumgiccadidef unr^ pcccaflTi; gcavius, quiacum » 10 quem Ju$ ocdtum faabebaoi tcx mc- r& invidia accu^ariuc , & necari eum pcr fas iicfi|s|Kiaot««m^ mcco^o** lum i4fii,6e iii>porcuDUatea«ia£fcus ^ MtmOMtSii^ Hic homo Echnicus &ignorans :iUi vero Juds'^ leguavpenri^& deChriilo , Mc(fia (uO|^ tnulu edodi. \ ^ Ex hoc porrde imi^fresf^ejlsiem aiher^ ifif me uUam & c. difcc , quod monei S. Cy prtar Bus, nihil poli& diabohiin in homkiem^nifi Deot permiferiu Mirare quoque J e s u bonicacemac iiianfuecudinem > qui impium judicem cam pii^ docuit, eumque roga^ne cibi onquamfaciac pec* candi hbercacem* MEDITATIO XLL \ , • ■ ' Jud^ti mM in PiUtum Mbs eftBelliducum^ auc exerciruum Imp^ carQrom> ut ubi arcem ahquam obfichoili; cinxerunc, &: (uam in porelUcem redigerc vo- Iquc , muros iUius ^ levioribus piimilm machinit aaacianc } fed cum hafce expainncur non facis forcesel&f oc mocideiiciamur» aliaf adhibeiK foriiorcs^ q^busin muris candem ruinasfacir iinc»& arcemca|«ttnc Ica Judaeiagumciiflti Pl* iaco; quatiiiacprimiimarumumcjus accufario- nibus fuis, tanqaam maciiinis kviocibus : fed ^ pon fucceden^bus, machinam adhibenc forcio^ rcm , dicencea: Si himc Mwmtis j nin es mUcsU Ceftt^is^ Kcm fuam rniois agunc. Quid cum 2 arcemexjpugnant & eapiunt > PUatum in fua vou crahuot^ LCon- • - Digitized Zif '■ JUtditado Xlt 1. Con/yeratio. I)t[atas^ek in}e(5la mentiotie peccati , occd^d« ' jne hujas di di : Pr^furc^ , ^ «i iniduUh fnajHspecCAtHmhaht^ /crio magis , quam anteai ;de J £ S U diixikcenda cc^icai ^ ne peccato. U majori involvat» Sed accufatores JudasiinHam* «mato penicus (iicGenfi ^i^dip^.cttm acci^ciones dcficiunr, minis rem agunr, iifque illum , uc, J E* S U M damnec > impeilunc^ DicttOjtad illam .* Si huHcdimittis^ non es amkus Ca^faris. Q. dcfe* remus te apud Gefarem , cu jas heftem ac acmtt« lum foveris. Improborumeftimcrum incuterey quattdo aequkace nihil pa/Sittr^ O ia^ibellem Jtt« dicem \ cedic miois, & frangicur. Vide,inquiuuc ilii Pilaca » ne reas ia^lae > aut vel neglcdae majc* iiatis accureris ^ cum partes Ca^laris non agas> ^cojaslocam geris,cai&fidemdebe$« Ticubat ex metu Piiatus , ne force fui delacione fada pe- jiciiretur apud Csefarem,&: fuoofiicioprivecar. . Uade licetmagnam de J£SU opinionemcon- ^ cepitFct y de omicrenda illius defenfione cogitac» Verba h^ec : Nones Amicus Otfaris > nimium . quantuni curbarunranimumejus. Tunc ipfefe* ]cum ; pereac poclus Chriftus» quam ut ego Ca?fa« jisnon fimamicus > inimicus pocias fim ipfius. Naminis ^ quamnonamicusCsfarisrcollacut potius innoceas ex hac vica^ quam ut egoCaf«. Juris excidam gracia, Sovernut iussu; Jas, fas aeque casu, piezas eveitantur porius omnia, quid urbe. Imperator et Caesar David, O dira: "Cupiciias compiacendi hominibus, qui excludelis incius, difficendi." Videmus hic, Ted, maximo Pilacio malo, quam possunt feci humanus respectus, et in quam grande malum ignarus non infallibilis respectus hominis, respectus in Caesarem, aut vel in Celeberrimam amiciorum, Pilacumrandem promovic ad condemnandum innocens Jesum. Quonode Pontificem ac sic cerdoiam, Procurates luis accusationibus, Scribas suas calumniis, neque quid popularis universos suas ignorat malo excogitare. Humanus respectus, respectus in quem homines, et quam in Deum, non est raro despiciendum: non infallibiliter, ut placere quis hominibus, aut quid non difficile, Deus offenditur. Deiimus enim qui pluris feliciter incruentum, exsicium, incurant proprior hoe. Quidquid homines spadent, propero respectum humanum. Icicunquis in mundo, nobilis aut licitus inquit, stibi in templo, dumque inter se divinas geminos factans populos, simianum conjungam, si oculos cobitis, neam in ea, qua opera certe, revinctur cernendo Christi megaram quidquid homines. Si per cuius non repercutiam, si quod Christius jubet bonum pro malo reddam, illatum non ulciscar injuriam. Quid dicetis minime audeo: Quod in pleado convivio, dum alii famam alienam conviviis traducunt, denigrancque concitentis, illi conviciando, destructurdoque non respondebo, sed actionem applaudam, dicae molitor omnia peculatori istic incipit concurrens, et aliis peccantibus." . ^ * . Digitized "Quid sit quam per hoc nec compendio additis pudeat, quid dicent homines, ergo diabolus sic engutiat, et velut placitum sibi vivit, postponitur a Jesu, concurrens ad vitam aeternam. Defit quid pudendum in nemo, quid dicendum, quid factum, verecundia et impudencia, sequitur his quidque in virtute, qualis via cuique Vicio. Delictauantur leges Dei, praesertim celeris, et consilia Christiana est in omnibus placitum populari facere hominibus. Hominem, sic posest, facitque nostram rationem humana. Sed et hominem ad vitam et hem exprimincur resertur per saepissimum. Viscus populi, et id efflagit, gratia. Velfino quod singi postest, concurrebat in continentiam contra sacreligium. Respectum hominis est in celus impait, quid det geber, qui statu ut audit, si non tolleret ut cogitatio illa in sacrelegio sadaore polluit." Tu probe pieque Christiane, hominum respetum, quod disputare aut vel noas placere hominibus, necquis defus est. Nedis, ubi opus perpetrandum suggeret, aut bonam sentiendum: Quid dicent homines, si non o-micum hoc agat non patrum, sed dicent quid dicent Christiani, quid dicit Deus, si malum in me illi malus est, Praebuerunt Diuum aliam non me causam, et hos omnibus evades superoritas. Respectus humanitatis aon praedominus est, at vel opus bonum omnes, et maius perpetui agit. Agacercipe Dei, quod malum Daemini tam pro mea vita quam pro mea morte, sécurus eris." T Titui obelinaciifimi Judsi mims nuDC, ka &c vl damoribus & Pilacamin vucaminium & J E S U M in ccucem ad;um volunc^ Dicebac Pilacus adwsj EcctRexvtfier^ Quidtunc?^ mi damabmt^ clamabaactnon diccbanc; Telle^ Tolle y Crucifige €um. Non sulticii ills^ (cuiel clamarc TifHe^ m& repecati, dc akerum T^ aij« ilanc; TolejTole^ in^uiunc, Crucifige^um. Ratio^ ibns (seris egerat, ut Atdtcttt Judasos, Pilatus, ilC4|ueiis (Di(eucordiae aliquid, aut commissaribus donis exarcierec; sed is, apud oMfnat sffimutn liocum animum^ nihil valencibus & rem<|uaia rutentat. JfiSUM quidem mirere claceracum» led & ridiculie adornacum, & R^cm, regiis ridicule inftrudum indignibus, ilnuic ancc oculos corum & aicque ti%:Ecc<il€x vefi^. Q^d. &at Regem inHgaem, quemi <ie ambic^ regni accuia-cis. Vix bomp vidccur^quam habere pot2cc rspam regnandi. Ac neque hic modus tilaco iuccefsity illh porr6 in clamore suo, Tole, Tole, Crucifige^ivi^si^ irremisse peregenibus.O eiFrontem Juciara-rum insaepiam. b inlanam maiuriam, segeant gloriasarecum regno suo abiedium volunc / Did s, Pilatus ad Judapos dc J & S U iEcce Rne vefier. An ex mente tua? Etquidem Pilatus mulcis dubitare potuic, an non s^ex Judicioruo& forcc: & & cste dicic hoc Pilacus, & ilos &c forcc ed molliac ad compatiendum misero, vel ut horleciiccos ad (anam mentem)? Qua ładliganc, Quilic tum cile^ indis-dignum, honovcm cam inerum. Scilicet imbellis, sub aspectu regni precursor, consilium Date i live, uc rideat Judex, quos novos pudeat insanire in tam ludicrum Regem. Ementem vero Oder, vennebaci eis de onus quem adjuvandum in titulo Crucis, Regem eum Judex hominem nominavit, nec aliter scribere volebat. Cum audientia frustrata Jordanium ejus, quod manipulum figeam adoracioni Judicium in manus indigentium dicerent, Geor duplo quid rex tris in martyrium sequeretur. Itaque sed isti, qui in hoc ludibrium hanc sententiam exercucent, nec quidquid horribile et incredibile in auro et in gemmis vestes induerent, sed nec quaquaquam potentiam in vericatam, inapud plebem et adoratores. Ut Rex, quem debuercunt fratrem suum, ut potest Funicipem in ignem peccati. Sed nequaquam potierunt evertelae vericatam, inapud plebem, et adoratores. Ut regem, cum in ignem peccati, sic et Dominum in solium. Sed nequaquam potierunt evertelae vericatam, inapud plebem, et adoratores. Ut regem, cum in solium, sic et Dominum in crucem. Sed nequaquam potierunt evertelae vericatam, inapud plebem, et adoratores. Ut regem, cum in crucem, sic et Dominum in sepulcrum. Sed nequaquam potierunt evertelae vericatam, inapud plebem, et adoratores. Ut regem, cum in sepulcrum, sic et Dominum in celum. cruciHxum volunc. Proh,quamimpium>quafii ittdignum »Meifi^m » abi^i^ muodicxordioho» ininibus promiiTum , coc deinde faeculis avid^ txrpcifbttttniL^ chifTumque cindcm ^ fuitimft a^ere ni pacriscommiieracione , in falucem impcimif Judaeorum»calemf camque imretalnlem vicac fi^* nem rorcicum cficy uc inglurius arque malcdidu^ ^ tdborrendumcrucis ruppltcinm poftttlacus» eo porro exftinguacur / Tu ad ce ip(um ^ 6 Homo con vcrruf , vide » nui!n (imili errore ac fceiere in« volvaris. Scis cein buoc fincm edicum mundo , uc Oeo candem , in cccrnja felicicace pcrfruaris« j^qumdi.hujiijRmachioam uoiverram » in cui graciam, aDeo eile condicam •* eademquoque : ^ijisa ipfiun Dei fiUuo^ de ^celo dcfi»ndji& , et. Oigitized by Coogk t|4 M€St4ti9 Xh. waim f^^mmhJku FaftQm rcHHKlk KkHi 9 luiniam iibi ^ nin^^iiquc d^fjpoacam poteftateai tcttawiu fe illam haborciPco , ci vcliu ablicjad ineaiqi iojicitiis» {^u»»vam^idb^^ 4am efTe.ti ea abacaiur* ^. AiuU»Pikii, aOdiiQC ^ cccom magiftcaim 4|uiquc» & judiceit SapteiisdicicSap,^. tekeges^ imltiig^^d^fcm fffMces fimfmterrSj ffiJketf mre$v^ ^ qm eemmm mukiiMdwes, 0 flaceiid^vel^i^ ifttmi^timitiamm^ Qmmmm4m4 e^ 4 Dimmfeiefiasv^^^virtm^Uf 4k*ifmm^ ifm imerrogabn epera ve/lra^ 0 eegitmi^ms fcreh- tilhmr^ QuaniamcMw ejfetif wm^i^gf» ^iifm^ noH jmiica/hs nec CHjied^fiis legem jmftitia » m^ ^sfefecmi^stsmVoitm tbr^ rende , 0 cito apparebit vobis , ^mniam fsuUcimee elMnJfimm» his^ fm prafeMS^fiet* Exigfso enim com^ eeditur mifeticdtSa^ potemes amempoienterteir^. timor et fator. Tecum haec facta, Pater noster, in magna laceratione quibuslibet his judicibus, et iudicis bicipiens judicialem potestatem adversum nos. Nullus tenetur esse subiectus ad illum patronum id illum. Singulare quidem pecuniae, quaeque penitentiam ad Poenam dies non huius heres potentatem adversum nos. Timor et fator. Tecum haec facta, Pater noster, in magna laceratione quibuslibet his judicibus, et iudicis bicipiens judicialem potentem adversum nos. Nullus tenetur esse subiectus ad illum patronum id illum. Singulare quidem pecuniae, quaeque penitentiam ad Poenam dies. Videbant autem Pilatum quodagas propositum enim quidquid in cradulum deferuerat, peccaverat gaviscum. Sicut in eodem loco Iussit allitare, bacchus me conflictae, accuseri ac summo labe habebat me. Videndum quod Pilatus quidquid in cradulum deferuerat, peccaverat gaviscum. Sicut in eodem loco Iussit allitare, bacchus me conflictae, accuseri ac summo labe habebat me. Et istic hanc importunicem ad auaritiam, quam hanc ignoravit, quod Pilatus veritatem Judaeorum legum peritissime sciens, malus Christus mei, malus malus, et mala bestia. Ex hoc potest videri si patefecit ad veritatem, quod monet S. Cyprianus nemo potest diabololus in hominem misere perdendus, sed Deus permitnit. Mirare quoque quemadmodum in boleticam ac humanam dinem, quod ipsum in iudicem Cani docuit, eumque rogane cibi unquam faciat peccandi hujus berbecam. Hos est Beliducus, sive exercitabilis Imperium, sive ultimum, sive arcem sejuam ob id quod incrinatus, et suum in potentiam rediges voluntas, muros illos, et portas, pumoris machinis assartant, sed cum his expeditur non satis tortes est, sed macis deciduae, et alia adhibentur fortuito forces, etsi in muros tandem ruinas facit et arceem caecit nec Ica Judaeorum et Pontii Pilati qua unicuspalmum cunus accusaciones miser, et sis tortus, sed per succedentibus machinam adhibent fortiter, dicentes et bimelius dimitte, et ne es remember. Verba haec: Nōnēs, amicus, Otfaris, nīuuum quantulum turbam statinimum. Tunc ipse sē cum pereat potius quam ut ego Caṡfar, sim ā mīci, inimicus potus sim īpsō, quam nonāmicus Caṡfar; solacium perfus innoxent ex hac vīca, quam usque ego Caṡfar. Hic excidam gracia, Syluericancur justas qui causas Sicypiecas: evitantes omnibus, quid urbe me incitare Monumentum et memoriam in aeternum. O dicam, cuidi confligere, quid est, quam poeticus sermo, humanus respectus, ac in quamquam grande malum homini nonnecesse est appelleer. Respublica humana, respectus inessentialis, sicut et vel in Caesaris amicicia, placuit candidem pecuniam ad condemnandum innocens Jesum. Quo neque Pontificatus ac Sacerdotii Principes, legibus accusationibus, Scribas suis quaestionibus, neque quidem populus universus suis moribus exspectaret poena. Humanus respectus, respectus inessentialis, iniquum homini, Dei non rarissime est; non ratione nec placeat quis hominibus, aut vel non indispliceat Deus offensae. Dybiam namque est, quinque esse cedenalibus causa exsicium incurant, proprietate hoe: Quid dicent homines? id est, proprior respectus humanus. obstinauslimus Juculis minimis nunc, ica Sc Claudioribus, & Pilato in vinculis 4Sc SUM in cauteis ad sum vinctus DicEbac Pilacus adus Ecce Rex virtus, Quid unic? Midaliimiam cunabula non cebant; Tibi Totus crucis eum, Non sufficiis ills, senti cothurni a niare 70, nii repecusbi & alterum Timae a4"* cant: 71//, 75 55, inquaunt, Crucifixus sum. Acta ibus servilis egerat, ut decet Judicos & Patiatus ut et his misericordiae aliquid, et commiseratione donis exsolvere; sed his a pudor oblatitimul animus infatigabilis valencibus rem qua fieri ruent censar. SUM quidem mirerer Lectorum sed & ridicula ornatum et Reges regiis ridicula instrudum indignibus, Hominis anteoculis eorum, aitquezis. Quis legem in acu, quem ambitu regni accusas? Vix bomus viderur quam habeat potentem regnandi, nec neque hic modus Pilaco successur, ills porro in clamore suo, Tu quis? Tu quis, Crucifixus inquire pergebis, O Cicurone Judicorum infamiam, 6 inanam maestiam, Regent gloria ase cum regno suo abjectum votunti. Dicis, Pilate, ad Iudiccos de Iesus: "Homo, quidem Pilatus, nec dubitare nec putide fieri, an non sit Iudaea servire: sic enim dixit, dicere Pilato Iudaeis, ut illos compatiendum misero, sive, ut salutari eos ad Iaman Biencem, qua Iacelingam, sumtum civitatem dignam, honorem aut miserrum". Consideratio XI: Imber, sub aliatibus regni praetor, condemnare Iudicos, quos non poteris infatue in tam ludicrum Regem suum. Ex mente vero Pei, videlicet denuncias, quibus admoveris in signo Crucis, Regem eum Iudicare nominas. Quo fit affiere, scribere, volvere. Cum audientem fratres Josephorum quemque cupidus manipulum simus adorantium sumus, litaniis Psalmorum, indicia illi ices, Genim, ut salutari nos quid sit per Iudicia Iberi, ne sit confundamur, sed eriperet nos a temptatione illi, sed eluderet eos, ut cogerent: "Ecce hominitor venit, et vix dumtaxat omnes vomitabit". Sed nequaquam potuere evere, vere cateus implica sternimorum, et offaverunt eum Rege; debuere stuporem suum, et vocem Pei, Principem in Aegypto. Sed Pilatus, velut oraculum quodam animadversionem illi Regem imber. Ac Judas indignans cur apostagia ultima Regem in sollemne Crucifigur, Sed nolo efficere miserrimi Rege, vestire in vel nolentes eum aliquando vestire Rege adorare cogemini. Topiologia, Tolle, Tole, IESUM in Judais rebus, solvite, et Gentibus adun; Toleoeum in domo matris vestrae, quem adun in cruentam Gallum tuum, regem in praece, non venit, sed verem dicatur, quia Rex vero videri. Cave porro ne Regem sericrupicem in caput suum, ne pueri sumi pro cibo Regem ipso in cunabula commundum, non venit, non verem, sed dicatur nunc, non ecce Rex vestri videri. Ne ignore miseris, quod peccato malo, et consilium in quaerebis, quam in potestate mea potest, et tene. Ilusibis, sclaveclaim; Tolle, Tollo, Grati, Geometria; ac una, una crucifixio illorum, rabici, inapplicabile lacoque, Plere non, solus, Placut, quasitonicus haerens ad impium hunc sacrilegium, Compellere, nolo, regere: Regem vestrem Crucifixum, nonne hoc in pro brum vestrum, generalisque vestram circumcisionem decedat fidica corda in Regem vestrum a me else crucifixum, & sibi id quidem pedestibus, & pereat sacrificium volentibus. Quomodo absolvere possitis infamiam illam, SCERNUOIS, ulla vobis, Generali vestrae sacerdotii. Ilusitunc jucere ait, per usufructum possesionis, quaeumque crucifixum voluistis. Proh, quam impium, quam indignum, Messium ab ipsi mundi exordio hos inibus pote tum, co et deinde secularis aviditate expeundum, miserrimi quisque cum in ultima cateena pacarum commemoratione, in falucem imprudens addere primum, caliginis nemo vidit, videmus nemo scit. Nemine vincere forcipem civem nec inglorius acqui coerces horrendum crucis supplicium postulat, et porro extinguendum. Tu, ad hanc ipsam, Homo convertus, vides nobile miraculum stare in ente nostro. Sis, ce, in jucunde finem edictum mundo, ut o et candem in agnacis sciscitabitis, sciut ipso homine placitum, univerrsum in cuius gratiam, a Deo sibi conditur; cadem quoque singula, O ci, filius, de circumcisione descendit et crucifixum. Maledicum, XLI. virgine eleemosinarius, et in libellis laboris somnus passionem aequi meritam motu consecratis, et vero quam hominem omnium oblitus, aut vel nulla coram ratione habitus, quando Deo frui debet, pes peccatis tali recessu replis, colum tibi placitum, et sic colum ad salutem neglige, et tantum nos cotidie hanc ignavi vultus, iussu tuo, sume, Maledicum sum, Maledicam suum redditibus. Pontifices Judicum, Scribes, Senatores veluti ignavos ac in flammadas hanc vocem, sillac, si illi applicicam, reipundes nemo Regem, sic Cathedralis Rejiciunt Mediam quam, solutes cum Regem suum, et Cathedralis tientilem hominem, Regem eligunt. Proh incruentum. frabriicm homihumiUoraminianiim in Re* gem (ibi geatilem i<.Qmanorum Imperatorem Irolonc Graveillsctacat^iiecx0rum,Romanorum tum imperium Meifi^ver^y ieu l£su jugum eil; fuavcs&onaslcve htiic camen iiiud itividid excoscaci prapounoQC. Nevivac l£sus,& Rcx coru audiat(quod metuant) mahmtpotius duru senfclis Impc£acoris,Romanorum Caedris fugum terre, quantum vis fibi moleftum, ac insti* cucis ruis concrarium. Haicanc crgo iibi^qaem elegauiit, Regem, Regem vailatore^m, Regem excetiniaacotciiit Sifaiimpattncilli, quod jam poliracijacper orbem undique dirpcrii iQC, uc jac ahgiiium qudeiii maiiidt propriam pcrf&i deanc, fcd precario terram incolant. Concerto, 2 Consolatio habebat Regem, noster Regem non habemus alium quem utemus? Quis sed quasi, Rex Regnum, et cetera. Regnum sed isti finis est. O felix, civile Rex, esse Vos Caesarem habetis Regem, in redimendis qua belgaris Gabinarii Caesari, nos, quae sunt, redemus ipsos, tantum servum Regi nostro. Ius inter perseverant, nos coopememus & subiiciemus, ut quidquid in nobis est, tua Dominis Regem & Oculos nostri regiam cum incruentum nos sit nihil petit a te, nisi ut regas & dirigas, in tua arte bona, quod est regnum quod cobis stat et caecum. MEDITATIO XLI JESUS discipulis conditur, "Experientia docet, neminem repente ad milia climatica, ascendi nil petivit intervalia. S. Bernhardus dicit: a minimo incipit, et in maximis prohiuit, unde et cura: Nemo repente fit summus; aque adhonestendus semel in pejor descendit in qualibet per gradus descendit ruina malitiae culmen. Sunt qui in Pilato sicutium fuit, quem overlavit innocens, ad magnam crucem quam condemnait, quod tandem fecit, lavit quidem sanguine, vestit quis, quidquam parcem habere nollet in passione illa, addique & in praefo enigmaliter sanguinem. Considera, quod in Pilato, liquefuit, Quid agis? Multas petendo clamor, requirque Sacerdotium ac vulgi: quodcumque malus egestas, confecundam deferens, innocentem sic in quaestione. Suadente ipso inquam, in quamquam cruciatus Christiane latebant. Pilatus tamen horrente sententia. S. Johannes dicic, Caput isti: Quod testimonium tradidit. Tibi Pilate, heri arundinem veni, agitando o ce judicem instabillem et hilarem. Vervoluntas autem et praecelerata S. Leo dicet: Semel de passione. Ubique Sicutus minitabit in crucem, exhibuit enim pronuntiavi, innoxentum. Videbaci Pilatus redemse in angustias, nec sciens quod latus verterec: hanc videbaci or, vel Caesaris excidere gracia, vel publiciam sicicia, vel incidere in justiciam. Illud pensum robuste concernens, prolacre, concurrendum omnes iniquitate in Sicutus sententia, auctor eminet in etsi condemnatum ad mortem. Dicic S. Leo, Caput: ESIVM SraMonadii voluit eorum, hoc est; tradit agnum Dei lupis torridissimis, dicet de vita; tradit eum rabidis simis canibus, ut mori de cura: tradit eum immensus leonibus dirempturus. Alexander magnus Olympiis macrimis, pro condemnacione cuiquam, quem quidem pro lege bacur, responddi: Profecto enim vita hominis huius vatet pretio assilimar. Et ipse Nero, qui postea monstrum suum crudelicis, subscriptura capitali aliquando sententiae aliquem judicavit, assebaci: Quis in hominem mores, me sine Ut in leem cu, Pilatus testamentum equo. Demisses, taedas vita professi, martyrium crucis addisit tolerabilem finem. Quid enim tibi de eo rescire te putares; sed nihil de ea resiscis, unum in caussa invicem. Nostis cum innoxiousum, innocentemque eum multisi modis lacerare, et publice proclamares. Divus ut itatus laurus oratum est a te Pilate, et in Sicutus liberares, et diriperes Judaisma nuncia, o simpitias, Jesumque cradis ad crucem: Tradidi illis ESIVM, ut Christi gerit turmi. Audite iniqui judices, et nunc praesalii,quam iniquissimus, quibus vos verilus per ait: Inocentius illi, innocenterium pacris misit. Itaque contemptum mundi tibi, tibi Caput quattuor. Vis pro mendacio meritam caussarum, et fidem meritorum persONA animi in se natam, sed munera, non justitia, amore sed securitate, non quod lex faciat, sed quod vult assecla affecta, non quod lex sancit, sed quod vult voluntas afficet, non quod lex facit, sed quod vult velle, sed quod nollet. Mon in incipiam animam ad justitiam, sed justitiam ad animam, non ut quod sic et hoc theodicea sed mea ute, hoc quid usurpa. litam volebat fibigraciam Cxfaris \ acque idc;o minisSacerdocitfu ac fcribacnm de pecdcnda a fe Ci£rarisgracia,&:popuUimporcumcaticedit«Di-. Citw Ex^Aj^» Netfi feqntris onrkMiad faciondum T 4 ^ ' w^: Z9^' Mrttitati» JCUi, nMi»m , tiec ii$ /04tc$o fbarimmrmm as^ttiefcet fenr tentttmavero deviei. Jutkinui^uamr&iaoilt. Jiasf gratii i /uftiti* «felfe^lere debec. Pilatus ma- " gi$ hbotabu fervare iihi gtMum G«£u:is»defl«-' Ctendo a /uftkia, guiro ei inbxrcndo lucf ati gtaft tiam Deij atque interea grauam ttftittfiine per- dtdic> d Cflsiateiu eiilium, naiilus , a DeQa^u» • ininfernum. '. T«, & Chriftia«e,i;aamnet»saiiquandoiai. so Sciaiqai iHQut, qui in£in}ii te pvbiica , pce-. ' ' ndque dignum dicupt, e.iam^cuminaocensfi*, «qiV> fera* a^mo , quaii DoiJiinu» tuus fuam damnationem tulit, ini^m fikniio ptemc jtt>. diciiiuj- Refpicein dttcem tuum , qui famffima & iniquiffifnc judicaeus & condemoacus eft , &. iniquiOimaia faam damnationem , «quo non "-^^^"^'^; turlMtQtttiit aaimo , led&4«. offimofilentioprelSt. , , - • ' . II- Coniidcrauo,. C An<a. Marthartt» dtcic Gap. a/. J^iiMm , inV »J edito con/Jftenf loco , voiens figno aliqtto ; confpicuo omnibtts reddefe liotum , quod ob nimiara hominunireipotiusadftamiummultiftt- dinero aoa poterat ¥OCe , innocentem feeflcA damnaio inooceoce (*ngmutyMetftJUaiimiiauu, moHmcvrmHfopulo. Quiamanusiavilli, Pilate, idedneputas , quod picn« («ngukie lum fHiic 2 Lava , PiJate , a malitia cor tuum. Lacrymis lavesi te,guianon maoos ,&dconfdentiaminqutnarii. Ecce , jam tempus eft , quia ounc i»ac hcryma» rum aquai>eaat««p«iinda^,e6quod accedac -ntizedby.Google jamrangais &c aiemum Chrifti. 5. Augullitius. icrim. 1 1 8, tempus. Highmanus. Pistor. "tim, tam etiam sati, causa, causa nata, dolum: quidnamisque alter, gerere, seputaverunt, jugum, fanguiem, defus, membris eodem modo fanguinem eminebant, tenerrimae inesse sati, ipse eminecidit, Chinimum, ut eum tradidisse sciendum, dandum sanguinem, sanguinem eminence, vestitus in se pati, quem cum trahere conatus, nec isti videnda cedere, nec timere necicere Namas, si aliter quam cernit, tamen ductus in occidendi. Quid, non, et quemque eilud cocum, Novem, diluit aeternum, nec coegere nec solida quesita elemeutum. Non, eilud solus in occidendi tatiim manus, sed et pedes, dedit caputavit. Voluit, quod isti celebri innocens. Quod si non causa incenencem faciebat, vicit ea culpam a fentiebus, recessi, nec ea illa a sese rejicebant, sed et non isti soli condemnabat, sed et ipso, non puram reddidit memorem aequanimus, quem victum Andas Place, (Macch., tj.) quod si desertis eris farribus, intus taedas iniquitate. Pixi, crimen Pilati, quo condemnabat incertum, Sicut aqua, quae modolibet peccatum, ad Aqui, hoc Piiati ejus in quibus, Quileries, ut in aqua illa adducerentur? Certe, non ista ignorantia, ilove, corrigendum, sed ex concilio ea humiliato hominis asseritur corde; sic aqua illa, quodlibet crimen. Deus non desistit. Cor concitum et humilitatem sonus vincta. Sicut Johannis 4, sic et aeternam vitam in aqua illa quidem salutem. Aqua, has nec lacrimarum fuit hominis poenitentis, et per spem Peccatium, quia illa et iniquitatem vestimenta, sper in Deum, qui non desistit. Cor concitum in timore Dei. Ipso, Dominum quem Judas prodidit, et Pilatos condemnabat, flebili Petrus, amarissime querente, sed vel lacrimula una excusandus concussus. Crito tacitum humiliato proeedat trinam negationem eluiurec, quod feciilec Judas, quae ad prodictionem, & Pilatus, quae ad condemnationem suaui. O Felix lacrima pocens aqua, norm viruttis Cum resists fecula, nulla feculorum enormis. Pilate te nos nisi aqua excipit manu lacrimis lacrimula vel ulla Avsteles conscientiam quam iblocom foistlec pecctum coom. O Homo peccacor, quoties peccas, quam enormiter peccas, in peccatis conscientiam aquamadhiberis lacrimarum & eadeisteris lacrimas ex oculis tuis si elicere nequeas, gemitum sic in corde habe. Ora Deum ut illudincere excipiat singulari gcacia sua, atque ab hominibus facit peccati quinquies. Nemo mundabere. Digitized by Google Books Tapane Domwica Actende tefiDem rebiem, specta(x) nimirum tuadinis in caecumque expendefurorem invidiacs Bonum negat eum, quem ad sum, (sed depoofunt illum voluncque qualis quantis standum ut, in crucem fistim: atque accordant timidoque Pilato mulum addant, mortem justi in JESU acceleront, seipsois, posteroque sum gravissimo debecip, obitringunt, acutumque sanguinem justi, injusti profusi actiunae. Sanguis insani inquiunt, ser nOS, sufferentes nos. Domine JESU perculit cor tuum, & viscera tua vocem illam impium, qua populus Dei sanguine illo numerandus est. Gaudque sanguinis injusti effusus ultionem proprii caecus. Ocasem faniam in poenam sibi suffragan, cuius magnitudinem & gravitatem quid egestas mitior & hanc ignorationem. Et sive grave meretur supplicium peccato omni, ob od delendum sanguinem JESU, fascisi Dei aleme, solim marcar gehennam, peccato malo, per quod sanguis illic funditis. Nullus autem gehenna sufficit. Proh refer impiam hanc ac sacreligam vitem, sanguinis ills super nos & sufferentes nos, populus universi, non se solum, sed et filios seus, panem gravissimam ac maledictionem obstringentis. Hieronymus obstringit eos, in Caput 17. Matth. Quod formidolos Parentes seu craniqne putres, filii in vestra, necdum loquela datur, quid risu capaces. Quod istorices necdum natio, fores necdum nata, necdum concepta, ut prins eam obstringentem ad mortem quam significalivitatem. Prins quam mortem sunt malaise in quibus involvas, quam natali eam obstringunt, videris, maledictione involvasis, quos natorum obstringentiaveitra, & in dispersione Geographiae vestra. Et ceciamunis fadus perseverat in illam imprecationem maledictionis, qua vestros resuadet et filios, discrepant ab istis generibus, capcique acc per varias orbis partes. Sed illa iperimim in experiemim, dum concisus vos clamabat linguens, crux & vulnera dum sumit ludibrii. Cur Zacharias $2. fidei sustinuit in quem traxit, qui quem consecratio clamabat, & dicit in montibus Apoc, 6. Castelus suffer nos, te operie facie tua igni. Je 5e, U. mi, vcoiac fanguis cus super nje, U5 emundet meadelii 46):Qmaximo. Vemar supra illos raeos, quos in me abolebente pace felicet super incipiebat, metim, memores, vovituntatam, quos varis descripturis, a his allocutus, contumacem Veniam super eos sic et velit volutas, non mea cibi obsequi, sicut copiis; oppressus nolo scient, nisi super craticula, memori sonum recordare tantum viae, qua me vociferare, cortem, quibus oculi rancur. Ius noas excipit at consuetudinis palamus animus MEDITATIONE XLIII. JESUS in Pilatus judicius iti cruci, Digitalized by de Passignano Dominciu torturque per idola, quoque ad mortem crucis. Evangelistae rem hanc depointibus referunt. S. Marcus diciebat caput 15. Pilatus volens populo satisfacere, adunavit fermentum petitionum. S. Luc. caput 15. Tunc demulcere Barabbam, qui fortassis sanguinis Sumi feditissimus in carcerem, quem petebant Esu. S. Marc. caput 17. ESUM autem sagittarum tradidit voluntati eorum, tunc Crucifigeret. O judicum perinde ac judices per veritatem! Qui antea coitbus fallus est, se non invenire causam in illo vel Livistimam in unicum adiudicavit morti ac crucifixio, quia id meritus erat sed quia Judicium eius moestim crucis voluit. Vide, Pilate, quid respondeas, modo Caesar cujus vices geris, in modo Deo, quotidianum hanc ministrationem reddendum es. Consideratio. Dominus Iesus, quid erit ribi traditus, qui jam est a Pilato Judais; id ipsum quod agnos, qui lupis committitur; mox ab his illi egestipituri; et quidem Dominus, traditus es a Pilato Judais, urbe crucifigatus; aliter te illi in crucem volutant; jam icaque proximum est, ut cecum luminis illam videant. Supplicium crucis summittitur, Domitius pro omnibus hominibus salutat quemquam pro omnibus hominibus salutat. Esca acts, quae in quinque ultima lacione commissa sunt, Ui & mutuus ejus in omni compassione omnis. Gaudebant terga omnes Judaei in Gadle, Graeci & Barbares, Liberi & Servi, sive gratulentur, crucis supplicium a Jesu bearbium & iis rationem nostram, in damnatione Iesu expectimus, ipse Barabbas, homicida, & nebias seditiosus, ideoque in carcerem compulsus est. Iesus damnatione sua diaiesione sumit connexu, & processionem e(l, Proh, perversum judicem perinde as judicio innoxentem damnare Iesus; sive Barabbas homicida (limitem tenetur) quia Iesus & Barabbas corvus erat & columba, nemo laqueos tendit & sed columbis, quia frustrus operatur ab his, non ab ills. Damnationem captivum in asu profuit pediculo, cuique animus quid ni proficit. Peccaverunt in damnationem Iesu crucifixi omnes homines. Principes sacerdotum &c peccaverunt praecipue in invidia, invidentes Jesu summam apud populum aestimationem, qui cum habebat urbs propheta, & ideo cum sublatum volbeat populum ad imitationem, & peccaverunt venialiter, sevitac; nam ut prius habebat prophetam, sic postea mutatis leviger animis, cum ut latronem, ultimo inanimique summo caput, a scelus & crimen optabat Pilatus; & sic peccavit ex imprudenter. Non enim malitia, sed inebriatas in Pilato superbia ordinare addere innocencem suam, & mecum inhaerere, ne fortes alioquin perderet gratiam Caesaris. Sed quia Pilatus licet peccaret ex inebriitate, peccabat. In gravissimo negotio, O cuji Place, Juculeo isti. Beginusset fideli accumulata debentur ab universo. Tunka, conceptaneule in operibus que vulgi justitia destinat damnamodo inconveniencing fraternam por vim fit clamare. In Place, qui fit in gratiam aliorum concurrens concitiae in actum agunt. Iudicuris volumus Judicium: cuius vicem in luncacemque commum ad Roga licitudo quae Darvi, ne cadac in volutaci hostem tuorem sed vicere in hujus Aiaecais sensu, quod mori addicicur libere cesse justitiam moil. Consideratio. Dicere, Malchus Cap. 17, quotidianis gustu patrices Miniprimorum congregavit universam calhortem. Dices, Unus non post damnationem et tradicionem; nam ante ilam Christi, quae sequuntur, concitatur sed post flagellationem. Nam rationes gestu Dominum in solimuleum ipsoe vinctus. Dices, congregavit puer, sed eum versus Judiciorum Rem, legibus per iudicium signa ornarent. Denique, dic, collegam cohortes pacis decimalegionis concurrens misit in 150 vel usque in 500. Cohors haec erat praesertim praecorium Place, qui publice et in pace domum agit, et contra furorem populi et hostium infidium munibac. Sequantur et ex multis aliis hanc cohortem circumdedere et exsequi. Et exinde Domino Christo, et in flagellationem et crucifixionem circumdedere. Ex us, quem Dominus in lacerimis inducit, lacertis an Dominus post flagellationem resedavit vestiutus senescant quis vidit, inde in cruci dominum vocatus, adhuc in stacem, chimdyden et in hanc imponebant. Hinc et consequenter incertum est an Dominus in vere se crucifixus, iterum dumtaxat, vestibus fueric spoliatum. Quidquid, quoque sic, qua potest forma servire Cumei. Dominus inducit excusum, et precipue Cedente palma factus, Probus, quam immanis Vulnerum coeu, ubique corpus inflijo sum Renovatio, quantoque ac quam immanis Dolor, lenuit. Porro, quid sit illa universi Impiavit, et barbara, ex impietate et barbara Via voluptas capiendis, multas pericias Incipit cruciifaces, malcas irritiones, Curriculas, speculancies, et hibuerant, In emu, inquam, libens jam Piso et Sibilini sua ordicium, Macchabaei Actu sequens, quis ventescunt semina Spinis, solirerno per caput, Arsina Demextera ejus, Et genua flexa ante Eum videbant, et diapsalmas Rex Asperim Et exsanguem in estim, Seperunt arundine, percutiebant cajus Totum. Hoc factum peculantia Publicum, Pilato non sumpsit Ne permitteret, inspicuus. Vide Christus in pecuniis, et in milibus Per usurium quidquid Rebus Inauguratus, cum omnibus regis Insignibus. Tota, quae ad hoc Cohort, tota velut cadaver cadavericus Est, quo stipata et cingitur Theophania xum frigidum quo Salus Aspera. Finaute conredere Coronant in circuitu Cuius comitatus. Paludamentum Regium est pallium, lapis Coccineus. Sceptrum est arundo Palustri; Favesta clamat Sicut populus genuflexio Et salutatio ludicra, imo Et spuita, lachryma et Verbera. Ecce, Iesus Rex Ludicrus exhibebat illi Nobis videndum vanitas Quae quis aegrotas regnorum Et bonorum mundi Dominiumque Regum ac Principium docebats, Regnum mundi itum Estim in honore, Pompis et deliciis, Suum vero constituens Contemptu honorum, Voluptati, et Suiplius. At Iesus Ludicrus in illa Omnibus divina Humilitate et patientia Sustinuit, adeoque Meruit Philippus Ut Manebimus in Infernorum, Omnis unguentum Consortium, sua Dominus Jesus Ingrediebatur Patris. Tu si Tibi aliquid Contingeret ludibrii, In Ise sum Responde, sicut Omnis ludibrii Genere, atque ut Ille humiliter De patienter, Sustinendum illud Ludibrium carum Te ei reddet magnum. Quid sit, indecēde coram ipso reddendum gloriae. III. Conquerando, Considera hominem Christianum Dominum tuum, Jesum, quem Pilatus ignavus iudicium dedit, pornitus illos in violentia clamoribus et positionibus, ruccus vincit, quem unicus assaults et sicut de stirpe craticam serit ac barbaris tormentis nec ne tu graviter ob puncta expecta, sed civile jurisdictionem. Visitatio. Celemus Deo, Aspice corpus humilime, caelesti sapientia, odorem in ea, cuncta ex parte saucium, crudelibus malis, quibus cotuendus et lacerandus, O quotiscus dolores imminebant illis contestationes et lacerationes, quae astimulaverunt, quos respectus hanc castigationem corporis denudantes. Purpuram sanguini coagulante, pecuniaris decuratis volutantur, vulnera doloribus, cutem lacerat cum carne, absolutionem Reddendum Domino jam brevi crucifigendo victimas suaducit toto vultu, puris ordinibus, sanguine statu pontificem et igneus ex consuetis sacris vestibus quis scit, agnoscere cura. Induitur homo hac vestimenta. Dominus aut vestium focum Ecclesiam, et jurque singula membra, Deco consecraret. Inquirent, "Quis in hoc, Hanna ex una ecclesia, Indutus in chlamydae cingula, quid sit indutum, ut fidem respiceat?" Regis insignis, absuerrint? Sed corona spinea mobilestur decapiceos ablacus sicut idem tegitur de chlamyda: unde judicamplures coronam in caput, posuisse res suas, nempe in comberias vestimenta, coronam quoque sed ut regiudicivis, justus bajulat eas magis, et adeo decapitancubis atque neciicam ut jam crucifixus, et magis Rex ridendo appareret. O vos, servi bellicos, & nobis ravivarnifices, quidlibet cunodisce, Docebits, et ipsi: haec dicebas et similia & affligitis. Feramus nos & nostri sumus & affligiones nostras terarum his eas in animo nulle turbato, ducis nostri iuxta exemplum animati. Pilatus tradidit illi Crucifigeret. Officium crudelicaces & terribles. Irritator ordine adorantes, quem praeverbales ferant. Traditus erat ut crucifixigere cor, Quo usque videbatur, jus tenendas damnatus in solemnem Pilatus damnationis sententiam ex arbiter. Hic animus (sententiam) Adrichomius, descriptor accurator causa, sancta in consilium verbi contumeliosa: contumeliosum Caesarem, cuius fimi et Moformum, montium Herculis dictum, est in commune suffragium locum, quod hodie in horio Regio Aleias est, mater Dei et Othomar, praetor Auriensis, et in medio dicti montis, locus crucifixi. Icane vero tu Pilate praefens gloriam nave Judex es, quem cum adhibuico examine, invenisti innocentes, immaculatosque a sese prorsus iniquos, et hanc publice non sententiam, sed pro opportunitate, qui publico ac infamia supplicio, in communi supplicii loco affligebatur. Sic quotquot tot sumus, Christiani, si uspiam hic nittimus, exclamamus cum Moysi Deut. 5. "Andite, o peccatrices, sit Deus miserers": sicut oris mei, cum Jeremia Jer. 1. "Oh, quisci fateris", hic nemo, spero in Deum. Cum Michaeas, Mich. 1. "Andite", meditentat terra, sit Dominus vis in testes. Eicimus, sive psalmi, sive psalmodiae, Ezech. 9. Sic, o Domini nobile vicis publicae sensencii, iaam amori - , addictus curae. - * MEDITATIO XLIV. Memoria Rapide spei aculeum, clamabat S. Augustinus in Teatino. "Lo, Joannis, SiSpeSiet impiorum crimina": "SipeSiet impetus paenas grandem saepissime": "Si SpeSiet impietas patrum videt regem pro virga sacra". Videt regem humilium, sive psalmorum adsectam serpitim sanguineus, quidquid erat etiam in morte resurgens. Ecce quam dilexit Regi prosequitur crux, cruci affigitur; huius similitudo ex qua dies in dies in sacris hostiis cruciari: et camoenae pacis Jesu lignum, pro spe cunctis lignum piccum, crucis itaque cui hanc crucem porrigitur recumbit. S. Johannes dicic Cap. 19. Ecce hanc memoriam, venit in eum, qui diceret salutari lappulans. tocsic & iaissctSt lignam tam gravedans de Pasion Vincas. "Guttur ignus" haud licet. Digitized by Google. de Pasion Vincas. Guttur ignus est; omnes illi per eum et runt, cur hic non audeant? At quidco, quis in SUS ichoclignutn gestec hic inquam, lignum in quo crucifigendus est? Respondent nemo, priorum crucis investigatores, etsi id quia crucifixi gauium ad co propositum et maladicti calamitas, crastinum honestus nemo, nili consilus, tangere bottelet vellet, redeo sapienti crucentatis, quos pro pro singulare maledictone atsecos videri, gebernator, Vide, Regem cceci &c tortsy infraque quemque honestum dejicitur. En tibi, quam verum illud Pater Noster: "Ego sum vermis non homo, abjecto plebis." Sicut Acha natus inquit Sermon de Passione & Cruce: "Te hati vitiorem, jam triumphantem de diabolo, non edendi cenebatur, sed sis memori gessisse cophdum ilium, Velut ut Euthymius dixit: "Ferebat crucem sua summam, stirnum miles lanceam suadentem deessurus erat causa Verasarium. Dominus IESUS, habet crucifixionis lalitiae; sed plures (unicam crucis iati; habere sub fabulis (unt hi, quia quot iubent liberas, humili, misereosis Deo ad patienter gerunt. Vix judis bibulis auribus perciperebat ex o die. Pilatus latam in Jesum moriens sententiam leumque e vestigio ad mortem educendum: quid? Iasamin igno necandum; cum repententer coepit urbe, per vicos & compita coepit inconditis demonbus velut triumphalis Judacorum quis responda. Audivit quis exprimere quod prius in Jeremia exprimut Thren. 1. Sibila venti & trend Herment dentibus dixerunt de mercedes imminebant dies, quam expectabamus. Videri si. Miditatio. In principio incipiebat enceinte Gaudebancerga omnes Judaei & Gentiles, Graeci & Barbari, Liberi & Servi, hisque gracia cura, eminences simplifica, a Jesu (urbe cepi effera. Quid ni isti rationem nostram, in alia natione Jesu expectabamus; ipso Barabbas, homicida & nebulaledicus, ideoque in carcerem companisusti, Jesu damnavit. Quod controversiam fiam commodus. Proh, pervertedum judicem, perinde adit etiam innoxentem damnavi. Iasas, festa tabernaculum homicida dimittitur, quia Iesus datur non potior, Barabbas corpus erat, columba Jesu. Cor vist nemo iacere currenda cedem, quia ruunt sperata ab his, non ab his. Damnavit opinione Jesu profuit pestiemo patroni, cuiotte anima quid ni pro istic. Peccavi in damnationem Iesu crucis homines. Principes, sacerdotes, & hi peccaverunt ex invidia. Invidia Jesu sua apud populum aedificationem, qui etiam habebat virtutem propheta, & ideo eum sibilabant. Populus vulgus: & hi peccaverunt ex levitate; nam et prius etiam habebant virtutem propheta, sed postea, mollius levitatem animis, oculi cronicum, malum inissimile suppli-cio affebrum, necedumque opera bac. Peccavi ex imbecilitate. Nam unus malitia plus quam imbecilitates, in Paclii supplicium affligebat innocentem ex mea impatience, ne foret alioquin perdere gratiam Caesari. Sed Paclius hesit, peccare ex imbecilitate peccavimus. umen digito, signa conligens in: inluminatio: in factis. Digitaleti by CoQgl. 4ii graviffimia 'Debendo' Otema, Pace, Jolia ici. becipiens purpurnium, oon debuistis obolescunt, tunicacemelani orefecti volgi, a justi iubeberet damnaando insignoccus, in potestatem clamantium contraire. Platonicus Ait in qui in gratiam aliorum contra conscientiam suam agung Traditur. Sui volutati Judicet: tu vultus in ipso voluntatem ejus, totum tradit H. oga itaque Donum, ne te credat voluntati hominum sed virtute hujus Acta in invasrentiae qua morti addictus libere cessantes justifcuentiam cernunt. Conideratio. S. Mathaeus Cap. 17. Tim mihi praesidium significavi Sunt fraternitas. Congregaverunt in universam cabortem. Dicit, "Unus": nolo post damnationem &c utionem, nam ante illam Christi quam sequuntur, constituerunt post flagellacionem. Nam mitices flageliantes Donum mihi cum spavento signa stingerent. Dicic congregati, vel isti Judaeorum Regem, regiis per ludibrium Signa ornarent. Deniquique arbitrio, 21 Mihi, dicit, quod cohors decima legionis, continens mirum in a0 vel ut alii quid Co. Cohors haec erat praetorium, quas praecedentem Pilatum sedecim virorum custodiebant, & compatrorum populi, Sc hostium infidias municia. Sequitur: post metesselum chlamydem coccineam circumdederunt ei. Exus, putando chlamydem albiga, eum Angelos custodiant.
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bub_gb_6DlZ1aWV1gIC_79
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French-PD-diverse
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,740 |
Le grand dictionaire historique, ou Le mêlange curieux de l'histoire sacrée et profane ...
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Moréri, Louis, 1643-1680
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French
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Spoken
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Les Inquifueurs fouhaitoient paûlonnément de brûler ce pau vre homme ; mais ils cralgnolent le peuple. Pour éviter le danger dont ils étoient menacez, & pour fe tirer de cette affaire i leur honneur, ils s'aviférent d'un ftratagêmc fort fin gulicr. Un Ecclélialtique nèi dillingué, qui avoit le titre d'E vêque dllébron, fe jcrtaaiix piez du prifonnier, la tête nue, les bras crojfcz, fit les larme* a«« yeux, fit lui fit un difeours pathétique. „ Vous êtes, hu ait il, cent fois plus favant que „ nous tous. Nous fommes perfuade* de votre bonne Inten „ tion , & nous convenons avec vous fur les ptincipâux Artl „ ctes. Nous ne différons qu'à l'égard de quelques coutumes „ fie de quelques cérémonies Eccléfialtiquet.qui font des cho „ fes indifférentes, fit qui dépendent uniquement des Condu „ fteurs de l'Eglife. Soumettez-vous donc, je vous prie, i l'Eglifc fit a fes décidions, pour éviter les tumultes & les „ defordres. Vous voyez que le peuple ell fort irrité, vou driez-vous nous expofer a la violence & a la fureur de La „ populace? Confervez votre vie pour l'amour des pauvres, „ qui en demandent la confervation avec tant de larmes. „ Confervez la notre, car elle dépend de vous; La feule cho ,, fe que nous vous demandons. cil , que vous reconnots „ fiez , que vaut avez entrepris tnpruJeuvneni £f mal i propos d'a „ Mtr quelques tuulumu quelques cerétncmei , qui font de kur no „ tare uuHfértnies , &qut vous en ftei fithé; fi cet aveu choque ,, votre confclcnce , nous engageons nos âmes pour la votre , „ fitc " En prononçant ces dernières paroles, l'Evêque don na une main au prifonnier , & mit l'autre fur fa poitrine. Ce difeours ftt une fi grande impreflion furl'cfprit de Mérula, qu'il promit de faire ce qu'on cxlgeoit de lui. Peu de tems après on le fit monter fur un échafaut; fit au lieu de lire en fa pré fenec les Articles dont on étoit convenu. on lut les principaux Articles de fa créance , 13 bas fit fi vite , que Mérula. qui étoit fourd , ne pouvoit pas les entendre. D'ailleurs on ajouta , „ qu'il abjuroit les Hérélies de Luther, fil toutes les erreurs contraires i la Foi orthodoxe de l'Eglifc Romaine; qu'il „ croyoit tout ce que cette Eglifc cnfejgnoit; qu'il promettoit „ ferment de continuer dans fa communion, fit qu'il décla roit que quiconque feroitle contraire feroit damné; que s'il „ avoit à l'avenir des fentimens différens, il fe foumettroit à la „ févérité des Loix Ecclélialllques; qu'il fupplioit les affiltans „ de prier Dieu pour lui à caute des Héréûcs qu'il abjuroit; fit „ qu'il demandoit pardon a ceux qu'il avoit induits dans 1er „ reur ". Enfuite on lui demanda a haute voix, s'il révoquoit tout ce qu'on avoit lu. Il répondit affirmativement, ne fâchant point qu'on l'avoit trompé. 11 fouhaita de lire fon Abjuration avant que de la ligner; mais les Inquifueurs lui dirent qu'ils étoient prelîez, & qu'il falloit fe recirer, parce que le peuple faifoit beaucoup de bruit. Il ell â remarquer qu'on s'apperçut d'un grand changement dans le peuple; l'amour fit la compas lion qu'il avoit témoignées pour Mérula , fe changèrent en haine fie en colère contre lui. L'inquifiteur Tapper le rit transférer de Louvain dans une Ab baye du Hainaut. où il refta environ un an. Le Roi croyant que Mérula étoit relaps , ordonna qu'il fût conduit de cette Abbaye dans une prifon i Mons, fit que l'on terminât fon pro cès. Cétoit précisément ce que les Inquiflteurs demandoient. Cet ordre fut exécuté le quatrième de Juin 1557, fit l'on mit Mérula dans un cachot affreux. Enfin Tapper le fit déclarer Hérétique relaps , êt il fut condamné è être brûlé. Mérula fut transféré i Mons fort feercttement , afin qu'on pût le faire mourir avant qu* fes amis de Hollande fuirent en état de s'op pofer au defTein de l'inquifttion ; car l'inquifiteur Tapper, fit fes fuppots, craignoient que les Etats de Hollande ne reven diquaflent leurs droits , qui avoientété violez dans le procès de Mérula. Son neveu, qui ne favoit point qu'on l'avoit tin pri fon né i Mons , arriva dans cette ville le vint-feptléme de Juillet environ à dix heures du matin , précifément dans le tema que Mérula fortoit de la prifon pour aller au fupplice. Co vieillard étoit appuyé fur fon biton, fit comme il avoit été pen dant lix femaincs dans un cachot, il étoit devenu fi maigre fit fi foible, que fon neveu eue de la peine a le reconnoitre Dès qu'il apperçut ce cher neveu , il teflentit une joye extra ordinaire, fie il lui parla en ce* termes; „ Mon fils, voici „ l'heure ", ( en prononçant ces paroles il avoit les yeux fie les mains élevez vers le Ciel ,) „ voici l'heure , où Dieu veuc „ que je fcêlle de mon fan g la vérité que j'ai puifée dans fa „ parole. On m'a fait fortir de ma patrie, fie après m'avoir „ transféré en divers lieux, on m'a enfin amené ici; je fui* ,, préparé à être offert i Jéfus-Chrill , comme une victime pu „ rc; mon aine ell dans l'impatience d'être avec Dieu. Les „ Voleurs fie les Meurtriers iont traitez plus doucement que „ je ne le fuis. Faites favoir ce que vous avez vu i nos pa> „ rens , fie i nos amis , dans notre chère patrie. Vous m'avez „ toujours été fidèle ; vous auriez été l'héritier de mon bien: ., je vous fupplie de fupporter la perte de cet héritage, avec n la même fermeté que je fupporte*la perte de ma vie. Vous, „ ne manquez ni de bon fens, ni de (avoir; fit vous (avez que „ j'ai eu foin de cultiver en vous ces deux qualités, pendant „ nue cela m'a été pofSble. MERULA ( Paul ) natif de Dordrecht en Hollande , aprèi avoir fait de grands progrès dans le Droit, dans l'Hlftoire, dans les Langues fit dans les BellesLettres, voyagea en Fran ce, en Italie, en Allemagne fit en Angleterre, fit eut foin de voir les hommes doctes de ces différentes Nations. Lorsqu'il fut revenu dans fon psïs, on l'engagea d'enfeigner l'Hifloire dans l'Univerfité de Leyden. II fuccéda dans cet emploi à Ju lie Lipfc, fit le remplit dignement pendant 15 années; mais le trop grand attachement qu'il avoit i l'étude, le jetta dant une maladie fâcheufe, qui l'obligea d'aller à Raftock pour y changer d'air: il y mourut le 18 Juillet 1607 , âgé de 49 ans. Ce favant homme avoit publié les Fratmcw fEnaîus avec des L'vmmemaïrtt ; Eutropt ; Csioté Wtlleramt for les Cantiques ; les Vtes fErojme &deDu Jm ; une Ctfnugrapke générale en trois li vres; «w Cofougrophit partUuBére en quatre livres; Praxis Ctvi tts Provinttalis Curia apud BaUvos; de remuant gf Pifcatu, Il a voit coinpofé divers autres Ouvrages , qui n'ont point été im primez , fit que fes fils auroient fans doute donnez au publie, s'ils tui avoient longtcms furvécu ; mais étant tous morts avanc l'âge de 30 ans , ils n'ont pu rendre ce dernier devoir i la mé moire de leur père. L'un d'eux a feulement continué jufqu'en l'an irtu, fHtfloirt Civile gf EttUfafiiaut, que Mérula avoit poufTcc depuls"jéfus-Chrifl jufqucs au XIII fiécle exclufive. ment. Il a laide encore en manuferic, Hifioria Selgu* Cf Gef drita; Defcrtptio Roms; Dtferipti» Dordraei; Tabula, JZntiqmtatum Krm^utrum; Fafti Reruma Rtmam geiUrum; fie plufieurs autres que l'on conferve dans la Bibliothèque de l'Univerfité de Ley de. La plupart de fes autres Manufcrits ont péri par la négli gence des héritiers. Des Libraire* de Hollande en fauvérenc quelques-uns du naufrage en les achetant, fit les ont publiez Vf 1» Digitized by Google 298 MER. l'an 1684, fous le titre de Pauli Menât, Çfc. Opéra varia fslf borna. ' CtmJ'uliK Meiirliui. Valére André, flîWrorfc. Belgica, p. 715 0* 71C Smvellct de U Réputtiaue dei Jsltrci , toùl 1684 Paul Mèruta a nuflî public en Latin une Relation de la mort de fon grand-onde Ange Méruia, dont il cil parié dans l'Ar ticle précédent. * Gérard Brandi, htJUtrt de la Réformat'ttn des Pais lias, tonte 1. p. 95 M EU Y (fcint) en Latin Mederhts, que l'on croit avoir vécu dans le VII liéete, était d'Autun. Il prit l'habit dans lu Monallérc de Saint-Martin de cette ville: il ci) fut élu Abbé, & y vécut en grande réputation de fainteté. Il voulut quitter cette place, pouf vivre dans la folitude; mai» l'Evêque d'Au lun l'aiia tirer de fa cellule, le ramenai ton Abbaye, & l'or donna Prêtre. Saint Méry voulant abfolumcnt vivre en fini >le Religieux, quitta l'on Mon a Itère, fous prétexte de vltltcr es tombeaux de faint Denys & de faint Germain. Il fc mit en chemin avec un autre Religieux, nommé Frodulphe; maii il tomba malade dans le Monallére de Champeaux en Brie. Etant un peu rétabli, il fe lit apporter dans un chariot i Paris, &s'y renferma au fiuixbourg du Nord, dans une cellule jointe a la Chapelle de faint Pierre, où il acheva le relie de fes jours, affligé de maladies, nui ne l'cmpéchoicnt pas de prier conti nuellement. Ou fait mémoire de lui au 29 d'Août, que l'on croit Être le jour de fa mort. Au lieu de l'ancienne Chapelle de faim Pierre, 011 a depuis biti fur fon tombeau une grande Kglife, qui porte fon nom, & où l'on conferve fe» Reliques. • Anvtjm. apud Mablllon , Scuuh M. BtntdiS. Baillée, Fies ici Saints. MERY, (Jean) naquit à Valin en Berry le iîxiéme Jan vier 164s , de Jean .Méry , Maître Chirurgien , ci de 7c*we Mores. On lui fit commencer fe» études, mais il s'en degoù ta bien-lot, & s'attacha uniquement a la profclTion de ton pè re, il vint a Paris a dix-huit an?, s'inltruire a l'Iiotel Dieu, la meilleure de toutes les Ecoles pour un jeune Chirurgien. Non content de fes exercices du jour , il deroboit fubtilcuient un mort, quand il le pouvoit, & l'cinportoit dam fou lit, & Eafibit la nuit à le ditréaucr fccrcttcmcnt. En 1681, il lit, 4 1 prière de M. Lamy, Docteur en Médecine, qui donnoit une féconde édition de ton Livre de t Ame Jhijïmx.unc Uefcriptton de l'oreille; dans la même année , il fut pourvu d'une charge de Chirurgien de la Reine. En 1683, M. de Louvoi» le mit aux Invalides en qualité de Chirurgien-major. L'année fuivan te, le Roi de Portugal ayant demandé au Roi Louî» XIV, uu Chirurgien capable de donner du recours a la Reine fa femme, qui étolt a l'extrémité, M. de Louvois y envoya M. Méry en polie; mais la Reine mourbt avant fon arrivée. 11 n'y eut a Lisbonne aucun malade qui ne voulut le confulter; on lui fit même les offres le» plu» avantageufes, pour l'engager a y re lier. On en ufa de même a ton paflage en El'pagnc ; mais rien ne fut capable de furmonter l'amour qu'il avoit pour fa patrie. A fon retour, M. de Louvois le fit entrer dans l'Académie des Sciences en 1688. Cette même année, la Cour alli a Cham bord : le Roi demanda i M. Fagon , un Chirurgien qu'il pût mettre pendant le voyage auprès de M. le Duc de Bourgogne encore enfant , & M. Fagon fit choix de M. Méry. Mais la Cour n'étoit pas un féjour qui lui convint, & il revint, aufE-tot qu'il put , reprendre ton polie aux Invalides. En 1692 , il fit un voyage en Angleterre par ordre de la Cour , mai» on en igno re abfolumcnt le fuîct. H vivoit fi retiré & fe commun iquoit fi peu, que l'on fait tort peu de circonttances de fa vie. Après qu'il avoit rempli avec la dernière exactitude fes fonctions or dinaires , il fe renfermoit dans ton Cabinet pour étudier & pour travailler: fa famille même ne le voyoit qu'aux heures du repas, & il ne tenoit point de dil cours inutile. En 1700, M. de Har hi, Premier Préfideot, le nomma Prémicr Chirurgien de l'Ho «1-Dieu; mai» il n'accepta cette place, que quand il fut bien fûr qu'elle n'étoit pas incompatible avec celle de l'Académie. On lui a entendu dire , que le» deux enfcmblc rcmpliUblenc toute fon ambition : auflî l'ont-cllc» uniquement occupé. De» malade.* , quel» qu'ils Aillent , n'ont jamais pu le faire fortir de chez lui; tout au plu» a-t-il traité quelques ami». Des Etran gers nui fouhaltoicnt paiEonnément qu'il leur fit de» Court articuliex» d'Anatomie , n'ont pu le tenter par le» promeut» le» plus magnifiques, & le» plu» fûres. U ne vouloir point d'une augmentation de fortune, qui lui eût coûté un tems de iliné i de nouveaux progrès dans fa Science. Il ne refutoit point a fes devoir» le tems qu'il refutoit a toute autre chofe: ainfi il conçut le deflein d'en donner à l'Hotcl-Dicu beaucoup plu» qu'il n'en demandoit félon l'ufage établi. Les jeunes Chi rurgien» qui vendent pour apprendre leur métier, n'y pre nolent pa» des leçon» fuivic» ; mais M. Mery obtint de M. de Hat lai, que l'on conltruiroit un lieu où il leur fcroitdc» Cour» réglez d'Anatomie, ce il fc tint heureux qu'on lui eût accordé un lurcroit confldérable d'atTujettiiTenient & de travail Son génie étoit d'apporter une extrême exactitude a l'obfervation , & de fe bien alf'urer de la (impie vérité de» chofes , (ans fc pref fer d'en imaginer les raifon». U avoit été fi longtcms appliqué i ne faire que voir, qu'il n'avoit point fongé 1 fc faire dcsSyflê mes. Il avoit ramifie dans fon Cabinet jufqu'a quatre-vints pièces importantes, ftnt fquelettes entiers, toit parties d'ani maux: trente de ces picce8 ,cgwdent l'Homme; & celle où font tous les nerfs conduits depuis leur origine jufqu'à leurs extrémltcz, a dû lui coûter trois ou quatre mois de travail. Unechofc quon peut lui reprocher, c'eli d'avoir été trop atta ché a fes propres opinion». La retraite dans laquelle il avoit vécu lui r™°";p°™ certains ménagemens d'cxpreiTion» , qui font n.6<c'* r" la difpute; il ne donnoit point à en. tendre qu un ij»t rapporté étoit faux, qu'un femiment étoit ab , n le uiiou aftnjcat. Mais m ucit ^ nc MER. MES. bleflbit point dans l'intérieur de l'Académie, où on le lui p»f foit fan» peine. 11 n'étoit pa» cependant fi entier dans fes fen timens, qu'il n'en changeât quelquefois. On le vit d'abord approuver l'opétation de la l'aille du| Frère Jaques, qu'il defap prouvadans la fuite, & il en a ufé de même en quelques au tres oe-calioru. M. Méry, malgré une torte conltitution & une vie toujours réglée, felllit prefquc tout d'un coup fes jambes manquer vers l'âge de 75 aiu , & mourut le croifiérnc Nuvcm lue «712, âgé de 77 an». Il a laiffé fix enfans de Catherine. CiKiirtit Carrére, tille d'un Premier Chirurgien de Madame. Il eut toute fa vie beaucoup de Religion, év fes mœurs ont été telles que la Religion les demande; fes dernières année» ont été uniquement occupée» d'exercice» de pieté. On n'a de lui que deux Ouvrages qui ayent paru féparément, & qui con tiennent les Traite* fuivans , Ùtfervjtimi île h manière de tailler dans tel deux feues , pour ItxtraSiaa de U pierre , jirati tiaee par Frai e Jtaues ; Arm>M« Sjfiéme de U Circulation du png par le trou ovule iLuu lejtrtui btmatn, avec Ut répm/u **x oijtaiim oui o«l »W/*;<ci rmlr< cette Hyptibtjt ; ProUémct de Fbjfiqke, fitvvtr , fi la tenéraHau du feetm dépend H mm dt Ja mmtntare , Si] y a en nen entre ht Ëf la femme une rétipraaue circulait»* , Si te jtrtui Je nourrit ait pràendu loti de U matrice tm du fang de Ja mère , Si deve nu ftrt il Juce au mm ce loU Jûppaji, Si Je vit dépend tu nm de celle dtj'a mère , & I nfant Jart it la matrice parce ipiii ejl privé a'ali meru , on parce fit U ea ejl cbajjé par Ut cantreHm de cette partie. Touï ces Problèmes ont été refolus par M. Méry. On trouve dans tlhSairt de f^cadtme des Sciences pluficurs Mémoires cu rieux de lui. • hifime de l'académie au Sciences fur Fan 1721. Le Père Nicéron , Mdmaîrei pour Jervir i fHtJi. du Uttnmei II lujl. &c. toute 0. p. 360 Cf finv. • MERY fDoin François) ReUgieux Bénédiftin de la Congrégation de S. Maur, étoit de Vierion en Berry, & en tra de bonne heure chez les Bénédictins , où il fit d'aiTez grands progrès dan* les Lettres. Il mourut en la fleur de fon âge le 16 Octobre 1723. 'Il avoit travaillé a recueillir des Mémoire» pour Servir a fa Bibliothèque des Auteurs du Berry, & elle étoit déjà fort avancée quand il mourut. 11 avoit été Biblio thécaire de la Bibliothèque publique On a de lui, Dijcv£im Critique if Thenhiuiut du Remarques de M. Le Clerc , Fritre Hul piiten à Ljm, fur le Dictimtatrt de Morert de CrMium de 171 8. Il a donné cette Brochure tous le nom emprunté de M. 'l 'bornas DoScur dt Lmvavt. il a suffi traduit en François pluficurs Trai tez de quelques Pérc» Grec», ôt y a joint de» DitTertatiotis 1 héologiques; mais cet Ouvrage elt demeuré manuferit. • /'« jez te Supplément de Paris 1736. MERY (Seigneurs de). Voyez ORCHIMONT. • MER Y-E i-BOlS, bourg de France, dans le Berry, au nord de Bourges , dont il ell éloigné d'environ cinq lieues. La rivière de Bazanjon y prend fa fourec. Son commerce confide en bclliaux, en laine , en cire, & en chanvre. • MERY-SUR-SK1NE, ville de France en Champagne, fur la rive droite de la Seine, au nord-nord ouclt de Troyc». dont clic c« éloignée d'environ cinq lieue». MES. MESA.MESÇAH.ou MESAH.Roi de» Moakite» , fut aflîégé dans fa ville capitale par Joram fils d'Achab , Roi d'ifraêl , auquel it devoit & refutoit de payer un tribut annuel de cent mille agneaux & de cent mouton». Preffé pat jofaphat Roi de Juda, & par le Roi d'iduméc, de fe rendre, il parut fur les murailles , & y facritia de fes mains fon propre fils, félon quelques-uns, ou plutôt le fili du Roi des Iduméens, qui étoit fon prifoniiier , en préfenec de fes ennemi» , Jcfquela effrayez de cette inhumanité levèrent le iiége,& fc ictiréient, l'an du Monde 31 *o, & 895 avant Jéfus-ChrilL 11 faut remarquer que Rabbi Salomon , & ceux qui l'ont fuivi, interprétant le terme Hébreu hem, par flïtm ejns, an lieu de plwm Jinm, difent que ce n'étoit pas le fils de Méfa , comme quelque» Auteurs l'ont cru, qui fut facrifté, mais le fils du Roi des Iduméens, qui avoit été pris dans une fortie, comme nous l'avons marqué; & qu'aufiî-tot que ce Roi des Iduméens vit que Méfa réduit au defefpoir étoit fur le poinc de factificr fon fils, il fc retira avec toutes fes troupes, pour lui en ôter la penfée: ce qui pourtant nc réuflit pas, la paiEori de venger tant de maux paliez ayant prévalu dans l efprit de Méfa. * U ou IV Rois , cb. 3. t>. 4. & I Ctrtm. ou ParaHp. ci. 2. v. 42. Cornélius a Lapide. Emmanuel Sa*. Ellius. Ti rinus, fuper cafmt 4, JUt;. MESADEASTA.cn Latin, Afla , Afla Régie. C'étoit anciennement une grande ville d'Elpagne, ce n'elt maintenant qu'un tas de ruines. Elles font dans l'Ancjaloufic , fur la (Jua daléte, entre Arcos & Xérès de 'a Frontéra, qui a profité de fes pertes. L'an 713 , les Arabes y vainquirent Rodèric , der nier Roi des Goth», & devinrent par cette victoire le9 maîtres de l'Efpagnc. • Maty, D:â. Giogr. MESAGNA, en Latin Mejfapia , Mejpma ApuTut, ancien bourg du Royaume de Naple,-. 11 cil dans la Terre d'Otrante entre Oiia & Brindcs, environ i trois lieue» de l une & do l'autre. * Maty, DM. Gtogr. M K S C A H. Fojez MES A. MES C EC II. yojez M O S O C H. MESCHASIPI. Cherchez M1SSISSIPI. M ESC HE DE (Godcfcalque de) natif de Wcdphalie en Allemagne, vivoit tor la fin du XVliécle, en 1470,6: (avoit très bien la Philofopiiie & ta Théologie, qu'il enfeigna i Er fort. U compofa divers Ouvrages , comme , Qjiéftmef fenten tiarun ; QutjHtmes variai âfputatce , iennsiiei Kf C*lteiia»«. &C * Tnibêmc, dt Script, tul. Swrariui , Rtr. A&a^ /. 1. t. Digitized by Google MES. MES. 299 r. t. 4% Pantaléon , Profiptgr. I. 2. Melchior Adam , tu Fit. Mei. Germ. MESCHEDE (Thierri Grefinunt de) Médecin célèbre, & frére du précédent, s'établit à Mayence, ét vivoit encore l'an 14.91, lorsque Trithême publia fon Traité de* Ecrivains Ecdéfiailiqucs. II publia Ton Traité De nendt fmtaie tempère fefiii , & laitTa un tils , que Ton ciprit lit conliderer comme un prodige. * Confuhez les Auteurs citez dans l'Article pré cèdent. MESCUL LEMETH. Voyez MESS A LEMETII. MESE MBR1A, ville de Turquie en Europe. Elle eft dans la Bulgarie, ou félon Baudrand, dans la Ru m nie, fur la Mer Noire, entre Stravtcoct Varne. Elle a le Siège d'un Archevêché. • Maty, Di3. Géorr. MESERITS. Voyez M1EDZIRZECZ. MES1E rotez MOESIE. M E S 1 K R ES. Voyez MEZIERES. MESGRIGNY (Renée de). Voyez MEGR1GNY. MES 1 US. Osertktz QUINTIN MESIUS. MESK1RK , petite ville du Comté de Furftcmberg en Souabe. Elle cil ifles. jolie, porte le titre de Baronie , & eft (huée fur une petite rivière, i cinq ou fix lieues d'Uberlin. gen , du enté du nord. * Maty , DiS. Géagr. M KSI. E, bourg de Poitou en France. Il eft 4 la fource de la Boutonne , 4 huit lieues au deffus de SaintJean 0 Ange ■ ly. * Maty. EhS. Géogr. MESMER S, bourg de France. Voyez MEMERS. MESMES, chlteau & fortereffe, célèbre par fon antiqui té, Sué dans le Diocéfc de Bazas. rétabli ét fortifié au com mencement du XIII fiécle, par Ahamieu de Mcfmes. MESMES, (pt marnez Mêmes) Malfon noble ét très an cienne, dans la Province de Guienne, également diftinguée par les armes & dans la robe, a produit en différées fiécles , plusieurs grands hommes, illuftres par leur capacité, parleurs dignitez , & par les fervices importans qu'ils ont rendus aux Rois •<Jc France & 4 l'Eut. Le premier de ce nom dont on a connoif fance , eft Amasiïu, Seigneur des châteaux de Mefmes , & de Caixchen , fit des Terre* d'Arnet Se de Barfey. 11 fouferi vit, fuivant l'ufagc de ce tems-14, à une donation faite l'an 1219, à l'Hôpital de Beffal par Renault Guilhem de Mazerol les. On lit au bas de cet Acte , Amorùvus Je Homes, Mikt, (A uunieu Je Mejnses Chevalier,) qualité que l'on ne don noit qu'aux Seigneurs qui l'avoient reçue fotemnellemcnt, comme le té moignage ét la récompenfe de leur valeur & de leurs fervices. Un cadet de cette Maifon , attaché aux Rois d'Angleterre, dans le tenis qu'ils poffédoient ta Guienne, s'étoit établi en Angleterre dans le Comté de Northumberland , dès l'an 1200. Sa poftérité y a confervé le nom ét les armes de Mefmes, juf qu'l N... de Mefmes, Gouverneur de Barwick , l'an 1567, qni mourut fans avoir été marié. Aminiju, tige de cette Maifon, fut pére de Piekrr, de Guillaume, ét de Raimond de Mefmes. Pierre eft qua lifié Domimu, c'clt 4 dire, Cbroahtr, daos un ancien Regttre d'hommages rendus par la Noble (Te du Bailliage de Roquefort l'an 1279. Guillaume de Mefmes , fécond lits d'Amanicu, fut premier Chapelain, c'eft à dire, premier Aumônier du Roi falot Louis, ainfi qu'on l'apprend d'un ancien Manufcrit en vélin , enrichi de mignatures, où on lit ces mots, Ce livre fia au Rn fiant Louis , oui m la fin Je fti jours le Jtmna à Mefirc Guil laume Je Mejmei, fin premier Chapelain. Ce Pfeautier psffa de puis dans la Bibliothèque des Rois d'Angleterre , d'où il ell revenu dan* celle de MM. de Mefmes , où il ell confervé comme un monument de l'antiquité de leur Maifon. Ra i m o w d de Mefmes, troifiéme fils d'A m a k r 10, a continué la pofté rité. Il a voit époufé Loire de Marfan , comme il parolt par l'Aveu rendu par cette Dame , étant veuve l'an 1287 , au Roi d'Angleterre, comme Duc de Guienne. Raimond fut pére de Pi es m de Mefmes , 11 du nom, qui fc trouve nommé le premier à la tête de la Nobleffe de fon Bailliage, dans l'Acte d'hommage d'Eléonore de Folx, Vicomteffc de Béarn o: de Marfan, en date de l'an 1343. L'original de cet Aveu eft con fervé au Thréfor de* Chartres du Roi è Pau. On y voit que ce Pierre eft qualifié Moffen de Mefmes, Seigneur du chiteau de Caixchen, & de* Paroiffes de Celles et de l.ciffcn. il fut pére de Rooer de Mefmes, qualifié dans le contrait de ina riage i'Arnaué de Mefmes , fon fils, paffé l'an 1379. Mil haut Rcr.tr Je Ccfàtn , Cavakr Senhor Je Mtjmes , c'eft i dire, tris no Me Raser Je CafJm, Chevalier , Honneur Je Mefmes Arnaud de Mefmes, fils de Roger, époufa le neuvième d'Août 1379, Arsène de Mioffens, fille de GuuharJ Baron de Mioffens, Che valier, & de noble Dame Anne de Clermont, qui donnèrent pour dot à leur fille, 3000 florins d'or d'Aragon. De cette alliance vint Bestiavj) de Mefmes. Chevalier, Seigneur de Caixchcn , qui époufa Jeanm de la Barthe , d'une des plus illulires Maifons de Languedoc De ce mariage, fortirent Arnaud, Pierre & J>;«sts de Mefmes. G « o * o s de Mefmes , Chevalier , Seigneur des chiteaus de Mefmes , de Caixchen , de Luffon & de Brocas , iffu de ce maiiagc, époufa le quatrième Juin 1480, Marquer. te de Cau na, »U de BeruarJ, Seigneur de Cauna, Chev iller, d'une gtan de ét ittuftrc ilaiioa de Guienne, fendue en celte d'Audoin» & de Caupenne, 4 de Jeanne de Beaumont , iiïùe des Beau* monts, Connétables Héréditaires du Royaume de Navarre, & qui fortoient d'un Bâtard légitimé de la Maifon royale de Navarre. De ce mariage naquirent J s a k I a c o. o e s de Mef mes, oui emirma la irtnebt tinte; Gerrge de Mefmes , Seigneur de Guédcs ; DoiikNC* de Mefmes , lige Je la tranche Je M tu mrs-Ravioisan, Joui il fera parlé ci-ayrts ; et Pierre de Mef mes, Chevalier, Chambellan du Roi de Navarre , Seigneur de Mon I trou, de Dargez, de Stiran, & de Montégut ; com me il ell juilifié par une tranfaétion qu'il fit avec Jean-Jacques & Domcnge de Mefmes, fes frères cadets, de l'an 1527, êt par I hommage qu'il rendit au Roi de Navarre, l'an 1538. Jean-J acquis de Mefmes, I du nom, Chevalier, Sei gneur de Roiffy , & de Cantiers en France , de Gengor , de Brocas , de Luffon en Béarn, né au feptiéme mois de la grof feffe de fa mére le onzième Mai 1490, fe trouva d'une confti tution fi délicate, qu'il ne put, comme fes ancêtres, fuivre les Kois de France ou ceux de Navarre , dans leurs Années. 11 ne leur fut pas moins utile dans l'adminiftration de la Jufti cc. Cclt le premier de fa Maifon qui ait pris le parti de lai robe. Il confacra les premières années de la vie i l'étude des Belles Lettres. Il paffa enfuite à la Jurifprudcnce , & il y fie de G grands progrés, qu'il n'avoic pas 20 ans qu'il fut trouvé: capable de profclfer le* Loix dans l'Univerfité de Touloufe Philippc Décius, André Alciat, ét les plus favans Jurlfconful tes , alloicnt fouvent I entendre. Il «toit I ami de tous le» Gen* de Lettres: il devint depuis leur Protecteur . qualité hérédi taire dans cette Miifon. Catherine de Foix, Reine de Na varre, lui donna une place dans fon Confeil; il y lit paroHro tant de capacité , que cette Princcffc l'envoya en qualité d'Am baûadeur a l'Affemblée de Noyon, pour revendiquer cette par tie de la Navarre, dont les Efpagnols s'ctolcnt emparez. Ce la le rit connoitre par François 1: il le fut encore mieux, par le refus généreux qu'il lit de la charge d'Avocat-Général au Parlement de Paris , dont ce Prince vouloit dépouiller Jean de Ruzé, pour l'en revêtir. Jcan-lacques de Mefmes protella qu'il n'accepteroit jamais la place d'un homme de bien, ce qui fervoit utilement fon Roi tt fa patrie : il eut même de la pei ne a fe réfoudre peu après à accepter la charge de Lieutenant Civil au Chiteletde Paris, quoique vacante, & il n'en reçut les provillons, qu'à condition qu'il lui (crois permis de parta ger fes fervices entre fon Prince naturel & fon Prince adop tif ; & il continua de prendre foin des intérêts du Roi de Na varre i la Cour. Ce même attachement pour la Maifon roya le de Navarre, lui fit faire différens voyages en qualité d'Am baffadeur en Allemagne, en Suiffe, & en Efpagne. Ces Am balTades accrurent fa réputation, êc Peiliine que le Roi Fran çois 1 faifoit de ce grand Magillrat. Ce Prince, pour l'appro cher de fa perfonne, le fit Maître des Requêtes, l'an 1544. 11 fut depuis nommé Premier Préfident du Parlement de Nor mandie: mais Henri H, fucccffcur de François <l , le retint dans fon Confeil. Ce fut lui qui négocia le mariage de Jeanne d'Albrct, fille du Roi de Navarre, & unique héritière de fes Etats , avec Antoine de Bourbon , Duc de Vendôme ; & il fut le Minilire d'une alliance, qui a mis une Couronne dans la Maifon de Bourbon , et donné 4 la France pour Roi, Henri k Grand. C'efl ce qu'on apprend par fon Teflament, fait le neuvième Juin 1549, ét on y trouve en même teins une preu ve bien fiuguliére de fon attachement 4 la Religion Catholi que. Il prive par ce Teltament, fes enfans de la fucceffion de fes bien*, s'ils changent de Religion; il nomme le Roi pour l'on héritier, êc il le prie de faire remettre par fe* Offi ciers la quatrième partie des bien* qu'il a en Gafcogne , entre les mains de deux de fes plus proches* parens , qui fe trouve ront alors dans cette Province, de fon nom ét armes, pour era faire des f.uoiones, & employer ce legs en œuvres pieufes, dans le pal, même où fes biens font litués: mais cette pré caution fut inutile , A fes enfans ne furent pas moins le* héri tiers de la pureté de fa foi , que de fes autres grandes quali tés. II mourut le 23 Octobre 156», 4gé de 793ns. 11 avoit époufé i«. l'an 1530, Nuole Hcnnequin , morte le 17 Janvier ISS4, fille de Om/hpUe Hcnnequin, Doyen du Parlement, Ambatladeur en Suiffe, déligné Premier Préfident, ét de Bon nt Couraud; ét de cette alliance fortirent 1. Hrn ri de Mef mes. Chevalier , Seigneur de Roiffy, &c. qui fuit; a. Jean 'jaujutt. Seigneur des Arches, ét de Langle, Maitre des Rc Ïjêtes, ét Préfident au Grand-Confcil, père d'un autre Jean etquct de Mcûncs , Seigneur de* Arches , Préfident en la Chambre des Comptes, mort fans poftérité, & de Jeav-Gtirief de Mefmes, Confciller au Parlement de Paris; 3. Antoinette de Mefmes , femme de Franftu d'Elbéne , Seigneur de l'Epi ne ; ét 4. AJrteane de Mefmes , Dame d'Ony. JeanJacques de Mefmes, étant veuf de fa première femme, s'étoit remarié le 12 Septembre 1555 , avec Jeanne le Pére, morte le 13 Novem bre 15*1. bile de GérarJ le Père, Ecuycr. H s ai Ht de Mefmes, I du nom, Chevalier, Seigneur de Roiffy, etc. fils de Jbah-Jacçuss de Mefmes, donna un nouvel éclat à fon nom , & un grand homme 4 l'Etat : il fut fils d un homme illultre. Henri, a l'exemple de fon pére, culti va les Sciences A les Belles-Lettres, & , comme lui , il fut l'ami ou le protecteur de* plus favans hommes de fon fiécle. MM. de Foix ét de Pibrac, Adrien Turnebc, & Denys Lam bin , furent fes compagnons d'étude ; A ce dernier lui dédia depuis fes Obfetvations fur Cicéron, dont il avoue dans fon E pltrc dédicatoire. qu'il lui ell redevable de la meilleure par tie. Henri excella fur-tout dans la Jurifpiudence, & i l'âge de iû aas , il ptofeflbit le Droit 4 Toulouic, avec l'applaudu Pp a fe* Digitiz 3oo MES. MES. îcrat. 11 paffa cnfuitc fucccilivcmcnt par les charges de Con fcillcr au Parlement l'an 1583 , «le Maitrc des Requêtes l'an 1504, de Confeillcr d'Etat l'an 1600. Il fut appcllé au Con. feil de h direction des Finances I an 1613 , au Confcil des Dé pêches la même aimée; &. mourut Doyen de tous les Confeils Te dernier jour d'Octobre 1042. Il avoit époufé, le 25 Août 1584. Ammette de Groffainc , lille unique de Jérôme de Grof faine, Seigneur d'Itval, d'Avaux. de Brcuil , de Befaucourt & de Belle-fontaine , Vicomte de Vamteuil. Le Roi érigea la Terre & Seigneurie d'Avaux en titre de Comté l'an 163g, en faveur de Jean-Jacques de Mcfincs , ëf en cmfidtrttim, dit ce Prince dan« fes Lettres, du trandt tfr reummmditikt ferv'ues ren dm à Jet Cnromei Je France if de Aâturre, par lu dtfanti Set. int+n <'-' A/V/km , éed*ni que dtbvrt le Rojnwe, nmmment n feu &>•'. »'•» U lia Se^otur de R»t]}i, Cbotceker de Ndverre, & freiner ConJtUltr ,1'i.ut de f ronce, fc* J prtjint par ledit Seigneur Je R<»fiJ*t }ds . prew.tr & plus mien Cavalier en totu fa Cm fuis. Ces Lettres turent vêriiiécs en la Chambre des Comptes û. au Parlement, Je quatrième Août 1648. Du mariage de Je an-J a c es de Mel'mes furtirent trois fils et deux tilles, ,,ui furent 1. Htsn 11 du ,lom , Chevalier, Seigneur de Roilly . qui ruit ; a. CUude de Mcfmes , Chevalier , Comte d'Avaux. m. sirtielej..p*rdi &. 3. jBAN-A»Tot de A^"»" ;-• «"fineiir d'Jrval , ,/ui « cml,**é U fofiérttd ; A Jef** te.fàÏÏLL nl''1° i an ,6,5 4 '"^Lambert, icignenr J Uertigo/, Maluc Jes A ê ^ Confciller femem du public. A l ige de 20 ans, & en l'an 15$ 1 , il fut Concilier a la Cour de» Aides , où il ne fit que palfer ; l'an 155a, ConiVilier au Grand-Confcil ; & Maître des Requêtes l'an 1553. en furvivanec de Jean-Jacques de Mcfmcs fon pére. Le Roi Henri II le nomma trois ans après, & en l'an ISSO, pour Poiicitit ou Chef des Armes & de la Jurtkc dans les Etala de la République de Sienne, qui s'étuient mis fous U prote ction de la Couronne de France. Henri ne fut pas moins ex cellent Capitaine qu'habile Magiltra; ; fie pendant l'abiencc de MoKtluc , qui étoit ailé joindre i'rançois Duc de Guifc au Jic^c de CivitcUc, dans le Royaume de Naples , Henri de Mcfmcs forma un petit corps d'Armée de différentes garni forts, avec lequel il fe mit en campagne, &. reprit pluficurs villes , & un grand nombre de châteaux fortiliez . dont les Es pagnols s'étoient emparez ; & il fe trouva chargé en même tems de ditfércntes négociations avec le Pape, «5c d'autres Sou verains d'Italie, où il réuflît i la faiisfacUou du Roi fon Maî tre, &■ des Princes avec Icfquels 11 traita. A fon retour en France, il fut fait Confeillcr d'Etat, puis Chancelier du Ro yaume de Navarre, Garde du Thréfor des Chartes, fit enfin Chancelier de la Reine Louïfe, veuve de Henri IL1. Sa ruau I vaife f.tnté l'avoit empêché d'accepter l'Ambaffadcde Vienne, | s laquelle ilavoit été nommé, & dont même il drclla toutes les [ Intitulions. Il fut depuis chargé, avec le Maréchal de Bi ron , d'une négociation plus difficile avec les Huguenots , d'où f'enlolvit la paix de l'an 1570, dut U peix katevjt & nul t0e,i caul'c de (a courte durée . & par rappott au Maréchal de Uiron qui étoit boiteux, ft a Henri de Meftnes, qu'on nommoit M. de M*J "pj'c ,110m d'une Terre dont il étoit Seigneur. Ses Ambaf fades, les affaires publiques, & celles du Cabinet, ne l'empê chèrent point de cultiver toujours avec foin les Belles-Lettres. Nous en trouvons les preuves dans des PoéGes de d'Aurat & de PalTerat, dont il lut le proteâeur. Pallerat lui lit celte jo lie Epitaphe: IH9 f*b *re ciivi offii rmJita Quiris, Ptctur l Mennii Hexrhi ptter i'.ru kc qwjax. Sic mfi cjl notnsfjtu , sikii tegenJ* tue lm,pie, nefiii Lttterts. MM. de Sainte-Matthc nous ont lailTé un Eloge bifiorique de jean Jacques, & de Henri de Mefincs. Ce dernier mourut l'an 1596. Il avoit époufé, par difpcnfe , dès le troiilémc Juin 1552 , 'Tfetme Hemxfqutn , l'a coulinc au troiliéme degré, tille u'CWjft , Seigneur de Hoin ville , Malue des Comptes i Paris, & de Juime bichon; fi de ce mariage naquirent 1. Jkan-Jacquks de Mefmes, qui fuit; & t. JuJab de Mef tnes, qui époufa J*t<f*a b.uilloi) , Seigneur de.Mancy, Con feillet au Parlement. Henri de Me! me» fut inhumé auprès de fon péte , dans leur Chapelle , dans l'Eglife des Auguttinâ de Paris; & le Seigneur de Roifly, fou fils , lui lit drefler cette Epitaphe: D E O O P Tl M O M AJL I M O. Memori* fuietwu PCifetu* Hmvi Afemani, curijjmiviri, éi mtntriiut Atiit CcmjWaj A'<txrr«u , Meps 8f Repat C*xctlt*rit, bter êrms civslU prt rttnï filute lti*tumbi fidcAter thtit , de p* tria kene merai , ttuttrdiaaut métis 6f vouBtit, fuurtnm patrt ni; exituiit mtriiu, ortilm inflnlti ; ngraw, jnJicu , eJtfuntiâ pr<zfismtifpw ; cajus mmt» Wriufque U»gu« dtUij^imtrum bemnmm fcrtptu celebtrrmam , à nenune ttmen J*tù pn dtpôuH ImdoHm: bw*. pietttis trm uamivm J«imt$-Jtc^m itemmus , Létiltram Suppbcvm in Rcft* Mipflrr , parti taramparaM ftfim necreni pjw. Vix* aawj LXyi oku tûdoiu StxtiHims 01m d yirpnis issxî. ptuis le péx Mené fetptsm. Jeas-] acques de Mcfincs , II du nom, Chevalier, Sel eneur de Roifly, nls unique de Henri de Mefmes, & de yetme Henncquin , continua la branche aînée. Il fut élevé dans l'étude des Belles-Lettres, par les foins de fon illultre pére, ci fous la conduite d'un excellent Précepteur, Jean Paf d Etat, & j. TiwStidc Mcfmcs, mariée lequitxiéme Novem bre 1618, a KUxiwéta de Bcllcforiérc , Chevalier, Seigneur de Soyecourt, Marquis de Guerbigny, Comte de Tilloloy & de Tupigny, Gouverneur de Corbic , <5t Lieutenant pcmr le Roi au Gouvernement de Picirdic. H 1 n n 1 de Mcfmcs , 11 du nom , Chevalier , Marquis de Moignevitlc & d'Efvcrly, Seigneur de Roifly, de Balagny , de Maurup, de Bray fur Scuie , de Pargny, &c. fut reçu Con fciller l'an 1608 , Lieutenant Civil Pan 1613. 11 le trouva l'an née fuivante aux Etats du Royaume tenus 1 Paris , affilia l'an 16 1 7 i l'AlTembléc des Notables convoquée a Rouen, fut élu Prevot des Marchands l'an 1618, & continué dans le mê me emploi l'an ioîo. Le Roi, apr«U l'avoir fait paBcr par ces différentes charges , comme par autant de degrés d'hon neur, l'éteva l'an KS17 i la dignité de Préfidcnt au moitier, qu'il exerça jufqu'i fa mort arrivée l'an 1650, avec autant d'in tégrité , que d'attachement pour le fervicc des Rois de France ; quai itez qu'il ht éclater dans des tems flcheux, & qu'on peut dite qui forment le caractère héréditaire des Seigneurs de ce nom. Henri de Meftnes avoit époufé 1». par traité du deuxiè me Juin >62t, Jetme de Montluc, veuve de Cbtrles d'Amboi fc, Marquis de Renel & de Buffy, & Aile de Jun de Montluc, Seigneur de Balagny, Prince de Cambtay, Maréthal de bran ce, & de Rende d'Amboife, morte fans enfans l'an 1639: a», le 30 Décembre 1639, bUrit del Eoffca, veuve de GtUu de Saint Gelais, Marquis de Lanfac , moite le 21 Août i66r. bile unique & héritière de Ga*rw/ Seigneur des Fod'ez, d'E pone, Marquis d'Efvcrly, Chevalier des Ordres du Roi, Gou verneur de Lorraine, 4 des villes & citadelles de Montpel lier, de Nancy, de Verdun, «Se. & de M^JeUme du Val-de Fontenay, de laquelle il eut, 1. Jeon-JéUtutt de Mefmcs, né l'an 1643 , mort jeune ; 2. jlntmuut Lcmife de Mefmcs, mariée l'an tôss, à Umi-ViSm de Rochechouart, Duc de Vivonue, Prince de Ton nay Charente , &c Pair & Maréchal de Fian ce, Général des galères, Gouverneur de Bric & de Champa gne, & Vicerol de Sicile, morte le dixième Mars 1709; 3* Af... de Mefmcs, Religieufe de Sainte-Marie a Chaillot. J e a -A NTotxt de Mcfmcs, troiliéme fils de Juas J a c n l' 1 s de Méfmcs , & &'stM«i*ette de Groffaine . Seigneur dirval, de Cramaycl, de Brcuil , de Lagery, Vicomte de Van deuil Éi de Hourgues, continua la pofiéf lté. Il fut reçu Con feillcr au Parlement de Paris l'an 1621, Maître des Requê tes l'an 1620 , Confeillcr d'Eut , & enlin Préfidcnt au mor tier au Parlement de Paris l'an 1650 , après la mort de Henri de Mefmcs fon frère aîné. 11 mourut le 23 de Février ">73 > âgé de 75 an*, il avoit époufé Jtme Courun , fille de Fr.mftns CcMiitin. Chevalier, Seigneur de Brufelles, Baron de Givry, etc. Maître des Requêtes, (i Confeillcr d'Etat, & 4e 'Jeanne LcfcaJopier, dont il eut 1. Jsah-Jacçues de Mef mcs, Comte d'Avaux, qui fuit; 2. Henri de Mcfmcs, Abbé delà Valroy, mort l'an t6$S; 3. Qéude de Mcfincs, Cheva lier de Malte, Abbé de la Valroy «S de Hamuye, mort Pan 167 1; 4 Jtm-shum de Mefmcs, Comte d'Avaux , dont il ji. ra ptli if prêt, & 5. JrutimtU de Mefmcs, Religieufe Car mélite. J*Air-J acquis deMefmes.HI du nom, Comte d'Avaur, de Neuf-chitel, & Seigneur de Cramaycl, fut fuccelEvement Confeillcr au Parlement, Maître des Requêtes, Confciller d'Etat, Préfidcnt au mortier , Prévôt Ht Grand. Maitre «les Cé rémonies des Ordres du Roi , & un des Ouvrante «le l'Acadé mie Françoife : également digne de ces différens emplois, par la profonde connoitLnce qu'il avoit des Belles-Lettres , de la Jurifprudcnce, & des affaires d'Etat 11 mourut le neuvième de Janvier 1688. U avoit époufé le huitième Mars 1660, A/jr guerve Bertrand de la Bazinlére , fdle de Macd Bertrand , Sei gneur de la Baziniérc, Prévôt & Grand-Maltrc des Cérémonies de l'Ordre du Saint-Efprit , 6i de Frmieije de Barbeziéres-Ché merault , morte eu Octobre i<5*8 De fon mariage avec cet te Dame font fortls 1. J iA»-Ai»T0tKE de Mefmes, qui fuit; 2. Henri de Mefmcs, né l'an 1666, Licencié de Sorbon nc, Abbé de la Valroy, de Hamble, Prieur de Saint-Dcnys de l'Ellrée, & de S. Pierre d'Abbe ville, mort le fixieuie Mai 1721; 3. Siarïf Tbértjè de Mefjnes, née l'an 1668, mariée l'an 1083 , a /rancir de la Roche , Marquis de Fontcnille ; 4. Ju~ ditb-sin*fit de Mcfmcs, née l an 1672 . Religieufe Urfulùic a SainteAvoyc l'an 1693 5 & S Oetn jéeauu de Mcfmcs, né l'an 167;, reçu Chevalier de S. Jean de Jérufatem l*an 1676. Capitaine de la Patronc de Malte l'an 1706, Commandeur de Sommer eu, Grand-Croix de Grâce dudit Ordre, & Amb a fa deur de cet Ordre en France en 1715. Jeam-Aktoikï de Mefmcs, Comte d'Avaux, Sire de Cramaycl , de Brle-Comtc-Robcrt , Marquis de Saint-Etienne, Vicomte de Ncuf-Chitel , &c. né le 18 Novembre 1661, Sub ftuut de M. le Procureur-Général l'an 1679, Confciller au Par lement en Décembre 1ÛS7 . Préfidcnt i mortier en Mars 1688, Prévôt & Grand-Maltre des Cérémonies des Ordres du Roi , par la démiflion de M. d'Avaux fon oncle , en Septembre 1 703, l'un des Quarante de l'Académie Françoife l'an 1710, fut nom mé Premier Préûdent du Parlement de Paris le cinquième Jan vier 1712, & mourut fubitement le 23 Août 1713, âgé de «3t ans, univerfellemcnt regretté, tant i caufe de la prudence, que de l'intégrité avec lefqucllcs il exerçoit fa charge; ce qui lui avoit acquis une eflime générale, il avoit époufé le 23 Mai J695 > M*rit-Tbtré)è Feydeau , tille de Dcrrr Fcydcan , Seigneur de Brou, Préûdent au Grand Confeil, & de Afarw Amt VoiCn de la Noiraye, décédée le 29 Janvier 1705, dont il a eu, t. MarieAnne. Antoinette née le 15 Mai itJorî, mariée le 14 Décembre 1720, i Car dcDurfort, Due de Lorge; & s. aV«rr«tM.War»ii»wir, née le 29 Avril t«©3 , mariée le fep Digitized by Go MES. tiéme Août 171$, à Imm de Gelas de Léberon , Maquis de Lautrec, &c.
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Il faut certaines précautions quand on veut désaltérer des veaux, car les privations les rendent goulus, surtout vis-à-vis des boissons; souvent ils avalent les liquides tellement précipitamment, qu'une partie de ceux-ci fait fausse route et pénètre par la trachée dans les bronches et provoque une pneumonie sur-aiguë, accompagnée d'altération du sang et d'hématurie; c'est là une maladie mortelle assez commune quoique peu connue. Il faut, pendant le trajet, surveiller les veaux, mais une surveillance continue n'est pas nécessaire; une visite lors des arrêts suffira; il faut veiller à ce que les veaux ne se couchent pas l'un sur l'autre et ne s'étouffent ainsi. Ce danger est surtout à craindre si, avec les veaux, on fait voyager dans le même wagon des porcs ; les porcs se couchent facilement sur les veaux et les étouffent. Le transport de tout jeunes veaux est surtout enveloppé de difficultés, et il n'y a de remède à y porter qu'en défendant sévèrement nonseulement la vente à la boucherie de veaux non encore mûrs, mais même la vente pour l'élevage. Nos cultivateurs sont trop portés à se débarrasser dès le second ou le troisième jour après le vêlage; tantôt c'est parce qu'ils peuvent tirer plus de bénéfice de la vente du lait que de l'élevage de ce produit, tantôt c'est parce que leur intérêt spécial leur dit de ne pas faire d'élèves (1). Ils trouvent des commerçants pour leur acheter ces produits et ne se rendent aucun compte de ce sevrage prématuré et des souffrances qu'il doit entraîner. Ces malheureux veaux sont souvent privés pendant vingt-quatre heures de toute nourriture, et ils sont ensuite vendus comme un aliment analeptique, quand par elles-mêmes déjà leurs chairs blanches et mollasses ne sont que laxatives. C'est pour ces pauvres êtres surtout que nous avons constaté un excès d'insensibilité chez les transporteurs et une insouciance complète pour les nourrir, sans doute parce qu'ils sont encore trop jeunes pour se plaindre. TRANSPORT DES PORCS. Après ce que nous venons de dire des (1) En Suisse, dans les communes qui fournissent aux pâturages alpins, l'on n'élève plus de fin février à fin de mai. Pour la seule alimentation des communes de Guebwiller, Thann, Cernay et Mulhouse, il vient à cette époque, et par semaine, un contingent extraordinaire de 400, 500 et 600 veaux, nés dans la semaine et ayant peine à se tenir debout. veaux, il n'y a que très-peu à ajouter relativement au transport des porcs. Dans le transport des animaux de cette espèce, il ne faut pas oublier que l'habitude des porcs de se vautrer dans la fange, habitude qui en a fait des animaux immondes pour certains peuples, ne vient que du besoin urgent qu'ont les porcs de fraîcheur; il faut leur en accorder, surtout durant les transports et pendant l'été, comme nous le dirons plus loin. Les chiffres maxima à charger par wagon, accordés par les compagnies, sont variables et les mêmes que pour les veaux,. ce qui prouve combien ils sont mal calculés. Ici nous les trouvons moins contraires à la normale, parce que le porc moyen exige plus de place que le veau moyen ; là où l'on place quatre veaux, il ne faut placer que trois porcs. Les porcs trop serrés dans les wagons s'étouffent facilement entre eux, soit en se couchant l'un sur l'autre, soit en se pressant trop fortement. Les porcs, surtout pendant la chaleur, sont exposés à mourir assez facilement d'une espèce d'asphyxie, par épaississement du sang; on dirait que la fibrine de celui-ci, ne trouvant plus son emploi, est altérée. Cette maladie subite, où il y a altération du sang comme dans toutes les affections graves du porc, a souvent été prise pour du charbon ; il n'en est cependant rien ; le microscope n'y découvre pas les bacteries caractéristiques du charbon et la viande des animaux morts est utilisable. Son aspect ne la rend pas propre à l'étal, mais elle peut être consommée par des particuliers, si l'animal a été vidé en temps utile, pour empêcher l'odeur des intestins d'imprégner les quartiers ; cette consommation de porcs morts en route ne doit cependant être autorisée qu'après le bien-vu d'un vétérinaire. Cet accident, très-fréquent en été, il faut le prévenir en ne mettant pas un nombre trop considérable de porcs, surtout de porcs gras, dans un même wagon ; on le prévient encore assez bien en donnant à boire aux porcs de l'eau acidulée avec de l'acide sulfurique (5 grammes environ par litre d'eau) ; à défaut de cet acide, on peut donner de l'eau vinaigrée. On fera bien aussi de profiter des temps d'arrêt pour arroser un peu le plancher du wagon; l'on pourra aussi passer un arrosoir d'eau fraîche sur le corps des animaux eux-mêmes. A côté de ces soins spéciaux, utiles en tout temps, indispensables pendant la saison chaude, il ne faut pas oublier les soins ordinaires et donner aux porcs les aliments et les boissons nécessaires; des détails sur la question seraient superflus. Quant à l'aération des wagons de porcs, elle n'est jamais trop vaste. C'est pour les porcs surtout qu'il faut veiller à ce que les portières soient bien et fortement fermées, non pas à la simple ficelle, mais bien au verrou; car, pour peu qu'il y ait un entre-bâillement, ces animaux cherchent à coups de groin à agrandir l'espace qui leur donne la fraîcheur; bien vite la portière mal retenue céderait et les porcs iraient se promener sur la voie, s'exposer à toutes sortes d'accidents. TRANSPORT DES MOUTONS. Pour le transport des moutons en chemins de fer, les compagnies ont fait construire un matériel spécial ; ce sont des bergeries ou wagons à deux planchers superposés. C'est une voiture ayant les dimensions d'une forte vachère ordinaire, dont les parois sont de larges claires-voies en lattes ; le second étage est placé au milieu de la hauteur; ordinairement ces voitures sont encore divisées dans la moitié de la longueur par une séparation transversale, de sorte que ce sont de grandes cages à quatre compartiments. Ces bergeries à deux planchers sont rationnellement construites et ne laissent en général guère à désirer sous le rapport de la position que les moutons sont obligés d'y prendre; cependant elles n'ont en hauteur les dimensions convenables que pour les moutons de taille ordinaire, et elles ne conviennent pas aux bêtes ovines de très-grande taille, il celles de la Lombardie par exemple ; pour ces animaux il faut recourir aux vachères ordinaires, ce qui arrive bien souvent pour les transports ordinaires, parce que les bergeries sont relativement rares dans les gares. Il faudrait dans ces bergeries un râtelier, ou plutôt une mangeoire, dans lequel on pourrait donner des dragées, du son et des farineux; les moutons livrés à la consommation de Paris sont surtout condamnés à une longue abstinence bien plus forte que chez les bêtes bovines; la privation de nourriture et de breuvage irait même à quatre jours, la durée d'un voyage de Westphalie ou de Pologne à Pontoise, au dire de quelques observateurs. (Opinion nationale.) Le chargement et le déchargement des moutons sont faits par les soins des expéditeurs qui peuvent mettre dans les wagons un nombre illimité de moutons, sans responsabilité de la compagnie. Il n'y a de garantie que lorsqu'on ne dépasse pas les chiffres fixés qui sont pour le Nord de 25 moutons par plancher de wagon; pour la ligne d'Orléans de 30; pour le Midi 40; pour l'Ouest 50; il n'y en a pas pour l'Est et la Méditerranée. La plupart de ces chiffres sont évidemment bien au-dessous d'une moyenne rationnelle, car si le chiffre toléré par la ligne de l'Ouest paraît considérable, il ne l'est plus quand on voit la dimension de ces wagons qui ont 5m. 80 et même 6m. 20 de long sur 2m.50 de large. En Suisse, où les bergeries ont en moyenne sm. Bien souvent l'on dépasse ce chiffre, et il est déjà arrivé qu'on en a placé 80 et même 87 sur un plancher, ce qui est aller beaucoup trop loin et s'exposer à de bien grands mécomptes. C'est à la suite d'un extrême entassement de moutons dans des wagons, qu'au mois d'octobre 1866 l'on constata à Kehl une mortalité de 48 moutons sur un troupeau de 2,992 pièces venant de la Hongrie à destination de Paris ; 38 de ces animaux avaient péri en route et 10 durent être abattus à l'arrivée: on crut un instant à l'existence du typhus contagieux, mais l'autopsie faite par MM. Imlin, vétérinaire à Strasbourg, et Braun, vétérinaire à Korck, démontra que ces animaux étaient morts étouffés. Les 2,992 moutons avaient été répartis en 18 wagons à deux étages, soit 175 moutons par wagon, ou 87 par étage; si dans ces conditions de chargement une bête se couche, ou si elle tombe par un choc, immédiatement sa place disparaît; elle est foulée aux pieds par les autres et dans l'impossibilité de se relever; pour peu que le voyage dure quelque temps, elle succombe. Tout récemment l'on a pu lire dans le Times la condamnation par le tribunal de Glocester, à 5 livres sterling d'amende et aux dépens s'élevant à 9 livres sterling, d'un propriétaire qui avait expédié 240 moutons dans six wagons allant d'Hereford à Glocester par le Great Western Railway. Dans un de ces wagons, mesurant 11 pieds de long sur 7 de large, on avait entassé 74 moutons, qui piétinaient les uns sur les autres et qui sont arrivés à destination dans un état déplorable ; un d'eux était mort et affreusement mutilé. Beaucoup d'expéditeurs, peu confiants dans leurs conducteurs, ont soin de faire plomber leurs wagons jusqu'à destination ; si c'est là une bonne précaution commerciale, elle n'est pas recommandable pour les animaux; en effet, si de Vienne à Kehl, de Strasbourg à Paris, l'on maintient les animaux enfermés, il n'est pas possible aux conducteurs de leur porter secours en cas d'accidents ou de leur donner les soins nécessaires. Nous avons souvent entendu des bergers dire que les moutons ne supportent pas un trop long voyage en chemin de fer et qu'il faut toujours alterner avec une étape à pied ; c'est ce que font les bergers de la Bavière, de la Saxe et du Wurtemberg ; ils disent que le mouton n'urine pas en wagon et qu'alors il tombe malade et meurt facilement : d'après M. May, professeur vétérinaire à Weihenstephan, le mouton est en effet très-prédisposé à la dysurie et il périt facilement d'urhémie. Quoi qu'il en soit de ces explications, l'on ne peut qu'approuver ces bergers ; la gymnastique de la marche et les aliments qu'ils trouvent en route sont préférables à l'air enfermé d'un wagon où rien n'est disposé pour l'alimentation. Quelques-uns se contentent d'une promenade de deux heures (de la gare de Kehl à celle de Strasbourg) ou d'un parcage, etc. En même temps que son permis, le berger reçoit un permis pour son chien; la compagnie du Midi accorde même deux chiens par berger. TRANSPORT DES CHIENS. Le transport des chiens n'est accepté que quand ils sont accompagnés; ils doivent en outre être muselés, quelle que soit la saison. Le prix à payer pour le transport des chiens mie suivant les compagnies; il se paye tantôt par tête, tantôt par kilomètre; dans tous les cas il est toujours assez élevé, et l'on aurait droit a retour à des soins convenables. « Les chiens, qui payent bel et bien -tenr place, dit M. le docteur Blatin (Nos cruautés, p. 234), sont traités, -en chemin de fer, comme s'ils n'étaient qu'une surcharge, comme s'ils n'avaient pas un maître, et, ce qui paraîtra plus fort à bien des gens, rComme s'ils n'avaient ni prix m valeur. Souvent, au moment de l'ouverture de la chasse, à raison de l'insuffisance du matériel, les chiens, mâles et femelles, de tout âge, de toute force, de toute race, sont enfermés ensemble dans d'étroites niehes. Libre aux plus agressifs d'attaquer les plus tkiâdea, «iMX plus vigoureux d'étrangler les plus faibles. Une chienne de raoe sortira de son cabanon pour donner plus tard à son paître, qui l'a payée fort cher, des produits bâtardés, informes. Cependant, la prudence et les règlements exigent que ces animaux soient toujours séparés les uns des autres. » Les niches à chiens sont ordinairement dans le fourgon du conduc-, teur, sous la vigie; les chiens de taille ne peuvent y tenir debout; il y en a où ils ne peuvent même pas se coucher à plat-ventre avec la tête relevée. Cette exiguïté des dimensions est très-incommode pour l'animal; elle prédispose aux asphyxies durant les fortes chaleurs, aux congestions sanguines vers la tête. Elle a encore un autre inconvénient; si un chien atteint de gale se trouve logé dans une de ces niches, il frotte son-dos contre le plafond et y laissera de ses acares; un autre chien qui prendra cette place trouvera ces acares, les enlèvera avec ses poils et deviendra galeux à son tour. C'est ainsi que la gale se propage facilement parmi les chiens de chasse,. comme cela a été constaté par la société vétérinaire du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais. Ces niches ont encore l'inconvénient d'être souvent ouvertes en divers sens, et d'exposer ainsi les animaux à un courant d'air constant ; on éviterait les mauvais effets de ce courant d'air par une bonne litière, et on lui laisserait ses bons effets, en ce qu'il rafraîchit et renouvelle l'atmosphère de ce local trop bas et trop étroit. H faudrait, dans certains cas, permettre aux maîtres, notamment aux chasseurs, de prendre les chiens dans leur compartiment; ce sera trèsfacile si c'est une société de chasseurs ; la même tolérance pourrait s'appliquer aux petits chiens de dames. « Ne serait-il pas possible, dit M. Blatin, de réserver à chaque train un wagon mixte contenant les trois classes et destiné aux voyageurs qui tiendraient à ne pas se séparer de leurs chiens? » M. Evariste Thévenin, dans son mémoire (Almanach général des chemins de fer, 1869, p. 90), dit qu'il est inutile d'insister sur la facilité pratique et la simplicité efficace de ce moyen. Quant à la muselière, nous en comprenons l'utilité, si l'on met dans une même niche deux chiens qui ne se connaissent pas, mais pas autrement, à moins qu'il ne s'agisse d'un chien méchant. Nous comprenons très-bien pourquoi les chiens, même lorsqu'il? sont expédiés en cages, ne peuvent être transportés qu'en grande vitesse; c'est une mesure qui devrait être appliquée à tous les animaux de petite taille, tels que : chats, cochons de lait, cochons d'Inde, lapins, singes, écureuils, oiseaux placés dans des paniers, qui sont aceeptés à la petite vitesse, l'on ne sait trop pourquoi. TRANSPORT DES VOLAILLES. Les volailles vivantes sont transportées en cages ; ce sont des cadres ou paniers carrés, à claires-voies, où on loge de 25 à 30 volailles; ils ont lm.20 de long, om.50 de large; et 0m.30 de haut. C'est ainsi que la Bresse expédie de la volaille à Paris, Bade et dans les divers endroits d'eaux de la Suisse; c'est ainsi que le Midi et l'Ouest en expédient sur Paris. Ces cadres sont toujours expédiés en grande vitesse, mais ils restent néanmoins un temps trop long en route. Il meurt un nombre assez considérable de ces petits animaux, surtout pendant les fortes chaleurs. IL faudrait que ces cadres ne pussent pas être superposés directement, mais que des blocs de bois, placés aux quatre coins, en augmentent la hauteur et obligent à laisser un espace entre le plafond de l'un et le plancher de l'autre. De cette manière les pauvres volatiles pourraient commodément passer la tête par les claires-voies du plafond et prendre les grains qu'on dépose dans l'écuelle qui divise le plafond en deux; ils ne risqueraient plus de se voir à tout moment décapités, quant les agents déposent une cage sur une autre et que, par malheur, il y en a qui ont sorti la tête pour prendre l'air. Les volailles doivent être nourries en route; il faut aussi leur don ner de l'eau; on fera bien de les placer dans un endroit frais, où il y ait un peu des courants d'air; en été on devra rafraîchir par un arrosage le quai où on les dépose. TRANSPORT D'ANIMAUX NON DÉNOMMÉS. On transporte aujourd'hui toute espèce d'autres animaux pour les jardins de zoologie ou pour des amateurs. Tous ces animaux doivent être transportés en cages à clairesvoies, et l'expéditeur, comme les agents du transport, doivent veiller à ce qu'on n'enlève pas l'air à l'animal, par exemple en recouvrant la cage avec d'autres colis, ce qui peut arriver dans la précipitation des expéditions. Inutile -d'insister sur le besoin de nourrir et de donner des soins Spéciaux pendant le transport. Une recommandation aux agents de la rôsipagme suffira quelquefois, mais bien souvent on fera bien de faire * accompagner l'expédition. Leur expédition devrait toujours se faire en grande vitesse. DES ACCIDENTS. Nous n'avons que quelques mots à dire des accidents de tous [genres qui peuvent arriver durant le transport et qui peuvent résulter de l'état de la voie, de la défectuosité du matériel, de l'imprudence ou de la négligence des agents, etc. Ils sont de deux genres : les accidents de force majeure, les accidents qu'on aurait pu prévoir ou empêcher. .D va sans dire que les premiers ne sauraient entraîner la responsabilité des compagnies, tandis que les seconds tombent sous l'effet des articles 1382 et suivants du Code civil relatifs à la responsabilité lors de dommages; les compagnies ne sauraient être responsables d'accidents exclusivement imputables à l'imprudence des expéditeurs ou des touffeurs. Si dans l'accident il y a eu des animaux blessés ou tués, la compagnie, d'accord avec l'expéditeur, s'il y a moyen, devra, dans le phis bref délai possible, demander le concours d'un vétérinaire. Celuici doit avoir, plein pouvoir de faire immédiatement le nécessaire et même, s'il le faut, pour faire la part complète du feu et ordonner le sacrifice immédiat des animaux qu'il n'y a pas d'espoir de voir se sauver immédiatement. Il doit de suite donner tels soins médicaux et chirurgicaux qu'il jugera utiles, et éviter ainsi des souffrances inutiles. S'il s'agit d'animaux de boucherie blessés, l'abattage sera une des meilleures mesures à ordonner, parce qu'on en trouvera facilement l'écoulement chez les populations, et même souvent on pourra encore tirer parti des animaux morts, si on a soin de les vider le plus tôt possible de leurs viscères. Il est quelquefois arrivé que, pour des constatations judiciaires, on n'a pas agi ainsi, et l'on a laissé souffrir assez longtemps de pauvres bêtes ; en agissant ainsi, l'on ne maltraitait pas seulement des animaux, mais encore l'on augmentait la perte matérielle, et souvent l'on rendait la viande inutilisable. Les constatations légales sont tout aussi possibles après les premiers soins vétérinaires et peuvent se faire sur les animaux abattus, tout aussi bien que quand on ne fait rien; l'on évite ainsi bien des complications ; le vétérinaire ainsi appelé sera toujours utilement consulté par les tribunaux. L'art. 23 des Tarifs généraux (36 pour la grande vitesse) dit qu'en cas d'accident survenu à des animaux en cours de transport, la responsabilité des compagnies reste limitée à 5,000 francs par tête si la note de remise ne mentionne pas une valeur supérieure. C'est que les animaux dont la valeur déclarée excéderait 5,000 francs sont taxés moitié en sus du prix fixé par le Tarif général pour les animaux de la même espèce. NETTOYAGE ET DÉSINFECTION DES WAGONS DE CHEMINS DE FER. Nous n'avons pas eu l'occasion de recommander la plus grande propreté des wagons qui servent au transport des animaux; les wagons et compartiments, les ponts et autres objets doivent être bien lavés dès qu'ils ont servi; c'est là un règlement de simple hygiène qui se trouve recommandé dans toutes les gares, et qui concerne les compagnies, mais que souvent on n'exécute pas faute de temps, parce que le wagon ne doit pas être retenu trop long temps dans la gare d'arrivée, à cause des frais de retard et de magasinage à payer. L'essentiel à nettoyer est le plancher sali par les excréments qui se trouvent quelquefois fortement accumulés dans les wagons ; ce lavage ne se fait bien qu'à l'eau chaude, presque bouillante; on en trouvera toujours facilement au tender d'une locomotive, à moins de gare trop importante, où il faudra une disposition spéciale; l'eau froide ne sera jamais de la même utilité, puisqu'en hiver la masse des excréments est gelée et qu'en été elle est trop sèche. Dans certaines gares, en Allemagne surtout, il y a toujours une provision d'eau bouillante qui sera très-utile en cette circonstance. Sous ce rapport, l'on a fortement recommandé dans quelques pays les planchers imprégnés d'huile, qui ont le double avantage de se mieux conserver et de ne pas se laisser imprégner par les liquides de l'urine et des excréments; en cas de maladie contagieuse ils ont l'avantage de ne pas retenir le virus. L'on a aussi conseillé les planchers doublés en tôle; mais il est à craindre que l'avantage de ne pas se laisser imprégner de liquides soit fortement contre-balancé par les glissades plus faciles et d'autres accidents (des blessures, etc.). i M Si un nettoyage à fond est en tout temps nécessaire dans les wagons servant au transport d'animaux, à plus forte raison doit-il être complet quand le transport se fait dans, pour ou à travers un pays où sévit une maladie contagieuse: il faut que les wagons ne servent pas à la propagation de ces maladies. On voit aujourd'hui bien des propriétaires qui, pour que la fièvre aphtheuse, la péripneumonie ou quelque autre maladie contagieuse, ne fasse pas de trop grands ravages chez eux, vident toute leur étable et, profitant des chemins de fer, déversent leur bétail sur le marché parisien ou dans une autre grande ville. Les boucheries de petites localités peuvent s'approvisionner de bétail dans leur circonscription, et il n'y a que les grandes villes qui aient besoin de recourir à l'importation ; celles-ci se trouvent toutes sur une ligne de chemins de fer, de sorte qu'on ne porte aucun préjudice à l'approvisionnement des villes en défendant la circulation des bêtes étrangères sur les routes ordinaires; d'ailleurs, pour ces transports à grandes distances, les administrations autrichiennes ont fait construire des wagons spéciaux ; dans beaucoup de ces villes le chemin de fer dépose le bétail dans l'abattoir même d'où il ne doit sortir qu'en quartier. En ces cas, un simple nettoyage ne peut évidemment suffire et il faut la désinfection, c'est-à-dire enlever ou détruire les virus. En 1865, le congrès international vétérinaire de Vienne s'est occupé de cette question et a proclamé l'urgence d'une réglementation sous ce rapport ; déjà l'Autriche, par une ordonnance du mois d'octobre 1862 (1), la Suisse, par un arrêté de 1863, avaient pris des mesures en ce sens et ordonné la désinfection dans certains cas, toujours un nettoyage régulier. Des règlements existent pour la Bavière et le duché de Bade, ainsi que pour toute la confédération du Nord ; rien de ce genre n'existe encore en France. Il est urgent que, lors de maladies contagieuses graves, tous les wagons qui ont servi au transport d'animaux soient désinfectés; des soins spéciaux doivent être donnés aux wagons qui ont transporté les malades. Les soins spéciaux devraient incomber aux propriétaires qui, par exemple, sur les conseils d'une commission sanitaire, expédient leur bétail malade vers les abattoirs d'une grande ville, ou bien à ceux qui, par mauvaise foi, feraient un trafic défendu; les frais généraux de désinfection devraient incomber aux compagnies qui pourront s'en faire indemniser par un petit supplément sur leur tarif. Le congrès de Vienne a émis le vœu que cette désinfection fût toujours faite sous la surveillance d'un vétérinaire, qui indiquera Id mode de désinfection à employer suivant la nature du virus. Il est des pays où la désinfection devrait toujours marcher de front avec le nettoyage des wagons ; tels sont : la Hongrie, la Gallicie, la Pologne, qui reçoivent beaucoup de bétail des steppes, non pas pour la (1) Depuis l'époque où ceci a été écrit, on a organisé sur les chemins de fer autrichiens un service assez complet de désinfection ; il y a des stations qui sont exclusivement désignées pour le débarquement des animaux venant de contrées suspectes, et qui sont pourvues d'un excellent service de désinfection, sous surveillance vétérinaire; la même chose vient de s'organiser en Saxe. boucherie, mais pour l'entretenir, l'engraisser et le garder quelque temps, et l'expédier ensuite à Vienne ou plus loin ; de cette manière l'on diminuerait sensiblement les dangers d'importation de la peste bovine vers l'Europe occidentale. C'est M. Zlamal, un des premiers vétérinaires de la Hongrie, qui a soulevé ce point de la question lors du congrès de Vienne. , • Arrivons aux moyens à employer pour désinfecter; nous distinguerons des moyens généraux à employer dans tous les cas et sur une vaste échelle utilisables, par exemple, en Hongrie et les divers États de l'Autriche, ainsi que dans les pays infectés ; et des moyens spéciaux à employer dans des cas spéciaux, après le transport d'un wagon d'animaux reconnus malades ou suspects. _flf8:b"a •" ;j, Les moyens généraux doivent être économiques, de facile et prompte exécution et cependant suffisamment actifs. La facile et prompte exé-. cution se comprendra facilement, quand on saura qu'à la gare de Floridsdorf, près Vienne, il y a souvent de 200 à 500 wagons à nettoyer et à désinfecter en 24 ou 36 heures, wagons qui, dans la nuit du samedi an dimanche, ont amené 2 à 4,000 pièces de bétail venant de Lemberg, deGrosswardein, d'Arad, de Temeswar, de Basiach, etc., c'està-dire du bétail polonais, podolien et hongrois, du bétail presque toujours suspect de peste bovine, très-souvent déjà infecté ou atteint de ce mal. M. Muller, professeur à l'École vétérinaire de Vienne, a longtemps surveillé cette désinfection de Floridsdorf, et a déclaré au congrès qu'elle se fait bien et convenablement. Les règlements autrichiens prescrivent un premier lavage des wagons à l'eau bouillante, un second lavage à la lessive chaude et enfin une bonne aération ; cette manière d'agir a été reconnue suffisante dans les cas généraux par la majorité des vétérinaires présents au congrès ; cependant M. Gerlach dit qu'il préférerait aux lavages à l'eau bouillante, qui nécessairement ne s'appliquera qu'à une température de 60 degrés à 70 degrés, des douches de vapeurs d'eau bouillante qu'on pourrait appliquer à 100 degrés et même au-dessus, température nécessaire pour tuer les virus. Il croit que par ces douches l'on pourrait se passer de la soude, qui altère les peintures et enlève l'huile qui imprègne les bois, cette huile qui elle-même empêche les bois d'être imprégnés de virus. M. Fuchs aurait aimé voir les planchers faits en bois imprégnés de chlorure de zinc ou même de sublimé. Nous croyons que le permanganate de portasse ou de soude serait bien plus utile; en noircissant le plancher il ne nuirait pas, et il y a réellement peu de substances plus désinfectante, car il donne naissance à de l'oxygène naissant, à de l'ozone, qui détruit les miasmes et les virus; l'oxyde de manganèse qui se produit serait utile à la conservation des bois qui seraient durcis; le permanganate brut est aujourd'hui à un prix tellement bas que son emploi serait des plus économiques, et que les compagnies devraient y recourir le plus souvent possible, même en dehors des époques où l'on craindrait des maladies contagieuses. Dans les cas spéciaux les moyens pratiques ne pourraient pas s'écarter de beaucoup des moyens généraux ; il n'est pas facile de recourir .aux procédés chimiques qui auraient l'inconvénient de s'attaquer aux métaux qui garnissent l'intérieur des wagons et même au bois ; tout au plus pourrait-on recourir pour des wagons fermant hermétiquement aux effets du chlore sec, mais non au chlore humide et alcalin. Un moyen à employer cependant, ce serait l'acide phénique en suspension dans les douches de vapeur d'eau bouillante ; ce serait très-facile ; une locomotive fournirait la vapeur et un tube en caoutchouc, coupé par un réservoir renfermant l'acide phénique, servirait à faire les douches, qu'on pourrait faire pénétrer dans tous les coins et fentes du wagon. Ce traitement serait sûrement sup érieur à celui par le sulfate de fer recommandé par M. Perosino, qui décompose l'ammoniaque, mais ne s'adresse guère aux virus. C'est toujours le permanganate en solution (50 grammes par litre) que je recommenderai pour le plancher après un premier lavage qui aurait enlevé les excréments. Une bonne aération des wagons largement ouverts sera le complément utile, indispensable même de tout nettoyage et surtout de la désinfection; cet aérage s'obtient surtout facilement si le wagon retourne à vide au lieu de production des animaux. Il faut aussi surveiller l'emploi du fumier provenant de ces wagons ayant transporté du bétail malade ; il faut des soins de propreté et de désinfection pour les ponts, les pelles et les balais dont on se sera servi; les hommes d'équipe eux-mêmes, qui auront servi à l'embarquement ou au débarquement de ces animaux, devront se soumettre à certaines précautions que le bon sens et la prudence indiqueront ou que le vétérinaire ordonnera. k-.J Ajoutons qu'en l'absence de toute réglementation, le propriétaire qui craint une maladie contagieuse a le droit, aumoment de l'expédi. tion, de demander cette désinfection des wagons, qui se fera nécessairement à ses frais ; pour cela, il s'entendra avec les agents de l'administration, prendra bien soin que les moyens employés ne détériorent pas le matériel, et fera bien de veiller à la bonne exécution de l'opération. Dans tous les cas, le wagon qu'il doit occuper doit être bien propre ; il doit avoir été bien nettoyé par les employés de la gare. La quantité de fumier que l'on se fait ainsi dans quelques gares et qu'on peut vendre à l'agriculture, est souvent assez grande pour payer des employés spéciaux. 7 -, t RÉSUMÉ ET CONCLUSIONS. ~{M-' Il résulte de l'examen assez long que nous avons fait de la question du transport des animaux en chemin de fer, qu'il y a de nombreuses améliorations à introduire dans le mode de transport. Tantôt il y a quelques modifications dans le cahier des charges qu'il faudrait imposer aux compagnies, tantôt c'est une modification dans le matériel, où il y a souvent encore des moyens quasi-primitifs, ne s'harmonisant nullement avec l'importance et la spécialité des transports. ~r 1;601 Il ne s'agit pas seulement dans la question d'accorder de la protection aux animaux, d'avoir de la justice et de la compassion pour nos humbles serviteurs, mais il s'agit des intérêts du commerce, des intérêts du public, des consommateurs et de leur santé, des intérêts des compagnies elles-mêmes. Il n'y a que peu à redire sur les transports à grande vitesse, mais beaucoup pour la petite vitesse, où il y a du matériel nullement approprié aux besoins. L'on nous objectera peut-être la différence de prix qui est moitié de la grande vitesse, et même moindre pour les wagons complets à tarifs spéciaux ; on nous dira que les compagnies ne peuvent pas donner égalité de confort, mais nous ne réclamons nullement le confort et ne demandons que le nécessaire qui fait trop souvent défaut. Nous serions d'ailleurs assez mal reçus de demander le confort pour nos animaux, quand il n'est pas même accordé à l'homme. Aussi longtemps que les voyageurs en seconde ou en troisième classe n'auront pas droit en hiver à des calorifères, etc. Nous demandons que les compagnies ne laissent pas tout faire par les expéditeurs ; elles ne doivent laisser loger un nombre trop considérable d'animaux dans leurs wagons ; que leur responsabilité ne soit pas couverte si facilement, mais qu'elles soient tenues à une certaine surveillance par leurs employés, et surtout par les commissaires de l'administration, pour voir si les expéditeurs, conducteurs ou toucheurs font leur devoir et s'ils ne sont pas passibles de la loi Grammont. Qu'on détermine rigoureusement le nombre d'animaux de telle ou telle espèce que chaque wagon doit ou peut contenir. Que pour l'embarquement et le débarquement il y ait dans toutes les gares des ponts appropriés, lesquels doivent être munis de garde-fous. Que les compagnies continuent à expédier les bestiaux le plus vite possible et empêchent qu'ils ne restent trop longtemps en route, mais que cette durée du trajet soit. réglée, et non un peu arbitraire comme elle l'est aujourd'hui. Ce n'est qu'en ce sens que nous pouvons comprendre la proposition du congrès des sociétés protectrices à Zurich de diminuer la durée du transport par une réglementation de la marche des trains. Pour les chevaux voyageant en grande vitesse, il n'y a qu'à faciliter par une réduction de prix la présence du palefrenier qui est indispen sable; pour ces mêmes animaux voyageant en petite vitesse, il faudrait un système de voitures intermédiaires entre les wagons-stalles et les vachères ; ces dernières ne devraient servir à aucune condition au transport des chevaux, et les compagnies seront toujours responsables des accidents y survenus; elles rendent impossible la présence d'un palefrenier pour surveiller et rassurer les animaux et pour les nourrir pendant le transport. Les vachères vont mieux aux bêtes bovines; mais, pour les transports à grande distance, il y manque les dispositions nécessaires pour l'alimentation et l'abreuvage pendant le transport ; il faudrait qu'on puisse nourrir dès que le voyage dure plus de douze heures. Dans le transport des petits animaux, veaux, porcs et moutons, il manque également de quoi nourrir en route ; il n'y a pas non plus de facilité pour la surveillance par les toucheurs. Pour le transport des volailles, il faut empêcher la superposition des cages. Dans un transport quelconque, il ne faut pas oublier que l'animal, avant d'être mis en wagon, doit être bien nourri, afin qu'il puisse supporter les privations ; que, de suite après le voyage, on donne un peu d'exercice pour dégourdir les membres. Les compagnies doivent concourir à empêcher la propagation des maladies contagieuses et porter leurs soins à la désinfection des wagons ayant servi au transport des animaux suspects. Avec M. Blatin nous ajouterons qu'il devrait y avoir, à l'entrée comme à l'intérieur des gares, des affiches permanentes de la loi Grammont; qu'il faudrait augmenter la sévérité des instructions données aux agents, de façon que la loi protectrice ou les règlements provoqués par son esprit ne puissent être violés impunément par les propriétaires d'animaux, par les conducteurs, toucheurs et autres agents intermédiaires. Avec le congrès international des sociétés protectrices, qui s'est tenu à Zurich en 1869, nous demanderions l'inspection sanitaire des bestiaux au départ et à l'arrivée ; cette inspection serait surtout trèsutile dans les grands transports, là où il y a un service international d'approvisionnement, et concourrait à empêcher la propagation des maladies contagieuses. NOTES ADDITIONNELLES. A. Transport des bestiaux en petite vitesse en 1867 et 1868. Nous trouvons dans l'Almanach des chemins de fer pour 1870, rédigé par M. Thévenin, les chiffres suivants : Lignes. 1867. i~. Lyon. 1,013,596 986,983 Est 1,131,782 1,192,837 Ouest. 1,192,901 826,479 Orléans. 1,302,746 1,140,755 Nord. 580,738 905,629 Midi. 402,311 454,073 TOTAUX. 5,624,074 5,506,756 Nos compagnies ont donc transporté en 1868, 117318 têtes de bétail de moins qu'en 1867, réduction qu'explique le grand mouvement vers Paris qu'a occasionné l'exposition universelle de 1867. Le chiffre n'en est pas moins supérieur d'un demi-million à ce qu'il était en 1866, ainsi qu'on peut le constater en comparant aux tableaux de la note de la page 2 de ce travail. B. Comparaison officielle des chemins de fer français et anglais. On lit à la page 51 de la première partie du rapport de la commission d'enquête nommée par M. le ministre des travaux publics : « En Angleterre, le transport des marchandises n'est assujetti légalement à aucun délai déterminé. Les seules dispositions législatives qui concernent le délai de transport et de livraison, portent simplement que les compagnies de chemins de fer devront effectuer le transport dans un délai raisonnable. Mais, dans la pratique, les compagnies ont interprété ce terme si yague de la loi par une célérité très-remarquable, même en ce qui concerne la petite vitesse. » Un peu plus bas le même document continue en ces termes : « Ainsi, en fait, quoiqu'elles ne se trouvent en face d'aucune obligation légale à cet effet, les compagnies anglaises expédient et délivrent la marchandise dans un délai extrêmement court, par le service ordinaire répondant à notre petite vitesse. Sur toutes les lignes importantes, sans exception, les colis remis dans la journée sont expédiés le soir même et délivrés aux destinataires très-peu de temps après l'arrivée du train. L'usage ordinaire dans les grandes gares est de recevoir les marchandises jusqu'à deux heures avant le départ du train. « Pour donner une idée plus précise de la supériorité du service ordinaire des compagnies anglaises sur le service de la petite vitesse des compagnies françaises, nous ajouterons que, sous le régime qui a été établi en France par l'arrêté du 15 avril 1859, la livraison au domicile du destinataire aurait lieu comme suit : « D'Aberdepn à Londres (559 milles ou 899 kilomètres, un peu plus que de Paris à Marseille), la marchandise serait livrée le onzième jour, au lieu de l'être après 40 ou 45 heures. « D'Edimbourg à Londres (399 milles ou 643 kilomètres, c'est-àdire plus que de Paris à Bordeaux), le neuvième jour, au lieu de 30 ou 40 heures. « De Bristol à Londres (118 1/2 milles ou 191 kilomètres, un peu moins que de Paris au Havre), le sixième jour, au lieu de 14 heures. u De Manchester à Londres (218 3/4 milles ou 304 kilomètres) le septième jour, au lieu de 14 heures. Il résulte de ces rapprochements qu'une marchandise parcourant 300 kilomètres met en France 168 heures ou 7 jours, tandis qu'il ne lui faut que 14 heures ou une demi-journée en Angleterre. Il faut en France douze fois plus de temps qu'en Angleterre. (Extrait de l'Almanach général des chemins de fer pour 1870, page 161.) Nous avons constaté que pour les transports des animaux, nos compagnies françaises ne s'en tiennent pas aux délais qui leur sont accordés et qu'elles expédient plus vite qu'il ne leur est prescrit; mais combien, même en ce cas, elles sont encore inférieures à nos voisins d'outreManche? Combien elles pourraient encore réduire la durée des souffrances des animaux ! C. Résolution adoptée par le congrès international des sociétés protectrices des an imau. , tenu à Zurich les 2, 3, 4, 5 et 6 aoùt 1869, tectrices des animaux, tenu à Zurich les 2, 3, 4, 5 et 6 août 1869, relative au transport des animaux en chemins de fer. Toutes les sociétés protectrices des animaux sont instamment priées d'appeler l'attention des gouvernements et des autorités locales sur la nécessité de réglementer le transport du bétail par les chemins de fer, principalement pour empêcher : 1° La propagation des maladies contagieuses; 2° Les mauvais traitements inutiles auxquels les animaux sont exposés pendant le transport. Pour atteindre ce double but, le congrès croit devoir recommander les mesures suivantes ; 1° La promulgation d'une loi pour empêcher la propagation des maladies contagieuses (à l'exemple de l'Allemagne du Nord, dont la loi du 7 avril 1869 règle les mesures à prendre contre la peste bovine) ; 2° Le perfectionnement des wagons destinés au transport du bétail; 3° L'adoption d'un modèle de wagons commodes, facilitant et accé-' iérant le chargement et le déchargement des bestiaux, notamment dans les grandes gares; 4° La construction d'abattoirs avec des étables de dépôt attenantes ; 5° L'inspection sanitaire des bestiaux au départ et à l'arrivée; 6° L'organisation et la surveillance d'un service pour abreuver les animaux pendant le transport, et pour les faire manger immédiatement avant le chargement; 7° L'abolition du tarif fixant le prix du transport par chargement de wagons et l'introduction d'un nouveau tarif établissant ce prix en raison du nombre d'animaux transportés ; 8° L'obligation d'indiquer extérieurement, sur chaque wagon, le maximum de pièces de bétail de chaque espèce qu'il peut contenir; 9° La diminution de la durée du transport par une réglementation de la marche des trains. De la valeur d'un désinfectant. M. GILLE, président de la Société de pharmacie d'Anvers, vient de publier sous ce titre un travail dont l'idée principale est que les désinfectants doivent varier suivant la nature du produit à annihiler, tandis que, présentement, ils sont employés à tort et à travers, sans égard à la nature de l'infectant. Parmi les faits à l'appui de sa thèse, il cite l'action de J'acide chlorhydrique sur l'odeur nauséabonde des lieux où l'on tient beaucoup de chiens. Pour neutraliser ces odeurs, il suffit de mettre l'acide concentré dans des vases à large ouverture dans les endroits infectés ; le gaz qui s'échappe du liquide a bientôt raison de la mauvaise odeur. Les désinfectants sont nombreux, dit l'auteur en terminant, mais il faut savoir les employer avec discernement.
| 21,045 |
https://github.com/younes-alturkey/paint/blob/master/Paint/Canvas.Designer.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
paint
|
younes-alturkey
|
C#
|
Code
| 2,479 | 12,853 |
namespace Paint
{
partial class Canvas
{
/// <summary>
/// Required designer variable.
/// </summary>
private System.ComponentModel.IContainer components = null;
/// <summary>
/// Clean up any resources being used.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="disposing">true if managed resources should be disposed; otherwise, false.</param>
protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposing && (components != null))
{
components.Dispose();
}
base.Dispose(disposing);
}
#region Windows Form Designer generated code
/// <summary>
/// Required method for Designer support - do not modify
/// the contents of this method with the code editor.
/// </summary>
private void InitializeComponent()
{
System.ComponentModel.ComponentResourceManager resources = new System.ComponentModel.ComponentResourceManager(typeof(Canvas));
this.designBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.sourceBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.label1 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.label3 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.label4 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.label5 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.rectangleBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.circleBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.lineBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.moveBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.textBox = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.thicknessBox = new System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox();
this.saveBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.openBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.drawBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.label2 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.whiteBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.blackBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.grayBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.redBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.greenBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.blueBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.label6 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.currentColorBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.label7 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.label8 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.styleBox = new System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox();
this.borderThicknessBox = new System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox();
this.borderStyleBox = new System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox();
this.borderOffsetBox = new System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox();
this.label9 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.label10 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.borderColorBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.label11 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.anchorSizeBox = new System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox();
this.anchorColorBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.label16 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.label17 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.label12 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.clearBtn = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.label13 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.filledCheckBox = new System.Windows.Forms.CheckBox();
this.SuspendLayout();
//
// designBtn
//
this.designBtn.Anchor = ((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Bottom | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left)));
this.designBtn.AutoSize = true;
this.designBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Teal;
this.designBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.designBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.designBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Teal;
this.designBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.designBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Teal;
this.designBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.designBtn.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 12F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.designBtn.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.White;
this.designBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(12, 635);
this.designBtn.Name = "designBtn";
this.designBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(100, 34);
this.designBtn.TabIndex = 2;
this.designBtn.Text = "Design";
this.designBtn.UseMnemonic = false;
this.designBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.designBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.designBtn_MouseClick);
//
// sourceBtn
//
this.sourceBtn.Anchor = ((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Bottom | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left)));
this.sourceBtn.AutoSize = true;
this.sourceBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.sourceBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.sourceBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.sourceBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Teal;
this.sourceBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderSize = 2;
this.sourceBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.sourceBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Teal;
this.sourceBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.sourceBtn.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 12F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.sourceBtn.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Teal;
this.sourceBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(118, 635);
this.sourceBtn.Name = "sourceBtn";
this.sourceBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(100, 34);
this.sourceBtn.TabIndex = 3;
this.sourceBtn.Text = "Source";
this.sourceBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.sourceBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.sourceBtn_MouseClick);
//
// label1
//
this.label1.AutoSize = true;
this.label1.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 9F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.label1.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDarkDark;
this.label1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(34, 104);
this.label1.Name = "label1";
this.label1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(35, 16);
this.label1.TabIndex = 4;
this.label1.Text = "File";
//
// label3
//
this.label3.AutoSize = true;
this.label3.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 9F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.label3.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDarkDark;
this.label3.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(162, 102);
this.label3.Name = "label3";
this.label3.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(42, 16);
this.label3.TabIndex = 8;
this.label3.Text = "Tools";
//
// label4
//
this.label4.AutoSize = true;
this.label4.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 9F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.label4.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDarkDark;
this.label4.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(469, 102);
this.label4.Name = "label4";
this.label4.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(84, 16);
this.label4.TabIndex = 9;
this.label4.Text = "Shape Color";
//
// label5
//
this.label5.AutoSize = true;
this.label5.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 9F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.label5.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDarkDark;
this.label5.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(313, 102);
this.label5.Name = "label5";
this.label5.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(49, 16);
this.label5.TabIndex = 10;
this.label5.Text = "Shapes";
//
// rectangleBtn
//
this.rectangleBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.rectangleBtn.BackgroundImage = global::Paint.Properties.Resources.rectangle;
this.rectangleBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.rectangleBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.rectangleBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderSize = 0;
this.rectangleBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.rectangleBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.rectangleBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.rectangleBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(260, 28);
this.rectangleBtn.Name = "rectangleBtn";
this.rectangleBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(48, 48);
this.rectangleBtn.TabIndex = 11;
this.rectangleBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.rectangleBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.rectangleBtn_MouseClick);
//
// circleBtn
//
this.circleBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.circleBtn.BackgroundImage = global::Paint.Properties.Resources.circle;
this.circleBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.circleBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.circleBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderSize = 0;
this.circleBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.circleBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.circleBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.circleBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(315, 28);
this.circleBtn.Name = "circleBtn";
this.circleBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(48, 48);
this.circleBtn.TabIndex = 12;
this.circleBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.circleBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.circleBtn_MouseClick);
//
// lineBtn
//
this.lineBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.lineBtn.BackgroundImage = global::Paint.Properties.Resources.line;
this.lineBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.lineBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.lineBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderSize = 0;
this.lineBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.lineBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.lineBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.lineBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(369, 28);
this.lineBtn.Name = "lineBtn";
this.lineBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(48, 48);
this.lineBtn.TabIndex = 13;
this.lineBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.lineBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.lineBtn_MouseClick);
//
// moveBtn
//
this.moveBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.moveBtn.BackgroundImage = global::Paint.Properties.Resources.move;
this.moveBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.moveBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.moveBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderSize = 0;
this.moveBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.moveBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.moveBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.moveBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(168, 54);
this.moveBtn.Name = "moveBtn";
this.moveBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(36, 36);
this.moveBtn.TabIndex = 15;
this.moveBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.moveBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.moveBtn_MouseClick);
//
// textBox
//
this.textBox.AcceptsReturn = true;
this.textBox.AcceptsTab = true;
this.textBox.Anchor = ((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)((((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Bottom)
| System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left)
| System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right)));
this.textBox.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.None;
this.textBox.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 14.25F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.textBox.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Teal;
this.textBox.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(118, 150);
this.textBox.Multiline = true;
this.textBox.Name = "textBox";
this.textBox.ScrollBars = System.Windows.Forms.ScrollBars.Vertical;
this.textBox.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(1033, 25);
this.textBox.TabIndex = 17;
this.textBox.WordWrap = false;
//
// thicknessBox
//
this.thicknessBox.FormattingEnabled = true;
this.thicknessBox.Items.AddRange(new object[] {
"8",
"9",
"10",
"11",
"12",
"13",
"14",
"15",
"16",
"17",
"18",
"19",
"20",
"21",
"22",
"23",
"24",
"25",
"26",
"27",
"28"});
this.thicknessBox.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(649, 22);
this.thicknessBox.Name = "thicknessBox";
this.thicknessBox.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(87, 24);
this.thicknessBox.TabIndex = 18;
this.thicknessBox.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.thicknessBox_MouseClick);
//
// saveBtn
//
this.saveBtn.AutoSize = true;
this.saveBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.saveBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.saveBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.saveBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Teal;
this.saveBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderSize = 2;
this.saveBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.saveBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.saveBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.saveBtn.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 9F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.saveBtn.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Teal;
this.saveBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(12, 12);
this.saveBtn.Name = "saveBtn";
this.saveBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(85, 36);
this.saveBtn.TabIndex = 20;
this.saveBtn.Text = "Save";
this.saveBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.saveBtn.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.saveBtn_Click);
this.saveBtn.MouseLeave += new System.EventHandler(this.saveBtn_MouseLeave);
this.saveBtn.MouseHover += new System.EventHandler(this.saveBtn_MouseHover);
//
// openBtn
//
this.openBtn.AutoSize = true;
this.openBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.openBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.openBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.openBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Teal;
this.openBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderSize = 2;
this.openBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.openBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.openBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.openBtn.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 9F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.openBtn.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Teal;
this.openBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(12, 54);
this.openBtn.Name = "openBtn";
this.openBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(85, 36);
this.openBtn.TabIndex = 21;
this.openBtn.Text = "Open";
this.openBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.openBtn.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.openBtn_Click);
this.openBtn.MouseLeave += new System.EventHandler(this.openBtn_MouseLeave);
this.openBtn.MouseHover += new System.EventHandler(this.openBtn_MouseHover);
//
// drawBtn
//
this.drawBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.drawBtn.BackgroundImage = global::Paint.Properties.Resources.draw;
this.drawBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.drawBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.drawBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderSize = 0;
this.drawBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.drawBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.drawBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.drawBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(168, 10);
this.drawBtn.Name = "drawBtn";
this.drawBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(36, 36);
this.drawBtn.TabIndex = 14;
this.drawBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.drawBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.drawBtn_MouseClick);
//
// label2
//
this.label2.AutoSize = true;
this.label2.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 21.75F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.label2.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDarkDark;
this.label2.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(118, 33);
this.label2.Name = "label2";
this.label2.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(31, 32);
this.label2.TabIndex = 22;
this.label2.Text = "|";
//
// whiteBtn
//
this.whiteBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.White;
this.whiteBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.whiteBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.whiteBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black;
this.whiteBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.whiteBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.whiteBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.whiteBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(453, 10);
this.whiteBtn.Name = "whiteBtn";
this.whiteBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(36, 36);
this.whiteBtn.TabIndex = 23;
this.whiteBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.whiteBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.whiteBtn_MouseClick);
//
// blackBtn
//
this.blackBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black;
this.blackBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.blackBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.blackBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black;
this.blackBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.blackBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.blackBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.blackBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(495, 10);
this.blackBtn.Name = "blackBtn";
this.blackBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(36, 36);
this.blackBtn.TabIndex = 24;
this.blackBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.blackBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.blackBtn_MouseClick);
//
// grayBtn
//
this.grayBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.DimGray;
this.grayBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.grayBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.grayBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black;
this.grayBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.grayBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.grayBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.grayBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(537, 10);
this.grayBtn.Name = "grayBtn";
this.grayBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(36, 36);
this.grayBtn.TabIndex = 25;
this.grayBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.grayBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.grayBtn_MouseClick);
//
// redBtn
//
this.redBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Red;
this.redBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.redBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.redBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black;
this.redBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.redBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.redBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.redBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(453, 52);
this.redBtn.Name = "redBtn";
this.redBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(36, 36);
this.redBtn.TabIndex = 26;
this.redBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.redBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.redBtn_MouseClick);
//
// greenBtn
//
this.greenBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;
this.greenBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.greenBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.greenBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black;
this.greenBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.greenBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.greenBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.greenBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(495, 52);
this.greenBtn.Name = "greenBtn";
this.greenBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(36, 36);
this.greenBtn.TabIndex = 27;
this.greenBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.greenBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.greenBtn_MouseClick);
//
// blueBtn
//
this.blueBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Blue;
this.blueBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.blueBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.blueBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black;
this.blueBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.blueBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.blueBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.blueBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(537, 52);
this.blueBtn.Name = "blueBtn";
this.blueBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(36, 36);
this.blueBtn.TabIndex = 28;
this.blueBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.blueBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.blueBtn_MouseClick);
//
// label6
//
this.label6.AutoSize = true;
this.label6.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 21.75F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.label6.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDarkDark;
this.label6.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(223, 33);
this.label6.Name = "label6";
this.label6.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(31, 32);
this.label6.TabIndex = 29;
this.label6.Text = "|";
//
// currentColorBtn
//
this.currentColorBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.currentColorBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.currentColorBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.currentColorBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black;
this.currentColorBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.currentColorBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.currentColorBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.currentColorBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(579, 10);
this.currentColorBtn.Name = "currentColorBtn";
this.currentColorBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(24, 78);
this.currentColorBtn.TabIndex = 30;
this.currentColorBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.currentColorBtn.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.currentColorBtn_Click);
//
// label7
//
this.label7.AutoSize = true;
this.label7.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 21.75F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.label7.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDarkDark;
this.label7.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(416, 33);
this.label7.Name = "label7";
this.label7.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(31, 32);
this.label7.TabIndex = 31;
this.label7.Text = "|";
//
// label8
//
this.label8.AutoSize = true;
this.label8.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 21.75F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.label8.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDarkDark;
this.label8.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(609, 33);
this.label8.Name = "label8";
this.label8.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(31, 32);
this.label8.TabIndex = 33;
this.label8.Text = "|";
//
// styleBox
//
this.styleBox.FormattingEnabled = true;
this.styleBox.Items.AddRange(new object[] {
"Solid",
"Dot",
"Dash",
"DashDot",
"DashDotDot"});
this.styleBox.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(649, 50);
this.styleBox.Name = "styleBox";
this.styleBox.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(87, 24);
this.styleBox.TabIndex = 35;
this.styleBox.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.styleBox_MouseClick);
//
// borderThicknessBox
//
this.borderThicknessBox.FormattingEnabled = true;
this.borderThicknessBox.Items.AddRange(new object[] {
"8",
"9",
"10",
"11",
"12",
"13",
"14",
"15",
"16",
"17",
"18",
"19",
"20",
"21",
"22",
"23",
"24",
"25",
"26",
"27",
"28"});
this.borderThicknessBox.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(796, 11);
this.borderThicknessBox.Name = "borderThicknessBox";
this.borderThicknessBox.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(105, 24);
this.borderThicknessBox.TabIndex = 40;
this.borderThicknessBox.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.borderThicknessBox_MouseClick);
//
// borderStyleBox
//
this.borderStyleBox.FormattingEnabled = true;
this.borderStyleBox.Items.AddRange(new object[] {
"Solid",
"Dot",
"Dash",
"DashDot",
"DashDotDot"});
this.borderStyleBox.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(796, 41);
this.borderStyleBox.Name = "borderStyleBox";
this.borderStyleBox.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(105, 24);
this.borderStyleBox.TabIndex = 42;
this.borderStyleBox.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.borderStyleBox_MouseClick);
//
// borderOffsetBox
//
this.borderOffsetBox.FormattingEnabled = true;
this.borderOffsetBox.Items.AddRange(new object[] {
"8",
"9",
"10",
"11",
"12",
"13",
"14",
"15",
"16",
"17",
"18",
"19",
"20",
"21",
"22",
"23",
"24",
"25",
"26",
"27",
"28"});
this.borderOffsetBox.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(796, 71);
this.borderOffsetBox.Name = "borderOffsetBox";
this.borderOffsetBox.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(105, 24);
this.borderOffsetBox.TabIndex = 46;
this.borderOffsetBox.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.borderOffsetBox_MouseClick);
//
// label9
//
this.label9.AutoSize = true;
this.label9.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 9F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.label9.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDarkDark;
this.label9.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(677, 102);
this.label9.Name = "label9";
this.label9.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(28, 16);
this.label9.TabIndex = 48;
this.label9.Text = "Pen";
//
// label10
//
this.label10.AutoSize = true;
this.label10.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 21.75F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.label10.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDarkDark;
this.label10.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(750, 33);
this.label10.Name = "label10";
this.label10.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(31, 32);
this.label10.TabIndex = 49;
this.label10.Text = "|";
//
// borderColorBtn
//
this.borderColorBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.borderColorBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.borderColorBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.borderColorBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black;
this.borderColorBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.borderColorBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.borderColorBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.borderColorBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(907, 12);
this.borderColorBtn.Name = "borderColorBtn";
this.borderColorBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(24, 83);
this.borderColorBtn.TabIndex = 50;
this.borderColorBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.borderColorBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.borderColorBtn_MouseClick);
//
// label11
//
this.label11.AutoSize = true;
this.label11.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 21.75F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.label11.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDarkDark;
this.label11.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(945, 33);
this.label11.Name = "label11";
this.label11.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(31, 32);
this.label11.TabIndex = 51;
this.label11.Text = "|";
//
// anchorSizeBox
//
this.anchorSizeBox.FormattingEnabled = true;
this.anchorSizeBox.Items.AddRange(new object[] {
"8",
"9",
"10",
"11",
"12",
"13",
"14",
"15",
"16",
"17",
"18",
"19",
"20",
"21",
"22",
"23",
"24",
"25",
"26",
"27",
"28"});
this.anchorSizeBox.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(982, 41);
this.anchorSizeBox.Name = "anchorSizeBox";
this.anchorSizeBox.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(105, 24);
this.anchorSizeBox.TabIndex = 52;
this.anchorSizeBox.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.anchorSizeBox_MouseClick);
//
// anchorColorBtn
//
this.anchorColorBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.anchorColorBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.anchorColorBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.anchorColorBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black;
this.anchorColorBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.anchorColorBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.anchorColorBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.anchorColorBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(1093, 12);
this.anchorColorBtn.Name = "anchorColorBtn";
this.anchorColorBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(24, 83);
this.anchorColorBtn.TabIndex = 53;
this.anchorColorBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.anchorColorBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.anchorColorBtn_MouseClick);
//
// label16
//
this.label16.AutoSize = true;
this.label16.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 9F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.label16.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDarkDark;
this.label16.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(825, 104);
this.label16.Name = "label16";
this.label16.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(49, 16);
this.label16.TabIndex = 54;
this.label16.Text = "Border";
//
// label17
//
this.label17.AutoSize = true;
this.label17.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 9F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.label17.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDarkDark;
this.label17.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(1009, 104);
this.label17.Name = "label17";
this.label17.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(49, 16);
this.label17.TabIndex = 55;
this.label17.Text = "Anchor";
//
// label12
//
this.label12.AutoSize = true;
this.label12.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 9F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.label12.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDarkDark;
this.label12.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(1165, 102);
this.label12.Name = "label12";
this.label12.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(42, 16);
this.label12.TabIndex = 56;
this.label12.Text = "Clear";
//
// clearBtn
//
this.clearBtn.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.clearBtn.BackgroundImage = global::Paint.Properties.Resources.clear;
this.clearBtn.BackgroundImageLayout = System.Windows.Forms.ImageLayout.Center;
this.clearBtn.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
this.clearBtn.FlatAppearance.BorderSize = 0;
this.clearBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.clearBtn.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
this.clearBtn.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat;
this.clearBtn.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(1153, 12);
this.clearBtn.Name = "clearBtn";
this.clearBtn.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(64, 64);
this.clearBtn.TabIndex = 57;
this.clearBtn.UseVisualStyleBackColor = false;
this.clearBtn.MouseClick += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.clearBtn_MouseClick);
this.clearBtn.MouseLeave += new System.EventHandler(this.clearBtn_MouseLeave);
this.clearBtn.MouseHover += new System.EventHandler(this.clearBtn_MouseHover);
//
// label13
//
this.label13.AutoSize = true;
this.label13.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 21.75F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.label13.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDarkDark;
this.label13.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(1132, 33);
this.label13.Name = "label13";
this.label13.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(31, 32);
this.label13.TabIndex = 58;
this.label13.Text = "|";
//
// filledCheckBox
//
this.filledCheckBox.AutoSize = true;
this.filledCheckBox.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 6.75F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.filledCheckBox.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(269, 12);
this.filledCheckBox.Name = "filledCheckBox";
this.filledCheckBox.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(79, 16);
this.filledCheckBox.TabIndex = 59;
this.filledCheckBox.Text = "Fill Shapes";
this.filledCheckBox.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;
//
// Canvas
//
this.AutoScaleDimensions = new System.Drawing.SizeF(7F, 16F);
this.AutoScaleMode = System.Windows.Forms.AutoScaleMode.Font;
this.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.White;
this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size(1221, 681);
this.Controls.Add(this.filledCheckBox);
this.Controls.Add(this.label13);
this.Controls.Add(this.clearBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.label12);
this.Controls.Add(this.label17);
this.Controls.Add(this.label16);
this.Controls.Add(this.anchorColorBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.anchorSizeBox);
this.Controls.Add(this.label11);
this.Controls.Add(this.borderColorBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.label10);
this.Controls.Add(this.label9);
this.Controls.Add(this.borderOffsetBox);
this.Controls.Add(this.borderStyleBox);
this.Controls.Add(this.borderThicknessBox);
this.Controls.Add(this.styleBox);
this.Controls.Add(this.label8);
this.Controls.Add(this.label7);
this.Controls.Add(this.currentColorBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.label6);
this.Controls.Add(this.blueBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.greenBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.redBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.grayBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.blackBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.whiteBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.label2);
this.Controls.Add(this.openBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.saveBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.thicknessBox);
this.Controls.Add(this.textBox);
this.Controls.Add(this.moveBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.drawBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.lineBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.circleBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.rectangleBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.label5);
this.Controls.Add(this.label4);
this.Controls.Add(this.label3);
this.Controls.Add(this.label1);
this.Controls.Add(this.sourceBtn);
this.Controls.Add(this.designBtn);
this.DoubleBuffered = true;
this.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 9F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point);
this.Icon = ((System.Drawing.Icon)(resources.GetObject("$this.Icon")));
this.Margin = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(1);
this.Name = "Canvas";
this.StartPosition = System.Windows.Forms.FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.Text = "Paint";
this.Load += new System.EventHandler(this.Canvas_Load);
this.Paint += new System.Windows.Forms.PaintEventHandler(this.Canvas_Paint);
this.MouseDown += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.Canvas_MouseDown);
this.MouseMove += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.Canvas_MouseMove);
this.MouseUp += new System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventHandler(this.Canvas_MouseUp);
this.ResumeLayout(false);
this.PerformLayout();
}
#endregion
private System.Windows.Forms.Button designBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button sourceBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label1;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label3;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label4;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label5;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button rectangleBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button circleBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button lineBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button moveBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox textBox;
private System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox thicknessBox;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button saveBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button openBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button drawBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label2;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button whiteBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button blackBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button grayBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button redBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button greenBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button blueBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label6;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button currentColorBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label7;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label8;
private System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox styleBox;
private System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox borderThicknessBox;
private System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox borderStyleBox;
private System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox borderOffsetBox;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label9;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label10;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button borderColorBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label11;
private System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox anchorSizeBox;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button anchorColorBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label16;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label17;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label12;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button clearBtn;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label13;
private System.Windows.Forms.CheckBox filledCheckBox;
}
}
| 19,903 |
b30549048_0001_54
|
Latin-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,764 |
Dispensatorium pharmaceuticum universale, sive, Thesaurus medicamentorum ... ex omnibus dispensatoriis ... permultisque aliis libris de materia medica ac remediorum formulis et celeberrimorum ... medicorum ... operibus congestus ... et variis observationibus ... instructus
|
Triller, Daniel Wilhelm, 1695-1782
|
Latin
|
Spoken
| 8,749 | 21,601 |
Rhabarbari, Seminis portulaca, Spodii ex ebore, ' Succi Glycyrrhizz, ama T duas. Amyli, Gummi Arabici. --'Tragacanthz, ana erupit) quatuor. Miíce. Cui Camphora arridet, Hermoda&ylorum, wnciam emis. : illius fcrupulum unum admifcere pota- Feteres perfuafi, Jandala calorem hepatis praternaturosem corrigere, exe. hibuerunt has fpecies, febribus lentis, i£le-.— yo E hydrope laborantibus, a drachma . dunidia,. ad integram. ..F'id, Sca uLz. A£4E- 301. Agscics. Diatorbith cum Rhabarbaro. | Dif. Prag Lond. Leod. Panli Hanb. 5; R habarbari opt. drachmas decem. Turbith albi & gummofi, Hermoda&ylorüm, aga unc. uan. ..Diacrydii, wuciam, Vno. Zinziberis, | Santali albi, rubri, SPEC. DIA TURBITH.- Wiolarum, 472 depen. unatn . am Maftiches, jii TT Anifb ae onion a gros Cinnamomh . . DL Croci, aza drachaam Yit. : Saccharialbi, Zbram uzam. Mifceantur: Fiat inde pulvis. Flavaim Bilem € pituitam educit, - atque aqua inter cutem laborantibus egre- gie Kn ad vermes-etias. efficaci[fr- mum efl Remedium &v valde idoneum: Nam. Rheum vermes maxime enecat , €9 Turbith pituitam ipfam, verum Per- — mium fomitem, ejicit.. F'eteves has. Spe- cies in Morfulos , vel Tabellas vedigere folebant. Dofis ad drachmam unam. Species Dia Turbith cám | . c Rhabarbaro, . Difpenf.. Vienn. ES irt. Re. R habarbari,. 'Turbith,- aza unciam unam. -Diacrydii, » TN Cremoris Tartari, 351 Seminis violarum, az drach Apud Olei Cinnamomi, guttay quízque. Mifce, fiat pulvis. ^'^ Seramt9g bilem educunt, noa | cis € hydropicis o: hes p expellunt. » Dofis fcrupulus i ih ? ad T pulos duos. D ras d tàn Species Emmenagogz- Wepferi. p Limature Martis, sciam femis. Cinnamomi acuti, drachmas fex. — - Caryophyllorum drachm. un. Jemis. Macis, drachmam unam. "Baccarum Lauri, drachma; trey, Summitatum Melifz, | 4 y, 99 'SPEC. EMOLLIENTES.: Bolegiy jeep cifeo i R orismarini zu pugillum unum. AN d Croci otientális, Jferipilum femis. . Sacchari albi; uvzcias trer. Mifceantur, Fiat pulvis groffus. Vid. Tub. $maragd. pag-369. ^ — Species Emollientes, ..- Difp. Wbt Vienn 5 . &. Radicum Altheg; 'wzczar quatuor. Herbarium quinque emollientium, d 7 ana uncias duas. —... Horum Chamomillze vulgaris, ! atmcias tres. Ineifa & contufa mifceantur, uferviunt pro clyfleribits, | emol- ljunt odvum, &7. leniunt dolorer, a sate- fria acri iu inteflinis herente profettos. "oquitur tugcia una 67 dimidia in aque | ibra una [emis, ut veflet libra una, pro elysmate, adulto una vice injiciendo. (0 0 4 pulverem ivite , ^ etiam cata- . glasmati conficiendo apte funt. 70. Species pro Epithemate Capitis. i Difpenf. Brandenb. - &.Herbarum Majoranze, | - - Matrüfylvz, TE ..— Merbene, aga manipul, aum. - -— Horum Nymphzz, | Rofarum rubr. aza mati. fetis. - — «Croci optimi, drachmam femis. z- -. "Nucis Mofchate, s»eciam feris. Nucleorum perficorum, racA. fex. : Semina gapeveris albi, dr. quizque. , ; Craffe Concifa & Contufa Mifce, | & pro iis, qui cemmode ferre poffunt, - Camphorz odorem; adde ipfius cra- - ulum auum. MM UA o 05 Deflinate funt he Species cephali- € ufibus exiernis, atque a Speciebus pro " . : D: d. "— W - Cucupha, hoc differust , quod ha ficca infuuntur Sindoni, in formam Mitre ve-.— data: Noflre autem hic exhibite Lin- teo etinm involute, irvovavà [olent Aceto quodam, aut Aqua fpivituofa, nt theria- Cali, Spiritu Lavendule, Rofarum, aut denique, E confultiffanum, ambobus THxtis, CP circum frontem. ac tempora ligari. . Hec bere ScHUYVZiUS, im Praled. pag.302. MAE 'Species pro Epithemate, n Cep ope : Difp. Wirt. in reliquis alia compofitiones. R.. Herbar. & fummitat. Betonicz, Hyflopb " Lavendulz, |. Majoratiz,. 2181. 4 MY a Origani, "Pc Rorismarini, Rute, 1... Salvi, . Serpilli, ES Florum Chamomillz, | Meliloti; j .Rofarum, did x. - Sambuci, 2; RES Foliorum Laurij. aza tnciam una, Salis Ammoniaci, «zciam femis. ...ncifà reponuntur. d chirurgis gro fomentatione, in capitis € aliarum gartium. contufione, expetuGur d aes "dIpplicamur in facculis vel epit£e- matibus, cum vino calido. | Species pro Epithemate »« A Cordis. - Difpenf. Vienn. Prag. R;. Florum Bugloffi, Borraginis, Melifke, SPEC. o EPITHEM. jj. ^wAb y m er^ . 656 SPEC. rn o EPITHEM. Rofarum rubr. aza pert. equal. Santalorum omnium, a74 ufi. utat, Corticum Citri, Wu Seminis Acetofz, Ligni Aloés, | toph om ana drachmas fex. Radicis Doronici Verz, ; Been utriusque, Succini albi, aza drachm. quinque. Pulverifta & mixta, ferventur y, ufui. Inpalpitatione Cordis , | irium defettu, Syncope, aliisque Cordis affeli- bus commode adhibetur. Species pro Epithemate. Cordis. Difpenf. Brand. R:. Been utriufque, Cinnamomi, . Doronici, . Macis, Succini, ara drachtam unam. Croci optimi, Zrachmam femi. Caryophyllorum, Corticum Citri,. Ligni Alo&s, Seminis Acetofz, ama dr. un. famis. Rofarum rubrarum, Santalorum omnium, aza dr. duaf. Elorum Borraginis, | Bugloffi, , | Meliffe, asa manipulum femis.. Hac omnia bene trita ferventur; quibus fi addantur Camphorez, graza fex. - Mofchi, graza tria. "Tum Species Complete audiunt, Ceteram in multis conveniunt, cum de- fiviptione F'iennenfi, fuperius exhibita. Interea vid. huc SC HULZ. Pralea. p. 302. €&9 conf. fupra, Aqua pro Epithe- mate Cordis. — Be. Herbarum R orismarini, miíce. fluatzones temperat, €9' vefocillat. &.Florum Rofarum rubrarum, — .SPEC. »20 EPITHEMAT. Species pro Epithemate. Cordis & Pulfüuum. — .. Difp. Argent. Irt, Ratisbon.. Majoranz, den Melifíz, * c 2 Florum Cheiri 3 Tunice, aza unciam femi. 4 Lavendulg, . "P Rofarum, aga drachmas fex 4. Macis, $ d Nucis mofchata Ligni Aloés, | Rhodii, aze drachmas fex. Cinnamomi, drachtnas fex. Corticum citri, ; aurantiorum , aza drachmas tres... Incifa & contuía groffo modo 1 Ufus ex nomine patet 3 applicam- tur in [acculis aqua carbunculi vel aceto madefatie. Species pro Epithemate Hepatis. "Difpenf. Vienn, B: Santalorum omnium, aza unc. duat.. Florum Rofarum rubrar. sc. feris. —— Camphore, /crupulos quatuor. —— Pulverifentur & Mifíceantur. Hepatis inflammaiiones £9 exe- Species pro Epithemate : Cordis Palmari, m. Tra, de Febre peflil. Cap. 20. p. 484. / Betonica coronariz, d Violarum, Tm SSPEC.:&o EPITHEM. " Foliorum Myrti, fingulor. pu un. Corticis Mali cittii fi T Macis, Caryophyllorum, - 34 —Nucis Mofchatz, — iae TU. * Cinnamomi acuti; Santali citrini; duri drach. dun. Ambra, ! Zibethi, Mofchi, Pare. grana Eur "A Mifc... Fiát, pulvis craffi Meus, | - qui Sacculo conclufus, :cordi admove-- "bitur, alias (iccus, alias madidus, Ir- .roretur autem, zftate quidem, Aceto .& Aqua Rofar. Hieme vero, . Vino ge nerofo & Aqua Rofarum. Wii ue pro Epithemate Cordis Ejusdem Palmari .. lid. P8484. S dic. Iridis Elorenting, «zc. : imis - Cypri. Ar :Calami àromat. ik orn n drachimn. unam fenus. lor: Rofar. rubr. pulv. unciam femis. Caryophylorum, — - - Macis utriu(que, drachmam. unam. . Styracis Calamitze,. . Sucd Cyrenadici; |. Radicis Angelicze, /f. irgulor. dr.duas.. Menthz, Sampfüchi, h. e. Majoranz, Pulegii montani, Calaminthes, fingulor. dr. ur. fermis. Nardi Italice, ferupulos quatuor. Nucis Mofchatz, j Cinnamomi acuti, Santali citrini, Misit atia dr. WD. . Zibethi,.. ; Mofchi. - Ambar. fingulor, grana fax. Mifc probe: Fiat pulvis, py. cf ana IT SEN 1*9 2 "T. Pa NO RU Rd Du "t. Ys SPEC: PRÓ EPITHEM. em. " qui Maríü üpio concludatur, S uis ne- cefíarios, modo indicatos. - 5 "Species. pro sfiticilie e^ "s Stomachi. - JuNcxzn. Confged. Firm, pt «I0, * E; Radicum Acori, .. »Zedoariz, 3 Galingr, 4 | ^Gentianz rubrz,' ama dr. unam. "Herbar Abfinthii, Menthz crifpz, Meliffz, . Rute, ana manipulum fim eff. Seminum Carvi, Anifi, ena drachmam ML ayk . Incifa & Contufà irrorentur Oleorum defiill. Mentha: ur Foeniculi, . Cortic. citri, eza guttis [^ Pc Includantur. detn Sacculis, €? im- ponantur ffomacho. Janguenti » frigido, aut ex vomitu maufeanti, Conf. JUNG — KEN. Corp. Pharm. 48-921. ds Species pro Fomentatione. | Difpenf. Brandenb. . K Florum Lupuli, Eram & HART. Chamameli vulgaris, Millefolii; cum (gioi, Lavendule ^. Herbar. Rorismarini,. ; Hyffopb ... Serpilli;. Lyfimachiz; "anaceti, Majoranz, Meliloti, .Menthz, Origani - Saturejz, | . Botryos, ana uxcias duas. — O0 00 Wa ^. qu p3 68 SPEC.ro FO'WU. | Incifa omni Mifc. & ferventur ro ufu externo, - aT Species pro Fotu Aromat. . Difpenf.. Parif. WR. Summitatum floridarum Anthos, Rutz, Salvix; Hyffopi, Lavandulz, Abfinthii, Origani, 'Thymi, Foliorum Lauri, Florum Rofarum rubraruta, Chamameli, . Meliloti, Sambuci, Salis Ammoniaci, ana drachm. duas. Mifc. & ferventur pro ufu, zs Ài-. bris quiuque vel Fini genervofi , vel fimpli- eis gue, proutlubet, coquendae. Species pro Gargarismate : in Aphthis, BozRnHAAVE Mat. Med. p.127. Xx. Foliorum Malvz, Brancz urfinz; Althzz, i t Parietari$, — | Verbafci, Mercurialis, Alchimille, asa wear duaf. Radicis Althzz, wnczam unam. Bulborum Raparum, scias decem. Concif. Miíceantur. Pro ipío nfu, cum Aq. deco. & expreff. uzciis sriginta admifce. Vitellorum Ovorum, |.JNe. quatuor. Mellis Rofarum, «cias duas. Fiat fic. Collutorium [eu Gavga- vi[ma affiduum, €9' femper in ore haben- qium, A^ SPEC, rxo GARGARISM. Species pro Garearismate Ali UP RARUS ingravifüima Angina. —— - DECKER. Exercitat. Prat. p.242. lau- - dat. a Cc]. GAUBIO, fag.409. | de Form. —. Xy. Radicis Althez recent. usc. unatr. Folior. Malvz, amanmipul. unum. Fiorum Sambuci, pagillor tres. "Concif. Mifc. .ubi.vero in ufüm advocande fint hz ipfe Species; tum. Coq. fecundum Artem, in füfficienti | quantitate Cerevifiz dulcis; Colat. ve- - ro pinte uni admifce : . Mellis Virgin. uzciam unam fomis.: Spiritus Vini, drachmas tves. —— Salis Ammoniaci, guttas triginta. Denuo Mifceantur omnia exacte. Tepidi hujus. Lzquoris tautillum, ope Siphonis, injiciatur im. Fauces , omui Hore quadrante, donec levetuv. eger, quod expertus fpondet- DECKERUS uem C7 vid. in Notis ad hos Bar- ettianam, pag. $5. fegg. wbi fere fimiles ieu ciet ede ^ | species pro Garegarismate Emollientes.&: Demulcentes, ad Ptyalifmum Mercurialem Promovendum. |: GaAUE.de Forrmul. pag.410. EK. Herbarum Althez, manip. duor. Malvz, LCRDERIÉE Florum Rhocados, Verbafci, ana manip. unum. Radicis Glycyrrhizz, ameiom una. Conciía Mifceantur, tum, ubi opus, cum feri La&is recentis fuffi-- cienti Quantitate decoquantur quadrant. Horz, poftea adde Colat, expreffe Jbris duabus. fpatio 4 ] L' - SPEC. ps GEMMIS.- . Mellis puri, «nias duar. Hec decoélo tepido snifer aegrotus gargarifes 6? colluat jugiter totum Oris Cawum. —— NU oou : $2 Species de Gemmis Calidz Alexipharmacz Zwelferi, .. Pharm. Reg. pag. 316. E. Bezoar. Oriental, Veri Lufitan. (cite . —.. drachm. unam. Occidental. drachmas duas. Boli Armen. cum fücco Scordii pr- | arat. unciam femi.. -. Unicorn foffilis albiffimi, Marini Veri; Radicum Contrayerve, Zedoariz, TT: Corticum Limonior. extim. recent. ficcatorum |... -Nucum Mofchatarum, | Cinnamomi acuti, aza drach. duas. Croci Auftriaci, vel orient. drac/. cue abr PW unam femis. Magifter. folub. Margarit. oriental. - Corallior. rubr. pee i a | Fiant, omnibas dextre commixtis, - Species compofite pretio[a € roborantes; "gue epidemicis &?' comtagiofit Morbis, ar ecipue a labe venenata £uendo, opitulaztur: Dofis eft a drachm. femis, ad unam, immo tempore neceffitatis, . ufque ad duas. . Ceterum multum con- veniunt he Species cum Speciebus Cordia- - Jibus ejusdezu Z.wrelferi im autecedentibus, | fam exhibitis. - | Species de Gemmis Frigida. Difp. V ienn. JJ irt. Brand. &* vel. B: Eboris fpagyrice preparati, an Es * " ud. unam. Margaritarum Occidentalium prz paratarum,- drachmas fex. unciam | SPEC. ne GEMMIS. 659. Corallii utriufque, afia anciasa fem i5 Hyacinthi, Smaragdi, Sapphiri, Sardz, Granati, Sandali albi, | citrini, rubri, aza drachras tres. - Klorum Borraginis, Buglofiz, pé Nymphez, aza drachmas duas. Rofarum, drachmas tres. Mifce, fiat pulvis, addantur Foliorum Auri, Ao. vigizt ——— Oveduntur analeptice ,/ 89 tabe con[umtis , mec non fudoribus nolfuruis vexatis prajcribuntür. .— Pocantuy. Spe- ciesfrigide, €? ve ipfa, quod ad ufum fpe- Gat, frigide, languida €9 inefficaces fuut, adeo ut hinc prettofa €9 plendida Mife- via dici jure siereantur.. Vid. SCHULZz. ' Przle&. pag. 303.477. Dofis fcrupulus unus, ad drach- maim femis. Species de Gemmis Frigida (o. Zwelferianz. Difpenf. Vienn. Prag. B» Apicum Cervi uftorum przparato- rum, | -Corticum Citri extimor. recenter ficcatorum; — Nitri preparati, aga unciam unam. Radicis Contrayervz , drachrias fex. Bezoar occidentalis, Unicornu marini veri, foffilis, aua unciam femir. Seminum Citri excortorum, Aquilegiz, Raparum, Macis, Margaritarum praparatarum, - : Oo 00 2 £60 SPEC. HIERAE- Coralliorum rubror. przparat.- ana drachmas duas. Croci Auftriaci, drachm: un. femis. Cunda in fubtilifimum pulve-. rem redacta, Mifc. du Febvibus malignis, Cun Morbillis, aliisque. Exanthematibus ex- pellendis, infignis funt efficaciaz | etiam grophylaBice habentur in podagra , fi zonduam, inveterata. fuerit. Do(is ett - fcrupulus ad drachmam femis, in con- venienti vehiculo.. Ceterum in ipfa. Pharmacop. Re- gia ZWELEFERI, pag.117. h«c compo- fitio, paullo aliter exhibetur ,/| quibus- dom uempe omi[hs, C9 vurfus quibusdam additis ; quod puis hic indicandum cen- femus. Species Hierz Picre Simpl. Difp. F'ienn.. E'irt. Brand. Be Radicum A (ari, Spice Indice, Cinnamomi, Cubebarum, . Maftichis, ts Croci, aza drachtat fex- Alo&s Socotorinz, Zjran unam. Fiat pulvis. Sunt alvum laxantes, €9' ob addi- da aromata, ventriculum roborant. Paratur ex his fpeciebus, addito mnellis triplo ,. eletuavium, quod clyffevi- bus aemifcetur; de quo fupra , fuo loco. Raro interne in. forma pulveris ,. fed in gilulari exhibentur, ut €? in Tintiura: wi. infra Tinctura Sacra Edinburg. &7 Pharmac. Batean. - Dofis grana Mos ad fcru- pulum unüm. 4 * 3*5 Li 1^ SPEC. HIERA E. Sedes Hiere Picre- Rháfis Di&z. Difpenf. Brand. p ud, L2 Aloés pure, uzciam unagr. Afri, "ti " CV ILLO Uw " ^ Cinnamomi, 1.M € Carpobalfami , ida ejus heo: ;, Cube- 1 barum, —— "S - Caffizlignez,' ^ n Abos. 20 "Ligni Alo8s,. [pcd d Mafüches, | ^ Rofarum rubrarum, | en Spice Indice, az« Jférupulum u unum jJ famis. Mi(cesntur. , Eiant exinde Spe-- cies Hierz picrz compofi us ejusdem Virtutis, ac fimplices. É É : — Sed ab utrisque 3dssga » "t abe- , e[fant Radices ille Afari violente €? viru- lenta, de quarum ferociffrma indole [upra garte prima, fuo loco, egimus. —— — Ceterum. fimiles | plures. Species Hieie; Nicolai, Logadii, Fd. in [Dupcus Prag. Species Hippocraticz. 4 Difgenf. Argent. UA ver. . Betti . Reno iy E. Cinnamomi idee d ^d "cia Zingiberis, wzciam unam LE Caryophyllorum, wzcian unam. : Macis, drachmastres. ^^ — Granorum paradifi, drachmas Je Galangz, - Cardamomi, aza unciam Do: Incifa & Contufa, groffo modo, referventur ufui futuro. 4 ! chi "dn - Inferviunt pro Fino aromatico ie- : iffi zo pavando, «quod Hippocraticum vocatur, a Manica. Ji dita" Hippecratis, per quam colavi. folebat. Tes autem pa- ratur. i Vinum Hippocrtaticum. LU -. Sacchari albi, J/ram femis, — - Winirubri, smez/uram unam. ———— . . Stent in Infufione, quam diu opus fuerit, poftea colentur, per di- Qam modo Manicam Hippocratis. - a. Finum efft flomachicum €9 ther- manticuim , nemo mom vide. — Fal au: tei £9 hic dnaxime ne quid nimis, — Ceterum. hoc Fzni fatiitii aroma- tici genus. Claretum quoque vocari, no- tffmum efl : illud vero. non omnibus no- tum; dici quoque a Batavis precipue, apud quos maxime in ufu eff , Sponfa la- crymam, referezte LINDENIO, 7 Sele&t. Med. Exercitat. X. p. 340. Utz- zam omes fponíe im omnibus terrarum Ori, f: benigne €7 largiter lacrymarent ! Optabunt haud- dubie ficco €2' fitientiore omnes flvenui Fini potores , quibus fem- ger anima avida efl in cado aique poculo. Sed hac obiter, £9 per jocum , - fi liceat. E. Specierum prafcriptarum, drach. fex. j Species de Hyacintho: , eti Difp. Vienn. Wirt; Brand. E Hlacinthorum praparatorum, —Boli Armenae; . S | "Terre Lemniz verz , aut Strigenfis -fgillatz, .- — : Coralliorum rubrorum preparato- rum; aza drachtm. unam femis, - Margaritarum occidentalium przpa-. ratarum, Smaragdorum preparatorum,; 4*4 ; drachmam wnam. Cornu cervi przparati,. Eborisrafurz preparatz, ——— - Offium de cordibus cervorum prz- paratorum,. Radicum Di&amni albi, Tormentillz, SPEC. IMPERATORIS. 66: D :.. Sandalorum omnium; ofarum rubrarum, Granorum Kermes, . Seminum Acetofz, Citri decorticati, Portulacz, Croci optimi, á Myrrhz ele&z , ana ferupul. quatuor. Mifce, fiat pulvis: qui opero- fior & variis ingredientibue pretiofis -multo auctior, extat in Guil. PISONIS Mantiffà aromatica, pag.223. ubi cüm videat, cui volupe fuerit: vid. & D;/- genf. F'ienn. & Argent. &c.item JuNG- KEN. Corp. Phavm. .. Leuiter adflvingunt , ad fluxioues £m hamorrhagias nimias, smoderandas, pulveribus temperantibus nitrofis utiliter admifcentur. Fid. ScHuVz11 Pralect. pag. 304. C9 praefertim STAHL. Mat. Med. Part. 1H. 14. pag. 9. | (Ex illis, cum fyruypo citri , para- tur coufeBlio: de qua fupra, fuo loco. Dofisa fcrupulo femis, adunum. Species Imperatoris. Difp. P'ienn. Wirt Agent. —— &.. Cinnamomi optimi, drach. decem. Zinziberis, ^. AMI. ; . Caryophyllorug, | ona unciam femis. raris T | »« ^ Macis . Nucis mofchatz, era drachm.duas. Mifceá: 365 e | | Fentriculum vobporant ,/ £9 ssor- fulis ac trageis flomachicis adduntur; pro morjulis conficiendis incidende , pro tva- geis pulverijande fum. yo vni »* * "E. E é&1 SPEC. »o INFUSO. Species pro infufo Polychre- fto; Loco T hez. Difp. Brand. E. Foliorum Sanicula, Artemifiz, Vince per Vince, Pyrolz, Rutz Murariz, Veronice, Agrimoniz, . Hederz Terreftris, Salviz, Plantaginis, Betonicz, Meliffae, aza sianigulum unum. Florum Chamomillae Romanae, | Anthos, aze pugillot duos. Radicum Sarfaparillae, Chinae; Glycyrrhizae, Bardanae, Cichorei, aza unciam femis. Ligni Saffatras, Corticum Citri, aza drachmas tfer..— Seminum Anifi, Foeniculi, Coriandri, exa drachmarm unam. Incifa & Contufa minutim Mifce, pro hea. . "a ' Quod ad has one attine , im guit hic Cl. SCHULZIUS, pag.305. zn-- funt ipfis varia vezetabilia tontca, trav- matica, refolventia, uterinas Cavanina- tiva, diuretica, «ue Infufum non inef- ficax reddunt. — Sed vereor, ut laudatif- fimas Herba Thee vera vires tam blande anodynas, eguare, € in quovis flatu va- biudinis, eque [ecure t7 frutluofe adhi- beri poffint. MHa&enus celeb. ille Vir, infignis olim ipfe Theophilus Bibacu- lus, fi ita quidem cum ornatiffimo Pechlino, jocari hic nobis liceat. —Z5- . ipfam Theam, SPEC. LAXATIVAE.- terea vero reBun £5 fincerum ineo, hic. tulit judicium, quod hec ipfa Kis tio vole labo- nimia variorum ingredientium ret, neque hinc im omni morbo, fine di- — füiu&ioze , in ufum gengralen vocari po[- fits nifi quedam ex illa demantur, aut smutentur. ym autem noflra goti/mur fit [ententia de promifcuo illo 89 imenodi- co Thea exotice vulgaris ufu , aut abufu, reus, de eo vid. fuperius jam dila, ad Species Laxativz Polychreftze Wedelii. ER. Radicum Acetofae; Scorzonerae, Cichorii, aza drachtam uxzam. —— Summitat. Furariae, Centaur. minor. aza fHazip.femit. Florum quatuor cordial. 222 pugillur -- Unum. Foliorum Sennae fine ftipit. unciam Rhabarbari ele&i, drach. hys Cofti Veri, fcrupulum unum. — Cremoris Tartari, ferupulos quatgor. Concif. & Contuf Mifc. & fiant 7e tcs gigs 126 s ey Species pro Nodulo. Conf infra Spe- cies Stomachico -Jaxative. M. 7 $2. Species Latificantes, - fea. Pulvis Lzctificans. Difpenf. Parif. Pharm. Reg. CH ARAS, Tem. I. p4£. 202. Lond... E. Croci optimi, c te Zedoariz, X ylaloés, Caryophyllorum, .- Corticis Mali Citrei ficci, Galangz minoris, . Macis, Nucis Mofchatz, SPEC. LAETIFICANTES. Styracis Calamitz; ^ —— ^ Seminum Ocimicaryophyllati; —— T .- .. "wma drachmas duas femis. j rx Anifi, HU ^ Rafurz Eboris, Thymi argaritar. praeparat. ez dr. «mart. .: Offis e Corde Cervi, -oCaphurm nw | Ambarae cineritie, ana dr, femi. Mofchi Orientalis, Foliorum Auri, : Argenti, eua ferupul. femis. — . .. Mifc. Fiat fecundum Artem, . pulvis. Tu hs Pretiofus quidem ,.— mom diffiteor, atque Margaritarum, item auri argenti- que dives eft hiece pulvis 7n vero hec omuia, quantumvis fperioa, opulemta €? odore quogue fuavi jucunda, animum | triflem letificare. Corque in gaudia tor- quus denuo excitare £9 erigere valeant ? deeo quidem vehementer dubito, € tecum, Jat fcio, omnes dubitabunt , qui rite fa- . piunt, expertique [ciunt aliis plane. Re- . etiediis opus WA ad expugnaudum animi - eaniibus, ut modo monuimus. - €ani: Species Latificantes Rhafis. Difp. Florent. Wire. Vienn. Brand. € rel. - Re. Radicum Been albi, ^ fubri, » Zedoariae; Doronict. Herbae Meliílae, T Seminum Ocymi caryophryllati, Paeoniae, m Croci Caryophyllorum, Cardamomi minoris» Cinnamormi, P4 suerorem, quam. quidem [peciebus letifi-- SPEC. LAETIFICANT. 665 Corticum citri, | Maftiches, ama unciam femis. Miíce, fiat pulvis, qui comple- tus redditur additione Galliae mofchatae, gzcie fenis. ^Mofchi, ferupul uniur. "ttribuuntur vires cordialet, ce- phalice, flomachice €? letificantes. Dantur incompletae a drachma femiís, ad unam; completae a fcrupu- lo uno, ad drachmam femis. i INefcio vero, atque hinc vehemen- ter adhuc dubito , an he ipfe quidem Spe- cies letificantes fic vuleo dile, letificare atque erigere re ipfa polfrut cor maftum atque deyettum? Meliores ego certe atque teriiores novi Species letificanter, non se- vo ex ve tiedica, fed potius et hica, peten- dar. le autem funt Mentis Corporit- que Sanitas, Con[cientia tranquilla , ani- qi corporisque libertas, opes mon [uper- fite , fed ad vitam jucunde tranfigendam Jufficientes C9 neceffarie , | amet pauci, Jed certi ac fideles, fludia, foria quidem - C9 utilia, fed grata tamen amaenitate ac varietate dzflin£la, Conditio Pte que fui potius juris efl , quam alieni, £9 fbi ma- gis fervit , quam alis, atque id genus pauca adhuc alia, que fic elegantius de- Jeribuntur a Martial. Epigr.47. Lib. X. Conf. filubet, poemat. noftr. 7orm. 7. gag. 532. € GEL 111 NoG. Att. C. 7. Lib. XP 111. Res non parta labore, fed relicta; Non ingratus ager, focus perennis, Lis nunquam toga rara, mens quie- Tti tas | Vires ingenuae, falubre corpus, Prudens fimplicitas, pares amici, Convi&us facilis, fine arte Menfa; Nox non ebria; fed foluta Curis: INon triftis torus; attamen pudicus; Somnus, qui faciat breves tenebras 664 SPEC. PECTORALES. Quod fis, effe velis, nihilque malis: - Summum. nec. metuas. diem, nec RT optes. He quidem Species latificantes Martialis, hominis metrici potius , quam Medici, wieliores tamen funt ac certzores, quam ille letificantes Species fummorum Medicorum, Galetii inquam , atque Kha- fis» de quibus vid. SCH ULZ11 Praelea. ad Difpenfat. Brand. pag. 306. Sed hec quidem, Letlorum , ut [pes efl ,. pace, -zon tam ncceffitatis, quam potius grate amanitatis, t9 amena F'artetatis gratia, hic obiter a nobit adjetla funto. . Conf. huc GABELCHOVERI Obf. Med. 8o. Cent. I1I. pag. 137. [qq Ceterum de Eiectuario. Perforum exhilarante dz&fo, vid. Lo CHNERI Meconopaeg. pag. 5 f. &' KAEMPFERI Amcenitat. Exot. Fafcic. 111. Obf. ig. pag. 644. cujus €7 meminit GEorYrROY, om. Il. Mat. Med. Cap. 7/111, Sect. I. dri. 1E. pag. 691. Jiud vero adhuc hic addendum po- tius, deo. doti penitus, dn elum uempe SALAM, Trati. HH. de Er- roribus Galeniftarum, pag. 46. has ipfas Species Rhafis letificantes vocaffe invifo Nemine, Elluartum Afininumy, quod illud /Afinis magis conveniret , quas ipfis hominibus, altudque hinc ipi ubflitutfe, illo aliquanto melius, quod ibi videndum €? examinandum. Species Pe&torales, pro Thea.. .SBoERH AA Vz Confült. Med. per H ALLER. p.33. 67178. Be Herbar. recent. Agrimoniae, Betonicae, Foeniculi, Hylopii 4 c ois: Chaerophylli, T UR Meliffae; ^ | Veronicae, "SPEC. E SCORDIO:- Virgae aur. aga viarip. femis..— à Minutim fciffa, pro potu Theae, . adhibeantur. Conf. inf. Specier deco&li pelloralis, quorfüum & hae pertinent. 4 4 di Fo i E i : Species eScordio, cum Opio. - tundendum, addat jaü- | latim exficcatum fuerit, ut er in pulverem redigi poffit. "— —— . 7 Species eScordio, fine Opio. Difpenf. Loud. pov... - &. Boli Armenae, aut Gallicae ,- ugcias. | T quatu, Scordii, wzc/as duas. —— Cinnamomi, /efcugzciam. Styracis Calamit. colat. Radicum Tormentillae, Biftortae, : — Gentianae, ^ Foliorum di&amni cretici; -. Galbani colati, ji | "Gummi Arabici, | Ab Rofarum rubr. fingulor. zzc. uta. -.— Piperislongi, ^— MOM Zingiberis, fingulor. zac. dimidiam. | Omnia in pulverem fübtilemy. contundantur. TUE D Species Stomachico- Laxativz. | Difpenf. Argent... R Diacrydii optimi, unciam unam. Florum Rofàrum rubrarum, : Cinnamomi acuti, Santali citrini, albi, rubri, Radicis Glycyrrhizae, Maftüiches albiflimae, aga dr. snam. t Pa - PRU -SPECIES TABACL - . Permifceantur omnia exactiffi- -me, pro ufu. - dum. . xativae Poly Dofí aliguot. Cuitri Cufpides, ad drachmam [imis, ufque ad ferupulos duos. Sed repete sores. Ingredientium, larga nimis ac liberalis hic videtur dia-. crydii mee: quod probe obfervan- viti Cozf. fupra Species la- hreftae Wedelii. — d XM ; : Species Tabaci, pro Fumo, Camerarii.. Difpenf. HW irt. Hamburg. E. Styracis, Mattiches, Benzoés, Succini, aza unciam femis. - Olibani, Seminis foeniculi, "MI anifi; aga drachmas duas. Caryophyllorum aromaticorum, Cubebarum, za drachenas tres. Foliorum tábaci, uzczas ocio. majoranae, wzciam wuam. Florum Calendulae, - Cyani; |n "Kofarum rubrarum Kon: rum; — Lavendulae, aza uciam femi. Liliorum convallium, dr. dues. Incidantur grofío modo. Comunezdautur ad dentimm dolores £9 defluxiones rhcumaticas. | Sed dum il- lis malis forte medentur; alia contra ex- citant. vehementiore £7 fragrantiore fua anathymiafi, nimirum capitis dolores, vertigine, auvium tinnitus, oculorum vubedtnes, lacrymas? lippitudines, alios- que capitis affetlus; quod per (ipfam ex- perientiam, didicimus. Hinc, .me qui- dem judice, préflat , folam laudatiffmam Nicotiauam, fiue iflo peregrizo C7 pre- tiofo Mangonto, ia ufum advocare.. Hau- Damafcena- oritur fumus fiftula. " SPECIÉS TABACI. 66g 4 Species Tabaci, pro Fumo, - Offhéinales; *^* i: Difp. Wirt. bs E: Foliorum tabaci, szciar fodecint. Majoranae, Bafilici, ava unciam femis. - Horum Rofarum, Lavendulae, Liliorum convallium, aezedr.duat. Seminis Anifi, uzcias quatuor. Foeniculi, uzczam wAam. — Styracis, T Aíae dulcis, ama drachmas quinque, Ligni Rhodii, Sandali citrini, f | Caryophyllorum aromaticorum, Cubebarum, ara drachmas tres. Incidantur & contundantur grof- fo modo. Commendantur, cum precedenii- bus, ad eosdem affetlus. — Sed £7 idem de isdem, pudicium juftum ferendum. Species Tabaci Suaveolentes, Cephaliz, - ^. ^ GAUBIUS de Formul. pag. 322. E. Herbarum Siccatar. Salviae, Majoranae, aga zeatp. feris. | Thymi, - Florum ficcator. Lilior. convall. Roíar. aza pugil. unum. Cortic. Cafcárillae, | . Cinnamomi, aza ferupul. ttim. Comminutis craffiufcule admifce: Foliorum Nicotianae. confciff. zzcías quatuor. Tum confperge tantillo Effentiae Ambrae. | - c Perquam egvegia quidem hec eft Sir pingi 9 ceteris fuo jure, profe 2 venda; Jntevim. tamen nec hanc ipfam Nicotiauam. juaveolentem impune ferre Pp pp xj LU £&& SPECIF. ANTIFEBR.- poffunt qui debiloris prefertim funt capi- 1e5 £5 zn cephalalgiam, vertiginem ,. au- rium tinmtum £8 odontalgiam procliver, ut experientia ipfa [epius docuit... Aliis paren etia; profuit. Ceterum alias Ta- baci medicati Species, fub infolito £7 pe- regrizo titulo Mixture Tubularis, v2. fi placet ,, in Pharm. Batean. p.99. 4u& nobis quidem vix dignevife funt qua huc ad/criberemtur , ob vatiomes nempe, fam fupra datas. Specificum Antatrophum Wepferi. Vid. jupra Pulvis Antatrophicus. - Specificum Antifebrile Crollii. Difp. Arg. JF irt. Hamb. R. Teftarum concharum oblongarum acuminatarum, quz in ftagnis aut lacubus reperiuntur, 4waztufm placet. Macerentur in aceto forti, ut ab impuritatibus mundari queant , quas, aqua fontana lotas & ruríus exficcatas, in pulverem fübtiliffimum redige. Crollius conchas calcinare & ita in veratn calcem redigere jubet. — 0 ZKcidum in primis vits potenter ab- forbet , fudovems £8. urinam movets. calci- nata; vero conchas, im majori dofi exhi- bitar, eardialgiam nonnunquam excita[fe «ompertum ej. Vid. ScnuLz. Przleà. pag.310. ubi fimul obférvat , Stahlium vxo Specifici providum ufum commen- ae . à | Datur a fcrupulo uno, ad drach- mam dimidiam, ante febrium intermit- tentium paroxysmum. Y SPECIF, CEPHALICUM. Specificum Cephalicum Michaelis. Difp. Wirt. Brand. Avgent.— R. Cinnabaris nativz fublimatz, - unctas tret. Radicis Pzoniz, unciam unam femis. — Craníi humani, ; Ungularum alcis; Cornu cervi fine igae przparati, Smaragdi preparati — » Coralliorum rubrorum. preparato-- | .rum,; axadrachmas duas. —— Margaritarum Occidentalium prz- paratarum, Unicornu marini, ] Succini preparati , aza drachm. femis. Miíce, fiat longa trituratione pul- vis fübtiliffimus. em Eft medicamentum longo tifu. com- probatum, | antifpafimodicum €£9 antepi- lepticutu. — Commendatur in cephalalgia, femicrania , epilepfia , aliisque nervorum affectibus. Sed negat hoc$ 0 PERVILLE, |. Diff. deinaniSpecif. cephalici,zz Cepha- lalgia, ufü. JVegwe generatum multum — Firtutis ipfi tribuit Cel. STAHLIUS, |. Mat. Med. Part. I. pag. 156. ut&? CaR- THEUSER. Pharmacol. pag. $94. €7 alii. Mitius tamen €? praclarius de eodem fen- - tit SCHULZIUS, Praled. pag.310. Ceterum. conf. fupra PulvisiCephalicus rubeus. Auguftanor. ejusdezz fere Com- pofitionis. | —. Dofisa granis decem, ad vigin- ti quatuor. Dimidiam partem cinna- baris conftituit. j E Specificum Febrifugum. Craànii. Videatur Regulus Antimonii Medicinalis, ** E SPECIF. JALAPPINUM. . Specificum Jalappinum. ' Difp. Vienn. Wirt. & 4t. 5. Magifterii Jalappz, — - Scammonii, .aza drachmaf tres. ^ Pulveris Jalappe, unciam un. femis. Cremoris Tartari, Sum Tartari vitriolati, ama wmciam unarm. Olei cinnamomi, /erupulum unum. Magifteria optime, cum - Amygdalarum dulcium, dr. duabus. terantur, quibus additur , Pulvis ja- lappz, falid, & tandem Oleum cinna- momi. Purgat fatis commode. - Dofis a fcrupulo femis, ad fcru- pulum unum, uíque ad drachmam fe-- mis. Drachma una continet grana quin- - que Magifferi Salappe &7. totidem Scam- T1011. | | Specificum Tartari Pharyn- gicum Zobelii, in 'artarolog. Cap.19. pag.43. - Difp. Wirt. in reliquis deeft, R. Acidi five cryftallorum Tartari, uz- Aluminis crudi, Nitri cryftallifati; aga uscias tres, Aceti vini deftillatio eras quatuer. Solvantur & rurfüs coagulentur, - Magnis. laudibus ab "]dutove. gro more fuo evehitur, in 'lartarologia, pag. 44-/gq. prafirtim vero ad affectus pha- vyngis, anginam, uvule C9 gingivarum laxitatem commendatur. Prafcribit unciam [eémis, in Aque | plantaginis vel Brunelle unciis o&o folu- tam, pvo garzarizattone, C9 collutiome faucium €» oris. id. KLEIN, Selea. . Rat Med. pag. 218. — 3 óÀ* E * cias qUatwor. SPECIF. VIRGINEUM. 667 .Specificum Virgineum.. , Vid.fupra Pulvis Viennenfis Albus Virgineus. Sperniola Crollir. Difpenf-. Wirt. | Vienn. Brand. ^&. Myrrha electz, | -Olibaniele&di, aza uzcias dua. Croci optimi ,- wunzciaz femts. . Mifceantur , fiat omnium pulvis fubtiliffmus,. qui in patina vitrea Aqua fpermatis ranarum, per faccum deftil- lata, vicies vel tricies irroretur & ex- ficcetur, tandem addantur — .- Camphorze, drachme tres, & exade mixta aflerventur. — — - Ufus eft externus, ad hatmorrha- ias t9 inflammatioues compe[cendas. Fd. SPIiNDLERI Obf. Med.2o. p.37. WOSCHULZ pA 3px Commendatur etiam ad vulpera e mor/u canis rabidi. x Spiritus Aeruginis, /rve Viridis zris & Veneris, Difp. Brand. ]Virt. 6 reliq. vid. Chem. Re. Aeruginis, five viridis aris, J/bram UHTE. In pulverem trita immittatur re- : torte vitrez, inftituatur deítillatio ex arena, per gradus, in fine ad incan- defcentiam fetortz usque ignem au- gendo. Prodit liquor acidus, haud ingrati faporis; rectificetur per retor- tam & fervetur. | A ventre nihil participat , fed eff acetum deflilletum concentratum; tnterne ad excitandum appetitum €9. bil.m fra- natidam, fitim;ue saitigandam ,. a guttis o&o, ad quindecim, in vehiculo aquo- fo datur. 7;d. Sca uLz. gag.313. Pp pp 2 ! é$3 SPIRITUS .£RUGINIS. Ufibus autem. plurimum chemicis en[ervit, €9 iddoneum praet menflruum, ad folvenda cerpora terrea , £9 exitrahen- das tinturas. Noia: Majorem quantitatem purioris fpiritus, /Erugo in aceto deftilla- to foluta, & rurfus leni igne coa- gulata, largitur. Wirt. spiritus Aeruginis Compofi- tus, feu Afthmaticus. Difsenf. Brand. R;. Viridis eris, unc. quatuor. Gummi Ammon. usc. duas. Sulphuris, usc. unam femis. In pulverem reda&ta & mifta de- füllentur e Retorta Vitrea, ex Arena, igne caute & gradatim adminiftrato. Oleo foctido a fpiritu feparato, hic re- &ificetur, ut artis eft, & fervetur in vafe claufo: pro ufu. x Dantur gutte decem, ad triginta, n guis petloralibus. Pid. Scnu1z. Przleàt. p.316. malim tamen eo carere, Spiritus Alkermes. | Pharm. Bat. pag. A45. &.Spiritus Cinnamomi, Citri Ceraf. nigror. Anthus, ava uncias quatuor. Succi Chermefin. wncias duas. Mifceantur optime: dein agan- tur per Chartam emporeticam: "Tum addantur: Sacchari optimi, scie due. Foliorum Auri, Ve. decer. Mifceantur fecundum — Artem: funt, qui addunt Spiritum Ambre, pro ditioribus, frilis placuerit. — Fagore; tetros difcutit. — Spiritus -SPIRITUS ANGELICAE. naturales, vitales €? animales: vecreat : parturientibus [ubverit, item apople&ficis, attonitis ,. 8x animi defetlionem paffis.- "Aureus efl hic Spiritus, etiam [ine adje- Go "duro , quod €? hic, 7 alibi incom- gofitionibus med. eft fatuum £9 inefficax,. ut [epius monitum. | 'Spiritus Ancelicz. Difp. Leid. Wirt. c paffim in aliis, Ey. Radicum Angelicz, uwzcias quatuor. Spiritus vini rectificati, J/Pras dua. Aquae fontanae, L/bram unam. Dettillentur. Alexipharimacus eff €. carminati- vugy habetur ,. €? ad drachmam unam, quin duas commendatur. Spiritus Anifi. Difp. Prag. Wirt. Ratisbon. e, Re. Seminis Ani contufi, Z/ram femir. Spiritus vini, J/jras quatuor € femi. Macerentur. per e&iduum, .& lege artis fpiritus eliciatur. à — Efl petloralis £2 carminativuss aqua € [accharo termsperatus bibitur. Spiritus Ánifi Compofitus Rofin. Lendlii. |... E. Semin. Anifi, war. fedecim. Coriandri, E T Rad. Glycyrrhiz aza usc. duas. Cortic, Citri, uncia; trer. Florum Borraginis, Bugloff x Rofar. aza yuan:p. unuti femis. Incif. & Cont. infund. cum Spirit. Vini, bris decem. nh Fiat lege Artis, deftillatio. :«—— Uus eff. bechicus , carmiuativut, — diureticus, analepticus. -— "SPIRITUS ANTHOS. Spiritus Anthos. Difp. Prag. Wirt. Ratisbon. &c. E.Florum Rorismarini recens colledto- rum, 47625 fex. | H Macerentur & deftillentur cum : Spiritus vini re&tificati, J//ris duaur. Efl cephalicus £7" nervinus ;. znter- ze varo; externe [epius ad odoratum ex- hibetur.. Ar Y EDI. A Spiritus Anticolicus Dolzi. Eucycloped. Med. gag. $32. B: Spiritus Rorismarini, wzciam femi. Lumbricor. drachmas duas. Cornu Cervi, .-. Salis Succini volatilis, . Viperarum volatilis,. awa /erupu- . Jum unum. Digerantur invicem, & ubi ne- ceffitas exegerit, addatur Tin&urz opii, drachma una. Dofis ad. quindecim, aut viginti guttas, bis in die, &9 corpus femper difponatur ad füdorem, | Ufus vero in- grimis ipfius in colica flatulenta frigida. Spiritus Ánticolicus extr d Denzel. 57 Exegef. Chymiatr. pag.643. ER. Seminum Anifi, Foeniculi, Carv b Cumini, afa uncíaf quatuor. Florum Chamoemeli; smazipul. dua. In Aqua Vite aliquandiu tmriace- rata, deftillentur in diplomate. Co- lore petrofelini ex manipulo urio ipfius exficcati , imbutus, denique Julapio aliquo dulceícat, 4& Filtro chartaceo tragedus, fervetur. - nor nd SPIR. ANTISCORBUT. 669 Spiritus Antifcorbuticus Boerhaavii. Mat. Med. pag. 139. B. Seminum Sinapi, . Raphani bortenfis, Erucz, Ervfimi, Nafturt. hertenf. aza unciam unam. Foliorum Cochleariz, | Raphani rufticani, eza manipulor duos. Confciffi & Contufis deinde adde Salis marini; usciar duas. — Florum Cerevifiz, wzcimm unam.. Spiritus Vini, quantum fati. ad exceffum Zuorum digitorum. Deftilla fecundum Artems-.X cohobater. - . " Spiritus Ántifcorbuticus Dekkeri. Difpenfat. Leidehf. : E. Radicum Raphani rufticani, wrcian - nam. Afigelice, drachmas tres. Foliorum Cochleariz, Scordii, b Menthz crifpa, ane mang. utum. Seminis Foeniculi dulcis, Flavedinis Corticis.Citri recentis, Corticis Wintérari, 47a dr. tres. Salis Ammoniaci, 4r. unam famis. ^. Cohcifis & Contufis omnibus af- fundantur Vini Gallicani, & —.— | Spiritus: Vini, «54 pirte due cum | femiffc. Leni Calore deftillentur per Bal- Pppp5 | 670 SPIR. ANTISCORBUT.- neum Mariz, ad dimidiam utque par- tem, & ufui ferventur. In multis convenit egvegia hec Compofitio Dekkeriana cum fequenti infr. Lentiliama. Conf. Cl. KL EINI1 Sele&. Rat. Medicam. pag. 259. Antifcorbuticus Dekkeri. in Not. ad Praxin Barbett. p. 157. Re. Corticum Fraxini, Rad. Tamarifci, Radicum Fraxinellz, Cappar. za uzciam mma femis. Polypodii querc. uzczas duas. Raphani £ilveft. feu Armoraciz, uncias tres. Herbarum Cochleariz, manipulos ! quaiuor. Spiritus "Nafturtii hiemalis, Beccabungz, Acetofz, Scolopendrii, aga muaripul. tres. - Baccarum Lauri, Juniperi, asa drachmas fex. Summitat. Centaur, min. pug;/l. qua- fuor, Stercoris Anferini, (recentis nem- pe & fapidi) sciam uzatn. Seminum Citri, | Sinapis, ; Cardui Benediüi, aa usc. emis. Caryophyllorum, Zinziberis, Cinnamemi ácüti, Nucis Mofchate, aza drachm. tres. Concifa & Contufa digerantur in Arena tepida, cum - Vini Gallicani; Jibris odo, &. Spiritus Vini vulgaris, //ris tribus. oper tridüum: deinde deftillentnr ex SPIR. ANTISCORBUT. Arena, per Alembicum, & Spiritus deftillatus ufui fervetur. |— Pratlicus quidam feliciffimus (ita inquit. ibi Deckerus, forte ipfe fuerit.) aennibus fuis Medicamentis ida cet hunc Spiritum | antifcorbuticum :. | quoniam nempe in Batav. regionibus, nullus fere | reperiatur Morbus ,.— cui gon. aliquid Scorbuti fubft: ut vere objerust ipfe BARBETTE:Z Praxi, p.144. Bozgn- HAAYE, GC ali. | Et profedo mihil quidquam e[:t , quod zm hac Regia, quidem: Compofitione fure. repreheudere- tur, nifi preter ullam nece[ftatem , fade coztaminata fuiffet fordido :llo Coudimen- to auferino; quare ilud, sme quidem fua- fore, cum faf'idio &9' indigmaiione jufla, — ex illa ejiciatur , € zm locum illum ca- nofum effundatur , quo potiffimum per- tinent ejusmodi abominabiles dapes de he- flerna cena , ut Poets ait. Spiritus Antifcorbuticus. | Difpenf. Brand. * E.Radicum Angelice, unciatdua Polypodii quercini, Max Filicis, rab Raphani marini, ama w5c. unam am Jemis. Foliorum Cochleariz, zuazip.quatuor. Nafturtii hortenfis, . 2:8 Beccabungz, aza mantg. duos. Menthz criípz, Rutz, 9 we y^ Salviz, aga manip. unu femis. Seminum Foeniculi dulcis, | / Ani(i, aza drachmas fex. " " Cinnamomi acuti, drachma unam. Zinziberis albi, | irá Corticum extremor. Citri, aza drach. 3i femis. Concifis nis & Contufis omni- bus affunde ' SPIR. ANTISCORBUT.- - Vini Gallicani, emem[uras duar. Spiritus Vini, zzenmfuram unam. Stent locotepido vafíebeneclau- fos poft deftillentur Calore moderato Arenae, aut Balnei: denique Spiritus abfítractus, magnae adverfus Scorbu- tum, efficaciz, fervetur. | ui judice hic SCHULZI1O, pag. 314. Jiflamperavi tamen debet aquis €5 - fucco citri, fi interne dare volumus: 4d oris collutionem ,. decotlis additur , aut melle "ZAquilegie temperatur. Spiritus Antifcorbuticus Drawizii. Vid. ejus 'Tra&. de Scorbuto.- Difp. Wirt. in veliquis deeft. Rz. Vitrioli ad rubedinem calcinati, libras duas. fuperfunde Spiritus Tartari, J/braz unam. Cochleariz, suazcias guatuor. Digerantur per aliquot dies, poftea deftillentur e retorta, donec & fpiritus vitrioli tranfierit ^ Spiritus prole&us, fülphurei odoris & acidi- uículi faporis, fervetur. i2 Con Spiritu aperitivo Penoti con- venit. Laudatur A autore in [corbuto ; cozdacit etiam in hypochondriaco malo, calculo €? arthwitide. Plures huyus egregii Spiritus vir- utes in febribus , paralyfi, flomachi fa- ginitate, cachexia, quin € ipfa apople- xia, prafertim vecenti ,- aliisque diris malis, expertus,Wenarrat il. WERL- HOFIUS, iz Obfervat. de Febr. Se&. IF.pag.Yag.[g9- 7" Do(üs guttz triginta, ,ad qua- draginta. RENTES Y * * * lo. SPIR. ANTISCORBUT. 671 Spiritus Antifcorbuticus, FurLEm. PAarm. Extemp. p. 344- Ei. Corticis Guajaciy, sc72: feptem. Aurantior. zzcas quingut. Baccarum Juniperi, J/braz unam. Seminis Dauci vulgaris, dr. fex. Sacchari , /ibras fex. Aquz communis, Zbras aliquot, q.J. Foecum Cerevifiz, quantum fitfficit. Fermententur fimul, zodecim dies; poft adde, Semin. quatuor calid. major. minor. a7a tc. unam. Deinde peracta fere fermentatio- ne, adjice: : Herbarum Cochleariz, manip. duo- 2p decim. Beccabungz, emmzpulos tres. Nafturtii aquatici, . Indici, aga sanip. quatuor. ^ 7 Radicis Raphani Rufticani, sc. duas. Ligni Saffafras, uncias trey. Poftea Fiat deftillatio & Reaifi- catio, fecundum Artem. | In Scterbuto frigido comvenit: "Acidum infringit; Flatus difcutit, &€7 alia preflat iz Morbis [corbuticit, egre- ia. Dofisipfa'eft a ícrupulo uno, ad rachmam unam, & ultra, in vehicu- Egregia hac eft Compofítio , ufu fuo eximio profetto haud caritura, fi oppor- tune quidem &9 temp:flive. adhibeatur. Ceterum in àpfa hac Fulleri deferiptione, "que communis libre L. feu quitiquagin- ta, prafcripte vulgo funt, quod ut vide- tur, mendum typographicum forfan eff, quorum enim ifle undarum Cataclyfmus; qui omnia reliqua abforbet fua ingenti. quantitate, atque haurit? Sed ego Edi- tione Fullevi utor ,/ Laufaune, 1737. edita, haud ubique, quod aliquoties de- grehendimus , fatis accurata. Corrigant m 672 SPIR. ANTISCORBUT. igitur, qu&fo, huncerrorem, qui cor- vecliores hujus utilffoui Libri Editiones poffrdent. | - Spiritus Ántifcorbuticus Hagienfium, Difpenf. Hagienf. E. Radic. Raphani filveftris, scia; tre;. Herbarum Acetofz, Nafturtii aquatici, Beccabungz, aza thang. tres. . Trifolii aquatici; ^. Cochleariz, Fumariz, aza matip. duos. Sempervivitertii, zamip. unum. Mala citria, /Vo. tvia. Radices & herbz contufz, & Citria in orbiculos conciía, infundan- tur per horas viginti quatuor, in: Spiritus Vini, ///ris feptem. poftea fecundum Artem, deftillentar, & Spiritus prolectus ufui fervetur. | Ceterum vuultum conuenit hic ipfe Spiritus, cum infra fequenti Spiritu Scelo- tyrbieo ,. ut €? ex parte, | cum reliquis Spivitibus antifcorbuticis, fupra exhibitis. Spiritus Antifcorbuticus - Hoffmanni. E;. Radicis Angelice, «zcias duaj. Herbarum Menthz, Rutz, | Cochleariz, ama z;amip. duoj. Seminum Anif, 7 Nafturtii, Foeniculi, ava uncias duas. Corticum Citri, | Aurantior. aza drachzas tver. Vini opt & Malvat. ava li/ras trer. Digerantur per Menfem: poftea deftilla per Balneum Mariz, donec ap- pareat fignum phlegmatis. 44s Spi- S$PIR. ANTISCORBUT: ritus ufus circa Fe[peram, hora una an-.— — te fomnum , cochleare unum; fmane,coch- — leavia duo, ad fudorem, | fi fieri poterit d Fid. BIERLING.- Append. ed. pag. 43. Spiritus Antifcorbuticus Rofin. Lentilii. Ei. Herbz Cochlearig , cum tot, 4427- tum vis, previa Fermentatione, lege artis, deftilla Spiritum: deinde de- nuo ; | E». Sedi minoris, manipulum unum. Raphani rufticani, w7cz25 quatuor. Radicis Ari, drachmas duas. Corticis Winterani, uncias tres. — Conci(is & Contufis fuperfunde priorem Spiritum & deftilla: poftea rurfus. ! - &. Herbarum Nafturtii aquatici, Trifolii fibrini, t Chelidonii min. aza manip. duos. Affunde iterum priorem piri- tum contufis, & denuo deftilla. Dofis hujus egregii Spivitus antifcorbutici, eff a drachinis duabus , ad wnciam fenis. ..— Spiritus Aperitivus Penoti. Difp. Brand. Wirt. Argent. Prag. Ratisbon; — R.Vitrioli Hungarici, ad albedinem calcinati, //bras guatuor. Tartari albi, folutione & cryftallifa- tione depurati, J/bram ur. femis. Pulverifata & mixta cellz humi- dz exponantur, *ht paululum deli- quefcant, tum igne aren« e retorta de- ftillentur, & fpiritus fervetur. Efl Spiritus Tartari vitriolatus; — laudatur ad obfiru&iones hepatis , lienis, €? mefenterii roferandas. — Sudoriferum — € diureticum praebet. id. Fit, K1gp-.-— LINI 'SPIRITUS ARACK. .. LINI Lin. Med. 7zz. 1695. Menf. Sept. Obf. 25. pag.306. bs - :. Dofis eft fcrupulus unus, ad drachmam femis, in vehiculo aquofo. Spiritus Árack. Difpenf. Vienn. | ER. Oryzz, groffo modo Contufz, feu in Molendino fra&z, Zbras | ^. uiginti quinque. ' 'Irrorentur fufficienti Quantitate Aquz fontanz; dein indantur vafi li- gneo capaci, &addantur: —^ - Facum Cerevifiz recent. Z//re decem. . Stent probe claufz, per qnatuor Hebdomadas, in digeftione: Tandem * lenicalore, inftituatur repetitis Coho- bationibus , Deftillatio & Rectificatio. Refumtivum £9" nutriens efl Medi- camentum, v7nglis Batavisque inprimis X porum Infervit €? preparation Elixirii Rhabarbarini, cajus Defcriptio fupva, Juo'loco, extat, fub. Tir. Elixir. R.habar- bari; cum Spiritu Arack. | Ceterum, potiffmus efl ex. Scriptoribus Hodapori- . eis, fimilis potus inebrians, Indis, Si- nenfibus aliisque gentibus alterius. orbis adsnodum familiaris, qui pariter vocatur Arack, &9 etiam maximam partem , ex Oryza, preparatur. Cenf. LORNII Botanologia, pag.487. 7 4uos ibi Jau- - dat Jdu&lore; t? RHoD. ad Scribon. Larg. pag. 179. Spiritus Áromaticus Lentil, E. Cinnamomi acuti, u7c:a5 duas. Florum R ofarum rubrarum, Ligni Santali citrini, Nucis Mofchatz, Cubebarum, ana fcrurulos duos, ^- Granorum Paradif. p! — Zingiberis, aza drachmas duas. - Caryophyllorum, SPIR. AROMATICUS. 7$ Galangz , ana unciam famis, Seminum Anifi, Focniculi, age drachmas fex. Spiritus Vini optimi, Aras fcx. Mifc. & per horas viginti qua- tuor, in Arena digere, poftea dettilla lege Artis, & Spiritum ufüi ferva. sos Hem. fere. compofitione efl , ac Syivitus avomaticus diligi, deftriptus 4 CHARAS, Z7 Pharmacop. Regia, Tom. II. pag.603. €7 ab aliit nonnullis; Cozf. le Mog TII Pharm. Med. Phyf. pag. 96. ubi fimilis, fed nonuihil autor compofíitzo. Spiritus Áromaticus Compofitus. BoERHAAVE, Elem. Chem. T. IT. : Proce[]72. pag.221. E recentiff. puriffime balfamicorum Corticum Aurantiorum, Cinnamomi,. Citrei, i pomorum finenf dictorum, 4 Limonii, aza uzc. quatuor. Florum recent. Aurantiorum, Ctreorum, Limoniorum,. Lavandulz, Rofarum rubrar, Rosmarini, eza uncias dua;. Radicum recent. Angelicz, | Iridis Elorent. eza uzc. unam. Caryophyllorum aromat. Maceris, | Nucis Myriftice, aia drachm, duas, Spiritus Vini retif. //brar quindecim. Fiat ex his fecundum Artem, deftillatio per Veficam; donec limpi- us Spiritus exit, quem feorfum ferva. Perge dein adhuc f»parando libras duas, veltres Aqua alba, quam ferva Litu- Q4 q4 " ura (7; SPIR. AROMAT. OL. : lo Aquz aromatice, fpirituofz, com- pofita. dL Quando Spiritus ita paratus, de- nuo deftillatione educitur a paucis, no- vis, iisdem, fimplicibus, ex Cucurbi- ta vitrea: tumque Ambari Grifei fübti- liter triti; pauculum;, linteolo innoda- tum, libere in Alembico fufpenditur, fpiritus adfcendens (fübtiliter fragran- tiam ejusdem folvit, vehit fecum, & pecore actenus laudatifffmus Fir, cujus fama per univerfum orbem tam gratum, Jucundum ac fu:ve olentem odorem ubique diffundit, ac hic ipfe fpiritus feagranti[- fimus, ab ipfo quondam compofitus. Spiritus Aromatico- Oleofüs. Difpenfat. Brand. Ri. Cinnamomi acuti, Flayedinis Corticum exteriorum, Citr b Aurantiorum, Nucis Mofchatz, Macs, aza drechmas duas. Caryophyllori m; Cardamomi minor. excort. aza Jeru- pulum unum. Croci Orientalis, fcrupulum femis. Salis Tartari, uzciam femis. Spiritus Salis Ammon. suc. quatuor. ^. Digere vafe bene claufo, oras viginti quatuor : 'Yum affünde, Spiritus Vini Gallicani rectif. uncias. TL duodecim. Stent denuo in digeftione, diem unum: poftea ut Artis eft, provoca diligenter ferva Spiritum. ; Eft quafi aliquod Sal Folatile olco- fum; fed non adeo multum Olei in fe ve- eipit, ut nimia caliditas extime[ci debeat. Odorando adAib.ri potefl; C9 interius eliam, miodefla manu, in affecGibus frigi- SPIR. ARTHRITICUS. dis, propinari, ut Salia Polatilia.; Tta Cl ScHuLZzIUs, i» Prale&. p.314. Ceterum conf. fapra: Salia V olatilia oleo- fa €? 'odorifera; &' izfra Spiritus Vo- latilis aromaticus oleofus. Spiritus Arthriticus, feu pro i Articulis.- . . Henning. Arnifzi. Thom. Bartholini Cf]. Med. Hafn. Locul. 34. p.388. €. Difp. Hafn. R; Rad. Pyrethri, Nucis Mofchatz, . Caryophyllorum, exa drachmas duas. Florum Salviz, Ue | —.Betohicz, Rorismarini Stoechad. Arabice, Spicenoftr. | "roy AMO Celtic. ana drachmas duas.- Radic. Ariftolochiz rotund. verz, Hermoda&yl. aza unciam unam... Baccarum Juniperi;. wzezas-duas. : Lauri, drachzmam una. | Mattichis, drachmas unam fenis. Contufis. omnibus - affundantur - deinde: NON ^ Aquz Vite, uncia fedecim. ** "Terebinthinz, Zire due. :] Macerentur omnia, per dies tres, Fiat demum Deftillatio, per Alembi- cum. | Oleum quidem hane fuam compo- fitionem [at concinmam , "vocat inventor, Arniíaeus, magnus juxta Medicus ac Politicus, atque hinc pufillus quafi Con- ringius: S5$e4 reÉfius, eam Spiritus ar- thvitici Nomen mereri €. tueri, velex ipfa defcriptione, cuivis, putem, mani- jfeffius illico patebit." Interim €7. hic, in verbis, fimus faciles , modo im ve ipfa,- * placide conveniamus , quod five hic Spirt- h —SPIR. ARTHRIT. ' fui, five hoc oleum, apprime conducat . in morbis articularibus, fcilicet Arthri- tide ipfi, paralyfiy" avtuum debilitate, tremore, flupore t7 ipfa avida €7 exfucca "dnaldia, feu Atrophia; fi sempe poft di- ligentem jritlionem, partes patientes €9' medela egentes , eodem frequentius irri- geutur €» foveantur. | Ceterum hanc Compo[iteonem. dr- nifeanam exhibet | quoque BYERLIN- GIUS, i2 Append Med. pag.48. Sed quadam differentia, praefertim circa do- Jes €? pondera: quod; etfi hic parum vefert, indicandum tamen paucis videba fur. - : . Spiritus Arthriticus Deckeri. INot. ad Prax. Barbett. pag. 150. E. Spiritus Lumbricorum terreftr. i uncias quinque. Salis Armoniaci, ueciam femis.. Cochlearieg, drachmas duas... - In quibus deinde diffolve, Saponis Veneti, uzciat duas. Camphorz, drachmas fex. Opii, ferupulos duos. -- Croci, ferupulum unum. Mifc. digere per aliquot dies & nodes: poítea filtra & Vitro optime claufo, ufui íerva: poteft cum Linteo. prius calefacto, parti afecte applicari: Sed vid. quae hic prudenter monet Cl. KLEIN. in SeleZ. rat. Med p. 244. Conf. fupra liquores anodyni, &7 Liquof arthriticus Lotichii. Spiritus Árthriticus Drawizii: . & Florum Lilior. Convall. zzazip. duos. Rorismarini,. mazzpulum unum, "Caftorel - Eruce, uniam femis. Infund. in Spiritus Vini opt. te- Seminis Cochleariz, ana drach. fex. - SPIR. ARTHRITICUS. 67j Cif, uncizs o£o,' infolando pertres dies: deinde exprime fortiter, & adde, Spiritus Lumbricorum terreft. | - uncias duas feris. . Camphore, drachmam unam fomis. Mifc. exa&e, & fervetur Spiritus pro ufu externo. Spiritus Arthriticus , — per Fermentationem Paratus Boeckleri. Difpenf. Argent. E Facum Vini, AMezfuras viginti qua- : EMO. Herbze Nicotianz, J/bras duodecim. Baccerum Juniperi, J//ras fex, Foliorum Origani, Ser pilli, R orisrnarini, ; Majoranz, aza manip. fex. ' Mifceantur probe: Stent in In- fufione per aliquot dies: deinde deftil-. lentur per Veficam, & Spiritus, pro ufü externo, re&tificetur. —' | Spiritus Arthriticus Rolfincii, BIERLING. 7ppend. Med. p.42. E. Foliorum Lauri, yore. Sabinz, Betonicz, | Majoranae, Chamepyt. Chamaedr. a7a map. femis. Florum Tunic. Lavend. aza rmanip. unum. Chamomill, Roman. à Anthos, Veronicae, Lilior. convall. | Balauft. aza pugil. quiz. ue. Radicum Pyrethri, Iridis Florentinae; Galangae; $ —— E Qq41 2 676 SPIR. ARTHRITICUS. Macis; Cardamorni, ama unciam feris. Baccarum Juniperi, emamip. unum. Nucis Mofchatae, Caftorei, ana drachmas quinque. Croci Orientalis; Cinnamomi, aza fcrupulos duos. Conc. & Cont. infund. in Spiri- tu Vini opt. flerit in digeftione, per octo dies: deinde deftillentur per A- lembicum, & Sal ex Capite mortuo ex- tradum, addatur. nterius adhiberi poteft, & exterius fimul. : Spiritus Arthriticus Ruber Henrici. Difpenf. Argent. E; Radicis Sarfaparillae, szczaz uzar- Corticis Ligni fan&i, «meia femis. Herbarum Salviae, .^ Anthos, ana manipul. unum fetis. Florum Lavenduhe; z"anipul. femis. Baccarum Lauri, wmciam una. Salis Tartari, drachmam unam femis. Spiritus Vini re&tificatiff. ///ras duas fenis. : Stent in digeftione, per quatuor- decimdies: Colatura fervetur ad ufum. Spiritus Afthmaticus. Vid. fupra Spiritus Aeruginis Compofitus, Spiritus Afthmaticus. Joyt Gazophyl. Mtd. pag. 890. X». Meliffae utriufque, aza pug. quinque. Borraginis, pugillos tres. Florum Hyflopi utriusque, pag;Z. B noa quatitor. Salis Ammoniaci, drachmas feptem. Seminum Anifi, SPIR. BALSAMICUS. Foeniculi, ega drach. fex... Mellis puri recent. :wzeiazn femir.. Vini optimi, Zjras tres. | Probe mixta, lege Zrtis,- doflil- Ventur, & ufui fervetur Spiritus antaflh- 7aticus. € | Spiritus Dalfamicus, ve] Balfamum Vitz Album. Difpenf. Wirt. in veliquis defidevatur. R. Olibani, | Myrrhz, Galbani, ea uncia: trer. Ligni Alo8&s, Caryophyllorum, Cinnamomi, Nucum mofchatarum,. Galangz, Zedoariz, Zinziberis, aga wncéamm unam. Baccarum lauri, wzcias guatuor. Terebinthinz Venetz, sc. duodecim. Spiritüs vini rectificati; Zbras dus- |^ — decim. M. deftillentur poft füfficientem digeftionem ex Balneo. ZEquiparatur balfamo. ili celebri "Aupguflanorum. — Fives funt flomachice, diuretice, carminative, uervine. Tam externe quam interne adhibetur. Ceterum aliud. Dalfamum album huic fere fimile, vid. i? JUNGKEN. Corp. Pharm. p.179. .. Dofis guttz quadraginta ad fe- xaginita. Spiritus Balfamicus Fuchfii. Difpenf. Prag. R. Terebinthine Venetz, 56/2: duar. Balíami de Copaiva, unciam femis. Peruviani, drachmas tres. Benzoé ele&. wnciam femis. Croci Auftriacl, drachmas duas. - SPIRITUS BALSAMI. .Macis, drachmas tres... 2o Qum fuffidienti Spiritus Vini, quantitate, exempli gratia; 025 decem K defiill.lege Artis, per Balneum Mariz: Completus fit tum Spiritus, addendo: Mofthi, ferupulum unum. - | plerisque tamen forte magis placebit incempletus , fine adject Mofcho, quem pauciamant. |». In Fulneribus. internis , | Calculo Renum, Colica, Gonorrhea &7c. fingu- lares exferit vires. Defis eft a fcrupulo femis, ad guttas quindecim, & ultra, i» Z"eficu- : lo convenienti.. Spiritus Balfami Peruviani Hoffmanni. Difpenf. Brand. Wirt. Hamb. E. Balíami Peruviani nigri, tear tres. Salis Tartari ficciffimi, wnciam unam. Terantur fimul, & probe mixtis fuperaffundantur Spiritus vini re&ificatiffimi, wzcie quindecim. Poft digeftionem per triduum, deftillentur lento igne, e balneo, & fpiritus proledus fragrantiffimus ferve- tur. Virtute gaudet analeptica €? robo- vate; fudorem C7 urinam ovet. Tram- fit» cum Sulepo vofato mixtus, in fyru- pum ballamicum, fi mimirum fcrupulus unus fpyritus hupjus addatur uncio uni fu- hepi. Pid. C. K1EtN. Sele&. Rat. Med. fag.244.. APIS Spiritus Bezoardicus Buffii |. Difp. Wirt. Prag. Ratisbon. Hamb. E Spiritus cornu cervi volatilis, vel .. eboris, uncias duas. je Salis Ammoniaci, «nce: quatuor. ^" SPIRIT. CARDIACUS. 677 Cinerum clavellatorum, «zcias duo- decim. Suceini flavi pulverifati, uncias fex. Olei de Cedro, drachmas duas. Miíceatur Sal Ammoniacum cum .fuccino & oleo, quibus adde Cineres clavellatos , in libra una aqux fontanz folutos, Spiritus vini rectificati, J/bra» rer. his adjunge Spiritum cornu cervi, & per ignem arenz, e cucurbita probe luto munita, deftilla. Hac fere eff Compofitio, quam de- fcripfit HotEMANNUS, Obf Phyf. Chym. 28. Lib. IT. pag. 239. ubitf pla- rade hujus Spiritus Virtutibus snedicir. Cenf. ScHUvz. Prele&. pag. 316. €9 KLEIN. Seled. rat. Med. pag. 2454. — ' Potenter | [udorem. atque urinam sovet , anti/pafmodica virtute pollet, €? ficut reliqua alcalina, acidum infringit. Dofis gutte triginta, ad quin- quaginta. | Spiritus Cardiacus Keenigii. JUNGKEN. Corp. Pharm. pag.983. E. Seminis Coriandri wze.guatuor fewsi s. Benzoés, uncia: tres. Nuc. Mo&hat. /Vo. feptem, Caryophyllorum,. /Vo. zoverr. Pomorum Citri, ^y duo. Spiritus Vini re&tif. Jbras zuin2ue. Roris majalis, Zjras duas. Mellis optimi, //bram femi. - Deftilla lento igne, fecundum artem, & ferva fpiritum. Conf. füpra Liquor Cardiacus, & Oleum Cardiacum. Spiritus Cardiacus Tentzelii. Fd. ipfius Exegefis Chymiatrica, in Opp. Angeli Salz, uz pag. 643. ope- voa €T pretiofa hujus Spiritus Cardiac: Defcriptio proponitur, ac commendatur. Qqqq s 478 SPIR/CARMINÁT. Spiritus Carminativus Dolzi. Encyclepe J. Med Lib. HII. C. 7. p. $30. KR. Cort Aurantiorum, uc. ug. fem:s. Radicum Helenii, Acori, Oftrutii Galangz, Seminis Anifi, Baccarum Lauri, ea unciam femi. Caftorei, drachman unam. Cum Spirità Baccarum Junipe- r, & Vino generofo, infundantur, deftillentur, & ferventur ad ufum. Couf. infra Spiritus Nitri dulcis Compo- fitus fu. Carminativus. Plures vero ejus- modi Spiritus Carmiuat. uid. ap. TUNGK. pag.985. fegq. &' le MonT. Pharm. Med. Phyf. pag. 95. Spiritus Carminativus Sylvii. Prax. Med. Lib. 1. Cap. 9. pag. v74.- Difp. Wirt. Brand. Aflel. Leyd. Hamb. Ratisbou. Ej Radicum Angelice, Zrach,wram. Imperatoriz, Galangz, aza drachm. wuam feris. Foliorum Rorismarini, Majoranz, * Rutz hortenfíis, Bafilici Summi:atum Centaurii minoris, ana drachrmas duas. Baccarum Lauri, drachma; tres. Seminum Angelica; Leviftici. Anifi, ana uxciam feris. Zinziberis, Nucum mofchatarum, Macis, aza drachanam unam femis. Cinnamomi, . drachmas fzx. Caryophyllorum, SPIR. CARMINATIVUS. Corticum Aurantiorum, aa drach- ade matt unam. Concifis & contufis affunde Vini albi generofi, Jibrar quatuor. - Spiritus vini reGificati , //hram unam. Digerantur per biduum in Ma- riz balneo, hinc deflillentur ad dimi- dias, & fpiritus egretfüs fervetur. Cominendatur ab authore ad sau- feam , vomitus €? vuBationes , cum Aqua Menthe, vel Feniculi € Saccharo mix- - tus, cache£licis adhibetur. Spiritus Carminativüs de- Tribus, x3 Dif». Wirt. Brand. Hamb. Ratisbon. E Nitri crudi cryftallini, Tartari albi pari, aza Jzbras duar. Mifce, & per retortam tubula- tam in adaptatum magnum recipien- tem, cui'fpiritus vini re&tificati libre dux antea infufz fuerunt, .deftillas hac tamen cautione: ut nunquam, ul- tra drachmz duz, vel tres, una vice injiciantur per tubulum, hocque non nifi finita detonatione, repetatur. Per- acta deftillatione, fpiritum in recipien- te colletum, .& ex cucurbita vitrea humili re&tificatum, ferva. Vid. Not. in Dz/venf. Brand. Sunt qui fpiritum refiduo in re- torta affundere & ruríus abftrahere ju- bent; cum vero hoc modo nihil. praeter fpiritum vini, oleo tartari im- pregnatum, producunt, preítat (ine. - ulla additione ex cucurbita humili re- &ificationem inftituere. Wirt.
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debatebetweenrev00ca_43
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A debate between Rev. A. Campbell and Rev. L.N. Rice : on the action, subject, design and administrator of Christian baptism : also, on the character of spiritual influence in conversion and sanctification, and on the expediency and tendency of ecclesiastic creeds, as terms of union and communion : held in Lexington, Ky., from the fifteenth of November to the second of December, 1843, a period of eighteen days
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Campbell, Alexander, 1788-1866 | Rice, N. L. (Nathan Lewis), 1807-1877 | Gould, M. T. C. (Marcus Tullius Cicero), 1793-1860 | Drapier, A. Euclid
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But wo stand on the Bible, the whole Bible, and notliing but the Bible, in our foith and in the evidences that support it. Here, sir, we have the blood-sealed charter of immortality to man. " He that believetli and is baptized, shall be saved. The young, the old, the middle aged — the young athletic sinner, and the hoary chief in the ranks of infidelity — have felt the heart-stirring, soul-subduing, transporting efficacy and at- tractiveness of this message of philanthropy to a bewildered, lost, and ruined world, and have gladly and humbly bowed to Prince Messiah, and gone down into the mystic waters of holy baptism for remission, and have risen to lead a new, an elevated, a heaven-directed life of purity and hu- manity. Thousands, sir, tens of thousands have been brought into the fold of God, through the insirumentalitv of this glorious development of ancient Christianity. Many are our fellow-laborers and helpers and fel- low soldiers in this great work, and wide-extended field of labor. Around me are a host of men, fired with the ancient enthusiasm of converting my- DEBATE ON THE DESIGN OF BAPTISM. 473 riads by the pure, original gospel of the apostolic ministry. Our success, in comparison with any other experiment in the memory of living men, is truly wonderful and animating. Here is ilie Presbyterian church with its eighty ministers, its eight thousand and less members, after the labors of more than half a century. In one third of that lime the cause we plead, notwithstanding our feeble- ness, and all the errors and accidents incident to a new commencement, and without colleges and schools of learning, without the aids of hoary veterans in policy, prudence and sage experience — by the force of this simple story of God's Messiah, and his love, depicted in this mighty Pen- tecostan gospel, and under the star of Jacob; led, guided, aided and bless- ed, from nothing have, in less than twenty years, outnumbered this old, learned, and well-disciplined host, some five to one. And what is the cause ? It is not talent, learning, and an efficient general organization. It is truth, sir, God's mighty truth, that has gone forth like a river and overflowed this land like a wave from the ocean! What argues all this, fellow-citizens ! That its destiny is to go forward in its glorious career, building on Divine facts, precepts, and promises — appealing to reason, conscience, the affections, and conquering myriads by its rich, full, free, efficacious grace. The doctrine works well. It is wisdom, righteous- ness, holiness, and redemption to all that believe it. Those wlio plead this cause in ancient times, I call, a sacrameiUal host. And may those who now plead it, guided, strengthened, animated by tlie strength of Ja- cob, the Lord of hosts, go on conquering and to conquer ! But what is baptism? The Westminsters say — It is a sacrament, a sign of regeneration, a seal of engrafting into Christ — the covenant of grace, of remission of sins — an engagement to be the Lord's. What a rich cluster of blessings are hanging upon baptism, then, according to the creed! Is this true of all, of any infant subject? Are these blessings all sealed to them by it? Then let them have it by all means. But first be assured that this is the fact, else you delude and ruin them, and plant in your own bosoms an everlasting agony. If its design is thus to signify and seal their engrafting into Christ, the Living Vine, what a blessing! But that it is not so, fathers, mothers, sons, and daughters, I appeal ti> your own experience — I address myself to your common sense, your own observations. Surely you will say it is not so ! Do you teach this catechism to your children ? Teach them the Scrip- tures— the book that God has written. Let their minds be early and deeply imbued with these holy lessons. They came from God's love, and they open and sanctify the heart. Your children cannot digest such crude, indigestible and unhealthy viands ; the stale, metaphisical abstru- sities of old quaint divinity. Give them God's own Book. Let them learn the lesson there, tiiat God is love — and when they understand it, and believe it, then put his holy name upon them, and let them feel that they, and not you, believe for themselves, the gospel of salvation. This book so read, so learned, and so believed, will accomplish for them a glorious disenthralment from evil passions. They will feel that it is a soul-illuminating, reviving, redeeming, and exhilarating volume, full of grace and full of truth. By it they will be prepared for all earth's for- tunes, good or bad, prosperous or adverse. They will rise above vulgar prejudices and errors, and will pant after the fruition of the sweet and holy communion of heaven's purest, holiest, happiest, and most exalted intelli- gences, A deep, heartfelt conviction that such are its tendencies, is one 2r2 474 DEBATE ON THE DESIGN OF BAPTISM. of our most urgent reasons for contending, with so much zeal, for its or- dinances, its precepts, and its promises as God gave them ; believing that it is able to make us all wise unto salvation — useful, honorable, and happy on earth, and prepared for the seraphic intimacies and friendships, among the favored circles of heaven. — \jrime expired. Thursday, Nov. 23— U o'clock, P. M. [mr. rice's third reply.] Mr. President — I will not violate the rules by which we hare bound ourselves to be governed in this discussion, by speaking of the gentle- man's "obliquities," as he has so repeatedly done. If he choose to dis- regard the rules of decorum, I will not imitate his example. He tells you, I have greatly misrepresented him in the matter of the rags, oil and lamp-black. The Bible, he now says, is, in one view of the subject, only oil, rags, <fcc. So his meaning w^ould be, that pagans are ruined because in one view of the subject, they cannot get those ai'ticles ! My reply was, I think, just such as his illustration merited. It is not necessary, he repeats, that Peter and Paul should continue saying over and over the same thing. But the difficulty is this — Peter, on the day of Pentecost, taught a number of anxious inquirers what they must do to be saved; and he said, " Repent, and be baptized, every one of you, in the name of the Lord Jesus, for the remission of sins." Now if, as Mr. C. contends, baptism is a prerequisite to the remission of sins, Peter must, of course, so present it when he preached to another com- pany of inquirers. The fact, however, is, that in his second discourse, in which he certainly did give correctly and fully the conditions of remis- sion, he did not mention baptism. It is, moreover, a fact, that when he preached to Cornelius and his family, who were gentiles, he did not di- rect them to be baptized in order to the remission of sins. These facts aiTord evidence conclusive, that Peter did not regard baptism as necessary to secure remission. If Mr. Campbell's interpretation of Peter's first discourse be correct, he did not always preach the same doctrine ; but if ours be the correct exposition, he was perfectly consistent, presenting in each discourse the same conditions of pardon. Repentance necessarily implies conversion, and repentance and conversion necessarily imply faith. So that in each of his discourses he presented to the minds of his hearers, directly or impliedly, all that was necessary to secure remission of sins. But, according to Mr. C.'s views, he omitted, in two of them, what was as important as repentance or faith, viz. baptism. This, then, is the difference between Mr. C. and myself. He makes Peter incon- sistent and unfaithful ; I make him a consistent and faithful minister of Christ. He labors in vain to evade the force of the perl'ectly clear and unequiv- ocal language of Christ — " He that believeth on the Son hath everlasting life." He says, the christian is represented as looking for eternal life. Let us have chapter and verse, and I will attend to it. It is admitted, that believers are looking and hoping for eternal happiness ; and so long as there is an eternity before us, we shall continue to look forward. But does this prove, that w'e may not here have the commencement of that life ? When our Savior says the believer hath eternal life, Mr. C. un- derstands him to mean, that although he is yet condemned, eternal life is offered to him. There is no principle of criticism that will allow such liberties to be taken with Scripture language. Nothing short of a cause DEBATE ON THE DESIGN OF BAPTISM. 475 most indefensible, could induce a man of the clear intellect possessed by my friend, to maintain that hath means may have; and that when our Savior says, all believers have eternal life, they may nevertheless be in a state of condemnation. But to the other declaration — " He that believeth on the Son, is not condem)ied,^^ he attempted no reply, for he saw that it left no room for evasion. This single passage is sufficient to overturn his whole the- ory of baptism in order to remission. It can mean nothing less than that every believer is actually pardoned. But, says Mr. Campbell, Christ contemplated a believer as one who would do his whole duty. To this I reply : Isl. A believer cannot bap- tize himself, and persons are often placed in circumstances in which they cannot be baptized by others. Even in Georgetown, where water is very plentiful, there was, as I learn from the Harbinger, a delay for several days of the baptism of some persons who, it was said, had made the good confession. It not unfrequently happens, that believers, who are disposed to do their whole duty, find it impossible to receive baptism foT days, weeks, or even months. Are such persons still in a state of con- demnation ? For example — I am to-day a believer, but I am a hundred or a thousand miles distant from any one who is authorized to baptize me. Am I still condemned because a duty is required, which I have it not in my power to perform ? 2d. I maintain, that God did not make my salvation depend upon an act which, however inclined, I cannot per- form for myself, and which I may not be able to have performed by oth- ers. There is not a word in the Bible that intimates, that any true be- liever is condemned and exposed to eternal ruin, because he cannot re- ceive an external ordinance. The Bible doctrine is, that every one who truly believes on Jesus Christ, is immediately pardoned and has everlast- ing life. But according to the doctrine of Mr. Campbell, none are par- doned who have not been immersed — no matter why. 3d. But many persons who are disposed to obey every command of Christ, do err as to what baptism is — so says Mr. Campbell. He admits that some, at least, sincerely believe in baptism by sprinkling, which, he says, is not bap- tism. He admits, moreover, that theirs is an error of the head, not of the heart. Yet this error of the head, in regard to an external ordinance, keeps them in a state of condemnation, living and dying ! They^ love Christ and desire to obey him ; but they, through mistake, suppose them- selves to be baptized, when in truth they have not submitted to the ordi- nance. Now, according to Mr. chap. XV. sec. 1 : " Baptism is a sign of initiation, by which we are admitted into the so- ciety of the church, in order that being incorporated into Christ, we may be numbered among the children of God. Now, it has been given to us by God for these ends, which I have shown to be common to all the sacra- ments: first, to promote our faith toward him; secondly, to testify our confession before men. We shall treat of both these ends of this insti- tution in order To begin with the first: — from baptism our faith derives 476 DEBATE ON THE DESIGN OF BAPTISM. three advantages, which require to he distinctly considered. The first is, that it is proposed to us by the Lord, as a symbol and token of our purifica- tion ; or, to express my meaning more fiilly, it resembles a legal instrument properly attested, by which he assures us that all our sins are canceled, effaced, and obliterated, so that they will never appear in his sight, or come into his remembrance, or be imputed to us," &;c. Such precisely is the doctrine of our confession of faith, and the doc- trine for which I contend. But I will read another passage from this same chapter, which the gentleman seems not to have noticed, and which proves conclusively that Calvin did not teach the doctrine for which he contends. Sec. 14 : " We may see this exemplified in Cornelius the centurion, who, after HAVING RECEIVED THE REMISSION OF HIS SINS AND THE VISIBLE GRACE OP THE Holy Spirit, was baptized ; not with a view to obtain by baptism a more ample reminsion of sins, but a stronger exercise oj" faith, and an in- crease of confidence from that fledge.'''' Now the audience will remark, Calvin says, Cornelius, after having received remission of sins, was baptized. He first received remission, then the sign and seal. Is this the doctrine of my friend, Mr. C. ? If it is, we may shake hands, and close this part of the discussion. We can have christian tmimi at once ! But he seems not to have read Calvin's remarks on the baptism of Cornelius. Calvin says, just what we say — first remission, of sins, by faith in Christ, and then the sign and seal. So teaches our confession of faith. I believe, that baptism is a sign and seal of our engrafting into Christ, of remission of sins, &.c. : but faith secures remission, and the sign and seal are added. The document is first written, then the seal is applied. Did not Abraham receive the righteousness, or justification by faith, before he received the seal of cir- cumcision ? Mr. Campbell maintains, that the sins of believers are for- given in baptism. Calvin maintained that they are forgiven when faith is exercised before baptism. Calvin differed from his views still more widely; for he maintained, that baptism is not only a sign and seal of the remission of past sins, but that it is equally efficacious through life' — that it is a seal of the covenant of God, securing to the believing penitent the remission of sins at all times, and encouraging him to hope in God's mercy, and to persevere to tiie end. We now see how carefully my friend reads authors, and how he gets such numbers on his side on these questions. He catches up some ex- pressions, which, taken out of their connection, seem to favor his views, and looks no further. Thus he persuaded himself that Calvin's views accorded with his ; when, if he had read the chapter through, he would have found him directly against them. I will admit, if he pleases, that the whole world is as nearly with him, as he is with Calvin; that is, they are precisely against him. He might, with some more plausibility, claim Lullier, with his notions of c.onsitbstantiation, than John Calvin. The gentleman is still on infant baptism. He is certainly conscious of having failed to sustain himself on that subject. If not, why does he return to it so repeatedly ? He cannot be satisfied with his previous efforts on this subject. But if he will show us the propriety of circum- cising infants, when they could not possibly understand the design of the ordinance, I will pledge myself to show the propriety of baptizing them. Circumcision was the sign and seal of God's covenant; and, as a signifi- cant ordinance, it pointed to the renewal of the heart. Infants could not understand its nature and design, and yet God commanded that it should DEBATE ON THE DESIGN OF BAPTISM. 477 be administered to them. There is just as much propriety in baptizing infants now, as tliere was in cirouaicising them then. I hope, liowever, that my friend will now acknowledge, that he has done the best he could against infant baptism, and leave it. He appeals to the Greek and Latin fathers of the four first centuries, as sustaining his doctrine of baptism, in order to remission. Do you re- member how he abused them yesterday? and what a reproof he admin- istered to me for calling up such witnesses as they ? ! ! I knew he would need their autliority to-day. On yesterday they were grossly ignorant, and amazingly superstitious, great dupes, and their testimony was most worthless. But to-day they have risen surprisingly in his estimation ! They are quite enlightened ! ! ! Yet every unprejudiced mind can see, that their testimony is far more conclusive on the other subject than on this. The difference is this: I brought them forward as witnesses to a plain matter of fact. Any one can tell whether, in the church where he worships, children are baptized, and whether such had long been the custom. But Mr. C. appeals to them for their opinions concerning the nature and design of baptism. This is a matter in regard to which I appeal not to them ; for we know, they en- tertained erroneous opinions on this and many other subjects. Still, how- ever, I do not admit, that the christian fathers held his views on this sub- ject. They held to baptismal regeneration; but they did not mean by regeneration what he means by it. They seem to have believed, that the heart was renewed when baptism was administered, and, therefore, the sins were remitted at the same time ; while he holds to no such inward change in connection with the ordinance, but only to a change of state, from condemnation to justification. But he is welcome to appeal to them in matters of opinion, or as commentators on the Scriptures. I am per- fectly willing to receive their testimony as to matters of fact, but not as to their exposition of the Bible. As commentators, it is pretty generally admitted, that they were not very skillful. I will not dispute with him about the Nicene and Athanasian creeds. On this point they are not testifying to facts, but expounding scripture. Their authority, therefore, is not very considerable. Well, if the gendeman cannot prove his doctrine true, he can, at least, boast of the increasing numbers in his church. What this has to do with the subject under discussion, I am not able to see. I think, he would as well give a dissertation upon the mountains in the moon. Or does he reason thus: Reformers are increasing more rapidly than Presbyterians; therefore, sins are remitted only in baptism ! His views on this subject are of a very accommodating character. In noticing, in his Harbinger, the rapid increase of Presliyterians and old Baptists, one year, he con- soled himself by the soothing reflection, that error runs faster than truth ; but, when his numbers increase, then truth outruns error! So his argu- ment will always prove, that truth is wiUi him, and all others are in error ! But what is the character of this church of whose increase he so much boasts ? We are perfectly willing to compare churches with him ; and he siiall give the character of his own church. In his Harbinger he has informed us, that, in his church, all sorts of doctrine have been preached by all sorts of men ! ! ! He tells us, moreover, that it is in great confu- sion ; and for two years past he has labored faithfully to get up an organ- ization, to save it from perfect anarchy ; but, alas ! to this (lay, he ha« 478 DEBATE ON THE DESIGN OF BAPTISM. entirely failed to accomplish the object. And I venture to predict, that he will never secure an oroanization ; ibr the moment he attempts to ex- clude his ignorant and unwortliy preachers, and to fix some standard of ministerial qualification, his church will break into half a dozen frag- ments. So much for his increase of numbers, which, however, has no- thing to do with the question under discussion. Let us now endeavor to ascertain the state of the argument. The gen- tleman undertook to prove, that baptism' is necessary in order to secure the remission of sins ; that the sins of penitent believers are remitted only in the act of being immersed. But 1 have proved, that this doctrine contradicts the repeated declarations of our Savior — that " he that believ- eth on the Son, is not condemned — hath everlasting life." I have proved, that it is false, from the fact, that all who are begotten of God, do enjoy remission of sins; and Mr. C, himself, admits that believers are begot- ten before they are baptized. All such, as the apostle John teaches, cease from sin, live a holy life, overcome the world, and have eternal life. I have also proved, that the new birth is not dependent on baptism, but oc- curs often before it ; and that all who are born of God, baptized or not, immersed or not, enjoy remission. If these things are so, (and the gen- tleman has made no attempt to disprove most of them,) his doctrine i« false. I have examined the expression in Peter's discourse, on which he re- lies chiefly for the support of his theory, and have shown, that his inter- pretation of it makes Peter contradict John the Baptist, and act incon- sistently. The expression in Matt. iii. 11, as I have proved, is precisely similar to that employed by Peter ; and, if John did not baptize the Jews in order to make them repent, Peter did not baptize in order to remission of sins. The erroneousness of Mr. Campbell's doctrine I proved fur- ther, by the fact, that, in Peter's second discourse, baptism is not men- tioned as a condition of remission ; bui he said, " Repent and be con- verted, that your sins may be blotted out." It is certain, that persons may repent and be converted, and yet not be immersed, or even baptized in any way. Conversion is turning to God ; and, it will not be denied, that many have turned to God, who were never immersed. But, according to Peter's doctrine, all who repented and turned to God, were pardoned. Peter's second discourse, therefore, contradicts the doctrine of my friend. When he preached tlie gospel to CorueHus, he did not teach him, that his sins could not be forgiven, except in the act of immersion. But when the Holy Spirit had descended upon him and his family, proving that they were accepted of God, he commanded them to be baptized, but not in order to remission of sins. So far from it, he preached a doctrine wholly inconsistent with this. I will read a passage from this discourse of Peter, which, I observe, was triumphantly urged against Mr. Camp- bell by our friend Dr. Fishback. For although these gendemen are in the same church, they have had considerable controversy on this very subject. By this, amongst other arguments, the doctor proved conclu- sively, that baptism is not necessary to the remission of sins ; and Mr. Campbell has not been able to answer it to this day. The passage is, Acts X. 4.3, " To him [Christ] give all the prophets witness, that through his name, whosoever helieveth in him shall receive remission of sins." Observe, he said, ivhosoever believeth, shall receive remission. Have not multitud(!S believed on Christ, who never were baptized, according to Mr. C.'s views of baptism ? The gentleman tried to find immersion ia DEBATE ON THE DESIGN OF BAPTISM. 479 the expression " through his name." If he will show the least authority for such a sentiment, I will surrender. But with him almost every thing means immersion. If the remission of his sins depended on answering Dr. Fishback's argument from this passage of Scripture, I believe they would never be remitted, [a laugh.] His doctrine is truly in a sad pre- dicament ; for either it is false, or we must conclude that Peter did not preach the whole truth to Cornelius, nor Paul, to the jailor. If 1 have time, I will present another argument against Mr. C.'s doc- trine, viz. If it be true, midtifudes of the most pious, godly persons do live and die condemned, and go to perdition. That I am not misrepre- senting his views will appear Irom the following declarations in his Chris- tianitij Restored, pp. 197. 199: " Whatever the act of faith may be, it necessarily becomes the line of discrimination between the two states before described. On this side, and on tliat, mankind are in quite different states. On tfie one side, they are par- doned, justified, sanctified, reconciled, adopted, and saved: on the other, they are in a state of condemnation. This act is sometimes called immersion, re- generation, conversion; and that this may appear obvious to all, we shall be at some pains to confirm and illustrate it." Again : " The apostle Peter, when first publishing the gospel to the Jews, taught them that they were not forgiven their sins by faith ; but by an act of faith, by a believing immersion into the Lord Jesus. That this may appear evi- dent to all, we shall examine his pentecostan address, and his pentecostan hearers. Peter now holding the keys of the kingdom of Jesus, and speaking under the commission for converting the world, and by the authority of the Lord Jesus, guided, inspired, and accompanied by the Spirit — may be ex- pected to speak the truth, the whole truth, plainly and intelligibly, to his brethren the Jews. He had that day declared the gospel facts, and proved the resurrection and ascension of Jesus to the conviction of thousands. They believed and repented — believed that Jesus was the Messiah, had died as a sin-offering, was risen from the dead, and crowned Lord of all. Being full of this faith, they inquired of Peter and the other apostles what they ought to do to obtain remission. They were informed, that though they now believed and repented, they were not pardoned ; but must ' reform and be im- mersed for the remission of sins.' Immersion for the forgiveness of sins, was the command addressed to these believers, to these penitents, in answer to the most earnest question; and by one of the most sincere, candid, and honest speakers ever heard. This act of faith was presented, as that act by which a change in their state could be effected ; or, in other words, BY WHICH alone they could be pardoned. They who ' gladly received this word were that day immersed ;' or, in other words, that same day were converted, or regenerated, or obeyed the gospel. These expressions, in the apostles' style, when applied to persons coming into the kingdom, denote the same act ; as will be perceived from the various passages in the wri- tings of Luke and Paul." In the Christian Baptist, the gentleman speaks of three salvations — {_Time expired. Friday, Nov. 24 — 10 o'clock, A. M. [mr. Campbell's fourth address.] Mr. President — I cannot, sir, in one speech tliis morning, review tht various positions of my respondent's replies, delivered yesterday, not yet noticed. In order, therefore, as far as possible to preserve a connection in the arguments by me submitted, before attempting to review, I will proceed in an argumentative way to add a few more evidences to thos* already before you. 480 DEBATE ON THE DESIGN OF BAPTISM. In my introductory speech, I delivered eight consecutive arguments; one, indeed, was not fully developed, the object of which was to shew, that in baptism there is a real transition from one state to another, clearly indicated by the phrase ''into the name," &;c. The outward transition of the body, from one element into another, indicates an inward transi- tion of the mind, from one state into another; from some of our relations to Adam, the first, to certain new relations to Adam, the second. This is consummated by the words "1 immerse thee into the name of the Fa- ther, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." Words so solemn and significant as these, are not to be expressed without a most intelligent consideration, and proper preparation on the part of the penitent. My ninth argument is based on John iii. 5, 6. This passage has already become very familiar. It occupied rather a prominent place in the addresses of my friend on Monday. The great topic of debate between the Messiah and his cotemporaries was his kingdom, and the mistakes concerning himself, his person, offi- ces, and character as relating to it. This remarkable development of his kingdom to Nicodemus, and of the way into it, extorted no little marvel from this distinguished ruler of Israel, and called forth some new discov- eries, never before recorded by any of the other evangelists of Jesus Christ. It is not necessary here to debate in anticipation, whether our Lord's discourse respected developments to be made hereafter, or then; whether that kingdom was hereafter to be entered into, or at the time of this colloquy between him and Nicodemus. The abstract question is, how are men to enter the kingdom of Jesus Christ in this world, in its present, temporal, and earthly character and position? It was altogether apposite that the king of Israel and the ruler of the Jews should freely communicate upon matters of royalty and empire. The time-serving policy, and the official timidity of the rabbi, are over- come by the curiosity of the man, to inquire into these matters ; yet flesh and blood must be heard, so far as to dictate a visit by night. The Mes- siah intuitively perceived the thoughts and intents of his heart; and with an awful and divine solemnity, said, " Nicodemus, you must be born again," else you cannot see, or understand, this kingdom of which I speak. Nay ; unless born of water and of the Spirit, you cannot enter into the kingdom of God. "That which is born of the flesh, is flesh; and that which is born of the Spirit, is spirit." Observe, the Savior is speaking of his own kingdom ; not of the eternal kingdom of God in the world to come. One prolific cause of error on this entire subject, has been a notion that not the church, but the ultimate kingdom of glory was spoken of. Hence came the Romanist notions of no infant baptism, no salvation. Protestants, too, have, in some instances, adopted that notion ; hence, the haste, the shameful precipitancy with which, in many instances, babes have been sprinkled lest they should die unbaptized. No baptism, no salvation, became for a time a proverb in the Pedo-baptist church of Rome. They made it necessary to take away original sin. Hence, they com- missioned all persons, men and women, to administer baptism in extreme cases, without ttie presence of a priest. The discovery that the kingdom of God here indicated the church of Christ on earth, relieved many from this morbid sensibility on the subject of baptism, immediately after birth. Amongst most Protestants it has died away. Since we began to plead for the ordinances of Christ, a new method of DEBATE ON THE DESIGN OF BAPTISM. 481 evading the force of this passage has been discovered, and very extensively- adopted. It is, to make it half literal and half spiritual. Water, say they, means the Spirit, and the Spirit means the Spirit. But might not any one say, if water means Spirit, Spirit means water — and thus make it all wa- ter, and no Spirit. Certainly this is as rational as to make water mean Spirit, and thus make it all Spirit. But the great teacher neither said the one ncr the other. He did not say. Ye must be born of Spirit and of the Spirit; nor did he say, You must be born of water, and of the water — but of water and Spirit. When I referred to all antiquity, I did not mean to say, that I had read all antiquity for four thousand years. I quoted the fathers as corrobora- tive evidence, but by no means as the foundation of my faith. This is aeither an interpretation of my own, nor of modern times ; but if ever there was a catholic — not Roman catholic or Greek catholic — but if ever there was a catholic interpretation, it is the interpretation which I have given ; for all agree to it, both ancient and modern. I have a few scraps here, giving the words of two of our most distin- guished theologians, to wit: Timothy Dwight, president of Yale, who said, ♦» To be born of water here means baptism, and in my view it is as necessary to our admission into the visible church ; as to be born of the Spirit is to our admission into the invisible kingdom." " It is to be ob- served, that he who understands the authority of this institution, and re- fuses to obey it, will never enter into either the visible or the invisible kingdom." 1 have been blamed for being uncharitable in my views of the import- ance of this institution ; but I have never said any thing which, in the judgment of the intelligent, is more uncharitable than the above language of the good Presbyterian doctor, Timothy Dwight. I have said, and I am sustained by one greater than Dwight, (and Edwards excepted, there is no name among American theologians greater than that of president Dwight,) that no man, understanding this saying, and refusing to submit to this ordinance, will ever enter the true visible church, or kingdom, of Jesus Christ. My friend has called up Dr. Scott. I believe I have read every line of Scott's commentary in my youth. In answer to another question, not so precisely to this point, to wit: " ' Jile7i and brethren, what shall we do?'' — To this the apostle replied, by exhorting them to repent of all their sins, and openly to avow their firm belief that Jesus was indeed the Messiah, by being baptized in his name. In thus professing their faith in him, all who truly believed would receive a full remission of their sins for his sake, as well as a participation of the sanctifying and comforting graces of the Holy Spirit." — Scott''s Commentary on Acts ii. 38. I have not only this, but all the Catholic authorities, in addition to the confessions of faith. It is, then, clearly established, that the Savior said, in substance. Unless ye be baptized, ye cannot enter into the christian church. A man may get into some other church without baptism, but into Christ's church he cannot come. My tetith argument shall consist of an induction of all the conversions reported by Luke, in his Acts of the Apostles, It will, therefore, be a highly important argument. It will be, I hope, a satisfactory answer to Mr. R.'s objection on yesterday, viz. that we have the solemn precept, " Repent and be baptized for the remission of sins," only once, in the same identical words. We have, indeed, shown, that if this precept 31 2S 482 DEBATE ON THE DESIGN OF BAPTISM. never had been repeated, still the circumstances under which it was first spoken, give it a meaning and an importance paramount to a thousand repetitions. It was made the opening speech of the gospel age ; sanc- tioned by the holy twelve; confirmed, as well as suggested by the Holy Spirit; most solemnly sealed and authenticated by the conversion of 3000 men in one day, who gladly received the word, and were that same day baptized. That fact, in justification of our interpretation, gives the pas- sage pre-eminent weight in the minds of all conscientious persons. My opponent said that it was a solitary passage ; and he objected ta it, because the same verbiage is not preserved in other places. I shall go into an investigation of every single conversion. I shall, hov/ever, at- tempt it with great rapidit)^ The second sermon and conversion, report- ed in Acts, chap, iii., says, "Repent and be converted, that your sins may be blotted out; and that seasons of refreshment may come from the presence of the Lord." Since the gentleman has, himself, decided, in his comments on the commission, that convert means to baptize, if I may, without any offence, refer to the discussion of infant baptism, even as a matter of history, (to which, it seems, he is not very partial,) I can quote words, but you doubt- less remember them, affirming that Jesus commanded persons to be con- verted, or discipled, merely by the act of baptizing them. Consequently, according to Mr. Rice, when Peter said " Repent and be converted, every one of you," he said just what he had said on Pentecost — "Repent and be baptized, every one of you, that your sins may be blotted out." So far as infants are concerned, Mr, Rice will say it is good sound criticism. Convert, that is, baptize them, and then teach them. Baptizing, says Mr. Rice, is the main matter ; but the act of baptizing, in his system, is equivalent to the term convert. Therefore, Peter meant in the temple, that which he meant on Pentecost. But the conversion was accomplished in this case, as in the former. They heard the gospel, believed it, and were baptized. The fact is the same, whatever the phraseology may have been. The gentleman says, that horn is not the word here used by Peter, and therefore " born of water" is not intended. Again — he says, "be baptized" is not found in the second sermon ; consequently, that could not be the meaning. Let us try his logic in some other cases, and then unfold its virtues. It is simply this: — That as Peter, in his second sermon, did not say, "Je born of IV at er,'''' and as he did not say " be baptized,''^ but " 6e convert- ed.,''^ he must not be supposed to mean, by this word convert, either of the other two ; and, therefore, there was neither baptism, nor the birth of water, connected with his idea of salvation. I believe I have fairly stated his logic. Let us now return to the first sermon, and reason by his rules. In the first sermon Peter said, "be baptized," but did not once use the words "be converted," nor did he use the words "be born of the Spi- rit ;" consequently, he did not mean either " be converted,''^ or " be born of the Spirit," with reference to the remission of sins : for, according to Mr. Rice, he always meant, in such cases, no more than the simple im- port of the term used. Hence, it must follow, that of the three thousand converted on the day of Pentecost, not one of them believed ; not one of them was " born of the Spirit :" not one of them was " converted ;" for the plain and evident reason, that Peter did not use one of these words. So much for the profound logic of my worthy friend. But in the second sermon Peter did not mention faith nor the Holy ^Br^ DEBATE ON THE DESIGN OF BAPTISM. 483 Spirit — he only said, Repent and be converted. Now, unless the word conversion mean faith, mean the Holy Spirit, or stand connected with these words, then there was neither faith nor Holy Spirit in Peter's sec- ond sermon. But why spend time in the exposition of assumptions and positions never before assumed by any person pretending to philological attainments! I will dismiss this subject by observing, that when conver- sion, or faith, or repentance, or baptism, is once interpreted, it is always used to represent one and the same thnig, when applied to the same subject. I might, indeed, before dismissing the objection to laying much empha- sis upon a single occurrence, ask my friend, Mr. Rice, why he lays so much stress upon the formula of baptizing into the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit ? especially as we never read that it was so done in those very words in any one instance. If, then, all the workl build their practice, on one single occurrence, and if we had but one example, which is not the fact, why blame us for so adhering to Peter — Acts ii. I will now read a passage from Acts viii. 12 ; and make a ie\Y passing remarks as I proceed, to show how the same rules of interpretation apply in all cases : " When the Samaritans believed Philip, preaching concerning the king- dom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women." But it is not said that they repented, nor that they were converted, nor that they were born of water, nor of the Spirit, Shall we therein infer that they only believed, and neither repented, nor were converted, nor born of the Spirit, nor of water 1 The Bible would have been a singular volume, if every time it related a conversion, it must tell the whole story over. We should soon have been as wearied as we are in reading the preambles to the acts of our legislative enact- ments. If Luke had said, the Samaritans heard the whole gospel preached, they were all enlightened by the Holy Spirit, they were all penetrated with a sense of sin, they all believed, they all repented, they all were regenerated, they were all born of the water, they were all born of the Spirit, they were all truly converted, they were all baptized, they were all justified, sanctified, saved, and they were all added to the church. This being told over a hundred times in the Acts of the Apos- tles, would become very interesting ! ! What a singular book the Bible would have been, had it been formed after the taste of some good ortho- dox people ! ! My next case is that of Cornelius. The gentleman brought up this case with a great deal of emphasis : I design, therefore, to pause a little longer upon it than upon the others. We find a summary of it in Acts xi. thing doubting. Moreover, these six brethren accompanied me, and we entered into the man's house. And he showed us how he had seen an angel in his house, which stood and said unto him. Send men to Joppa, and call for Simon, whose surname is Peter ; who shall tell thee words whereby thee and all thy house shall be saved." This good Cornelius gave much alms, and prayed to God always. He was a truly excellent, pious, benevolent man ; much better than one half of the best professors in Kentucky; yet he was not a christian, nor even a Jew, nor a Jewish proselyte. A pure gentile, enlightened by portions of the law, he was serving God instantly, day and night ; yet he was not evangelically saved. But some men will say — had this good man died, would he have gone to perdition ? would he have been forever lost ? — and such other questions as grow out of these. To which we are bound to give no answer. All we know is, that he was not saved in this world, whatever he might have been, had he been taken out of it by God. Re- collect, the angel said. Send for Peter, and " he will tell thee tvords by which thou and all thy house shall be saved." Of course, then, these words and precepts which were promised him, were words essential to his evangelical salvation. For christian salvation is a range much higher than Jewish, patriarchal, gentile, proselyte, and even sectarian salvation.
| 26,052 |
https://github.com/FelipeAMFigueredo/Back-End/blob/master/TestIt.Business/Services/TeacherService.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
Back-End
|
FelipeAMFigueredo
|
C#
|
Code
| 139 | 479 |
using System.Collections.Generic;
using TestIt.Data.Abstract;
using TestIt.Model.Entities;
namespace TestIt.Business.Services
{
public class TeacherService : ITeacherService
{
private readonly ITeacherRepository _teacherRepository;
private readonly IClassTestsRepository _classTestRepository;
public TeacherService(ITeacherRepository teacherRepository, IClassTestsRepository classTestRepository)
{
_teacherRepository = teacherRepository;
_classTestRepository = classTestRepository;
}
public IEnumerable<Teacher> Get()
{
return _teacherRepository.GetAll();
}
public Teacher GetSingle(int id)
{
return _teacherRepository.GetSingle(id);
}
public Teacher GetByUser(int id)
{
return _teacherRepository.GetSingle(t => t.UserId == id);
}
public void Save(Teacher t)
{
_teacherRepository.Add(t);
_teacherRepository.Commit();
}
public void Delete(int id)
{
var t = _teacherRepository.GetSingle(id);
if (t == null) return;
_teacherRepository.DeleteWhere(x => x.Id == t.Id);
_teacherRepository.Commit();
}
public void Update(int id, Teacher teacher)
{
var t = _teacherRepository.GetSingle(id);
if (t == null || teacher.Id != t.Id) return;
_teacherRepository.Update(teacher);
_teacherRepository.Commit();
}
public IEnumerable<ClassTests> GetClassTests(int id)
{
var classTests = _classTestRepository.FindByIncluding(x => x.Test.TeacherId == id, x => x.Test, x => x.Class);
return classTests;
}
}
}
| 15,847 |
https://github.com/gleblebedev/Urho3DNet.Extras/blob/master/src/Urho3DNet.Actions/Intervals/Sequence.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Urho3DNet.Extras
|
gleblebedev
|
C#
|
Code
| 539 | 1,512 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
namespace Urho3DNet.Actions
{
public class Sequence : FiniteTimeAction
{
public FiniteTimeAction[] Actions { get; } = new FiniteTimeAction[2];
public Action<SequenceState> CancelAction { get; set; }
public override FiniteTimeAction Reverse()
{
return new Sequence(Actions[1].Reverse(), Actions[0].Reverse());
}
protected internal override ActionState StartAction(Object target)
{
return new SequenceState(this, target);
}
#region Constructors
public Sequence(FiniteTimeAction action1, FiniteTimeAction action2) : base(action1.Duration + action2.Duration)
{
InitSequence(action1, action2);
}
public Sequence(FiniteTimeAction[] actions, FiniteTimeAction other)
{
InitFromArray(actions, other);
}
public Sequence(params FiniteTimeAction[] actions)
{
InitFromArray(actions, null);
}
public Sequence(IReadOnlyList<FiniteTimeAction> actions)
{
InitFromArray(actions, null);
}
private void InitFromArray(IReadOnlyList<FiniteTimeAction> actions, FiniteTimeAction other)
{
var prev = actions[0];
// Can't call base(duration) because we need to calculate duration here
var combinedDuration = 0.0f;
foreach (var action in actions) combinedDuration += action.Duration;
Duration = combinedDuration;
if (actions.Count == 1)
{
InitSequence(prev, other ?? new ExtraAction());
}
else
{
// Basically what we are doing here is creating a whole bunch of
// nested Sequences from the actions.
var count = other != null ? actions.Count : actions.Count - 1;
for (var i = 1; i < count; i++) prev = new Sequence(prev, actions[i]);
if (other != null)
InitSequence(prev, other);
else
InitSequence(prev, actions[actions.Count - 1]);
}
}
private void InitSequence(FiniteTimeAction actionOne, FiniteTimeAction actionTwo)
{
Debug.Assert(actionOne != null);
Debug.Assert(actionTwo != null);
Actions[0] = actionOne;
Actions[1] = actionTwo;
}
#endregion Constructors
}
public class SequenceState : FiniteTimeActionState
{
protected int last;
protected FiniteTimeAction[] actionSequences = new FiniteTimeAction[2];
protected FiniteTimeActionState[] actionStates = new FiniteTimeActionState[2];
protected float split;
private readonly bool hasInfiniteAction;
private readonly Action<SequenceState> cancelAction;
public SequenceState(Sequence action, Object target)
: base(action, target)
{
cancelAction = action.CancelAction;
actionSequences = action.Actions;
hasInfiniteAction = actionSequences[0] is RepeatForever || actionSequences[1] is RepeatForever;
split = actionSequences[0].Duration / Duration;
last = -1;
}
public override bool IsDone
{
get
{
if (hasInfiniteAction && actionSequences[last] is RepeatForever) return false;
return base.IsDone;
}
}
public override void Update(float time)
{
int found;
float new_t;
if (time < split)
{
// action[0]
found = 0;
if (split != 0)
new_t = time / split;
else
new_t = 1;
}
else
{
// action[1]
found = 1;
if (split == 1)
new_t = 1;
else
new_t = (time - split) / (1 - split);
}
if (found == 1)
{
if (last == -1)
{
// action[0] was skipped, execute it.
actionStates[0] = (FiniteTimeActionState) actionSequences[0].StartAction(Target);
actionStates[0].Update(1.0f);
actionStates[0].Stop();
}
else if (last == 0)
{
actionStates[0].Update(1.0f);
actionStates[0].Stop();
}
}
else if (found == 0 && last == 1)
{
// Reverse mode ?
// XXX: Bug. this case doesn't contemplate when _last==-1, found=0 and in "reverse mode"
// since it will require a hack to know if an action is on reverse mode or not.
// "step" should be overriden, and the "reverseMode" value propagated to inner Sequences.
actionStates[1].Update(0);
actionStates[1].Stop();
}
// Last action found and it is done.
if (found == last && actionStates[found].IsDone) return;
// Last action found and it is done
if (found != last) actionStates[found] = (FiniteTimeActionState) actionSequences[found].StartAction(Target);
actionStates[found].Update(new_t);
last = found;
}
protected internal override void Stop()
{
// Issue #1305
if (last != -1) actionStates[last].Stop();
}
protected internal override void Step(float dt)
{
if (last > -1 && actionSequences[last] is RepeatForever)
actionStates[last].Step(dt);
else
base.Step(dt);
}
internal void Cancel()
{
cancelAction?.Invoke(this);
}
}
}
| 24,277 |
US-66300805-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,005 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,056 | 9,523 |
Electronic Apparatus, Method for Generating Digital Signal, Digital Signal Recording Medium, and Signal Processing Apparatus
ABSTRACT
An electronic apparatus having a CPU for controlling each portion of the apparatus, characterized by including storage means for storing at least one of firmware and data to be used by the CPU, an input terminal to which a digital signal with a predetermined format is input, processing means for performing a predetermined process on the digital signal input from the input terminal, extracting means for extracting data located at predetermined timings in one frame of the digital signal input from the input terminal, and outputting the data as extracted data, and rewriting means for analyzing the extracted data and rewriting at least one of the firmware and the data in the storage means based on a result of the analysis and the extracted data, wherein the CPU at least serves as the extracting means.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to an electronic apparatus for preferableuse in rewriting of firmware or the like, a method for generating adigital signal, a digital signal recording medium and a signalprocessing apparatus for preferable use in rewriting of firmware or thelike.
BACKGROUND ART
A CPU operating based on programs is incorporated in an audio apparatussuch as an amplifier, a DVD player or the like. Of these programs,programs to be placed between hardware and software are generallyreferred to as firmware. When the firmware is stored in a flash memoryor the like in advance, addition of functions or correction of defectscan be performed later.
Patent Document 1 discloses an apparatus as follows. That is, the modeof the apparatus is switched to an upgrade mode to rewrite firmware.Data for rewriting the firmware are input from a digital audio signalinput terminal or another terminal. The data are written properly over areproduction processing program region of a memory. Thus, the firmwareis upgraded.
Patent Document 1: JP-A-2002-149428
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Problems that the Invention is to Solve
In the apparatus disclosed in Patent Document 1, the format of data forrewriting firmware is different from the format of audio signals.Accordingly, there is a fear that big noise may be reproduced. It istherefore necessary to switch the mode to prevent noise from beingreproduced during processing of the rewriting data.
There is also an apparatus in which a terminal of RS232C or the like isused for processing performed by another system than a system of audiosignals. However, there is a problem that the processing speed is slow.There is another problem that an expensive and dedicated writer isrequired for accelerating (synchronously serializing) the processing.
The present invention was developed in consideration of the foregoingsituation. An object of the invention is to provide an electronicapparatus, a method for generating a digital signal, a digital signalrecording medium and a signal processing apparatus, in which big noisecan be prevented from being generated without using any expensive andfast electronic circuit and during rewriting of a program or the like.
Means for Solving the Problems
In order to solve the foregoing problems, the present invention ischaracterized by any one of the following configurations.
(1) An electronic apparatus having a CPU for controlling each portion ofthe apparatus, the apparatus comprising:
storage means for storing at least one of firmware and data to be usedby the CPU;
an input terminal to which a digital signal with a predetermined formatis input;
processing means for performing a predetermined process on the digitalsignal input from the input terminal;
extracting means for extracting data located at predetermined timings inone frame of the digital signal input from the input terminal, andoutputting the data as extracted data; and
rewriting means for analyzing the extracted data and rewriting at leastone of the firmware and the data in the storage means based on a resultof the analysis and the extracted data;
wherein the CPU serves at least as the extracting means.
(2) The electronic apparatus according to (1), wherein the CPU furtherserves as the rewriting means.
(3) The electronic apparatus according to (1), wherein the CPU serves asthe extracting means and supplies the extracted data to the processingmeans, and the processing means serves as the rewriting means.
4. The electronic apparatus according to any one of (1) through (3)further comprising buffer storage means for storing the extracted datatemporarily, wherein the rewriting means analyzes the extracted datastored in the buffer storage means sequentially, and at least one of thefirmware and the data in the storage means is rewritten based on aresult of the analysis and the extracted data in the buffer storagemeans.
(5) The electronic apparatus according to any one of (1) through (4),wherein the predetermined timings are located in sampling points set inrespective segments defined by dividing effective data length in theframe into N segments.
(6) The electronic apparatus according to any one of (1) through (4),wherein the predetermined timings are located in sampling points set inM (M is smaller than N) segments defined by dividing effective datalength in the frame into N segments.
(7) The electronic apparatus according to any one of (1) through (6),wherein the rewriting means performs the analysis and the rewritingwhile ignoring, of the extracted data extracted by the extracting means,data located in specific timings.
(8) The electronic apparatus according to any one of (1) through (7),wherein the predetermined format is a digital audio interface standard.
(9) A method of generating a digital signal, comprising the steps of:
dividing effective data length in one frame into N segments eachconsisting of a plurality of bits; and
disposing consecutive “1” data or consecutive “0” data in each of thesegments in accordance with bit values of original data.
(10) The method of generating a digital signal according to (9), whereinthe segments are disposed at equal intervals.
(11) The method of generating a digital signal according to (9), whereinthe segments include segments having different lengths.
(12) A digital signal recording medium wherein effective data length inone frame is divided into N segments each consisting of a plurality ofbits in at least a part of a stored digital signal, and consecutive “1”data or consecutive “0” data are disposed in each of the segments inaccordance with bit values of original data.
(13) The digital signal recording medium according to (12), wherein thesegments are disposed at equal intervals.
(14) The digital signal recording medium according to (12), wherein thesegments include segments having different lengths.
(15) A signal processing apparatus for extracting a digital signal froma digital signal recording medium in which effective data length perframe is divided into N segments in at least a part of a stored digitalsignal, and consecutive “1” data or consecutive “0” data are disposed ineach of the segments in accordance with bit values of original data, thesignal processing apparatus being characterized by comprising means forextracting 1-bit data from each of the N segments so as to extract andrecognize N-bit data corresponding to the original
(16) The signal processing apparatus according to (15), wherein theapparatus is a music playback apparatus.
(17) The signal processing apparatus according to (17), wherein theoriginal data are firmware for the apparatus.
Effect of the Invention
Data at predetermined timings in one frame of a digital signal with apredetermined format the processing means deals with are extracted. Theextracted data are analyzed to perform rewriting. Accordingly, it ispossible to supply a rewriting program or a rewriting command with thesame format as a format used for normal processing.
In addition, since the sampling rate for extracting data atpredetermined timings in each frame can be made lower than the samplingrate of the original digital signal, it is possible to support thesampling rate satisfactorily even if the throughput of the extractingmeans or the processing means is low. This is advantageous particularlywhen a slow CPU is used as the extracting means or the processing means.In addition, the throughput is as high as that of processing over adivided part of the original digital signal. Accordingly, the total timerequired for the rewriting can be prevented from increasing extremely,so that a sufficiently satisfactorily speed in practical use can beobtained.
Further, the effective data length per frame is divided into N segments,and consecutive “1” data or consecutive “0” data are disposed in eachsegment in accordance with bit values of the original data. Accordingly,the present invention can be applied to any format. Thus, for example,when the present invention is applied to a format of a digital audiosignal, both the normal digital audio signal and the digital signalgenerated by the present invention can be processed if the presentinvention is applied to an apparatus which can process the digital audiosignal. Furthermore, in the digital signal according to the presentinvention, the original signal can be extracted when each segment isread once. A division effect can be obtained as to the reading speed.Thus, the original signal can be extracted if a device whose clockfrequency is low is used. In this case, the throughput is as high asthat of processing over a divided part of the original digital signal.Accordingly, the total time required for the rewriting can be preventedfrom increasing extremely even when the present invention is applied torewriting of firmware, so that a sufficiently satisfactorily speed inpractical use can be obtained.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an embodiment ofthe present invention.
FIG. 2 is a waveform diagram showing a signal included in an I2S bus inthe embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a timing chart showing timings when data are extracted from adigital audio signal in the embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a circuit example when data extractingtimings are extracted by hardware in the embodiment.
FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing a processing method whenrewriting data are embedded in each format of the digital audio signalin the embodiment.
FIG. 6 shows corresponding tables showing the contents of each framewhen 4-bit division is carried out in the embodiment.
FIG. 7 shows corresponding tables showing the contents of each framewhen 8-bit division is carried out in the embodiment.
FIG. 8 shows corresponding tables showing the contents of each framewhen 16-bit division is carried out in the embodiment.
FIG. 9 shows corresponding tables showing the contents of each frame ina mode of division when each frame has 24 bits in the embodiment.
FIG. 10 shows corresponding tables showing the contents of each frame ina mode of division when each frame has 24 bits in the embodiment.
FIG. 11 shows a table showing the state of reduction of noise level whenupper bits are not used.
FIG. 12 shows corresponding tables showing the contents of each framewhen an audio signal and rewriting data are mixed in one frame.
FIG. 13 is a table showing another example of a rewrite command.
FIG. 14 is a waveform diagram showing another example of recognition ofa rewrite command.
FIG. 15 is a waveform diagram showing another example of recognition ofa rewrite command.
FIG. 16 is a timing chart showing another example of reading timings.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Configuration of Embodiment
Description will be made below about an embodiment of the presentinvention. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of thisembodiment. In FIG. 1, the reference numeral 1 represents an inputterminal, to which a digital audio signal DAS according to the SPDIF(Sony/Philips Digital Interface Format) standard is input. The SPDIFstandard is one of digital audio interface standards. In thisembodiment, a CD player 30 reproduces a compact disk 35 and supplies thedigital audio signal DAS according to the SPDIF standard to the inputterminal 1.
The digital audio signal DAS is converted into a signal conforming to anI2S bus (The Inter-IC Sound Bus) or the like by a digital interfacereceiver (hereinafter abbreviated to DIR) 2. The I2S bus is a standardgenerally used for transmitting/receiving 2CH (stereo) audio samplingdigital data. As shown in FIG. 2, each signal contained in this busincludes a word clock LRCLK ((A) of FIG. 2) defining a frame, a bitclock BCLK ((B) of FIG. 2) indicating timing of each bit, and a datasignal RDATA ((C) of FIG. 2) indicating the contents of data to betransferred. The word clock LRCLK has an L-level period indicating anL-ch (left channel) and an H-level period indicating an R-ch (rightchannel) as shown in (A) of FIG. 2. In the real I2S standard, the datasignal RDATA is defined to be one-bit shifted from the trailing edge ofthe word clock LRCLK as shown in (D) of FIG. 2. However, descriptionwill be made on the assumption that the data signal RDATA is not shiftedby any bit as shown in (C) of FIG. 2, in order to be understood easily.
In the I2S bus standard, data length per frame is not defined but setdesirably. In this embodiment, the data length is set at 64 bits. Inthis embodiment, of 32 bits in each one-side channel, 16 bits areeffective bits indicating the contents of the data, and the other bitsare for control data or free (spare) bits. In order to simplifydescription, assume in the following description that each one-sidechannel has 16 bits and all the bits are effective bits (see FIG. 3).
The respective signals of the I2S bus are supplied to a digital signalprocessor (hereinafter referred to as DSP) 3, in which the data signalRDATA is read at the trailing edge timing of the bit clock BCLK. Theread data signal RDATA is subjected to a decoding process, a sound fieldproviding process, etc., for each channel. After that, the data signalRDATA is converted into analog signals by a DAC 4. The analog signals ofthe left and right channels output from the DAC 4 are amplified by anamplifier 5, and released from left and right speakers 6 a and 6 b.
Next, the reference numeral 10 represents a CPU for controlling eachportion of the apparatus. The CPU 10 operates according to programsstored in a memory 11 and a flash memory 12. In this embodiment,firmware, data to be referred to by the CPU 10, an OS (OperatingSystem), application programs, etc. are stored in the flash memory 12.The memory 11 is used as a work area of the CPU 10 or the like. The wordclock LRCLK and the data signal RDATA are supplied from the DIR 2 to theCPU 10.
Here, the CPU 10 reads the data signal RDATA in the following manner.That is, as shown in FIG. 3, the data signal RDATA is read at timingafter a delay of a time τ1 from the trailing edge and leading edge ofthe word clock LRCLK, and then the data signal RDATA is read three timesafter a delay of a time τ2. In this example, the time τ1 is set to be atime about ⅛ as long as one frame, and the time 2 is set to be a time ¼as long as one frame. As a result, as shown in FIG. 3, the CPU 10 readsthe data signal RDATA four times for each of L-ch and R-ch, that is,eight times in each frame. That is, data to be transferred normally at arate of 32 bits per frame are read at a rate of 4 divided bits. In otherwords, each of segments separated by units of 4 bits is read once.Although the case of L-ch is shown in FIG. 3, reading is performedsimilarly also in the case of R-ch.
The times τ1 and τ2 in the aforementioned reading process may be createdby software processing of the CPU 10. Alternatively, the delay times maybe set by hardware as shown in FIG. 4. In FIG. 4, the reference numeral20 represents a pulse generator for generating a pulse in the trailingedge or leading edge of the word clock LRCLK; 21, a delay having a delaytime set at τ1; and 22-24, delays each having a delay time set at τ2.From the circuit shown in FIG. 4, a pulse is output after the time τ1from the trailing edge (or leading edge) of the word clock LRCLK, and apulse is then output three times whenever the time τ2 has passed. Thesepulses are used as pulses for reading the data signal RDATA.
Here, another example will be described about the reading timing(sampling point) of the CPU 10. When the effective bit length (16 bitsin FIG. 3) is divided into four as in this embodiment, the readingtiming may be set at any timing as long as the timing is set in eachsegment. For example, the timing may be set between adjacent bits as intiming T1 shown in FIG. 3. This reason will be described. Consecutive“0” data or consecutive “1” data are disposed in each segment.Therefore, segmentation of bits gives no influence. The details of thelayout of the data will be described later.
The reading timings in the respective segments may not be set to dividethe bit length into four equal segments, like a circuit shown in FIG. 4.For example, the intervals of the timings may be inconsistent as intimings T1-T4 shown in FIG. 3. As for how to create the reading timings,therefore, a timing in each segment may be made, for example, using bitclocks BCLK. That is, the data signal RDATA may be read after a delay oftwo bit clocks BCLK from the start of a frame. After that, the datasignal RDATA may be read at intervals of four bit clocks BCLK.Alternatively, reading timings may be set using bit clocks BCLK so thatthe reading timings are placed at inconsistent intervals and in thesegments respectively. Not to say, reading timing may be designed to beset in the segments respectively by no use of the bit clocks BCLK.
Operation of Embodiment
Next, description will be made about the operation of this embodimentconfigured thus. First, when a compact disk 35 recording audio data isreproduced, a user sets the compact disk 35 in the CD player and givesan instruction to reproduce the compact disk 35. As a result, a digitalaudio signal is output from the CD player 30, and this digital audiosignal is supplied to the DIR 2 through the terminal 1 and convertedinto an I2S bus signal in the DIR 2. The I2S bus data signal RDATA issubjected to various processes in the DSP 3, and then converted intoanalog signals in the DAC 4. The analog signals are output from thespeakers 6 a and 6 b through the amplifier 5.
The CPU 10 reads the data signal RDATA at the timings shown in FIG. 3.When the data read thus and extracted do not show a predeterminedcommand, the CPU 10 does not perform any process on the data extractedfrom the data signal RDATA, but controls the DSP 3 and the otherportions of the apparatus according to programs.
Next, description will be made about a process for rewriting thefirmware stored in the flash memory 12. First, the user sets a compactdisk 35 recording new firmware in the CD player 30. In this case, thefirmware is recorded in conformity with the normal compact diskstandard, and the sampling rate thereof conforms to the compact diskstandard. Data of the firmware read from the compact disk 35 are outputto the I2S bus by the DIR 2 in the same manner as in the case of audiodata.
Here, the data recorded in the compact disk 35 are set so that when oneframe is divided into eight segments each having four bits, bitsbelonging to each segment have one and the same value. For example, whenoriginal data to be transferred are (1001) in the binary notation, first4 bits of a data signal DA are (1111), which is followed by (0000),(0000) and (1111) likewise as shown in FIG. 5.
Table 1 shown in FIG. 6 shows values 16-bit data of L-ch (or R-ch) inthis embodiment can have. In this Table 1, each row shows 16-bit data tobe transferred at a time. As is understood from Table 1, identicalvalues 1 or 0 are written in each segment divided by units of 4 bits.
Table 2 shown in the right side of FIG. 6 corresponds to Table 1. Thefirst column in Table 2 shows values of 16-bit data of L-ch (or R-ch) inthe hexadecimal notation. The second column of Table 2 is expressed inthe decimal notation. The third column is expressed in the signeddecimal notation when the most significant bits are sign bits. Thefourth column shows data to be read by the CPU 10. Here, values of thesigned decimal notation in the third column correspond to the signedamplitudes of digital audio data. In other words, the fourth columnshows data embedded in 16-bit data.
In the aforementioned manner, the CPU 10 extracts data one bit by onebit at proper timings in consecutive 4-bit segments so as to recognize4-bit data (0000)-(1111) from 16 bits of L-ch. Accordingly, the CPU 10extracts and recognizes 8-bit data from 32-bit data of one frameconsisting of L-ch and R-ch. The CPU 10 analyzes the data extractedthus, and recognizes the data as a command or recognizes the data asdata of rewriting firmware.
The aforementioned description will be summarized. The effective bitlength is divided into four segments. The data signal RDATA is read oncein each segment. In the example of FIG. 3, the data signal RDATA is readonce after a delay of the time τ1 from the trailing edge of the wordclock LRCLK, and the data signal RDATA is then read three times at atiming after a delay of the time τ2. As a result, the CPU 10 reads thedata signal RDATA eight times in one frame, and extracts 8-bit data. TheCPU 10 analyzes the extracted 8 bits and performs a process forrewriting the firmware.
Here, an example of the process for rewriting the firmware will bedescribed. In this embodiment, for example, an instruction of a seriesof rewriting steps is given in a format as shown in FIG. 13. In thisexample shown in FIG. 13, first (1) 10 or more samples of “0x00” arecontinued. (2) “0x55” is then disposed as a start identifier, and (3)6-byte data indicating alphanumeric characters are disposed subsequentlyto the start identifier. The data of a string of characters each havingone byte are, for example, set as a string of characters “S”, “T”, “A”,“R”, “T” and “!”. Next, (4) data indicating the number of transmissiondata by two bytes and (5) a predetermined 2-byte command are disposed,and (6) rewriting data are continued subsequently thereto. Finally (7) acheck sum of 2 bytes is attached.
According to the aforementioned format, data in the steps (1)-(3) areenumerated as 00, 00, 00, 00, 00, 00, 00, 00, 00, 00, 55, S, “T”, “A”,“R”, “T” and “!”. Data of 00 can appear at the beginning and end of apiece of music, but data perfectly coinciding with 56-bit data of 55,“S”, “T”, “A”, “R”, “T” and “!” can appear only with a probability ofone by 2⁵⁶, that is, about one by 72,000 trillion because each identicalbit can appear with a probability of ½. That is, it is unlikely that therewrite command will be recognized erroneously.
In the steps (4)-(7), the check sum of received data can be confirmed.There is no probability that all the data including the check sum willcoincide.
When an instruction to rewrite is given thus, the rewriting data in thestep (6) are rewritten in the flash memory 12. When the firmware isrewritten, rewriting software is moved from the flash memory 12 to thememory 11 and executed.
Next, give consideration to the noise which may be generated in thisembodiment. Also during the aforementioned process for rewriting thefirmware, the data signal RDATA is supplied to the DSP 3. Therefore, theprocess for generating sound by means of the DAC 4, the amplifier 5 andthe speakers 6 a and 6 b is performed in parallel. This process is aimednot at music data but at firmware rewriting data as described above.Therefore, the generated sound becomes noise. In this embodiment,however, the generated noise is small as follows.
As shown in FIG. 6, the difference between the maximum value and theminimum value of the signed decimal number (corresponding to theamplitude of an audio signal) is “8191”, which is “1FFF” in thehexadecimal notation. The number of bits required for expressing thisdifference is 13. On the other hand, data of each of L-ch and R-chconsist of 16 bits. It is therefore understood that the amplitude of acomponent serving as noise is 3 bits smaller than the total number ofbits (16).
When the number of bits per segment (hereinafter referred to as thenumber of division bits) is x, the noise level with respect to themaximum amplitude of music data (hereinafter referred to as noise levelsimply) is expressed by:20*log(0.5^((x-1)))dBIn this embodiment, therefore, the noise level is expressed by:20*log(0.5³)dBThat is, the noise level is −18 dB. The sound serving as noise iscomparatively low. There is no fear that a big signal may be supplied tothe speakers suddenly when the firmware is being rewritten. In the samemanner as mentioned above, even if the user reproduces the compact disk35 recording the rewriting data by means of another playback apparatuserroneously, there is no fear that a big signal may be supplied to thespeakers.
In the aforementioned embodiment, the data signal RDATA is divided andread. Accordingly, the data signal RDATA can be read satisfactorily bythe CPU 10 even if the operating speed thereof is slow. Although theoperating clock frequency of a CPU is generally lower than that of aDSP, this embodiment can be applied to such a case. Not to say, theembodiment can be applied more easily to the case where the operatingclock frequency of a CPU is higher than that of a DSP.
Other Embodiments
The present invention can be carried out in various modes. Embodimentsthereof will be described below.
1. Changing the Number of Division Bits
Although the number of division bits was 4 in the aforementionedembodiment, the number of division bits may be set as 8-bit divisionwith 8 bits per segment. Alternatively, it is possible to set 16-bitdivision where all the 16-bit data of L-ch and R-ch are formed out ofbits having one and the same value.
Table 3 and Table 4 shown in FIG. 7 show the case of 8-bit division,corresponding to Table 1 and Table 2 shown in FIG. 6 respectively. Asshown in Table 4, the difference between the maximum value and theminimum value of the signed decimal number (corresponding to theamplitude of an audio signal) is “511”, which is “1FF” in thehexadecimal notation. The number of bits required for expressing thisdifference is 9. On the other hand, data of L-ch or R-ch consist of 16bits. Thus, the amplitude of a component serving as noise is 7 bitssmaller than that of the audio signal. The noise level in this case istherefore expressed by:20*log(0.5⁷)dBThat is, the noise level is −42 dB. Thus, the sound serving as noise isvery low.
Next, Table 5 and Table 6 shown in FIG. 8 show the case of 16-bitdivision, corresponding to Table 1 and Table 2 shown in FIG. 6respectively. As shown in Table 6, the difference between the maximumvalue and the minimum value of the signed decimal number is only “1”.The number of bits required for expressing this difference is only 1.The noise level in this case is expressed by:20*log(0.5¹⁵)dBThat is, the noise level is −90 dB. Thus, the sound serving as noise istoo low to hear.
In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 the effect of division isgreater than that in the aforementioned embodiment. Therefore, thoseembodiments are preferable when a slower CPU is used. As forapplications of the present invention, the number of bits of eachone-side channel per frame is not limited to the number shown in theaforementioned embodiment. The present invention can be applied tovarious numbers of bits such as 16 bits, 24 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits, etc.As for the effective bit length in the total number of bits in eachone-side channel, the present invention can be applied to any number ofbits. That is, all the bits of each one-side channel may be effectivebits, or any number of bits may be effective bits.
Next, description will be made about the point that increase of thenumber of upper bits is effective in reduction of noise level. Here,description will be made about the case where each one-side channel has24 bits.
Table 7 and Table 8 shown in FIG. 9 show the case where the number ofbits in each channel is 24 and the number of division bits is 4. Table 7and Table 8 correspond to Table 1 and Table 2 shown in FIG. 6respectively. As shown in Table 8, the difference between the maximumvalue and the minimum value of the signed decimal number is “2097151”.The number of bits required for expressing this difference is 21. Thenoise level in this case is −18 dB.
On the other hand, Table 9 and Table 10 shown in FIG. 10 correspond toTable 7 and Table 8 in FIG. 9. In Table 9 and Table 10, only four bitsextracted from 24 bits of each one-side channel are read. The lower sideof the data signal RDATA is divided into 4-bit segments while the upperside is set as a 12-bit segment. In this manner, the difference betweenthe maximum value and the minimum value of the signed decimal number isonly “8191” as shown in Table 10. The number of bits required forexpressing this difference is only 13. The noise level in this exampleis −66 dB. It is understood that the noise level is extremely reduced ascompared with that in the case shown in FIG. 9.
In order to reduce the noise, it is also effective to use a manner inwhich the upper bits of the data signal RDATA are not used (but they areset as 0 initially). The sound pressure becomes ½ as low as the originalmaximum amplitude whenever one bit closer to other most significant bitis not used. The same thing can be applied to the noise. FIG. 11 showsthe degree with which the sound pressure level of noise is reducedwhenever one bit closer to the most significant bit is not used.
2. Concurrent Music Reproduction
Although rewriting was performed using a firmware or reference datarewriting CD in the aforementioned embodiment and the other embodiments,rewriting can be performed while music or the like (music, guide voice,etc.) is reproduced. For example, when each one-side channel has 16bits, the lower 8 bits are used as rewriting data while the upper 8 bitsare used for reproducing music. Of the 16-bit data indicating tones, theupper side has great influence on the amplitude. Therefore, even whenthe lower bits are used for rewriting data, slight deterioration insound quality, if any, can be prevented from being felt by human ears.Whether the human ears can feel the deterioration or not depends on thenumber of lower bits used for rewriting. There is no problem if thenumber of bits is proper. In this case, there is a great effect when themusic to be reproduced has a musical composition with amplitude as largeas possible.
Give consideration to the noise which may be generated in this case. Asshown in Table 11 of FIG. 12, the lower 8 bits become a noise component.Here, Table 11 and Table 12 shown in FIG. 12 correspond to Table 1 andTable 2 in FIG. 6. The difference between the maximum value and theminimum value of the signed decimal number in this case is “255”. Thenumber of bits required for expressing this difference is 8. Therefore,noise corresponding to 8 bits is generated. That is the same number of 8bits as the number of bits used for rewriting the firmware. Thus, thereis no effect of noise reduction. The noise level is −48 dB.
3. Mode of Rewrite Command
The method for giving an instruction to rewrite in the aforementionedembodiment is only one instance. There are various other methods. Forexample, a command or a command recognition pattern shown in FIG. 14shows an example in which a pattern with a maximum value and a minimumvalue repeated alternately is used as a command to start rewriting. Sucha pattern cannot appear in music data. FIG. 15 shows an example in whicha pattern with a maximum value continued for a time not shorter than apredetermined time is used as a command to start rewriting.Alternatively, mutes (0 data) may be disposed with a predeterminedpattern so that a mute pattern with a predetermined interval is regardedas a rewrite recognition pattern when the mute pattern can berecognized.
4. Others
(i) In the aforementioned embodiment, the present invention was appliedto an audio amplifier. However, the present invention is not limited tothis, but it can be applied to various audio apparatuses (electronicapparatuses) such as a CD player, a DVD player, an MD player, an HDD(Hard Disk) player, a memory player, etc., or various electronicapparatuses mounted with CPUs, other than the audio apparatuses. Not tosay, the present invention can be applied to personal computers.
(ii) The aforementioned embodiment was aimed at an apparatus forperforming processing on digital audio signals according to the SPDIFstandard. However, the present invention may be applied to digitalsignals of another format than this. After all, it will go well if datalocated at predetermined timings in one frame with a predeterminedformat are extracted and a rewriting process is carried out on theextracted data. In addition, the frequency of the word clock LRCLK maybe changed. For example, the frequency may be 44.1 kHz or 48 kHz.
(iii) The present invention can be applied not only to data read from arecording medium such as CD or DVD but also to data supplied, forexample, through a predetermined cable or the Internet. That is, digitalsignals generated by the digital signal generating method according tothe present invention may be transferred without the aid of anyrecording medium.
(iv) Various division forms may be used as shown in FIGS. 6-8. Forexample, data of a plurality of division forms may be recorded in a CDso that data corresponding to the throughput of the CPU can be selectedto perform a rewriting process. In this case, when data showing adivision form are included as a rewrite command, the CPU can startrewriting as soon as the CPU detects a command meeting its own speed.The same thing can be applied to the case where digital signals aresupplied through the Internet or the like.
(v) In the aforementioned embodiment, the DSP and the CPU are provided.The DSP serves as a processing means for processing a digital audiosignal (digital signal with a predetermined format). The CPU controlseach portion of the apparatus, and serves as an extracting means forextracting data located at predetermined timings from a frame of thedigital audio signal and as a rewriting means for analyzing theextracted data and performing rewriting. However, the CPU may also serveas the processing means (in a mode where the DSP is not providedseparately), and implement the extracting means and the rewriting meansin different circuits etc.
(vi) The DIR 2 and the CPU 10 may be connected through a switch SW asdesignated by the broken line in FIG. 1. In this case, the switch SW isturned on only when firmware is rewritten. Alternatively, the switch SWmay be turned on when an operator operates the switch etc. or may beturned on by software processing based on a program.
(vii) In each of the aforementioned embodiments, a digital signal with apredetermined format consisting of m bits per frame may be read based onbit clocks BCLK directly with the format of m bits, or may be readlikewise as a signal divided into n segments. Accordingly, it ispossible to mix a process for reading the digital signal directly as theformat of m bits and a process for extracting data as a signal dividedinto n segments so as to rewrite a program. In some modes of mixing theprocesses, time-division processing may be performed, or concurrentprocessing may be performed. In this case, when the digital signal isread based on the bit clocks BCLK directly with the format of m bits bythe DSP and, of the read data, data located in predetermined bitpositions are extracted, both the m-bit reading process and the dividedsignal reading process can be achieved only by the DSP.
(viii) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the CPU 10 extracted rewritingdata, and the CPU 10 also performed rewriting control. However, CPU 10may analyze the extracted data and send a rewrite command to the DSP 3so that the DSP 3 can perform the rewriting process. Further, the CPU 10may transfer all the extracted data to the DSP 3 so that the DSP 3 cananalyze the extracted data and rewrite firmware (or data). In this case,as designated by the broken line in FIG. 1, the DSP 3 performs therewriting process on the flash memory 12 connected to the DSP 3. Inaddition, as designated by the broken line in FIG. 1, the CPU 10 may bedesigned to output the extracted data as they are, while another CPU 40analyzes the extracted data supplied thereto and rewrites firmware ordata stored in a flash memory 41 or the like.
(ix) The CPU 10 shown in FIG. 10 may be replaced by a CPU chip includinga flash memory, a RAM or the like so as to rewrite firmware or data inthe flash memory or the RAM.
(x) Although the I2S standard was used in the embodiment shown in FIG.1, the present invention is not limited to this standard. Various otherformats can be used.
(xi) The reading timings of the CPU are not limited to those in themodes shown in the embodiments. For example, it will go well if onereading timing is set in each segment when each one-side channel isdivided into four segments (more exactly when the effective bits of eachone-side channel are divided into four segments) as shown in (A) of FIG.16. However, reading timing may be set only for the segments 3 and 4(corresponding to lower 2 bits) of the four segments as shown in (B) ofFIG. 16. Consecutive “0” or “1” data are written in the segments 3 and 4in this case, while any data may be written in the segments 1 and 2. Asshown in (C) of FIG. 16, a reading timing may be set for each segmentwhile the data extracted in the segments 1 and 2 are ignored and notused but only the data read in the segments 3 and 4 are used asextracted data. In this case, any data may be written in the segments 1and 2 in the same manner as in (B) of FIG. 16.
Here, the reading timings can be summarized as follows. First, thereading timings are sampling points set for respective segments when theeffective data length in one frame is divided into N segments (in thecase of (A) of FIG. 16). Alternatively, as shown in (B) of FIG. 16, thereading timings are sampling points set for M (M is smaller than N)segments when the effective data length in one frame is divided into Nsegments. Alternatively, as shown in (C) of FIG. 16, a process foranalyzing a command etc. and performing rewriting may be performed sothat, of the read and extracted data, data located in specific timingsare ignored.
1. An electronic apparatus having a CPU for controlling each portion ofthe apparatus, the apparatus comprising: a storage unit that stores atleast one of firmware and data to be used by the CPU; an input terminalto which a digital signal with a predetermined format is input; aprocessing unit that performs a predetermined process on the digitalsignal input from the input terminal; an extracting unit that extractsdata located at predetermined timings in one frame of the digital signalinput from the input terminal, and outputs the data as extracted data;and a rewriting unit that analyzes the extracted data and rewriting atleast one of the firmware and the data in the storage unit based on aresult of the analysis and the extracted data; wherein the CPU serves atleast as the extracting unit.
2. The electronic apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein the CPU further serves as the rewriting unit.
3. Theelectronic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the CPU serves as theextracting unit and supplies the extracted data to the processing unit,and the processing unit serves as the rewriting unit.
4. The electronicapparatus according claim 1 further comprising buffer storage unit thatstores the extracted data temporarily, wherein the rewriting unitanalyzes the extracted data stored in the buffer storage unitsequentially, and at least one of the firmware and the data in thestorage unit is rewritten based on a result of the analysis and theextracted data in the buffer storage unit.
5. The electronic apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the predetermined timings are located insampling points set in respective segments defined by dividing effectivedata length in the frame into N segments.
6. The electronic apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the predetermined timings are located insampling points set in M (M is smaller than N) segments defined bydividing effective data length in the frame into N segments.
7. Theelectronic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the rewriting unitperforms the analysis and the rewriting while ignoring, of the extracteddata extracted by the extracting unit, data located in specific timings.8. The electronic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein thepredetermined format is a digital audio interface standard.
9. A methodof generating a digital signal, comprising the steps of: dividingeffective data length in one frame into N segments each consisting of aplurality of bits; and disposing consecutive “1” data or consecutive “0”data in each of the segments in accordance with bit values of originaldata.
10. The method of generating a digital signal according to claim9, wherein the segments are disposed at equal intervals.
11. The methodof generating a digital signal according to claim 9, wherein thesegments include segments having different lengths.
12. A digital signalrecording medium wherein effective data length in one frame is dividedinto N segments each consisting of a plurality of bits in at least apart of a stored digital signal, and consecutive “1” data or consecutive“0” data are disposed in each of the segments in accordance with bitvalues of original data.
13. The digital signal recording mediumaccording to claim 12, wherein the segments are disposed at equalintervals.
14. The digital signal recording medium according to claim12, wherein the segments include segments having different lengths. 15.A signal processing apparatus for extracting a digital signal from adigital signal recording medium in which effective data length in oneframe is divided into N segments in at least a part of a stored digitalsignal, and consecutive “1” data or consecutive “0” data are disposed ineach of the segments in accordance with bit values of original data, thesignal processing apparatus being characterized by comprising means forextracting 1-bit data from each of the N segments so as to extract andrecognize N-bit data corresponding to the original data.
16. The signalprocessing apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the apparatus is amusic playback apparatus.
17. The signal processing apparatus accordingto claim 15, wherein the original data are firmware for the apparatus..
| 8,096 |
US-86194304-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,004 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,277 | 11,992 |
Polymer compositions with antimicrobial properties
ABSTRACT
One aspect of the invention is to provide an antimicrobial composition comprising a polymer and an effective amount of polymeric additive. Another aspect of the invention is to provide a process for producing an antimicrobial polymer composition comprising incorporating into a polymer composition an effective amount of polymeric additive.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the field of polymer compositions, preferablypolyesters, having nonleachable antimicrobial properties, and suitablefor use in manufacturing fibers, fabrics, films, and other usefularticles. Specifically, it relates to the articles and methods of makingsuch compositions, and in particular to articles suitable for apparel,flooring, and non-woven fabrics.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
With recent advancements in medical knowledge, there is an increasedawareness of the need for utilizing all possible measures to protecthealth. Such measures may include a need for apparel, carpeting, andother materials that help protect against infection from pathogenicagents such as bacteria. This is particularly the case in hospitals andother health care facilities, where cross-transmission of diseases andcontrolling postoperative infections are daily concerns. Of specialimportance are the non-woven gowns and other apparel for doctors,nurses, and patients. Microbial problems associated with wovens andnonwovens can be found in all segments of the textile industry. Propercontrol of microbial levels is important to the safety and marketacceptance of the finished product.
There are primarily two major classifications of antimicrobial agentsavailable to the market, nonleachable and leachable antimicrobialagents. Leachable antimicrobial agents, as opposed to nonleachables, arenot chemically bonded with the fiber/fabric shaped polymeric items andnon-woven fibers and can be removed by contact with moisture.
Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,340 issued to Sun et al. on Jun.10, 2003, and commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,723,799 issued to Sun etal. on Apr. 20, 2004, disclose acid-dyeable polyester and polymercompositions comprising a polymeric addivitve, wherein said compositionsare suitable for use in manufacturing fibers, fabrics, films, and otheruseful articles, the articles, and methods of making such compositionsand articles.
Very small amounts of the polymeric additive are needed when it isdesired to make minor corrections to the dye depth achieved by thepolymer. In such instances the compositions can contain as little asabout 6 moles tertiary amine per million grams of the resulting polymer(“mpmg”). Minor corrections are effective for nylon polymers, which aregenerally dyed more easily than polyesters because of their greaterpermeability and, in the case of the preferred acid dyes, because theamine end groups in nylon serve as dyesites.
On the other hand, polyesters, especially polyester fibers and fabrics,are difficult to dye. The molecular structure and the high levels oforientation and crystallinity that impart the desirable properties tothe polyester also contribute to a resistance to coloration by dyecompounds. Also contributing to the difficulty in dyeing polyestercompositions is the characteristic that polyesters do not have dye siteswithin the polymer chain that are reactive to basic or acid dyecompounds. Effective dye depth for difficult to dye polymers requiresmuch more than 6 mpmg.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One aspect of this invention is to provide an antimicrobial polymercomposition comprising:
- - a) a polymer composition comprising at least one polyester, at least one polyether, at least one polycarbonate, at least one polyolefin, or combinations thereof; and - b) about 0.1 to less than 2.0 mol % of a polymeric additive comprising repeating units having the formula - or salts thereof, wherein A, B, and Q, independently, are aliphatic or aromatic substituents provided that at least four carbon atoms separate any two nitrogen groups, R is an aliphatic or aromatic group or hydrogen, a is 1 to about 5, and n is 3 to about 10,000; - and wherein the nitrogen groups remain available for interaction with negatively charged functionalities.
Preferably, the polymer composition comprises a polyester, morepreferably a polyalkylene terephthalate, and even more preferablypolytrimethylene terephthalate. Preferably, the polymeric additive ispoly(6,6′-alkylimino-bishexamethylene adipamide),poly(6,6′-alkylimino-bistetramethylene adipamide),poly(N,N′-dialkylimino-tri(tetramethylene)) adipamide, or combinationsthereof, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to about 4 carbon atoms.
Another aspect of the invention is to provide a process for producing anantimicrobial polymer composition comprising incorporating into apolymer composition comprising at least one polyester, at least onepolyether, at least one polycarbonate, at least one polyolefin, orcombinations thereof an effective amount of polymeric additivecomprising repeating units having the formula
or salts thereof, wherein A, B, and Q, independently, are aliphatic oraromatic substituents provided that at least four carbon atoms separateany two nitrogen groups, R is an aliphatic or aromatic group orhydrogen, a is 1 to about 5, and n is 3 to about 10,000, and wherein thenitrogen groups remain available for interaction with negatively chargedfunctionalities.
Another object is to provide a process for producing a dyed articlecomprising:
- - (a) providing an article; - (b) incorporating into the article an antimicrobial polymer composition comprising a polymer composition comprising at least one polyester, at least one polyether, at least one polycarbonate, at least one polyolefin, or combinations thereof; and an effective amount of polymeric additive comprising repeating units having the formula - or salts thereof, wherein A, B, and Q, independently, are aliphatic or aromatic substituents provided that at least four carbon atoms separate any two nitrogen groups, R is an aliphatic or aromatic group or hydrogen, a is 1 to about 5, and n is 3 to about 10,000; and - (c) dyeing the article of produced by step (b) such that the nitrogen groups remain available for interaction with negatively charged functionalities.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art upon reference to the detaileddescription that hereinafter follows.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Applicants specifically incorporate the entire content of all citedreferences in this disclosure. Further, when an amount, concentration,or other value or parameter is given as either a range, preferred range,or a list of upper preferable values and lower preferable values, thisis to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed fromany pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower rangelimit or preferred value, regardless of whether ranges are separatelydisclosed. Where a range of numerical values is recited herein, unlessotherwise stated, the range is intended to include the endpointsthereof, and all integers and fractions within the range. It is notintended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specificvalues recited when defining a range.
In the context of this disclosure, a number of terms shall be utilized.
By “microorganism” is meant a living thing of microscopic orultramicroscopic size that has, or can develop, the ability to act orfunction independently. Microorganisms include, for example, bacteria,fungi, viruses, protozoans, yeasts, and algae.
By “antimicrobial” is meant an agent capable of destroying, inhibitingthe growth of, or preventing the growth of microorganisms. As usedherein, antimicrobial includes, but is not limited to, antibacterials,that is, agents capable of destroying, inhibiting the growth of, orpreventing the growth of bacteria; and antifungals, that is, agentscapable of destroying, inhibiting the growth of, or preventing thegrowth of fungi. By “antimicrobial properties” is meant that, when apolymer composition incorporated with an effective amount of polymericadditive as described herein is in contact with microorganism-containingbroth for a specific period of time, there is an exponential reductionof the starting microorganism population.
Reference to a polymer composition should be understood to mean a singlepolymer or blends or mixtures of such a polymer, blends or mixtures ofdifferent polymers, blends or mixtures of a single polymer havingdifferent molecular weights, or blends or mixtures of different polymershaving different molecular weights. In other words, “polyester” meansone or more polyesters. Thus, for instance, if applicant refers to acomposition containing X mol % of a polyester, the composition maycomprise X mol % of one polyester or X mol % total of differentpolyesters. Similarly, “polymeric additive” means one or more polymericadditives.
One aspect of the invention relates to a dyed article comprising:
- - a) a polymer composition comprising at least one polyester, at least one polyether, at least one polycarbonate, at least one polyolefin, or combinations thereof; and - b) about 0.1 to less than 2.0 mol % of a polymeric additive comprising repeating units having the formula - or salts thereof, wherein A, B, and Q, independently, are aliphatic or aromatic substituents provided that at least four carbon atoms separate any two nitrogen groups, R is an aliphatic or aromatic group or hydrogen, a is 1 to about 5, and n is 3 to about 10,000; - and wherein the nitrogen groups remain available for interaction with negatively charged functionalities.
Preferably, the polymeric additive is incorporated into the polymercomposition before extrusion of the antimicrobial polymer composition.The polymer composition is preferably a polyester, more preferably apolyalkylene terephthalate, and more preferably still polytrimethyleneterephthalate.
Another aspect of the invention is a process for producing anantimicrobial polymer composition comprising incorporating into apolymer composition comprising at least one polyester, at least onepolyether, at least one polycarbonate, at least one polyolefin, orcombinations thereof an effective amount of polymeric additivecomprising repeating units having the formula
or salts thereof, wherein A, B, and Q, independently, are aliphatic oraromatic substituents provided that at least four carbon atoms separateany two nitrogen groups, R is an aliphatic (preferably non-cyclic alkyl)or aromatic group (preferably aryl) or hydrogen, a is 1 to about 5, andn is 3 to about 10,000, and wherein the nitrogen groups remain availablefor interaction with negatively charged functionalities. For the mostpart, the tertiary amine group will interact with negatively chargedfunctionalities. Even in a mild acidic environment, the tertiary aminegroup can be easily protonated and can interact with the negativelycharged bacteria cell wall, for example.
It should be understood that the polymeric additive can be polymerconsisting essentially of or consisting of the repeating units shownabove. Alternatively, it can be a polymer containing polymeric additiveunits and other polymeric units. Both types of polymeric additives arepresent in many instances, since, when heated, most of the polymericadditive will react with polymer or polymer forming compounds to form anew polymeric additive (polymer), while some of the initial polymericadditive remains unreacted. For instance, the composition prior toheating may comprise polyester and polymeric additive, and after heatingsuch a composition may form a combination of polyester, block polymer ofreacted polyester and polymeric additive, and unreacted polymericadditive.
Preferably n is from 3 to about 1,000, more preferably from 3 to about100, and even more preferably from 3 to about 20.
The number of tertiary amines, represented by
unit in the formula above, may vary from repeating unit to repeatingunit and, therefore, a is an average. Preferably a is 1 or 2, morepreferably 1.
When R is an aliphatic or aromatic group, it is inclusive of heteroatoms such as nitrogen or oxygen, i.e., it may be substituted orunsubstituted. It is preferably an alkyl group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms.The end groups of the polymeric additive may be hydrogen or hydroxide.
Preferably A, B, and Q, independently, are alkylene containing from 1 to20 carbons or arylene substituents containing from 6 to 18 carbons,provided that A or B each contains either an alkylene unit containing atleast 4 carbons or an arylene unit containing at least 6 carbons, andprovided that Q contains either an alkylene unit containing at least 2carbons or an arylene unit containing at least 6 carbons. The alkyleneand arylene units may be substituted or unsubstituted, straight orbranched, etc., as long as the substituents and branches do notsubstantially interfere with the antimicrobial properties (e.g., thechain may contain an ether group).
The polymer composition can be made using any technique, provided thatthe polymer composition does not contain substantial amounts of anythingthat interferes with the antimicrobial properties of the antimicrobialpolymer composition. For instance, polytrimethylene terephthalates canbe manufactured by any process known in the art. Polytrimethyleneterephthalates useful as the polymer composition are commerciallyavailable from E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, Del.,under the trademark Sorona®.
The preferred number average molecular weight (“M_(n)”) depends on thepolymer composition used. The M_(n) for polyethers is preferably in arange of from about 300 to about 2,000. The M_(n) for polycarbonates ispreferably in a range of from about 500 to about 2,000. The M_(n) forpolyolefins is preferably in a range of from about 30,000 to about45,000. In a preferred embodiment, the M_(n) for polyalkyleneterephthalates is preferably at least about 15,000, more preferably atleast about 18,000, and is preferably about 40,000 or less, morepreferably about 35,000 or less. When polyethylene terephthalate is thepolyalkylene terephthalate, the M_(n) is even more preferably in a rangeof from about 15,000 to about 25,000, with an M_(n) of about 25,000 mostpreferred. When polytetramethylene terephthalate is the polyalkyleneterephthalate, the M_(n) is even more preferably in a range of fromabout 25,000 to about 35,000, with an M_(n) of about 27,000 mostpreferred. When polytrimethylene terephthalate is the polyalkyleneterephthalate, the M_(n) is even more preferably in a range of fromabout 25,000 to about 35,000, with an M_(n) range of from about 28,000to about 29,000 most preferred.
The polymeric additive is prepared as described in commonly assignedU.S. Pat. No. 6,723,799. Preferably the polymeric additive containingsecondary amine units is prepared by polymerizing a dicarboxylic acidand a polyamine containing secondary amine units. Preferably thepolymeric additive containing a tertiary amine unit is prepared bypolymerizing a dicarboxylic acid and a polyamine containing secondaryamine units, and then alkylating the secondary amine units in theresulting polyamide to form a polyamide containing the correspondingtertiary amine units. More preferably, the above alkylation is performedby methylation under acidic conditions, using formaldehyde and formicacid. Alternatively, the tertiary polymeric additive may be prepared bypolymerizing a polyamine containing tertiary amine units or its saltsand one or more other monomer or polymer units.
More preferably the polymeric additive is prepared by polymerizing (i)polyamine containing secondary or tertiary amine unit(s) or saltsthereof and (ii) other monomer units, wherein the polyamine is selectedfrom those having the formula:H₂N(CH₂)_(m)[NR(CH₂)_(n)]_(a)NH₂wherein m and n, which can be the same or different, are integers of 4to 10, a is 1 to 2, and R is hydrogen or an alkyl group containing 1 toabout 4 carbons in a straight or branched chain. More preferably, thepolyamine is selected from methyl-bis(hexamethylene) triamine,methyl-bis(hexamethylene)tetramine, methyl-bis(tetramethylene)triamine,and dimethyl-bis(tetramethylene)tetramine, or salts thereof. Preferablythe polyamine unit is combined with an adipate, terephthalate,isophthalate, or naphthalate unit.
Preferably the polymeric additive ispoly(6,6′-alkylimino-bishexamethylene adipamide),poly(6,6′-alkylimino-bistetramethylene adipamide),poly(N,N′-dialkylimino-tri(tetramethylene)) adipamide, or mixturesthereof, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to about 4 carbon atoms.
The M_(n) of the polymeric additive (before reaction with polymer units)is preferably at least about 1,000, more preferably at least about3,000, and most preferably at least about 4,000, and preferably about10,000 or less, more preferably about 7,000 or less, and most preferablyabout 5,000 or less. The preferred M_(n) depends on the polymericadditive used, the balance of the composition, and the desiredproperties.
The above polymeric additive(s) are disclosed in part in commonlyassigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,340, and in part in commonly assigned U.S.Pat. No. 6,723,799, wherein they were found to be effective inmanufacturing acid-dyeable polyester and nylon compositions.Surprisingly, these polymeric additives promote antimicrobial propertiesin these compositions. Additionally, when polytrimethylene terephthalatefabrics containing these additives were dyed with acid dyes, the fabricswere found to have lost their antimicrobial properties. The acid dyeingoccurs at the site of the polymeric additive, i.e., the acid dyemolecule binds to nitrogen groups of the polymeric additive. Thus, thepolymeric additives, as used herein, should not be acid-dyed, nor shouldthey be subjected to any equivalent altering steps that wouldirreversibly tie up their amine sites. In this way, some or all of theoriginal nitrogen groups remain available for interaction withnegatively charged functionalities.
However, other dyeing techniques, well known to those of ordinary skillin the art, can be used. For example, articles comprising the polymericadditive can be pigment dyed in a way that does not tie up the aminesites of the polymers. The pigment dyes may be added before or afterspinning the fibers or extruding the films, providing the dyeing methodmeets the above criteria.
Preferably the polymeric additive is incorporated into the polymercomposition by melt blending. The temperature should be above themelting points of each component but below the lowest decompositiontemperature, and accordingly must be adjusted for any particularcomposition of polymer composition and polymeric additive. The polymercomposition and polymeric additive may be heated and mixedsimultaneously, pre-mixed in a separate apparatus before the heatingoccurs, or alternately may be heated separately and then mixed. Further,the polymer composition may be formed and then used, or may be formedduring use (e.g., by mixing and heating chips or flakes of polymercomposition and polymeric additive in an extruder at a fiber or filmmanufacturing facility, or by blending molten polymer composition andpolymeric additive in fiber or film manufacture). Melt blending ispreferably carried out at about 200 to about 295° C., more preferablyabout 260 to about 285° C., depending on the polymer composition. Forpolytrimethylene terephthalate, the preferred temperatures are about 230to about 270° C., more preferably about 260° C. For polyethyleneterephthalate, the preferred temperatures are about 200 to about 295°C., more preferably about 280 to about 290° C. For polybutyleneterephthalate, the preferred temperatures are about 200 to about 295°C., more preferably about 250 to about 275° C.
The polymer composition and the polymeric additive can react. Becausethe antimicrobial composition comprises more polymer composition thanpolymeric additive, the antimicrobial polymer composition comprisespolymeric additive comprising polymer composition and polymeric additiverepeat units and unreacted polymer composition. In many instances, theantimicrobial polymer composition will contain polymeric additive thathas no units from the polymer composition. In a preferred embodiment,the antimicrobial polymer composition comprises a block copolymer ofpolyester and the polymeric additive. By block copolymer, for examplewith reference to the poly(6,6′-alkylimino-bishexamethylene adipamide)polymeric additive and polytrimethylene terephthalate, is meant a randomcopolymer formed by the polyester joined to the polymeric additive by acovalent bond.
The antimicrobial polymer composition can further comprise unreactedpolymer composition and polymeric additive.
Preferably, incorporating an effective amount of polymeric additive intothe polymer composition results in at least about a 2-log reduction inmicroorganism density after 24 hours on test material compared to acontrol material without the polymeric additive. More preferably, aneffective amount of polymeric additive results in at least about a 3-logreduction, and even more preferably a 4-log reduction.
In one embodiment, incorporating an effective amount of polymericadditive into the polymer composition results in an antimicrobialpolymer composition having about 0.1 to about 20 mol %, more preferablyabout 0.5 to about 10 mol %, even more preferably about 1 to about 5 mol%, and even more preferably still about 2 to about 4 mol % of secondaryor tertiary amine units, based on the number of repeat units in theantimicrobial polymer composition including the polymer composition andthe polymeric additive. In an alternate embodiment, incorporating aneffective amount of polymeric additive into the polymer compositionresults in an antimicrobial polymer composition having about 0.1 toabout 15 mol %, more preferably about 0.5 to about 7 mol %, even morepreferably about 0.7 to about 2 mol % of secondary or tertiary amineunits, based on the number of repeat units in the antimicrobial polymercomposition including the polymer composition and the polymericadditive.
The polyester or nylon composition of the invention may be used toproduce, antimicrobial shaped articles, including high strength shapedarticles. For example, in particular embodiments of the inventionwherein the polyester is polytrimethylene terephthalate, melt-spunfilaments having a tenacity of 2.0 g/d or more and a dye exhaustion of30%-90% or higher, preferably 60%-95% or higher, are obtained. This isquite remarkable because polytrimethylene terephthalate is generallyconsidered a difficult polyester to spin into high strength fibers orfilaments. An added difficulty is that the use of additives to enhanceone property of a polymer, e.g., antimicrobial properties, oftennegatively affects other properties such as processability and strength.However, in accordance with the invention, antimicrobial, high strengthpolyalkylene terephthalates, for example poly(trimethylene)terephthalate, fibers are obtained.
The antimicrobial polymer composition can further comprise knownadditives to improve strength or facilitate post-extrusion processing.For example, hexamethylene diamine and/or polyamides such as nylon 6 ornylon 6,6 may be added in minor amounts (e.g., from about 0.5 to about 5mol %) to add strength and processability. The antimicrobial polymercomposition can, if desired, contain various other additives, e.g.,antioxidants, delusterants (e.g., TiO₂, zinc sulfide, or zinc oxide),colorants (e.g., dyes or pigments), stabilizers, flame retardants,fillers (such as calcium carbonate), additional antimicrobial agents,antistatic agents, optical brighteners, extenders, processing aids,viscosity boosters, toning pigments, and other functional additives.TiO₂ may be added to the polymer or fibers.
The compositions of this invention are useful in fibers, fabrics, filmsand other useful articles, and methods of making such compositions andarticles. By “fibers”, reference is made to items recognized in the artas fibers, such as continuous filaments, staple, and other choppedfibers. The fibers may be monocomponent (sometimes also referred to as“homofibers”), or bicomponent or other multicomponent fibers, includingsheath-core, eccentric sheath-core, and side-by-side fibers, and yarnsmade therefrom. Fabrics include knitted, woven and nonwoven fabrics. Thecompositions may form a film or a film layer, etc.
Bulked continuous filaments and fabrics may be manufactured according tothe process described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,645,782 and 5,662,980. Otherdocuments describing fibers and fabrics, and their manufacture, includeU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,885,909 and 5,782,935, WO 99/06399, 99/27168, 99/39041,00/22210, 00/26301, 00/29653, 00/29654, 00/39374 and 00/47507, EP 745711, 1 016 741, 1 016 692, 1 006 220 and 1 033 422, British PatentSpecification No.1 254 826, JP 11-100721, 11-107036,11-107038,11-107081, 11-189920, and 11-189938, U.S. patent application Ser. Nos.09/518,732 and 09/518,759, and H. L. Traub, “Synthese undtextilchemische Eigenschaften des Poly-Trimethyleneterephthalats”,Dissertation Universitat Stuttgart (1994), H. L. Traub “Dyeingproperties of Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) fibres”, Melliand (1995),H. L. Traub et al., “Mechanical Properties of fibers made ofpolytrimethylene terephthalate”, Chemical Fibers International (CFI)Vol. 45,110-111 (1995), W. Oppermann et al. “Fibers Made ofPoly(trimethylene terephthalate)”, Dornbirn (1995), H. S. Brown, H. H.Chuah, “Texturing of Textile Filament Yarns Based on Poly(trimethyleneterephthalate)”, Chemical Fibers International, 47:1, 1997. pp. 72-74,Schauhoff, S. “New Developments in the Production of PolytrimethyleneTerephthalate (PTT)”, Man-Made Fiber Year Book (September 1996).
The antimicrobial polymer compositions can be used to make antimicrobialpolymer bicomponent fibers, for example, bicomponent fibers comprisingpoly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(trimethylene terephthalate) orpoly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(tetramethylene terephthalate).Bicomponent fibers based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) andpoly(trimethylene terephthalate) are preferred. T he polymeric additivecan be incorporated into either or both components. The components canbe arranged in a sheath-core, eccentric sheath-core, or side-by-siderelationship. When it is desired that the bicomponent fiber be crimpableon drawing, heat-treating, and relaxing to form a stretchable fiber, aneccentric sheath-core or side-by-side relationship can be used;side-by-side is preferred for higher crimp levels. The preferredpolyethylene terephthalate/polytrimethylene terephthalate bicomponentfibers can be manufactured as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,692,687. Oneor both of the polyesters used in these bicomponent fibers can becopolyesters. Comonomers useful in such copolyesters are describedpreviously. The comonomer can be present in the copolyester at a levelin the range of about 0.5 to 15 mole percent.
EXAMPLES
The present invention is further defined in the following Examples. Itshould be understood that these Examples, while indicating preferredembodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only.From the above discussion and these Examples, one skilled in the art canascertain the preferred features of this invention, and withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changesand modifications of the invention to adapt it to various uses andconditions.
The meaning of abbreviations is as follows: “h” means hour(s), “mL”means milliliter(s), “mg” means milligram(s), “wt %” means weightpercent(age), “Me-BHMT” means methyl-bis(hexamethylene) triamine,“Me-BHMT-TAM” means methyl-bis(hexamethylene) tetramine, “3GT” meanspolytrimethylene terephthalate, “2GT” means polyethylene terephthalate,“CFU” means colony forming unit(s), “AATCC” means American Associationof Textile Chemists and Colorists, “ATCC” means American Type CultureCollection, and “PE” means polyethylene.
General Experimental Procedures
The antimicrobial activity of a specimen was tested using a methoddeveloped for immobilized and slowly diffusing antimicrobial agents. Itensures good contact between the microorganisms and the test specimen byconstant agitation of the test specimen in a buffer during the testperiod. The test bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC No. 6538), aGram (+) bacterium, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC No. 4352), a Gram(−) bacterium. The bacteria, suspended in 75 mL of phosphate buffer,were shaken with 25-750 mg of sample on a wrist-action shaker. Allenumerations were performed by plating on Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA, BBL)plates after 24 h and incubating the plates at 35° C. Dacron® 2GT fiberscontaining the antimicrobial agent Dow Corning-5700 (“DC-5700”) wereused as the positive control. Untreated Dacron® fibers served as thenegative control. Dacron® 2GT is available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours& Co. (Wilmington, Del.). Duplicate samples and controls were evaluatedto determine the variability in testing.
For hard surface tests (for films or shaped polymeric items), tiles ofthe test material were inoculated with a known density ofmicroorganism(s) and incubated at high humidity to retard drying.Following standard microbiological techniques for enumeratingmicroorganisms, significant efficacy was demonstrated when, for example,a 3-log reduction in density on test material compared to a controlmaterial without the antimicrobial agent was demonstrated. This level ofefficacy has been identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(“EPA”) as having “antibacterial hard surface” activity. The testbacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC No. 6538) and Escherichia coli(ATCC No. 25922).
To test the fungicidal activity of fibers, duplicate control sampleswere evaluated to determine the variability in testing. The test funguswas Aspergillus niger (ATCC No. 6275). The fungi, suspended in 2 mL ofphosphate buffer, were shaken with 20 mg samples on a VWR orbitalshaker. Enumerations were performed by plating on Trypticase Soy Agar(TSA, BBL) plates after <48 h incubation at 30° C. Dacron® fiberscontaining DC-5700 were used as the positive control. Untreated Dacron®fibers served as the negative control.
The antimicrobial activity of a specimen is reported using k_(t), thedeath rate constant, and Δt, the activity constant, where t is thecontact time. The death rate constant k_(t) is a measure of theantimicrobial activity based upon the exponential reduction of astarting microbial population. The activity constant Δt is a measure ofthe antimicrobial activity of a treated specimen relative to a controlspecimen.
The value of “Δt” is calculated to the nearest tenth as follows:
- - Δt =activity constant for contact time t=C−B - C=the mean log₁₀ density of microbes in flasks of untreated control specimen after X hours incubation (preferably X=24) - B=the mean log₁₀ density of microbes in flasks of test item after X hours incubation (preferably X=24)
Forming Units of bacteria, the level of antimicrobial activity, isexpressed as the Δt value where, Δt=log CFU/mL of the InoculatedControl−log CFU/mL of the Test Sample (both at the same exposure time).
The “Δt” values are equivalent to the values listed in Table 1. TABLE 1Summary of the Meaning of “Δt” Values Δt % Reduction of Bacteria <0.0 00.1-1.0 10-90 1.1-2.0 91-99 ≧2.1 >99
The fibers of the following examples were prepared following the methodsdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,340 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,723,799 exceptwhere so noted.
Example 1
3GT copolymer was prepared using 4 mol % tertiary amine (Me-BHMT; basedon the total moles of polymer repeating units including the repeatingunits of polymeric additive) in the polymeric composition (a detaileddescription of the polymer preparation, compounding, and spinning can befound in U.S. Pat. No. 6,723,799). The copolymer was melt extruded, andthe pellets were dried and spun into fibers. The antibacterial testresults on the 3GT fiber containing 4 mol % Me-BHMT and the test resultson the control fiber are shown in Table 2. Samples were tested against apositive Dacron® control using a well-known, leachable antibacterialagent (DC-5700) and against a negative control without antibacterialagent and without Me-BHMT additive. The limit of detection for thismethod for all tables is a minimum of 10 CFU/mL. TABLE 2 Antimicrobialproperties of polyester fibers with Gram (−) and Gram (+) bacteriaSamples Microorganism 24 h CFU/mL 24 h Δt Example 1 Klebsiellapneumoniae <10 4.1 Example 1 Staphylococcus aureus <10 4.3 Control 3GTKlebsiella pneumoniae 3.1 × 10⁵ 0.2 Control 3GT Staphylococcus aureus4.1 × 10⁴ 0.5 Treated Dacron ® Klebsiella pneumoniae <10 4.1 Control(DC- 5700) Treated Dacron ® Staphylococcus aureus <10 4.3 Control (DC-5700)
The antibacterial properties of the 3GT fiber containing 4.0 mol %Me-BHMT were excellent (4-log reduction in Δt). Results were essentiallyequal to the sample treated with a leachable antibacterial agent (thepositive Dacron® control). The untreated control sample of 3GT had noantibacterial activity.
Example 2
3GT copolymer was prepared using 2 mol % Me-BHMT in the polymericcomposition. The polymer was pelletized, and the pellets were spun with2GT and 3GT into bicomponent fibers (a description of the polymerpreparation, compounding, and spinning can be found in U.S. Pat. No.6,692,687). The control 2GT/3GT bicomponent fibers were obtained in thesame manner. The results are shown in Table 3. TABLE 3 Antibacterialefficiency results on the bicomponent fibers Samples Microorganism MeanCFU/mL 24 h Δt Example 2 Klebsiella pneumoniae <10 4.6 Example 2Staphylococcus aureus <10 4.3 Control Klebsiella pneumoniae 8.4 × 10⁵−0.3 bicomponent Control Staphylococcus aureus 1.8 × 10⁵ 0.0 bicomponentTreated Klebsiella pneumoniae <10 4.6 Dacron ® control TreatedStaphylococcus aureus <10 4.3 Dacron ® control
The antibacterial properties of the 2GT/3GT fiber containing 2.0 mol %Me-BHMT (4-log reduction in Δt) was the same as the positive Dacron®control (treated with antibacterial agent). Control bicomponent fibershad no antibacterial activity.
Example 3
3GT copolymer was prepared using 2 mol % Me-BHMT-TAM (a detaileddescription of the polymer preparation, compounding, and spinning can befound in U.S. Pat. No. 6,723,799). The copolymer was melt extruded andthe pellets were spun into fibers. The control 3GT fibers were preparedon the same manner. The results are shown in Table 4. TABLE 4Antibacterial efficiency results on the fibers Samples MicroorganismMean CFU/mL 24 h Δt Example 3 Klebsiella pneumoniae <10 4.7 Example 3Staphylococcus aureus <10 4.1 Control 3GT Klebsiella pneumoniae 3.1 ×10⁵ 0.2 Control 3GT Staphylococcus aureus 4.1 × 10⁴ 0.5 TreatedKlebsiella pneumoniae <10 4.7 Dacron ® control Treated Staphylococcusaureus <10 4.1 Dacron ® control
Example 3 fibers had the same antibacterial activity as the treatedDacron® control. The control 3GT fibers had no activity.
Example 4A
3GT copolymer fibers were prepared using 4 mol % Me-BHMT as inExample 1. Standard washing cycles were performed on the fibers (AATCC,4 cycle, equivalent to 20 residential wash cycles). Control 3GT fiberswere prepared as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 5.
Example 4B
Tests were carried out as in Example 4A except that the washing cyclewas AATCC, 6 cycle; equivalent to 30 residential wash cycles. Theresults are shown in Table 5. TABLE 5 Antibacterial tests after 4 and 6economic wash cycles Samples Microorganism Mean CFU/mL 24 h Δt Example4A Klebsiella pneumoniae <10 4.6 Example 4A Staphylococcus aureus <103.0 Example 4B Klebsiella pneumoniae 3.0 × 10² 4.6 Example 4BStaphylococcus aureus 2.0 × 10² 2.8 Control 3GT Klebsiella pneumoniae3.1 × 10⁵ 0.2 Control 3GT Staphylococcus aureus 4.1 × 10⁴ 0.5 TreatedKlebsiella pneumoniae <10 4.6 Dacron ® control Treated Staphylococcusaureus <10 4.3 Dacron ® control
As shown in Table 5, 3GT fibers prepared with Me-BHMT polymer had thesame antibacterial properties as the treated Dacron® control fibersafter 4 economic wash cycles (4-log reduction). After 6 economic washcycles, the 3GT fibers prepared with Me-BHMT polymer showed a 3-logreduction. The control 3GT fibers had no activity.
Example 5A
Polymeric films were prepared by a twin-screw extruder (in 2 mil, 4 mil,and 6 mil thickness) using 3GT/2 mol % Me-BHMT copolymer (a detaileddescription of the polymer preparation and compounding can be found inU.S. Pat. No. 6,723,799). The sample with 2 mil thickness was used fortest. Standard antibacterial tests were performed on the samples. A3-log reduction in density on test material compared to a controlmaterial without the antimicrobial agent demonstrates significantefficacy. The test bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC No. 6538).The results are shown in Table 6.
Example 5B
Polymeric films were prepared as in Example 5A except that 3GT/4 mol %Me-BHMT copolymer was used. The results are shown in Table 6.
Example 5C
Polymeric films were prepared as in Example 5A except that 3GT/1 mol %Me-BHMT-TAM copolymer was used. The results are shown in Table 6. TABLE6 Antibacterial test results on the polymeric film samples SamplesMicroorganism Mean CFU/mL 24 h Δt Example 5A Staphylococcus aureus <104.5 Example 5B Staphylococcus aureus <10 4.5 Example 5C Staphylococcusaureus <10 4.6 Control 3GT Staphylococcus aureus 3.8 × 10⁵ −0.1 TreatedStaphylococcus aureus <10 4.5 Dacron ® control
Examples 5A, 5B, and 5C had the same antimicrobial efficacy as thetreated Dacron® control (4-log reduction). The control 3GT film had noactivity.
Example 6A
Polymeric shaped items were prepared by press molding (hard polymericdisks) using 3GT/2 mol % Me-BHMT copolymer (a detailed description ofthe polymer preparation and compounding can be found in U.S. Pat. No.6,723,799). 3GT control sample was prepared in the same way. Standardantibacterial tests were performed on the samples. The test bacteriawere Escherichia coli (ATCC No. 25922). The results are shown in Table7.
Example 6B
Polymeric shaped items (hard polymeric disks) using 3GT/4 mol % Me-BHMTcopolymer as in Example 6A. 3GT control sample was prepared in the sameway. Standard antibacterial tests were performed on the samples. Theresults are shown in Table 7.
Example 6C
Polymeric shaped items (hard polymeric disks) using 3GT/1 mol %Me-BHMT-TAM copolymer as in Example 6A. 3GT control sample was preparedin the same way. Standard antibacterial tests were performed on thesamples. The results are shown in Table 7. TABLE 7 Antibacterial testresults on the polymeric shaped items Samples Microorganism Mean CFU/mL24 h Δt Example 6A Escherichia coli <10 3.5 Example 6B Escherichia coli<10 3.5 Example 6C Escherichia coli <10 3.6 Control 3GT Escherichia coli3.3 × 10⁴ 0.0
Examples 6A, 6B, and 6C demonstrated (3-log reduction) antibacterialactivity. The control 3GT item had no activity.
Example 7A
Non-woven fibers were prepared using a typical industrial procedure inwhich polymers are dissolved in a solvent in an enclosed vessel usingtemperature and pressure to keep the polymer in solution. At adesignated temperature (high enough so that the solvent will vaporize atroom temperature), the pressure is dropped so that the polymer justbegins to come out of solution (the cloud point). The exit of aspinneret orifice is then unplugged, and the solvent rapidly forces thepolymer out to atmospheric conditions within the hood. The solventimmediately “flashes” to vapor and is carried up the exhaust, while thepolymer is stretched during the rapid expulsion and solidifies into longintertwined fibers (a detailed description of the method can be found inU.S. Pat. No. 6,458,304 issued to Shin et al. on Oct. 1, 2002).
In this example, non-woven fibers were prepared using 85 wt % of PE and15 wt % of 3GT/4 mol % Me-BHMT copolymer. PE control fibers wereprepared in the same way. Results are shown in Table 8.
Example 7B
Non-woven fibers were prepared using 80 wt % of PE and 20 wt % of 3GT/4mol % Me-BHMT copolymer. PE control fibers were prepared in the sameway. Results are shown in Table 8.
Example 7C
Non-woven fibers were prepared using 70 wt % of PE and 30 wt % of 3GT/4mol % Me-BHMT copolymer. PE control fibers were prepared in the sameway. Results are shown in Table 8.
Example 7D
Non-woven fibers were prepared using 50 wt % of PE and 50 wt % of 3GT/4mol % Me-BHMT copolymer. PE control fibers were prepared in the sameway. Results are shown in Table 8. TABLE 8 Antibacterial test results onthe non-woven fibers Samples Microorganism Mean CFU/mL 24 h Δt Example7A Staphylococcus aureus <10 3.9 Example 7A Klbsiella pneumoniae <10 5.5Example 7B Staphylococcus aureus <10 3.9 Example 7B Klebsiellapneumoniae <10 5.5 Example 7C Staphylococcus aureus <10 3.9 Example 7CKlebsiella pneumoniae <10 5.5 Example 7D Staphylococcus aureus <10 3.9Example 7D Klebsiella pneumoniae <10 5.5 Treated Staphylococcus aureus<10 3.9 Dacron ® control Treated Klebsiella pneumoniae <10 5.5 Dacron ®control PE control Staphylococcus aureus 3.1 × 10⁴ 0.4 PE controlKlebsiella pneumoniae 3.0 × 10⁶ 0.1 Control 3GT Klebsiella pneumoniae3.1 × 10⁵ 0.2 Control 3GT Staphylococcus aureus 4.1 × 10⁴ 0.5
Each composition of the non-woven fibers showed excellent antibacterialproperties against Gram (+) and Gram (−) bacteria. Examples 7A, 7B, 7C,and 7D had the same efficacy as the treated Dacron® control. The PE and3GT control fibers did not demonstrate antibacterial activity.
Example 8A
Non-woven fibers were prepared using 85 wt % of PE and 15 wt % of 3GT/4mol % Me-BHMT copolymer. PE control fibers were prepared in the sameway. The samples were tested for antifungal efficacy. Results are shownin Table 9.
Example 8B
Non-woven fibers were prepared using 80 wt % of PE and 20 wt % of 3GT/4mol % Me-BHMT copolymer. PE control fibers were prepared in the sameway. The samples were tested for antifungal efficacy. Results are shownin Table 9.
Example 8C
Non-woven fibers were prepared using 70 wt % of PE and 30 wt % of 3GT/4mol % Me-BHMT copolymer. PE control fibers were prepared in the sameway. The samples were tested for antifungal efficacy. Results are shownin Table 9.
Example 8D
Non-woven fibers were prepared using 50 wt % of PE and 50 wt % of 3GT/4mol % Me-BHMT copolymer. PE control fibers were prepared in the sameway. The samples were tested for antifungal efficacy. Results are shownin Table 9.
Example 8E
3GT copolymer was prepared using 4 mol % tertiary amine (Me-BHMT; basedon the total moles of polymer repeating units including the repeatingunits of polymeric additive) in the polymeric composition. The copolymerwas melt extruded and the pellets were dried and spun into fibers. Thesamples were tested for antifungal efficacy. Results are shown in Table9. TABLE 9 Antifungal test results on the non-woven fibers SamplesMicroorganism Mean CFU/mL 24 h Δt Example 8A Aspergillus niger 3.1 × 10³1.2 Example 8B Aspergillus niger 1.3 × 10³ 1.6 Example 8C Aspergillusniger 7.3 × 10³ 0.8 Example 8D Aspergillus niger 9.8 × 10² 1.7 Example8E Aspergillus niger 7.5 × 10² 1.8 Treated Aspergillus niger 5.8 × 10¹3.0 Dacron ® control PE control Aspergillus niger 1.9 × 10⁴ 0.4 Control3GT Aspergillus niger 1.0 × 10⁵ −0.3
Example 8D and Example 8E showed a 2-log reduction compared to treatedDacron® control. Examples 8A, 8B, and 8C, containing lower amounts ofthe 3GT/4 mol % Me-BHMT copolymer, were only marginally effective. ThePE and control 3GT fibers did not demonstrate antifungal activity.
1.-11. (canceled)
12. An article comprising an antimicrobial polymercomposition comprising a) at least one polyester, at least onepolyether, at least one polycarbonate, at least one polyolefin, orcombinations thereof: and b) about 0.1 to less than 2.0 mol % of apolymeric additive comprising repeating units having the formula
or salts thereof, wherein A, B, and Q, independently, are aliphatic oraromatic substituents provided that at least four carbon atoms separateany two nitrogen groups, R is an aliphatic or aromatic group orhydrogen, a is 1 to about 5, and n is 3 to about 10,000; and wherein thenitrogen mol groups remain available for interaction with negativelycharged functionalities.
13. The article of claim 12 in the form offiber, fabric, yarn, membrane, film, or film layer.
14. The article ofclaim 13, wherein the fiber is in the form of monocomponent fiber orbicomponent fiber.
15. The article of claim 14, wherein the bicomponentfiber comprises polyethylene terephthalate and polytrimethyleneterephthalate.
16. The article of claim 13, wherein the fiber, fabric,yam, membrane, film, or film layer is formed by extrusion.
17. Thearticle of claim 16, wherein the polymeric additive is incorporated intothe polymer composition prior to extrusion.
18. The article of claim 12,wherein said article is pigment dyed.
19. A garment of non-woven fabriccomprising a polymer composition comprising a) at least one polyester,at least one polyether, at least one polycarbonate, at least onepolyolefin, or combinations thereof; and b) about 0.1 to less than 2.0mol % of a polymeric additive comprising repeating units having theformula
or salts thereof, wherein A, B, and Q, independently, are aliphatic oraromatic substituents provided that at least four carbon atoms separateany two nitrogen groups, R is an aliphatic or aromatic group orhydrogen, a is 1 to about 5, and n is 3 to about 10,000: and wherein thenitrogen groups remain available for interaction with negatively chargedfunctionalities. 20.-22. (canceled)
23. A process for producing anantimicrobial polymer composition, comprising incorporating into apolymer composition comprising at least one polyester, at least onepolyether, at least one polycarbonate, at least one polyolefin, orcombinations thereof an effective amount of polymeric additivecomprising repeating units having the formula
or salts thereof, wherein A, B, and Q, independently, are aliphatic oraromatic substituents provided that at least four carbon atoms separateany two nitrogen groups, R Is an aliphatic or aromatic group orhydrogen, a is 1 to 5, and n is 3 to 10,000, and wherein the nitrogengroups remain available for interaction with negatively chargedfunctionalities.
24. The process of claim 23, wherein the incorporatingstep is accomplished by forming a block copolymer of at least onepolyester and at least one polymeric additive.
25. The process of claim24, wherein the at least one polyester is polytrimethyleneterephthalate.
26. The process of claim 24, wherein the at least onepolymeric additive is poly(6,6′-alkylimino-bishexamethylene adipamide),wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
27. The process ofclaim 23, wherein the incorporating step is accomplished by meltblending the polymer composition with the polymeric additive. 28.(canceled)
29. A process for the inhibition of microorganism growth inor on an article, comprising incorporating into or onto the article anantimicrobial polymer composition comprising: a) a polymer compositioncomprising at least one polyester, at least one polyether, at least onepolycarbonate, at least one polyolefin, or combinations thereof; and b)an effective amount of polymeric additive comprising repeating unitshaving the formula
or salts thereof, wherein A, B, and Q, independently, are aliphatic oraromatic substituents provided that at least four carbon atoms separateany two nitrogen groups, R is an aliphatic or aromatic group orhydrogen, a is 1 to 5, and n is 3 to 10,000, and wherein the nitrogengroups remain available for interaction with negatively chargedfunctionalities.
30. The process of claim 29, wherein the microorganismsare bacteria.
31. The process of claim 30, wherein the bacteria areGram-positive bacteria or Gram-negative bacteria.
32. The process ofclaim 29, wherein the microorganisms are fungi.
33. A process forproducing a dyed article comprising: (a) providing an article; (b)incorporating Into the article an antimicrobial polymer compositioncomprising at least one polyester, at least one polyether, at least onepolycarbonate, at least one polyolefin, or combinations thereof; and b)about 0.1 to less than 2.0 mol % of a polymeric additive comprisingrepeating units having the formula
or salts thereof, wherein A, B, and Q, independently, are aliphatic oraromatic substituents provided that at least four carbon atoms separateany two nitrogen groups, R is an aliphatic or aromatic group orhydrogen, a is 1 to about 5, and n is 3 to about 10,000; and wherein thenitrogen groups remain available for interaction with negatively chargedfunctionalities.
34. A process of protecting against infectioncomprising wearing non-woven apparel comprising an antimicrobial polymercomposition comprising a) at least one polyester, at least onepolyether, at least one polycarbonate, at least one polyolefin, orcombinations thereof: and b) about 0.1 to less than 2.0 mol % of apolymeric additive comprising repeating units having the formula
or salts thereof, wherein A, B, and Q, independently, are aliphatic oraromatic substituents provided that at least four carbon atoms separateany two nitrogen groups, R is an aliphatic or aromatic group orhydrogen, a is 1 to about 5, and is 3 to about 10,000; and wherein thenitrogen groups remain available for interaction with negatively chargedfunctionalities.
35. The process of claim 34, wherein the non-wovenapparel is a gown.
36. The process of claim 35, wherein the non-wovenapparel is worn by a doctor, a nurse, or patient.
37. The process ofusing a polymer composition as an antimicrobial agent comprising: (a)making a polymer composition comprising at least one polyester, at leastone polyether, at least one polycarbonate, at least one polyolefin, orcombinations thereof; and an effective amount of polymeric additivecomprising repeating units having the formula
or salts thereof, wherein A, B, and Q, independently, are aliphatic oraromatic substituents provided that at least four carbon atoms separateany two nitrogen groups, R is an aliphatic or aromatic group orhydrogen, a is 1 to 5, and n is 3 to 10,000, and wherein the nitrogengroups remain available for interaction with negatively chargedfunctionalities; b) Incorporating the polymer composition of (a) into oronto an article.
38. The process of claim 37, wherein the article isselected from the group consisting of a dyed article, a non-wovengarment and a gown worn by medical professionals.
39. The process ofclaim 37, wherein the antimicrobial agent is effective against themicrobes selected from the group consisting of bacteria and fungi. 40.The process of claim 37, wherein the incorporating step is accomplishedby melt blending the polymer composition with the polymeric additive.41. The process of claim 37, wherein the incorporating step isaccomplished by forming a block copolymer of at least one polyester andat least one polymeric additive and wherein at least one polyester ispolytrimethylene terephthalate..
| 46,106 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113489149
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Category:French southern rock musical groups
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 28 | 39 |
Category:French southern rock musical groups
Wikimedia category
Category:French southern rock musical groups instance of Wikimedia category
Category:French southern rock musical groups Commons category Southern rock groups from France
| 21,439 |
6931365_2
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1,025 | 1,500 |
.When a defendant fails to comply with a summons to appear before a magistrate, the normal procedure in South Carolina, as elsewhere, is for the magistrate to direct the clerk to issue a bench warrant under which the defendant is physically brought before him to answer the noticed charge, not to have him arrested for the separate "crime” of contempt. 1976-77 S.C. Op. Att’y. Gen. No. 77-406 (Dec. 27, 1977); see S.C.Code Ann. § 22-3-930 (Law. Co-op.1989) (when person fails to comply with a summons to appear issued by a magistrate, magistrate "may issue a rule commanding such witness to be brought before him”); id. § 14-17-260 (Law. Co-op. 1977) (authorizing clerk to issue bench warrant when directed to do so by court). This is presumably what the magistrate before whom Mrs. Wilkes had been scheduled to appear had in mind when he told Young to go down to his office and "do what is necessary,” JA65, after she failed to show up in court: the issuance of a bench warrant commanding her to be brought before him to answer for the alleged parking violation. But the warrant under which Mrs. Wilkes was arrested was not a bench warrant issued to compel her appearance on the underlying parking offense; it was a warrant for her arrest on a separate criminal charge of failure to appear. Had Young bothered to read the form he signed after it was completed by the magistrate’s secretary, rather than signing it in blank and leaving her to fill it out as she saw fit, he might have discovered this problem.
. After Mrs. Wilkes filed this lawsuit, the South Carolina Code was amended to make it a misdemeanor to fail to appear in court as directed by an "ordinance summons” — a uniform summons form adopted by a municipality, in accordance with certain statutory requirements, for use in the enforcement of its ordinances — with which one has been properly served. 1992 S.C. Acts No. 328, § 1 (codified at S.C.Code Ann. § 56-7-80(F)) (Law. Co-op. 1993 Supp.) (effective April 10, 1992). The affidavit in question here was issued in November of 1989, more than two years before this provision went into effect.
. The Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984), which created the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule, expressly left the *1373Franks rule intact. Id. at 923, 104 S.Ct. at 3420-21 (good-faith exception does not apply, and suppression remains an appropriate remedy, when "the magistrate or judge in issuing a warrant was misled by information in an affidavit that the affiant knew was false or would have known was false except for his reckless disregard of the truth”).
. Several courts have gone even further and held that an officer who induces a magistrate to issue a warrant not supported by probable cause by submitting a completely truthful affidavit may be held liable under § 1983 for a resulting Fourth Amendment violation, if he should have known, at the time he applied for the warrant, that the affidavit did not establish probable cause. See Briggs v. Malley, 748 F.2d 715 (1st Cir.1984), aff'd sub nom. Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 106 S.Ct. 1092, 89 L.Ed.2d 271 (1986); Garmon v. Lumpkin County, 878 F.2d 1406 (11th Cir.1989) (same).
. Young cannot escape liability here on the basis of qualified immunity. Qualified immunity is an affirmative defense, Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 815, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 2736-37, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982); Gomez v. Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 100 S.Ct. 1920, 64 L.Ed.2d 572 (1980), which can be waived for appeal purposes if not properly raised and preserved in the trial court. Buenrostro v. Collazo, 973 F.2d 39, 44 (1st Cir.1992); Walsh v. Mellas, 837 F.2d 789, 799-800 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1061, 108 S.Ct. 2832, 100 L.Ed.2d 933 (1988); Kennedy v. City of Cleveland, 797 F.2d 297, 300 (6th Cir.1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1103, 107 S.Ct. 1334, 94 L.Ed.2d 185 (1987). Though Young pleaded the defense of qualified immunity in his answer, he did not assert it as a basis for dismissal prior to trial, ask that it be submitted to the jury, urge it as a ground for overturning the verdict in his post-verdict JNOV motion, or otherwise press it in the trial court, nor has he attempted to raise it in any fashion in this court. Under these circumstances, he has waived any right that he might otherwise have had to challenge the judgment against him on that ground. See Walsh, 837 F.2d at 799-800 (defendant in § 1983 action, who raised defense of qualified immunity in answer but failed to bring it to the trial court’s attention, despite having had numerous opportunities to do so, waived right to assert the defense on appeal). Accordingly, I would not reach the question whether a defense of qualified immunity might be available on these facts. But see DeLoach, 922 F.2d at 621-22 (affiant who makes deliberate or reckless misrepresentations in order to obtain an arrest warrant is not entitled to qualified immunity, because his conduct is per se objectively unreasonable); Olson, 771 F.2d at 281-82 (same); cf. Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. at 345, 106 S.Ct. at 1098 (when police officer applies for arrest warrant on the basis of an affidavit that a reasonable officer in his position would have known failed to establish probable cause, his application for the warrant is not objectively reasonable for purposes of qualified immunity analysis, because it "createfs] the unnecessary danger of an unlawful arrest”).
. Though Young testified that he did not know these affidavits might result in the issuance of arrest warrants, JA66, the jury was entitled to discount this self-serving testimony as manifestly incredible, in light of the evidence that on the standard form used by all magistrates in South Carolina, including those in Florence County, to issue arrest warrants, the space for the affiant's statement appears on the same page as the warrant itself, and the caption “ARREST WARRANT” appears in bold print immediately beneath the line for the affiant's signature. See JA116.
| 20,986 |
https://github.com/legend-zeratul/dotfiles-materia-nord/blob/master/theme-materia-nord/src/gnome-shell/sass/components/overview/_overview.scss
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
dotfiles-materia-nord
|
legend-zeratul
|
SCSS
|
Code
| 154 | 642 |
/* OVERVIEW */
#overview {
spacing: 24px;
background-color: transparent;
color: $on-dark;
StScrollBar {
@extend %scrollbar-on-dark;
}
}
.overview-controls {
padding-bottom: 32px;
}
%overview-panel {
transition-duration: $duration-panel;
border: 0;
background-color: fill($on-dark);
color: $on-dark;
}
%overview-status-text {
@include type(headline3);
color: disabled($on-dark);
}
%overview-item {
@extend %-overview-item;
&:focus {
@extend %-overview-item-focus;
}
&:hover,
&:selected {
@extend %-overview-item-hover;
}
&:active,
&:checked {
@extend %-overview-item-active;
}
}
%overview-icon {
.overview-icon {
@extend %-overview-item;
}
&:focus {
.overview-icon {
@extend %-overview-item-focus;
}
}
&:drop,
&:hover,
&:selected {
.overview-icon {
@extend %-overview-item-hover;
}
}
&:active,
&:checked {
.overview-icon {
@extend %-overview-item-active;
}
}
}
%-overview-item {
padding: 6px;
border: 0;
border-radius: $corner-radius;
background-color: transparent;
color: inherit;
text-align: center;
transition-duration: $duration;
}
%-overview-item-focus {
border-image: none;
background-image: none;
background-color: overlay("focus", $on-dark);
color: inherit;
transition-duration: 0ms;
}
%-overview-item-hover {
border-image: none;
background-image: none;
background-color: overlay("hover", $on-dark);
color: inherit;
transition-duration: 0ms;
}
%-overview-item-active {
box-shadow: none;
background-color: overlay("pressed", $on-dark);
color: inherit;
transition-duration: $duration-ripple;
}
| 7,720 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63036948
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,020 |
Stack Exchange
|
Dennis Traub, LordGrim, https://stackoverflow.com/users/158668, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7489991
|
English
|
Spoken
| 424 | 768 |
Cannot create index on non-empty table
I'm currently using AWS Lambda (NodeJS) with AWS QLDB.
The scenario is like this.
I have the first table and its indexes when I deployed the service. So the table and indexes will be created. My problem is that, once I need to add new table and its indexes; it can't create the index because there's existing table.
My workaround to be able to create new table even if there's an existing table in my Ledger is that I'm querying the list of tables I have.
const getTables = async (transactionExecutor: TransactionExecutor) => {
const statement = `SELECT name FROM information_schema.user_tables`;
return await transactionExecutor.execute(statement);
};
Then I have this condition to check if the table is already existing
const tables = JSON.stringify(result.getResultList());
if (
!JSON.parse(tables).some((object): boolean => object.name === process.env.TABLE_NAME)
) {
console.log('TABLE A NOT EXISTING');
await createTable(transactionExecutor, process.env.TABLE_NAME);
}
if (
!JSON.parse(tables).some(
(object): boolean => object.name === process.env.TABLE_NAME_1,
)
) {
console.log('TABLE B NOT EXISTING');
await createTable(transactionExecutor, process.env.TABLE_NAME_1);
}
I don't know how to do it with indexes, I tried using SQL commands in QLDB but it's not working.
I hope you can help me.
Thank you
What exactly is the question? I’m not sure I understand.
I'm not able to create new indexes for my new table because there are existing indexes already.
I'm not quite sure what your question is (the post title and body hint at different things), but I'm going to do my best to answer.
First, QLDB stores data in Ion, not JSON. So, please use the Ion APIs to parse data and not the JSON ones. The reason your code works at all is because Ion is a superset of JSON and the result set doesn't include types that are unknown to JSON. So, for example, if the result set was changed to include an Ion Timestamp, then your code would break.
Next, actually getting a list of tables has first class support in the driver. Simply use driver.getTableNames.
Third, I think you have a question "can I add an index to a non-empty table?". The answer is "no". This is planned functionality and I will update this answer when it is available. UPDATE: Now you can! https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2020/09/amazon-qldb-launches-index-improvements/
Finally, I think you're also asking if there is a way to list indexes on a table in the same way as you can list tables in a ledger. The answer to that is 'yes'. The documents returned in information_schema.user_tables look like this:
{
tableId:"...",
name:"THE_TABLE_NAME",
indexes:[
{
expr:"[THE_FIELD_BEING_INDEXED]"
}
],
status:"ACTIVE"
}
| 34,820 |
sn82016413_1910-05-20_1_6_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,355 | 4,046 |
w VK?r yt w , ' w Htf jfifl'Tj'" (fi f ,"i 'J ", -V .' r. -' VJ 0 BVKNINO HUM.ETIN, MUNULULU, T. H.i FRIDAY, M'.Y 20. 1910, i i. Men - Boys' Clothing Blue and Black SERGE SUITS, - both double and single breast ed, $13.50 to $18.00, equal to any $20.00 suit sold else where. MIXED WORSTED, 2 and 3 piece suits, all sizes, $9,50, $12," $12.50, $13.50, $14, $16.50, $18, $20, and $21 each. WASH and TUDOR BOYS' SUITS $1.50, $2, $2.25, and $2.50. BOYS' WORSTED SUITS, all sizes, in sailor, Russian and strait, from $2.50 to $8 each. 350 Different Patterns, in ALL SILK FOUR-IN-HAND TIES selling for 50c; regular 75c qualities. A complete assortment of STRAW and FELT HATS, all the latest shapes and colors; $1 to $3.50 each. L B. KERR & CO., Ltd. AUKEA STREET Now Shipment TRUNKS, LEATHER BAGS, SUIT CASES Up-to-J)ate Styles YEE CHAN & CO., Cor. King and Bethel Jyery Member of the Family ' WILL FIND USE F0H AN ELECTRIC IRON EACH ONE CAN USE IT In HIS OR HER OWN ROOM, FOR,' IT CAN BE ATTACHED TO ANY LAMP SOCKET. The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd. L Yosemite Valley OPEN ALL YEAR The Scenic Attraction of California s A valley of great bsauty and grandeur, unique in its nssemblance of sheer walls of great height, imposing peaks, and the number of its stupendous waterfalls. Now Reached by Rail -A Quick, Comfortable Trip Daily train service from Merced to the Park Line, con nects at Merced with Southern Pacific and Santa Fe. 0. W. LEHMER. Trafih Manaeer. Y. V. R R Merced. Cal. THIRD OPERATION PREVENTED By Lydian.Pinfcliani's Veg etable Compound Chicago. III. "I want to tell von what J.jdla 11. l'lnliliam's Vegetable Compound did for inc. 1 was no sick thnt-twouf the best doctor In Chicago said 1 would die IT I did not have nh opciation. t had all rail) liait tvtoi operation, and they wanted me to go lliroupli n third one. I sullen d day nnunigui ironi in. llnmmitlnu mid n Mnall ttunnr. and never thought of seeing a well day attain. A friend told mchon'Lydla K. riiikliatn'a.vpir. etnble Cornponnd had helped her, nnd I men it, iinii niter inr mini nnttic was eurrd."-'lrs.Al.VKNA Si-kiilino, II l.angilon Street, Chlrnpo, 111. If yon are ill do not drag along at home or in your place of employment mill! an operation is nccessniy, hut lnitld up the feminine sjstcm, and re move tin) cause of thoe distressing aches and rains by taking l,ydla 1;. Plnkliam'a VcEetabla, Compound, mado from roots ana herbs. l'or thirty years It has been the Man. rtard remedy for femalo ills, and has positively restored the health of thou andsof women w ho have been troubled with displacements. Inflammation, ul ceration, llhrold tumors, irregularities, periodic pains, backache, bearing-down reeling, flatulency, Indigestion, tlizzl iiesi, or nervous prostration. Why ion't. you try It? HOLT MUST NOW sick headache ANSWbR GRAND JURY THIS CALIFORNIA WOMAN WAS, PALE, THIN AND NERVOUS. , So Orders Judge Cooper in Decision Given in Contempt Case Ex ception Allowed. Dr. William' Pink Pill. Prowl to B. Just the Tonic to Reitoro Mar to. Health, Strength and Happineu. Dr. Wllllnnis 1'lnk tills havo made m many remarkable cures in serious cases that peoplo are liable to overlook their value an n tonic for the blond and nerves In an opinion given yesterday after noon after the conclusion of the arau mints In the answer to the citation In debility and general inn-down condi for contempt tiled by James 1,. Holt, lio""- ,, v.... ,. , Judge Cooper ordered Holt to answer milcM mKr. atlll lmnil1I,nc ., (uU. the question of the Ornnd Jury, the known to thrwo who puller from thctii CAPTAIN BLACK. DIES IN EAST Was a California Pioneer and For Many Years a Resident of Ha waii. A cablegram was ioclvcd yestor day by J. U. McLean to the effect that Captain .1 II. Mack was dead. Captain Illack wan for many years a resident of Hawaii, and mast fa vorably Known nnd respected by all While in the Islands he had engag. ed In many lines of business, rang ing from owner and editor of n dally paper to Territorial positions. Bome few months ago 'his health failed, and he concluded to take a trip back, to his old homo In the bast. Iteports received bIiico hls,ar rival tlieio have not been of 'the best as regmda any Improvement, tho wounds received during tho Civil War becoming ihoio painful each day. A short time ago wowl was re ceived that ho had had a stroke of apoplexy, and tho cabled news of his death jesterday was not unexpected. Captain Illack was ono of the early pioneers to California, coming in with those of '49. dato for the appearance of tho defend' ant before that body being set as May 25 at 10 o'clock. The ruling of ths coutt follows: "The court orders (lint oti, James U Holt e and appear before tho next regular session of tho Ornnd Jury of tho first Judicial circuit of the Tcirltory of Hiiwall. to bo held on and the need of rurlni? them I a vital as Is .relief from dines with higher sounding name. Wo commend the fol lowing statement to thoco who puller from any form of debility resulting from weak, thin blood or shattered ncrvts. i Mrs. .Marv.ll. Taft, nj So. 314 How ard street, ivtulnmn, Cat , lias found Dr. Williams' link Tills to be tho liest tonle that sho-has ever ueil. 8hopay: '"Alum IMM.. .... I.. .. If..! ' liiruv IIMV'II uiua tiK", IH-il living Wednesday. May IS, at 10 a. m. of that ln Toronto, Canada, J Ixvanio generally day, to answer the question set forth run down 'anil felt rnlnr-rnhln lor I was tirr-1 nil of flip Uino and In the citation of this court heretofore wmit )o ,! r ,lo J,I1Jtrin(r at b!I Issued heroin, to wit! that you dcclaro apjvtlto ws not very good and llm cnnrrn nf lnriirni.-illnii no I'lmriri'il tlllll Bllil nalo. I sulTered from ii k In a certain iiffldavlt hcrctoforo flled ,BC',(? "'? ,'f1 " w" nerve-in. , i ., i . .u . . i. I ' wa treated hy a iloctor for by you In this court that but twelve I tmo Bml (ripi, ,.,, tonIcsl , wi votes wcrcast In favor of finding an Indictment against you for embezzle ment, hcrctoforo by said grand Jury returned Into this court." Before the court yesterday after noon tho prosecution was represented by Cathcart and Mlhcrton and Pres sor and Ballon appeared for tho de fendant. Counsel for the defense not ed an 'exception, which the court al lowed, and which inny mean an nppeal to tho Supreme Court. SEASIDE DANCE FOR SHITS OFFICERS The local entertainment committee of tho Portuguese colon) will glvo n danco this evening nt tho 8enBldo Hotel In honor of tho officers of the Portuguese cruiser San Oabriel, which sails tomoirow afternoon for Knhulul, Maul, Mujor J. M. Camain of tho cntcitnln ment committee stated this morning that tho arfalr will bo qulto elaborate. The music will probably be furnished by tho Hawaiian quintet club. FOR HOTEL PROPERTY Alcander Young has acquired on a long leaFO tho nronertv at Walklkl nearly opposite tho Seashlo hotel, up on which cottages :uq now being erect 6 dand tennis comt laid out. Tho transfer of the, property was made yestenlay between llrueo Cart wrlght as trustee or the estate of Em in, i Kalcleonalaul to Alcxandor Voung, thu early lontal of two plccos of propei ty containing 2.10 acies being ilSO. The Joase runs fium April 1 of tho present year until November 1, 1931, a period of twenty-four yeais and sev en months. CEREMONIES OF DEDICATION HELD With tho benediction scnlces last evening in dcdlrallun of Queen Emma Hall nt St.. Andrew's Prlnrv In tho presenco iTf n large number of spec tators the convocation of Episcopal ministers, which has been holding ses sions since Satin d.iy Inst, camo to an end. In the. Cnthedrnl n brief service was held and then the procession led by tho choir girls, the clergy and the Illshop entered ()uecn Emmn Hall. The seminary girls and guests fob lowed In th? p'roces-dem and at sovernl places In tlrf building the procession paused while the Ulshop offered pray er, this completing the dedication cer emonies. The Knaf quintet furnished muslo for tho reception which was held nftor the dedication. Y.M.C.A. PLAN DECIDED UPON Work on preparing tho ground for the erection of the now V. H. C. A. building on Hotel nnd Alnkea streets will commence In tho near future, tho committee yesterday deciding upon the corner entrance 'design for thu new structure. Two designs havo been under con sideration, one with tho entrance on the corner of the two ttrcots and tho other with the entrance on the sldo in Hotel street hut after considerable) consideration' thu comer design has been flxi'd upon, The library building will bo sold at auction tomorrow and must bo clearckj away as soon as po&bioia eu inui wufk on tho erection of tho now building may bo commenced soon. SUIT FOJUAND 1U A. Heen. thu rice planter and merchant, ,1b tho defendant In u suit flled In court by Henry St. John Nn- hanlelim and his brothers and sisters for n quieting title to a piece of land In Knuluwcla near St, Louis School pierulses purs.'iased by Mr. Heen, Tho land In suit In probably worth $50,000 and tho suit will Involve many ownerB of small lots aa the original tract has been subdivided and sold In parcels, ATLANTIC CITY LABEL HA3 BEEN APPROVED. NEW HATS, Coast Styles K. UYBDA 102fl TJnnanii St MAUI RANCH SOLD l'or tho sum of Jl 1.250 the famous Cornwcll Ranch on Maul has changed ownora, tho pi."hase price Including tho Ilvodtock- as well as the real es tate. I.ato jefcterday tho deed of transfor was filed at the liureau of Convey ances whereby Josephine .. Cornwall, tiausferiud all her right and title to, the leal estate left her by the will of tho Into W. II. Cniiiwell and tho live stock on llm ranch tu Mny K. Drown of Honolulu. Tho lltflo artistic label or sticker designed by Assistant Secretary Coop er for libo by tho hu f less public and Intended as n remlui f r of tho Hawaii exhibit on tho Atlantic City board walk, has bt-cn approved by Hie Ha waii Piomotlon Committee, Tho labol will bo Issued In largo numbers and will be supplied to all business firms nnd pthors who will use them In adorning Ihclr correspond ence or other articles Intended furtho malls or express, POINTERS FOR FLORAL PARADE. pome llbntit Help. A Irienil recommended Ir. Wil liams' link 1111s tome and I took neural boxes. 1 soon becnii to feel much better, my appetite came bark, mid the lieneflt continued until 1 was cured. I haw taken Dr. William' Pink Pitta n ititmli : nt I. na -S....A .... I ,1.1.1. ,1 -I . ' ... ilium runt nn i iiiiiik Ull'y lire IIOOUI the Imrt tonic one can take." The tonle nction of Dr. Williams' rink Pills i direct lieinuie lliey make new Morel which carries health nnd strength to every part of the liody. This pme, new blood tones up the weak t-tomnch. strengtheiia the exhausted iiencs ami enables every part of the body to tier- form If work. Dr. Williams' 'link Pills are recom-1 mended whenever a tonic for the blood, nnd nerves Is needed. They haveiuted auiemla, chloro'l, rheumatism, ttomarh1 ironoH1, ami me aiiereneiu ol the piir and fevers. The tonic treatment with these pllli is full? ilewrllxil In our diet lHX)klet and "DIhu-cs of the P.lood," rthlch will lnKent free iinc-n rerpjcst. Dr. Williams' Pink Pills nro pold by all druggists, or will be pent, postpaid, on receipt of price, 110 tents tier box, six iMixrafor K'.oO, by tho Dr. Williams Medicine Company, Schenectady, N, Y, RUBBER STAMPS Wc make them for every purpose and pinrnntcc the quality. Our work is well known among business men as the best in the city. Hawaiian News Co., limited. Alexander Younp; Buildinrf. Wall, Nichols Co., LIMITED MOVED! MOVED! To BEPUBLIC BUILDING, KINO. STBEET, where' you can find the. ""'"' J" JVWftO, ULB,IV4IV4;( ViUbb, iurniturc and Supplies. Bine up Telephone Up. 201. Blank Books and Stationery OFFICE iUPPLY CO. FORT STREET BooKn! Books! Books! do to BROWN & LYON CO.. LTD. Alexander Young Bldif. POPULAR NOVELS 75c i A1 eloth-bound, copyrighted new books, A. B. ARLEIOH & CO., LTiJ. Manila Cigars M. A.' Gunst & Co. Through tho courtesy of Mrs. Muhel Wing Castle, now visiting In Kuropo.j the Hawaii Promotion Commlttoo has lecolvi'd In a recent mall, a large boI- ectlon of picture pobt curds depleting no.nu ami itruenvn exnioiis imvi were to ha toimd at thu b'g,rioraI 'n- I ado iccently held lit Monte uario. The cards show a varied and plctur owpio in ray of lloats wlilch passed In a review of thousands of people. MANILA HATS Large assortment, double weave, ladies' and men's. HAWAII & SOUTH SEAS CURIO CO. Young Building (Next Cable Office) Mtrinmin-! ,,.,' ,1 , rV . " . ' Tsr" WssT lTsTTniii r1 iTsi'iiitnimff t iflyjsBiBkw?. wwji jifMA.. v ' 1 iiiiiifciiiranisWsTrissWsmTasisMrTnafMTMMaMrrtn d. aiThnv-ii . rfwit-wmgrif rr,-wvtt i wi,mm,llittT Bulletin Business Office Phone 250 Bulletin Editorial Boom Phone 185 WHITNEY & MARSH, Ltd. New Wash Suits Russian Blouse Style m Linens arid English Rep Popular Shade 1 Accessories TIRES TIRE CHAINS -' SPARK PLUG,S BATTERIES-. (Dry CellsStorage Multiple) I LAMPS SPEEDOMETERS , WIND SHIELDS AUTO CLOCKS. SELF STARTERS - HARROUN BUMPERS ATWATER-KENT SPARK GENERATORS BAY STATE AUTO KITS VULCANIZING' REPAIR SHOP' Associated Garage, Ltd. YOU CAN GET A BETTER LUNCHEON AT THIS CAFE THAN ELSEWHERE. LADIES FIND THIS THE CASE WHEN OUT SHOPPING. THE PAJLM CAFE, 4 f A.M. -.JS t . i. ift 1 . .tJ2.. 1 .S4JL ,.V .. r-H i TsKKgaiWIiVsjalitaBgTOMfaVfjslsPysBtfM iklmKmMtmmviumJkUllmHKKmJfBBUilmWI "-""""' --irtwrmmmfflmmSiitttii h...
| 37,598 |
https://github.com/jonshipman/react-boilerplate-nodes/blob/master/src/elements/FormGroup.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
react-boilerplate-nodes
|
jonshipman
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 62 | 154 |
import React, { forwardRef } from "react";
// Simple placeholder.
let FormGroup = (
{ onEnter = () => {}, onChange = () => {}, ...props },
ref,
) => {
props.className = `w-100 db ${props.className || ""}`;
return (
<div style={{ flex: 1 }}>
<input
onChange={(e) => onChange(e.currentTarget.value)}
ref={ref}
{...props}
/>
</div>
);
};
FormGroup = forwardRef(FormGroup);
export { FormGroup };
| 12,888 |
US-201514851726-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,015 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,713 | 5,687 |
According to one embodiment, the first and second colors are visually distinguishable from one another. In this manner, LED sources 72 a and 72 d may be selectively activated using the controller 78 to cause the LED sources 72 a, 72 d to illuminate in a variety of colors. For example, the controller 78 may activate only LED sources 72 a to exclusively illuminate a portion 118 of the light-producing assembly 60 in the first color. Alternatively, the controller 78 may activate only LED sources 72 d to exclusively illuminate a portion 120 of the light-producing assembly 60 in the second color. It should be appreciated that the light-producing assembly 60 may include any number of portions 118, 120 having varying LED sources 72 a, 72 d that may illuminate in any desired color. Moreover, it should also be appreciated that the portions having varying LED sources 72 a, 72 d may be orientated in any practicable manner and need not be disposed adjacently.
The semiconductor ink 74 may also contain various concentrations of LED sources 72 a, 72 d such that the density of the LED sources 72 a, 72 d, or number of LED sources 72 a, 72 d per unit area, may be adjusted for various lighting applications. In some embodiments, the density of LED sources 72 a, 72 d may vary across the length of the light source 52. For example, a central portion 120 of the light-producing assembly 60 may have a greater density of LED sources 72 than peripheral portions 118, or vice versa. In such embodiments, the light source 52 may appear brighter or have a greater luminance in order to preferentially illuminate pre-defined locations. In other embodiments, the density of LED sources 72 a, 72 d may increase or decrease with increasing distance from a preselected point (e.g., a specific portion of the light source 52).
Referring to FIG. 5, the member 42 includes a single lever 56 pivotally mounted on one side of the housing attached to the steering column 20 in an easily accessible position for the driver of the vehicle 14. The lever is gimballed at one end portion 58 in the housing so as to move in a plurality of mutually separate planes P1, P2. Further, the lever may be provided with a rotatable end cap 136 as well as a slidable member 138 movable along the longitudinal axis of the lever. Actuators are mounted in the housing and, in response to movement of the lever in one direction, i.e., such as in one of the plurality of mutually separate planes, or rotation of the end cap 136, move a switching member carrying contacts between various switching positions to effect the switching of electrical connections 142 for a particular vehicle operating circuit. Any suitable material can be used to form any portion of the member 42, including, but not limited to, a polymeric material.
In a typical application, pivotal movement of the lever in a substantially vertical plane P1 about its gimballed connection to the housing controls the vehicle turn signals, and pivotal movement of the lever in a substantially horizontal plane P2 controls the switching of the vehicle headlights between low beam, high beam and, optionally, flash-to-pass. Rotation of the end cap 136 is used to control the operation of the vehicle windshield wiper system between on and off states and, optionally, a plurality of intermittent distinct speeds.
In vehicles employing an automatic cruise control, a slide switch or member 138 may be mounted on the member 42 and is selectively movable between various positions including off, on, and a momentary resume set speed position. A spring-biased button 140 may be movably mounted in the end of the end cap 136 and is employed to set a desired speed for the cruise control device. Movement of the slide member 138 and/or the button 140 between various positions cause electrical contacts mounted within the lever to close various circuits of the cruise control device depending upon the specific position of the slide member 138 and the set speed button. It should be appreciated, however, that any other vehicle control may be disposed on the member 42. Further, it should also be appreciated that any number of switches may be disposed within the steering assembly 12 of the vehicle 14 and made in accordance with the present disclosure without departing from the teachings provided herein.
Referring to FIG. 6, the lighting system 10 is configured to attach to the hub 22 of the steering wheel 16, according to one embodiment. As illustrated, the light-producing assembly 60 emits a substantial portion of the inputted light 100 and outputted light 102 in an outward direction from the hub 22. However, it is contemplated that the inputted light 100 may be directed in any desired direction within the vehicle 14 depending on the structure and packaging of the steering assembly 12. For example, the inputted light 100 and outputted light 102 may be emitted in a car forward orientation in some embodiments.
A photoluminescent structure 62 is operatively coupled with the light source 52. For example, according to one embodiment, the light source 52 may be disposed on a forward portion 54 of the hub 22. A photoluminescent structure 62 may be disposed within and/or form indicia 50 that is disposed on the member 42 and operatively coupled to the light source 52. As a result, the indicia 50 containing the photoluminescent structure 62 may be excited by the light source 52 and emit converted, outputted light 102 thereby illuminating a vehicle feature that is traditionally difficult to illuminate.
The lighting system 10 may further include a user interface 134 disposed proximately to the lighting system 10, or any other desired location within a vehicle 14. The user interface 134 may be configured such that a user may control the wavelength of light that is emitted by the LED sources 72 that are illuminated. Alternatively, the user interface 134 may be used to switch the lighting system 10 through a plurality of modes and/or functions. The user interface 134 may use any type of control known in the art to control the light source 52, such as, but not limited to, switches (e.g., push-type buttons 140, proximity sensors, etc.) and may be disposed in any practicable location. For example, the user interface 134 may be configured as a pushbutton 140 disposed on one end of the member 42.
Still referring to FIG. 6, the light-producing assembly 60 is illustrated having five portions 144 a, 144 b, 144 c, 144 d, 144 e. Each portion 144 a, 144 b, 144 c, 144 d, 144 e may illuminate individually and in a plurality of colors and intensities, as described herein. As described above, the portion of the light source 52 that is optically coupled with the member 42 may emit light towards indicia 50 disposed thereon. Accordingly, each portion 144 a, 144 b, 144 c, 144 d, 144 e may illuminate sequentially as the steering wheel 16 is rotated. Each portion 144 a, 144 b, 144 c, 144 d, 144 e may return to an unilluminated state when the specific portion is no longer optically coupled with a desired feature 148, such as the member 42. It should be appreciated that the above described example is not limiting and that any desired illumination pattern may be used for a plurality of vehicle-related conditions without departing from the concepts provided herein.
In an alternate embodiment, a first member 42 extends from a first side of the steering column 20 and a second member 42 extends from the opposing side of the steering column 20. The first and second members 42 may both have photoluminescent structures 62 thereon that are configured to emit outputted light 102 when inputted light 100 is directed at each respective portion. In such a configuration, the light-producing assembly 60 may illuminate two independent portions thereby exciting each photoluminescent structure 62 simultaneously.
In some embodiments, some or all portions of the light-producing assembly 60 may also be illuminated when the vehicle 14 senses an issue with some portion of the vehicle 14. For example, once the amount of fuel disposed within the vehicle 14 is depleted past a pre-defined portion, a portion of the light-producing assembly 60 may flash so that an occupant may recognize an action is necessary. Exemplary issues that may initiate the warning indicator include low tire pressure, low oil pressure, low battery power, and/or any other system malfunction onboard the vehicle 14.
According to an alternate embodiment, the vehicle 14 may be equipped with a heated and/or cooled steering wheel 16, as known in the art. The lighting system 10 may be configured to back-light the steering wheel 16 in a first color (e.g., blue) when the steering wheel 16 is cooled. Similarly, the steering wheel 16 may be configured to illuminate in a second color (e.g., red) when the steering wheel 16 is heated.
As illustrated in FIG. 6, the light-producing assembly 60 may be attached, coupled, and/or over molded to a top surface of the hub 22. Thus, the light-producing assembly 60 may be flushly mounted to the top surface of the hub 22 thereby partially concealing from the view of occupants in the unilluminated state. According to one embodiment, the lighting system 10 and/or one or more components thereof have a soft conformable encapsulation to both protect the lighting system 10 and to limit flexing of portions of the lighting system 10. Exemplary materials that may be utilized include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl chloride, vulcanized thermoplastic elastomer, and polyester elastomer.
Referring to FIG. 7, a first photoluminescent structure 62 is disposed on the light-producing assembly 60, a second photoluminescent structure 132 is disposed on the member 42, and a third photoluminescent structure 146 is disposed on a feature 148 of the vehicle 14, such as a portion of the instrument cluster 28 and/or instrument panel 18. As described above, the portion of the light-producing assembly 60 having the photoluminescent structure 62 thereon converts inputted light 100 to outputted light 102 of a different wavelength. A second portion of the light-producing assembly 60 emits inputted light 100 that is then converted by the second photoluminescent structure 132 on the member 42 thereby illuminating a portion thereof and/or indicia 50 disposed thereon at a wavelength that may be different than that emitted from the first photoluminescent structure 62. A third photoluminescent structure 146 is disposed on the instrument cluster 28 and is configured to emit outputted light 102 of a respective, unique wavelength. The outputted light 102 may be used as illumination of indicia 50 disposed within the vehicle 14, welcome/farewell sequence light, ambient light, to illuminate any interior feature 148 of the vehicle 14, and/or a warning indicator.
Still referring to FIG. 7, two light-producing assemblies 60 may be disposed on within the lighting system 10 to emit light in a vehicle forward direction. The first light-producing assembly 60 may be disposed on a vehicle forward portion of the steering wheel rim and may have the photoluminescent structure 62 thereon for emitting outputted light 102 towards the instrument cluster 28, the instrument panel 18, or any other feature 148 forward of a vehicle occupant. The second light-producing assembly 60 may be disposed on the hub 22. A first portion of light emitted from the second light-producing assembly 60 may be converted by a photoluminescent structure 62 thereon thereby providing ambient light and/or backlighting the steering wheel 16. A second portion of light emitted from the second light-producing assembly 60 may be directed towards the member 42 having a photoluminescent structure 62 thereon, as described herein. The photoluminescent structure 62 may illuminate in response to inputted light 100 emitted from either light-producing assembly 60 in response to pre-defined conditions.
It is contemplated that the use of additional photoluminescent structures 132 proximate the lighting system 10 may be disposed at any desired location and is not limited to the instrument cluster 28. For example, an additional photoluminescent structure 132 may be disposed on the instrument panel 18. Additionally, the second photoluminescent structure 132 may also provide safety benefits, such as notifying an incoming occupant of specific features 148 within the vehicle 14.
According to an alternate embodiment, the light source 52 may be disposed on any component within the vehicle 14 that is disposed proximately to the member 42, such as the instrument panel 18 or the instrument cluster 28. The light source 52 may be stationary or placed on a movable component and configured in accordance with the teachings provided herein such that the light source 52 may maintain an optically coupling with the photoluminescent structure 62. A second photoluminescent structure 132 may be disposed on the light source 52 or on any additional feature 148 that may also be optically coupled with the light source 52.
Referring to FIG. 8, an alternate embodiment of the lighting system 10 is illustrated. As illustrated, the first photoluminescent structure 62 is disposed on the member 42. The inputted light 100 emitted from the light source 52 may be of a first wavelength that is configured to excite the first photoluminescent structure 62 on the member 42. In response, the first photoluminescent structure 62 may illuminate at a second wavelength of outputted light 102 thereby illuminating pre-defined portions of the member 42.
A second photoluminescent structure 132 may be disposed on a location that is separated from the steering assembly 12. For example, a second photoluminescent structure 132 may be disposed on a vehicle floor 152 that is configured to convert inputted light 100 to outputted light 102 of a different wavelength thereby illuminating a feature 148 and/or indicia 50 disposed thereon. As described above, a first portion of the light-producing assembly 60 disposed on the hub 22 may be illuminated and directed towards the member 42 while a second portion of the light-producing assembly is simultaneously directed towards the second photoluminescent structure 132. Alternatively, the second portion of the light-producing assembly 60 may excite the second photoluminescent structure 132 while the vehicle 14 is in a first state (e.g., when a vehicle door is opened and for a predefined amount of time thereafter) and the first portion of the light-producing assembly 60 may be illuminated when the vehicle 14 is in a second state (e.g., when the vehicle engine is placed in the running state).
Referring to FIG. 9, a block diagram of a vehicle 14 is generally shown in which the lighting system 10 is implemented. The lighting system 10 includes a controller 78 in communication with the light source 52. The controller 78 may include memory 145 having instructions contained therein that are executed by a processor 147 of the controller 78. The controller 78 may provide electrical power to the light source 52, or to a respective bus bar 82, 84, via a power source 80 located onboard the vehicle 14. In addition, the controller 78 may be configured to control the inputted light 100 emitted from each light source 52 based on feedback received from one or more vehicle control modules 150 such as, but not limited to, a body control module, engine control module, steering control module, brake control module, the like, or a combination thereof. By controlling the inputted light 100 emitted from the light source 52, the lighting system 10 may illuminate in a variety of colors and/or patterns to provide an aesthetic appearance, or may provide vehicle information to an intended observer. For example, when the lighting system 10 is illuminated, the lighting system 10 may illuminate indicia 50 disposed on a switch 42 within the vehicle 14.
In operation, the photoluminescent structure 62 may exhibit periodic unicolor or multicolor illumination. For example, the controller 78 may prompt the light source 52 to periodically emit only the first wavelength of inputted light 100 via the LED sources 72 to cause the photoluminescent structure 62 to periodically illuminate in the first color. Alternatively, the controller 78 may prompt the light source 52 to periodically emit only the second wavelength of inputted light 100 via LED sources 72 to cause the photoluminescent structure 62 to periodically illuminate in the second color. Alternatively, the controller 78 may prompt the light source 52 to simultaneously and periodically emit the first and second wavelengths of inputted light 100 to cause the photoluminescent structure 62 to periodically illuminate in a third color defined by an additive light mixture of the first and second colors. Alternatively still, the controller 78 may prompt the light source 52 to alternate between periodically emitting the first and second wavelengths of inputted light 100 to cause the photoluminescent structure 62 to periodically illuminate by alternating between the first and second colors. The controller 78 may prompt the light source 52 to periodically emit the first and/or second wavelengths of inputted light 100 at a regular time interval and/or an irregular time interval.
In another embodiment, the lighting system 10 may include a user interface 134. The user interface 134 may be configured such that a user may control the wavelength of inputted light 100 that is emitted by the LED sources 72 and/or the LED sources 72 that are illuminated. Such a configuration may allow a user to control which features 148 (FIG. 7) are illuminated (e.g., member 42, ambient light, warning indicator, turn signal, etc.).
With respect to the above examples, the controller 78 may modify the intensity of the emitted first and second wavelengths of inputted light 100 by pulse-width modulation or current control. In some embodiments, the controller 78 may be configured to adjust a color of the emitted light by sending control signals to adjust an intensity or energy output level of the light source 52. For example, if the light source 52 is configured to output the first emission at a low level, substantially all of the first emission may be converted to the second emission. In this configuration, a color of light corresponding to the second emission may correspond to the color of the emitted light from the lighting system 10. If the light source 52 is configured to output the first emission at a high level, only a portion of the first emission may be converted to the second emission. In this configuration, a color of light corresponding to mixture of the first emission and the second emission may be output as the emitted light. In this way, each of the controllers 78 may control an output color of the emitted light.
Though a low level and a high level of intensity are discussed in reference to the first emission of inputted light 100, it shall be understood that the intensity of the first emission of inputted light 100 may be varied among a variety of intensity levels to adjust a hue of the color corresponding to the emitted light from the lighting system 10. The variance in intensity may be manually altered, or automatically varied by the controller 78 based on pre-defined conditions. According to one embodiment, a first intensity may be output from the lighting system 10 when a light sensor senses daylight conditions. A second intensity may be output from the lighting system 10 when the light sensor determines the vehicle 14 is operating in a low light environment.
As described herein, the color of the outputted light 102 may be significantly dependent on the particular photoluminescent materials 96 utilized in the photoluminescent structure 62. Additionally, a conversion capacity of the photoluminescent structure 62 may be significantly dependent on a concentration of the photoluminescent material 96 utilized in the photoluminescent structure 62. By adjusting the range of intensities that may be output from the light source 52, the concentration, types, and proportions of the photoluminescent materials 96 in the photoluminescent structure 62 discussed herein may be operable to generate a range of color hues of the emitted light by blending the first emission with the second emission.
Accordingly, a lighting system utilizing a steering assembly has been advantageously provided herein. The steering assembly retains its structural properties while providing luminescent light having both functional and decorative characteristics. In some embodiments, the light source may implement a thin design, thereby helping to fit the light source into small package spaces of the vehicle where traditional light sources may not be practicable.
It will be understood by one having ordinary skill in the art that construction of the described invention and other components is not limited to any specific material. Other exemplary embodiments of the invention disclosed herein may be formed from a wide variety of materials, unless described otherwise herein.
For purposes of this disclosure, the term “coupled” (in all of its forms, couple, coupling, coupled, etc.) generally means the joining of two components (electrical or mechanical) directly or indirectly to one another. Such joining may be stationary in nature or movable in nature. Such joining may be achieved with the two components (electrical or mechanical) and any additional intermediate members being integrally formed as a single unitary body with one another or with the two components. Such joining may be permanent in nature or may be removable or releasable in nature unless otherwise stated.
It is also important to note that the construction and arrangement of the elements of the invention as shown in the exemplary embodiments is illustrative only. Although only a few embodiments of the present innovations have been described in detail in this disclosure, those skilled in the art who review this disclosure will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible (e.g., variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters, mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors, orientations, etc.) without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the subject matter recited. For example, elements shown as integrally formed may be constructed of multiple parts or elements shown as multiple parts may be integrally formed, the operation of the interfaces may be reversed or otherwise varied, the length or width of the structures and/or members or connector or other elements of the system may be varied, the nature or number of adjustment positions provided between the elements may be varied. It should be noted that the elements and/or assemblies of the system may be constructed from any of a wide variety of materials that provide sufficient strength or durability, in any of a wide variety of colors, textures, and combinations. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present innovations. Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions, and arrangement of the desired and other exemplary embodiments without departing from the spirit of the present innovations.
It will be understood that any described processes or steps within described processes may be combined with other disclosed processes or steps to form structures within the scope of the present invention. The exemplary structures and processes disclosed herein are for illustrative purposes and are not to be construed as limiting.
It is also to be understood that variations and modifications can be made on the aforementioned structures and methods without departing from the concepts of the present invention, and further it is to be understood that such concepts are intended to be covered by the following claims unless these claims by their language expressly state otherwise.
What is claimed is:
1. A lighting system for a vehicle, comprising: a member extending from a steering column; a light source having a plurality of independently illuminable sections surrounding an exterior circumference of a steering wheel and configured to illuminate a portion of the member; and a first photoluminescent structure disposed on the member and configured to luminesce in response to excitation by the light source, wherein at least one section of the light source is operably coupled with the photoluminescent structure as the steering wheel is rotated.
2. The lighting system for a vehicle of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a plurality of printed LEDs.
3. The lighting system for a vehicle of claim 2, wherein the first photoluminescent structure comprises at least one photoluminescent material configured to down convert an inputted light received from at least a portion of the light source into a visible light that is outputted to a viewable portion.
4. The lighting system for a vehicle of claim 3, wherein the member is configured as a stalk switch that controls at least one function of the vehicle and the first photoluminescent structure is configured as indicia disposed on the stalk switch.
5. The lighting system for a vehicle of claim 1, further comprising: a second photoluminescent structure disposed on the light source configured to provide backlighting of the steering wheel when illuminated.
6. The lighting system for a vehicle of claim 1, further comprising a controller for controlling an activation state of the light source in response to at least one vehicle-related condition.
7. The lighting system for a vehicle of claim 1, wherein sequential portions of the light source are illuminated to continually emit light towards a predefined location as the steering wheel is rotated.
8. A lighting system, comprising: a steering wheel having a hub and a rim connected to the hub through a spoke; a plurality of light sources disposed circumferentially around the hub in a plurality of independently illuminable and varied concentration portions; and a member having a first luminescent structure thereon and configured to luminesce in response to excitation by at least a portion of the plurality of light sources.
9. The lighting system of claim 8, wherein the plurality of light sources comprise a printed LED.
10. The lighting system of claim 8, wherein sequential portions of the plurality of light sources are illuminated to continually emit light towards a predefined location as the steering wheel is rotated.
11. The lighting system of claim 8, wherein the first luminescent structure is configured as indicia that notify an occupant of a function of the member.
12. The lighting system of claim 9, wherein the first luminescent structure comprises at least one luminescent material configured to down convert an inputted light received from at least a portion of the printed LED into a visible light that is outputted to a viewable portion.
13. The lighting system of claim 8, further comprising: a second luminescent structure separated from the steering wheel configured to luminesce in response to excitation by the plurality of light sources.
14. The lighting system of claim 13, wherein the first luminescent structure illuminates in a first color and the second luminescent structure illuminates in a second color.
15. A lighting system for a vehicle steering assembly, comprising: a switch extending from a steering column of a vehicle; a light source disposed within the vehicle; a first photoluminescent structure disposed on the switch, wherein the first photoluminescent structure is configured to luminesce in response to excitation by light output from at least a portion of the light source; a second photoluminescent structure disposed on the light source configured to provide ambient lighting vehicle forward of a steering wheel; and a third photoluminescent structure disposed on a feature disposed within a vehicle and separated from the steering assembly.
16. The lighting system for a vehicle steering assembly of claim 15, wherein the light source comprises a plurality of printed LEDs.
17. The lighting system for a vehicle steering assembly of claim 16, wherein the first photoluminescent structure comprises at least one photoluminescent material configured to down convert an inputted light received from at least a portion of the light sources into a visible light that is outputted to a viewable portion.
18. The lighting system for a vehicle steering assembly of claim 17, wherein the inputted light comprises one of blue light, violet light, and UV light.
19. The lighting system for a vehicle steering assembly of claim 15, wherein sequential portions of the light source are illuminated to continually emit light towards a predefined location as a steering wheel is rotated.
20. The lighting system for a vehicle steering assembly of claim 15, wherein the first photoluminescent structure luminesces in a first color and the second photoluminescent structure luminesces in a second color..
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Big Data: Understanding how Creative Organisations Create and Sustain their Networks
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Fraser Bruce
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University of Dundee Big Data
Bruce, Fraser; Malcolm, Jackie; O'Neill, Shalep
Published in:
Design Journal
DOI:
10.1080/14606925.2017.1352961
Publication date:
2017
Licence:
CC BY
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Citation for published version (APA):
Bruce, F., Malcolm, J., & O'Neill, S. (2017). Big Data: Un
Sustain their Networks Design Journal 20(1) S435-S44 Big Data Citation for published version (APA):
Bruce, F., Malcolm, J., & O'Neill, S. (2017). Big Data: Understanding how Creative Organisations Create and
Sustain their Networks. Design Journal, 20(1), S435-S443. https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352961 Citation for published version (APA):
Bruce, F., Malcolm, J., & O'Neill, S. (2017). Big Data: Understanding how Creative Organisations Create and
Sustain their Networks. Design Journal, 20(1), S435-S443. https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352961 General rights
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these rights. Citation for published version (APA):
Bruce, F., Malcolm, J., & O'Neill, S. (2017). Big Data: Understanding how Creative Organisations Create and
Sustain their Networks. Design Journal, 20(1), S435-S443. https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352961 The Design Journal An International Journal for All Aspects of Design Date: 11 September 2017, At: 04:33 General rights
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An International Journal for All Aspects of Design The Design Journal Design for Next 12th EAD Conference
Sapienza University of Rome
12-14 April 2017 12th EAD Conference
Sapienza University of Rome
12-14 April 2017 Big Data: Understanding how Creative
Organisations Create and Sustain their
Networks. Fraser Brucea, Jackie Malcolma, Shaleph O’Neilla*
aDuncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design at the University of Dundee. *Corresponding author e-mail: f.s.bruce@dundee.ac.uk, j.y.malcolm@dundee.ac.uk, s.j.oneill@dundee.ac.uk Fraser Brucea, Jackie Malcolma, Shaleph O’Neilla*
aDuncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design at the University of Dundee. *Corresponding author e-mail: f.s.bruce@dundee.ac.uk, j.y.malcolm@dundee.ac.uk Corresponding author e-mail: f.s.bruce@dundee.ac.uk, j.y.malcolm@dundee.ac.uk, s.j.oneill@dunde Abstract: Big data is an evolving term used to describe the variety, volume and
velocity of large amounts of structured and unstructured data. It can offer useful
insights at both operational and strategic levels, thereby helping organisations to
move forward in times of rapid change and uncertainty. However, there are
challenges in terms of how best to capture, store and make sense of data. Many
cultural arts organisations generate value through the relationships they create and
the networks they sustain, but far too often this data is not clearly articulated or
evidenced to leverage insight, support and business opportunities. The ArtsAPI
project aimed to understand the connections that underpin the ‘relational value’
within the arts sector. The R&D project resulted in the development of a proof of
concept business modelling and analytic tool to enable arts organisations to
generate new insights through data capture, visualisation and analysis. The
numerical/analytical technique of Social Network Analysis (SNA) was used to
visually map and analyse network structures and relationships found within and
across the extended boundaries of five cultural arts organisations located in the UK. Based on the ‘blue print’ from the SNA research, seven scenario-based insights
were generated that offered impact measures for debates around evidencing forms
of cultural value. These scenarios were later mapped onto a semantic ontology to
create a ‘SNA lite’ web-based tool. In the paper to be reported here, we will set the
context and background of the project, briefly describe the research methodology
and the outcomes that influenced the development of the ArtsAPI tool. Keywords: Big Data, Value, Social Networks, Relationships & Creativity. Keywords: Big Data, Value, Social Networks, Relationships & Creativity. © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Fraser Bruce, Jackie Malcolm & Shaleph O’Neill To cite this article: Fraser Bruce, Jackie Malcolm & Shaleph O’Neill (2017) Big Data:
Understanding how Creative Organisations Create and Sustain their Networks, The Design Journal,
20:sup1, S435-S443, DOI: 10.1080/14606925.2017.1352961 © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa
UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis
Group
Published online: 06 Sep 2017. Submit your article to this journal
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View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rfdj20 Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rfdj20 Download by: [University of Dundee Library & Learning Centre] Download by: [University of Dundee Library & Learning Centre] FRASER BRUCE, JACKIE MALCOLM, SHALEPH O’NEILL Boyd and Crawford
(2011) usefully point out that the value of big data: “comes from the patterns that can be derived by making connections between
pieces of data, about an individual, about individuals in relation to others, about
groups of people, or simply about the structure of information itself” (Boyd and
Crawford, 2011). However, the challenges for any organisation is how best to capture, store and make sense of the
data, and none more so for micro and small-enterprises run by artists and other creative
professionals. However, the challenges for any organisation is how best to capture, store and make sense of the
data, and none more so for micro and small-enterprises run by artists and other creative
professionals. Arts organisations create art and are the lightning rods that help shape new ideas and practices into
compelling works, that inspire and change the way people see the world. Crucially, arts organisations
generate more than the output of their formal programmes. They are nurturers of people and of
communities, offering a way of doing things, attitudes, values, and vision. To enable such activities to
happen Gaggioli, et al, (2013) suggest that “actions of the individuals and those of the collective are
in balance, and a sense of mutual trust, sharing, and empathy is established.” Arts organisations working on the boundaries of sciences, or immersed in technical innovation,
bridge between dissimilar people, professions, sectors and societies. For a few, this is now central to
how they and others see them and what they do. These arts organisations have become new kinds of
intermediaries and brokers, generating connectivity and interfaces between creatives, communities,
companies and cities. Many of these cultural arts organisations generate significant value through
the relationships they create and the networks they sustain (Oehler and Sheppard, 2010), but far too
often this data is not clearly articulated or evidenced to leverage insight, support and business
opportunities. It is possible for arts organisations to generate an income by creating new networks
and relationships, by acting as a broker and intermediary. Gaggioli, et al, (2013) recognise “that
individuals are situated in social environments, which can either facilitate or obstacle their creative
potential.” It must also be acknowledged that creativity “is never the result of [an] individual acting
alone.” FRASER BRUCE, JACKIE MALCOLM, SHALEPH O’NEILL FRASER BRUCE, JACKIE MALCOLM, SHALEPH O’NEILL content consumption, along with the rapid development of new platforms and digital technologies, especially
through the expansion of devices connected to the internet (Design Commission, 2014). New trends like the
Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data will undoubtedly transform the way we live and work in an increasingly
open and networked world (Greengard, 2015). To capture the full potential of these new trends, digital
technology will rely on: content consumption, along with the rapid development of new platforms and digital technologies, especially
through the expansion of devices connected to the internet (Design Commission, 2014). New trends like the
Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data will undoubtedly transform the way we live and work in an increasingly
open and networked world (Greengard, 2015). To capture the full potential of these new trends, digital
technology will rely on: “…the increasing integration between devices, and the nature and quality of our
reception and interpretation of this content. It is the case, then, that ‘the digital
revolution’ pivots on user experience and the effective use of design” (Design
Commission, 2014). “…the increasing integration between devices, and the nature and quality of our
reception and interpretation of this content. It is the case, then, that ‘the digital
revolution’ pivots on user experience and the effective use of design” (Design
Commission, 2014). Big data is an area that is increasingly being used to make economic, cultural, social and policy
decisions. However, despite notable efforts being put in place by the UK Government (for example
open data such as the UK.GOV resource), there is still a gap between industry and the user’s
capability to make informed decisions on how big data is being collected and used. Big data is an
evolving term used to describe the variety, volume and velocity of large amounts of structured and
unstructured data. It is used in a variety of fields like computing, healthcare, manufacturing, finance
and organisational design. It can offer useful insights at both operational and strategic levels, thereby
helping organisations to move forward in times of rapid change and uncertainty. 1. Big Data and Cultural Organisations Most people would acknowledge that the creative industries drive economic growth. Indeed, it is now
estimated that the industry is worth over £84 billion to the UK economy (UK Economic Growth Media and
Creative Industries, 2016). The driving force behind the industry’s continued success is the growth in digital © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. S435 2.1 Social Network Analysis (SNA) SNA is regarded as a mapping technique and is defined by Krebs (2013) as: “…the mapping and measuring of relationships and flows between people, groups
and organisations, computers, URLs and other connected information/knowledge
entities. The nodes in the network are the people and groups while the links show
relationships or flows between the nodes. SNA provides both a visual and
mathematical analysis of human relationships.” SNA can capture an overall representation of a social system in a visual format whilst deriving
insights at the next level of complexity through quantitative analysis. In this research, the creative
networks within and across the extended boundaries of five UK arts organisations were explored in
order to understand the complexities in which they operate, bounded by the environments in which
they exist. Connectivity can have an impact on “performance, learning and innovation” (Cross and Parker,
2004). In particular, the ability of an organisation to be ‘creative’ relies on its ability to nurture and
sustain relationships within a network (Gaggioli, et al, 2013). How ‘nodes’ and ‘cliques’ interact
within a system, can provide insights into the way in which they can nurture creativity (Mazzoni,
2014). Moreover, the overall robustness or vulnerability of a network can be explored to establish its
‘health’ within a given context. This project adopted the technique of SNA to help examine the
complexities of the arts partners’ creative ecosystems and identify the value of big data to the
organisations. 1.1 Background and Context In partnership with Nesta, the Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and the Arts Council
England, and funded through the Digital R&D Fund for the Arts, the ArtsAPI project brought together
FutureEverything, an innovation lab for digital culture; a design research team at the University of
Dundee; and leading semantic data specialists, Swirrl (Nesta, 2014). This transdisciplinary R&D
project investigated the connections that underpin the ‘relational value’ that art organisations S436 Big Data: Understanding how Creative Organisations Create and Sustain their Networks. generate and the ‘impact networks’ they sustain. In the context of this project, we describe relational
value as the nature of the relationship based on an ontology developed through Social Network
Analysis (see sections 2.1 & 2.2). We define impact networks as a combination of the strength of the
connection defined through the level of contact, the number, type, geographical location of
organisations, businesses and other key influencers in a social network. This ambitious and
exploratory R&D project resulted in the development of a proof of concept business modelling and
analytic tool to enable arts organisations to generate new insight through data capture, visualisation
and analysis. This insight can be used for business planning, marketing, programming and as a way of
demonstrating impact. 2. Research Methodology & Methods Gaggioli, Riva, Milani and Mazzoni (2013) suggest that analysing the “sociocultural nature of
creativity has also contributed to underlining the importance of financial, economic and historic
factors in the development of creative progress”. Observing the dimensions of a creative ecosystem
(by this we mean the wider ecology and economy of the arts sector) a set of questions were
generated to explore patterns within networks to identify the flow of activity and observe how
organisations interact with each other. SNA as a tool for visualising and analysing creative
ecosystems provided the research with a robust mechanism and process. SNA was conducted with
five arts partners across the UK to identify scenarios that could, not only inform the development of
the ArtsAPI tool, but also encourage arts organisations to explore the hidden potential within their
networks. FRASER BRUCE, JACKIE MALCOLM, SHALEPH O’NEILL FRASER BRUCE, JACKIE MALCOLM, SHALEPH O’NEILL Resource Description Framework (RDF) ontology) was produced that represented the essential
features of an arts organisation. The goal was to replicate this modelling process digitally by
developing prototype software that could gather data from a range of sources such as email. The
outcome of this process fed into the development of the ArtsAPI tool and automated aspects of SNA
processes in order to visualise organisational structures. In turn, this information could then be
examined strategically by the organisations, as a way to monitor their business and determine
hidden vulnerabilities within their network structures. Measuring creativity is complex and we cannot isolate individuals and their work from the
environment and social landscape in which they exist (Csikszentmihalyi, 1999; Gaggioli, et al, 2013). From a research perspective, the main goal of the ArtsAPI project was to understand the constituent
parts and processes that underpin the relational value within the arts organisations. In other words,
to understand the value of relationships that arts organisations manage, both internally within their
organisation, and externally with partners and audiences, as they go about their activities. An online
questionnaire was used to gather meaningful data about organisational networks. This data was then
transferred into an SNA software package ready for direct processing as outlined below: y [University of Dundee Library & Learning Centre] at 04:33 11 September 2017 Downloaded by [University of Dundee Library & Learning Centre] at 04:33 11 September 2017 • Stage1: Identify the roles and responsibilities of individuals within organisations in
order to establish the context for an investigative relationship • Stage1: Identify the roles and responsibilities of individuals withi
order to establish the context for an investigative relationship. • Stage1: Identify the roles and responsibilities of individuals within organisations in order to establish the context for an investigative relationship. • Stage 2: Develop and administer the online questionnaire to collect data. • Stage 3: Map and visualise the network connections that are internal and external to
the organisation based on the data. • Stage 4: Analyse the data to explore the intra/inter-relationships of organisations in
order to identify strengths and weaknesses based on SNA measures such as degree of
connectedness, strength of connections and distance between connections. FRASER BRUCE, JACKIE MALCOLM, SHALEPH O’NEILL • Stage 5: Use the results of the analysis as a ‘blueprint’ for the development of the
prototype software, establishing the key components [ontology] that the software
must be able to filter for, within alternative sets of data. Downloaded by [University of Dundee Library The SNA process was crucial in establishing key scenarios deemed to be valuable for arts
organisations when analysing data produced by the ArtsAPI tool, allowing them to understand their
creative ecosystems. These scenarios were defined by attributing characteristics to the data to give
further analysis to the networks. These attributes were as follows: The SNA process was crucial in establishing key scenarios deemed to be valuable for arts
organisations when analysing data produced by the ArtsAPI tool, allowing them to understand their
creative ecosystems. These scenarios were defined by attributing characteristics to the data to give
further analysis to the networks. These attributes were as follows: 1. Filtering networks by ‘sector’, to provide evidence of the interdisciplinary working
and knowledge exchange of an organisation. 2. Filtering networks by ‘country’, to provide evidence of the international impact/reach
of an organisation. 3. Filtering networks by ‘activity’ to provide different views of who is involved in key 3. Filtering networks by ‘activity’ to provide different views of who is involved in key
aspects of organisational activity across the network 3. Filtering networks by ‘activity’ to provide different views of who is involved in key
aspects of organisational activity across the network. 3. Filtering networks by ‘activity’ to provide different views of who is involv
aspects of organisational activity across the network. Such filters within the SNA data is useful when considering a creative organisation’s business model
and how the flow of information might pass through a network. Such filters within the SNA data is useful when considering a creative organisation’s business model
and how the flow of information might pass through a network. 3. Project Outcomes To understand the landscapes in which creative ecosystems perform, the project identified what
characteristics the ArtsAPI tool needed to incorporate. If ArtsAPI allowed the arts organisations to
visualise their network by sector, country and activity, the networks could then be analysed to
ascertain the strengths and weaknesses of their business. Identifying vulnerabilities could therefore
allow arts organisations to identify connections where information passes quickly through the
system, but also consider how to strengthen the more vulnerable connections that could be crucial
to support the network. S438 2.2 SNA Methodology The development of the ArtsAPI tool utilised the technique of SNA to establish the strength (or
frequency) of network connections within an organisation, thereby, identifying hidden connections
and key influencers within a distributed network. Initial research focussed on working with partner
organisations to ‘model’ their existing network structures and to provide a blueprint using standard
SNA techniques. Based on the ‘blueprint’ from the SNA research, a data model (implemented as a S437 3.1 Project Outcomes (Tool Development) 3.1 Project Outcomes (Tool Development)
One of the key challenges of the project was to establish how to operationalize notions of relational
value and impact. Table 1 identifies the initial exploration of what the tool should be able to achieve. Table 1. Initial Exploration of Relational Value and Impact
Aim
Mechanism
Provide evidence of the way in which Arts
Organisations establish partnerships. Visually map all existing partners & connections. Provide evidence of the way in which Arts
Organisations grow partnerships and
connections. Visually identify new network connections within
the network. Provide evidence of the way in which Arts
Organisations encourage and promote
knowledge exchange amongst partners. Visually identify who the arts organisations are
regularly exchanging and sharing information
with, through email, social media and calendar
events. Visually identify who the arts organisations are
regularly collaborating with on projects. Provide evidence of the way in which Arts
Organisations collaborate with social, health,
educational and cultural services. Visually differentiate partners into sectors to
highlight diverse cross sector relationships where
they exist. Provide evidence of the way in which Arts
Organisations have internationalised their
network. Visually map international partners and their
country of origin. Provide evidence of the way in which Arts
Organisations support progress in developing
countries. Visually map links with organisations in
developing countries. Downloaded by [University of Dundee Libra Further research established several scenarios for the use of ArtsAPI, whereby the key ‘impact
measures’ could be incorporated into the tool. These were as follows: Further research established several scenarios for the use of ArtsAPI, whereby the key ‘impact
measures’ could be incorporated into the tool. These were as follows: • Scenario 1 Connectedness to different sectors: Being able to demonstrate that you
are connected to many different sectors is itself an impact that could be used to
leverage funding or support from a variety of organisations. Acting as a relationship
broker and an intermediary shows you are introducing artists to industry and vice
versa, as well as generating a culture of interdisciplinary working and thinking. Analysing networks will show how well you are connected to different sectors and
who is playing an active role in generating those connections, allowing you to
strengthen your resources in key areas like sponsorship, programme development
and/or PR. • Scenario 2 Connectedness to different cities and countries: Demonstrating you have
international impact could be used to leverage funding or support from a variety of
organisations. S438 S438 Big Data: Understanding how Creative Organisations Create and Sustain their Networks. 3.1 Project Outcomes (Tool Development) Analysing networks will show how well you are connected regionally
and internationally and who is playing an active role in generating those connections. This would then allow an organisation to understand the extent of their international
relationships and identify strategic areas for future investment. This would also
highlight the presence and prestige of an organisation within a global context. This would then allow an organisation to understand the extent of their international
relationships and identify strategic areas for future investment. This would also
highlight the presence and prestige of an organisation within a global context. • Scenario 3 Connectedness to people with different skill sets and positions: • Scenario 3 Connectedness to people with different skill sets and positions:
Demonstrating that you not only have good connections with different sectors, both Demonstrating that you not only have good connections with different sectors, both S439 FRASER BRUCE, JACKIE MALCOLM, SHALEPH O’NEILL regionally and internationally, but that you also have strong connections with
influential people who have a variety of skills, can suggest your organisation is
influential within a creative ecosystem, thereby gaining the respect of other art
partners. There are positive benefits of knowing the positions and skill sets of the
people you have in your networks, as this provides an organisation with an
opportunity to nurture and build new partnerships with key individuals and groups. Indeed, organisations have many connections with a variety of sectors geographically
dispersed, but the connections are with individuals who may not have any influence. • Scenario 4 Generating and sharing ideas: Art organisations promote and disseminate
new creative ideas, practices and outcomes. A large part of their work consists in
generating and sharing ideas. Representing the way in which organisations generate
and share ideas internally and externally with partners, can demonstrate impact and
value. This allows an organisation to understand how its team is operating, enabling
an organisation to plan, allocate resources and support team members. • Scenario 4 Generating and sharing ideas: Art organisations promote and disseminate
new creative ideas, practices and outcomes. A large part of their work consists in
generating and sharing ideas. Representing the way in which organisations generate
and share ideas internally and externally with partners, can demonstrate impact and
value. This allows an organisation to understand how its team is operating, enabling
an organisation to plan, allocate resources and support team members. 3.2 Project Outcomes from SNA (Useful to Arts Organisations) The aim of the research was twofold. Firstly, it aimed to establish which elements of SNA practice
might be valuable to the development of the ArtsAPI tool by considering how applicable the
outcomes were to the arts organisations involved in the project. Secondly, it aimed to benefit the
wider arts sector by promoting a better understanding of data specific to the arts, in turn generating
new business models and opportunities. By identifying who key decision makers and enablers are
within arts organisations could provide an opportunity for organizations, within the wider arts
community, to make decisions and operate on a more evidence based, commercial and
entrepreneurial basis. To this end, detailed SNA reports were produced for the arts organisations and
presented in feedback sessions with each one. Some of the key findings are as follows: 1. Arts organisations live and die through working with partners beyond their own
internal structures. This makes connections to people in other organizations vital, as
they collaborate to develop their portfolio of activities (e.g. festivals, events,
workshops, exhibitions, projects and art works). Downloaded by [University of Dundee Librar 2. The expectation then, is that arts organizations would have strong links to external
bodies in order to make vital collaborations possible. In contrast, we found through
SNA that those links between organisations were often quite weak in terms of
frequency of interactions (or strength). 3. Additionally, we found that these weak ties were centred around key individuals
within the arts organisation. There were very few cases where connections between
organisations were many-to-one or indeed many-to-many. The overwhelming
pattern across all the organisations we worked with was a one-to-many (i.e. a
correspondence between one key individual within the arts organisation and multiple
external partners). The consequence of this is that arts organisations are particularly
vulnerable if something should happen to those key members of staff (e.g. illness or
resignation). Interestingly, the value of key individuals could be measured by contacts
they have with external partners, so when recruiting new members of staff, arts
organisations might want to know what kind of connections that person brings with
them, especially in regard to replacing someone who has just left. 4. We also found that information flow between organisations varies from project to
project e.g. 3.3 Impact of SNA on ArtsAPI Tool Development As a result of the SNA research, we were able to inform the design of the ArtsAPI tool through the
use of a variety of measures that provided an understanding of arts organisations, their internal and
external networks and the way in which they engage with each other through particular aspects of a
project. Using algorithms developed from SNA we were able to provide information about a network
in relation to vulnerability, influence and power. Downloaded by [University of Dundee Library & Learning Centre] at 04:33 11 Septemb The following measures were embedded within the ArtsAPI software: Density is a measure of the sum of all the ties in a network divided by the number of possible ties in
a network. A highly dense network would be a network where most of the nodes are connected to
one another. Density then is a measure that provides insights into the speed of information handling
within the network. Networks with high-density can exchange information in a more timely manner
than low-density networks. Clustering is a feature of the ArtsAPI tool that allows you to establish the connections of an
organisation in relation to three different filters that are set up during the tagging process. • By Country, reveals a ranked list of countries that your organisation is connected to
ordered by the number of connections you have in that country. Downloaded by [University of Dundee Librar • By City, reveals a ranked list of countries that your organisation is connected to
ordered by the number of connections you have in that country. • By Sector, reveals a ranked list of countries that your organisation is connected to
ordered by the number of connections you have in that country. Out Degrees is a measure of the number of outgoing connections from one node to many others. It
tends to show whom within a network is distributing information. These nodes may be described as
‘information sources’. High Out Degree scores tend to signify people who are sending information to
multiple connections. Low Out Degree scores tend to signify people who send very little information
to few connections. In Degrees is a measure of the number of incoming connections from the network to an individual
node. It tends to show whom within a network is receiving information from other nodes. These
nodes may be described as ‘information seekers’. 3.2 Project Outcomes from SNA (Useful to Arts Organisations) when an arts organization is involved in either project delivery or the
evaluation of the project, the level of communication goes up with external partners
and thus the strength of connection is visibly increased. This suggests that areas, of 4. We also found that information flow between organisations varies from project to
project e.g. when an arts organization is involved in either project delivery or the
evaluation of the project, the level of communication goes up with external partners
and thus the strength of connection is visibly increased. This suggests that areas, of S440 Big Data: Understanding how Creative Organisations Create and Sustain their Networks. what appear at first to be, a loose network of lightly connected nodes become ‘fired-
up’ (much like neurons in a neural network) during particular kinds of activities. In a
sense, the multiple weak connections are essential to arts organisations because they
bring a special kind of flexibility and agility that allows an arts organisation to respond
to particular situations or project proposals by ‘switching on’ the right network
connections at the right time. So, while they are potentially vulnerable to the loss of
key nodes, the many-to-one connections provide for the necessary quick response
adaptability that is at the heart of their business activities. 4. Working with Big Data Using Density, Connectivity, Centralization Index and Clique Participation Index, as measures of SNA,
enabled us to draw comparisons and insights through the analysis of statistical data at a much
deeper level. However, the primary aim of this paper was to discuss how the research informed the
development of the ArtsAPI tool and not the detailed analysis across the five arts partners. The purpose of the ArtsAPI project was to build and test a proof of concept business modelling and
analytics tool that could change the way arts organisations approach data as part of their broader
digital strategy – repositioning it as a core component of the decision-making process. Data played a crucial and fundamental role in the development of ArtsAPI. Working out what data
arts organisations collect and generate, how accessible that data is and what could be the most
useful data for the project was important in the development of the ArtsAPI tool. Once we
established which data to use, we considered how it could be accessed and how it could be
formatted for use. Through consultation with the arts partners, it became evident that email data
would be the most valuable. As a result, it brought challenges when working with personal
information e.g. the social and ethical issues that were raised as well as robustly addressing privacy
and related concerns in terms of data protection legislation. The size and complexity of the dataset
also presented challenges, as it allowed the tool to access external links which the SNA research
could not reach. Understanding how creative ecosystems operate relies upon an understanding of how creative work
gets done. This is not due to any one individual but is in fact a process that requires collaboration
within ‘social’ and ‘contextual’ spaces through effective networks (Gaggioli, et al, 2013). Such
networks are not currently analysed using big data, primarily due to the sensitivity, legal and ethical
issues. The ArtsAPI tool demonstrated the complexity of working with email data and presented the
ethical dimensions surrounding such activity. It is however possible for arts organisations to harness
creative activity within their own ecosystems, recognising the drivers that create and sustain their
networks, allowing them to make more strategic decisions to create robust business models. FRASER BRUCE, JACKIE MALCOLM, SHALEPH O’NEILL FRASER BRUCE, JACKIE MALCOLM, SHALEPH O’NEILL Degree Centrality is a measure that establishes which nodes are central to a network in terms of
control over information flow. It is calculated in relation to Out Degrees and In Degrees and like
Density it determines the number of direct connections a node has in relation to the maximum
number that they could have. More connections an individual has the more likely that individual will
be highly central to the network. The measure is useful in that it provides a score of the central and
peripheral players in the network. Its primary function is to help an organisation determine the
importance, or prominence of a node within a network. By comparing centrality scores it is possible
to establish who the key central connectors are within an organisation. Interestingly, the location of
a node within a network can be very different from their formal position within an organisational
chart. Moreover, it can also help to identify, from a relational point of view, which nodes may be
over or under-utilised within a network. 3.3 Impact of SNA on ArtsAPI Tool Development High In degree scores tend to signify people who
are receiving information from multiple connections. Low In Degree scores tend to signify people
who receive very little information from few connections. There are three important points to take
into consideration when analysing the numbers aligned to each node. 1. Firstly, it provides evidence of sources and seekers of information within a network. Firstly, it provides evidence of sources and seekers of information within a network. 2. Secondly, it can also show people who are over and under-utilised, thereby allowing
the organisation to empower people or allocate tasks to others. 3. Thirdly, people with low numbers of incoming and outgoing connections may be
isolated from the group, and the organisation can then make attempts to bring them
back into the community. S441 References Boyd, D. and Crawford, K. (2011). Six provocations for big data. A Decade in Internet Time:
Symposium on the Dynamics of the Internet and Society. Retrieved November 5, 2016, from
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1926431 Cross, R. L. and Parker, A. (2004). The hidden power of social networks: understanding how work
really gets done in organizations. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New
York: HarperCollins. Design Commission (2014). Designing in the digital economy: embedding growth through design,
innovation and technology. London, UK: Design Commission. Greengard, S. (2015). The internet of things. Cambridge, Massachusets: MIT Press. Krebs, V. (2016). Social network analysis: an introduction. Retrieved Novemeber 30, 2016 from
http://www.orgnet.com/sna.html Nesta. (2014). Digital culture. Retrieved October 26, 2016, from
http://artsdigitalrnd.org.uk/features/digitalculture2014/ Nesta. (2014). Digital culture. Retrieved October 26, 2016, from
http://artsdigitalrnd.org.uk/features/digitalculture2014/ Gaggioli, A., Riva, G., Milani, L. and Mazzoni, E. (2013). Networked flow: towards an understanding of
creative networks. New York: Springer. Gaggioli, A., Riva, G., Milani, L. and Mazzoni, E. (2013). Networked flow: towards an understanding of
creative networks. New York: Springer. Mazzoni, E. (2014). The cliques participation index (CPI) as an indicator of creativity in online
collaborative groups. Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, 13(1). Mazzoni, E. (2014). The cliques participation index (CPI) as an indicator of creativity in online
collaborative groups. Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, 13(1). Oehler, K. and Sheppard, S. (2010). The potential of social networks analysis for research on the
cultural sector. C3D Centre for Creative Community Development. Retrieved October 31, 2016,
from http://web.williams.edu/Economics/ArtsEcon/library/pdfs/NetworkAnalysisAndCulture.pdf Oehler, K. and Sheppard, S. (2010). The potential of social networks analysis for research on the
cultural sector. C3D Centre for Creative Community Development. Retrieved October 31, 2016,
from http://web.williams.edu/Economics/ArtsEcon/library/pdfs/NetworkAnalysisAndCulture.pdf UK Economic Growth Media and Creative Industries (2016). Creative industries are worth almost £10
million an hour to economy. Retrieved November 15, 2016, from
https://www gov uk/government/news/creative-industries-worth-almost-10-million-an-hour-to- UK Economic Growth Media and Creative Industries (2016). Creative industries are worth almost £10
million an hour to economy. Retrieved November 15, 2016, from
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/creative-industries-worth-almost-10-million-an-hour-to-
economy UK Economic Growth Media and Creative Industries (2016). Creative industries are worth almost £10
million an hour to economy. Retrieved November 15, 2016, from
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/creative-industries-worth-almost-10-million-an-hour-to-
economy million an hour to economy. 4. Working with Big Data Di
Maggio (1997) suggests that the “role of the individual is not diminished, but incorporated in a
specific social context which acts as a ‘cognitive breeding ground’ for the development of ideas”. This
‘breeding ground’ acts within a creative ecosystem, nurturing ideas, generating relationships and
impacting on our social spaces and interactions. Understanding these networks and identifying
vulnerabilities could offer arts organisations a chance to become more sustainable for future local,
national and global developments. S442 Big Data: Understanding how Creative Organisations Create and Sustain their Networks. References Retrieved November 15, 2016, from
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/creative-industries-worth-almost-10-million-an-hour-to-
economy About the Authors: Fraser Bruce is a Design Researcher at the University of Dundee whose expertise lies at
the interface of organisational innovation and techno-biological prototyping. His current
research focuses on the integration of biomimetic design with the practice of product
design and innovation management. Jackie Malcolm is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Dundee. Jackie works to promote
social and environmental issues within design and specialises in interdisciplinary and
transdisciplinary design practice, where co-design brings strategic collaborations both
internally and externally. Dr Shaleph O'Neill is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Dundee whose expertise lies
within IxD, HCI and CST. His current research focuses on the impact of digital technologies
on creative activities, social innovation and cycling. Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge colleagues and collaborators at
FutureEverything and Swirrl for their continued support and assistance throughout the
research process. We would also like to extend a special thanks to the arts partners who
actively participated in the project. S443
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COUR D'APPEL <br clear="none"/>DE <br clear="none"/>VERSAILLES <p>
<br clear="none"/>Code nac : 80A <br clear="none"/>15ème chambre </p>
<p>ARRET No </p>
<p>CONTRADICTOIRE </p>
<p>DU 19 MAI 2010 </p>
<p>R. G. No 09/ 03701 </p>
<p>AFFAIRE : </p>
<p>Gilles X... </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>C/ <br clear="none"/>S. A. ALCATEL CIT </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>Décision déférée à la cour : Jugement rendu (e) le 03 Octobre 2006 par le Conseil de Prud'hommes de VERSAILLES <br clear="none"/>Section : Activités diverses <br clear="none"/>No RG : 05/ 209 </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>Copies exécutoires délivrées à : </p>
<p>Me Bruno TURBE <br clear="none"/>Me Elisabeth LAHERRE </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>Copies certifiées conformes délivrées à : </p>
<p>Gilles X... </p>
<p>S. A. ALCATEL CIT </p>
<p>le : RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE </p>
<p>AU NOM DU PEUPLE FRANÇAIS </p>
<p>LE DIX NEUF MAI DEUX MILLE DIX, <br clear="none"/>La cour d'appel de VERSAILLES, a rendu l'arrêt suivant dans l'affaire entre : </p>
<p>Monsieur Gilles X... <br clear="none"/>...<br clear="none"/>95240 CORMEILLES EN PARISIS </p>
<p>comparant en personne, assisté de Me Bruno TURBE <br clear="none"/>3, Rue Gay Lussac <br clear="none"/>75005 PARIS, avocat au barreau de PARIS, vestiaire : P 164 </p>
<p>APPELANT <br clear="none"/>**************** </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>S. A. ALCATEL CIT <br clear="none"/>7/ 9 Avenue Morane Saulnier <br clear="none"/>78141 VELIZY CEDEX </p>
<p>représentée par Me Elisabeth LAHERRE <br clear="none"/>24 Rue Clément Marot <br clear="none"/>75008 PARIS, avocat au barreau de PARIS, vestiaire : P 53 </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>INTIMEE <br clear="none"/>**************** </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>Composition de la cour : </p>
<p>En application des dispositions de l'article 945-1 du code de procédure civile, l'affaire a été débattue le 14 Avril 2010, en audience publique, les parties ne s'y étant pas opposées, devant Madame Annick DE MARTEL, Conseiller chargé (e) d'instruire l'affaire. </p>
<p>Ce magistrat a rendu compte des plaidoiries dans le délibéré de la cour, composé (e) de : </p>
<p>Monsieur Jean-Michel LIMOUJOUX, Président, <br clear="none"/>Monsieur Hubert LIFFRAN, conseiller, <br clear="none"/>Madame Annick DE MARTEL, Conseiller, </p>
<p>Greffier, lors des débats : Monsieur Pierre-Louis LANE, </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>M. X... est appelant d'un jugement du conseil de prud'hommes de Versailles, section industrie, rendu le 3 octobre 2006 dans une affaire l'opposant à la société ALCATEL CIT devenue ALCATEL LUCENT FRANCE. </p>
<p>M. X... a été engagé le 11 octobre 1973 par la société des téléphones Ericson en qualité d'agent technique d'essais, coefficient 178. Son contrat s'est poursuivi avec la société Thomson CSF reprise par CIT ALCATEL aux droits de laquelle vient ALCATEL LUCENT FRANCE. </p>
<p>Il a exercé de nombreuses fonctions jusqu'au niveau technicien V coefficient 305 au 1er octobre 1995 ; il était alors affecté au site de Vélizy en qualité de responsable logistique. Il a été admis au dispositif préretraite le 1er août 2003. </p>
<p>M. X... a saisi le conseil de prud'hommes de diverses demandes liées à l'exécution de son contrat de travail, prime d'ancienneté et particulièrement application du coefficient 365 à compter, selon lui, de 1996. ALCATEL CIT s'est opposée à ces demandes. </p>
<p>Par jugement du 3 octobre 2006, le conseil de prud'hommes a :</p>
<p>- retenu sa compétence</p>
<p>-condamné ALCATEL CIT à payer à M. X... : </p>
<p>•- prime d'ancienneté 5106 € outre les congés payés afférents 510, 60 € <br clear="none"/>•-700 € par application de l'article 700 du code de procédure civile €. </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>Le conseil de prud'hommes a ordonné l'exécution provisoire de l'article 515 du code de procédure civile et condamné la société aux dépens. </p>
<p>M. X... a interjeté appel de ce jugement. </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>*** </p>
<p>Par conclusions écrites visées par le greffier à l'audience et soutenues oralement, M. X... demande à la cour :</p>
<p>- d'infirmer le jugement du conseil de prud'hommes qui a rejeté ses demandes relatives au coefficient 365 et rejeté sa demande en dommages intérêts</p>
<p>-de dire que le coefficient 365 s'applique à ses fonctions</p>
<p>-de condamner ALCATEL CIT au paiement de diverses sommes : <br clear="none"/>• prime d'ancienneté 4540 € <br clear="none"/>• congés payés 100, 30 € <br clear="none"/>• rappel de salaire 34. 893 € prime d'ancienneté 1003 € <br clear="none"/>• congés payés 3489 € <br clear="none"/>• complément d'indemnité PRT 5106 € <br clear="none"/>• rappel participation intéressement 255 € </p>
<p>A titre subsidiaire, il demande à la cour de faire application du coefficient 335 et condamner ALCATEL CIT au paiement de diverses sommes énoncées dans ses conclusions écrites</p>
<p>-de condamner en tout état de cause ALCATEL LUCENT FRANCE à lui payer 20. 000 € à titre de dommages intérêts et 3000 € par application de l'article 700 du code de procédure civile. </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>Par conclusions écrites visées par le greffier à l'audience et soutenues oralement, ALCATEL CIT demande à la cour de :</p>
<p>- confirmer le jugement entrepris en ce qu'il a débouté M. X...</p>
<p>- débouter M. X... de sa demande d'application du coefficient 365 et de sa demande subsidiaire concernant le coefficient 335</p>
<p>- subsidiairement dire que le rappel de salaire est prescrit pour la période antérieure au 9 mars 2000</p>
<p>- débouter M. X... de l'intégralité de ses demandes</p>
<p>-le condamner au paiement d'une somme de 3000 € par application de l'article 700 du Code de procédure civile. </p>
<p>La cour renvoie à ces conclusions déposées et soutenues à l'audience, pour un plus ample exposé des moyens et prétentions des parties, conformément à l'article 455 du Code de procédure civile. </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>MOTIFS DE LA DECISION</p>
<p>-sur l'attribution du coefficient 365 à M. X... à partir de 1996 </p>
<p>Selon l'article L1134-1 du code du travail, lorsque survient un litige en raison d'une méconnaissance des dispositions du chapitre II, le candidat à un emploi, à un stage ou à une période de formation en entreprise ou le salarié présente des éléments de fait laissant supposer l'existence d'une discrimination directe ou indirecte. <br clear="none"/>Au vu de ces éléments, il incombe à la partie défenderesse de prouver que sa décision est justifiée par des éléments objectifs étrangers à toute discrimination. <br clear="none"/>Le juge forme sa conviction après avoir ordonné, en cas de besoin, toutes les mesures d'instruction qu'il estime utiles. </p>
<p>Selon M. X..., son droit à l'application du coefficient 365 tient aux fonctions qu'il a exercées depuis 1996 et au fait que ce coefficient a été appliqué à d'autres salariés. </p>
<p>M. X... est technicien ; il s'est vu attribuer les coefficients suivants :<br clear="none"/>- le 21 octobre 1974 il a été engagé au coefficient 178<br clear="none"/>- le 1er janvier 1986, au moment de son transfert de Thomson CSF à ALCATEL CIT, il est passé au coefficient 270<br clear="none"/>- le 1er novembre 1988, il atteignait le coefficient 285<br clear="none"/>- le 1er octobre 1995 lui fut attribuer le coefficient 305 ; il y restera jusqu'à son départ en pré-retraite en 2003.<br clear="none"/>- de 1996 à 1999, il est chargé de " la gestion des anomalies provenant des installations des chantiers (GSM), sans changement de coefficient. </p>
<p>Jusqu'à cette période, M. X... a connu une progression tout à fait normale de sa carrière, ainsi que cela ressort du graphique qu'il produit. </p>
<p>A partir de 1996, lui sont attribuées les fonctions de " responsable de l'obtention des avis de problèmes, de leur saisie dans la base de données et de la production des indicateurs associés, " c'est à dire la gestion administrative des rapports d'anomalie émis par les sous traitants de ALCATEL CIT. <br clear="none"/>Il lui est reproché en 1999 par sa hiérarchie, de ne pas exécuter les missions qui lui sont confiées (pièces 7 et suivantes de ALCATEL CIT) et ce malgré une mise en demeure. <br clear="none"/>Fin février 2000, lui est proposé un autre poste au sein de FTS qu'il refuse, refusant également de confirmer par écrit son refus d'accepter le poste ; il ne se rend pas à un entretien fixé au 23 mars 2000 ; il n'a plus d'activité. Ces faits n'ont pas été contestés. </p>
<p>Puis en juin 2000, il accepte un poste de " gestionnaire d'acceptance site " jusqu'au 1er août 2003, date de son départ en pré-retraite. </p>
<p>Il est constant que l'attribution du coefficient revendiqué par M. X... doit correspondre aux fonctions réellement occupées par le salarié, et pas simplement à leur intitulé. </p>
<p>Or le niveau V qu'il a atteint le 1er octobre 1995, correspond au niveau le plus élevé de la responsabilité des connaissances requises et de l'autonomie. Selon la convention collective le niveau V est ainsi défini : <br clear="none"/>" d'après les directives constituant le cadre d'ensemble de l'activité et définissant l'objectif du travail, accompagnées d'instructions particulières dans le cas de problèmes nouveaux il assure ou coordonne la réalisation de travaux d'ensemble ou une partie plus ou moins importante d'un ensemble complexe selon l'échelon. " </p>
<p>Ce niveau V comporte 3 échelons (coefficient 305, 335, 385) comportant un degré d'autonomie et de responsabilité croissant : </p>
<p>Pour le premier échelon (305) attribué à M. X... " l'innovation consiste à rechercher des adaptations et des modifications cohérentes et compatibles entre elles ainsi qu'à l'objectif défini ; le recours l'autorité hiérarchique est de règle en cas de difficulté technique ou d'incompatibilité avec l'objectif ". </p>
<p>Or depuis 1996, M. X... assumait la gestion administrative des rapports d'anomalie sous l'autorité de M. Z... ; il devait obtenir des avis de problèmes, les saisir dans la base de données, obtenir des rapports sur les anomalies, ce qui correspond tout à fait à l'échelon 305. </p>
<p>M. X... n'apporte au demeurant aucun élément relatif à son autonomie ou sa responsabilité, permettant d'affirmer que les fonctions qu'il occupait correspondaient au coefficient 335 : " élaboration de solutions pouvant impliquer de proposer des modification de certaines caractéristiques de l'objectif initialement défini ". </p>
<p>A fortiori, ses fonctions n'ont rien à voir avec les fonctions se rattachant au coefficient 365 : élaborer et mettre en oeuvre des solutions nouvelles résultant de spécifications déterminées et proposées par le salarié. </p>
<p>De plus, les difficultés intervenues en 1999 avec M. X... qui n'avait que partiellement donné satisfaction à son employeur dans l'exécution de ses tâches ainsi qu'en attestent les pièces 7 à 9 d'ALCATEL CIT, ne permettent pas d'affirmer que le salarié méritait un passage à l'échelon supérieur. </p>
<p>Il n'est pas indiqué en quoi les tâches qu'il a fini par accepter en juin 2000, pourraient être rattachées à l'un des coefficients des échelons 2 et 3 du niveau V. </p>
<p>A partir de 2002 M. X... dit avoir remplacé M. SAIT Y... responsable logistique. Il n'est pas précisé si cette tâche occupait tout ou partie de son temps et si elle avait ou non remplacé ses tâches antérieures. </p>
<p>La description donnée par la convention collective de ces tâches de logistique, rappelées par M. X... dans ses écritures ne permettent pas davantage de discerner un degré supérieur dans les responsabilités et l'autonomie du salarié. </p>
<p>Au demeurant lors de son entretien de plus de 8 ans, son chef de service proposait " promotion 335 prématurée cette année. Clairement sur une trajectoire de progrès qui doit permettre si maintenue en 2003, d'obtenir cette promotion ". Beaucoup de conditions étaient posées. </p>
<p>Les courriels échangées (pièce 5 du salarié) ne démontrent aucune initiative ou autonomie particulière de M. X... par rapport à son échelon 305. Il est chargé de tâches de gestion, de tâches de suivi ; aucune pièce ne démontre qu'il ait eu un rôle moteur dans le lancement de produits de fabrication. Aucun avenant n'a d'ailleurs modifié les fonctions de M. X... et les bulletins de salaire identifient toujours de la même manière le salarié : " technicien ". </p>
<p>Son prédécesseur M. Ait Y... s'est vu d'ailleurs refuser cette même appartenance au coefficient 365 par un arrêt de la cour d'appel de Versailles du 24 avril 2007 qui n'a pas été réformé par la Cour de Cassation. Ce salarié tout comme M. X..., n'apportait aucun élément de preuve permettant de contester sa qualification. Cette décision a été rendue alors même que des prédécesseurs de M. Ait Y..., ainsi que le fait valoir M. X..., avaient pu avoir cette qualification, à l'issue d'un parcours dont on ne sait rien. </p>
<p>Il appartient à M. X... qui invoque, sans la nommer, une discrimination dont l'objet n'est au demeurant pas précisé, de présenter des éléments de faits laissant supposer l'existence d'une telle discrimination au sens de l'article L1134-1 du code du travail, ce qu'il ne fait pas. </p>
<p>ALCATEL CIT produit pour sa part des éléments concernant plusieurs salariés dont la situation était comparable à celle de M. X... au moment où il a quitté la société : M. C..., M. D..., Mme E.... </p>
<p>M. X... sera débouté de sa demande de rappel de salaires, ainsi que de celles relatives aux congés payés afférents, à la prime d'ancienneté afférente ainsi qu'au complément d'indemnité PRT et au rappel d'ancienneté et de participation cette dernière ayant cessé d'être versée depuis 1995.</p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>- sur la prime d'ancienneté </p>
<p>Une tentative de règlement amiable est intervenue entre la direction de la société et plusieurs salariés. M. X... a refusé de la signer, ce qui n'est pas contesté. </p>
<p>ALCATEL CIT a fait valoir ainsi que le rappelle le Conseil de prud'hommes, que la demande de M. X... ne pouvait être faite que pour le temps non prescrit soit entre la saisine du conseil le 9 mars 2005 et le 9 mars 2000. M. X... ne démontre pas qu'un acte interruptif de prescription conforme aux exigences de l'article 2224 du code civil ait altéré le cours de la prescription. </p>
<p>Le dossier et les écritures de M. X..., devant la cour, n'apportent aucun élément nouveau et au demeurant aucune explication quant aux sommes demandées. </p>
<p>Cependant, eu égard aux protocoles intervenus avec la société et en l'absence de tout autre élément permettant d'attribuer à M. X... les sommes qu'il demande, il convient de confirmer la décision du Conseil de prud'hommes.</p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>- sur les dommages intérêts </p>
<p>La faute de ALCATEL CIT n'étant pas établie, le préjudice invoqué par M. X... n'est pas un préjudice indemnisable.</p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>- sur les frais irrépétibles </p>
<p>Il n'est pas inéquitable de laisser à la charge de chacune des parties les frais exposés par elles et non compris dans les dépens de l'instance. </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>PAR CES MOTIFS </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>LA COUR, statuant en audience publique, par arrêt contradictoire et en dernier ressort</p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>-confirme le jugement du 3 octobre 2006 en toutes ses dispositions ;</p>
<p>- déboute les parties du surplus de leurs prétentions ;</p>
<p>- condamne ALCATEL LUCENT FRANCE aux dépens. </p>
<p>Arrêt prononcé par Monsieur Jean-Michel LIMOUJOUX, Président, et signé par Monsieur Jean-Michel LIMOUJOUX, Président et par Monsieur Pierre-Louis LANE, greffier présent lors du prononcé. </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>Le GREFFIER, Le PRESIDENT,</p>
| 22,193 |
https://github.com/Javen-fly/JWCustomLayoutButton/blob/master/JWCustomLayoutButton/JWCustomLayoutButton.m
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
JWCustomLayoutButton
|
Javen-fly
|
Objective-C
|
Code
| 741 | 3,159 |
//
// JWCustomLayoutButton.m
// JWCustomLayoutButtonDemo
//
// Created by 吴建文 on 2018/1/10.
// Copyright © 2018年 Javen. All rights reserved.
//
#import "JWCustomLayoutButton.h"
typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger,JWIconPositionType) {
JWIconPositionTypeLeft = 0,
JWIconPositionTypeRight,
JWIconPositionTypeTop,
JWIconPositionTypeBottom
};
@interface JWCustomLayoutButton()
{
JWIconPositionType type;
CGFloat speace;
}
@end
@implementation JWCustomLayoutButton
/** 图片在左，标题在右 */
- (void)setIconInLeft
{
[self setIconInLeftWithSpacing:0.f];
}
/** 图片在右，标题在左 */
- (void)setIconInRight
{
[self setIconInRightWithSpacing:0.f];
}
/** 图片在上，标题在下 */
- (void)setIconInTop
{
[self setIconInTopWithSpacing:0.f];
}
/** 图片在下，标题在上 */
- (void)setIconInBottom
{
[self setIconInBottomWithSpacing:0.f];
}
//** 可以自定义图片和标题间的间隔 */
- (void)setIconInLeftWithSpacing:(CGFloat)Spacing
{
type = JWIconPositionTypeLeft;
speace = Spacing;
}
- (void)setIconInRightWithSpacing:(CGFloat)Spacing
{
type = JWIconPositionTypeRight;
speace = Spacing;
}
- (void)setIconInTopWithSpacing:(CGFloat)Spacing
{
type = JWIconPositionTypeTop;
speace = Spacing;
}
- (void)setIconInBottomWithSpacing:(CGFloat)Spacing
{
type = JWIconPositionTypeBottom;
speace = Spacing;
}
- (void)layoutSubviews
{
[super layoutSubviews];
CGSize contentSize = self.bounds.size;
//获取imageView,titleLabel的大小
CGSize imageViewSize = self.imageView.bounds.size;
CGSize titleLabelSize = self.titleLabel.bounds.size;
//计算实际文本、图片的大小
CGSize textSize = [self.titleLabel.text boundingRectWithSize:CGSizeMake(CGFLOAT_MAX, CGFLOAT_MAX)
options:NSStringDrawingUsesLineFragmentOrigin | NSStringDrawingUsesFontLeading
attributes:@{NSFontAttributeName:self.titleLabel.font}
context:nil].size;
CGSize imageSize = self.imageView.image.size;
CGSize textframeSize = CGSizeMake(ceilf(textSize.width), ceilf(textSize.height));
CGSize imageframeSize = CGSizeMake(ceilf(imageSize.width), ceilf(imageSize.height));
//分情况判断
switch (type) {
case JWIconPositionTypeTop:
{
//图上文下
CGFloat totalHeight = (imageViewSize.height + textframeSize.height + speace);
//宽度足够
if (contentSize.width >= imageframeSize.width && contentSize.width >= textframeSize.width) {
if (contentSize.height >= totalHeight) {
//高度都足够
self.imageEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(- (totalHeight - imageViewSize.height), 0.0, 0.0, - textframeSize.width);
self.titleEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(0, - imageViewSize.width, - (totalHeight - titleLabelSize.height), 0);
}
else if(contentSize.height < totalHeight && contentSize.height >= (totalHeight - speace))
{
//高度不足，但是高度大于等于image高度与title高度的和
totalHeight = contentSize.height;
self.imageEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(- (totalHeight - imageViewSize.height), 0.0, 0.0, - textframeSize.width);
self.titleEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(0, - imageViewSize.width, - (totalHeight - titleLabelSize.height), 0);
}
else if(contentSize.height < (totalHeight - speace))
{
//高度不足，并且高度小于等于image高度与title高度的和,但是大于image的高度
CGFloat totalContentHeight = totalHeight - speace;
totalHeight = contentSize.height;
self.imageEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(- (totalHeight - imageViewSize.height), 0.0, 0.0, - textframeSize.width);
self.titleEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(0, - imageViewSize.width, - (totalContentHeight * 2 - titleLabelSize.height - totalHeight), 0);
self.titleLabel.hidden = _textOverflowHidden;
}
}
//宽度大于图片宽度，小于文字宽度
else if (contentSize.width >= imageframeSize.width && contentSize.width < textframeSize.width)
{
if (contentSize.height >= totalHeight) {
//高度都足够
self.imageEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(- (totalHeight - imageViewSize.height), 0.0, 0.0, - textframeSize.width);
self.titleEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(0, - imageViewSize.width, - (totalHeight - titleLabelSize.height), 0);
}
else if(contentSize.height < totalHeight && contentSize.height >= (totalHeight - speace))
{
//高度不足，但是高度大于等于image高度与title高度的和
totalHeight = contentSize.height;
self.imageEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(- (totalHeight - imageViewSize.height), 0.0, 0.0, - textframeSize.width);
self.titleEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(0, - imageViewSize.width, - (totalHeight - titleLabelSize.height), 0);
}
else if(contentSize.height < (totalHeight - speace))
{
//高度不足，并且高度小于等于image高度与title高度的和,但是大于image的高度
CGFloat totalContentHeight = totalHeight - speace;
totalHeight = contentSize.height;
self.imageEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(- (totalHeight - imageViewSize.height), 0.0, 0.0, - textframeSize.width);
self.titleEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(0, - imageViewSize.width, - (totalContentHeight * 2 - titleLabelSize.height - totalHeight), 0);
self.titleLabel.hidden = _textOverflowHidden;
}
}
//宽度大于图片宽度
else if (contentSize.width < imageframeSize.width )//&& contentSize.width >= textframeSize.width)
{
if (contentSize.height >= totalHeight) {
//高度都足够
self.imageView.bounds = CGRectMake(0, 0, contentSize.width, imageframeSize.height);
self.imageEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(- (totalHeight - imageViewSize.height), 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
self.titleEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(0, - imageframeSize.width, - (totalHeight - titleLabelSize.height), 0);
}
else if(contentSize.height < totalHeight && contentSize.height >= (totalHeight - speace))
{
//高度不足，但是高度大于等于image高度与title高度的和
self.imageView.bounds = CGRectMake(0, 0, contentSize.width, imageframeSize.height);
totalHeight = contentSize.height;
self.imageEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(- (totalHeight - imageViewSize.height), 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
self.titleEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(0, - imageframeSize.width, - (totalHeight - titleLabelSize.height), 0);
}
else if(contentSize.height < (totalHeight - speace))
{
//高度不足，并且高度小于等于image高度与title高度的和,但是大于image的高度
CGFloat totalContentHeight = totalHeight - speace;
CGFloat imageH = imageframeSize.height > contentSize.height?contentSize.height:imageframeSize.height;
self.imageView.bounds = CGRectMake(0, 0, contentSize.width, imageH);
totalHeight = contentSize.height;
self.imageEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(- (totalHeight - imageViewSize.height), 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
self.titleEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(0, - imageframeSize.width, - (totalContentHeight * 2 - titleLabelSize.height - totalHeight), 0);
self.titleLabel.hidden = _textOverflowHidden;
}
}
}
break;
case JWIconPositionTypeRight:
{
CGFloat totalWidth = textframeSize.width + imageframeSize.width + speace;
CGFloat originalWidth = titleLabelSize.width + imageViewSize.width;
if (contentSize.width >= totalWidth) {
self.imageEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -(originalWidth/2-imageViewSize.width + totalWidth/2)*2);
self.titleEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(0.0, -(originalWidth/2 - (textframeSize.width - totalWidth/2))*2, 0.0, 0.0);
}
}
break;
case JWIconPositionTypeLeft:
{
CGFloat totalWidth = textframeSize.width + imageframeSize.width + speace;
// CGFloat originalWidth = titleLabelSize.width + imageViewSize.width;
if (contentSize.width >= totalWidth) {
self.imageEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(0.0, -speace, 0.0, 0.0);
self.titleEdgeInsets = UIEdgeInsetsMake(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -speace);
}
}
break;
default:
break;
}
}
//autolayout 没有设置宽高时，展示的大小
- (CGSize)intrinsicContentSize
{
CGSize textSize = [self.titleLabel.text boundingRectWithSize:CGSizeMake(CGFLOAT_MAX, CGFLOAT_MAX)
options:NSStringDrawingUsesLineFragmentOrigin | NSStringDrawingUsesFontLeading
attributes:@{NSFontAttributeName:self.titleLabel.font}
context:nil].size;
CGSize imageSize = self.imageView.image.size;
CGFloat textW = ceilf(textSize.width);
CGFloat textH = ceilf(textSize.height);
CGFloat imageW = ceilf(imageSize.width);
CGFloat imageH = ceilf(imageSize.height);
switch (type) {
case JWIconPositionTypeLeft:case JWIconPositionTypeRight:
{
CGFloat totalW = textW + imageW + speace;
CGFloat height = textH > imageH?textH:imageH;
return CGSizeMake(totalW, height);
}
case JWIconPositionTypeTop:case JWIconPositionTypeBottom:
{
CGFloat width = textW > imageW?textW:imageW;
CGFloat totalHeight = textH + imageH + speace;
return CGSizeMake(width, totalHeight);
}
default:
break;
}
return [super intrinsicContentSize];
}
@end
| 1,363 |
W4300413751.txt_1
|
Open-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 1,946 |
STUDIES IN GLASS SYSTEMS. REFRACTOMETRIC STUDIES OF ALKALI HALIDES DISSOLVED IN BORAX GLASS
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,115 | 5,735 |
STUDIES IN GLASS SYSTEMS. REFRACTOMETRIC STUDIES OF ALKALI
HALIDES DISSOLVED IN BORAX GLASS
BY SuBODR KuMAR MAJuMDAR AND BHUPATI KuMAR BANERJEE
Salts like LiCl, Na.Cl, KC! and Na.I were diaBolved in fuaed borax glass Bnd tho mole-refre.ction of
the solidified gloaaes ware det<>rmined. The mole·refraction of the di.aaolved sa.lts calculated from the
additivity formula. shows considerable departure from values in the crystalline state and. at infinite
dilution. The concentration-mole. refraction curves for all these salts show a. positive slope unlike the
case in a.queous solutions. But the valuos are coiiBidera.bly smaller than those of the crystal and for
infinite dilution, showing the existence of a very conaidera.bla dofonnation in the glass system. The
positive cha.re.ctar of the slope is explained a.s due to doorea.sad dissociation of the salt in the gla.ss medium.
On the whole Faja.ns deformation rule is qualitatively established for solid solutions of these salts in
gla.ss systtlms.
Fajans and co-worker!' have done a conilidcrabl~ amount of wol'k on the mole-refraction of different salts, possessing ions of inert gas configuration, in the solid crystalline
state, in the state of vapour and in aqueous solutions (Fajans and Joos, Z. Physik, 1924,
23, l; Fajans, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1927, 23, 357; Fajans, Z. Ekklrochem., 1928, 34,
502; Wulff and Schaller, Z. Kri8t., 1934, 87, 43; Ge:tfcken, Z. phyaikal. Chem., 1929,
B 5, 81, et.c.). Majumdar and co-workers (Z. physikal. Chem., 1936, B, 31, 319; J.
Indian Chem. Soc., 1942, 19, 241, 461; 1946, 28, 317 ; 1945, 22, 147) have studied
the behaviour of different polar salts dissolved in boric oxide and borax glasses. With
the alkali halides, dissolved iu boric oxide glass, they have found that these salts are
very strongly deformed in solid solution and the relative deforming power of the
oa.tions on the common anion obeys Fa.jans deformation rule qualitatively. It was
therefore thought interesting to extend the studies to as many glass solvent media as
poi!Bible. An added advantage which such systems possess over those studied before is
th~tt the samples are leas liable to the action of moisture and they therefore remain clear
quite a. long time.
The deforming action of the ions of 1t molecule on each other and on the surrounding
solvent medium may be classified as follows : (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(it1)
Action of the cation on the a.nion
anion
,. cation
anion on the solvent
cation
Decrease in mole-refraction
Increaae
Increase
Decrease
A typical example of the decrease of mole-refraction with concentration is furnished
A decrease in the mole-refraction value occurs by the tran•
sition of LiCl at infinite dilution to the state of the crystal. Thus
by LiCI in aqueous solution.
~R= Rceyst.- Roo•,= 7.59- 8.74=
-1.45,
In this case owing to the small ionic dia.metP-r of Lf+ ion and its strong hydt·a.tion 1
the effects (i) and (iv) pr€>ponderate over those of (ii) and (iii) and hence the mole-refraction-concentration curve shows a negative slope. In the case of c'rystal, the effect of
172
S. K. MAJUMDAR AND B. K. llANERJim
deformation i8 maximum and hence minimum value of m0le-refraction is given by it.
And this is true in a greater or lesser degree with aqueous solutions, according to concentration. In the case of a salt like KF, on the other hand, the effect of the anion on
the cation is greater than that of cation on anion and thus tho mole-refraction-concentration curve shows a positive slope. As has bt'en shown by Majumdar et al. (loc.
cit.) with boric oxide as the solvent medium and as will appear from the present paper,
a much smaller value of mole-refract,ion is obtained for LiCI when dissolved in such glasses.
According to the Lorenz-Lorentz formula, the mole-refraction R of a pme substance
is given by
n2 -l
M
R~ n"+2 · d
(l)
where n is the refractive index and d, the don~ity of the substance and .U, its molecular
wt ;ht. Strictly speaking n should be the rcfmctivc index for infinitdy long wave-length,
if Risto be taken as a measure of the polariBahility of the molecul<". Jn this C!Vlc n 2 =e,
where e is the dielectric constant of the medium and the Lorenz- Lorentz equation changes
to the well known Clau8ius-Mo~ott-i equation. For the purpose of compariRon, however,
the reJractive index for a particular visihlc w1tve-lcngth (D-line) may be taken without
serious error. In a glass system consisting of p per cent of alkali chloride XCI and therefore of (100- p) per cent borax, if r be the SJJecific refraction of the glass mixture, r,, that
of the alkali chloride and r 2 , the value for fused borax glass, then the following rel~tion
should hold good, if the additivity rule is obeyed by the mixture ;
100 r= p.r 1 +(100-p).r,
{2)
The specific refraction r of the glass mixture can be calculated from the experimental
values of n and d from the formula
n 2 -l
r=
n.-:t-2
1
d"
The value of r 2 can be similarly found from pure fused borax glass. Hence from equation
(2), the specific refraction of the dissolved alkali halide and hence its mole-refraction
may be calculated. This is on the aBsumption, however, that the refractivity of the solvent
remains unchanged. This value of mole-refraction of XCI in glass may be conveniently
compared with its values in the crystal and in aqueous solution at infinite dilution.
ExPERI~IENTAI.
Preparation of the Bample8.-An aqueous solution of LiCl, which as is well known is
hygroscopic, was evaporated to dryness in a platinum crucible and the residue quit'kly
taken up with absolute alcohol. There was usually a small insoluble residue left. The
alcoholic solution was filtered and the alcohol evaporated off, The residue was kept in a
vacuum desiccator before use. The other chemicals (;\lerck, pro-Analyrie quality) were
recrystallised once and used. Borax was powdered and dehydrated first in a hot air
oven and then in a vacuum desiccator for several days, until a sample taken up with absolute alcohol did not impart any coloration to anhydrous CuSO.. Complete dehydration
of borax before fusion is necessary, as otherwise the glasses tenaciously retain traces of
moisture which would be difficult to remove later (cf. Consen and Turner, J. Chem. SOl'.,
1923, 2654}. The salts were similarly dehydrated beforehand t~,Ud d.iiferent sa.mples of
S'l'tJDIES IN GLASS SYSTEMS
173
borax and alkali halides were powdered and heated in a platinum crucible in an electric
furnace to about 1000" until a thoroughly homogeneous melt was obtained. The platinum
crucible was then chilled and the solidified glass extract~d. A portion of the ingredients
first sublimed but later a melt of constant composition was obtained. Each sample was
e'X:amined in a Polarisation microscope ~:>nd on1y those pieces which were optically isotropic
were taken. Platinum possesses a different coefficient of expansion from the melt and
hence when the melt solidifies great streBs is brought to bear on the system with the
result that there is chance of the solid being double refracting. It should be noticed
that although borax crystals are optically anisotropic, borax glass, if properly prepared, is
isotropic. This is an additional proof of Warren's view that in a glass the constituents
form a sort of non-periodic network as opposed to the periodic space lattice present
in a true crystal.
Analysis of the sample,.-The halogen content of the sampl68 was determined at
first volumertrically by back titration method and then checked in some cases by gravimetric precipitation. About '1.5 g. of the glass was dissolved in hot water and made up
to 100 9.0. An aliquot pa.rt was taken and treated with a definite volume of standard
AgNO. adding excess of nitric acid. The excess of silver nitrate was back titrated against
standard NH~CNS using ferric alum as indicator.
Density determination.-The dellilities of the samples were determlned according
to the method detailed in a previous paper (Majumdar and Sarma, loc. cit.). A small
particle ofthe glass was suspended in a mixture of acetylene tetrabromide and toluene and
the container vessel kept in a transparent thermostat maintained at 35°. The composition of the suspellilion liquid was altered until the particle remained suspended in
any position. The exact point was reached by noting the movement of the particle several
t·imes up and down. At this point the liquid mixture was introduced into a weighed
pyknometer joined by a tube with ground gla8s stopper and also placed in the thermostat.
The usual precautions were taken and the weight of the pyknometer again determined.
Two independent determinations were made with each sample and the mean V!J.lue taken.
Refractive I'IU/,e;J; determination.-The refractive index of the samples wa.s determined
by the Becke method followed by the determination of the refractive indices of the two
liquid mixtures in a Pulfrich refractometer, sodium ligh~ from an n~ram sodium lamp
being used for both the measurements. It is well known that refractive index determination of solids presents considerable difficultit"s. Direct determination of refractive
index. of a solid is poBSible in a Pulfrich refractometer if the solid is ground in the shape
of a 1ight angled prism with optical plane faces. This is, however, not possible in the
present case.
A small piece of the solid was suspended in a liquid mi:-;ture and focussed in sodium
light in a high power microscope. The composition of the liquid was then varied and
the eye piec·e was raised after focussing. If the refractive indices of the solid and liquid
are very nearly equal, either o.fthe two effects are observed on raising the.eye piece; either
the outline of the solid-liquid recede away from the solid or the lines seem to enter the
solid, In the former case the refra<ltive index of the solid is less than that of the liquid
and vice verBa.
Hence by choo01ing two liquids, one having a higher and the other a
lower refractive index than the solid and adjusting the composition carefully, two liquid
174
i::l. K. MAJtJMbAll. AND B. l\. BANERJEE
mixtures may he obtained, the refractive indices of which are respectively only slightly
higher and slightly lower than t.he solid itself. The refractive indices of these two are
then accurately determined in a Pulfrich refractometer and the mean value taken; the
two values usually varied L11 the fourth place of decimaL The determinations had to
be carried out at room temperatun::, hut us solidR posses~:~ !t very small temperature coefficient of refractive index (less than the experimental error in this case), this introduced
no serious error in the comparative "alues.
TABLE
I
n 0 =Ref. index in D-light.
Gg/IOOg-Conc. in g. cquiv.flOOOg. borax.
LiCl
0
2.0%
5.2
7.5
».6
KCI.
7.76%
10.76
14.89
16.45
LiCI-borax gl9.ll9.
Og/1000 g.
Density.
0
2.3557
0.47
2.3501
1.22
2.3297
1.77
2.3122
2.26
2.2961
1.5151
1.5099
1.5038
1.5022
1.5011
KCI-bora.x glo.ss.
Og/1000 g.
Density.
1.04
2.3296
1.44
2.3125
1.99
2.2940
2.20
2.2673
"'•·
1.5057
1.5047
1.4997
1.4955
nu.
NaCl.
5.1%
6.5
10.0
11.5
14.3
14.8
lB.S
Nal
3.12%
4.45
9.33
NaCI-bomx gla.Bil.
Cg/1000 g.
Density.
0.87
2.3349
1.5050
1.11
2.3281
1.5031
1. 71
2.3075
1.4958
1.97
2.2098
1.4950
2.44
2.2907
1.4944
2.53
2.2887
1.4935
3.21
2.2653
1.4911
Nai-borax gla.ss.
Og/1000 ~DotU!ity.
0.21
2.3902
1.5154
0.29
2.4021
1.5159
1.5219
0.62
2.44ll
In the following tables, rxcr and hence Rxcr for the alkali halide ~lved in borax
are calculated from the mbtture law; the respective values of R at infinite dilution
and in pure crystal are shown in the la!!t column. The value of r for pure bora.x is taken
as 0.1278 (Wulff and Majumdar, loc. cit.).
gl~tss
TABLE
LiCi.
2.0%
5.2
7.5
9.6
,;,.. (obe.).
0.1270
0.1268
0.1276
0.1283
TABLE
NaCl.
5.1%
6.5
10.0
11.5
14.3
14.8
18.8
(obs.).
0.1262
0.1269
0.1265
0.1268
o:127o
0.1269
0.1278
r mii•
II
LiCl- borax glass.
r ucl (calc)..
RLic~ (calc .. )
0.0810
3.44
0.1057
4.47
0.1230
5.22
0.1312
5.157
8.76
7.69
Faj&ru<, Kohner and Geffck{ln,
(Z. Eleclrockem.,l925, 84, 2)
III
Ns.Cl-boTax glass.
r•acl {calc.).
RB.cl (calc.).
0.0929
5.43
0.1121
6.55
0.1135
6.63
0.1177
6.88
0.1211
7.08
0.1211
7.08
0.1273
7.H
Boor
0.27
8.52
DISI:USSION
With all the. four salts investigated, two things emile out prominently. First, in
every case, the mole·refraction of the dissolved salt increases with concentration and
secondly the highest value obtained for the maximum concentration is very considerably
smaller than that of the pure salt either in the crystalline condition or in aqueous solution
a.t infinite dilution. The poRitiV'e slope of the mole·refraction-concentra.tion curve (vide
175
STUDIES IN GLASS SYSTEMS
TABI.E
IV
FIG.
KCI-borax giBBS.
R"'t.=ll.:U
Rory•t·= 10.83
KCl
7.76%
10.76
rml> (obs.).
0.1274
14.89
0.1281
0.1281
16.45
0.1286
rJl:Cl (calc.).
20
RKcl (calc.).
0.1211
0.1310
0.1279
0.1317
TABLE
I
9.02
9.76
9.52
ll.Sl
v
Nai -borax gla.1!8.
Rool-=19.38
Nal
Rcf'l"'l·=l7.07
rNai (calc.).
R • ., (calr..),
3.12%
4.45
0.1262
0.1267
0.0702
0.07S7
9.38
0.1249
0.0948
10.63
11.50
14.20
rm;-. (obs.).
0
s
IO
15
20
%Alkali halides
Fig. 1) stands in remarkable contrast. to the usual negative slope in aqueous solutions
(Fa.jans, Z. Elektrochem, loc. cit.). With the three chloride!! investigated, in aqueous
solutions, the effect<! of the cation on the anion a.nd the cation on the solvent
medium greatly outweigh the other two effects and hence the mole-refraction decreases
with increasing concentra,t.ion. And it should be remembered in this connection that
Li • ion most of a-ll and the other two cations in varying degrees are heavily hydrated
in solution. The negative slope is very pronounced in the oase of Nai in aqueonlil
solution, because the effect (i) has a greater magnitude on the larger iodine ion than
in NaCl with a sm!J.ller anion. On the other hand, the positive ~lope of chlorates ~nd
sulphate~! in aqueous solution is explained by the fact that CIO/ ion is less polarisable
than the water molecule and therefore the effect of the anion on the solvent
preponderates. This has been found to be the case with NaCl04 , LiClO., Al(ClO.),,
the different sulphates and also with KF. Viewed in this light, the positive ~lope
of the curves in the 088es inveRtiga.ted in the present paper points either to the interaction of the anion with the solvent medium, not necessarily in a chemical sense, or to a
decreased dissociation of the !!alt with increasing concentration.
It may oe mentioned that some exceptions have been found by the workers of the
Fajans schools of the general rulE> that whenever the cation is either small or highly charged
a.nd the anion large, the effect o:f increa.~ing conce11tration will be increased refraction.
Simple nitrat.eR like NaNO,, KN0 3 , etc. are found to give a negative slope in aqueous solutions and this is explained by the Jmsymmetrical di~<tribution of the oxygen octets round
the central nitrogen atom in the nitrate ion (Fajans, Z. physikal ('hem., 1938, 137, 381).
In so." ion on the other hand, the four oxygen octets are symmetrlc,ally distributed
round the centra.! sulphur atom. And this is also true of ClO.' ion.
The positive slope of the curves in aqueous solutions of the above mentioned salts
may thus be explained as due to either of the two following effects :-The field of the
176
S
K. MA.JUMDAH
A~D
B. 1{. BANERJEE
cation is so strongly polarised by that of the anion that the polarising effect of the oa.tion
on the solvent medium, which brings about decrea.Red refraction, is practically removed
and hence a resultant increase of refraction with concentration results. An a.ltemative
suggcfltion is that the hydration layer of the cation is replaced partially (in the case of
a polyvalent cation) or wholly by an anion which really amounts to a decreased di8Socia.tion of the salt. In the case of salts with poly-valent cations Dke Al(Cl0.) 1 , therefore
ions like Cl0 4 Al++ will exillt in solution. Hence the effect will be less marked than in
the case of a salt. like NaCIO., in which decreased dissociation of the salt with increaaed
concentration is supposed to be the principa.l cause of the positive slope. .Tudged
by this standRrd one can conclude that in the cases of the halides, diso;olved in borax glass
studied by us, there is evidence of the o,;;istonce of undiRsociated molecules. Thifl is understandable fr;om the difference in dielectric oon."!tt~.nt between water and borate and boric
oxide glasses. A negative slope of the. curves therefore is not to be expected a.s in the
case of the corresponding aqueous solutions. This doos not mean, however, that the dissolved salts retain their lattice dimcmions unaltered when in a state of solution in the
glass. For reasons explained in previous communications (Majumdar and Palit, me. cit.),
an enlargement of lattice dimensions may be Pxpected on theoretical con.'liderations.
The experimental evidence on this point, however, ha~ bPen conflicting (Majumdar, Banerjee
11.nd Banerjee, Nainre, 6th Oct., l\)4.'>) and the investigation is being pur,;ued further.
Turning to the experimental results we find that ihe calculated value of R for LiCl in
glass is remarkably small, the value increasing from 3.44 to 5.57 corresponding to concentrations 0.47 to 2.26/1000 g. The values of LiCI in the pure crystal and at infinite
dilution in aqueous solution are respectively 7.59 and 8.76. The positive slope of the
curve is quite pronounced. It may be mentioned in this connection that LiCIO. also
gives a positive slope in aqueous solution, although LiCl as usual gives a. negative slope.
For NaCI, the incroa.se in value of R is from 5.43 to 7.44 corresponding to a concentration
increase from 0.87 to 3.21 g. equiv. sa.lt/1000 g. borax. The values of R for the pure salt
in the crystal and at infini.te dilution are respectively 8.52 and 9.27. For KCI, the value
increases from 9.02 to 9.81 for a concentration change from 1.04 to 2.20 g. equiv. salt'IOOOg
borax. Thus it is clear"that qmditatively the effect of concentration on the mole-refraction of.the dissolved salt follows the inequality Li•>Na•>K•, as can be expected from
Fa.jan's Deformation Theory.
The case of Nai dissolved in borax stands out in prominent contrast with its beha·
viour in aqueous solution. In aqueous solution Nai gives a very 8tePp negative slope
in the concentration-refraction curve. In horn.x solution on the contrary there is an
equally prominent. positive slope, the value of R increasing from l0.5.'l to l !.20 between a
con·cen,ttation increase 0.21 and O.fl2 g. equiv. saltiiOOO, g. borax. The question <'f cationic
exchange between the salt a.nd the ~<olvent to which reference has been made doeB not
arise in thiR case as well as in the case of NaOl. It is clear therefore that while in aqucou.«
solution, the refractometric evidence points to a. large dissociation even in concentrated
solution, in solnt.ion in borax glass, it shows considerably decreased dissociation and a. very
C'Onsiderahle deformation.
CHEMICAL LAliORATO:R.Y,
:PRESIDENcy Col-LEGE, CALCUTTA.
lleeeived Febroa'Y 2, 1946.
| 46,648 |
https://codereview.stackexchange.com/questions/117968
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
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Edson Mata, https://codereview.stackexchange.com/users/188446, https://codereview.stackexchange.com/users/95820, tobiasznowak
|
English
|
Spoken
| 683 | 2,070 |
Navigation between pages in WPF MVVM application
I did a project in WPF MVVM. Just a single Window with single Frame control and few Pages. My problem was communication between pages without not violating MVVM principles. I'd like to use all bestprogramming-practices.
Can you check if this code agrees with the all best principles?
My solution has two projects: WPF client, ViewModels PCL. I want to have my ViewModels separated from the Views.
Here is the code for WPF Client:
GitHub
App.xaml.cs
namespace NaviWPFApp
{
using System.Windows;
using NaviWPFApp.Views;
using NaviWPFApp.Views.Pages;
public partial class App : Application
{
public static NavigationService Navigation;
protected override void OnStartup(StartupEventArgs e)
{
base.OnStartup(e);
MainWindow mainWindow = new MainWindow();
mainWindow.Show();
Navigation = new NavigationService(mainWindow.MyFrame);
Navigation.Navigate<FirstPage>();
}
}
}
App.xaml It's just:
<Application x:Class="NaviWPFApp.App"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:local="clr-namespace:NaviWPFApp"
x:Name="Application">
<Application.Resources>
<local:ViewModelLocator x:Key="ViewModelLocator"/>
</Application.Resources>
</Application>
I have one main window with frame, and two very similar pages (no code-behind):
<Window x:Class="NaviWPFApp.Views.MainWindow"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
mc:Ignorable="d"
Title="NaviWPFApp" Height="300" Width="300">
<Grid>
<Frame x:Name="MyFrame" Margin="10" />
</Grid>
</Window>
<Page x:Class="NaviWPFApp.Views.Pages.FirstPage"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
mc:Ignorable="d"
d:DesignHeight="300" d:DesignWidth="300" Title="FirstPage"
DataContext="{Binding FirstPageViewModel, Source={StaticResource ViewModelLocator}}">
<Grid>
<Button Command="{Binding Go2}" Height="30" Content="Go to second page" />
</Grid>
</Page>
<Page x:Class="NaviWPFApp.Views.Pages.SecondPage"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
mc:Ignorable="d"
d:DesignHeight="300" d:DesignWidth="300"
Title="SecondPage"
DataContext="{Binding Path=SecondPageViewModel, Source={StaticResource ViewModelLocator}}">
<Grid>
<Button Command="{Binding Go1}" Content="Go back to page 1" Height="30" />
</Grid>
</Page>
I my client I have also two additional classes ViewModelLocator and NavigationService - used for naviation between pages:
namespace NaviWPFApp
{
using NaviWPFApp.ViewModels.Pages;
public class ViewModelLocator
{
public FirstPageViewModel FirstPageViewModel => new FirstPageViewModel(App.Navigation);
public SecondPageViewModel SecondPageViewModel => new SecondPageViewModel(App.Navigation);
}
}
namespace NaviWPFApp
{
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using NaviWPFApp.ViewModels.Common;
public class NavigationService : INavigationService
{
readonly Frame frame;
public NavigationService(Frame frame)
{
this.frame = frame;
}
public void GoBack()
{
frame.GoBack();
}
public void GoForward()
{
frame.GoForward();
}
public bool Navigate(string page)
{
var type = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().GetTypes().SingleOrDefault(a => a.Name.Equals(page));
if (type == null) return false;
var src = Activator.CreateInstance(type);
return frame.Navigate(src);
}
public bool Navigate<T>(object parameter = null)
{
var type = typeof(T);
return Navigate(type, parameter);
}
public bool Navigate(Type source, object parameter = null)
{
var src = Activator.CreateInstance(source);
return frame.Navigate(src, parameter);
}
}
}
Here is my ViewModels (Portable) project:
It's only two ViewModel classes for each Page in UI, INavigationService (I don't want to know anything about NavigationService implementation and UI client), MyObservableObject and MyCommand.
MyObservableObject and MyCommand are typical implementations of INotifyPropertyChanged and ICommand interfaces.
This is an interface and two viewmodels:
public interface INavigationService
{
void GoForward();
void GoBack();
bool Navigate(string page);
}
public class FirstPageViewModel : MyObservableObject
{
private readonly INavigationService navigationService;
public FirstPageViewModel(INavigationService navigationService)
{
this.navigationService = navigationService;
}
public MyCommand Go2
{
get { return new MyCommand(x => navigationService.Navigate("SecondPage")); }
}
}
public class SecondPageViewModel : MyObservableObject
{
private readonly INavigationService navigationService;
public SecondPageViewModel(INavigationService navigationService)
{
this.navigationService = navigationService;
}
public MyCommand Go1
{
get { return new MyCommand(x => navigationService.Navigate("FirstPage")); }
}
}
My biggest concern is this: navigationService.Navigate("FirstPage")); I pass view name as a string. That's because I don't want my ViewModel knows anything about View. But my navigation service HAS TO KNOW about View. That's why I did that interface with string parameter.
What do you think?
In my opinion, I don't see anything that violates Mvvm pattern.
Could you tell me how to get the parameters on the page?
My biggest concern is this: navigationService.Navigate("FirstPage"));
I pass view name as a string. That's because I don't want my ViewModel
knows anything about View. But my navigation service HAS TO KNOW about
View. That's why I did that interface with string parameter.
In a given design, independently from any implementation, a dependency either exist or not. Trying to solve this "problem" in the implementation is impossible.
You have to choose if your navigation service helps navigating through xaml views, or through some higher level, more abstract "navigation items".
Thanks for an answer. I'd like to navigate in viewmodels via commands. But viewmodels are located in separated project (they don't see Views at all). And this project is PCL. I've put the code into repo here: https://github.com/AntwanReno/navi
| 9,863 |
https://github.com/PeroSar/termux-packages/blob/master/root-packages/mtr/build.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
termux-packages
|
PeroSar
|
Shell
|
Code
| 21 | 316 |
TERMUX_PKG_HOMEPAGE=https://github.com/traviscross/mtr
TERMUX_PKG_DESCRIPTION="Network diagnostic tool"
TERMUX_PKG_LICENSE="GPL-2.0"
TERMUX_PKG_MAINTAINER="@termux"
_COMMIT=ec42ba61f77654e8397e6496095634585f90b26d
TERMUX_PKG_VERSION=0.94.git.${_COMMIT:0:8}
TERMUX_PKG_SRCURL=https://github.com/traviscross/mtr/archive/${_COMMIT}.tar.gz
TERMUX_PKG_SHA256=69fe865168784275ba20b2230969907dd4df165b13234edfe1c91004b86197c3
TERMUX_PKG_DEPENDS="ncurses"
TERMUX_PKG_EXTRA_CONFIGURE_ARGS="--without-gtk"
termux_step_pre_configure() {
cp ${TERMUX_PKG_BUILDER_DIR}/hsearch/* ${TERMUX_PKG_SRCDIR}/portability
cd ${TERMUX_PKG_SRCDIR}
./bootstrap.sh
}
| 10,404 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16395129
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,013 |
Stack Exchange
|
edA-qa mort-ora-y, https://stackoverflow.com/users/229686, https://stackoverflow.com/users/995617, kevinmm
|
English
|
Spoken
| 312 | 468 |
Multiple git origins/remotes and checkout branches
I have multiple forks of a project and I need to branch from a starting point in one of those forks. I'm not certain how one can do this with "git". Basically, the situation is as follows:
SOURCE project
I forked SOURCE to MINE
You forked SOURCE to YOURS
I have MINE cloned to my LOCAL machine
Now YOURS has a branch called NEXT which I want to work on. How do I checkout YOURS/NEXT in my LOCAL clone? Ideally I will be branching form this point and pushing my changes to MINE, issues a pull request, then you merge them to YOURS.
Good question. I was surprised that this was so hard to find. The git checkout --help docs don't mention this use case at all. I'm surprised that more people don't have a "origin", which is production, such as your SOURCE. And, a "mine" for local development which you can test remote, clean up, and squash from.
You need to:
declare a remote referring to "YOURS"
declare a local branch which will track YOURS/NEXT
That would be:
git remote add YOURS /url/for/YOURS/repo
git fetch YOURS
git checkout -b next YOURS/NEXT
Is the git fetch YOURS at this point doing the same thing as a git remote update does?
Assuming that the git repositories are published somewhere which you can pull from, you can add remote repositories with git remote add [name] [URL], then you're able to pull changes in from the repository you've added with git pull [name] [branch]
A working example of this would be something like
git remote add upstream git://github.com/git/git.git
git pull upstream maint
I wish to checkout the branch, not pull from it. That is, I don't wish to merge any of their changes into one of my branches, I wish to create a new branch which exactly mirrors theirs.
| 4,926 |
https://openalex.org/W1924452768
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,015 |
A lipophilic fluorescent LipidGreen1-based quantification method for high-throughput screening analysis of intracellular poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
|
Ji Eun Choi
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,925 | 12,427 |
© 2015 Choi et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license,
and indicate if changes were made. Abstract 2010) and Jatropha oil
(Ng et al. 2010). Furthermore, PHB production has been
well studied with functional genes of Cupriavidus neca-
tor H16 (Budde et al. 2010; Kahar et al. 2004). Recently,
many strategies including culture medium manipula-
tions (Khanna and Srivastava 2005; Nath et al. 2008)
and genetic modifications (Madison and Huisman 1999;
Lim et al. 2002) have been developed to increase PHB
production. PHB synthesis in recombinant bacteria is A lipophilic fluorescent
LipidGreen1‑based quantification method
for high‑throughput screening analysis
of intracellular poly‑3‑hydroxybutyrate Ji Eun Choi1, Hye Young Na1,2, Taek Ho Yang3, Sung‑Keun Rhee2 and Jae Kwang Song1* Introduction Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a linear polyester which
accumulates in various gram-positive and gram-negative
bacteria as an intracellular granular material for car-
bon and energy storage from renewable resources (Snell
and Peoples 2009). Bacterial PHA shows a good prom-
ise as a biodegradable and biocompatible plastic for
packaging and medical applications (Reddy et al. 2013). Therefore, it is considered as a functional substitute for
petroleum-based plastics due to thermoplastic and elas-
tomeric properties of its copolymers (Balaji et al. 2013). *Correspondence: ajee@krict.re.kr
1 Research Center for Bio‑based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute
of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong‑ro, Yuseong‑gu,
Daejeon 305‑600, Republic of Korea
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Choi et al. AMB Expr (2015) 5:48
DOI 10.1186/s13568-015-0131-6 Choi et al. AMB Expr (2015) 5:48
DOI 10.1186/s13568-015-0131-6 Open Access Abstract Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), the most abundant type of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is synthesized inside a variety
of microorganisms as a primary candidate for industrial PHB production. Lipophilic dyes such as Nile red and BODIPY
have been used to quantify intracellular PHB, but their uses have often been limited in terms of sensitivity and accu‑
racy. In this study, a newly developed lipophilic fluorescent dye LipidGreen1 was used to quantify intracellular PHB. LipidGreen1 stained viable colonies by adding the dye into the medium which enabled the effective selection of
PHB-positive cells. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensity of LipidGreen1 maintained its fluorescence intensity much
longer than that of Nile red. The fluorescence intensities of intracellular PHB stained by LipidGreen1 accurately agreed
with PHB contents measured by gas chromatography. In addition, internalization of LipidGreen1 in Escherichia coli cell
was not necessary to obtain quantitative measurements. PHB-synthase mutants were differentiated by fluorescence
intensities with a good correlation to increased levels of PHB production. These results show that LipidGreen1 is sensi‑
tive and accurate in high-throughput screening of newly isolated and genetically modified bacteria with enhanced
PHB production. Keywords: LipidGreen1, Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, High-throughput screening, Quantitative measurement,
Spectrofluorometry, Microtiter plate assay Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), the most abundant type
of PHA, can be produced from a variety of sugars. For
example, Cupriavidus necator H16 (formerly, Ralsto-
nia eutropha H16) synthesizes PHB from acetyl-CoA
through three enzyme reactions (Peoples and Sinskey
1989). PHB production from Cupriavidus necator H16
has been studied in many fields, including the applica-
tion of non-edible carbon sources into PHB production
such as food wastes (Hafuka et al. 2010) and Jatropha oil
(Ng et al. 2010). Furthermore, PHB production has been
well studied with functional genes of Cupriavidus neca-
tor H16 (Budde et al. 2010; Kahar et al. 2004). Recently,
many strategies including culture medium manipula-
tions (Khanna and Srivastava 2005; Nath et al. 2008)
and genetic modifications (Madison and Huisman 1999;
Lim et al. 2002) have been developed to increase PHB
production. PHB synthesis in recombinant bacteria is Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), the most abundant type
of PHA, can be produced from a variety of sugars. For
example, Cupriavidus necator H16 (formerly, Ralsto-
nia eutropha H16) synthesizes PHB from acetyl-CoA
through three enzyme reactions (Peoples and Sinskey
1989). PHB production from Cupriavidus necator H16
has been studied in many fields, including the applica-
tion of non-edible carbon sources into PHB production
such as food wastes (Hafuka et al. Measurement of the fluorescence intensityh l
y
The PHB-producing cells were cultivated in 500 mL LB
medium containing 20 g/L glucose. The cells were har-
vested by centrifugation (3,200×g, 4°C for 10 min) and
resuspended in PBS to yield an optical density at 600 nm
of 2.0. LipidGreen1 was added to the 1 mL cell suspen-
sions, followed by further incubation for 0.5 and 2 h in the
dark. The final concentration of LipidGreen1 at 2 µg/mL
was used in further experiment. One hundred microliters
of the suspensions were immediately transferred into a 96
well black microplate, and the fluorescence intensity was
measured within 10 min with a micro-fluorospectrome-
ter (TECAN, Switzerland) at an excitation wavelength of
450 nm and emission wavelength of 510 nm. To verify the Choi et al. AMB Expr (2015) 5:48 Page 2 of 8 considered to be economically beneficial due to its fast
growth rate and high accumulation of PHB up to 90% of
its dry cell weight and thus, has been thoroughly inves-
tigated in genetic engineering and culture optimization
studies to enhance PHB-productivity (Kim et al. 1992;
Slater et al. 1988). prepared by dissolving the dyes in dimethylsulfoxide
(DMSO) to a final concentration of 1 mg/mL. PHB pow-
der was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Ten mil-
ligrams PHB powder was suspended in 1 mL water using
ultrasonic homogenizer (Sonics and Materials, USA) for
1 min on 20% amplitude. )
It is necessary to develop better enzymes relevant to
PHB biosynthesis and identify high-yield production
strains. Thus, a simple and reliable high-throughput
method, having the advantage of real time monitoring of
cell growth and PHB contents, is needed. Although chro-
matographic analysis provides the most accurate details
relative to PHB quantification and monomer composi-
tion, it involves the complex and time-consuming steps
such as the extraction and derivatization of PHB. There-
fore, it is not suitable for high-throughput measurements
of a large number of samples. Nowadays, lipophilic fluo-
rescent dyes such as Nile Red (a benzophenoxazone dye),
BODIPY (a boron-dipyrromethene dye) (Cirulis et al. 2012; Tyo et al. 2006; Pinzon et al. 2011) are generally
used as a rapid and high-throughput detection method. Nile red has been used to measure PHB contents inside
microbial cells with a micro-fluorospectrometer (Schle-
busch and Forchhammer 2010; Zuriani et al. 2013) and
fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) (Kacmar et al. 2005; Tyo et al. 2006). However, the use of Nile red has
low sensitivity and poor reliability, when it is used with
viable cells growing in a liquid culture medium and
entrained in a FACS system (Lee et al. 2013). Observation of bacterial PHB on an agar plateh The PHB-producing cells were spread on the agar plate
containing LipidGreen1 at a final concentration of 25 µg/
mL and cultured for 20 h at 37°C. Accumulation of intra-
cellular PHB was viewed under ultraviolet light (302 nm). E. coli XL1-Blue, which contains only the pBluescript II
SK+ vector (Agilent Technologies, USA), was prepared
as a negative control. Subsequently, the PHB-produc-
ing and PHB-non-producing cells were scraped from
the surface of the agar plates and suspended in 100 µL
of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2, 20 mM). Ten microliters of the suspensions were placed on slide
glass and used for microscopic observation by fluores-
cence microscope (Nikon, Japan) with a green fluores-
cence filter (Green Excitation 460–500 nm, Emission
510–560 mm). LipidGreen1 is a new small fluorescence probe with
an indolin-3-one skeleton, which successfully stained
lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 and HepG2 cells and fat depos-
its in zebrafish (Chun et al. 2013; Lee et al. 2011). LipidGreen1 could be used to detecting bacterial poly-
esters including PHB. In this study, we suggested that
LipidGreen1 is a powerful tool for rapid and accurate
selection of enhanced PHB-producing bacteria with
micro-fluorospectrometer. Furthermore, the PHB con-
tents of PHA synthase mutant library could be measured
using the high-throughput LipidGreen1 staining method. Culture conditions Recombinant E. coli XL1-Blue transformed with
phaCAB, PHB-producing cell, was grown at 37°C in
Luria–Bertani (LB) medium containing 10 g/L tryptone,
5 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L NaCl, and 50 μg/mL ampicillin. After 20 h cultivation in 2 mL of LB broth, the PHB-pro-
ducing cells were inoculated into LB medium supple-
mented with 20 g/L glucose and cultured on an incubator
at 37°C for 20 h with shaking (200 rpm). For cell viabil-
ity analysis, the PHB-producing cells were cultivated in
100 mL LB medium with 20 g/L glucose and LipidGreen1
(0, 0.8, and 2 µg/mL). The cultures were collected every
2 or 3 h and then optical densities at 600 nm were meas-
ured (Shimadzu, Japan). Plasmids, bacteria and chemicalsh The
PCR products purified with the QIAquick PCR Purifi-
cation Kit (Qiagen, USA) were digested with SmaI and
SbfI and subjected to preparative electrophoresis in a
0.8% agarose gel. The approximately 1.8-kb PCR frag-
ments were ligated into the same restriction sites of the
pPhaCAB vector, and then the ligates were transformed
into E. coli XL1-Blue. Each mutant clone was grown in
a deep-well microplate containing 800 µL of the LB
medium containing 20 g/L glucose for 20 h, of which
100 µL were transferred to a black microplate to measure
its fluorescence intensity by adding LipidGreen1. Deter-
mination of the cellular PHB content by GC was done
with selected clones that showed relatively higher or
lower fluorescence intensities than that of the wild type. relation between the PHB accumulation contents and flu-
orescence intensity, 30 mL of the culture solutions were
collected at 2 h intervals during cell growth and stored
at −70°C deep freezer for fluorescence and GC analysis. In addition, the aqueous PHB suspension was serially
diluted in water and then incubated with LipidGreen1
for 30 min in black microtubes followed by measurement
of fluorescence intensities. Furthermore, Nile red was
added to the 1 mL cell suspensions to give a final con-
centration of 2 µg/mL, and then fluorescence intensities
were measured at 540 and 570 nm for the excitation and
emission wavelengths, respectively. PHB quantification by gas chromatography (GC)h qi
y g
g
p y
The PHB polymer content was determined by GC anal-
ysis as previously described (Yang et al. 2010). Briefly,
PHB-producing cells were washed twice with PBS buffer
and dried at 65°C in an oven with a final dry pellet weight
of 0.03 g. The dry matter was subjected to methanolysis
in the presence of 1 mL PHA solution containing 0.8%
(wt/vol) Benzoic acid, 3% (vol/vol) sulfuric acid, 97% (vol/
vol) methanol and 2 mL of chloroform. Following 6 h
of incubation at 100°C, the polymer solutions dissolved
in chloroform were precipitated and separated with
chilled deionized water. The PHB contents were ana-
lyzed by GC (6890N GC system, Agilent Technologies)
equipped with a fused silica capillary column (SPBTM-5,
30 m × 0.32 mm ID, 0.25 µm film; Supelco, USA) using
benzoic acid as an internal standard. Construction and screening of a phaC mutant library
Random mutagenesis was performed by error-prone
PCR with GeneMorph II Random mutagenesis kit
(Stratagene) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, to introduce random mutations into the phaC
gene, forward and reverse primers (ReCMutF; 5′-GATC-
CCCCGGGCAAGTACC-3, ReCMutR; 5′-GGGAAC-
CTGCAGGCCTGC-3′) were designed based on the
nucleotide sequences outside of the structural gene. Comparison of fluorescence intensity between intact
and lysed cellsh The PHB-producing cells grown in the 50 mL medium
were collected by centrifugation (4°C at 3,200×g for
10 min) to an optical density at 600 of 4.0. Half of the cell
suspension in PBS buffer was disrupted with the ultra-
sonic homogenizer, while the remaining suspension was
left on ice as intact cells. One milliliter each of disrupted
and intact cell suspension was moved into a black micro-
tube followed by the addition of LipidGreen1. The mix-
tures were incubated for 0.5 and 2 h and immediately
transferred into a black 96-well microplate to measure
the fluorescence intensity. LipidGreen1 staining of PHB‑producing bacterial cells
on agar plates g
p
LipidGreen1, a novel fluorescent dye previously used to
stain neutral lipids and fat deposits in eukaryotic cells
and tissues (Lee et al. 2011), has a unique chemical struc-
ture consisting of an indoline-3-one skeleton. The core
skeleton of LipidGreen1 is markedly different from a
benzophenoxazine skeleton of the representative lipo-
philic fluorescent dye, Nile red (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). We examined LipidGreen1 staining for PHB accumulated
inside bacterial cells. When the E. coli cells harboring
pPhaCAB were grown for 20 h on agar plates contain-
ing 25 µg/mL LipidGreen1, they exhibited a far stronger
fluorescence than the E. coli cells harboring pBluescript
II SK(+) vector (Fig. 1a). The E. coli cells stained with
LipidGreen1 on agar plates were collected, suspended
in PBS buffer (pH 7.2), and observed with fluorescence
microscopy (Fig. 1b). The strong fluorescence of the
PHB-producing E. coli cells also indicated that the Lipid-
Green1 was capable of detecting the PHB accumulation
of E. coli cell grown on agar plates and that its fluorescent
signal was maintained for quite a long time. Plasmids, bacteria and chemicalsh Plasmids, bacteria and chemicalsh The plasmid pPhaCAB consists of a pBluescript II SK+
backbone (Stratagene, USA) and the PHB biosynthetic
gene cluster encoding three genes for type I PHA syn-
thase (phaC), ketothiolase (phaA), and acetoacetyl-CoA
reductase (phaB) from Cupriavidus necator H16 (Yang
et al. 2010). Escherichia coli XL1-Blue (Stratagene) was
transformed with pPhaCAB for expression of the PHA
biosynthesis genes. LipidGreen1 was provided by Korea
Chemical Bank (KRICT, South Korea; Additional file 1:
Fig. S1). LipidGreen1and Nile red stock solutions were Choi et al. AMB Expr (2015) 5:48 Page 3 of 8 Each PCR contained 30 ng of the pPhaCAB plasmid
as the initial template, 250 ng of each primer, 200 μM
of each dNTP, and 5 U of Taq DNA polymerase in Taq
DNA polymerase reaction buffer. The PCR started with a
denaturation step at 95°C for 30 s, followed by 25 cycles
of amplification (30 s at 95°C, 30 s at 55°C, and 3 min at
72°C), and a final extension step at 72°C for 10 min. The
PCR products purified with the QIAquick PCR Purifi-
cation Kit (Qiagen, USA) were digested with SmaI and
SbfI and subjected to preparative electrophoresis in a
0.8% agarose gel. The approximately 1.8-kb PCR frag-
ments were ligated into the same restriction sites of the
pPhaCAB vector, and then the ligates were transformed
into E. coli XL1-Blue. Each mutant clone was grown in
a deep-well microplate containing 800 µL of the LB
medium containing 20 g/L glucose for 20 h, of which
100 µL were transferred to a black microplate to measure
its fluorescence intensity by adding LipidGreen1. Deter-
mination of the cellular PHB content by GC was done
with selected clones that showed relatively higher or
lower fluorescence intensities than that of the wild type. Each PCR contained 30 ng of the pPhaCAB plasmid
as the initial template, 250 ng of each primer, 200 μM
of each dNTP, and 5 U of Taq DNA polymerase in Taq
DNA polymerase reaction buffer. The PCR started with a
denaturation step at 95°C for 30 s, followed by 25 cycles
of amplification (30 s at 95°C, 30 s at 55°C, and 3 min at
72°C), and a final extension step at 72°C for 10 min. LipidGreen1 staining of PHB‑producing bacterial cells
in liquid medium After PHB-producing cells were grown in the medium,
LipidGreen1 to a final concentration of 2 µg/mL was
added to the cell suspension and then incubated for 0.5
and 2 h. The fluorescence intensity of LipidGreen1 was
740 in PHB-producing cells (Fig. 2), whereas that of the Choi et al. AMB Expr (2015) 5:48 Page 4 of 8 Fig. 1 Fluorescence of PHB-producing cells grown on a LipidGreen-containing agar plate. a Fluorescence staining of PHB-producing and PHB-
nonproducing cells on an agar plate. E. coli harboring pPhaCAB (left side of the plate) had bright fluorescence under UV light (302 nm) in contrast to
E. coli containing pBluescript II SK+ vector (right side of the plate) exhibiting a much weaker fluorescence than above. b Microscopic observation of
E. coli stained by LipidGreen1 on agar plates. The cell suspension in PBS buffer was placed on a glass slide to obtain optic (left) and fluorescent (right)
images. The images were viewed under the fluorescence microscope (×1,000 amplification) with a green fluorescence filter. Fig. 1 Fluorescence of PHB-producing cells grown on a LipidGreen-containing agar plate. a Fluorescence staining of PHB-producing and PHB-
nonproducing cells on an agar plate. E. coli harboring pPhaCAB (left side of the plate) had bright fluorescence under UV light (302 nm) in contrast to
E. coli containing pBluescript II SK+ vector (right side of the plate) exhibiting a much weaker fluorescence than above. b Microscopic observation of
E. coli stained by LipidGreen1 on agar plates. The cell suspension in PBS buffer was placed on a glass slide to obtain optic (left) and fluorescent (right)
images. The images were viewed under the fluorescence microscope (×1,000 amplification) with a green fluorescence filter. Fig. 2 Comparison of fluorescence intensity for LipidGreen1 at
different time points. A PHB-producing cell suspension at OD600 2.0
was stained with LipidGreen1 at a final concentration of 2.0 µg/ml. Gray bars are fluorescence intensities for incubation times of 0.5 and
2 h after adding LipidGreen1, respectively. The data shown are the
means with standard deviation (error bars) from three independent
experiments. file 1: Fig. S3-A). When the PHB-producing E. coli was
grown in the LB medium containing 20 g/L glucose and
LipidGreen1 up to the final concentration of 2 µg/mL,
the cell growth in the presence of LipidGreen1 (0.8 and
2.0 µg/mL) was similar to the cell growth in the absence
of LipidGreen1. LipidGreen1 staining of PHB‑producing bacterial cells
in liquid medium Also, PHB-producing cells showed simi-
lar growth between Nile red containing (0, 0.8, 2 µg/mL)
and non-containing PHB-producing medium (Additional
file 1: Fig. S3-B). Differences in the fluorescence intensity
between membrane-disrupted and non-disrupted cells
were measured to assess the LipidGreen permeability
to cell membrane. Ultrasonication to E. coli cells caused
an increase in fluorescence intensity (Fig. 3). However,
regardless of whether the cells were disrupted or not, the
prolonged incubation for 0.5 and 2 h after adding Lipid-
Green1 did not influence the fluorescence intensity. Fig. 2 Comparison of fluorescence intensity for LipidGreen1 at
different time points. A PHB-producing cell suspension at OD600 2.0
was stained with LipidGreen1 at a final concentration of 2.0 µg/ml. Gray bars are fluorescence intensities for incubation times of 0.5 and
2 h after adding LipidGreen1, respectively. The data shown are the
means with standard deviation (error bars) from three independent
experiments. Fig. 2 Comparison of fluorescence intensity for LipidGreen1 at
different time points. A PHB-producing cell suspension at OD600 2.0
was stained with LipidGreen1 at a final concentration of 2.0 µg/ml. Gray bars are fluorescence intensities for incubation times of 0.5 and
2 h after adding LipidGreen1, respectively. The data shown are the
means with standard deviation (error bars) from three independent
experiments. Quantitative correlation between fluorescence intensity
and PHB contentsh The feasibility of LipidGreen1 staining for the quantita-
tive measurement of PHB contents was examined using
the aqueous PHB suspension and the PHB-producing
cells. The fluorescence intensity of PHB suspension rang-
ing from 0.15 to 5 g/L increased linearly with a high
correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.96) (Fig. 4a). The cell sus-
pensions prepared from a different amount of PHB-pro-
ducing E. coli cells were analyzed both by LipidGreen1
staining and by GC-based quantification of the purified
cellular PHB. There was a good agreement (R2 = 0.96)
between the fluorescence intensities and the amount
of PHB measured by GC (Fig. 4b). The fluorescence E. coli cells containing none of PHB was 248 (data not
shown). In particular, the fluorescence intensity of Lipid-
Green1 was stably maintained for 2 h. On the other hand,
the fluorescence intensity of Nile red as a representative
fluorescent lipophilic dye was significantly decreased
only after 1 h incubation with the PHB-producing cells
(Additional file 1: Fig. S2). We also found out that Lipid-
Green1 was not harmful to the cell growth (Additional E. coli cells containing none of PHB was 248 (data not
shown). In particular, the fluorescence intensity of Lipid-
Green1 was stably maintained for 2 h. On the other hand,
the fluorescence intensity of Nile red as a representative
fluorescent lipophilic dye was significantly decreased
only after 1 h incubation with the PHB-producing cells
(Additional file 1: Fig. S2). We also found out that Lipid-
Green1 was not harmful to the cell growth (Additional Choi et al. AMB Expr (2015) 5:48 Page 5 of 8 Cell suspension
Cell extract
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Fluorescence intensity
0.5 h
2 h
Fig. 3 Differences in fluorescence intensity between cell suspensions
and cell extracts. Fully grown PHB-producing cells were resuspended
into PBS to an OD600 of 4.0. Fluorescence intensity was estimated
using non-treated cells and lysed cells by ultrasonication after pro‑
longed incubation for 0.5 and 2 h. Cell suspension
Cell extract
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Fluorescence intensity
0.5 h
2 h
Fig. 3 Differences in fluorescence intensity between cell suspensions
and cell extracts. Fully grown PHB-producing cells were resuspended
into PBS to an OD600 of 4.0. Fluorescence intensity was estimated
using non-treated cells and lysed cells by ultrasonication after pro‑
longed incubation for 0.5 and 2 h. Fig. Quantitative correlation between fluorescence intensity
and PHB contentsh 4 Fluorescence intensities of PHB powder and intracellular PHB
granules. To exam the correlation between PHB concentration and
fluorescence intensity, different concentrations of aqueous PHB sus‑
pension were incubated with 2 µg/mL LipidGreen1 for 30 min, and
then the fluorescence intensities were measured at 450 nm excitation
and 510 nm emission wavelengths, respectively (a). On the other
hands, intracellular PHB contents were measured by collecting PHB-
producing cells every 2 or 3 h during cultivation. The fluorescence
intensities were measured with 2.0 µg/ml of LipidGreen1 (b) and Nile
red (c). The PHB contents of the cells at different times were analyzed
by GC. The solid line indicates the regression line. Fig. 3 Differences in fluorescence intensity between cell suspensions
and cell extracts. Fully grown PHB-producing cells were resuspended
into PBS to an OD600 of 4.0. Fluorescence intensity was estimated
using non-treated cells and lysed cells by ultrasonication after pro‑
longed incubation for 0.5 and 2 h. intensity by Nile red staining for the purified cellular
PHB had a lower relationship (R2 = 0.76) to the GC-
based amount of PHB (Fig. 4c). High‑throughput screening of PHB contents in a phaC
mutant libraryh y
The PHA synthase gene (phaC) in the PHB biosynthesis
gene cluster was randomly mutated by error-prone PCR. A set of E. coli clones, each containing a variant of the
phaC gene, was selected randomly and used to measure
the fluorescence intensity of intracellular PHB. When the
mutant clones were cultivated in deep-well plates for 20 h
and stained with LipidGreen1, the fluorescence intensi-
ties of phaC variants widely differed from wild type phaC,
ranging from 500 to 3,000, which obviously was due to
the difference in their PHB-synthesizing ability (Fig. 5). When compared to the wild-type phaC, about 60% of
the mutant clones had lower fluorescence intensities. In contrast, 25% of the phaC variants among 60 mutant
clones were observed to have higher fluorescence intensi-
ties than that of the wild type, and in particular, 2% of the
phaC variants found had a more than twofold increase in
fluorescence intensity. To verify whether the fluorescence
intensity of bacterial PHB stained by LipidGreen1 agreed
with the intracellular PHB contents, we selected mutant
clones that exhibited increased or decreased fluorescence
intensities compared to wild type phaC and analyzed the
PHB contents with GC. PHB accumulations were meas-
ured for two clones that showed twofold higher fluores-
cence intensities (M11 and M54) and for three clones
that showed lower fluorescence intensities (M3, M21
and M43) than that of the wild type. Consequently, the Fig. 4 Fluorescence intensities of PHB powder and intracellular PHB
granules. To exam the correlation between PHB concentration and
fluorescence intensity, different concentrations of aqueous PHB sus‑
pension were incubated with 2 µg/mL LipidGreen1 for 30 min, and
then the fluorescence intensities were measured at 450 nm excitation
and 510 nm emission wavelengths, respectively (a). On the other
hands, intracellular PHB contents were measured by collecting PHB-
producing cells every 2 or 3 h during cultivation. The fluorescence
intensities were measured with 2.0 µg/ml of LipidGreen1 (b) and Nile
red (c). The PHB contents of the cells at different times were analyzed
by GC. The solid line indicates the regression line. Fig. 4 Fluorescence intensities of PHB powder and intracellular PHB
granules. To exam the correlation between PHB concentration and
fluorescence intensity, different concentrations of aqueous PHB sus‑
pension were incubated with 2 µg/mL LipidGreen1 for 30 min, and
then the fluorescence intensities were measured at 450 nm excitation
and 510 nm emission wavelengths, respectively (a). High‑throughput screening of PHB contents in a phaC
mutant libraryh On the other
hands, intracellular PHB contents were measured by collecting PHB-
producing cells every 2 or 3 h during cultivation. The fluorescence
intensities were measured with 2.0 µg/ml of LipidGreen1 (b) and Nile
red (c). The PHB contents of the cells at different times were analyzed
by GC. The solid line indicates the regression line. Choi et al. AMB Expr (2015) 5:48 Page 6 of 8 M5
M10
M15
M20
M25
M30
M35
M40
M45
M50
M55
M60
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Fluorescence intensity
Fig. 5 Fluorescence intensities of the mutant library, which consisted of a pool of phaC genes with PCR-introduced random mutations. Every single
mutant clone was inoculated in a 96-deep well plate and cultivated for 20 h in 800 µl of LB medium with 20 g/L glucose. Fluorescence intensities
were monitored after transferring 100 µl of culture solution into a black microplate. The x axis represents the names of the mutants. M5
M10
M15
M20
M25
M30
M35
M40
M45
M50
M55
M60
Fig. 5 Fluorescence intensities of the mutant library, which consisted of a pool of phaC genes with PCR-introduced random mutations. Every single
mutant clone was inoculated in a 96-deep well plate and cultivated for 20 h in 800 µl of LB medium with 20 g/L glucose. Fluorescence intensities
were monitored after transferring 100 µl of culture solution into a black microplate. The x axis represents the names of the mutants. bacterial PHB, one of the promising biodegradable plas-
tics, using the lipophilic fluorescent LipidGreen1. mutant clone M54 showing 2.5 times higher fluorescence
intensity than wild type phaC accumulated about 2.5
times more PHB than that of the wild type phaC (Addi-
tional file 1: Table S1). The fluorescence intensity of clone
M11 producing double amount of PHB contents than
wild type phaC also showed twice higher values than that
of wild type. In contrast, mutant M43 with half the fluo-
rescence intensity of wild type phaC had about 10% of
the normal PHB accumulation found in wild type, show-
ing a lower detection limit. l
As shown in Fig. 1, the PHB-producing cells on agar
plates containing the fluorescent LipidGreen1 showed
the green emission fluorescence under UV irradiation. High‑throughput screening of PHB contents in a phaC
mutant libraryh The result indicated that the LipidGreen1 could enter a
bacterial cell probably by diffusion across the cell wall
and the inner and outer membranes to the cytoplasm
where it subsequently bound to the PHB granules. Fur-
thermore, the LipidGreen1 was not harmful for the bac-
terial growth on agar plates (Fig. 1) and in liquid medium
(Additional file 1: Fig. S3), and thus could be used from
the beginning of the bacterial culture. The fluorescent
Nile red could be also used to detect PHB in growing
bacterial cells by directly including the DMSO-based
dye solution in the culture medium (Spiekermann et al. 1999). Discussion It has been often noted that intensities of fluorescence
signal by lipophilic dyes were not directly proportional to
the amount of lipids (O’Rourke et al. 2009). For example,
Nile red poorly stained high fat-containing tissues of C. elegans such as germline, eggs, and hypodermis. Further-
more, Nile red and BODIPY were stained the lysosome-
related organelles rather than the major C. elegans fat
storage compartment. In the previous studies on Lipid-
Green1 and its derivatives, LipidGreen1 was capable of a
brighter and less non-specific staining for the detection
of neutral lipids and fat deposits compared to the com-
mercially available Nile red and BODIPY® 493/503 (Lee
et al. 2011; Chun et al. 2013). Therefore, we attempted to
examine a possibility for the more reliable detection of The major limitation of Nile red is that the fluorescence
intensity gradually diminishes after adding the dye. A sig-
nificant decrease in fluorescence intensity over 10 min
was observed when 0.5% of soybean oil distributed in
0.3% Tween 80 solution was stained with 40 µl of 250 µg/
ml Nile red (Montalbo-Lomboy et al. 2014). In addition,
the maximum fluorescence intensity of oleaginous yeasts
was reached between 1 and 5 min after adding Nile red
and slowly faded after 5 min (Kimura et al. 2004). In Choi et al. AMB Expr (2015) 5:48 Page 7 of 8 this study, the cell suspension incubated with 0.8 µg/
mL Nile red showed high potency of photo-quenching
(Additional file 1: Fig. S2). The fluorescence intensities
decreased after 1 h-incubation in cell resuspension even
though the fluorescence intensities were almost absent
after 19 h. The reason why fluorescence intensity of Nile
red steadily decreased during incubation with oil or
polyester-accumulating cells was due to its hydrophobic
property, which maintained its fluorescence only in non-
polar solvents (Greenspan and Fowler 1985). However, in
the case of LipidGreen1, the fluorescence intensities were
steadily maintained with only slight differences between
the time points at 0.5 and 2 h (Fig. 2). Calculated hydro-
phobicity (cLogP values) result using Chemdraw program
agreed with above data, which hydrophobicity of Nile
red (cLogP = 4.6) was higher than that of LipidGreen1
(cLogP = 4.1). The lower hydrophobicity of LipidGreen1
was supposed to contribute maintaining a good fluores-
cence intensity in aqueous solution by distributed the
dye in aqueous solution without loss of its fluorescence
intensity. Discussion Therefore, LipidGreen1 is a good candidate for
a fluorescent probe to monitor PHB accumulation in situ. was lower than that of the wild type clone, suggesting
that the wild-type PHB polymerase is highly optimized
for PHB accumulation defined as the ‘fitness landscape
model’ (Taguchi et al. 2001). In the same manner, about
200,000 mutants of PHA synthase gene from Aeromonas
punctata were screened and only five mutants with
enhanced fluorescence were isolated (Amara et al. 2002). In this study, most of the mutant clones had much lower
or similar fluorescence intensities compared to the wild
type consistent with ‘fitness landscape model’. Despite
of that, 2% out of total mutant clones showed the dis-
tinctively improved fluorescence intensities (Fig. 5). The increased fluorescence intensities of mutant clones
agreed with the increment of PHB amount measured
by GC. Thus, high-throughput screening of PHB syn-
thase mutant library was available using LipidGreen1
through 96-well microtiter plate-based assay. In addition
the PHB amount can be measured with a preparation
time of less than 10 min and only a small sample volume
(100–200 µL). In conclusion, quantitative measurement of intracel-
lular PHB with a new fluorescent dye LipidGreen1 was
confirmed that PHB accumulation can be visualized
in viable colonies by LipidGreen1, providing tools to
distinguish between PHB-producing and nonproduc-
ing cells. Moreover, LipidGreen1 was highly effective in
quantifying PHB by fluorescence measurement because
of its prolonged sustainability providing better accuracy
and sensitivity than Nile red. A bacterial mutant with
enhanced PHB production can be distinguished from
randomly mixed samples such as random mutagenesis
by error-prone PCR in a high-throughput manner using
LipidGreen1. LipidGreen1 could be developed into a
commercial kit that rapidly determines the PHB contents,
achieving real time monitoring for mass production. l
p
Due to the unique and asymmetric lipid composition
of bacteria, the outer membrane is fairly impermeable
to hydrophobic compounds and moderately so to hydro-
philic compounds. Thus, lipophilic dyes such as Nile red
and FITC have limited membrane permeability (Herrera
et al. 2002). In this study, the fluorescence intensity of
the membrane disrupted cells stained with LipidGreen1
was 1.5 times higher than that of intact cells, suggesting
insufficient accessibility of the dye to the intracellular
PHB (Fig. 3). Discussion Previously, the addition of salts or solvents
enabling adequate access for the fluorescent molecules
to the intracellular PHB such as sucrose and DMSO was
suggested to improve the fluorescence intensity and sen-
sitivity (Tyo et al. 2006; Lee et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2009). Nevertheless, the increment of fluorescence intensities
was proportional with the PHB concentration to the GC
measurement, indicating that the quantitative measure-
ment of intracellular PHB is possible without permeabili-
zation of LipidGreen1 (Fig. 4b). On the contrary, Nile red
showed lower correlation coefficient value and specificity
to PHB than LipidGreen1 in this experiment (Fig. 4c). We
supposed that the exclusion of internalized Nile red in E. coli cells lowered the sensitivity and specificity to PHB. Therefore, in term of necessity for internalization, Lipid-
Green1 had an advantage over Nile red because LipidG-
reen1 could omit the membrane-permeability procedures
for quantitative intracellular PHB measurement.h Acknowledgements Madison LL, Huisman GW (1999) Metabolic engineering of poly(3-hydroxyal‑
kanoates): from DNA to plastic. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63:21–53 This work was supported by the Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center of Global
Frontier Project (NRF–2014M3A6A8065315) through the National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future
Planning. We would like to thank Dr. Jinhee An and Dr. Myung-Ae Bae, Bioor‑
ganic Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, for providing
LipidGreen1. Montalbo-Lomboy M, Kantekin MN, Wang T (2014) Lipid estimation of
surfactant-extracted microalgae oil using Nile red. J Am Oil Chem Soc
91:665–680 Nath A, Dixit M, Bandiya A, Chavda S, Desai AJ (2008) Enhanced PHB produc‑
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sensitive, viable-colony staining method using Nile red for direct screen‑
ing of bacteria that accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoic acids and other
lipid storage compounds. Arch Microbiol 171:73–80 Chun HS, Jeon JH, Pagire HS, Lee JH, Chung HC, Park MJ et al (2013) Synthesis
of LipidGreen2 and its application in lipid and fatty liver imaging. Mol
BioSyst 9:630–633 Cirulis JT, Strasser BC, Scott JA, Ross GM (2012) Optimization of staining condi‑
tions for microalgae with three lipophilic dyes to reduce precipitation
and fluorescence variability. Cytom A 81:618–626 Taguchi S, Maehara A, Takase K, Nakahara M, Nakamura H, Doi Y (2001) Analysis
of mutational effects of a polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) polymerase on bac‑
terial PHB accumulation using an in vivo assay system. FEMS Microbiol
Lett 198:65–71 Greenspan P, Fowler SD (1985) Spectrofluorometric studies of the lipid probe,
nile red. J Lipid Res 26:781–789 Tyo KE, Zhou H, Stephanopoulos GN (2006) High-throughput screen for poly-
3-hydroxybutyrate in Escherichia coli and Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. Author details Lee JH, So JH, Jeon JH, Choi EB, Lee YR, Chang YT et al (2011) Synthesis of a
new fluorescent small molecule probe and its use for in vivo lipid imag‑
ing. Chem Commun 47:7500–7502 1 Research Center for Bio‑based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemi‑
cal Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong‑ro, Yuseong‑gu, Daejeon 305‑600,
Republic of Korea. 2 Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National Uni‑
versity, Chungdae‑ro 1, Seowon‑gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 362‑763, Republic
of Korea. 3 GenoFocus, 65 Techno 1‑ro, Yusung‑gu, Daejeon 305‑509, Republic
of Korea. Lee JH, Lee SH, Yim SS, Kang KH, Lee SY, Park SJ et al (2013) Quantified high-
throughput screening of Escherichia coli producing poly(3-hydroxybu‑
tyrate) based on FACS. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 170:1767–1779 Lim SJ, Jung YM, Shin HD, Lee YH (2002) Amplification of the NADPH-related
genes zwf and gnd for the oddball biosynthesis of PHB in an E. coli trans‑
formant harboring a cloned phbCAB operon. J Biosci Bioeng 93:543–549 Compliance with ethical guidelines Methylobacterium sp. ZP24. Bioresour Technol 99:5749–5755 Ng KS, Ooi WY, Goh LK, Shenbagarathai R, Sudesh K (2010) Evaluation of jat‑
ropha oil to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by Cupriavidus necator H16. Polym Degrad Stab 95:1365–1369 Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. O’Rourke EJ, Soukas AA, Carr CE, Ruvkun G (2009) C. elegans major fats are
stored in vesicles distinct from lysosome-related organelles. Cell Metab
10:430–435 Received: 13 July 2015 Accepted: 17 July 2015 Received: 13 July 2015 Accepted: 17 July 2015 Peoples OP, Sinskey AJ (1989) Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthesis in
Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. Identification and characterization of the PHB
polymerase gene (phbC). J Biol Chem 264:15298–15303 polymerase gene (phbC). J Biol Chem 264:15298–15303 Pinzon NM, Aukema KG, Gralnick JA, Wackett LP (2011) Nile red detection of
bacterial hydrocarbons and ketones in a high-throughput format. mBio
2:e00109–e00111 Additional file Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Chemical structures of LipidGreen1 and Nile
red. Fig. S2. The fluorescence intensities of cell suspensions incubated
with different concentrations of Nile red. The cell suspension was
prepared by resuspending PHB-producing cells into PBS buffer to make
OD600 2.0. Two microliter of Nile red solution (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 μg/
mL) was added to 1 mL of cell suspension. After further incubation for
0.5, 1, and 19 h in dark place, the fluorescence intensities were measured
soon after isolation of the 200 μL of incubated solution. Fig. S3. The
optical density of cell cultures of E.coli XL1-Blue harboring pReCAB under
the different concentration of LipidGreen1(A) and Nile red (B). Single
colony of PHB-producing cell was inoculated into 2 mL of LB broth and
incubated for 20 h at 37°C. The culture was transferred to 100 mL of LB
medium containing LipidGreen1 at the final concentrations of 0, 0.8,
and 2 μg/mL and further incubated at 37°C with shaking (200 rpm). One
milliliter of the culture was isolated every 2 or 3 h to measure the optical
density at 600 nm. Table S1. PHB accumulation in mutant clonesa. aThe
clones showing relatively high and low fluorescence intensities than the
wild type were selected to determine PHB contents. PHB contents were
measured by GC analysis. The screening of mutant library of PHB polymerase in
C. necator resulted in no clones with a distinctly higher
PHB accumulation compared to wild type (Taguchi
et al. 2001). PHB accumulation in all the mutant clones Page 8 of 8 Page 8 of 8 Choi et al. AMB Expr (2015) 5:48 References Appl Environ Microbiol 72:3412–3417 Hafuka A, Sakaida K, Satoh H, Takahashi M, Watanabe Y, Okabe S (2010) Effect
of feeding regimens on polyhydroxybutyrate production from food
wastes by Cupriavidus necator. Bioresour Technol 102:3551–3553 Yang TH, Kim TW, Kang HO, Lee SH, Lee EJ, Lim SC et al (2010) Biosynthesis of
polylactic acid and its copolymers using evolved propionate CoA trans‑
ferase and PHA synthase. Biotechnol Bioeng 105:150–160 Herrera G, Martinez A, Blanco M, O’Connor JE (2002) Assessment of Escherichia
coli B with enhanced permeability to fluorochromes for flow cytometric
assays of bacterial cell function. Cytom A 49:62–69 Zuriani R, Vigneswari S, Azizan MNM, Majid MIA, Amirul AA (2013) A high
throughput Nile red fluorescence method for rapid quantification of
intracellular bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng
18:472–478 Kacmar J, Carlson R, Balogh SJ, Srienc F (2005) Staining and quantification of
poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cupriavidus neca-
tor cell populations using automated flow cytometry. Cytom A 69:27–35 Kahar P, Tsuge T, Taguchi K, Doi Y (2004) High yield production of polyhydroxy‑
alkanoates from soybean oil by Ralstonia eutropha and its recombinant
strain. Polym Degrad Stab 83:79–86 Khanna S, Srivastava AK (2005) Statistical media optimization studies for
growth and PHB production by Ralstonia eutropha. Process Biochem
40:2173–2182 Kim BS, Lee SY, Chang HN (1992) Production of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate by fed-
batch culture of recombinant Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 9:811–816 Kimura K, Yamaoka M, Kamisaka Y (2004) Rapid estimation of lipids in oleagi‑
nous fungi and yeasts using Nile red fluorescence. J Microbiol Methods
56:331–338
| 39,439 |
sn88056024_1919-05-09_1_7_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,919 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,442 | 3,590 |
The case of Judge Dietrich Hearing Petition for Injunction to Restrain Mountain States From Raising Rates. WANT ACTION DISMISSED Deny Public Utilities Commission Has Jurisdiction and Holds It Cannot Interfere With Order of Postmaster General. The right of the public utilities commission of this or any other state to interfere with an order of the postmaster general, was squarely raised in the United States district court here today. Argument was heard by Judge Frank S. Dietrich on a motion of the Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph company to dismiss the application for an injunction of the Idaho commission to restrain the telephone Company from collecting an increase in telephone rates as authorized by Postmaster General Burleson. The commission was represented at the hearing by its president, A. D. Freehafer, and its attorney, Raymond L. Govels. The company denies the right of interference. DENY MOTION TO REMAND. The public utilities commission made a motion to remand the case back to the federal court on the grounds it properly belonged there, the litigation being based on a state statute. Judge Dietrich denied the motion on the grounds a federal question was involved and the federal court was within its jurisdiction. The motion to dismiss as inside by the company was then argued and submitted. It was taken under advisement, parties to the action being given the right to file briefs. A decision is not expected for several days. The commission Saturday filed an application in the Third judicial district court for an Injunction to restrain the company from collecting the proposed increase for telephone service in southern Idaho of approximately $50 cents per month. Judares McCarthy and Reddoch issued a temporary injunction, returnable May 22. The telephone company thereafter secured a transfer of the case to the federal court and moved a dismissal. COMPANY ANSWERS In answering the complaint of the public utilities commission and as grounds for dismissing the case, the telephone company says: "That defendant is not now and has not been, since August 1, 1918, engaged in any business in the state of Idaho, which is governed or controlled by the public utilities commission or which is subject to be controlled as regards rates to be charged for the services by it rendered, by any law in the state of Idaho. "Defendant denies that this order, issued by the postmaster general putting into force and effect said rates, was done illegally or unlawfully, or without authority of law; or that same was contrary to any act of congress or any proclamation of the president of the United States, or that the same is contrary to any provision of the constitution of the United States or of the United States." Est. 1868—St. and Main A Little More by the Pair Much Less by the Year Stetson Last A mighty good last. Blucher style. Black glazed kid or brown calf. Outside back stay. Best single sole. Medium heel. No. 3100—Black kid: No. 3003—Brown calf. Price, Eleven-fifty. CALLUS? PEEL IT OFF QUICKLY! Nothing on Earth Like "Gets-It," for Corns and Calluses. A spot of thickened skin on the bottom of your foot which so often makes walking an agony, is as easily removed by wonderful "Gets-It" as any hard or soft callus. Callus Comes Off Like a Bean! Corn anywhere on your toes. Took at this picture. A few drops of "Gets-It" did the work. The callus comes loose from the true flesh. No irritation whatever. You peel the callus right off just like a banana peel—peacefully, pausing. "Gets-It" does the same thing to any corn, without the use of sticky piasters, irritating salves, greasy ointments or bundling tape. There's no fussing—no knife, no scissors to use. "Gets-It" is used by millions, because it's common sense, and it never fails. Try it, prove "Gets-It," the guaranteed, money-back corn-remover, the only sure way, costs but a trifle at any drug store. Made by R. Lawrence & Co., Chicago, Ill. Sold in boxes and recommended as the world's best corn remedy by Whitehead's Drug Store, the Joy Drug Stores, Berkeley, Bailou-Latimer Co.—Adv. Contrary to any law or constitution of Idaho. GENERAL DENIAL MADE "This defendant denies it is attempting or ever has attempted to put said increased rates into force or effect, and if anyone is attempting to put into force and effect said increased rates it is done by the United States of America, acting through its agents and servants over whom this defendant." An act has not authority or control whatsoever. "Denies that said proposed increase in rates is and was not required for the prosecution of the war between the United States and Germany, or for the national defense or safety; and denies that said proposed increase in rates is and was not a war proposition; and denies that said proposed increase in rates has no relation to the use of the telephone and telegraph system for war purposes; and denies that the proposed increase of said telephone rates was or is outside of the power and jurisdiction of Albert S. Burleson, as postmaster general; and denies there is no jurisdiction in law or fact for said action. "Denies the allegation that it is acting and is about to act contrary to or in violation of any law of the state of Idaho; and denies that this defendant has raised or threatens to raise its rates, fares, tolls, rentals or charges for its services for the reason that this defendant is not now operating the Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph company and has no control or authority over it at the present." Vote for Capitol Bonds. Don't be a slacker.—Adv. M0. Have you heard that the model Overland broke the world's record April 5 to 12 for non-stop high gear run? It made 4870.1 miles, 7 days, 7 nights, 20.66 miles per gallon gas, 744.65 per gallon oil.—Adv. m!3 Boise is a Good City. It is your home. So true to her in her hour of need. Vote Yes and show the world that all her citizens are 100 percent true to her.—Adv. M9 The Capital News telephone numbers are 24 and 25. tf LITTLE NEWS OF BOISE REPEAT PLAY TONIGHT "What's Your Answer," the Victory loan play written by Earl Wayland Bowman of Boise will be given for the last time tonight at the Majestic theatre. It was not given Thursday night. BACK FROM SOUTHEAST M. S. Parker, who delivered illustrated health addresses in Glenns Ferry, Hollister and Kimberly, returned to Boise this morning and he reports increasing interest along health lines among the people in each of the places he visited. Mr. Parker states that business conditions are very good in that part of the state and that it is difficult to secure rooms at hotels on account of the heavy travel. TO PRESENT CASE The case of the Boise Commercial club versus the Oregon Short Line, wherein the club seeks to recover $2000 to be refunded to Boise valley shippers, will be argued before the United States court of appeals. The club's case will be presented by Paris Martin of the law firm of Martin & Cameron. I STORY HOUR AT LIBRARY 1 Story hour will be observed Saturday at the Carnegie library. Story telling will start at 10 o'clock. The following stories will be told: "The Crooked Mail's Story," "Tommy Tuck or's Bun," "Simple Simon's Silken Coat." At 10:20 the subject will be music with the following stories, "The Wonderful Musician" and "The Story of Orpheus." ORDEY EXCAVATOR A $5000 excavator has been ordered by the county commissioners from the Keystone Drilling Company of Spokane. It will be used for direct loading from pits into wagons, and prove a great time and money saver. CARS COLLIDE Automobiles driven by O. O. Riplane and V. E. Oidsnn collided Thursday night at Seventh and Grove streets. The Oldson car was badly damaged. The rear wheel on the Riplane car was smashed. The two cars were so locked together it took some time to separate them. RIFLE PRACTICE SUNDAY The Boise militia company which is putting forth every effort to secure sufficient members to be mustered into the Third Idaho regiment, will start rifle practice at the Boise barracks's range Sunday afternoon. The practice is preliminary to qualifying a team for the national rifle shoot to be held this year at Caldwell, N. J. SURPRISE VETERAN Aikim.,,,, r. elman, one of the members of the original volunteer firemen of this city, now blind was 73 years old. A number of his associates in the department called and gave him a pleasant surprise. Among the guests were Special Purchase Silk Shirt Sale This morning we placed 200 of the finest fiber silk shirts on sale at special price of $4.65 and $5.45 throughout the day we have disposed of many as they are of the $6.00, $7.00 and $8.00 quality and are in the newest combinations. People cannot resist them—they are the best proposition we have offered for quite some time. And they are economical as they are durable, as they will stand many washings. Tomorrow we will clear out the balance of them at these special prices and we know that you will want to get yours. They are of the Eclipse manufacturers and the patterns are the best, practically no two alike. Come in tomorrow morning and take your choice at these two prices, $4.65 and $4.65. ALEXANDER One Price Clothier Ninth and Main Sts. Bitro-Phosphate should give you a small, steady increase of firm, healthy flesh each day. It supplies an essential substance to the twain and nerves in the active form in which it normally occurs in the living cells of the body. Bitro Phosphate replaces nerve waste and creates new strength and energy. Sold by were: Chief Foster, Fred Dolan, E.H. Peasley, Robert Moglet, Charles Payne. Ton, H. L. Klein, Joe Hunter. DISPLAY HONOR FLAG The Holden Implement company, corner of Ninth and Grove streets, is displaying the first of 100 honor flags given by the United States treasury department for 100 per cent subscription of the Victory loan. DANCE FRIDAY The Elks and their ladies will dance Friday evening at the lodge ballroom. A buffet supper with beef sandwiches will be served. GIVEN STIFF SENTENCE Judge Charles P. McCarthy sentenced Crus Billau, arrested by officers of the state constabulary for transporting liquor into this state, to three months in the Owyhee county Jail and to pay a fine of $150. He was arrested in Owyhee county. Sentence was passed Thursday afternoon. ADDRESSED AD CLUB Edward G. Rosenheim, who has been on a trip to several Oregon towns for the past week, returned to Boise Thursday night. He addressed the members of the Union County Ad club, affiliated with the Associated Advertising Clubs of the World, at La Grande Tuesday afternoon and the La Grande Observer, which has arrived in Boise, makes some complimentary references to his speech, which was along the lines of making "everybody a booster for the town he calls his home." SHE ALLEGES NON-SUPPORT George Bell, of Boise, has been arrested on complaint of his wife, who alleges nonsupport. Judge Anderson continued the case until Tuesday, holding Bell under $100 bond. ROBBERY CASE UP Judge Anderson is today hearing the case of Steve Rudell, charged with having robbed Mike Rozak of $3040. Have you heard that the model Overland broke the world's record April 5 to 12 for a non-stop high gear run? It made 4370.1 miles, 7 days, 7 nights, 20.66 miles per gallon gas, 744.65 per gallon oil.—Adv. M13 THIN PEOPLE OF HOUSE Honest to Goodness DOUGHNUTS The kind you can't get enough in of—doughnuts everybody relishes—doughnuts that are light, fluffy and tender as any cake. This is what you get when you use CALUMET BAKING POWDER "BEST BY TEST" The ideal baking powder wherever baking powder is needed—insures greatest baking savings and guarantees better baking results. In doughnuts — in any baking — you are assured tasty, tender, evenly raised goodies that are thoroughly wholesome. Used by more housewives than any other. Double the usual leavening strength. Made in the world's largest, finest, most sanitary baking powder factory. CALUMET DOUGHNUTS 2 Cup sugar 1 Egg Level teaspoons Cal. 3 Level teaspoons shortening 1 your recipe book for future reference. Observe This When you buy a pound of Calumet you get a full pound—16 oz. Some high priced baking powders are now being put on the market in 12-oz. cans instead of a pound. Be sure you are getting a pound when you want it. No short weights with Calumet *0T MAOEBYTHETkVSL BOISE TO WEISER AUTO STAGE via Ontario, Payette, Welser Same as Railroad Fare Four Hour Schedule (To Welser) Welser Office, Washington Hotel Emmett Auto Stage 12-PASSE NO ER CADILLAC Dally Schedule Leave Bolle .................S:1S a. m. And .........................4:30 p. m. Boise-Mountain Home Auto Stage CADILLAC SPECIAL BUILT CARS On and attar April 16th Leave Bolso ................7,30 a m. Arrive Mountain H,m, .....9;1J Laave Mountain Home .....3:00 p m Arrive Bolee ...............4:43 p . m. Same ae railroad fare. One wav S2 60 Every Day But Sunday Wa operate atagea to following peinte: Bolee to Emmett; Bolee to Welter, Ontario, Payette, New Plymouth. TRASK BROS., M0. Phone No. a Office: lia N. lath St Western Optical Co. Boiae, Idaho 203 MANITOU HOTEL Office Houra: t to 12 a. m.. 1:30 to t Satisfaction Guaranteed Or Your Money Refunded. If you see it in a Krull Ad it's True THE BRI8TOL Boiee'e Popular Hotel. New and Strictly Modern. POPULAR PRICES. DR. A. H. GALLEGLY. Bib HALLMARK EVERSHARP PENCIL 11.00, $1.50, $2.00 and $3.00. J. T. LA UGH LIN »02 CAin Ô 7. SH0SH0KE-KAILEY STASE i CADILLAC CARS Leave Shoshone ...............6 p. m. Leave Hailey ..................9 a. m. Munson Bros., Shoshone, Idaho Store THE IBAN-HA Lending Hotel of Boise Europsan Plan. In tha eantar of everything. Commercial and Stockbroksra Headquarters. First-Class Dining Room Rates, without bath, |1.00 dpi With bath, $1.90 up. IDAN-HA HOTEL CO, Prop. IN EFFECT DEC. 1, 1918 Intorurban Time Table Boisa Valley Traction Company NORTHERN DIVISION Lv. Boise for Kugle, Star, Middleton and Caldwell—7:00, 9:00, 11:00 a. m.; 1:00, 2:00, 4:00, 6:00, 7:00, 9:00, 11:00 p. m. Lv. Boise for Duncan—2:00 a. m. and 6:10 p. m. Lv. Duncan for Boise—6:30 a. m. and 6:35 p. m. SOUTHERN DIVISION. Lv. Boise for Meridian, Nampa and Caldwell—6:30, 10:00, 12:00 a. m.; 2:00, 4:00, 6:00, 7:00, 9:00, 11:00 p. m. To -Nampa only. Lv. Boise for McDermott—6:10, 10:00 a. m. and 6:00 p. m. Lv. McDermott for Boise—8:00 9:00 a. m. and 5:55 p. m. Schedule subject to change without notice.
| 24,636 |
https://github.com/zennvote/zennvote-frontend-v2/blob/master/src/core/redux/index.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
zennvote-frontend-v2
|
zennvote
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 33 | 111 |
import { createStore, combineReducers, Store } from 'redux';
import {} from 'redux-devtools-extension';
const combineReducer = combineReducers({});
const store: Store = createStore(
combineReducer,
(window as any).__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION__ && (window as any).__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION__(),
);
export default store;
| 38,585 |
https://github.com/Oneirocom/Magick/blob/master/packages/plugins/discord/server/src/connectors/voiceUtils/createVoiceMessage.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
Magick
|
Oneirocom
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 312 | 643 |
// DOCUMENTED
import { VoiceConnection } from '@discordjs/voice';
import { ChannelType, Client, User } from 'discord.js';
import { convertStereoToMono, getDurationFromMonoBuffer } from './audio';
import { SpeechOptions } from './speechOptions';
import VoiceMessage from './VoiceMessage';
/**
* Creates a voice message from the given buffer data after processing the content using speech recognition.
*
* @param client - The discord client.
* @param bufferData - An array of unsigned 8-bit integers, representing stereo audio data.
* @param user - The user associated with the voice message.
* @param connection - The voice connection to the Discord channel.
* @param speechOptions - The options for configuring speech recognition.
* @returns A promise that resolves to a VoiceMessage object or undefined.
*/
export default async ({
client,
bufferData,
user,
connection,
speechOptions,
}: {
client: Client;
bufferData: Uint8Array[];
user: User;
connection: VoiceConnection;
speechOptions: SpeechOptions;
}): Promise<VoiceMessage | undefined> => {
// If the connection's channel ID is not available or undefined, return undefined
if (!connection.joinConfig.channelId) return undefined;
// Convert the stereo audio data to a mono buffer and compute its duration
const stereoBuffer = Buffer.concat(bufferData);
const monoBuffer = convertStereoToMono(stereoBuffer);
const duration = getDurationFromMonoBuffer(monoBuffer);
// If the duration is out of the valid range, return undefined
if (duration < 1 || duration > 19) return undefined;
// Initialize content and error variables
let content: string | undefined;
let error: Error | undefined;
// Try to recognize speech from the mono buffer, and catch any errors
try {
content = await speechOptions.speechRecognition?.(monoBuffer, speechOptions);
} catch (e) {
error = e as Error;
}
// Get the channel from the client's cache and ensure it's a GuildVoice channel
const channel = client.channels.cache.get(connection.joinConfig.channelId);
if (!channel || channel.type !== ChannelType.GuildVoice) return undefined;
// Create and return a new VoiceMessage instance
const voiceMessage = new VoiceMessage({
client,
data: {
author: user,
duration,
audioBuffer: stereoBuffer,
content,
error,
connection,
},
channel,
});
return voiceMessage;
};
| 39,884 |
https://github.com/rylev/mystikos/blob/master/crt/glibc/__strncpy_chk.c
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
mystikos
|
rylev
|
C
|
Code
| 34 | 93 |
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
// Licensed under the MIT License.
#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h>
char* __strncpy_chk(char* dest, const char* src, size_t n, size_t destlen)
{
assert(n <= destlen);
return strncpy(dest, src, n);
}
| 40,691 |
https://github.com/bytekid/maedmax/blob/master/src/rewriting/term.mli
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,020 |
maedmax
|
bytekid
|
OCaml
|
Code
| 463 | 759 |
(* $Id: term.mli,v 1.3 2014/09/29 07:37:28 swinkler Exp $ *)
module Var : Map.OrderedType
module Sub : sig
type key = Signature.var
type 'a t
val empty : 'a t
val is_empty : 'a t -> bool
val mem : key -> 'a t -> bool
val add : key -> 'a -> 'a t -> 'a t
val update : key -> ('a option -> 'a option) -> 'a t -> 'a t
val find : key -> 'a t -> 'a
val filter : (key -> 'a -> bool) -> 'a t -> 'a t
val iter : (key -> 'a -> unit) -> 'a t -> unit
val fold : (key -> 'a -> 'b -> 'b) -> 'a t -> 'b -> 'b
val map : ('a -> 'b) -> 'a t -> 'b t
val equal : ('a -> 'a -> bool) -> 'a t -> 'a t -> bool
end
(** Term operations *)
type t =
| V of Signature.var
| F of Signature.sym * t list
type pos = int list
type binding = Signature.var * t
type subst = t Sub.t
val compare : t -> t -> int
val print : Format.formatter -> t -> unit
val variables : t -> Signature.var list
val functions : t -> Signature.sym list
val args : t -> t list
val count_variable : Signature.var -> t -> int
val signature : t -> Signature.t
val subterms : t -> t list
val proper_subterms : t -> t list
val is_variable : t -> bool
val is_subterm : t -> t -> bool
val is_proper_subterm : t -> t -> bool
val root : t -> Signature.sym
val substitute : subst -> t -> t
val substitute_uniform : t -> t -> t
val substitute_bot : t -> t
val positions : t -> int list list
val variable_positions : t -> int list list
val function_positions : t -> int list list
val function_positions_below_root : t -> int list list
val subterm_at : int list -> t -> t
val replace : t -> t -> int list -> t
val direct_subterms : t -> t list
val count_variables : t -> Signature.var -> int
val linear : t -> bool
val flatten : Signature.sym list -> t -> t
val args_sort : Signature.sym list -> t -> t
val unflatten : Signature.sym list -> t -> t
val size : t -> int
val depth : t -> int
val is_sharped : t -> bool
val is_embedded : t -> t -> bool
val to_xml : t -> Xml.xml
val to_tptp : t -> string
val to_string : t -> string
val similarity : Signature.sym list -> Signature.sym list -> t -> t -> float
| 18,992 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110968812
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Transport infrastructure in Hormuz
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 49 | 85 |
Category:Transport infrastructure in Hormuz
Wikimedia category
Category:Transport infrastructure in Hormuz instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Transport infrastructure in Hormuz Commons category Transport infrastructure in Hormuz
Category:Transport infrastructure in Hormuz category combines topics transport infrastructure
Category:Transport infrastructure in Hormuz category combines topics Hormuz
Category:Transport infrastructure in Hormuz category contains transport infrastructure
| 17,445 |
423596_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,995 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 43 | 82 |
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court for King County, No. 93-2-14718-0, Charles Burdell, J. Pro Tern., entered August 20, 1993 and July 1, 1994. Affirmed by unpublished opinion per Kennedy, A.C.J., concurred in by Coleman, J., and Forrest, J. Pro Tern..
| 12,858 |
https://github.com/fulcorno/Castrum/blob/master/PASCAL/IMAGE.PAS
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain, Unlicense
| 2,019 |
Castrum
|
fulcorno
|
Pascal
|
Code
| 369 | 1,502 |
PROGRAM TV_Image (INPUT,OUTPUT);
{visualizza un'immagine precedentemente digitalizzata.}
{$i screen.inc}
TYPE
col=array[0..255] OF BYTE;
imm=array[0..255] OF ^col;
rows=array[0..31] OF BYTE;
imm1=array[0..255] OF ^rows;
wrkstring=STRING[80];
VAR
photo :imm;
photo_code :imm1;
filename :wrkstring;
codename :wrkstring;
lim :INTEGER;
grafica,scanner :INTEGER;
answer :CHAR;
point :BOOLEAN;
PROCEDURE getmemory(VAR where:imm);
VAR
i:BYTE;
BEGIN
FOR i:=0 TO 255 DO NEW(where[i])
END;
PROCEDURE putmemory(VAR where:imm1);
VAR
i:BYTE;
BEGIN
FOR i:=0 TO 255 DO NEW(where[i])
END;
PROCEDURE getimage(name:wrkstring;VAR where:imm);
VAR
getin:FILE OF col;
j,i :BYTE;
BEGIN
ASSIGN(getin,name);
RESET(getin);
FOR i:=0 TO 255 DO
READ(getin,where[i]^);
CLOSE(getin)
END;
PROCEDURE display(VAR what:imm;limit:BYTE;code:imm1);
{0<=limit<=255
. x . * = 0..255
x * x x = 0..127 (/2)
. x . . = 0..63 (/4)
}
VAR
i,j :BYTE;
(**)FUNCTION value(a,b:INTEGER):BYTE;
BEGIN
IF (a>=0) AND (a<=255) AND (b>=0) AND (b<=255)
THEN value:=what[a]^[b]
ELSE value:=0
END;{value}
PROCEDURE light(i,j:INTEGER);
VAR
ct :INTEGER;
BEGIN
ct:=value(i,j);
point:=FALSE;
CASE scanner OF
2 : BEGIN
ct:=ct+ ( value(i+1,j)+value(i-1,j)+value(i,j+1)+value(i,j-1) ) SHR 3;
ct:=ct+ ( value(i-1,j-1)+value(i-1,j+1)+value(i+1,j-1)+value(i+1,j+1) ) SHR 3;
IF ct >= (limit SHL 1) THEN point:=TRUE
END;
1 : IF ct >= limit THEN point:=TRUE
END
END{light};
PROCEDURE code_it;
VAR
i1,j1,z1 :INTEGER;
ct :INTEGER;
BEGIN
FOR i1:=0 TO 255 DO
FOR j1:=0 TO 31 DO
FOR z1:=0 TO 7 DO
BEGIN
ct:=j1*8+z1;
light(ct,i1);
IF point=TRUE THEN code[j1]^[i1]:=code[j1]^[i1]+(128 SHR z1);
{writeln(code[j1]^[i1],' ',point,' ',value(ct,i1),i1:4,j1:4,z1:4);}
END
END{code_it};
PROCEDURE putimage(name:wrkstring;VAR where:imm1);
VAR
getout:FILE OF rows;
j,i :BYTE;
BEGIN
ASSIGN(getout,name);
REWRITE(getout);
FOR i:=0 TO 255 DO
WRITE(getout,where[i]^);
CLOSE(getout)
END{putimage};
BEGIN {display}
screen(grafica);
FOR i:=0 TO 255 DO
FOR j:=0 TO 255 DO
BEGIN
light(i,j);
IF point=TRUE THEN plot(i,j,1)
END;
REPEAT UNTIL KEYPRESSED;
TEXTMODE;
CLRSCR;
WRITELN;
WRITE('Codifico questa immagine (S/N) ? ');
READLN(answer);
IF (answer='S') OR (answer='s') THEN
BEGIN
WRITE('Nome file codificato ');
READLN(codename);
code_it;
putimage(codename,photo_code)
END
END{display};
PROCEDURE menu;
BEGIN
WRITELN('Scegli la risoluzione grafica : 1 = 320*200');
WRITELN(' 2 = 640*200');
WRITE(' 3 = 640*400 (solo Olivetti) ');
READLN(grafica);
IF (grafica<1) OR (grafica>3) THEN menu;
WRITELN;
WRITE('Scegli il tipo di scanning (1 = controllo sul pixel, 2 = media pesata) ');
READLN(scanner);
IF (scanner<1) OR (scanner>2) THEN menu ELSE WRITELN
END;
BEGIN { MAIN }
getmemory(photo);
putmemory(photo_code);
WRITE('Picture file name: ');
READLN(filename);
getimage(filename,photo);
REPEAT
CLRSCR;
menu;
WRITELN('Batti il limite di soglia (1..255); 0=fine');
WRITE('Soglia: ');
READlN(lim);
IF lim >0 THEN display(photo,lim,photo_code)
UNTIL lim=0
END.
| 16,919 |
2012271201_1907-02-09_1_4_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 2,150 | 4,346 |
CRONACA SOVVERSIVA Come nesso di noi sperò inai che dalla fogna consueta potesse emanare altro effluvio all'infuori di quello che; olezza dalle corrispondenze del Pro LETARia bertelliano. E gli amici carissimi della Ragio ne Nuova che si nausearono, con noi, di certe pubblicai è contri zioiii re centi sanno, meglio di ogni altro che l'equivoco era impossibile... La Cronaca Sovversiva. Pane prestato, l'articolo iir cui la penultima settimana riconfermavamo la nostra convinzione chè ad organizzare l'agguato della polizia e la cattura del compagno Luigi Galìeani, erano stati, senz'alcun dubbio, i malandrini della pirateria coloniale i soli che vi avessero un interesse reale ed immediato; Pane prestato, l'articolo nostro del penultimo numero, in cui riaffermando la nostra simpatia e la nostra solidarietà con tutti i socialisti'sinceri ripudiavamo ogni concorso ed ogni appoggio della Sezione So cialista N. 2 di Barre, Vt. fu pubblicato, per uno svarione del tipografo, colla firm A del nostro corrispondente da Philadelphia, Vico Covi. Pane prestato, di cui riaffermiamo qui i criterii ed i giudizii, è un articolo nostro, ed in luogo della firma Vico Covi, i compagni vorrano leggere quella del nostro El Vecche ne vuole e ne assume, solo, la paternità. Tra libri e giornali L'Università Popolare. Rivista quin dicinale dell'avv. Luigi Molinari. Il fascicolo del 15 gennaio contiene. Compendio di Storia Universale: l'Egitto; Avv. L. Molinari. Riccardo Wagner; di Romain Roiland. La sostanza universale (Trad. di Vachpa) di A. Bloch e Paraf Javal. Italia e Francia di fronte al Vaticano, di A. Ghisleri. Il poliglotta popolare, del prof. E. Bier sack. L'insegnamento patriotto nella famiglia. Storia del lavoro e vita del lavoratori, di Lucattino Lucatti. Lezioni sulla essenza della religione (Verseione italiana di Stefanoni L.), di L. Feuerbach. " : " Fra libri e riviste Massime e Pensieri. Abbonamento per un anno $1.30; un numero separato 5 cents. " v Indirizzo: Avv. Luigi Molinari, Via Monte Napoleone, N. 11: Milano (Italia). CRONACA LOCALE Barre e Dintorni CONTRO I PIRATI Stasera alla festa di propaganda che avrà luogo al Parìlìon Hall, a beneficio da Cronaca Sovversiva, El Vecc aprirà la campagna contro i Pirati che sarà anche quest'anno rigorosamente combattuta a scorno delle spie, dei ruffiani e dei magnacia della colonia. Ne sa qualche cosa il sig. Shurtleff? Ci assicurano che un assessore della publica beneficenza subordini la concessione dei misidii, a certe pratiche di procedura che on sono affatto contempla dalla legge meno che non cadano sotto la diretta san sone di qualche articolo del codice penale. Ci assicurano, ed abbiamo in riguardo sarecchie testimonianze di interessati, he il suddetto assessore per la publica beneficenza, a riconoscere le esigenze ed i biogni preveduti d Allministrazione, ev ad cordare sussidii destinati a sollevarli, esi a tributi infami e condizioni svergognate he il pudore ed il rispetto dovuto a noi essi ed ai nostri lettori ci, vietano di inu mare... Ci assicurano che le vittime, zimbello della vertita libidine di questo degenerato, ab biano a suo tempo fatto regolare e detta-... Giasso a suo tempo fatto regolare e detta-... Ne sa davvero qualche cosa il sig. Shurtleff? E vorrebbe egli dirci in sua cortesia quali siano, i provvedimenti che egli ha sugernito a derimere la lamentata vergogna? La maga della collina. - È un stellon cino esilarante di cronaca locale che un compagno ci favorisce, ma che la mancanza di spazio ci obbliga a rimandare e ce ne rincresce davvero al prossimo numero. Sottoscrizione per la difesa del processo Galìeani Worcester, Mass. T. Fabrizio 55 cts., D. Fabrizio 20, N. Gatti 50, L. Gatti 10, Maria 10, L. Mazzella 25, L. Karp 50, C. Pari 25, L. Antuono 50, V. Ferrara 05, G. Romano 05, A. Romano 25, Mazzocca Vita liano 10, E. Coletti 20, E. Patriarca 50, T. D'Argenis 25, F. Cosimo 15, N. Smun-050, G. Luintillia 50, G. Capoano 50, A. Mastroiannt 25, M. Festa 25, G. Monfreda 25, S. Cipro 20, G. Bucciaglia 15, F. Berganti no 15, E. Festa 20, N. Monfreda, P. Avalia, V. Russo, G. Monfreda, A. Desimone, A. Marotta F. Fevora, P. Muzzolillo, G. Leardi, V. Rossetto, P. Dechiara, F. Metabbergo, Cascuno 10, F. Capoauque 15, Mosseo Bellenffine 05, R. Avalla 15. Totale $9,00 Stafford Spring, Conni A mezzo Lui Remor: C. Ansuini, A. Ghiondoni, A. Mimici, D. Bretagna, E. Chiondoni, L. Scorcinelli, M. Fantin, G. Palameli, A. Testa gura, Angelo Serafin, G. Lomardori, D. Renzi ciascuno 1,00, L. Floriani 50, E. Rosotti 50, Breno Simonetti 50, E. Sontini 25, A. Mei 50, E. Bertini 50, E. Renzi 25, A. Simonini 10, A. Tamini 25, A. Betti 25, G. Pandolfi 50, A. Ghiondoni 50, D. Tombàri 50, Allibale Dante 20, Raris Fracciuli 25, F. Valentini 25, G. Rosa vendi 20, E. Piarelli 50, N. Tongheti 25, Tomazetti Domarmi 25, E. Tumbari 25, N. Ghiondoni 1,00, E. Maggi 25, G. Falcioni 25, G. Falconi 25, G. Angelini 1,00, D. Marroli 50, U. Teobaldi 50, E. Vanini 25, E. Rosatti 1,00, G. Troiani 50, L. Mancini 50, L. Rosetti 25, G. Logià 50, Pier Paolin Geremia 25, E. Orsini 25, A. Porsini 25, G. Ghiondoni 50, G. Sartini 1,00, Ausilio Micheli 25, Giovanni Domenico 50, L. Sandrini 25, A. Crinelli 50, G. Biuda 25, F. Crinelli 25, Moteri Ettegeuico 50, A. Casa grande 25, L. Campo 25, Nome irriconosci bile 25, F. Esporero 10, Nome irriconosci bile 25, B. Misordi 25, G. B. Scussel 2,00, Tittongianantoni 2,00, Luigi Remor 50, E. Miccerelli 1,00, T. Fain 25, A. Cercenà 50, L. Pulverari 75, C. Fontanella 25, P. Dobalt 20, L. Dampo 1,00, Ulissa Baldi 25, G. Baldi 25, E. Panciera 15, A. Tizioni 25, Tonina Cerceme 1,00, L. Prò 2,00, R. Cerceme 1,00, M. Fain 25, G. Donzrea 25, A. Lazzaris 1,00, A. Baldi 50, S. Martinelli 50, L. Carocari 50, F. Campo 1,00, O. Peiroli 30, G. Piar 25, D. Torion 50, Totale $50,45 Lynn, Mass. Massimino $2, A. Venti 1, A. Graffioni 1, C. Cirillo 5, Aut. Lopez 5, F. Di Cicco 1, Valentino 10, F. Palmieri 3, A. Felicetti 5, A. Continenza 3, Domenichetti 3, F. Massari 5, G. Bozzi 10, A. Susi 5, E. Conforti 2, Elena Forte 1, F. Forte 1, F. Di Giulio 5, Bartoletti 1, V. Giustiniani 2, E. Di Pietro 1,50, N. Ruci puto 2, E. Felicetti 5, A. Santi 2, D. Gianscoli 1, P. Rugiero 2, P. G. Di Giulio 2, G. Forte 2, Moris Aisimburg Kiddsr 3 Membrini 1, Carlo Roberto 5, C. Porreca 1, Gargani 1, E. Di Giulio 6,50. Totale $100,00 Frontenac, Kans. F. Agheta, F. Cordola, E. Pucci ciascuno 0,50, E. Gavassa, M. Piffer, A. Longo, GNicolini, T. Copper, E. Zeni, L. Fanella, G. Carmino, L. Giglia, A. Gavassa, G. Bianchi, L. Cipelli, S. Pallucca, U. Purgatorio, E. Spigarelli, M. Bartelli, Aur. Rondelli, D. Bastianelli A. Pelluca ciascuno 0,25. Totale $6,25 Ellsworth, Pa. - Midana 25, Gal. Luciiano 50, G. Marro 25, Tony Pellegrini 25, G. Allieta 50, B. Pellegrino 25, Magno Altieta 25, M. Giordonengo 25, N. Spandri 50, G. Bertaina 25. Totale $3,25 Hazzard, Pa. D. Visalli 1,00, G. Val tone 50, S. Vallone 25, G. Vallone 25, G. Vallone 50, F. Foscaldi 50, H. V. 50, E. Pieror 4. Luccarini 50, Salutando il Galleani trovati 25. Totale $6,00 Boston, Mass. G. Capris, G. Usseglio, G. Solari, G. Peirano, C. Comaschi, P. Garvbarino, F. Fabbti ciascuno 1,00, F. Canari no 50, G. Bacigalupo 50, S. Ruggero 25, G. Forni 25. Totale $8,50 Buffalo, N. Y. Cassani 1,00, Soria 1,00, C. Binda 50, J. Morandi 50, A. Fontana 50, S. Monti 1,00, M. Candotti 50. Totale $5.00 - Cle Elum, Wash. C. Filippini $1.50, C. Ciaufichi 50, G. Filippini 50, M. Filippini 50, Totale $3.00 Saginaw, Mich. A mezzo D. Arcan geli $500 Salem, Mass. Fra compagni e simpatizzanti a mezzo G. Eramo. $8.80 New York. M. Celio $0.50 West Winfield, Pa. ; P. Luciani $1.00, C. Fruzzetti $1.00. Totale $2.00 Philadelphia, Pa. Club Emancipiamoci a mezzo Della Barile $8.00 East Barre, Vt. Francesco Comolli $1.00, F. Calderara $5.00, S. Molina $2.00, F. Frauzi 50. Totale $8.50 Montreal, Can. S. Errerà $3.50 Sacramento, Can. S. Bacchi $0.50 Bristol, Conn. U. Turi $50, S. Carpenter treasure $50. Totale $1.00 CRONACA SOVVERSIVA FEBRUARY 9 - 1907 N. 6 Totale $230,95 Somma precedente $6.79,11 Totale odierno $910,06 (Continued). AMMINISTRAZIONE ABBONAMENTI Barre, Vt. - Cesare Franzi $50, E. Conconi $50, N. Marcoli $1.00, G. Galli $1.00, P. Comi 1,00, S. Marchési 50, A. Rossi 1,00, M. Prestini 50. San Francisco, Cal. Maraliano East Barre, Vt. S. Molina Numa Jowa. G. Gobbi Loyalton, Cal. P. Bianchi 1,00, G. Ciampa 1,00 Frontenac, Kansas. G. Bianchi Helhoke, Mass. A. Selva Hurricane, Island, Me. E. Bar roff, Sacramento, Cal. A. Matranga Buffalo, N. Y. V. Carriera 1,00 G. Tritto 1,00, S. Monti 50 Beading, Pa. G. Bianchi Northfield, Vt. A. Fabbri Spring Valley, Ill. A. Andrà Bristol, Franzi 10, Maria R. 10, Per i cerini di Barbarossa v 15, Serafino per smascherare le carogne 25 Montpelier, Vt. Per una staf fetta allegra e cinguettona E. Barre, Vt. L. Comolli Helyoke, Mass. A. Selva Buffalo, N. Y. Soia New York. M. Clelia saluta B. S. di Montpelier 0,60 9,15 0,50 0,25 0,50 Totale Sotoscrizione $2,50 Rendiconto Settimanale del Num. 1 4, 5e 6 del 26 Gennaio al 9 Februario 1907 Entrata: Abbon. 21,25 Sotoscrizione 2,50 Totale Entrata 23,75 Uscita: Spese N. 4-5-6 129,00 Deficit precedente 257,81 Deficit $33,0 Entered as second-class matter July 3rd, 1903 at the post-office at Barre, Vermont under Act of Congress of March 3rd, 1879. Published every Saturday, Barre, VT. Subscription One Year, $5.00; Six Months $3.50; Three Months $1.50; Single Copy 2 cents. $1.00. Per un comunicato In risposta al comunicato da So. Ryegate da noi pubblicato due settimane fa, ricevia mo lo scritto seguente, che noi pubblichiamo desiderosi di fare un po di luce sulla vertenza. Tuttavia, pur facendo postasulla Cronaca a questi scritti, teniamo a dichia rare che, ignari come siamo dei fatti in dettaglio svoltisi a So. Ryegate, ci asteniamo dal fare qualsiasi apprezzamento in merito alla questione, lasciando intera la responsabilità alle singole parti in litigio. South Ryegate, Vt., 4 Februario 1907. Ea dichiarazione firmata G. Bianchi ap parsa sulla Cronaca Sovversiva del 2 corr. non può essere presa sul serio da chiunque può averla bene interpretata, come non può essere preso sul serio lo stesso Bianchi. - Infatti, come può, una dichiarazione, a vere il suo valore firmata da un solo indivi duo dove questo sa che vi sono altre tre o quattro famiglie interessate? Le altre famiglie non sono affatto d'accordo col Bianchi nè colla sua smentita, quindi, oltre a non essere con lui, l'opinione nostra non cambia sui fatti di South Ryegate. Noi, Bianchi, non possiamo approvare la vostra smentita anche perchè essa la sappia mo che è contraria all'opinione yostra e la crediamo non dettata dal vostro proprio convincimento, e se questo veramente lo è, voi non fate che confermare ciò che cercate di smentire. Dite : ' uno scritto fu fatto da una sola persona e questo avrebbe recato dei danno ad una famiglia." Vedete, Bian chi, è qui che 'casca l'asino. Se uno scritto fu fatto e che avrebbe recato danno, perchè cercate smentire quanto confermate ? E a quale scopo fu fatto il manoscritto se non per recar danno ? Voi, Bianchi, dite pure che il manoscritto fu fatto da una sola persona, e che voi foste obbligato dai vostri compatrioti a smentire quanto avete detto sul conto loro, non es sendo loro complici. Ebbene, mettiamo che fosse stato come voi diceste, vedete che la vostra smentita diventa ridicola? Se il manoscritto fu fatto da una sola persona, la smentita doveva es sere fatta dall'autore e non da voi,, lui solo doveva dire d'aver agito da solo e che i vo stri compatrioti non ne erano consapevoli ; voi nella smentita ci dovevate entrare come i cavoli a merenda, d'altra parte come po tete voi testificare che il manoscritto fu fat lo da una sola persona ? Siete voi stato pre sente al loro meeting. Ora, Bianchi, noi d'accordo vi domandia mo una cosa sola, e che servirà molto a sod disfare i lettori della Cronaca Sovversiva, che ancora sono ignari dei fatti di South Ryegate, ed è, che voi pubblichiate nella sua ampiezza come fu condotta l'agitazione del bordo ed il contegno di questi, specialmente in casa vostra, e tutto quanto è accorso dallo scorso maggio in poi. Guardate però di essere, esatto perchève voi non arriverete ci saremo sempre noialla vedetta. PICCOLA POSTA Pittsburg, Pa. I compagni invitano L. Meta a versare i danari raccolti per la proprganda libertaria. Chicago, Ricevuto sott. comecrissi Galìeani ora è impossibilitato. Newark, N.J. (A. S.) Ricevuto sott. Fa quello che puoi. Saluti. La salute e' in voi Opuscolo indispensabile a... tutti quei compagni che amano istruirsi In vendita anche presso la nostra bi blioteca al prezzo di 2Scla copia Tipografia Cronaca della Sovversiva.
| 22,351 |
https://github.com/hohonuuli/mbarix4j/blob/master/src/main/java/mbarix4j/swing/SplashFrame.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
mbarix4j
|
hohonuuli
|
Java
|
Code
| 386 | 1,056 |
/*
* Copyright 2005 MBARI
*
* Licensed under the GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 2.1
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package mbarix4j.swing;
import java.awt.event.WindowAdapter;
import java.awt.event.WindowEvent;
import javax.swing.BoxLayout;
import javax.swing.ImageIcon;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
//~--- classes ----------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* <p>Splash screen for the query application. Use as:</p>
* <pre>
* SplashFrame f = new SplashFrame();
* f.setMessage("Starting application");
* f.show();
* f.setMessage("Doing something else now");
* f.dispose();
* </pre>
*
* @author Brian Schlining
* @version $Id: SplashFrame.java 332 2006-08-01 18:38:46Z hohonuuli $
*/
public class SplashFrame extends JFrame {
/**
*
*/
private static final long serialVersionUID = -4993476492124824111L;
/**
* @uml.property name="imageIcon"
* @uml.associationEnd multiplicity="(1 1)"
*/
private final ImageIcon imageIcon;
/**
* @uml.property name="messageLabel"
* @uml.associationEnd
*/
private JLabel messageLabel;
/**
* @uml.property name="splashPanel"
* @uml.associationEnd
*/
private JPanel splashPanel;
//~--- constructors -------------------------------------------------------
/**
* Constructs ...
*
*
* @param imageIcon
*/
public SplashFrame(ImageIcon imageIcon) {
super();
this.imageIcon = imageIcon;
initialize();
}
//~--- get methods --------------------------------------------------------
/**
* <p><!-- Method description --></p>
* @return
* @uml.property name="messageLabel"
*/
private JLabel getMessageLabel() {
if (messageLabel == null) {
messageLabel = new JLabel(" ");
}
return messageLabel;
}
/**
* <p><!-- Method description --></p>
* @return
* @uml.property name="splashPanel"
*/
private JPanel getSplashPanel() {
if (splashPanel == null) {
splashPanel = new JPanel(false);
splashPanel.setLayout(
new BoxLayout(splashPanel, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
splashPanel.add(new JLabel(imageIcon));
splashPanel.add(getMessageLabel());
}
return splashPanel;
}
//~--- methods ------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* <p><!-- Method description --></p>
*
*/
private void initialize() {
setResizable(false);
setUndecorated(true);
addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
@Override
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
getContentPane().add("Center", getSplashPanel());
pack();
/*
* This centers the frame on the screen
*/
setLocationRelativeTo(null);
}
//~--- set methods --------------------------------------------------------
/**
* Sets the message displayed at the bottom of the splash frame.
*
* @param msg The message to display
*/
public void setMessage(String msg) {
getMessageLabel().setText(msg);
repaint();
}
}
| 8,355 |
3503067_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,007 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 382 | 523 |
MEMORANDUM OPINION
POGUE, Judge:
In Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod from Trinidad & Tabago, 70 Fed. Red. 69, 512 (Dep't Commerce Nov. 16, 2005) (notice of final results of antidumping duty administrative review) and its corresponding "Issues and Decisions Memorandum" dated November 16, 2005, the Department of Commerce ("Commerce") calculated a constructed export price ("CEP") for Mittal Steel Point Lisas Ltd.'s ("Mittal's") U.S. sales by, inter alia, deducting credit expenses for the time period between shipment from the port in Trinidad & Tobago and the date payment was received. Although this was consistent with Commerce's general practice of using the date of shipment as the date of invoice, rather than the date of shipment, as the date of sale for purposes of calculating credit expenses, it was inconsistent with Commerce's actions in other sections of the administrative review, where Commerce had treated Mittal's later date of sale. Accordingly, the court granted the government's motion for partial voluntary remand in order to address this issue, instructing Commerce to "determine the date on which credit expenses should begin to run, keeping in mind its previous determination in this review that the material terms of sale are not set until Mittal issues an invoice," and permitting Commerce to "reassess its decision regarding inventory carrying costs in light of its reconsideration of credit expenses." Mittal Steel Point Lisas Ltd. v. United States, 31 CIT _, Slip Op. 07-60 at 22, 24 (Apr. 24, 2007).
On remand, Commerce found that because it had used the date of invoice as the date of sale in this review, it was appropriate to calculate credit expenses from the date of invoice, rather than the date of shipment. Commerce further recalculated Mittal's carrying costs to reflect the date of sale occurring on the date of invoice. Mittal submitted comments indicating its agreement with Commerce's determination of credit expenses and subsequent recalculation of CEP, and with Commerce's determination of carrying costs.
This court, having received and reviewed Commerce's Remand Results and Mittal's comments in response thereto, finds that Commerce duly complied with the court's remand order. Therefore, it is hereby
ORDERED that the remand results filed by Commerce on June 21, 2007 are affirmed in their entirety. Judgment will be entered accordingly.
Defentant-Intervenors filed no comments on the remand results..
| 32,874 |
https://github.com/aestasit/devops-masterclass-box/blob/master/scripts/ubuntu/cleanup.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
devops-masterclass-box
|
aestasit
|
Shell
|
Code
| 74 | 250 |
#!/bin/bash -e -x
DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
export DEBIAN_FRONTEND
echo "*** Cleaning up APT caches ***"
apt-get -y -qq autoremove -o=Dpkg::Use-Pty=0
apt-get -y -qq clean -o=Dpkg::Use-Pty=0
echo "*** Cleaning up guest additions ***"
rm -rf VBoxGuestAdditions_*.iso VBoxGuestAdditions_*.iso.?
echo "*** Cleaning up DHCP leases ***"
rm -rf /var/lib/dhcp/*
echo "*** Cleaning up udev rules ***"
# rm -rf /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules
# rm -rf /dev/.udev/
# rm -rf /lib/udev/rules.d/75-persistent-net-generator.rules
echo "*** Cleaning /tmp ***"
rm -rf /tmp/*
rm -rf /var/tmp/*
| 27,752 |
https://github.com/DragnetTech/world.geo.json/blob/master/combiner/Program.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense
| 2,018 |
world.geo.json
|
DragnetTech
|
C#
|
Code
| 56 | 193 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using CommandLine;
namespace combiner
{
public class Program
{
[CommandLine.Verb("combine")]
public class CombineOptions
{
}
[CommandLine.Verb("uncombine")]
public class UncombineOptions {
}
public static int Main(string[] args)
{
return CommandLine.Parser.Default.ParseArguments<CombineOptions, UncombineOptions>(args)
.MapResult(
(CombineOptions opts) => { return CombinerProcessor.Combine(opts); },
(UncombineOptions opts) => { return UncombineProcessor.Uncombine(opts); },
errs => 1
);
}
}
}
| 28,009 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.